ew —   EU Wy ^ V-       = She. ' « ge. , 0m " ls   ANATOMIA UTERI HUMANI GRAVIDI lABULIS ILLUSTRATA. AUCTORE GULIELMO HUNTER, SERENISSIMAE REGINAE CHARLOTTAE MEDICO EXTRAORDINARIO, IN ACADEMIA REGALI ANATOMIAE PROFESSORE, ET SOCIETATUM, REGIAE ET ANTIQUARIAE, SOCIO. LONDINI: EXCUDEBAT T. BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET. 1815. AIT i ii a i   , JAM ear MA   THE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN GRAVID UTERUS EXHIBITED IN FIGURES. BY WILLIAM HUNTER, PHYSICIAN EXTRAORDINARY TO THE QUEEN, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY 1. >THE ROYAL ACADEMY, AND FELLOW OF THE ROYAL AND iui ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. LONDON: PRINTED FOR. E. COX AND SON, ST. THOMAS'S STREET, BOROUGH; BY T. BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET. 1815   THE KING. SIR, "Dis Work had no other claim to the honour with which it is distinguished by Your Majesty, than as it illustrates one part of Science hitherto imperfectly understood, and as it contains the foundation of another part of Science, on which the lives and happiness of millions must depend. It gave me an heart- felt satisfaction to ebserve how much this consideration recommended it to Royal Patronage. When respect, reverence, and gratitude rise to a certain degree, and the occasion is public and solemn, the freedom of language is restrained: and I should be guilty of an abuse of that gracious condescension with which I am honoured, were I to attempt to express by words the sentiments of my heart. But, for the sake of those who, placed at a distance from the Royal Presence, may be more able to serve the public than I have been, let me be permitted to say, that, although to acquire knowledge, and to communicate it to others has been the pleasure, the business, and the ambition of my life; yet, since I have had the honour to be aservant in Your Royal House, I have felt an addi- tional incitement to assiduity, being convinced that an unremitting endeavour to be useful to society is the readiest and the most certain way to the favour of our Sovereign. That the peculiar blessing of this Country, the influence of a King who sincerely wishes to encourage every improvement, a King who takes a part with all his subjects in their happiness, and in their distress, may be long pre- served to us, is the fervent prayer of Sir, YOUR MAJESTY’S Most faithful Subject, And most dutiful Servant, WILLIAM HUNTER.         H ^ "ne | o - qu rio dei; hos at BRE: die uae Te n v! Supe gum 3 Wu. wx Leela as P —— u ine i en. sini apipil ead 7 acini feduda ii im ry Mine Ten boten © MN, jjj Peay cee Py Sedi dedi ST Ds B altty fryer ; EI^. donat. toil lllua. do. -eiqqud bras e^ yil ah; 4 dpi TX GIU PIT                          1 doilsrolsisuon sid fom " rod dremsodo rer reist See q E d pones "ye 9p E T bu ais om n ^ E" 4 nt E v ' AN , ; € zx SH ED ^T M cue OH E MR MN E E Js ginouat is wos NEL ne a = Á x P2 ims e. fÓ                            E pinto 1 Bob ett sbusitan big oom y evt E x ae» 115 ont W. 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Tee 1-291137 at ay OF OS TIS? 1 = i " AS | * | 3 d XD ry i whe 2$ :1 cad í » 4 g X &. 41 2 H - = ,. , M Jj E ir i T" CE. - 2 PEE y d wy M P $e r p a os) a * ed . » E a ^& B E * 3 '& Do cu wg f " pen n 7 NC. * 4 "» Peer , 1 » à m—7 etal y tt PRISE ] - =f T l^ t 11 ! 2. T ' di Ar & "" e E X M 4 K nmn "| / d Pak * Et i s 4 5 H , * ‘1 r r 4 1 , , 1 Í Y i i 7 E : Ee. wae Ep ; i ; a y it Me TEES Oe eJ KE a s J ! b A 7 | Es hk. B i E 4 d : id "t b a ae “le A le p Er cs " L i =f — PU P B» hs e E tw f   To the Publishers of this Impression of Dr. Hunters Plates on the Gravid Uterus, with the annexed Notes, much credit is due, for the great care and pains they have taken to preserve or restore them to their primitive state of exactness and beauty; and for the neatness with which the work in general is completed. They have, with more earnestness than the affair seemed in my opinion to deserve, solicited me to make some addition to the Preface and Notes, in the way of explanation and recommendation. With their solicitation I am concerned I cannot comply; not thinking myself competent to interfere with, or justified in making any alteration or addition to what Dr. HuNTEn himself had thought sufficient and proper to do on the occasion; and as to any recommendation of the Work, none can be required, nor any advantage gained, by attempting to exalt a character so well known and established as Dn. HunTer’s is, not only in this country, but in every part of Europe. Bur as this request of the Publishers affords me an opportunity of bearing my testimony to the general character of Dr. Hunrer, founded upon a long attendance on his Lectures, I hope to escape censure if I presume to indulge my inclination, by giving a short view of the talents and habits of a man, who excelled all his competitors in those branches of the profession which he cultivated. Or Dr. Hunrer’s education, it is enough to say that it was fully adequate to all the purposes of his " profession. His assiduity and perseverance in the acquisition of knowledge were scarcely ever exceeded; his faculties were acute, and his judgment penetrating and accurate ; and these co-operated to qualify him for the important pursuits in which he was engaged, especially in his anatomical disquisitions, all of which I consider as excellent, though none seem preferable to his account of the Cellular Membrane in the second volume of Medical Observations and Inquiries. His style and manner of writing, and his method in delivering his Lectures, were explicit and comprehensive; his language was correct; his pronunciation distinct and harmonious; and his illustrations appropriate. His knowledge of the principles of Midwifery, to the practice of which he dedicated himself, was enlightened and just, of which the present Work may be considered as a striking example. With these talents and habits, it cannot surprize that he should have contributed in a more than ordinary degree to the edification of students, and the improvement of general practice. Nor was this confined to his own time, for there has scarcely been a book since published on that subject, which has not some reference to the doctrines or works of Dr. Hunter. His diet and manner of living were particule ly abstemious; and in all that respected his person, there was a natural and an attentive regard to elegance. I po not here take notice of his other pursuits; of his collections of Natural History; of Paintings; of Books, which were select and considerable; nor of his collection of Coins and Medals, which being large and valuable, was highly esteemed, and purchased at a very great expence. These merely prove his unceasing attention to science in general; they to many would have been of chief consequence, but the reputation of them has been absorbed in his character as a most skilful, dexterous, and scientific Anatomist. THOMAS DENMAN. Movxr STREET,                         Ep guae, sn et d E 1 a ao fide bere aos Move. e eh penentty. 2 Max od — dg Sava "ur Tor = fs ] "ed du "ONE WS quant 1o TR Tort at Lg em - xe                                           i is A E - ^u mets . RU í ion uoo > = . - = * "^ A E : iy i, n à L. 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ES BEY re ee E ; m? » : m i Bil £ e5Óe 515415 Madey sii 9] agro a ties dE bilis - eHOUIXOISGE UTR sit: GPa ac . & i > y 3 - , - E E 4 i ] : ; x Eo Eu rnin nt bern ] - 265 tho | ; . 5 P j i T is 1 : B ; ; * Z » Jr e «ey *39- A 7 - 79 £f ?x " * - B Je COSI ose T ub, C rt BY, 10 PHOS (r3 D 10 4; ] af Th ioc end f 7 : E "ue * mis Aye 7 Iph IK hne sni) Cw (nornsoMies 23:1 Sa mmc uterus Y. T : — "» oa , ] JA : NU. | Prin en 1 (39H05 »ulb Tw ^tm oimiobene fia 132 ow dob doct c 4 7 — "- [ f " p P - A. ! d E ' ; | ' E "Bnizeooua an eom yer sell . .oonoqx» dose vo s Je boss ri bus J yis prt wr Sltinriiny hate c 7 , ex - e « © : . . x E ; 1 To rnd 931i : it 3rd $4D2MISBEDOSAmOS j Hia (iO £593 ovine hh " Titi } Fx | fHOOATSPISUOÉni dgqóiindte ao ? M ins An : : , » F r ¥ oe oe , L4 E Lu "C L " ^ J , 4m JAeimanjpru j milis je 8 En 4D) pet sth Eos b: tio. - ] - "y 1 - « a , \ 4 gp . : ^ * ae KF*rrr c rien a^ E p D V 4 «271 P i Á . 7 a URST sick Tt      Qvo» omnes fere homines, in studiis scientiarum versati, diu multumque desiderarunt, linguam scilicet per universum terra- rum orbem cognitam atque perceptam, id nobis ex parte aliqua suppeditat tabularum eenearum sculptura, ad veras rerum formas exhibendas adprime accommodata. Imo hujusce artificii ea est utilitas, ut in naturee explicatione saepenumero plus valeat quam quaevis verborum copia, aut vis dicendi. Quodcunque enim oculo fideli inde subjicitur (spectet modo aliquis argumenti haud igna- rus) animo confestim arripitur, memorizeque alte impressum haud prorsus excidit. Lentior sermonis mora, et vis hebetior. Proinde ex quo tempore hoc artificium usibus hominum com- muniter inserviit, via brevior faciliorque patefacta est ad inventa quaelibet tum divulganda, tum conservanda; et rerum simul na- turalium cognitio, ab exiguis profecta initiis, paulatim eo usque increvit, ut seculi hujusce, omnium ornatissimi, summum fere ornamentum jam tandem extiterit. Ceeterarum artium incrementa, zequis saltem passibus, comi- tata est anatomia. Etenim non pauci recentiorum, viri excellentis ingenii atque judicii, labore plurimo, nec minori solertia, corporis humani tum fabricam tum ceconomiam pervestigarunt. Ex his plurimi artem hanc graphicam ancillantem sibi adhibuerunt; pree- cipuisque inde repertis suis feliciter illustratis, effecerunt, ut ars anatomica, hominum generi, si qua alia, utilis et fructuosa, intel- lectu simul facilior fieret, simul cultu jucundior. Restabat tamen pars una humani corporis, eaque sive struc- turee suze perelegantis, sive muneris officiique ratione, primas tenens, a disciplinze hujus professoribus non satis explorata. Res- tabat scilicet uterus humanus. Absit vero, ut viris hisce egregiis vitio detur, quod rem quasi neglectam habuerint, cujus penitius perspiciendze copia rara erat et infrequens. Paucissimis enim con- tigerit necesse est, ut tot cadavera secuerint, quot ad conditionem uteri gravidi, variis temporibus variam, pervestigandam, nedum demonstrandam, sufficerent. De aliis itaque silendum, ubi lau- dare nefas. Quod ad auctorem attinet, anno ille primum MDCCLI. felici usus est occasione id in humano corpore explorandi, quod in brutis jam olim queesiverat. Mulier quaedam, graviditatis suze mensibus prope exactis, repentinam obierat mortem. Cadaver, adhuc integrum, cultro subjectum est. Operi favit tempestas. Cera, vasis rite injecta, voto respondit. Hepertus est pictor, vir ille in suo genere adprime solers. Partes singulee, multis coram adstantibus, exploratee sunt atque excussze, ut omnis rei veritas firma satis auctoritate comprobari posset atque stabiliri. j Sub his auspiciis, aliquot mensium spatio decurso, decem pri- m: tabule perfecte delineate: fuerant ; partes ipsee identidem publice expositze; et ea quae de singulis animadversa fuerant ac notata, palam dicta. Auctoris inde animum subiit, se rem. disci- plinze hujusce fautoribus haud ingratam facturum, si historiam uteri gravidi anatomicam ederet, his decem tabulis illuminatam. Consilium placuit. Opus in manus artificum, maxima laude flo- rentium, traditum est; et pecunia collatitia a plurimis pro more repreesentata, ‘ Alterum interea cadaver in manus incidit, quod quidem, cceli licet tempestas minus jam anatomic amica esset, haud nullo in pretio habendum fuit; quandoquidem huic acceptae referuntur figuree aliquot, ab hoc instituto haud alience, dignaeque adeo visse, quae operi, supplementi loco, adjicerentur. Dum autem super his operam navabat sculptor, en tertium cadaver quam opportune! Etenim illud non modo quzdam, prius obscura, luci dedit, sed no- vis etiam figuris adornandis materiam aptissimam subministravit.     Te art of engraving supplies us, upon many occasions, with what has been the great desideratum of the lovers of science, an universal language. Nay, it conveys clearer ideas of most natural objects, than words can express; makes stronger impressions upon the mind; and to every person conversant with the subject, gives an immediate comprehension of what it represents. From the time when this art came more generally into use, it has been much more easy both to communicate and to preserve discoveries and improvements; and natural knowledge has been gradually rising, till it is at length become the distinguishing characteristic of the most enlightened age of the world. Anatomy has, at least, kept pace in improvement with the other branches of natural knowledge. Many of the moderns, through much labour and patience, as well as ingenuity and judgment, have thrown considerable lights upon the structure and operations of the human body; and they have particularly by engravings made the study of that art, in which humanity is so much interested, both more easy and pleasant. Most of the principal parts of anatomy have, in this manner, been successfully illustrated. One part however, and that the most curious, and certainly not the least important of all, the pregnant womb, had not been treated by anatomists with proportionable success. Let it not, however be objected to them, that they neglected what in fact it was rarely in their power to cultivate. Few, or none of the anatomists, had met with a sufficient number of subjects, either for investigating, or for demonstrating the principal circumstances of utero-gestation in the human species. But let what cannot be praised, in others, be passed over in silence. "With respect to the present undertaking, in the year 1751 the author met with the first favourable opportunity of examining, in the human spe- cies, what before he had been studying in brutes. A woman died suddenly, when very near the end of her pregnancy; the body was procured before any sensible putrefaction had begun; the season of the year was favourable to dissection; the injection of the blood-vessels proved successful; a very able painter in this way was found; every part was examined in the most public manner, and the truth was thereby well authenticated. In the course of some months, the drawings of the first ten plates were finished, and from time to time the subject was pub- licly exhibited, with such remarks as had occurred in the ex- amination of the several parts. Many lovers of this study ap- proved of the author's proposal to publish the anatomy of the gravid uterus, illustrated by those ten plates: the work was im- mediately put into the hands of our best artists; and subscrip- tions were received. In the mean time a second subject was procured; which, though the weather happened to be very unfavourable, afforded a few supplemental figures, of importance enough to be taken into the work. And before the engravings were finished, a third subject occurred very opportunely, which cleared up some difficulties, and furnished some useful additional figures. . Cum auctor huic se accingebat negotio, animo destinavit decem tabulas, modo dictas, in lucem proferre, jactum quasi aliquod fundamen, cui alia plura, de hac parte anatomize, postea adjicere ac superstruere sperabat, si quando per otium ipsi liceret hanc rem altius investigare. Jam vero majora quaedam animo com- plecti, et etiam spem fovere ausus est, fore ut opus aliquod ex- zedificare posset, quod ad perfectionem absolutionemque propius perveniret. Praevidit enim, in hac urbe, tanta hominum multi- tudine referta, annorum aliquot spatio, occasionem omnia ea que ad gravidum uterum pertinent, observandi viro, hoc agenti, haud fortasse defuturam; unde sibi facultas dari posset aliquod quasi systema condere, variasque illas mutationes, singulis graviditatis mensibus proprias, figuris exprimere. Ejusmodi fere est hoc opus; quod, longo tempore promissum, tandem aliquando in me- dium prodit. Ut id sane ad exitum perduci posset, moras tra- here necesse fuit, praeter opinionem diuturnas. Quoties autem auctor secum reputat has moras operi minime infructuosas fuisse, abunde sentit, quo se consoletur. Quod autem hoc argumentum illustrandi uni alicui mortali --tam pulchra occasio toties obtigerit, in causa fuerunt tum varii casus, tum amicorum multorum gratissima subsidia. "Tabularum harum ultima e manu artificis vix excesserat, cum datum fuit de- lineare embryonem mole minorem, quam quem antea vidisse auctori unquam contigerat; et haud ita pridem conceptus in tuba fallopiana, res heec animadversione egregie digna, figurarum nu- merum adauxit. Hee figure, et si qua alia, ejusdem argumenti, occurrent, vel in tabula his adjicienda, vel cum uteri gravidi de- scriptione anatomica, quam auctor secum meditatur, data occa- sione, in publicum aliquando proferentur. Hactenus quidem ipsi id otii non concessum est, quod ad hanc operis partem absolven- dam esset satis. Quod si casu aliquo improviso impeditus fuerit, quo minus id, quod cupiat, possit exsequi, persuasum sibi habet, haud defuturum aliquem, huic muneri obeundo parem. Multi enim sunt, qui auctorem de his rebus publice disserentem seepe seepius audierint; multi quos ille opinionis ac sententize suze par- ticipes fecerit. FrGuRARUM fere anatomicarum duplex est et diversa ratio. Ab altera simplex rei imago, qualis oculo visa est, talis delinea- tur. Altera, una cum visis, etiam excogitata exhibet; nec tam ad oculum artificis, quam ad ingenium memoriamque accommoda- tur. Prioris generis exempla apud Bidloo extant; posterioris apud Eustachium. Fieri non potest, quin figura ista, que fit ex fideli naturze imitatione, et ex rei unius contemplatione enascitur, in quibus- dam sepe partibus indistincta aut minus perfecta esse videatur. Altera autem, ex ingenio nata, quae autem non fit, nisi per labo- rem, et observationem et experientiam multiplicem, id uno intuitu videndum exhibet, quod fortasse non nisi ex rerum varietate col- ligendum fuerat. Porro hec est ea, quz et meliorem ordinem, et compendium facilius, et majorem perspicacitatem admittit. Alteram quidem contemplans oculus, elegantia ac concinnitate nature oblectatur: in altera, geometrici cujusdam diagramma- tis, accurati quidem exactique, sed nudi, sed inornati similitudi- nem agnoscit. llla rem quamlibet spectatori, tanquam presen- tem, subjicit, et dat percipere: haec tantummodo describentis vice fungitur, remque delineatam in animi conspectu ponit. Prior autem posteriori in hoc preestat maxime, quod ea, quz revera visa sunt, exhibens, speciem quandam veritatis pree se fert; et fit pro- pemodum zque nescia fallere, ac illud ipsum quod assimulatur. De hoc opere, quod nature ipsius speciem proponit, alii for- tasse aliud judicium ferent. Nisi enim auctorem fallat vana spes sua atque opinio, multi sunt apud quos ille nec censebitur operam inutilem posuisse, nec inepte erogasse pecuniam; apud quos sci- licet figurarum magnitudo, elegantia, ac varietas aliqua in laude ponentur. Contra, non deerunt, quibus magna pars sumptus su- pervacanea omnino atque infructuosa fuisse videbitur. Conten- dent scilicet operis hujus utilitatem ad plures potuisse pertingere,     . The original plan having been only to publish the first ten plates, as a ground-work for farther improvements in this branch of anatomy, to be added whenever good opportunities should be offered, the author now began to entertain hopes of being able to give a much more complete work. He foresaw that, in the course of some years, by diligence he might procure in this great city, so many opportunities of studying the gravid uterus, as to be enabled to make up a tolerable system; and to exhibit, by figures, all the principal changes that happen in the nine months of utero-gestation. Such is the work which, at length, is offered to the public. The execution of it has indeed taken up more time than what was at first expected: but it gives the author no small satisfaction to reflect, that the delay of publication has con- tributed not a little to the value of the work. That one person should have had so many opportunities of illustrating this subject, has been owing to fortunate circum - stances, as well as to the assistance of many friends. Even since the last plate was finished, he had an opportunity of making a drawing of a younger embryo than he had before seen; and he has likewise made some figures from a very curious case, which he lately met with, namely, a conception in the fallopian tube. These, and whatever may hereafter occur, he will offer to the public upon some future occasion; probably in the way of a sup- plemental plate, or with the anatomical description of the gravid uterus, which he proposes to publish at full length. He has not hitherto had leisure to finish that part of the work. But if he should be prevented from doing it, by any unforeseen accident, it will be in the power of many gentlemen of the profession to do it for him, as he has constantly explained his observations on this subject in his public lectures. ANATOMICAL figures are made in two very different ways; one is the simple portrait, in which the object 1s represented ex- actly as it was seen; the other is a representation of the object under such circumstances as were not actually seen, but con- ceived in the imagination. Bidloo has given us specimens of the first kind; Eustachius of the latter. That figure which is a close representation of nature, and which is finished from a view of one subject, will often be, un- avoidably, somewhat indistinct or defective in some parts: the other, being a figure of fancy, made up perhaps from a variety of studies after Nature, may exhibit in one view, what could only be seen in séveral objects; and it admits of a better ar- rangement, of abridgement, and of greater precision. The one may have the elegance and harmony of the natural object; the other has commonly the hardness of a. geometrical diagram: the one shews the object, or gives perception; the other only de- scribes, or gives an idea of it. A very essential advantage of the first is, that as it represents what was actually seen, it carries the mark of truth, and becomes almost as infallible as the object it- self. With regard to this work, which is a faithful representation of what was actually seen, the judgment of the public will pro- bably be divided. Many will approve of the labour and expense which have been bestowed upon it, and commend the largeness, elegance, and variety of the figures. Others will think that a great part of the expense might have been spared, and the work thereby rendered of more general use, if the figures had been made to a smaller scale, if the engravings had been less finished, si figurae omnes in formam arctiorem contractee fuissent; si sculp- tura manu minus delicata fuisset elaborata; si aliquot etiam figure, utpote aliis non absimiles, omnino omissz. Cum autem figure, de quibus agitur, ea mente atque consilio fingi soleant, ut ab iis, quantum fieri potest, explicetur tam vera natura partium (nempe earum habitudo et structura) quam forma externa, positura, ac nexus; magnitudo illis aliqua concedatur ne- cesse est; aliter enim partes, ut aiunt, componentes haud satis distincte delineari possunt. Quod si magnitudo rei propria sculp- turze quodammodo apta sit ac conveniens, ea ipsa, utpote que observatu dignissima est, haud dubio eligenda est precipue. His de causis figuree omnes, quotquot hic proferuntur, ad justum naturee modum perfectee sunt, paucis tantum exceptis, qua in formam naturali angustiorem coguntur, nec non una atque altera ex rebus minutissimis, quas auctor idcirco ampliandas curavit. Iisdem etiam de causis constat hujuscemodi figuris deberi accu- rationem quandam atque elegantiam. Profecto in pictura sepe fit, ut oculi levissima adumbratione oblectentur; maxime ubi vel ipsum tabule argumentum adeo pervulgatum est, ut vis imagi- nandi facile excitetur, id, quodcunque defuerit, statim adimple- tura (sicuti iis in tabulis, ubi hominum effigies, aut alice res, pa- riter note, exhibentur) vel ubi partes rerum minutiores aciem pene oculorum fugiunt, ut ea in tabula chorographica, que,. prop- ter distantiam suam, parum cernuntur. Sed in anatomia, ut et in rei naturalis historia, argumentum tabulze spectatori vel omnino esse incognitum ponitur, vel non satis exploratum; partesque minimee, pariter cum majoribus, studium diligentiamque requi- runt. Operam quidem dare, ut summa arte elaborentur ez figurarum partes, per quas nihil, aut parum exprimitur, nisi quod prius sit expressum, hominis esset vehementer et opera sua et pecunia abutentis. Harum igitur figurarum pars maxima ultra mediocritatem perfecta est; aliquot summa expolitione atque arti- ficio ornate; leviora, vel ea que prius fuerant aliqua ex parte illustrata, leviter tacta; ea vero quae secunda vice proferuntur, lineis fere exterioribus adumbrata. Cuilibet homini, cui judicium sit paulo séverius, in proclivi erit id auctori vitio dare, quod opus hoc haud satis justo ordine processerit, nec formam pressam satis atque concinnam induat. Quod si ille difficultates, quotquot auctorem circumvenerint, con- templatione fuerit complexus, conamina hzecce, qualiacunque sint, animo magis eequo excipiet. In plurimis aliis operibus, ad rem anatomicam que spectant, veniam sibi haud facile impetrat vel defectus aliqua ex parte, vel materies confuse permisteque dispo- sita. Quivis enim, si modo laborem pati decreverit, primum qui- dem exercitatione et experientia intimam argumenti sul cogni- tionem adipisci poterit; deinde autem operis cujusdam, perfecti undique omnibusque numeris absoluti, formam atque imaginem animo effingere; et denique ex variorum cadaverum contempla- tione rem institutam pro arbitrio suo ad exitum perducere. Humani autem corporis uterum gravidum otiose secare paucis datum est. Pauci sunt, quibus, in omni vite spatio, nisi semel, aut etiam fortassis iterum hoc fuerit indultum. Ponamus quidem talem occasionem, faustam omnino atque felicem, cultori cuipiam anatomize esse oblatam ; necesse est ut continuo et sine mora de ratione ille instituti fixum aliquod certumque destinet; et uno eodemque tempore duo consilia, inter se non bene convenientia, prosequatur. Primum enim, ut ipse rem penitus perspectam ha- beat, cadaver sua manu secet necesse est; ita tamen instituenda est investigatio, ut artifici simul adstanti, praecipuas partes com- mode delineandi plena sit copia. Proinde vix fieri potest, quin consilium, optime susceptum, immutari oporteat, variisque rebus accomodari quae de improviso et preter expectationem possint occurrere. Ut autem id rite perfici possit, opus est longi tem- poris mora; partes interea aeri externo, inter pingendum, expo- sitze plurimum detrimenti capient; precipue si vir talis negotio obeundo preesit cui curee est, ne ficti quidpiam, aut ex memoria deprompti, ipsi rei veritati inducatur, et ut nihil ibi locum habeat, . nisi quod ex natura ipsius observatione, re alia nulla intercedente, arreptum fuerit.   and if some of the figures, which are very similar to others, had been omitted. Anatomical figures being intended to shew, as much as pos- sible, the true nature, that is, the peculiar habit and composition of parts, as well as the outward form, situation and connection of them, should certainly be large; otherwise the smaller compo- nent parts cannot be distinctly represented; and if the natural size of the object be tolerably fit for an engraving, that must be of all others the very best, as it has the advantage of shewing such an important circumstance. Upon these considerations, all the figures in this work were made of the natural size, except a few which were reduced in size, and one or two of minute ob- jects, which, on that account, were magnified. For the reason already given it should seem obvious that anatomical figures ought to be likewise well finished. In many subjects of painting, indeed, the slight manner of producing an effect, without labour, is very agreeable; particularly when, either the subject is so well known, that a mere hint is enough to the imagination, which easily supplies all that is wanting; as, in de- signs where human figures and other well known objects are in- troduced; or, when the smaller parts of objects are not to be seen distinctly, as the objects, especially the more distant ones, in a landscape. But in anatomy, as in natural history, the subject is supposed to be new, or only imperfectly known; and the smaller parts are to be studied with care, as well as the larger masses. In those parts of anatomical figures, indeed, which are mere repeti- tions, or nearly so, the labour and expence of finishing may well be saved. Accordingly in this work the greater part is tolerably well finished, some very highly and delicately; matters of less moment, or approaching to repetitions, are executed in a slight manner; and what is merely a repetition, is commonly put down in bare outlines. Any judicious person, who examines this work with care, will naturally think that the plan might have been more regular and more compact: but it is presumed that he will be less dissatisfied with the author's best endeavours, when he shall consider the difficulties which lie in the way, and render the subject almost unmanageable. In many other works of anatomy, imperfections, and particularly a want of method, are not readily excused. For, if the author will but take the pains, he may first of all make him- self master of his subject by repeated dissections and experiments ; he may, at his leisure, lay down a studied plan for a complete and regular work; and with his own convenience he may execute his plan from a variety of dead bodies. But opportunities of dissecting the human pregnant uterus at leisure very rarely occur. Indeed, to most anatomists, if they have happened at all, it has been but once or twice in their whole lives. Upon such occasions, therefore, even when attended with the most favourable circumstances, the anatomist must fix upon a plan, without loss of time, and at once carry on two schemes which are hardly compatible; that is to say, he must dissect for his own information, in the first place, and yet conduct the en- quiry so as to have good drawings made of the principal appear- ances: and it is more than probable that he must alter any plan that he might have proposed, and adapt it to a variety of circum- stances in the subject that could not be foreseen; and much time must be lost, and the parts must be considerably injured by long exposure to the air before the painter; especially if the work be conducted by an anatomist who will not allow the artist to paint from memory or imagination, but only from immediate observa- tion. PROGQ@MIUM. Si auctor tot opportunitates, hanc ornandi provinciam, sibi prospexisset futuras, quot ipsi bona sua fortuna indulserit, figuras ille quidem aliquas emendatiores reddere potuisset; alias aliis melius accommodare, et ita earum seriem in minorem numerum "cogere. Figuras quidem nonnullas, jam delineatas, duasque ta- bulas, a sculptore prorsus perfectas, apud se prudens detinuit; ne operis scilicet moles atque impendium plus zequo increscerent. Et profecto plures, eadem ratione inductus, detinuisset, nisi ipsi mentem subiisset, longum fortasse fore tempus, priusquam ali- quod figurarum systema, hoc suo minus imperfectum, in lucem sit exiturum. Potius igitur duxit culpe in periculum incurrere; eo quod rem nimis copiose, quam quod parcius ac negligenter trac- taverit. Operi, nimize jam magnitudinis, nimiique eumptus, internam foetus anatomiam adjicere, supervacaneum fore visum est; pree- sertim cum alii isto munere sunt functi ; et cuilibet, id qui de in- tegro. meditatur, hzc omnia cognoscendi atque tractandi haud facile defutura est occasio. In artem typographicam sumptus, major solito factus est, non quidem solam ob elegantiam, qua opera celeberrimiartificis Jo AN x1s Basxznvirrteornanturomnia; sed praecipue chartze, qua ille utitur, atramentique ratione habita. Talis est enim chartze hujusce lee- vor, atramentumque tam cito arescit, ut folia, literis licet plenis- sima, tabula cujusque interpositze nitorem integrum atque illze- sum conservatura sint. t Ad summam, si auctori ea laus fuerit concessa, quod, in hac neque impensarum, neque temporis rationem habuerit, voti sane fit compos, nec aliud gratize sibi apponi postulat. Harum autem laudum in partem plurimum merito suo evocandus est frater auctoris solertissimus Joannes Hunter; nam in plurimis cada- veribus secandis partem ille laborum sustinuit: cujus quidem viri acumen et diligentia in hujuscemodi pervestigationibus adeo om- nium sermone celebrantur, ut de illo si sileretur adjutore, operis ipsius pretio atque existimationi parum esset consultum.  Artifi- cibus etiam singulis, quorum ingenii atque industrie monumenta hic extant, gratias agit quas habet maximas; pre ceeteris autem viro optimo ac peritissimo artifici RopznTo SrRANGE, non modo quod is manu sua tabularum harum duas tanquam eeternitati con- secrarit, sed etiam quod, ab incepto operis usque ad exitum, auc- torem amicitia stabili atque incorrupta dignatus, vel consilium vel auxilium expetenti haud unquam defuerit. PREFACE. If the author could have foreseen the numerous opportunities which have fallen to his share, he might have easily improved some of the figures; and by adapting them better to one another, he might have completed the series in a smaller number. He has actually kept back several drawings which had been made, and two plates which had been engraved, that the work might not be overcharged; and would have withheld more, for that reason, if he had not thought that it would probably be long before a more perfect system of figures would be offered to the public. This consideration induced him to risk the being censured rather for having done too much than too little. In a work which was already become too large and expensive, it was thought proper to omit the internal anatomy of the child, especially as that part has been executed by others, and opportu- nities of studying it may be easily procured. The additional expense of Mr. BAsxEnvirLLE's art was not in- curred for the sake of elegance alone; but principally for the advantage of his paper and ink, which render a leaf of his press- work an excellent preservative of the plates between which it is placed. If it be allowed that the author has spared neither labour, nor time, nor expense, in improving an important part of anatomy, this is all the merit which he can claim. In most of the dissec- tions he was assisted by his brother, Mr. Jon Hunter, whose accuracy in anatomical researches is so well known, ‘that to omit this opportunity of thanking him for that assistance, would be in some measure to disregard the future reputation of the work it-. self. He owes likewise much to the ingenious artists who made the drawings and engravings; and particularly to Mr. Srrance, not only for having by his hand secured a sort of immortality to two of the plates, but for having given his advice and assistance in every part with a steady and disinterested friendship.                                    > Jj ; T TIME Stu * 7i] DUST cu ERR 5 - Wo aay ete er me Vas "y Sins X Nr ra peace on tcm RARMN ’ B y a * ) a ^ ] * D np» a e TT ; um , "m MT , ~~ 5 - Y , * ". NT * , e9 ‘ rs . t ^ * » 1 E J " AT & f 1 2 à Fa ^" b . At n J A E . , ' L ‘ 4 v4 , » IE Malden rus at * Li * d M " 1 " Z v E : | Byars eV oso t : : P. $9 ey") : 4 ‘ + thi j - "D "A t +4 : " D ^ » * » E » > ^ ^ = - L3 ; 1 a 1 et $ * ie * ! ("n ‘ Am & v s ' . E rt - - E Y fix . on seq à w^ ; , n s " ee, f ] PIT) É A D “Oey Ths j LADIES 2C P^ € ‘2H 7h "o s E t . "e. n [.. 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É E . / . / ect de Mt tet erai st fete fonte conte nlt UMilomine, /, ttle uae det VU IM TI EI M el Pel lena, Al $ : . : " T e rA > ‘ : , / ; C2 707. «4 SVP Ct hdd prado eft / hatt » et f wueera hile nl uon AANA CON 7/7 272257, (t Cere COMI WWE ent ^W fe e putet GH LL,   / LP MMM, ttn Zz Ub. tfi London Published July 15 1815.by E.COX.and SON. St Thomas's Street. Dorouoh   Decem priores tabula mulierem exhibent, nono fere graviditatis mense exeunte, ann. 1750, subita morte extinctam. . Arteriz a venis, cera diversi coloris injecta, distinctae erant. In hac prima, enpiens abdominis, integumentis decussatim incisis et reflexis, sub conspectum veniunt. Resupinatum est acclivi situ cadaver, ut superior trunci pars haud paulo esset elatior, et viscera inde ab- dominis clarius contemplanda objicerentur. Femora et pudenda, utpote partes externa, eam, quam catera, notationem non desiderant. Pudenda vero, in hoc cadavere, ut ex figura concipi potest, aqua inter cutim intumuerunt. Pars anterior thoracis infra mammas, qua truncus erat trans- verse discissus, figuram a parte superiori terminans. BB  Integumentis, musculis, et peritoneo decussatim incisis, eorum anguli duo superiores in marginem thoracis cartilaginosum reflexi. CC Eorundem anguli duo inferiores, in inguen, femur, et ossis ilium spinam anteriorem, utrinque reclinati. In angulis illis, ad marginem inferiorem medio femori oppositum, observare licet partem rugosam et tensam, qua filum adhibitum fuit, ea mente, ut, angulo detracto, uterus et partes vicinze manifestius appare- rent. D . Incisionis longitudinalis, ad scrobiculum cordis a mucrone cartilaginis ensiformis ductz, extremitas superior. E Ejusdem incisionis, ad symphysin ossium pubis, extremitas inferior. F . Hepats ligamentum falciforme, super faciem internam musculo- rum abdominis, ad illius visceris fissuram, magnum inter lobum et parvum, protensum. GG Arteria et vena epigastrica, in utrisque musculorum angulis in- ferioribus trans peritoneum sese projicientes. H Hepatis lobus sinister, in parte summa regionis epigastric situs. Illius in superficie, arterize quedam parve, ex substantia illius glandulosa exeuntes, et in peritoneum quo vestitur diffuse, delineantur. 4 Omentum in regione epigastrica situm, intestinis tenuibus in- cumbens. Vasa quamvis cera vividi coloris impleta, ob partis adipem cerni vix potuerunt. IH ^ Omenti pars inferior et media, ab utero antea elevata, que in plicaturas multas quam minimas contracta jacuit et compressa. L  Omentum a latere dextro, post partem eam uteri, qua incipit tuba dextra, descendens. M | Omentum quod in latere sinistro ante tubam fallopianam, &c. descenderat, seorsum positum, quo partes ez in conspectum pro- dirent. NVN Duo intestinorum tenuium gyri, quorum utrique, maxime autem inferior, omenti parte praedicta tecti fuerant. -O . Uterus, regionem totam umbilicalem et hypogastricam possi- .. dens. Superficies ejus vasorum ramilis tenuibus intertexta: ho- rum pleraque vene. Multa sanguine solummodo impleta, cada- vere diutius asservato, paulatim evanuerunt. Situs uteri paulo obliquus, et ad latus dextrum, Umbilicus parte qua stat hac litera aliquanto altior fuit. Forma uteri quodammodo irregularis ; aliae ejus partes aliis eminentiores. Id ex eo oritur, partim quod visceribus vicinis incumbens, presertim ad fundum, se ad eorum formam finxerat; partim etiam quod contenta ejus formam irre- gularem pre se tulerant. AA placenta interne adherescebat. EC Uteri tumor in latere dextro, ubi fetus nates jacebant, ubi : etiam feetum per substantiam ejus satis distincte tactu sentire li- cuit, Undique circum hanc partem uterus aliquanto depressus, et sacculi instar aqua repleti, tactum afliciebat. RR  Ligamenta rotunda. Sinistrum, propter uteri situm obliquum, dextro longius. Exitus amborum, angulis inferioribus integu- mentorum &c. filo deductis, in conspectum veniebat. Quse stric- tura ibi videtur, nihil aliud est, quam peritonei in forma thece duplicatio et protrusio, ea ligamenta per paululum spatii sequens, quaeque ab eo peritonei processu, funem spermaticum canis vel tauri comitante, gradu tantum differt. SS Tube fallopiane. In latere dextro, solum fere tube princi- pium cernere licet, parte reliqua post uterum descendente. In latere sinistro, tubze media pars sola in conspectum venit ; tegitur enim ejus principium intestino ibi posito ; finemque ejus, vel fimbrias, vasa spermatica occultant. Ea vasa, in latere sinistro, satis aperte conspiciuntur ; spatium illud totum inter ligamentum rotundum et tubam occupant: vas parvum arteria; magnum ei adhzrens vena. Utraque ad uteri latus, in peritonei duplicatione illa, que ligamentum latum appellatur, procedunt.   Tue first ten plates were made from the dissection of a woman, who died suddenly, in the end of her ninth month of pregnancy, in the year 1750. The arteries and the veins were injected with wax of different colours. This plate represents the object, as it appeared when the abdomen was opened by a crucial incision, and the four angles of the contain- ing parts turned outwards ; the subject lying on its back, but so that the upper part of the trunk was considerably higher than the rest. The thighs and pudenda require no explanation: the latter of these were edematous in the subject, as they appear in this figure. was cut through, and which therefore terii inates the figure above. neum, turned back over the cartilaginous margin of the chest. by anterior spine of the os ilium, on each side. In each of these, at its lower edge and opposite to the middle of the thigh, a part may be observed to be stretched and puckered, where a thread was fixed, which pulled the flap down, in order more fully to expose the womb and adjacent parts. The upper end of the longitudinal incision, at the pit of the sto- mach, beginning just at the point of the ensiform cartilage. The lower end of the same incision carried down to the symphysis of the ossa pubis. The umbilical or falciform ligament of the liver, which runs up- wards, on the inside of the abdominal muscles, to the fissure be- tween the great and the small lobe of that viscus. TE K L neum, upon each of the lower angles of the muscles. The small lobe of the liver, situated in the highest part of the epigastric region. Upon its surface are represented some small arteries, which emerge from the glandular substance, and are dif- fused in the peritoneum that covers it. The omentum, spread over the small intestines in the epigastric region. "The vessels of this part, though injected, were hardly visi- ble, being obscured by fat. Thelower and middle part of the omentum, which had been pushed up by the womb, and lay in numerous small folds pressed together. The omentum, in the right side, passing a little way down behind . that part of the womb from which the right tube begins. lopian tube, &c. and which was thrown a little aside, that those parts might be seen. T Two turns of the small intestines ; both of which, but especially the lower, were covered by the above-mentioned part of the omentum, The womb, Poser all the umbilical and hypogastric regions. Its surface is interspersed with a number of small vessels, the greatest part of which are veins, They were filled with blood only, and : therefore gradually disappeared after the subject had been preserved some time, Its situation is a little oblique, and towards the right side. "The navel was a little higher than the part upon which this letter is placed. The form of the womb is a little irregular, at some places projecting more than at others. This seemed partly owing to its being moulded upon the neighbouring bowels, particularly at its fundus; and partly to its contents; whence, A swelling towards the left side of the womb, where the middle of the placenta adhered ; and A swelling on the right side of the womb, where the buttocks of the child lay ; and where the child could be felt, pretty distinctly, through its substance, All around this part the womb was somewhat depressed, and felt like a bag of water. he round ligaments. "The left is longer than the right, because of the oblique situation of the womb. The exit of each was brought to view by drawing down the lower angles of the integuments, &e. with threads : and the appearance of a stricture there, was occasioned by a sheath-like doubling and protrusion of the peritoneum attending those ligaments some little way ; which differed only in degree from that process of the peritoneum, which accompanies the spermatic rope in a dog, or bull. ning of the tube is seen, the rest running down behind the womb. Of the left tube the middle part only is exposed; its beginning at the womb being concealed by the gut which lies upon that part, and the end or fimbriz being covered by the spermatic vessels. Those vessels are pretty distinctly seen in the left side: they fill up all thé B inia between the round ligament and the tube: the small vessel is the artery, and the great, to which that clings, is the vein: both of them are passing up to the side of the womb, in that doubling of the peritoneum called, the broad ligament.   Coxspzervs viscerum abdominis a latere dextro, partibus con- tinentibus thoracis et hypochondri, ac maxima omenti parte sublatis. uoce 4 A Femora, dbi transverse scissa, linteo cooperta. BB — Spina, supra diaphragma, transverse disscissa. C Coste octave pars. ! DD  Integumenta et musculi, ad partem thoracis posteriorem, eo loco quo negligenter sejunctus erat truncus, rescissi. E — Musculorum abdominis angulus inferior, in femur, ut in pre- cedente figura, devolutus. F | Monti, ut dicitur, veneris pars, una cum musculis abdominis, devoluta. G Ad sinistrum latus pars huic respondens. H  Thoracis margo, ad latus scrobiculi cordis sinistrum, peritoneo et museulis inversis, tectus. I  Cartlago mucronata. KK Coste inferiores, partesque catera continentes sectione longi- tudinali sejuncte, adeo ut, iis que sectionem et scrobiculum cordis interjacerent remotis, viscera hypochondrii dextri sese vi- denda offerrent. L  Parsima atque posterior cavi dextri thoracis. M Aorta descendens, eo loco, quo cadaver transverse discissum fuerat, deligata; nec non, colorata cera impleta. AN — Oesophagus ibidem deligatus. O Superficies superior convexa diaphragmatis; quod, pleura tectum, in situ suo naturali manet. P  Diaphragmatis centri tendinei pars que in dextro latere sita est. superiorem deligatus. RR Pleure secte margo, loco quo reflexa de superficie superiori diaphragmatis, faciem internam costarum contegebat. SS Peritonei secti margo, loco quo scilicet a superficie diaphrag- matis inferiori, membrane investientis more, ad faciem internam musculorum abdominis cursum tenebat. Superficies inter margines pleure (RR) et peritonei (S S) connexio est diaphragmatis ex facie interna costarum dirupta. T . Facies interna urusculi transversi peritoneo tecta. AU | Hepatis lobus magnus, vel dexter; in cujus crepidine, ex ad- verso litere U, exiguam videre est fossulam, quam vesicula fellis figure suze aptaverat, faciei interne hepatis hic loei apposita. V — Hepatis lobus parvus, in hypochondrium sinistrum sese exten- dens. - W  Ligamentum hepatis falciforme, seu venze umbilicalis reliquie, loco quo fissuram hepatis intrat, recisum. X . Colon.ex ceco ad hepar sursum transiens. YY Colom appendiculis suis adiposis, sinistrorsum currens, hepar inter et intestina tenuia. £Z  Omenti principium vel radix, quod ex intervallo hepatis et in- testinorum tenuium nascitur. aaaa llorum intestinorum tenuium gyri aliqui, omento paulo infra marginem hepatis exscisso, in conspectum veniunt. b Uterus. In facie ejus externa, venas, aliquantulum obscu- rius, notare licet. Hae, cum cadaver primum apertum posui, cera etsi impletz, colore tantum distinguebantur. ‘Tempore au- tem quo tabula haec erat delineata, venae, parte jam arefacta, sese magis proJiciebant, ut in figura quodammodo se videndas offerunt. c Ligamentum rotundum in inguen descendens. d ‘Tuba fallopiana, juxta faciem internam ossis ilium retrorsum currens. e Tube extremitas fimbriata, pone latus uteri jacens, hic paulu- lum educta, nempe ut conspiciatur. Ligamentum rotundum inter et tubam, vasa spermatica, praesertim vena, conspiciuntur, ad partem uteri anteriorem, cui placenta adhzrebat, praecipue tendentia. St Uteri angulus prominens, loco quo foetus nates, utero nondum adaperto, tactu sentire licebat. N. B. Costis nothis lateris dextri remotis, ille que ad latus erant sinistrum, ex vi resiliendi, marginem thoracis (.H) et exinde cartilaginem ensiformem elevarunt; unde facies ejus anterior in dextrum latus oblique tendebat. Figura hac nondum delineata uterum observavi sensim subse- disse; quapropter ope quam minim: cannulae, uterum, spiritu vinoso injiciendo, in pristinam figuram restituere conatus sum. PLA T E IL   A vizw of the same object from the right side, after the upper ab- dominal flap, and the containing parts of the right hypochondrium had been removed, that the whole mass of the abdominal viscera might appear in its natural situation, the subject lying on its back. AA The thighs, covered with a cloth where they had been cut through. _B "The back-bone cut through above the diaphragm. , C Part of the eighth rib. DD The integuments and muscles at the back part of the chest, cut . rudely through in severing the trunk at that place. E The inferior flap of the abdominal muscles, &c. turned down over : the thigh, as in the preceding figure. F Part of the mons veneris turned aside with the abdominal muscles. G "The respective part of the left side. H — The margin of the chest at the left side of the scrobiculus cordis, covered by the peritoneum and muscles, which are turned over it. I The ensiform cartilage. : KK -The lower ribs and other containing parts, cut down longitudi- nally, by which means all the parts, between this section and the * scrobiculus cordis were removed, that the viscera of the right hypo- chondrium might be exposed to view. bis L The posterior and lower part of the right cavity of the chest. ~ M The trunk of the descending aorta, tied up where it was cut, and filled with injection. JN The esophagus, tied up at the same place. | O The upper convex surface of the diaphragm, which remains, co- vered by the pleura, in its natural situation. ; P That part of the centrum tendinosum of the diaphragm which is in the right side. Q The trunk of the lower cava tied, close to the upper surface of the diaphragm. - RR The cut edge of the pleura, where it was reflected, from the upper surface of the diaphragm, to line the inside of the ribs. SS The cut edge of the peritoneum, where it was continued as an in- vesting membrane, from the inferior surface of the diaphragm, to the inside of the abdominal muscles. The surface which is seen between the edge of the pleura (RR) and that of the peritoneum (S$) is the attachment of the diaphragm cut off from the inside of the ribs. The inside of the transversus muscle covered with the peritoneum. The great, or right lobe of the liver; at the lower edge of which, over against the letter U, there is a small notch formed by the con- cave bed of the gall bladder, which lies upon the inside of the liver at this place. V The small lobe of the liver, which stretches over into the left hypochondrium, and is therefore seen in perspective. W The falciform ligament, or remains of the umbilical vein, cut off as it enters the fissure of the liver. X. The colon passing up from the caecum to the liver. YY The colon with its appendiculz adipose running towards the left side, between the liver and small guts. $$ The beginning or root of the omentum, coming downwards from G x 5 : the interstice of the liver and small guts. aaaa. Some turns of those small intestines brought to view by cutting off the omentum a little below the edge of the liver. b The womb. Upon its surface we can trace, though obscurely, its veins. "These, though injected, were distinguishable only by their colour when the subject was first opened: But when this drawing was made, the part, having been some time in the air, had become a little dry, and the veins projected, as they appear in the figure. c. The round ligament running down to its passage into the groin. d ‘The fallopian tube running backwards on the inside of the os ilium. e The fimbriated end of the tube, lying behind the side of the womb; but drawn a little out, that it might be seen. Between the round ligament and the tube, are seen the spermatic vessels, especially the vein, which go chiefly, or by their largest branches, to the forepart of the womb where the placenta adhered. J + The prominent corner of the womb, where the buttocks or loins of the child were distinctly felt before the part was opened. N. B. The false ribs of the right side having been removed, those of the left side, by their elasticity raised up the margin of the chest (H) and consequently the ensiform cartilage; the anterior surface of which was thereby turned obliquely to the right side. | Just before this figure was made, I had observed that the womb had insensibly subsided, and therefore by the cannula of a very small trocar I injected some spirits to raise it up, as nearly as I could guess, to the figure it had when the abdomen was first opened.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       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Integumentorum et musculorum abdominis, lateris sinistri, an- gulus inferior in inguen et femur inversus. D Integumentorum et musculorum abdominis sectio transversa. EE  Partium abdominis continentium sectio longitudinalis, ab ilium osse sursum ducta. Hac sectione, angulus superior partium con- tinentium omnino aufertur, ut viscera hypochondrii sinistri in conspectu ponantur. Uteri prominentia femur dextrum oculo Qi A FF  Partium thoracis continentium posteriorum sectio transversa. G Vertebra transverse scissa. H Medulla spinalis. II  Cavorum thoracis partes inferiores postice, que, pulmonibus sublatis, vacuae conspici possunt. KR Diaphragma superficiem convexam hepatis complectens. L Cartilago mucronata, diaphragmati adhuc adherens. M Diaphragmatis ad latus dextrum convexitas magna; que in hoc cadavere, parte huic consentanea in latere sinistro elatior comparuit. Ibi etiam vasa nonuulla conspiciuntur; quorum ma- jora, venz scilicet phrenicze, cera impleta sunt a vena cava; hinc altius extantia. NV Diaphragmatis superficies, qua pericardio annectitur, quaeque cor sustinet. à; 0 Vena cava, ubi per diaphragma transit, deligata. P Oesophagus supra diaphragma deligatus. Hunc cera injecta, dum per arterias fluebat, materia colorante amissa, in ventricu- lum transiens, implevit. Q Aorta, eodem. modo, ubi corporis truncus transverse fuerat scissus, supra diaphragma, deligata. Oesophagus et aorta, una cum spine prominentia, cavum satis magnum in diaphragmatis parte postica et superiori efficiunt. RSTU Diaphragma in hypochondrio sinistro recisum. Ex parte posteriori, labia ((T'U) ejusdem fissurz in diaphragmate mutuo re- cedunt; et ex parte anteriori, anguli (RS) inversi sunt, nempe ut viscera hypochondrii sinistri in conspectum veniant. V Hepatis extremitas sinistra. W  Ventriculi extremitas sinistra. XX — Lienis margo anterior denticulatus. a tiepatis lobus dexter. b Ligamentum falciforme, fissuram hepatis intrans. c Hepatis lobi sinistri ea pars qua in regione epigastrica sedem habet. dddd  Oment radix dextrorsum de ventriculo et colo, hepar inter et intestina tenuia, descendens. eeff  Omenti radix in hypochondrio sinistro ita disposita, ut cavum suum exhibeat. Ea pars, que marsupii omenti anteriorem par- tem facit (ee), quaeque de ventriculo descendit, ventriculo jam et hepati incumbit replicata: omenti autem pars posterior, quae colo connectitur (ff) ante intestina tenuia in proprio manet situ. gg Omenti radix, ventriculum inter et lienem. hh Omenti pars ad latus sinistrum, in situ suo naturali, tenuia in- ter intestina et peritoneum faciem internam transversalis abdomi- nis integens. iiij  Intesünorum tenuium gyri multo inferiores et frequentiores hac in parte, quam eorum, quz in latere dextro jacent; partim ropter obliquitatem uteri, praecipue autem quod in latere dextro Hepat moles minus spatii intestinis permittit. k Uterus. Tempore quo figura haec delineabatur, pars uteri su- perior arescere coeperat, unde vasa infarcta, magis conspicua sese exhibebant; minorum pleraque arterice sunt; majora omnia vena. l Ligamentum rotundum. m ‘Tuba. s Arteriz spermaticze ramus magnus, trans ligamentum latum ad uterum repens. , : oo . Ramorum, vens scilicet spermatice, majorum fasciculus, per ligamentum latum ad uterum ascendentium.     PLATE II.   A view, from the left side and downwards, of the lower part of the trunk; so prepared, as to shew the whole mass of the bowels, with the diaphragm, in their natural situation. A The left thigh. The right thigh is covered from our view by the projection of the womb. B The left buttock. 51 The lower flap of the integuments and abdominal muscles on the left side, turned down over the groin and thigh. D.D The section of the integuments and muscles, made by the transverse incision of the belly. EE A longitudinal section of the containing parts of the belly, car- ried upwards from the os ilium, or posterior extremity of the transverse incision, parallel to the spine; whereby the upper flap of the containing parts is entirely removed, to shew the viscera of the left hypochondrium. FF  Atransverse section ofthe posterior containing parts of the chest. G The. body of the vertebra cut through. H The spinal marrow. II The lower posterior parts of the cavities of the chest, which are seen empty, the lungs being removed. KK The diaphragm, embracing the convex surface of the liver. L The ensiform cartilage left adhering to the diaphragm. M the great convexity of the diaphragm in the right side, which in this subject was much higher than the analogous part in the left. Upon this part, some vessels are seen: the larger are the phrenic veins, which were filled with wax from the cava, and are therefore prominent. | JN — The surface of the diaphragm, where the pericardium is united with it, and upon which the heart rests. The vena cava tied, as it passes through the diaphragm. The esophagus, tied above the diaphragm. It was filled by the injection, which passed without the red colour, from the ar- teries into the stomach. Q The aorta, in the same manner tied above the diaphragm, where the trunk of the body was cut through. The esophagus and aorta, as well as the projection of the spine, make a considerable notch upon the upper posterior part of the diaphragm. ; RSTU The diaphragm, slit up in the left hypochondrium. At the posterior part, the lips of the fissure in the diaphragm (TU) re- cede from each other; and forwards, the corners (RS) are in- verted, to shew the viscera in the left hypochondrium, viz. V . ‘The left extremity of the liver; WW The left, or great extremity of the stomach; and XX The spleen: its anterior edge indented. a The right, or great lobe of the liver. b The falciform ligament, entering the fissure of the liver. C That part of the small lobe of the liver which lies in the epi- gastric region. dddd 'The root of the omentum towards the right side, coming down from the stomach and colon, between the liver and the small in- testines. eeff The root of the omentum in the left hypochondrium, so dis- posed as to shew its cavity. What makes the anterior part of the pouch of the omentum (ee) which comes down from the bottom of the stomach, is turned up over the stomach and liver: and the posterior part of the omentum (ff) which is fixed to the colon is left, in its natural situation, before the small intestines. gg The root of the omentum, between the stomach and spleen. hh Part of the omentum in the left side, in its natural situation, between the small intestines and the peritoneum which lines the transversalis muscle. 2222 ‘The convolutions of the small intestines, which are considerably lower and in greater quantity in this side than in the right; partly because of the obliquity of the womb, but chiefly because in that side the liver comes low down, and leaves little space for intestines. k The womb: which had begun to dry at its upper part when this figure was taken; so that the injected vessels began to ap- pear more remarkably. The smaller are chiefly arteries; the larger are all veins. / The round ligament. m The tube. A large branch of the spermatic artery going across the broad. ligament of the womb. o0  Á group of large veins from the spermatic, mounting in the broad ligament to the womb. ^o S C   Uns, et contenta pelvis a parte anteriori: ossa pubis, cum in- tegumentis, et superiori pudendorum parte, omnino fuerant ab- scissa, quo cervix uteri, et vesica simul urinaria ei pratensa, oculo inciderent. A4 Femora transverse abscissa. BB  Musculorum abdominis, et peritonei, anguli inferiores, in la- tera reflexi. d; Uterus; cujus in tota superficie, perque substantiam, vasa cera impleta, et exinde prominentia, conspiciuntur. DD Os pubis utrinque supra foramen magnum ischii | resec- tum. EE  Ischii processus parvus, eo in loco ubi ossi pubis committitur resectus. F  Perinzum. GG Labia pudendi: horum pars superior, nymphz etiam, et clito- ridis extremitas, abscinduntur. HH  Caruncula myrtiformis insignis. I Vagina. In parte hujus introitus inferiore (nigriore scilicet in hac tabula), vagina cavum, tam retrorsum quam sursum ducens, representatur. Ad literam (7) conspicitur vaginz pars superior et anterior, qua cum vesica urinaria et urethra connectitur, quae- que a visceribus incumbentibus deprimitur. Ad punctum etiam orificii hujusce, fusci, ovati, superius, urethra extremitas promi- nens, meatusque urinarii orificium conspiciuntur. K Clitoridis corpus transverse discissum: in medio, duas arterio- las fere contiguas, scilicet in utroque corpore cavernoso unam, cernere licet. LL Clitoridis crura et erectores. Haec, ossibus pubis quibus an- nectuntur sublatis, magis horizonti ad libellam, quam in situ suo naturali, respondentia jacent. Sejunctione autem ossium pelvis, nempe ut contenta ejus melius possint conspici, extenduntur. AM ^ Vesicz urinariz pars superior, simul utero, pone sito, et caput fectus continenti, simul ossibus pubis unitis, eam exadversum am- bientibus, compressa. NN  Peritoneum reflexum, telaque cellulosa, latera integens pel- vis, et ei uteri parti quam ossa pubis amplectuntur, circumja- cens. 0 Ex peritoneo et tela cellulosa resectis, margo, eo loco ubi de vesica urinaria ad faciem internam musculorum abdominis tegen- dam, supra ossa pubis, ascendunt. PP  Ligamenta rotunda, abdominis intra cavum. QQ  Ligamenta rotunda, eo in loco ubi ex abdomine recedentia sese in montis veneris lateribus sensim recondunt. RR  Musculi femoris, ossibus pubis exorti, rescissi. PLATE AY.   A zronz-virw of the womb, and of the contents of the pelvis; the ossa pubis, with the muscles and integuments which cover them, being removed. AA ‘The thighs cut through. BB The lower angles, or flaps of the abdominal muscles and peri- toneum turned aside. C The womb. All over its surface the injected vessels are seen projecting through its substance. DD The os pubis of each side cut through, above the foramen mag- num ischii. EE The small branch of the ischium which joins the os pubis, cut through. F The perinzum. GG The labia pudendi. The upper part of those, the nymphz and the extremity of the clitoris are cut off. H A large caruncula myrtiformis. T The vagina. At the lower part of this passage, the deeper black part of the surface, in this figure, represents the cavity of the vagina leading backwards as well as upwards: and where this letter (J) stands, is seen the upper or anterior part of the vagina which is united to the bladder and urethra, and which is pressed downwards by the viscera that lie over it. At the upper point of this dark oval orifice the tuberous extremity of the urethra is seen, with the orifice of the meatus urinarius. K The body of the clitoris cut through; in the middle of which two small arteries are seen almost contiguous, viz. one in each corpus cavernosum. LL The crura and erectores clitoridis.. These lie more horizontally than in the natural state, the ossa pubis, &c. which suspend them, being removed : and they are stretched or lengthened, from the bones of the pelvis being drawn a little asunder, that the contents might be better seen. M The upper part of the bladder, which was compressed between the womb containing the child's head, which lay behind it, and the united ossa pubis, which had embraced it forwards. NN ‘the reflected peritoneum and cellular membrane, which lines the sides of the pelvis, surrounding that part of the womb which was embraced by the ossa pubis. O The cut edge of the peritoneum and cellular membrane, where these ascend from the bladder to line the abdominal muscles above the ossa pubis. PP The round ligaments within the cavity of the abdomen. QQ The round ligaments after they have passed out of the abdomen, where they are insensibly lost in the sides of the mons veneris. RR The muscles of the thigh, which spring from the ossa pubis, cut through.                 | IN N   Wi                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   7b. ShrangeH ut A loptetoun nente LO fte PY fille LC anteront, optet ful MS, MIM UMP EHE, " oy : IU FE Mtg, CU EU . "DA "t futt 7 fà Vende t pg ntum tucurresent- / / ^ Ip pre em MIU. UITILALT TIL a WAR’) WAU, C0 Vb, f ' It ld d / ) OUTIL [Uerit n ul. /1 "f Street Boroudgl “Thomas London Published July 18815. by E.COX and SON.S f     LE .* a Sus Lm * Po.- VAIO wee. pe a! Eig r^ , D UN = P, BA Wh Eel eas eee                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      IH                                 WA                                                    MUU HU                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             euh. TAB. V. "tert otra MME ed MAO, cata nutu al Ulhearonll ep Secunuillits Afra, elim neat Cuts "tf. Cit Ji ep Vig Tunt AM " e. . , ) . ' rd » » " , Cit conslto, Ul futt nuemdraaa MAME UL Lawente, CUm VANS etrumatan COP "ot Cid, et Mff teo AEP, CH tl aom nera oils cafionerentis. Sarter tenets eletti. f fpa ne Meng Cat Ma ont tale gut .         U zn: pars anterior et dextra, cauta manu ab adhzrentibus se- cundinis separata, et in sinistrum latus reflexa. Id eo factum est consilio, ut pars membranz deciduz ac placent, cum vasis ea- rundem cera repletis, et superficies uteri cui adhoserant interna, oculis exponerentur. Partes lineis designatas proxime sequens tabula exhibet integras. Priorem autem hic habet locum linea- rum de sequenti tabula explanatio, ne literae insculptae nimis illam. obscurarent. AA  Femorum superiora. BB De angulis inferioribus partium continentium abdominis, quod superest, in ossa ilium reflexum.  Anguli utrinque, peritoneo vasis distincto integuntur; quod vero, ex parte, praesertim in latere sinis- tro, ad cursum vasorum epigastricorum retegendum, exscindebatur. C C Ossa pubis supra foramina ischium transverse scissa. DD  Ischium processus ascendentes transverse scissi. Ossa haec pelvis, symphysi pubis sublata, laxa evaserunt; et in latere sinistro, ad descensum uteri in cavum pelvis magis illustran- dum, extrorsum fuerunt evulsa. LE  Arteriz inguinales. FF Vene inguinales. GG  Arteriz epigastrice. HH - Vene epigastrice. y Arteria obturatoria sinistri lateris, epigastricze scilicet ramus. ANAK  Ligamenta retunda ex abdomine ad exteriora vasorum epigas- tricorum descendentia. LL  Sectiointegumentorum et musculorum, in utroque inguine, fac- ta nimirum, dum partes pelvis anteriores continentes amovebantur. M  Perinzum. NN  Labiorum pudendi partes ime. O Hymenis reliquiz. P Vagina. QQ  Clitoridis crura. R Urethra ex parte superiori in longum diffissa et expassa. NSSS  Vesica urinaria, anteriorem inferioris extremitatis uteri por- tionem ambiens. TY’ Vesiez urinaria cavum, partem ejus anteriorem ab urethra sur- sum incidendo, oculis subjectum. UU | Uteri extremitas parva vel inferior, in cavo pelvis posita. Ea pars que circundata fuerat margine pelvis, satis evidenter con- stricta fuit: quam super uterus statim eminentior evasit, quippe partes que facilius cedunt eum ibi amplectebantur. VV Uteri facies exterior. X Vasorum spermaticorum in latere sinistro chorus. YY  Uteri substantia, ad dextrum latus, ab fundo penitus dissecta. In hac sectione vasa resecla occurrunt; quod autem ad figuram attinet inordinata, quippe cera friabili adimpleta. Venz coloris sunt lucidioris ac grandes; exiliores arteriz, atque fuscee; fun- dum versus uteri utraeque minores quam in parte inferiori, ubi. a lateribus uteri ad placentam transihant. Uteri crassitudo cum magnitudine vasoftm his in locis proportionis legem quodammodo servat. & [i] Decidua, sive membrana exterior, ramulis venarum ab facie in- terna uteri ad eam transeuntium distincta. a Hie decidua vasis referta et opaca, cauta manu sublata fuit. Nulla hic loci, vel in chorio, vel in amnio, venarum, ex injectione cere, species fuit. Altera enim pars per alteram adeo perluce- bat, ut foetus cutem distincte cernere liceret. b b Externe superficiei placentze portio, hic cera extra venas uteri effusa, illic venis ipsis cera impletis, a facie interna uteri ad eam transeuntibus interstincta. € Arteria cera rubri coloris impleta, quae ab utero abrupta fuit, et, semel circumvoluta, in placentam se immisit. : d d Ejus partis uteri, qua deciduam (2$ 2) antea obtexerat, facies interna. In hac superficie vena que per deciduam ramos suos diffuderunt, abrupt conspiciuntur. CN ee Ejus partis uteri, quae placentam (7 5) obtexerat facies interna. Hee quidem superficies cera extra vasa effusa specimen pre se tulit. Quae autem aspectu primo, extra vasa effusio videbatur, re vera, venarum complanatarum, cum anastomosibus frequentiori- bus, ex utero ad placentam peroblique transeuntium, cera adim- pletarum, species fuit. Cujus quod sequitur sit specimen. D In substantia uteri vena. ; g Ejusdem vene in placentam continuatio. h Uteri facies interna hic cavata, et vene dimidium, que cursu peroblique transibat, formans. Tue first view of the opened womb. Its substance is cut through on the right side and turned to the left; by which means part of the decidua and of the placenta, as well as the inside of that por- tion of the womb, are exposed in the injected state. All the parts represented in outlines are seen finished in the next plate. The explanation is given here, that the other might not be ob- scured with engraved letters. AA The upper part of the thighs. BB Part of the lower corners of the containing parts of the abdo- men turned down over the ossa ilium. ‘They are covered by the vascular peritoneum; which (in the left side especially) was partly cut away, to shew the course of the epigastric vessels. CC — 'The ossa pubis cut through above the foramina ischium. DD. The ascending processes of the ischia cut through. ‘These bones of the pelvis became loose, from the loss of the symphysis at the pubes; and on the left side they were drawn outwards, to shew more fully the descent of the womb into the cavity of the pelvis. EE The inguinal arteries. FF "he inguinal veins. GG The epigastric arteries. HH The epigastric veins. i : I The obturator artery of the left side, a branch of the epigastric. KKK The round ligaments descending from the abdomen upon the outside of the epigastric vessels. LL  Thesection of the integuments and muscles in each groin, which was made in removing the anterior containing parts of the pelvis. M — The perinzum. NN The lower extremities of the labia pudendi. 0 The remains of the hymen. P The vagina. QQ The crura clitoridis. Pay The urethra slit on its upper part, through its whole length, and spread out. SSSS The bladder spread round the forepart of the lower end of the womb. ( T ‘The cavity of the bladder exposed by an incision through its forepart from the urethra upwards. UU The small or lower extremity of the womb, lodged in the ca- vity of the pelvis. "There was a manifest constriction upon that part of it which was surrounded by the brim of the pelvis; above which the womb swelled out immediately, being there embraced by more yielding parts. VVV The outside of the body and fundus of the womb. Ag The cluster of spermatic vessels of the left side. YY The substance of the womb cut quite through, from the fundus downwards on the right side. In this section the cut vessels bear an irregular figure, which was occasioned by the crumbling of the wax with which they were filled. The veins are of a light colour, and large; the arteries dark, and small in proportion. At the upper part of the womb, both of them are small in comparison with what they are lower down, where they were passing from the sides of the womb to the placenta: and the thickness of the womb bears some proportion to the size of its vessels in these different places. 2$  'D|he external membrane, or decidua, full of small branching veins, which passed into it from the internal surface of the womb. a At this place the vascular and opake decidua was carefully re- moved: there was no appearance of injected veins upon the cho- rion, or in the amnion; both of which were so transparent, that the child's skin could be seen distinctly through them. bb A portion of the external surface of the placenta, interspersed partly with extravasated wax, from the venal system of the womb, and partly with injected veins, passing into it from the interior surface of the womb. c An artery filled with red wax, which was broken off from the womb. It made one circumvolution, and plunged into the placenta. dd .'Vhe inner surface of that part of the womb, which was in con- tact with the decidua (2 Z). Upon this surface the veins are seen broken off, which dispersed their branches through the decidua. ee The inside of that part of the womb which covered the pla- centa (5 b). Upon this surface there was indeed some extrava- sated wax: but the greatest part of what seemed, at first sight, to be extravasation, proved to be injected veins, of a flattened figure with numerous anastomoses, passing from the womb to the placenta in a very slanting direction. The following instance may serve as a specimen, J À vein in the substance of the uterus. g  . The same vein continued into the placenta. h The inner surface of the womb hollowed, and forming half of the vein, which passed here in a very slanting direction, DA B U:L À:; VI: Fervs in utero proüt a natura positus. Omnes hujus figuree partes, utero et iis quze in eo continentur exceplis, ezedem fere sunt cum iis, quae, in tabula precedenti hneis exterioribus, literisque jamjam explanate sunt. In hoc lantum discrepant, nimirum hic vesicee urinarie pars superior omnino sublata est, ad fetus caput in parte uteri inferiori exhi- bendum. Uteri et secundarum pars anterior, una cum placenta, omnino sublata est. Funis umbilicalis est disscissus, deligatus, et in marginem uteri resecti sinistrorsum reflexus. Ad fundum uteri membrane investientes etiam in marginem uteri quo melius possint conspici inverse sunt. Caput fetus in uteri parte infe- riori, in pelvis scilicet cavo, ponitur; corpus ejus praecipue in latere dextro jacet.  Positio obliqua, vel ad lineam diagonalem appropinquans; unde partes posteriores antrorsum sunt et ad matris latus dextrum; partes anteriores retrorsum et ad latus sinistrum verse. Pes dexter inter femur sinistrum et tibiam oc- currit. Corpus, uti infantibus denuo utero exclusis plerumque fit, muco albo pinguiusculo foedatum: scilicet hic mucus, ad dorsi partem superiorem, ex rugis in corpore foetus, motuque suo lineis intersecta, oculis subjicitur. Reprasentatur quzeque pars eodem modo quo primum occurrebat, ne quidem vel digiti articulo de- turbato, partem aliquam magis illustrandi, aut tabulam elegan- tiorem reddendi gratia. P-H AW Eva. Tuts represents the child in the womb, in its natural situation. All the parts of this figure, except the womb, and its contents, are nearly the same as those represented by outlines in the fifth plate, where they are lettered and explained. The only differ- ence is, that here all the upper part of the bladder is cut away, in order to shew the situation of the child’s head in the lower part of the womb. All the forepart, both of the womb and of the se- cundines (which included the placenta), is removed. The navel- string is cut, tied, and turned to the left side, over the edge of the womb. At the fundus the investing membranes are likewise turned over the edge of the womb, that they might be more ap- parent. The head of the child is lodged in the lower part of the womb, or in the cavity of the pelvis; and its body lies principally in the right side. Its position is diagonal or oblique; so that its posterior parts are turned forwards, and to the right side of the mother, and its foreparts are directed backwards, and to the left side. Its right foot appears between its left thigh and leg. Its body was covered with a white, greasy mucus, which is commonly seen on children at their birth. This is represented at the upper part of its back, where it was intersected with lines, from the wrinkles and motion of the child’s body. Every part is repre- sented just as it was found ; not so much as one joint of a finger having been moved to shew any part more distinctly, or to give a more picturesque effect. Plate G. {Wy     il Mi   Wi   SS ne     M) 09 09) MW Y NN OQ MN Y i n ' N M M XXX) ! y) RENIN NW hi NY) ) M i) i 17 i | QULA | fi ui n i D il Wi     n ined n                                                                                                                           S                       , Wy p p a aoe LEE ILE   fj Ta ir TA [SIN J^ Y Moho NMA N NT f. VA iy 1 Wh (IMCS WAKA SHE SORS I 25 SANA NAN ME ALY | ] ^ iN YLT \\\\\\\ p" DN N                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           If, Pad iple dein’ TAB. WI. tud te e770, foul ue quera LLLA ettet OIUVAM IC ftente "lere antertiorc, rire Virange Midi: WC SPiyaconli (f MUMNCKCIME                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         SSS S SS Sse                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             WY) Wi Vy p / " / /. Wi MEZ, , fy if, hii Wy) Ly 7, . MM yy n i   Vi) Ey // Hy}; 7 WY, Ys Mi KC 1,                                                                                                                               QS       } ITA Qui ees HN / MANNI SU Wy j m i           AN \ AY UR                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Lr tinted adumbratepyacalnt luit e att Ment Mere.   If. dup dein” G 5 ^ KT, avene Trid nnt   Svsxaro fotu, paries uteri conspicitur intimus et posticus, mem- branis suis adhuc vestitus. Partes lineis adumbratz in prece- denti tabula se ad plenum dedere. Hee nata est a spina, vasis magnis, et precipue ex aorta, que hic loci in arterias duas Partis uteri projectio versus interna. iliacas se dividit. Pars projecta, cadaveris situ supinato adaucta, superiorem et posticam uteri partem in cava duo lateralia retror- sum dividit. Cavum dextrum, propter obliquitatem hujus uteri, sinistro majus fuit, et maximam foetus partem continuit. musculorum psoz, vasorumque iliacorum. Obliqua hzc juga, uteri cava superiora lateralia ab inferiore azygo, in pelve posito, secernunt; in parte hujus ima posteriore oculis subjicitur. Os tince, paulo ad latus dextrum versum. Uterus in statu laxo, rugoso, uti feetu vacuus apparebat, reprzsentatur.  Paries totus internus membranis suis vestitus. Per eas vene cera im- plete, tales quales in hac figura, distincte se videndas exhibue- runt.           A Fonz-vixw of the cavity of the womb, as it appear child was taken out, and the investing membranes | same as for the The parts which are expressed by outlines are nearly in Plate V. and VI. the first of which may be cons explanation.   An internal projection of the womb, occasioned b spine and great vessels, especially the aorta, which divides at this place into the two iliac arteries. This projection, which is encreased by the supine position of the subject, divides the upper part of the womb backwards into two lateral cavities. The right cavity, from the obliquity of the womb in this case, was larger than the left, and contained the greatest part of the child. These oblique ridges divide the upper lateral cavities of the womb from projection of the psoz muscles, and of the iliac vessels. the azygos lower cavity which is situated in the pelvis; at the lower posterior part of which is seen The os tincz, in this case a little on the right side. The womb is represented in the loose rugous state, as it appeared when empty; and its whole internal surface is covered by the mem- branes. Through these the injected veins were distinctly seen, as they appear in this figure.   Vae FE                    ES proxime post gravidum uterum sitze; utero ipso sede moto, et in pudenda devoluto. Ossa pubis, &c. prius fue- bscissa, ut in tabula quarta. ora, partesque ceeteras lineis adumbratas, in tabula quinta m explanata, cernere licet. rus. testina tenuia que fundo uteri arcte cireumJacebant. ntestinorum tenuium (cum mesenterio DDD) gyri, qui, post uterum, in latere sinistro, spinam inter et os ilium, supraque par- tem oblique prominentem, e musculo scilicet psoa et vasis iliacis formatam, jacebant. E Intesüni ilei pars inferior (cujus mesenterium F), uterum inter et furcam aortze decurrens ad G Terminationem suam in czeco. HHH  Cecum in cellas corrugatum propter ligamenta carnosa per longitudinem ejus tendentia. T Caeci ligamentum anterius. KA Appendix czeci vermiformis. L Caecum in colon continuatum. M ^ Colon cum omento, loco in quo sursum et sinistrorsum sub hepar ascendit, lineis adumbratum. JN Sinistri lateris colon, post intestina tenuia in faciem internam ossis ilium descendens. OO Colon vasa iliaca transiens, et in pelvis cavum decurrens rec- tum continuo appellatam. Id suspensum cernitur de parte ex- trema mesocoli, supra vasa iliaca sinistra expansi. Hoc in loco intestinum coarctatum fuit, et adipe involutum. PP In cavo sacri, intestini recti priores gyri. Q Trunci venz cave extremitas, que hic in iliacas se dividit. R Vertebrze lumborum infime facies anterior. S Substantia, ligamenti natura predita, vertebram inter proxime dictam et sacri partem summam. T Ossis sacri summi facies anterior. U . Vena sacra. Partes que literis Q, R, S, 7, U, notantur, per peritoneum illis incumbens conspiciuntur. V Ureter dexter vasa iliaca transiens, et in pelvis latus decur- rens. W Arteriz dextre iliace truncus. X Venez dextra iliace truncus. Y: Psoas dexter. P4 Arteria iliaca externa. 7 Vena iliaca externa. Ut partes, quae literis E, W,.Y?3, eta notantur, in conspec- tum venirent, peritoneum illas obtegens fuerat perscissum, mem- branaque cellulosa que cireumjacebat cultro anatomico sublata. Vena iliaca interna. . € Ureter sinister per membranam cellulosam post peritoneum, et ante arteriam iliacam, ad pelvim transiens. Quo hic in conspec- tum prodiret, peritoneum et mesocoli pars inferior fuerant per- scissa, paululum etiam membrane cellulose sublatum. dd Vasa spermatica dextri lateris post caecum, peritoneo tecta, descendentia. ee . Eadem vasa ad terminum superiorem ligamenti lati, in uterum, tubam, et ovarium se diffundentia. Kf Tube dextre pars. 2 Ovaril dextri pars. . h Sinistri lateris vasa spermatica. n Tuba sinistra. i Ovarium sinistrum.       A view of the parts which lay immediately behind the womb, and which were in contact with it. They were brought to view by turning down the empty womb over the pudendum; the ossa ubis, &c. having been removed, as in the preceding figures. — The thighs and other parts expressed by outlines, are nearly in the same state as in Plate V. where the explanation 1s grven. AAA The womb. BBBB The small intestines which lay around, and in contact with the upper part of the womb. CCCC Those turns of the small intestines (and DDD the mesentery) which lay behind the womb in the left side, between the spine and os ilium, and above the oblique ridge formed by the psoas and iliac vessels. E The lower part of the intestinum ileon, and (P) its mesentery. Tt passed between the womb and the bifurcation of the aorta to G Its termination in the ceecum, where it was covered externally with an appendicula epiploica. AT HHH ‘he cecum, corrugated into cells by its longitudinal fleshy bands, or ligaments. I The anterior band or hgament of the czecum. EK The appendix caeci vermiformis. L The continuation of the caecum into the colon. M The colon and omentum represented in outlines, where this in- testine mounts upwards, and to the left, under the liver. N — The colon in the left side, coming down, from.behind the small intestines, upon the inside of the os ilium. OO The colon passing over the iliac vessels into the cavity of the pelvis, where its continuation is called rectum. — It is here sus- pended by the extremity of the mesocolon, which is expanded over the left iliac vessels. At this part the gut was contracted, and involved in fat. PP The first turns of the rectum in the hollow of the sacrum. The extremity of the trunk of the vena cava, which divides at this place into the iliac veins. The forepart of the lowest vertebra of the loins. The ligamentous substance between the last mentioned verte- bra and the upper part of the sacrum. The forepart of the uppermost bone of the sacrum. The vena sacra. The parts which are marked Q, R, S, T; U, are seen through the peritoneum that covers them. the pelvis. The common trunk of the right iliac artery. The common trunk of the right iliac vein. The right psoas muscle. The external iliac artery. 'The external iliac vein. The parts marked P, W, X, 2, and a, were brought to view by slitting the peritoneum which covered them, and dissecting away the cellular membrane at that place. The internal iliac vein. c The left ureter passing in the cellular membrane behind the peritoneum, and before the iliac artery, to the pelvis. "This was brought to view, by making a long slit in the peritoneum, and lower part of the mesocolon, and taking away a small quantity of the cellular membrane. dd The spermatic vessels of the right side, coming down from be- hind the caecum and covered by the peritoneum. ee 'The same vessels at the upper end of the broad ligament, dif- fusing themselves into the womb, tube, and ovary. Fh .Partbobthe right tube. g Part of the right ovary. h The spermatic vessels of the left side. 2 The left tube. k The left ovary. 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TAB VU Upton nane “ile pot nant ttn LY Uno SMR s lego fet sede ntt ano, el ena fntitendlit de votato, € rnt Jules, LU, did € : ) " m " 2 ( , Intl ferent aat. Confek TAB IV. London Published July 15! 1015. by ECOX and SON S!Thomas’s   Street Borough   «T das   "As "AS we     tM ap OO ' qUno.rog1324)$ ssrurot Lis NOS pur X023: 4q GI8LisT App pousuqng wopauo' UI 2 PFT Vu opum UMYYMU PI UIDIUDUL VU ppt pa epp "Pp tap un fun BY PONG, OP yhpeuhiy gt                       j 1 j |                                   TMNT                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               nT                                                                                                                                               TII                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           "i                                                                                                                                   | |       I       u         Wim MN     I       | | T             Mati               H       MIN         Bw                                                 Se                       SON EA b SRE SSSR             !l SS                 DELIA Et     Fe   = IZLE 2 Z ET                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ll                   TIU                                                                                                                                                             SS     S SS             TET I NE SS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           A Preuvis a latere ad plenum conspecta, una cum contentis ejus, partibusque contiguis; per medium scilicet divisa, ut ossium flexure, et situs partium inter- narum oculo facilius exhiberi possent. Imperfecta est hae figura ad pubem, ex- trorsum pariter atque introrsum. | Pártes que hic deficiunt, cultro separate sunt, dum cadaver ad aliquas tabularum preecedentium pingendas parabatur. Detec- Femur dextrum a parte interiori. Has inter cernitur substantia liga- mentosa, extans, inequalis, circa medium praesertim ubi mollissima est, et facile tumescit, si quando secta fuerit, et in aqua macerata. D Vertebrarum lumborum canalis, in quo reliquiz quzdam caude equine, ob- scure licet, conspiciuntur. EE  Musculorum lumbos extendentium partes inferiores. F . Lumborum membrana adiposa et cutis. GGG Sacri ossa tria superiora. HH Sacri ossa duo inferiora, primumque coccygis, firmiter coalita. i Coccygis os secundum, quod, ope mediz cartilaginis, ad primum facile move- tur. t K . Coccygis ossa duo inferiora in nnum coalita, parique ad secundum mobilitate praedita. L Sacri spina. M . Sacri canalis. à ae N Musculorum abdominis et integumentorum anguli inferioris pars, in ossis ilium spinam reflexa. ' Bod O Vena inguinalis magna epigastricam emittens, quam eliam arteria ejusdem nominis comitatur. : je Femoris: musculi, ex osse pubis orti, quique in osse €o sejungendo fuerant perscissi. Q Os pubis supra foramen magnum disscissum. R Idem os, ubi ramo parvo ischii committitur, disscissum. i In loco quo litera P occurrit, lineis punctis adumbrata representatur paruis ejus ossis pubis, que abscissa fuerat, figura. Nota * iisdem lineis adumbratam symphysin ostendit. S Pars carnosa anum inter et os coccygis. T Anus omnino apertus. U . Recti pars inferior hac sectione exposita. In hac figura videas, intestinum idem ab ano sursum progrediens oculo dum persequeris, id se retrorsum deflex- isse, nempe ut ad faciem internam ossis coccygis veniret. V Hic rectum ad latus sinistrum se deflexit, solamque membranam suam cellulo- sam in hac sectione cernere licebat. . Ms WW - Rectum sectione apertum, ubi ante coccygis os primum, sacrique ossa tria 1n- feriora, decurrebat. X Hic rectum omnino in latere dextro jacebat, nec id aperuit scissura. Y Rectum disscissum, ubi de latere dextro ad os secundum sacri decurrebat, et in flexuram coli sigmóideam cursum suum tenebat. Z Vena cava. a Arteria iliaca dextra. : b In hoc loco vena iliaca sinistra fuerat disscissa; cera autem, que injecta fue- rat, utpote ra jam delapsa, vena haud satis clare se in conspectum dedit. c Perini sectio. d Labii dextri, ad partem inferiorem, facies interna. € Nymphe dextrz, ad partem inferiorem, facies interna. fi Coarctatio, hymenisve reliquiz, ubi incipit vagina. g Meatus urinarii extremitas. hh Vagine cavum. : . : i In hoc loco vagina et rectum sunt coalita. Rectum vagina densius. k Vagine pars anterior, cum urethra et vesica urinaria conjuncta. 1l . Os uteri in vagina, ad os coccygis vergens. . mae Quamvis in hoc cadavere fundus uteri dextrorsum inclinatus fuerat, os uteri tamen adeo ad dextrum se tenebat, ut cultrum anatomicum has partes secantem fugeret. | EAS mm Ad os tince, uteri et vagine substantia coalita. nn Uteri in duas partes eequales secti margo posterior. | -oo  Uteri secti pars anterior. Sectio hac nequaquam per medium uteri se habe- bat, sed ad latus dextrum haud paululum; etenim ut figure precedentes com- mode possent delineari, cadaver hoc modo necesse habui disponere. p Os uteri intus. q Uteri paries internus membranis suis vestitus. 2 : ) Fundus uteri in hac figura non representatur; tum quoniam id a proposita ratione alienum duxi, tum quoniam uterus adeo flaccidus et tener tunc temporis erat, ut in situ suo naturali, ad arbitrium et usum pictoris, minime potuerit re- tineri. AN Ke i Membrane, tempore quo tabula hea delineabatur, ipsee se ab utero fere pror- sus sejunxerant. In parte superiori, decidua, ubi se ab utero receperat, venulis abundavit; juxta os uteri, vix ullum horum vasorum vestigium apparuit. f Meatus urine. Á ! : ^ s Vesice urinarie pars inferior, uteri cervicem inter et vagin: partem superi- orem sita. Omnis vesicee portio post symphysin pubis sita jamdudum abscissa fuerat. Melius autem mihi visum est, figuram vel curtam dare, quam aliquod ingenio excogitatum pingere. A   A vutt side-view of the pelvis with its contents, and adjacent parts, cut down through the middle, to shew the turns of the bones, and the situation of the inter- nal parts. This figure is imperfect at the pubes, both externally and internally; the defective parts having been cut away, 1n preparing the subject for some of the preceding figures. But what is wanting in these, may be seen in Plate XXII. which was intended as a supplement to this. The inside of the right thigh. The bodies of the four lowermost lumbar vertehre. Between these the ligamentous substances are represented prominent, and un- equal, especially near the centre, where they are softest and most disposed to swell when soaked in water, and cut through. D EE F The canal of the lumbar vertebra, in which some remains of the cauda equina are indistinctly seen. The lower part of the extending muscles of the loins. The adipose membrane and skin of the loins. The three superior component bones of the os sacrum. i a HO “yd OR SEN S th U V anchylosed. The second bone of the coccyx, moveable on the first by means of an interme- diate cartilage. The two last bones of the coccyx grown into one, and moveable on the second bone by the intervention of a cartilage. The spine of the sacrum. The spinal canal in the sacrum. ' Part of the lower flap of the abdominal muscles and integuments, turned over the spine of the os ilium. The great inguinal vein, sending off the epigastric, which is accompanied with the artery of the same name. The muscles of the thigh which arose from the os pubis, and which were cut through when that bone was removed. The os pubis cut through above the foramen magnum. The same bone cut through at its conjunction with the small branch of the ischium. Where the letter P stands, is represented, in dotted outlines, the figure of that part of the os pubis which was cut off, and the mark * is upon the symphysis in the same outlines. The fleshy part between the os coccygis and the anus. The anus considerably opened. The lower part of the rectum laid open by the section. In tracing the gut from the anus upwards, we see from this figure that it takes a bend backwards, to get at the inside of the os coccygis. Here the rectum made a turn to the left side, and its surrounding cellular mem- brane only was seen in the section. X Ve e&t Us m Qa => >. = Jl mm nn 00 [ea] coccyx, and the three lowermost pieces of the sacrum. Here the rectum lay entirely in the right side, and was not opened by the section. The rectum cut through, by the section, where it passed from the right side, across the second bone of the sacrum, and was continued into the sigmoid flex- ure of the colon. The vena cava. The right iliac artery. Here the left iliac vein was cut through: but the brittle wax with which it was filled had fallen out, and the vein was seen indistinctly. The section of the perinzeum. The inside of the lower part of the right labium. The inside of the lower part of the right nympha. ‘he stricture at the beginning of the vagina, or remains of the hymen. The extremity of the meatus urinarius. The cavity of the vagina. The compound substance of the vagina and rectum, the latter of which is con- siderably the thickest. The forepart of the vagina united with the urethra and bladder. The mouth of the womb in the vagina, directed towards the os coccygis. Though the bottom of the womb, in this case, was directed towards the right side, its mouth lay so much on the right side, that it was not touched in making the middle section of all the parts. 'l'he substance of the womb and vagina blended, at the os tince. 'The edge of the bissected womb backwards. The edge of the womb forwards. ‘This secüon was not in the middle, but con- siderably on the right side. It had been made to prepare the subject for some of the preceding figures. The mouth of the womb internally. 'l'he inside of the womb lined with the membranes. The bottom of the womb is not represented in this figure; both because it was not very material here, and because it was become so flaccid and tender, that it could not be well kept out, in its natural situation, before the painter. The membranes were almost entirely separated from the womb, of themselves, when: this figure was made. In the upper part the decidua was full of small veins, even where it parted of itself from the womb; but near the mouth of the womb, hardly any such vessels appeared. The meatus urine. The lower part of the bladder, placed between the neck of the womb and the upper part of the vagina. The upper part of the bladder, which was situated be- hind the symphysis of the pubes, had been cut away before this section was made; and we chose to leave the figure imperfect, rather than venture to deli- neate from fancy. TEST BIUTTAAT &X. E DGoR Urenrr pars anterior et extima, proüt se videndam prebuit, om- nino siccata, exhibens faciem vasorum uterinorum, qualem illa pre se ferunt, eo loci ubi placenta utero adherct. — Venz.cera flava impletz, ab arteriis, magnitudine, colore lucidiori, anastomosibus pluribus, facile dignoscuntur. Arteria enim, minores, pauciores, flexuosa, coloris magis luridi hic loci sunt. Arteria omnes convolute; pauciores autem videbantur, quia multi earum ramuli, cera flava, venis prius injecta, impleti fuerint. Hujus exemplum unum est ad literam 4. Venas profundius sitas, per uterum siccatum cernere non li- cuit; indistincte igitur, nulloque ordine, ita uti vise sunt deli- neantur. TIG--Ir Facies interna placente, cujus vasa per funiculum umbilicalem cera sunt repleta. P LATE’ X. T Por I A View of the outside of the forepart of the womb, as it appeared when quite dry; exhibiting a specimen of the uterine vessels, at the part where the placenta adhered. oe The veins were filled with yellow wax, and are readily distin- guished by the largeness, light colour, and frequent anastomoses, from the arteries, which are here smaller, less numerous, serpen- tine, and of a darker colour. The arteries were all convoluted ; but they did not appear to be so numerous, because many of the branches were filled with the yellow wax, which had been thrown into the veins. This is seen, in one instance, at the letter A. The deeper-seated veins could not be distinctly seen through the dried substance of the womb, and are therefore represented with the same obscurity and confusion which appeared in the object itself. FIG. II. The inside of the placenta, which was injected by the umbili- cal vessels after it was taken out of the womb. A Cannula znea in arteriarum alteram umbilicalium inserta, per A A brass pipe tied into one of the umbilical arteries, by which quam utraque arteria cera viridi implebatur. the two arteries were filled with green wax. B In vena cannula, per quam cera cerulea illi injecta fuit. — B A pipe in the vein, by which it was filled with blue wax. CC Amnion, in parte quadam placentie, laxum relictum. CC The amnion left loose upon one part of the placenta. D D. Placentze, qua amnion sublatum est, superficies intima chorio D D _ The internal surface of the placenta, where the amnion was re- producto cooperta. Hoc in loco rami primi vasorum umbilica- lium conspiciuntur. Arteriz colore lucidiori facile possunt dig- nosci. a Hic arteriz quidem lucidiores, ut in figura, apparebant; tunicis scilicet earum pellucidis colorem cerae injecte viridem lucidiorem transmittentibus: In funiculo autem umbilicali aliter se res habet quippe. vena, in medio posita, undique glutinosa funiculi substan- tia fuit intecta; unde cera cerulea ad livorem propius accedens visa est. Deciduz pars in margine placentz relicta, inque faciem ejus internam reflexa ; nempe ut superficies ejus exterior, utero quae adheeserat, vasis parvulis (cera flava per venas uteri impletis) referta, possit exhiberi. Placenta cera flava ubique turgida, quae substantiam ejus cel- lulosam adeo implevit, ut in facie interna ubique per chorion transluceret. Cera ubique quasi in grana abiit, quod inde cava naturalia impleverat, indicium certum exhibens: si enim placen- tam, vasis effusa implevisset, in massas majores, irregulares for- matam, se ad conspectum dedisset. Cera in hanc spongiosam, sive cellulosam partem, injecta, placentze crassitudo naturali duplo major evaserat, FIG. III. Mulieris, die secundo post partum extincte, uteri superficiei internae pars. | e Decem his tabulis jam delineatis, eas statim in lucem edere roposui; et simul hancce tertiam figuram, quasi supplementum, addere, utpote solum quod tunc temporis potui. Discrimen ex- hibet inter superficiem uteri (4, B, C) cui membrane ad heese- rant, et superficiem (D, E, F) cui placenta se immiserat ; illam quidem laevem et unius forme; hanc autem orifieiis magnis vena- rum refertam. Ubi primum hzc orificia sub examen venerant, omnia grumis coagulati sanguinis referta comperi, in cavum uteri nonnihil extantibus. Utero vero aliquandiu in aqua macerato, coagula hzc magis albida evaserunt; nonnulla exciderunt; et ali- qua etiam extracta sunt, ut venarum orificia clarius monstrari pos- sent. Ita se res habuit, cum figura hee delineabatur. moved, covered by a continuation of the chorion: upon this are seen the first branches of the umbilical vessels. "The arteries are sufficiently distinguishable by their lighter colour. They appeared so from being filled with a lighter coloured green wax, and from the transparency of their coats: but on the navel-string it was the contrary; because the vein, being the most central, was covered with a greater thickness of the gelatinous substance of the string, and therefore did not allow the darker- coloured blue wax to be so well seen. Part of the decidua left at the edge, and turned over the inside of the placenta, so as to shew its outer surface (which had adhered to the womb) full of small vessels, injected with yellow wax from the uterine veins. The body of the placenta was uniformly filled with the yellow wax. ‘This had so completely filled all the cellular substance of the placenta, that upon the inside it appeared every where through the chorion. And the wax was every where manifestly granu- lated; so that it had plainly filled natural cavities: for if it had filled the substance of the placenta by common extravasation, it would have formed itself into irregular and large masses. From this injection of the spungy or cellular part, the placenta had acquired at least double its natural thickness. FIG. III. A portion of the internal surface of the womb, from a woman who died two days after delivery. When these ten plates were finished, I intended to have pub- lished them immediately, and this third figure was added, as the only supplement which I could give at that time. It shews the difference between the surface of the womb CA, B, C) where the membranes had adhered, and that surface CD, E, F), to which the placenta had been fixed. "The first was much more smooth and uniform ; the latter was full of large venous orifices. At the first examination, all these orifices were found filled up with plugs of coagulated blood, which projected some way into the cavity of the womb. The part being steeped some time in water, they be- came whiter, and many of them fell out, or were pulled out, to shew the orifices of the veins more clearly, In this state the drawing was made.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     abis 2 ©                                                                   Se. dibus... s                                         T f 07                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             rz V. Rymsdyhk adt we , " P a b . . , Ge cias . ; PC, Canot Seulp. TAB. X. Fig. Mort Intra dutepeor ed NIN, Jppetet FE nlt enter MCCA, CHM ENS forum VAPSOTUM ULT UOI quet. J'en IC Jenet vo lice, we LP haestet. uto adhere. Vig M. Saws nlerna Slant, tilts Vasa fur furuulim Hp lee cera sunk refoledn Fig W.. Wala muliere Pto fot C futrtitm ealeneli, wllel putrteum HMfUrfeclel nte tert: London Published July 1! 1815 by E.COX and SON. S! ''homas's Street Borough .                                                                                                                               =e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           B Malewte soup, 1 T 1. tiymadyh delim TAB. XI. ale alt muiltere, pono ge vadit WUNSE hemorrhiaipla dleviniw e medio aultata Lonafetette. ye a of Am puis fala naliyame sila. ae (pectet cora-trgeiter, guae ad Jut rtean tnfertmepn ez 20574 “PAUP pI "m (genna, ett Site "Hu pn Jute utt tl lean f / f London Published duly | by t COX and SONSUPFhomasas Street Borough   MEP MW.       rT. NOW? MEL My TAB UL A..1 XT. As alia muliere, nono graviditatis mense haemorrhagia uterina e medio sublata. Conspicitur uterus, et ossa pubis juxta naturam sita. Vasa, injecta cera, turgida ; quaeque ad partem inferiorem et cervicem uteri dignoscuntur esse amplissima, arguunt placen- tam parti illi adheesisse. A Fundi uteri pars media et summa. B Uteri pars quae scilicet in cadavere fuit ex adverso umbilici. C Symphysis ossium pubis. D Membrana adiposa ad fundum vesicae urinaria. EE Qs pubis utrinque, ad locum fere quo ossi ilium commitütur, perscissum. FF  Utnusque ossis ischii ramus parvus, ad locum quo ossi pubis adjungitur, perscissus. GGG  Contenta pelvis omnia, antrorsum ossibus pubis obtecta. H © Infra hanc literam meatus urinarii orificium. I Ab hac litera sursum ad meatum urinarium vagine principium; infraque hanc literam aditus ad rectum. K Strato intimo ani sphincteris circumtectus. Labia pudendi, perinzeum et anus hic non habent locum ; in situ enim suo relicta erant in cadavere, quippe illud externe mu- tilum et deforme reddere non liceret. J^ doo Lubes MM Fimbrie. NWN  Ligamenta rotunda. O Ovarii pars. PP  Vasorum spermaticorum utrinque ad uterum ascendentium fasciculus. QQ _ Vasa hypogastrica, in latere uteri, ad conjunctionem cum sper- maticis ascendentia. R  Uteri vena magne in loco cui placenta interne adherehat. PLATE XI. From a second subject, viz. a woman who died of a flooding in the ninth month of pregnancy. It represents a fore-view of the womb, with the ossa pubis in the natural situation. The situation of the large vessels, which were injected, shews that the placenta was attached forwards, and to the lower part of the womb. A The middle and highest part of the bottom of the womb. B That part of the womb which, as it lay in the dead body, was directly opposite to the navel. C The symphysis of the ossa pubis. D The adipose membrane upon the fundus of the bladder. EE The os pubis of each side, cut through near its union with the os ilium. FF. The small branch of each os ischii, cut through near its conjunc- uon with the os pubis. | GGG _ The whole contents of the pelvis covered forwards by the ossa pubis. H — Immediately below this letter is seen the orifice of the meatus urinarius. if From this letter upwards to the meatus urinarius is seen the beginning of the vagina; and immediately below this letter 7 is seen the passage into the rectum, surrounded by K The inner stratum of the sphincter ani. The labia, perinzeum, and anus were left in the body, that it might not be disfigured outwardly. LL The tubes. MM The fimbrie. NN _ The round ligaments. O Part of the ovarium. PP The group of spermatic vessels, on each side, approaching the womb. QQ_ The hypogastric vessels mounting upon the sides of the womb to join the spermatic. R The great veins of the womb in that place to which, internally, the placenta was attached. TABULA XII. An eadem, qua precedens, muliere, exhibet apertum plane a parte postica uterum cum vagina, quo situs foetus, parsque infe- rior placenta, sub foetus capite, indicarentur. Placenta scilicet orificio uteri interno accreverat, eoque sub finem graviditatis di- latato, separata est: unde hemorrhagia, et mors. AA Tube fallopiane. B Ovarium sinistrum; cujus ad extremitatem inferiorem videre est C Corpus luteum extans. D Ovarium dextrum. E Vasorum spermaticorum ad uterum ascendentium fasciculus. FFF Substantiz uteri sectio. G  Vaginz per incisionem apertae et expassz facies interna. HH Os uten. I Placente partis inferioris facies externa, in lobos partita, quae quondam cervici et ori uteri interne adheserat; tempore autem parturiendi instante, partium illarum dilatatione sejuncta fuerat, unde necessario haemorrhagia. KK Membrane de margine placentae exeuntes, capitisque fetus partem inferiorem amplectentes, perscissee. Spatium, quod inter cervicis uteri partem interiorem, et secundas, vacuum occurrit, in cadavere sanguine coagulato refertum comperi. Situs partesque foetus explanatione non egent.   PLATE XIL From the same subject, a view of the womb and vagina fully opened on the back part, to shew the situation of the child, and of the lower part of the placenta at the inside of the mouth of the womb, under the child's head, and detached from the womb; the occasion of the fatal hemorrhage. 4.4 The fallopian tubes. The left ovarium, at the lower end of which is seen The projecting corpus luteum. The right ovarium. boot The group of spermatic vessels approaching the sides of the womb. FFF The section of the substance of the womb. G The inside of the vagina, which is laid open by a longitudinal incision, and spread out. HH  'Ihe mouth of the womb. I The external lobulated surface of the lower part of the pla- centa; which had originally stuck to the inside of the neck and mouth of the womb; but as parturition approached, the dilata- tion of these parts occasioned a separation, which was necessarily followed by an hemorrhage. HK The membranes cut through where they were coming out from the border of the placenta, and enclosing the most depend- ing part of the child's head. The vacant space which is seen between the inside of the neck of the womb, and the secundines, was full of clotted blood in the dead body. The situation, and the several parts of the child, require no explanation.   WANS N ANS NN SSE RARE                                                                                                                                                                                                          Xd : “Rymadyh delen "aa. - pec ; TAB.XI. «b calm, que fmneceaend, uelle; cali        , a MENU V VEL Mee a tante aote Uleriime ean vagena, 4 , rz j e . ei tials 7) oe : ^ ve x Fa 7 -- Sp di queo nta SRI, Parry (nf rior Stacente all Salud Capill? tniiaventur. JF M acenda aculcot- orifiitor utere uerno wcreveral, Coyle nts fenem graviliitlis aate, fett nte dimisnoge defunt eat. London Published July 15 1815 ‘by H.COX and SONS! Thowmass Street, Borouoti       Plate 13.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 WMD My UY, Uy \ / NW Uy iU Wi, ^ |                             yy Uf Uy "ni Hy / i Wy, Wy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       hymadyk delin® Mechel Se ip B 1885877. AMT. a "277277, eaten, 020 6 vette PCH, « purlo aL opo / legent e Vesttit UPUCDULI VA ndegres/ LIUM etl UN m ante vere "le tore fare fe, vecunilineds, et adbuerentilits, ec en fttt UV lore recloutlts 4 AMS Srltts fifttt Ate erecta en yf COMISUCUU 7^ J nnt IM ert eet ernd Pofl ebat ; London Published July 1" 1515 by £CO VON. S' Ve 35 Boroneh A TERTIO cadavere, nono graviditatis mense. Uteri conspectus ab anteriori, cum vagina et vesica urinaria. Pariete hujus ante- riori, cum secundis ei adherentibus, inciso, et in fundum ejus reclinato, situs feetus erecti conspicitur. Vasa uteri, cera prius injecta, turgida fuerunt. A Vesica urinaria in situ suo naturali, respectu habito ad uterum. B  Vagine pars superior et extima, que sub symphysi ossium pu- bis jacet, queque ibi cum urethra connectitur. C  Vagine cavum in conspectu positum, cum labia partesque alia externae fuerant abscisse, quo specimen hoc e cadavere exi- ,miretur. — D.D Vasa spermatica, ad uteri latera ascendentia. EE ‘Tube; quarum extremitates, seu fimbriz, sub racemo vasorum spermaticorum, occultantur. fF In uteri latere dextro, vena magna, ab anastomosi venarum, ‘hypogastric scilicet et spermatieze, ortum suum ducens. GG  Ligamenta rotunda. HH  Uteri pars anterior, cum portione placente qua ei adhzere- bat, incisa, etin fundum uteri reclinata, ut foetus in conspectum prodiret. 114  Uteri substantize, et membranarum investientium, sectio. 40K Eadem sectio per placente substantiam ducta, que uteri parti anteriori in latere dextro adherebat. Ex figura inversa latus dextrum sinistrum fit. L Funis umbilici, a fetu ad placentam transiens. From a third subject, in the ninth month of pregnancy. A fore- view of the womb (with the vagina and vesica urinaria) in which all the inclosing parts were cut through, and turned up, to shew the situation of the child, with its head upwards. The vessels of the womb had been previously injected. A The bladder, in its natural situation with respect to the womb. B The upper and external part of the vagina, which lies under the symphisis of the ossa pubis, and where the urethra is united with it. C The cavity of the vagina exposed, where the labia and other external parts had been cut off, in taking this part from the dead body. D D _ The spermatic vessels, passing up towards the sides of the womb. EE The tubes, of which the extremities, or fimbriz, are concealed behind the group of spermatic vessels. F . 'The great vein on the right side of the womb, formed by the anastomosing hypogastric and spermatic veins. GG _ The round ligaments. HH  '[heforepart of the womb, with that part of the placenta which adhered to it, cut up, and turned back oyer the fundus of the womb, to bring the child to view. III The section of the substance of the womb, and of the investing membranes. KK  'Thesame section carried through the substance of the placenta, which, in this case, was fixed to the forepart and right side (which is the left in this inverted figure) of the womb. L "The navelstring passing from the child to the placenta.   A qvARTO cadavere, nono itidem graviditatis mense. — Fasciculi fibrarum muscularium, in parte interna uteri, triplici figura ex- hibentur. Hac parte uteri per aliquot dies in aqua macerata, decidua jam tenera abstergebatur. peo Il Uteri inversi, et in latus paululum reclinati, facies posterior interna. A Uteri os relaxatum; supra quod, paulo obscurius licet, cervicis ruge, ramorum adinstar dispositze, cernuntur. BB Uter pars angusta, margine pelvis antea circumcincta. CC Seta in orificio utriusque tube; quam circum fasciculi fibrarum ad musculos pertinentium, in orbes, eodem centro terminatos, se disponunt. D Hic fasciculi, in orbem dispositi, uterum cingunt. E . Uter fundi pars media, qua ordines hi duo fibrarum, tubas cingentium, anter se coeunt, sive se invicem contingunt. F — Interstitium triangulare, tres inter ordines fibrarum praedictarum, ubi mutuo inter se coeunt, diversumque ordinem et cursum tenent. FIG. IL. Ejusdem uteri, forma minuta, conspectus a latere. A Uteri os. B Seta in orificio tuba. e Fibrarum, siue ordine dispositarum, stratum, faciem internam fasciculorum, qui in circulum flectuntur, obtegeéntes, TIG. «1t. Ejusdem uteri partis anterioris facies interna. A Os uteri; supra quod ruga anteriores, in ramos abeuntes, se in conspectum dant. B Superficiei cui placenta adhaserat pars media, ubi fibrae fas- cias sine ullo ordine formabant; quas inter, venarum orificia, in placente partem spongiosam cursum tenentium, passim occur- runt. Ad cervicem uteri, fibra musculose, in fasciculos collecte, nulla conspiciuntur.   From a fourth subject at nine months. This shews the dispo- sition of the. muscular fasciculi on the inside of the womb, in three different views. The part was steeped in water some days, whereby the deci- dua was made tender, and then brushed off. el Ge I. The inner surface of the posterior part of the womb, turned a little to one side. A The relaxed mouth of the womb, over which are faintly seen the branching ruge of the neck of the womb. . BB The narrow part of the womb, which was embraced by the brim of the pelvis. CC A bristle put into the orifice of each tube, round which the — fasciculi of muscular fibres are ranged into concentric circles. D The fasciculi going circularly round the body of the womb. E 'The middle of the fundus of the womb, where the two orders of circular fibres, which surround the tubes, meet, or become re- ciprocally tangents. F The triangular interstice between the three orders of circular fibres, where they are all blended, and take a variety of directions. . FIG. IL A side-view of the same womb, in miniature. A The mouth of the womb. B A bristle in the orifice of the tube. C An irregular stratum of fibres, upon the inside of the circular fasciculi. FIG. III. The inner surface of the anterior part of the same womb. A The mouth of the womb: over which are seen the anterior branching ruga. B The centre of the surface to which the placenta adhered, where the fibres formed irregular, interwoven bands; in the interstices of which were the orifices of the veins which went into the spungy part of the placenta. At the cervix no distinct muscular fibres appear on the inter- nal surface of the womb.         Fig.l.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     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V aaeteutt ft VORB EL i gunt aient. | (6 À i    pus, "vm arte uere uter, yplit London Publish'd July 1511815 by E.COX and SON, StThomas's Street. 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S SS > ~ ~ ist A T cae NM ef A. ir S — Sox - WS SS RT - x ae x a IS 298 SS d NM I BS d. oS E oe EE as HS fk rt MSN rH i t" " ~ Im N © SU 7T ^ he S nN A TIME AER SN. oS à ~ > XSL M S y DURS Ss EN Ix X aS b id ES                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   x ~ = * -S 8 x E X “5 M SUE ^ SS s XE 3 > RAE u SR DNE " MN > a SS si "S cR * M X = xs M NE > €. 9 WD m ^ a ae ~~ "Z2 "AEST ET E LEX S = S ERE z NS AME SS ae e E & ES X N XV ox RS > c3 B ~ x Eo 3e v N "E S XS 3 UN N S Gc > ye ek ae SR SE WS X s M M S = C AN wA = 3 PA im M LI = 6 Se ~ X - & ~ ~s : > 7 = ~ i) ~ Xx A NS 210 2 S SO. B MR SL. AUR cM OB ES = Ric. E SOR EJ 2.5 Sd RES Am So Gd SG EO 2 = ; X S > e A ~ -& N x ~ YS xS D OL > XI cS -S : SN E Oa (fj SS LL ee Lk S ~ E^. ES ou NS cR ~ E : ~ EM WN   ful "Ht a quanto Caden, nono eta theo Piacorta aidhucseral Fi m ur A heymadyh Mee. UB. XV.   A avixrTo cadavere, nono etiam geslalionis mense, systema arteriosum uteri quintuplici figura expressum. EL. post partum neutiquam difficilem, in animi deliquium inciderat, ine quidem adstantes latente ; horis autem duabus a partu nondum lapsis, Ulam mors abstulit.  Arteri; cera rubri coloris im plete. BE DGp vt. Rt * ¢: : : Lee uteri inversi, quo presertim loco placenta adhzeserat. » * TS media superficiei, cui placenta adheserat, in fundi parte postica, et paulo ad Jatus sinistrum sitze. m convolute quamplurim:, quarum extremitates, quo loco per deciduam cc ad p acentam decurrerant, rupte sunt. : Orificia venarum uteri (vulgo sinus appellata) que per deciduam ad placentam decurrerant; heec multo plura quam que in figura representantur; minora pre- sertim innumera. Ex venarum illarum cursu, uteri scilicet superficiei parallelo, aere non prius inflato, orificia vix possunt conspici. Earum igitur flatu distensa- rum maxima pars delineatur, nimirum ut umbris insertis, magis conspicua eva- derent, et cursus etiam earum obliquus, nec non orificia ramorum inter se coéun- uum, in conspectum venirent. D  Uteri superficiei pars cui membrane adheserant. Vasa hujus partis, omnia quam minima. Pars etiam ipsa levior, quam ea cui placenta se immiserat. Fa- ciei deciduz externae perfectam quandam similitudinem prz se ferebat. E Uteri interne lamellz pars, cultro anatomico sublata, et reclinata, ea mente, ut conspicerentur Bis Uteri fibrarum fasciculi, quorum maxima pars circulos conficiunt. F G Oris uteri dilatati margo, vesiculis glutinosis distinctus, H ^. Cervicis uteri, ad partem posticam, rugz pennatz, que vülgo valvule appel- lantur. Vagina; inverse pars. - FIG. II. _ Arteria partem uteri ejusdem anteriorem perreptantes. Uteri facies externa jam siccata fucrat, et inde pellucida adeo facta, ut arterie in conspectum dis- tincte venirent, pariter ac si in superficie extima. disperse fuissent. Uterus hic duodecim fuit pollices longus: unde facile patebit, quantum mole contrahatur in bac figura; quantum etiam in figura tertia et quarta, que ad eandem: normam delineantur. Pars hzec dum arescebat, in longitudinem quam latitudinem magis distensa fuit; quapropter uterus, in ‘hac, et in figura proxime sequenti, longior est quam ex natura. A , Peritonei resecti margo, eo loci, quo, ab utero ad vesicam urinariam reflec- litur. BB Tube. SC Ovarium sinistrum. D Ovarium dextrum. Vid. Fig. V. EE  Ligamenta rotunda; quorum in sinistro est arteria magna flexuosa, ab ramo spermatice, per anastomosin conjuncte cum hypogastrica, transmissa: in dex- tro aliquot sunt minores. F. . 'Yruncus arteriz sinistre hypogastrice, ad cervicis uteri latus ascendentis. G 'Truncus arteriz sinistre spermaticae, in ligamenti lati duplicationem transe- untis. Arteriarum distributioném in utero explanare haud opus est. Cursus enim earum flexuosi, anastomosesque plurime, per se satis patent. FIG. IIL Eundem exhibet uterum a parte postica visum. BB.. C.D. -EE. .Vid. Fig.ll. F Arteria hypogastrica dextra. GG  Arteriz spermaticz ad ligamenta lata excurrentes. HH In ea parte uteri cui placenta adhzeserat arteriz flexuose confertze. Si arterias in hac figura, cum iis in figura precedenti conferamus, eas multo majores, magisque convolutas esse, in latere eo uteri, cui placenta adheserat, cernere licebit. In utero gravido, cursus sanguinis maxime in placentam dirigitur. ICD NIV. Fundum exhibet uteri, parte postica sursum versa. BB Ius. D . Ovarium sinistrum. C Ovarium dextrum. HH Vid. Fig. 111 REG. V. Ovarium dextrum et tuba ejusdem uteri. A Tuba. j B Tube ligamentum, mesenterio quodammodo respondens. CC ‘Lube orificium externum, fimbriis folia referentibus circumdatum. externam, continuatz. — — EE  Ovario jam aperto, arteriz flexuosz, per substantiam ejus sparse, conspiciuntur. FF Hac in parte corpus luteum, per medium divisum, in ovarii substantia cernitur. Nulla conspiciuntur vasa in centro, quod colore est albido. Circa centrum illud undiquaque, substantia ejus vasculis abundat.   Five figures, from a fifth subject at the full time, to explain the arterial system of the pregnant womb. This woman, immediately after a natural labour, without an apparent cause; and died within the space of two hours. ries were injected with red wax. PAXqGos E grew faint, as was said, The arte- The womb, inverted. A The centre of the surface to which the placenta had been fixed ; the back-part of the fundus, and a little on the left side. — BB  Innumerable convoluted arteries, with broken extremities, where they passed through the decidua into the placenta. : CC The orifices of those uterine veins, commonly called sinuses, which had passed through the decidua to the placenta. These orifices were much more numerous than they are represented in this figure. The smaller especially were innumera- ble. The passage, or direclion of these veins, was alinost parallel to the surface of the womb; so that their orifices were scarce perceptible, without being in- flated. Most of them are represented in that state ; both that they may be more distinct, by having a little shade, and that their oblique direction, and the orifices of their communications, or anastomosing branches, may be seen. D Part of the surface of the womb where the membranes had adhered. This was furnished with very small vessels only ; and was much smoother than that part to which the placenta had adhered. In every respect it was like the outer surface of the decidua. E Part of the inner lamella of the womb, raised by dissection, and turned to one side, to shew "The fasciculated fibres of the womb, most of which, at this place, were nearly circular. G The border, formed by the dilated mouth of the womb, and studded with gela- tinous vesicles. : H "The branching ruge, commonly called valves, at the posterior part of the neck of the womb. I . Part of the inverted vagina. which was at had hy FG IT. A fore-view of the outside of the same womb, after it was dried, and become so transparent, that the arteries could be seen distinctly, as if they had been dispersed on its outer surface, The object was twelve inches long; from which it will be un- derstood, how much the scale is reduced, in this, as well as in the third and fourth figures, which are delineated to the same proportion. In drying, the preparation was unavoidably more stretched in its length, than in its width; whence in this,. and in the following figure, the womb is more oblong, than it is naturally. A The edge of the cut peritoneum, where it was reflected from the womb to the bladder. BB The tubes. C X The left ovary. D Theright ovary. See Fig. V. EE ‘he round ligaments. In the left there is one large serpentine artery, sent down from an anastomosing branch of the spermatic and of the hypogastric: in the right there are several small arteries. F'- The trunk of the left hypogastric artery, mounting upon the side of the neck of the womb. G The trunk of the left spermatic artery, passing into the duplicature of the broad ligament. Y The distribution of the arteries upon the womb requires no explanation. Their serpentine course, and frequent anastomoses are apparent. FIG. III. A back-view of the same subject. BB. G "D. EE. See Fig. Il. F The right hypogastric artery. GG "The spermatic arteries passing into the broad ligaments. HH The crouded serpentine arteries in that part of the womb where the placenta adhered. By comparing the arteries in this figure, with those in the preceding, we see that they are much larger, and more convoluted, in that side of the womb to which the placenta is fixed; the great current of blood being towards the placenta. FIG. IV. A full view of the fundus of the same womb, the back part being upwards. BB The tubes. D The left ovary. C The right ovary. HH “See Fig. III. FIG. V- The right ovary and tube of the same womb. A The tube. B The ligament of the tube, analogous to the mesentery, CC The external orifice of the tube, surrounded by foliage-like fimbriz. D _ The fimbriz continued from each side of the orifice of the tube, all along the ligament, between that and the outer end of the ovary. EE The ovary cut open, with serpentine arteries interspersed through its substance. FF Here, in the substance of the ovary, the corpus luteum is seen, split through the middle. No vessels appear at its centre, which is of a white complexion; but all around that centre, its substance is very vascular. A sxxTo cadavere, octavo mense, uterus a latere dextro visus, atque ita injecta cera praeparatus, et scalpello anatomico denu- datus, ut vasorum ad eum accessus, eorumque prime ramifica- tiones quam clarissime appareant. A parte postica, adhuc peri- toneo levi coopertus est uterus. In parte autem anteriori, qua cultro anatomico sublatum fuit. Os uteri literz inferiori 4 oppositum ; ab qua parte deorsum, pars vagine, adipe tecta, relinquitur. In uteri superficie strictura, ubi margine pelvis antea fuit cir- cumdatus. m2 ut vena, ex parte inferiore tortuosa, binzeque arteriae convolutze, ex vasis spermaticis omnes ortum ducentes, in conspectum veni- rent. Arteria hypogastrica. Vena hypogastrica. Vasa hac ramos quam plurimos ad vaginam dimittunt, et per latus uteri ascendunt, nimirum ut per anastomosin cum sperma- ticis suis propriis coeant. Partem utriusque trunci, administra- tione infusoria necessario destructam, ingenium pictoris supplevit. Arteria spermatica. Vena spermatica. Vasa haec dum ad uterum accedunt, ramos quam plurimos, an- trorsum ad tubam, et retrorsum ad ovarium mittunt; deinde, ad uteri latus adventantia, per anastomosin cum hypogastricis có- eunt. Rami precipui utriusque, hic, ad fundi uteri partem an- teriorem, cui placenta adberebat, cursum tenent.   From a sixth subject, at eight months. A full view, from the right side, of the womb, so injected and dissected, as to shew the approach, and first general branchings of the uterine vessels. The back-part of the womb is still covered by the smooth peritoneum; but at the fore-part, to which the placenta adhered internally, the outer stratum of the substance of the womb was removed by dis- section. least dilated. The os uteri was opposite to the lower letter 4; from which downwards, there is a part of the vagina left, covered with fat. of the pelvis. p. m2 (twisted at the inferior part) and two convoluted arteries: all from The hypogastric artery. The hypogastric vein. These vessels send down numerous branches to the vagina, and mount upon the side of the womb, to anastomose with the respec- tive spermatics. By fixing pipes, for the injection, and tying up these vessels, a part of each trunk was lost, and then supplied by fancy. The spermatic artery. The spermatic vein. These vessels, in their approach to the womb, send up numer- ous branches, forwards to the tube, and backwards to the ovary; then, passing to the side of the fundus uteri, they anastomose with the hypogastric. The principal branches of both, in this case, go to the fore-part of the fundus uteri, where the placenta was at- tached. of the womb.                                                                                                                                                     7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             M SN NS WS                                 NN NN                           N SN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             das. SC VS d                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             « s m" | 4. 3 z t MESA AUS MC | Ue "s s, x SO BS " bw S S Nees | : : $ ^ AAS NES N » X SS ~ ~ SS ~ B Ee m ; IS RN SS p x SS AN SS S > L NM b ^ N Qe 2S S X : D M X4 imd SS cx E Se ed b NW 3 to EN WP E N SS SS E YAS NEN Um ER SIMA. oe MS E X NG 3 m uw NN NS i : aie a E SI * M c NS É SEE eS NS B S S SNE e OS ANS NS "NS A XE a Cx 2S E d Am E m AST TE D M e Mee oe S xS US |g 3 md NN SS > * m c a hw OW S 4 RS NS IE. 7T MV E SNO A IS do E NS iS SS N xS : 8s I | SG S ^ NS NS 5 S 3 SM S SS EN aw ~~ E A (Nfecld COV Mut [i       E Plate 17.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             4,       Ps a * n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Monit Seulpu TAB. XVI. Sle Lends a n: Souno tte CATO . ul Mant JUI D vl to, Uo. eoa- Mori nna Lily lit COVUMUYUC targa. SMe nn fe t hie Pearle it ANMEIOI et, fron Mort a mretat, frogpifie Lett Cone, 22727222772. A B C DD EE fon ss GG HH TABU EA XVII.   Ipem uterus a fronte. Primo, sive extimo substantia strato sub- lato, vasorum distributio majorum, eorumque versus placentam (qua hic parti anteriori et fundo uteri adherebat) progressus, melius conspiciuntur. Vagine extremitas summa, incisione aperta, Uteri orificium contractum. Uteri cervix nondum dilatata. Ligamenta rotunda. Tubz : ovarii pone absconditis. Fasciculus vasorum spermaticorum, ad latus uteri ascenden- tium. Fasciculus vasorum hypogastricorum, ad latus cervicis uteri accedentium. Trunci vasorum spermaticorum et hypogastricorum, ex anasto- mosi communes, ad uteri latera decurrentium. In fundi parte anteriori, arteria et vena, cursum versus placentam tenentes, conspiciuntur: vasa minora, rotundiora, magisque convoluta, ar- teria sunt; majora, et planiora, vens.   A B C DD EE FF GG PLATE XVII.   From the same subject. A direct fore-view of the womb, after the outer stratum of its substance had been dissected off, to shew the distribution of the larger uterine vessels in their way to the placenta; which, in this case, adhered to the fore-part and fundus of the womb. The upper extremity of the vagina laid open. The orifice of the womb, contracted. The neck of the womb, not stretched. The round ligaments. The tubes: the ovaries being concealed behind them. The group of spermatic vessels, mounting up towards the sides of the fundus of the womb. The group of hypogastric vessels, coming to the side of the neck of the womb. hypogastric vessels, running along the sides of the womb. On all the fore-part of the fundus are seen the arteries and veins, passing towards the placenta: the smaller, rounder, and convo- luted vessels are the arteries; the larger and flattened vessels are the veins.   Esvspem uteri fundus, eodem modo preparatus, ut amplissimo- rum vasorum, venarum presertim, placentz ex adverso objec- tarum, crebrz inter se commissure contemplande prostarent. AA Sectio per fundum uteri transverse ducta; inter AAB_ Uteri parietem posteriorem, in statu suo naturali (scilicet, pe- ritoneo lzvi coopertum), et AAC  Uteri parietem anteriorem, ubi stratum substantie ejus exti- mum sublatum est, ut vasa, ex adverso placentz sita, conspici possent. Vasa majora et planiora, ut in figura praecedenti, venze sunt. DD Tube. Post, sive infra eas, ovaria istiusmodi situm habebant, qui tila conspici non sineret. EE  Ligamenta rotunda, deorsum, paulo ante tubas, cursum te- nentia. In hoc cadavere, uteri paries anterior posteriori tumidior fuit; ita ut si uterus a vertice deorsum per tubas transcissus fuisset pars anterior, altera major extitisset. Re vera tamen, inter eas discri- men haud tantum fuit, quantum in hac tabula videtur; quippe uterus, paulo oblique oculo se offerens, plus superficiei anterioris, quam posterioris, exhibebat.   From the same subject. The very fundus, or upper part of the womb, which was previously dissected to shew in the preceding figure as well as in this, the plexus of large vessels, especially the veins, opposite to the placenta. AA _ '[he transverse section across the fundus of the womb, between AAB The posterior side of the womb left in its natural state; that is, covered with the smooth peritoneum, and AAC "The anterior side of the womb at its fundus, the outer stratum of its substance being removed, to shew the vessels opposite to the placenta. The larger and more flattened vessels, as in the pre- ceding figure, are veins. DD The tubes. The ovaries lay behind; that is, below them in this attitude, and farther from the eye of the spectator, so as to be hidden. EE ‘The round ligaments, going downwards, a little before the tubes. In this case, the anterior side of the womb made a greater swell- ing, or was more stretched than the posterior; so that if the womb had been vertically cut down through the two tubes, the anterior portion would have been larger than the other. Yet the difference was not so considerable, as may be imagined from a view of this figure, because the object was placed a little obliquely to the eye, which thence took in more of the anterior, than of the posterior surface.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     AG 2272 MES. i ZAB. XVII. gut | Utere D RP. Mab. e re Er Uto, Lenarum fprauerttam aeo sutto. ea wubueryo efgeelirmem, fraguentea enter e London Published July 1841815, by E.Cox and SON. StThomas's Street, Borough .   ty E uud É 3 uns M m "s "TI "       "LET =? a : Sy forte te   ae u^ 2d p <a CN Td 3p                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               D A Wier Ticemodyhe € LTE ^; Zz ) "y c . . ? . » 1 . C ; ; . : ; : ; TAB. XIX. Idem ler; fd [wee aora mits et tn LM usetuam rovolida lets veo nel ua, fer Guus capil atta, oleurtis lel, Widely Mec uyptiy VAI SES fent en. Afperfeeted avterna. JC acepte fel Mirae, oot. faeta Miprenfeetet MON W udert, ena sponded, UM CU aat gue uter Uerune et " i . a) ; T , J: > Be é : ) _Phuentan ttorcodumd. Larles Uteri eaterwvres robs tnearaum ductus extat sunt London Published July 13815 by E (0x on »as's Street, Borough   Ive uterus; ejus facie anteriori incisa et in fundum revoluta, ilasis secundis, per quas caput foetus, obscurius licet, cernitur. Hic igitur visui sese offert cum superficies externa placentz, di- midiataze quidem, tum pars superficiei internae uterl, ei respon- dens, una cum vasis quae inter uterum et placentam intercedunt. Partes uteri exteriores lineis solummodo expresse sunt. A Vagine extremitas superior incisione aperta. B Uteri orificium contractum. C Uteri cervix nondum dilatata. DD  Ligamenta rotunda. EE Tube; ovaria, pone iis sita, oculum fugiunt. FF Vasa spermatica. GG Vasa hypogastriea. HHH Uteri substantia incisa. III Uteri paries anterior a secundis separatus, et supra fundum uteri reflexus. HA Chorion, amnion tegens. Per membranas illas pellucidas fetus caput conspicitur. LLL  Decidua, qua uteri parieti intimo adhzerebat. Vasa quaedam parva, in eam ex utero transmissa, conspiciuntur. MMM Uter superficies interna, parti huic deciduz respondens. NNN Superficies externa partis illius placentze quae ab utere avulsa fuit. OO Superficies uteri interior huic respondens. PP In uteri superficie interna arteriz convolute, que ad placen- tam antea transierant, jam vero dirupte, dum uterus a placenta separabatur. QQ  Arieriz in placente superficie illis respondentes. RR Vene ex placentz substantia excurrentes ; in ea scilicet parte superficiei ejus dirupte, qua ad uterum transibant. SS Venez in facie uteri interna, venis proxime dictis respondentes. T . Inangulo, superficiem externam placentz inter et superficiem internam inversam uteri, arteria convoluta, ab utero in placentam continuata, conspicitur. V Vena, arteriam proxime dictam juxta posita, et illi respondens, ex placenta in uterum continuata. From the same subject. A fore-view of the womb. Its substance is cut through and turned up over the fundus, to shew a part of the membranes, through which the child's head is obscurely seen, and about half of the placenta; together with the corresponding internal surface of the womb, and the vessels passing between the womb and the placenta. The external parts of the womb are represented in outlines only. A The upper extremity of the vagina laid open. DB 'The orifice of the womb, contracted. C The neck of the womb, not stretched. DD The round ligaments. EE The tubes; the ovaries concealed behind them. FF The spermatic vessels. GG The hypogastric vessels. HHH The substance of the womb, cut through. III The fore-part of the womb raised up from the secundines, and turned over the fundus. EK The chorion covering the amnion; through which transparent membranes the child’s head is seen. LLL The decidua where it adhered to the inner surface of the womb, in which are seen some small vessels sent into it from the womb. MMM The corresponding inner surface of the womb. NN The outer surface of that part of the placenta from which the womb was separated. OO The corresponding internal surface of the womb. PP  Convoluted arteries upon the inner surface of the womb, which had passed to the placenta, and were broken through in separat- ing the womb. QQ The corresponding arteries on the surface of the placenta. RE  Veins emerging from the substance of the placenta, and broken through at its surface, where they were passing into the womb. SS The corresponding veins on the inside of the womb. T In the angle between the outer surface of the placenta, and the inverted inner surface cf the womb, is here seen a convoluted artery, continued from the womb into the placenta. VA corresponding vein, near that artery, continued from the pla- centa to the womb.   I»z« denuo uterus, sed omnino apertus, ut fetum in situ na- turali ostendat. Circa fundum quaquaversus substantia tam placentee quam uteri incisa conspicitur. Uteri partes exteriores, lineis leviter adumbratz, eadem sunt, que in praecedenti figura, et in tabula decima septima ad plenum sunt expressae. AAA Utero per medium diviso, dimidii inferioris substantia sectio, ad eam partem scilicet qua membrane adhzrebant. BBB Uiteri dimidii superioris substantiz sectio, ad pers qua sl centa adhzrebat. : 'CCC  Placentz sectio; illius cava spongiosa cera flava, ex uteri arte- riis, et cera rubra, «ex venis impleta sunt. ‘DDD Gyri nonilli funis umbilicalis, brachia inter et crura foetus positi. hy -E.E  Sectioni uteri superimposita funis umbilicalis extremitas, ad partem illam placenta, qua feetum przejacebat, excisa Foetus.1conem explanare supervacaneum foret. From the same subject. A fore-view of the womb, fully opened, to shew the child in its natural situation. All around, at the fundus, the substance of the placenta, as well as that of the womb itself, is seen cut through. The external parts of the womb, slightly sketched in outlines, are the same as in the preceding plate, and were fully expressed in Plate XVII. AAA The section of the substance of the lower half of the womb, where the membranous part of the secundines adhered. BBB The section of the substance of the upper part of the womb, where the placenta adhered. CCC The section of the placenta: the spongy cavities of which con- tained both some of the yellow wax, from the arteries of the womb, and of the red wax, from the veins. DD D Some turns of the navel-string, the legs of the child. EE The end of the navel-string laid over the section of the womb. It was cut off from its attachment at that part of the placenta whieh lay before the child. The parts of the child require no explanation. lying between the arms and                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       JI. B. ayer Foulpodr p ut intem ue utt IS. Pd open dein’ 7, 77, 222242202 P } d t uten PULYUMM 7 Iv HoXNX Go natus otenatat. b Vl » / y denuo Us I. dé 4 A . wis ddan, tan 4 e 77 WU SU 77. Jut 77 Ur (5 Thomas's Street. Borough M MIL PUAPW (1 Li gu ) nNeHnfn uN by E.COX and § 5 1,815 July d London Voblished > P ix n 41 2 > u » ELS ery       J ZZ. zy rors D ILLA Ap T. GEIL HUY EEE WILLE OE: YM LE Y 77 Z tii Vip P A. Aga GLA P LE, JL Vip) 7 PP P p p E A YY YY LA LY, LZ LLY 7 LALLA; EAI, Z 22 D JP JP p P IE Dj thy o, y A y P G y z z I LP IZ T, T. z Z A = z A Ze, o A 14 44H WE Wy Witty YOu ay A MM IIIA GERD S     S " E tra. lamel Jeutfa Ale! (genio deli. : = TAB. XXT.. / JM ne eaditwepe;. A UO WUUUMMMA MENAIE, . puerto ( Ref Dg mitstone (th 70, Ny POURRA due cornu tat, J, €   y fh CP WIMBMBHTMA + / , "P. d os ; ' " X / . A : VoM ML COR IM. FP ao lf UI Unete tona. CONGUMUS hii (green avis Mudd UNE IL Mn MIU. /   A szPTIMO cadavere, septimo graviditatis mense. Aperto cru- ciformi incisione utero, et reclinatis rite cornubus, per membranas fetum continentes, foetus ipse aquis innatans conspicitur. Reli- qua partes nudis lineis distincte sunt. 44 Femora. B Mons veneris, ad partem qua abdominis incisio longitudinalis desinit. C Scrobiculus cordis, qua abdominis incisio incipit. DDDD Partium continentium abdominis anguli quatuor reflexi, ut viscera plene paterent. EE  Omentum, in latere dextro abdominis, FF Colon, ad latus sinistrum abdominis transiens. GGG Intestina tenuia, uteri latus sinistrum versus, quorum gyri no- nulli, tempore quo cadaver primo apertum fuit, ante uterum jacebant. HHHH Uteri, cruciformi incisione aperti, anguli quatuor, a secundis subtus positis liberati et reflexi, ut contenta ejus in conspectum prodirent. I Uteri superficiei intimz pars exigua, cui placenta adhzeserat, minus quidem complanata, magis autem sanguine imbuta quam pars illa quae membranis vestita fuerat. K Lobi parvi placentz superficies parti proxime dicta respon- dens. fs Membranz liquorem amnii continentes, quee ad partem uteri inferiorem, propter cadaveris declivem situm, foetus partes supe- riores e conspectu fere tollunt; ad fundum autem uteri subsiden- tes, foetus partes satis distincte in conspectu locant. M In hoc angulo, uterum inter et secundas, pictor id exprimere voluit quod in cadavere satis manifestum fuit, scilicet, uteri et secundarum substantiam inter se mutuo continuatam: dum autem hane partem separabamus, tenera illa internectens membrana, decidua, in duas lamellas abut; quarum hee utero, illa chorio, adharebat.   From a seventh subject, at seven months. The womb opened by a crucial incision, and the four corners carefully separated, and turned aside from the secundines, so as to shew the child, and waters, through the enclosing membranes. The adjacent parts of the subject are represented in outlines. AA The thighs. B The mons veneris, where the longitudinal incision of the abdo- men terminates. C The pit of the stomach, where the longitudinal incision of the abdomen begins. DDDD The four angles of the containing paris of the abdomen, in- verted, to expose the bowels. EE The omentun, in the right side of the abdomen. FF  'The colon passing towards the left side of the abdomen. G.GG The small intestines on the left side of the womb; some turns of which, when the body was first opened, tay before the womb. incision), separated from the subjacent secundines, and inverted, to expose the contents. I A small part of the inner surface of the womb to which the placenta had adhered, more unequal and more bloody than what . had been lined by the membranes. K The corresponding surface of a small lobe, or extremity of the placenta. L The membranes containing the liquor amnii, which, at the lower part of the womb, from the declivity of the object, cover the upper parts of the child from our view; and towards the fundus uteri collapse so as to shew the parts of the foetus not in- distinctly. M In this angle between the womb and secundines, the artist endeavoured to express what was very apparent in the object, yiz. the continuity of the substance of the womb and of the se- cundines; in parting which, the tender connecting medium, the decidua, separated into two layers, one of which clung to the womb, and the other to the chorion.   Ipz« cadaver. Contenta pelvis, quo situ disposita sunt, ex -. duplici patet figura:. in altera, lineis nudis expressa; vaginam integram vides; in altera, magis elaborata, dextro vaginz latere dissecto et devoluto, os uteri in conspectum prodit. A Femoris sinistri facies interna. B Nates sinistra. C — Abdominis pars anterior. D Mons veneris. E Labium sinistrum. F Labii dextri pars. GGG Cutis et membrane adiposz sectio, eo consilio facta, ut in latere dextro, partes continentes pelvis removerentur. H  Ossis sacri superficies cartilaginea, qua ossi ilium dextro eom- missa fuerat. II Os pubis dextrum, prope symphysin, transverse scissum. KEK — In pelvis pane postiea, musculi externi secti. LL Masculi in facie ossis pubis externa etiam secti. . nectebatur. JN — Vaginz sphincter. 0 Musculus transversalis perinci. Dp Ani sphincter. Q Tumor ex utero in cavi pelvis parte superiori. R Vesica urinaria, fere vacua, parte anteriori uteri et latere supe- riori vagina compressa. Litere sequentes ad lineas adumbratas spectant. SS Vagina facies externa situ suo naturali vesicam urinariam in- ter et TT Rectum. VV Musculi, levator ani scilicet et coccygeus lateris dextri, cultro anatomico a pelvis contentis separati, et in superficiem recisam : devoluti. Literae sequentes ad figuram magis elaboratam spectant. XX Totius vaginz substantia ex uteri cervice et vesica urinaria ex- cisa et in rectum devoluta, ut os uteri in conspectum prodiret. Y Oris uteri labium anterius. a Ejusdem labium posterius. Vagina ad hunc modum aperta, os uteri, nimirum adminiculo suo jam a latere sublato, dextrorsum propendebat.   |     From the same subject, shewing the situation of the contents of the pelvis. In the figure which is expressed by outlines, the vagina is whole; but in the more finished figure, its right side is cut out, and turned down to shew the mouth of the womb. The inside of the left thigh. The left nates. The anterior part of the abdomen. The mons veneris. The left labium, F Part of the right labium. GGG The section of the skin and adipose substance, which was made to remove the containing pa,ts, on the right side of the pelvis. — H The cartilaginous surface of the sacrum, by which it was joined A B red D E to the right os ilium. II  Theright os pubis, eut through near the symphysis. KK The external muscles, on the back part of the pelvis, cut through. LL Themuscles which lie on the outside of the os pubis, cut through. M The right crus cliteridis, where it was fixed to the ischium, which is removed. N ‘The sphincter vagina. ^O The transverse muscle of the perineum. P The sphincter ani. Q The swelling formed by the wemb, in the upper part of the eavity of the pelvis. R The bladder, almost empty, compressed between the anterior part of the womb and the upper side of the vagina. The following letters refer only to the figure of outlines, viz. SS "The outside of the vagina in its natural situation between the bladder and rectum. TT The rectum. V V The levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the right side, by dis- section turned down from the contents of the pelvis over the cut surface. The following letters relate only to the more finished figure, viz. XX The whole substance of the vagina, in the right side, cut from the neck of the womb and bladder, and turned down over the rectum, to shew the orifice of the womb. Y The anterior lip of the orifice. & The posterior lip of the same. When the vagina was thus opened, the lateral support being removed, the os uteri pushed out towards the right side.   Plate 22.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         NN NN NN N SW N SUN lj ODIT UTI TUR JM JA MI     NN NAN A A NY                                                                                                                                                                                                         S: (di a . € a " ud . . Y | B 2 ^ “oA : a. Uni Ultmet Soulpe.   In lla ldloraltore, tetro d bptne lalere difsecl A devoluto, Os Utert in conspiectl ye / youl... C London Published July 1511015 by E.COX and SON, SC Thomas's Street, Borough .         ys   rr o es d ' he + So Jie a), OA * D.               »                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Wt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 4 7 reete dein’ Mend « Apt . TAB XX nw D A Hao Cp tta nee. Lr ac mnoputntmnanam Ure z ; . A. : Ó 4 7 e > ff . yee . ates ALMA, e Ailily Sls ep Yili Jnnt et. Peace pli es. KG . / 1 i ; GP SG ut CV MM eHZHMU.   Ocravum cadaver, sexto gestationis mense. Uteri ac membra- narum parte anteriori sublata, exhibetur foetus cum parte pla- centee et funiculi umbilicalis. Uteri vasa cera impleta fue- rant. A Vesica urinaria, respectu habito ad uterum, in situ, suo naturali; modice distenditur, et ramis quibusdam majoribus venarum hypo- gastricarum circumtegitur. B Vaginz partis postice facies interna. CC Vasa hypogastrica ad cervicem uteri decurrentia et ramos ad vesicam urinariam et vaginam transmittentia. DD Vasa spermatica, duplicationem ligamenti lati intrantia. EE "Tuba. FF Fimbrie. GG  Ligamenu lati lamella posterior: anterior cultro. anatomico sublata fuerat, ut vasa spermatica, ad fundum uteri ascendentia, oculo plenius occurrerent. HH  Ligamenta rotunda. In sinistro, arteria precipua, convoluta, a spermatica descendens conspicitur. III  Uteri substantiae totius et membranarum sectio, qua uteri et secundarum paries anterior, ad eorum contenta exhibenda, sub- latus fuerat. K Funis umbilicalis, prope locum ubi in placenta desinit. Placenta uteri parti postice, versus fundum, adhzerebat. Funis umbilicalis, primo deorsum, super humerum sinistrum, demde sursum, pone corpus infantis, ad finem suum in placenta tran- ssibat.     From the eighth subject, at six months. A fore-view of the womb, which was injected; the anterior part, both of the womb and of the membranes, having been cut away, and the liquor amnii taken out to shew the fetus, with a part of the placenta and of the navel-string. A The bladder, in its situation with respect to the womb. It is moderately distended, and is covered with some large branches of the hypogastric veins. B The inside of the posterior part of the vagina. CC The hypogastric vessels, going into the neck of the womb, and sending branches to the bladder and vagina. D D The spermatic vessels, going into the duplicature of the broad ligament. EE  'Dhe tubes. FF  Thefmbriz. GG "The posterior lamella of the broad ligament: the anterior had been removed by dissection, to give a clearer view of the sperma- matic vessels, in their ascent to the fundus of the womb. HH The round ligaments. In the left is seen a large convoluted artery, coming down from the spermatic. III The section of the whole substance of the womb, and of the membranes, by which the fore-part of the womb and of the se- cundines was removed, to expose their contents. K 'The navel-string, near its termination in the placenta. The placenta adhered to the posterior part of the womb, to- wards the fundus. The navel-string passed first downwards, over the left shoulder, and then upwards, behind the body of the child, to its termination at the placenta. As eodem cadavere. EIT.. d. Placenta uteri fundo et parti posticze adherescens; substantia ejus spongiosa, injecta per vasa uterina cera, turgescit. Plereque partes lineis adumbrate, in tabula precedenti ad plenum sunt expositz. A Vesica urinaria. B Vagina. CC Vasa hypogastrica. DD Vasa spermatica. EE Tuba. FF Fimbrie. GG . Ligamenta lata. HH  Ligamenta rotunda. III  Uteri et membranarum sectio. K Funis umbilicalis. LL Placenta utero adherescens. M cA Nulla pars cere, in vasa uterina inject, ad ramos vasorum illorum qua funem umbilicalem conficiunt, transierat; vasa illa sanguinem solummodo continentia, obscure designata erant, ubi ex fune umbilicali in faciem. internam placent: se immittebant. Cellulze autem in placentz parte spongiosa, omnes eodem modo cera, vel coerulea in venas uteri injecta, vel rubra in arterias in- fusa, turgescebant. Hanc rem indicat figura secunda. Membrane ex margine placentz exeuntes, et uterum undique investientes. Placente margo hic paulo elatior est, et magis conspicuus, sub- stantia ejus spongiosa cera distensa. F1G. i. Portio aliqua placentz transverse secta, ut substantia ejus spon- giosa appareret, ejusdemque cera adimpletz crassitudo. Placentz superficies interna. Placente superficies externa. Membranarum portiuncula, ex margine placente, cera injecta iurgescentis, et in figuram rotundiorem adaucte, exiens. Cerz cerulez, primum per venas uteri injecte, maxima pars ad superficiem ejus internam propulsa fuerat; ceraque rubra, postea per arterias injecta, in partibus exterioribus restabat; per totam autem ejus substantiam, colores hi duo plus minusve com- mixti sunt. Eno. HI. Arterias exhibet illius partis membrane deciduze, qua parietem uteri anteriorem investiverat. EEG. Ly Venez ejusdem partis deciduz. Figura ha due separatim, aliqua ne fieret confusio, delineate sunt. CC DD EE FE GG HH LLT LL QUA From the same subject. FIG. I. The placenta, adhering to the fundus and back-part of the womb: its spongy substance is filled by the injection of the uterine vessels. Most of the parts in outlines were more fully represented and explained in the preceding plate. The urinary bladder. The vagina. The hypogastric vessels. The spermatic vessels. The tubes. The fimbriz. The broad ligaments. The round ligaments. The section of the womb and membranes. The navel-string. The placenta, adhering to the womb. None of the wax, injected into the vessels of the womb, had passed into the branches of those vessels which compose the navel- string; and as they contained only some blood, they were not dis- tinctly marked, where they spread, from the navel-string, over the internal surface of the placenta. But the cells, or interstices in the spungy part of the placenta, were universally loaded with wax; either the blue, which was injected into the veins of the womb, or the red, which was thrown into the arteries. This is illustrated by Fig. II. The membranes, coming out from the edge of the placenta, and investing the womb all around. 'The edge of the placenta, in this case, was much more elevated and distinct, its spongy substance being distended. FIG. II. A section of half of the placenta, principally to shew what thick- ness it had acquired, by its spongy cavities being filled with wax. Its internal surface. Its external surface. A small portion of the membranes, going off from the edge of the placenta, which was thickened, and rounded, by the injected wax. Most of the blue wax, which was first injected by the veins of the womb, was driven on towards the internal surface; and the red wax, which was afterwards injected by the arteries, was lodged principally in the outer parts; but the two colours were, more or less, blended through the whole. FIG. U1. The decidua, from the fore-part of the same womb, with the convoluted uterine arteries, which are dispersed through it: FIG. IV. The same part of the decidua, with the uterine veins, which ramify through it. These two figures were drawn separately, to avoid confusion. Plate 24,. .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             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                                                 ra pela tr vent UMW copa Mangan, Fig Wri aly yt — U rent VIWHATERIUM weld, Ue el Manttit Yes Sengoraiufpuanrel, Jt rn Me efe Fig. IL. Stl Pieris, Pie. optata llittd furta : uemtaaun LÀ Lillie, n gna tante ep Ment autenonean muestra.   - A Pj dui 6 h     m *og . '      t 1 ‘= n . . E i ' ' * ‘ . ^ I - E i E á ^ EL ! E D i E ~ = i 2 4 d & [ " i) , . - ' H \ + * A D » 7 * ' "ms : I + - . = - * i] - ' » ' , T E EB = = E 4 D LI * * p Lie i E P D ) * 2 k 3 - E * re E \ E & mos m» E LI t 1 ' ' D - ' " *- * 1 ‘ i ° f " " .. " ' : = " ' le * P » i [ zi H > 1 + * a - i 2 Pel * a ae 1 * E $ z E E OT. A , b ~~ * t "- = = =>. = * ! ) : ' x 7 B & D" ' M 5 ' = - , ] B ^ E ! j x ' - J ZI ; à - , Y PA. E i ! ee 2* » ] ' s | rs - -   PU "x p   E vu s   ) . v a —- p. TAAB.XXV.. Nonum cadwer QUO DUNS. Leti opo Uterus, ae Motta wule eacnifild, ylto slides "o E. feet fent 722777 fun; at furs (I moun inven connata. el dL neas , mee non de conadilione ; T US EM d». lervicts Dlnmna gua MM loe (enifitts oftenet. pu^ London Published July 1 1815 by E.Cox and SON. S"l'homass Street, Borough . € * * A á   Nonvm cadaver, quinto mense. Apertus omnino uterus, ac fetus inde exemptus; quo subtilius judicium feratur de fotu ipso, de partibus ejus secum invicem comparatis et dimensis, nec non de conditione cervicis uterine que sub hoc tempus obti- net. Foetus ipse, funisque umbilicalis illustratione non egent. AAA Vulnus per membranas factum, quo fetus eximeretur; unde interne faciei placenta pars, circa finem funis umbilicalis, cer- nitur. BBB  Amnion et chorion collapsa, et decidua reflexa (que nondum ceeperat deciduze ipsi adhzerescere) externe cooperta. COG eTub=: DD  Ligamenta lata. Literas sequentes alteri figure separatim insculptas invenies. E Decidua, omnem illam partem uteri, quam placenta non occu- paverat, investiens. | FFFF Substantia cervicis uteri, ab altero latere ad alterum secta. G Pars superior, angustior, et levior introitus cervicis uteri, ubi decidua manifeste continuata fuit in membranam ejus inter- nam. H Pars inferior, latior, et rugosa, ejusdem. E Facies interna posterioris labii oris uterini, vesiculis, glutine repletis, bullata. Jo Facies interna vicinz partis vagine. LL  Portuncule he due membranarum fluitantium, exhibent, im- perfecte quidem, partes duas cuticulae vaginam investientis, que in cadavere, de quo agitur, distincte admodum, separabatur usque ad ipsam oris uteri prominentiam. PLATE XXV. From the ninth subject, in the fifth month. The womb fully opened, and the foetus taken out; to shew the exact dimensions and proportions of the child, and the state of the cervix uteri at this period of utero-gestation. The child and its navel-string require no explanation. AAA The opening made in the membranes for the extraction of the child, through which is seen the inside of the placenta around the termination of the navel-string. BBB The collapsed amnion and chorion, covered externally with the decidua reflexa, which had not as yet contracted an adhesion to the decidua. CC The tubes. DD_ The broad ligaments. The following letters are engraved on a separate figure in out- lines. E The decidua, lining that part of the womb where the placenta did not adhere to it. FFFF The section, from side to side, of the substance of the cervix uteri. G The upper, narrower, and smaller part of the passage in the cervix uteri, where the decidua was evidently continued down into the inner membrane of that passage. H The lower, wider, and rugous part of that passage. I The inside of the posterior lip of the os uteri, studded with small bags of gelly. K The inside of the adjacent part of the vagina. L.L The two small pieces of floating membranes represent, though very imperfectly, two portions of the cuticular lining of the va- gina; which, in this subject, was separated distinctly and evi- dently as far up as the projection of the os uteri.   Decimvum ‘cadaver, quinto graviditatis mense. Exhibetur sta- tus uteri retroversi. FIG. 1 Apertum cruciali incisione abdomen, contractiori autem forma exhibitum, cum vesica urinaria praeter morem distenta, 4 Incisio longitudinalis a scrobiculo cordis incipiens. B Qua ad montem veneris desinentem. CC  Partium continentium anguli superiores, super hypochondria reflexi. DD  Anguli inferiores utrique, supra spinam ossis ilium reflexi. E Vesica urinaria, ita urina sanguinolenta distensa, ut fundus ejus ad dimidium spatii, umbilicum inter et scrobieulum cordis, porrigeretur. FIG. Il. Vesica urinaria, forma pariter minutiori, per medium divisa, et ad imam partem aperta, ut situs oris uterini, hie preter naturam sursum spectantis, appareat. AA Pars dimidia vesicae super spinam ossis ilium utrinque re- flexa. B Incisionis, a vertice ductae, qua vesica urine aperta fuit, finis anterior. C Unus recti intestini circuitus, qui in conspectum prodiit ad ejusdem finem posteriorem. Duas inter has literas B, C, vesicz pars ima tumore, qui uni- versum pelvim occupavit, elevata fuit: hic quoque, facta cruciali incisione parva, inter et paulo ante fines ureterum, os uteri in con- spectum venit, pone situm, ut in hac figura, et paulo elatius quam pars superior symphyseos ossium pubis. FIG. III. Contenta pelvis omnia a parte postica; inter quae, uterus re- troversus maximum locum habet. A Rectum, ubi in cavum pelvis transibat, deligatum. BBB Margines posteriores sectionis vesicze a vertice ducte. CC Rectum, uterum inter et ossa, sacrum et coccygis, compres- sum. D D  Peritoneum, quod, ad sinistrum recti intestini latus, pelvim in- vestiverat, ope catheteris, hanc partem inter et uterum immissi, elevatum. : EEE Pars peritonei, parti modo descriptae respondens, ad dextrum recti intestini latus, perscissa, et margo ejus P sepositus. G Uteri facies anterior, retrorsum versa. H Tuba ascendens ab uteri fundo, qui scilicet ad partem pelvis infimam devoluta fuerat. I Ovarium ante tubam positum. FIG. IV. Uteri portione, ac deciduz parte sublatis, foetus per pellucidas membranas, chorion nempe et amnion, conspicitur. A Os uteri sursus versum. Circum undique conspiciuntur par- tium vaginze contiguarum interiora. BB  Uteri substantia divisa. G Facies externa partis alicujus decidue. Membrana hzc densa, opaca, et arteriis parvis, injecta ab utero cera impletis, abunda- vit. JD Facies interna aliüs partis membrane ejusdem. Qua parte ablata fuerat decidua, per chorion pellucidum et amnion conspi- citur foetus, cujus caput dependet, et collum fune umbilicali cir- cum-cingitur. Linez albe super chorio leviter adumbrate, vasorum tenuium, quae inde in deciduam transeunt, reliquias representant. Cum hac tabula delineabatur, liquor amni! sanguine exudante infectus fuerat. Membranarum autem pellucidarum facies con- vexa figuram satis distinctam, forma quidem contractam, fenes- tre, lucem admittentis, dedit. Tubarum et ovariorum figuram huicce tabulae inserere super- vacaneum duxi.     From the tenth subject, in the fifth month, shewing the circum- stances of a retroverted womb. FIG. I. Shews, in miniature, the abdomen fully opened by a crucial incision, and the bladder enormously distended. A The beginning of the longitudinal incision at the pit of the sto- mach. B Its termination in the mons veneris.. CC The upper angles of the containing parts, turned over the hy- ochondria. DD The lower angles; each turned over the spine of the os ilium. E "The bladder, so distended with bloody urine, that its fundus reached half way between the navel and the pit of the stomach. FIG. II. Drawn in miniature to the same scale, shews the bladder cut down through its middle, and opened, at its lower part, to shew the situation of the os uteri. AA Half of the bladder, on each side, turned over the spine of the os ilium. The anterior extremity of the vertical incision by which the bladder was opened. C One turn of the rectum which was seen at the posterior end of the same incision. Between these two letters, B, C, the depending part of the bladder was raised up by a tumor which possessed the whole cavity of the pelvis: and here, a small crucial incision having been made, between, and a little before the ends of the ureters, the os uteri was seen, asin this figure, situated behind, and a little higher than the upper part of the symphysis of the ossa pubis. FIG. Ill. A back-view of the whole contents of the pelvis, consisting principally of the retroverted womb. A The rectum tied, where it passed down into the cavity of the pelvis. : BBB The posterior edges of the vertical section of the bladder. CC. The rectum, where it was pressed and flattened, between the womb and the sacrum and the os coccygis. DD _ The peritoneum, which lined the pelvis on the left side of the rectum, raised up by a large catheter, introduced between it and the womb. E EF The corresponding part of the peritoneum on the right side of the rectum, slit down, and the edge F turned off. G 'The anterior surface of the womb, turned backwards. H The tube, coming up from the fundus uteri, which was turned down, into the lowest part of the cavity of the pelvis. rf The ovarium placed before the tube. FIG. IV. The womb opened, to shew the secundines and their con- tents. A The os uteri, turned upwards. All around it is seen the inside of the adjacent parts of the vagina. BB ‘The substance of the womb, cut through. C The external surface of part of the decidua. This membrane was thick and opake, and full of small arteries, which were in- jected from the womb. D The internal surface of another part of the same membrane. Where the decidua was removed, through the transparent cho- rion, and amnion, is seen the foetus, with its head depending, and the funis round its neck. The white loose lines on the chorion are the remains of the filamentous vessels, which pass from it into the decidua. The liquor amnii was become bloody, by transudation, when this figure was drawn; and the convex surface of the transparent membranes reflected a distinct miniature picture of the window which gave light. It was thought unnecessary to introduce the tubes and ova- Lig.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Mil Hi ii                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          London Published July 181815 by E.CÓX and SON S! Thomass Street, Borough . : VAN ; n : . ' « 2 ra s ^ BAB. WXV/. Coen. 272 ea mer, gente qeavetiatta WMtCN AC, CX wil ity’ SUMMA Vert VOVOUCTIL . Fig. I. erum at uot CHAMON V. Udonwn, teil                 D » ? 4 , D "Lo ‘ (7 , 1 x / « 3 ' . d ‘ 1 : " I " " : " , COMMUNE OV MUL el t, came Cond lroure parler noren Used, Vig M, Vee Urinal Via Wl otro WULnUaert, fur Me dum ed aut taam " ! ^ j : . s Ios ; " ) * » & ML - « . fem perl, Me, Wis Orta Uri fei inter MA IL PT MM MUI Atel auferet. Fig IIL. Content Ul onn maet et Irt futt agr IN. hM gore horttone T hymadyhe deen Uh Pewilaw Vida uel ttt. A ttt fer Jill tls nera ( Arn VOU "f. Lyon ent Mehta Mbiarmet cuf.       Unpecimum cadaver, mense quinto ineunte. Due figure. Arteriz et venz cera diversi coloris impleta sunt. FIG. I. Uterus a tergo visus, una cum vagina eo consilio incisa, ut sta- tus cervicis orisque uteri oculo objiceretur. A Clitoris. BB Nympha. C Proxime hanc supra literam, orificium urethre conspicitur. D.D Vagina pars extrema inferior, rugis aspera. E E Ejusdem pars extrema superior, altera lzvior, precipue a parte postica. F Uteri orificium, in terminum vagine superiorem se projiciens. GG Tube. HH  Fimbrie. IT Ovam K K Vasorum spermaticorum fasciculus, per ligamenta lata, ad ova- ria, tubas, et fundum uteri ascendentium. EE Gree LT: Utero omnino aperto, membrana decidua reflexa, chorio su- per extensa (per quas membranas festum videas) et cervicis oris- que uterini facies interna apparent. A, BB; CID DI EPA ESG Gel LI RR; videitigL L Cervicis uteri facies interna rugosa, per gluten pellucidum cer- nitur. à; MM Substantia tam uteri quam deciduz perscissa. NN  Decidua reflexa, membranas pellucidas investiens, alba, opaca, striata, distentu adeo tenuata, ut in locis plurimis fere pellucida videretur: deciduz, que hane obtegebat, adhzrescere non- dum czperat. ; O Arteria convoluta, per deciduam reflexam, a margine placentz excurrens. P — Vena huic similis. Vasa feetus sub cute repentia, sanguine adeo distincte adimpleta sunt, ut profecto vasorum cadaveris, cera injecta turgentium, imaginen prze se ferrent. Funis umbilicalis pars: altera foetus collum ambibat, talum si- nistrum altera.   Two figures from the eleventh subject, in the beginning of the fifth month. The arteries and veins were injected with wax of different colours. j FIG. I. A back-view of the womb, with the vagina slit up to shew the state of the cervix and os uteri. A The clitoris. BB The nymphe. C Immediately over this letter is the orifice of the urethra. DD  Thelower end of the vagina, which is rugous. EE The upper end, which is more smooth, especially behind. F _ Theorificeof the womb, projecting into the upper end ofthe vagina: GG _ The tubes. HH The fimbrie. II The ovaries. KK The bundle of spermatic vessels, passing up, in the broad liga- ments, to the ovaries, tubes, and fundus of the womb. FIG. IL. The same womb fully opened, shewing the decidua reflexa upon the chorion, (through which the child appears), and the inside of the neck and orifice of the womb. A, BB, C DID EBERT E, G GH, VL I dor see nel: E The rugous inside of the neck of the womb, seen through the trans- parent cement. MM  Thesubstance, both of the womb and of the decidua, cut through. ANN "The decidua reflexa, covering the transparent membranes, in white and opake striz. It was become so thin, by extension, as to be rendered almost transparent in many places. It had not as yet contracted an adhesion with the decidua which covered it. O A convoluted artery, branching through the decidua reflexa, from the edge of the placenta. P A vein of the same kind. The cutaneous vessels of the child were as distinctly filled with blood as if they had been injected. One turn of the navel-string was round the child’s neck, and another was twisted round the left ankle. ELG.- I. Tpem uterus quem exhibet figura secunda tabulae praceden- tis, sed inversus (i. e. fundo decliviori); ut, contentis suo pondere a cervice fundum versus devolutis, margo placente clarius distinguatur; ac decidua, que ibidem ab interno uteri pariete in externam chori superficiem reflexa, nomen deciduz reflexa? assumit, melius conspiciatur. Partes lineis adumbrate in tabula praecedenti modo expositze sunt atque explanate: scilicet 4, B B, C, DD, EE, F, GG, HH, II, et KK, in figura prima; atque LZ et M Min figura secunda. NNN Decidua crassa, faciem internam uteri, ubi placenta non ad- heerescebat, investiens. OOO  Placentze margo, ubi lamina interna deciduz a facie interna uteri, ad faciem membranarum externam, inflexa fuit atque con- ünuata; quo in loco efficit. i PP  Deciduam reflexam, eo magis attenuatam, quo longius a mar- gine placenta distat. Q Hie patuit, deciduam non eodem modo, quo catere mem- branz, trans aditum in cervice uteri se porrexisse; sed per pau- lulum spatii intra hunc aditum, more investientis membrane, esse continuatam ; tandemque sensim evanuisse, aut cum glutine illo, quod vice caementi fungitur, esse confusam. Een Ejusdem uteri facies interna, qualis apparuit, placenta jam separata. A,, B.B,.C,,.D D, EE,.F, GG, A H, 11, KK, Vide tabulze prece- dentis figuram primam. L, M M, Vide ejusdem tabule figuram secundam. NNN Pars deciduz, undique circa placenta marginem, etiamnum utero intus adhzerescens. O Centrum superficiei orbiculata, in uteri parte anteriori, cui pla- centa hoc in cadavere adherescebat. Hec arteriis venisque abun- dabat, que scilicet utero ac placentae communes fuerant, quasque necessario perrupi, duas has partes dum separabam. Arteria qui- dem parve erant, convolutze, colorisque magis lucidi, ut ad literam P; ven: autem perrupte speciem macularum fuscarum, vel forami- num, magnitudinis haud exiguae, prz se ferebant, ut ad literam Q. Linea ineequalis quae superficiem hanc scabram, cui placenta adhaerescebat, ambit, extremum marginem placentz a membranis abscisse designat; eadem etiam indicat locum quo deciduz lamina interna reflexa fuerat, circum undique, in faciem chorii externam.   PLATE XXVIII   PGs p Tur womb, from the same subject, turned upside down, that the weight of its contents might carry them towards the fundus; to shew the border of the pisscaur where the decidua is reflected from the inside of the womb, to the outside of the chorion, at which last place it makes the decidua reflexa. The parts represented j in out-lines were seen and explained in the preceding plate, viz. A, BB, C, DD, EE, F, GG, HH, IT,and KK, in the first figure, and L, M M, in the second. NNN The thick decidua, lining the inside of the womb, where the pla- centa was not attached. 000 - The edge of the placenta, where the inner layer of the decidua was continued, by inflexion, from the inside of the womb to the out- side of the membranes ; at which last place it constitutes PP The decidua reflexa, which becomes thinner, in proportion as it is farther distant from tbe edge of the placenta. Q Here it was evident that the decidua was not, like the other mem- branes, extended across the passage in the neck of the womb, but was continued a little way down that passage, and there insensibly lost, or blended with the glutinous cement. PTG IE "The inside of the same womb, after the placenta had been sepa- rated. A, BB, C, D DjeEsEpFaGG; ms II, KK, See the first figure of the preceding plate. | L, M M, See the second figure of the preceding plate. NNW Part of the decidua all around the edge of the placenta, left adhe- ring to the inside of the womb. 0 The centre of the circular surface at the forepart of the womb, to which the placenta, in this case, adhered. It was full of arteries and veins, which had passed between the womb and placenta, and which we broke through in separating these two parts: the arteries were small, and convoluted, and of a lighter colour, as at the letter P; the broken veins had the appearance of dark spots, or holes, of some considerable size, as at the letter Q. The irregular line, which surrounds this rough surface to which the placenta adhered, points out the extreme border of the pla- centa, which was cut off from the membranes, and where the inner layer of the decidua, all around, was reflected upon the outer sur- face of the chorion. I^ NV                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   +                                                                                                                   2-3.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         LV. hymsdyhe det; TAB. XXVM. Fig I. Sm Uterus quem exhibee figura ente abeo pravedentiy sad tnversu ie Am Furlan vp                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         1 dott, Wang Stunt eterna ato     byt ye ee 7S on . ep ae Lun, gue dulem ab interno Urt parite epo eter. ATT UON aie nva, nomen Cutie Kofi MA prune, mld ana E ig IL, etia ruin tere enterna, mut aua. Lanta ne A Mine tlle drug ayenam. A angelo negem IPC ACIPH a, Aye Me aD Yaconte fes, bt opti d Ulero erreumgpuagie London Published July 1511815 by E.COX and SON S'Thomas's Street. Bor ough         LH   E LM 4 ^ ^ T i * a. Ü EU "m Ns É E 4* A Lo m ui ! ue a, - SUN Mon mhi metr ie Bree By I OA who dee cat dus ur metto * M * *                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           IX. Jenae deli. £z Jou. TAB, XXIX. Yung ue Vide cahilel , quam P, [ures av codem sunt Cadavere. F igl Ovum - , et ) "3 . . . LI Dm AS e; = P Mero evenmfitcm Fig tA Deuliw vitro enthalt wm ificate, Fig III. Cvariine cum lorpore Luteo, Kiel. (Arto membranarum nono mense Fig N. £ Pury Utere et. Plwente cum meméraneds. & - London Published July 151815 by E.COX and Son. StThomas's Street Borough . T.A BA DA! XXIOX.   Tres figura ad idem exemplar depicte ; quibus adjiciuntur du alie, tanquam appendices. F Eon Ovum utero exemptum, faciem placentae externam represen- tans, laciniasque marginem ejus undique ambientes, membrane scilicet deciduz reflexa dilaceratze reliquias. — Haec figura cum figura secunda pracedentis tabulae congruit, faciem ovi exhi- bens, quod isti utero intus adheserat. 4444  Decidua reflexa, undique a margine placentz, ad chorion in- tegendum, exiens. BB Limbus, marginem placentz circum-ambiens, ortus scilicet ex sectione deciduz reflexa, ubi illa separata fuit a decidua, aut, si ita loqui mavis, a facie uteri interna. "Circulus, limbo isto circundatus, faciem externam placenta exhibet, quee utero adcreverat. Has partes dum separabamus, arterie venzque plurime dilacerate sunt, quarum pars altera utero adnexa est, altera placentz. Arterize quidem, ut in figura precedenti, parvze, convolute, et colore sunt lucidiori, ut ad literas CCC; venas autem macula late ac fuscze representant, ut ad literam D. FIG. II. Partis membranze deciduz facies interna, ope vitri optici am- plior visa, ut textura ejus propria, cribrum haud male referens, explicari posset. BELG. III. Ovarium, corpusque luteum perscissa. Corpus luteum, etiam ad hoc temporis, cavatum esse manifeste apparuit. FIG. IV. Figura addita. Pars aliqua membrane deciduz, pertinentis ad partum legiti- mum, mensibus scilicet novem rite exactis. FIG. V. Aha figura addita. Portio aliqua uteri et secundarum, nono mense, ita disposita, ut earum partium strata diversa distincte conspiciantur. Arteriis cera rubra, venis flava est injecta. AAA _ Uteri substantia discissa. BB Placenta ei adherens, prope marginem perscissa. CC  Decidua ea in parte utero adherens. DD  Decidua in illa parte ab uteri facie interna elevata, chorioque adherens. E Chorion, supra faciem internam placenta continuatum, ubi separari non potest. F Amnion elevatum a chorio, cui non, nisi per gluten aliquod mollissimum, adheesit. PLATE XXIX.   "T unzz figures from the same subject, and two supplemental. FIG. I The ovum taken out of the womb, shewing the external surface of the placenta, and the ragged edge all round, where the deci- dua reflexa was torn through. This figure corresponds with the second figure in the preceding plate, shewing the surface of the ovum which was attached to the inside of that womb. 4444 The decidua reflexa going off, all round, from the edge of the placenta, to cover the chorion. BBB The edge, formed all round the brim or border of the placenta, by cutting the decidua reflexa where it came off from the deci- dua, or, in other words, from the inside of the womb. The round surface, enclosed by that edge, is the outer surface of the placenta, which had adhered to the womb. In separating those two parts, many arteries and veins were torn through, one part of each remaining with the womb, and the other with the placenta. The arteries, as in the preceding figure, are small, convoluted, and of a lighter colour, as at the letters CCC; the veins make broad dark spots, as at the letter D. ETLG. IE The internal surface of a portion of the decidua, considerably magnified, to shew its peculiar cribriform or lace-like appear- ance. BIG C lige The ovarium and corpus luteum cut through; the latter of these, even at this time, had an apparent cavity. EIG-c3SLDV: A supplemental figure. A portion of the decidua, from a common delivery at nine months ; its vessels filled with red blood. FIG. V. Another supplemental figure. Part of the womb and secundines, at nine months, so disposed as to exhibit distinctly the different strata of those parts. The arteries had been injected with red wax, the veins with yellow. AAA ‘The substance of the womb cut through. BB The adhering placenta cut through, near its edge. CC The decidua, at that part left adhering to the inside of the womb. D.D  'The decidua, at this part raised from the inside of the womb, and adhering to the chorion. E The chorion, which is continued upwards over the inside of the placenta, where it cannot be separated. F The amnion, raised up from the chorion, to which it adhered by a tender gelly only. AA BB Cc DD E F G TABULA XXX. A pvoprcrMo cadavere, quarto mense decurrente. Uterus a parte antica apertus, vasis cera repletis. Praecipue hic notanda occurrunt, superficies placenta externa; vasa ex utero se immer- gentia in placentam; cervicis uteri externa, qualis facies, sit, et, respectu ad vesicam urinariam urethramque habito, quem situm obtineat. Placentz superficies, sectione uteri substantia circumdata, adeo refert praecedentem, scilicet Fig. I. ut explanatione minime in- digeat, Vasa spermatica. Fimbriz, sive tubarum partes extreme. Ovaria. Horum sinistrum corpore luteo nonnihil auctum fuit. Ligamenta rotunda. Cervix uteri contracta. Facies interna portionis istius vesicze, que vaginze subjecta ad- haeret. Utroque in latere, et hac litera paulo superius, cernitur orificium urethra. Urethra universa omnino aperta. AA BB CC DD E F G PLATE XXX. From the twelfth subject, in the fourth month, shews the in- jected womb, opened on its fore-part, to give a full view of the external surface of the placenta, with the vessels passing into it from the womb. It shews likewise the state of the cervix uteri externally, and its relation to the bladder and urethra. The surface of the placenta, surrounded by the section of the substance of the womb, is so much like that of the first figure in the preceding plate, that it requires no explanation. The spermatic vessels. The fimbriz, or ends of the tubes. The ovaria. The left was enlarged by the corpus luteum. The round ligaments. The cervix uteri, in a contracted state. The inside of that portion of the bladder which adheres to the subjacent vagina. On each side, and a little higher than this letter is seen the orifice of the ureter. The urethra opened in its whole length.     TM es. Sa ee ee ee Pee eso MR 1; E ¢                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1.9 NN - TABULA XXXI.   Tres Figura ab eodem cadavere. PRG I. Uterus a parte postica ita apertus, ut facies membrane deciduze externa, ac status cervicis uterinz visui exponantur. Literas tabulae huie explanandz accommodatas omnes praeter Il, Ket L, in figura secunda videas. AA Vasa spermatica. BB Fimbrie. CC Qvaria. D Vagina universa, quaqua in longum extenditur, omnino aperta. E . Os uteri in vaginam se protendens. F Via rugosa, per cervicem uteri ducens, unde gluten illud con- solidans jam exciderat. GG Sectio substantiz cervicis uteri. HH Sectio substantia uteri, unde TI Pars posterior totius substantia; uteri de decidua sublata et in fundum uteri revoluta cernitur. K Decidua, adhuc membranis adhzrescens, superficiem suam scabram externam exhibens, unde uterus fuerat separatus. Mem- brana haec vasis, cera impletis, venis maxima de parte, abunda- vit. Plurimis autem in locis, cera, vasis effusa, hae visu indis- tincta reddiderunt. if Membrane pellucidz, amnion scilicet et chorion, decidua re- flexa tenuissima et’ pellucida obtectz, in aditum cervicis. uteri, ubi decidua ipsa deficit, viam sibi facientes. FIGs clk; Idem uterus; postquam scilicet inversa pars uteri fuerat ab- scissa, et decidua ablata, ea mente ut foetus, in liquore amnii na- tans, per pellucidas membranas appareret. Decidua reflexa hic adeo tenuis fuit, ut, nisi ad marginem pla- cente, vix percipi posset. . Feetus,. cujus crura fune umbilicali cireum-vincta sunt, per se satis est manifestus. BEG. ott, Corpus luteum ovario in sinistro perscissum, ut appareat quale sit ejus cavum, sub hoc tempus gestationis. Qualem se habeat cicatricula illa, in externa facie corporis lutei ovarii sinistri, ibi cernitur, ubi stat litera C, in figuris prima et secunda. 9 PLATE XXXI 'Tunzzr Figures, from the same subject. IU TL. A back-view of the womb, so opened as to expose the outer surface of the decidua, and to shew the state of the neck of the womb. The letters for explanation, except IJ, K, and L, are seen in Pig, IL. AA The spermatic vessels. BB The fimbrie. CC The ovaries. D The vagina laid open in its whole length. E The os uteri protuberating into the vagina. F The rugous passage through the neck of the womb, from which the viscous cement had, by this time, fallen out. GG The section of the substance of the cervix uteri. HH The section of the substance of the womb; whence II ‘The posterior part of the whole substance of the womb, raised up from the decidua, and turned over the fundus of the womb. K The decidua left upon the membranes, shewing its scabrous outer surface from which the womb was separated. It was crouded with injected vessels, especially veins; and in many places the wax was extravasated, which occasioned indistinctness. L The transparent membranes, viz. amnion and chorion, covered with a very thin and transparent decidua reflexa, pushing down into the passage of the cervix uteri, where the decidua is wanting. I LGB The same object, after the inverted portion of the womb had been cut off, and the decidua removed, to shew the foetus, in the liquor amnii, through the transparent membranes. The decidua reflexa in this subject was so thin, that it was scarcely perceptible, except near the edge of the placenta. The fetus, with the navel-string round its legs, requires no explanation. FIG. ITI. The corpus luteum, in the left ovary, cut through, to shew its cavity at this period. The appearance of the cicatricula, upon the outside of the corpus luteum in the left ovary, is seen where the letter C stands in the first and second figures.   Ficurm dus, a decimo tertio cadavere, tertio mense prorsus exacto. FIG. T. Uterus a parte antica apertus, unde foetus. cervicisque uteri M: status in conspectum prodeunt. 44 Ligamenta lata. BB  Ligamenta rotunda. CC "Ih. DD Fimbrie. EE  Ovaria. F Vagina omnino aperta. G Oris uterini labium posterius. HH Via per cervicem uterinam. III Sectio substantiz uteri, portione quadam ovali excisa, ut con- tenta ejus sub examen venirent. Fi Membrane perscissz. L Faciei internae uteri pars. M Pars ista deciduz, que inde separata fuit. Prope hanc literam cernitur foramen quoddam (locus nimiram ubi decidua deest), vie quz per cervicem uteri ducit, exadvorsum situm. N  Decidua reflexa, nec non chorion et amnion, perscissa. O Placenta parti posteriori uteri adhzerescens. Feetus cum collo fune umbilicali bis circundato, abunde pa- tet. FIG... bl Uteri, placentz et membranarum secundum longitudinem sectio, cum foetu juxta sito, funiculo autem umbilicali nondum diducto. AA — Vagine facies interna. BB Os uteri perscissum. CC  Cervix uteri perscissa. DE_ Via que per cervicem ducit, cujus, in parte posteriori E, ruga penniformes conspiciuntur. FFFF . Sectio fundi uteri, ubi conceptus sedem habebat. GG Sectio placente, que retrorsum adheserat, ubi uterus, de quo agitur, praeter morem crassus visus est. HH . Placentz superficies interna, amnio et chorio obtecta. 24 Uteri superficiei interioris pars. K Pars parva deciduz, inde separata. LL  Decidue facies interna, sive cavum ipsam inter et deciduam reflexam. JM . Angulus prope marginem placente, ubi deciduz lamella in- terior super chorion reflectitur, nempe ad deciduam reflexam faciendam. N  Deciduz reflexz facies externa; sive cavum, membranam illam inter et deciduam. O Margines secti deciduz reflexz et chorii, que inter se intime connectuntur. ys Margo amnii sectus.   l Two Figures from the thirteenth subject, at full three months. Lp aT, A fore-view of the womb opened, to shew the child, and the state of the cervix uteri. AA The broad ligaments. DB B. The round ligaments. CC The tubes. DD The fimbriz. EE "The ovaries. F The vagina laid open. G The posterior lip of the os uteri. HH The passage through the cervix uteri. III The section of the substance of the womb, where an oval piece was taken out to shew its contents. Fé The membranes cut through. L Part of the internal surface of the womb. M = 'That part of the decidua which was separated from it. Near this letter is the hole, or deficiency of the decidua opposite to the passage through the cervix uteri. NV The decidua reflexa, chorion, and amnion, cut through. O The placenta, adhering to the posterior part of the womb. The fetus, with two turns of the navel-string round its neck, requires no explanation. EPBG. XE A longitudinal section of the womb, placenta, and membranes ; with the child near it, but still attached by the navel-string. AA The inside of the vagina. BB The os uteri cut through. C C The cervix uteri cut through. DE _ The passage through the cervix; in the posterior part of which E, the penniform rugz are conspicuous. FFFF The section of the fundus uteri, in which the conception was lodged. GG "he section of the placenta, which adhered backwards, where this womb was remarkably thick. HH The internal surface of the placenta, covered with the amnion and chorion. T; Part of the inner surface of the womb. K A small part of the decidua separated from that inside of the womb. LL The internal surface of the decidua; or the cavity between the decidua and decidua reflexa. M ‘The angle, near the edge of the placenta, where the inner layer of the decidua is turned over the chorion to form the decidua reflexa. N The outside of the decidua reflexa; or the cavity between that membrane and the decidua. O The cut edges of the decidua reflexa and chorion, which are intimately connected. B The cut edge of the amnion.                                                                                                                           | |                                     MM |                     LL |         |             i} tH |                 III | ll lil                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | |         |       |                     |                             |                                                                                                                             |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (       " u YN Un -< ^ " I * E. 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" wu - . | - - ‘ DOE S . .- is ia . ; « “ i ^ * * ' ON a s ALI . 3c m "nn " s, X . ee - eh    ye. ‘ * = ^ A 4 S " k * * M $ó- ™ donee dag - i ; ; : » zie dee" u^ ) ah ^ "E ws                                   M v ito 8 Sus V) LP Ide S2 On SO | s $e. » X à 2M x 4 wit kta, g "VE "CM. - 225 > E ovg tea Y DV x = 1K Rymuadyke deliv, London Published July 18'1815.by E.COX and SON, S'Thomas's Street, Borough . Tor ule Sculpe. ~ * jr E j? ] > E id TAB. XXXI. Ova tria abortu Junta, ve faga at; fen Fig.l. Lowe otto novem etreetey Jdlealboaptetrttan, eet rte gua lott men - e D , 1 ; * ; ; " ; ‘ , x = a. Cramaced ost onte obj Vet. Fig. i, Gusdem vectto weuniliim lonupludinem : Fig: Ut. ( Once lite alter foot oclo fene Aeclidomidad. Fig. IV. A = A Co , i Idem Conciplics ad examen faute curtostts revovalis , Fig N. € Mormon. qutdum., t.e. abamnbunte Docidua eolit T Fig’. VI. « Idem Conceplits gu « =       = T das   Ova tria aborliva, sex figuris expressa. ID al Ovum none circiter hebdomade abortivum, ab ista scilicet parte que mem- branacea est adspectum.. Decidua lacerata est, et aliquantulum revoluta, ut de- cidua reflexa levis et opaca in conspectum prodiret. 4.  Decidux ab utero separate facies externa scabra. : B Facies externa portiunculze cujusdam placenta, cujus reliqua pars sedem suam exadvorsum habebat. CCCCC  Decidu:e facies interna cribriformis, que primis mensibus graviditatis mem- branis inclusis non adherescit. DDDD_  Decidue margo laceratus, qui in marginem EEE membranze ejusdem cur- sum suum tenuerat. F Decidua reflexa per faciem externam chorii diffusa. : GG Angulus partis reflexze, ad marginem scilicet placentz, ubi lamella interior de- ciduz in chorion reflectitur, simili fere modo quo lamella interior pericardii reflec- titur ad superficiem externam cordis obtegendam. Hf Extrema pars deciduz ad cervicem uteri. BEG IL Ejusdem sectio a vertice ad imum usque. : 444 Sectio placente, quam superficiei superiori et posteriori uteri adhzesisse suppo- nendum est. BB  Deciduz partis anterioris sectio. CC Deciduz partis posterioris sectio. D Pars extrema devidue ad cervicem uteri. EE .Amnii cavum, in quo foetus, ope funiculi tenuissimi umbilicalis, a facie interna placente suspenditur. F . Sectio trium membranarum, scilicet amnii, chorii et deciduz reflexee, que non solum sunt contiguze, sed et sibi invicem adhzrescunt. ! ! GG Angulus ad marginem placentz, ubi lamella interior deciduz in faciem exter- nam chorii reflectitur. ; H Hic tres iste membrane paululum sejunguntur, ut situs earum, respectu habito ad placentam, manifestius appareat, ETG-;]HI Ovum octo circiter hebdomadarum abortivum. Pars quzdam exigua deciduze exscissa est, et sursum reflexa, ut cavum inter eam et ceeteras membranas cerneretur, A _ Deciduz pars exigua exscissa. oa ar B Conceptus pars ubi deest decidua, exadversum scilicet aditui per uteri cervi- cem ducenti. CCC | Decidue superficies externa. D Decidua reflexa obtegens chorion et amnion, qua membrane se protendentes cavum decidue adimplent. E Partis superioris placente facies externa. FIG. IV. Idem ovum, decidua jam incisione decussatim aperta, angulis quatuor revolutis deciduzeque reflexz portione rotunda cultro sublata et devoluta, nempe ut vascula in superficie externa chorii in conspectum prodirent. A, B. Vide Fig. III. ! URP de CCCC Facies interna quatuor angulorum in quos decidua cruciali incisione fuerat divisa. | DDD. Decidua reflexa ceteras membranas invesuens. — EE | Angulus ad placentze marginem, ubi lamella interior decidue protenditur supra faciem externam chorii, nomenque decidue reflexze obtinet. F Deciduz reflex; portio rotunda, ex facie externa chorii cultro anatomico sub- Jata et devoluta. G Chorion cum vasis suis hirsutis expositum. Vasa ista decidue reflexe arcte adhswrebant, et eorum nonnulla una cum membrana illa abscissa sunt. FIG. V. Ovum eodem fere tempore abortu separatum, constans ex chorio solo, cum vasis et contentis ejus; quippe decidua, vel pars secundarum uterina, in utero remanebat. Toc) itt AAA Vasorum hirsutorum rami majores et frequentiores, ex quadam parte superficiei extern; chorii emergentes, et cum decidua, vel parte uterina, ad placentam confi- ciendam se commiscentes. | BB Chori ea portico que postea membrana uniformis et pellucida evadit; vasis paucioribus, subtilioribus, fluitantibus, que in decidua reflexa evanescunt, abun- dat: per eam conspicitur embryo. " G Vesicula umbilicalis in facie externa amnii per chorion conspecta: filum exal- bidum (reliquize arterize et vene) ab ea ad umbilicum embryonis transit. LLG VL Idem ovum apertum. Membranis antice parti insidentibus a placenta abscissis et reflexis, distincte conspicitur embryo. A Vesicula umbilicalis, ex qua. e« * BB Reliquis arteriz et venz, filo albo similes, ad umbilicum embryonis transeunt. Intestinorum gyri quidam in principio funis umbilicalis includuntar.       ex K : Six figures of three different abortions. EIG ae An abortion, of about nine weeks, seen on that side which is membranous. The decidua is torn, and turned somewhat aside, to shew the smooth and opake decidua reflexa. AA _ The rough, external surface of the decidua, which exfoliated from the womb. B The outside of a small portion of the placenta, the rest of which was situated on the back-part of this object. CCCCC The internal cribriform surface of the decidua, which, in the first months of pregnancy, does not adhere to the membranes which it encloses. DDDD The lacerated edge of the decidua, which had been continued into the edge EEE of the same membrane. 1 F The decidua reflexa spread over the outside of the chorion. GG — The angle of reflection at the edge of the placenta, where the inner layer of the decidua is turned over the chorion ; much in the same manner as the inner lamella of the pericardium is reflected, to cover the outer surface of the heart. H The termination of the decidua at the cervix uteri. PIU Ir A vertical section of the same. AAA The section of the placenta; which, we must suppose, had adhered to the up- per and back-part of the womb. BB The section of the anterior portion of the decidua. CC The section of the posterior portion of the decidua. D  'The termination of the decidua at the cervix uteri. EE The cavity of the amnion, in which the embryo hangs by a slender navel-string, from the inside of the placenta. F The section of the three membranes, which are not only contiguous, but adhere to one another, viz. the amnion, the chorion, and the decidua reflexa. GG The angle, at the edge of the placenta, where the inner layer of the decidua is reflected over the outside of the chorion. H Here those three membranes are a little separated, to shew their course at the placenta. FIG. II. An abortion of about eight weeks. A small strap of the decidua is cut out, and turned up, to shew the cavity between it and the other membranes. A  . The cut slip of the decidua, B The part of the conception where there is no decidua, viz. opposite to the pas- sage through the cervix uteri. CCC . The external surface of the decidua. D The decidua reflexa covering the chorion and amnion, which project and fill up the cavity of the decidua. X F The outside of the upper part of the placenta. FIG. IV. The same, when the decidua had been opened by a crucial incision, and the ‘ four angles had been turned off, and then a round piece of the decidua reflexa dissected off, and turned to one side, to shew the loose vessels on the outside of the chorion. A,B. See Fig. III. CCCC The inside of the four angles or flaps into which the decidua was reduced by a crucial incision. DDJD The decidua reflexa, covering the other membranes. EE  'The angle, at the edge of the placenta where the interior lamella of the decidua is continued over the outside of the chorion, forming the decidua reflexa. F . Around portion of the decidua reflexa dissected from the outside of the chorion and turned aside. G The chorion, with its shaggy vessels, laid bare. These vessels adhered firmly to the decidua reflexa, and parts of them were cut off with that membrane. Els «Vs An abortion of the same age, consisting of the chorion only, with its vessels and contents ; that is, without the decidua, or uterine part of the secundines. AAA The larger and more crouded branches of the shaggy vessels which shoot from the external surface of one part of the chorion, to mix with the decidua, or uterine part, to form the placenta. BB That portion of the chorion which afterwards becomes the uniform transparent membrane. It is covered with fewer and more delicate floating vessels, which lose themselves in the decidua reflexa. The embryo is seen through it. Cc The vesicula umbilicalis on the outside of the amnion, seen through the chorion; with a whitish thread (the remains of an artery and vein) leading from it, towards the navel of the embryo. ELG VL The same opened. The membranes, which were at the fore-part, being cut from the placenta, and turned up, the embryo is distinctly seen. A The vesicula umbilicalis, from which B, the remains of an artery and vein, in the form of a white thread, pass to C, the navel of the embryo, with some turns of the intestines lodged in the beginning of the navel-string.   Less e 4% NN" AA "B AA BB C A A, AA bab’ Eo uit TABULA XXXIV.   FIG. I Ov uM, scilicet chorion, cum omnibus ejus contentis, quintam, ut licet conjicere, circiter hebdomadam. Literz, antea usitate, ad dignoscendas partes, minime desiderantur. Macule quz maxime fusca sunt, sanguinis coagulati reliquias parvas reprasentant. In medio, globi instar, conspicitur amnion, per quod fcetus indistincte apparet, Ovum ipsum haud paululum mole sua complanatum expas- sumque fuit, coram pictore in patella dum jacebat. Teh Ge "II Idem ovum preparatum, magna satis parte chorii abscissa, amnioque cum fetu incluso, ut partes circa umbilicum ejus conspicerentur, in latus reflexo, vitri optici ope, ut partes minores magis distincte possent conspici, amplificatum fuit. Vasa hirsuta fluitantia, ex facie externa chorii exeuntia, per se satis patent. Spatium inter chorion et amnion. Hoc refertum erat gelatina tenera, adeo pel- lucida ut vix cerni posset; unde arteria venaque ramos, sanguine rubro im- plete, in facie interna placente distincte per eam conspiciebantur. Amnion liquore pellucido colorisque experte, purissima veluti aqua fontana, distendebatur; per quem foetus partes minores apparebant. Vesicula umbilicalis humore distensa: neque amnio illa, neque chorio copnexa fuit; gelatina autem tenera circumdata, umbilico faetus per arteriam et venam, quasi per pediculum, adnexa; quibus quidem vasis tanta inter se vicinitas fuit, ut vas unum sanguine rubro impletum, et ramos in vesiculam umbilicalem solam emittens, viderentur. Caput foetus trunco ejus longius fuit; brachia et crura non nisi perpaululum emicuerant; viscera abdominis nondum fuerant vestita ; pars eorum magis fusca hepar fuit: fune umbilici nondum orto, fcetus faciei interne chorio et amnii, que eo loci contigua erant, medio abdomine, adnectebatur. F Gs MI: Ovum integrum, quarte hebdomadz, ut licet conjicere. Ovi pars superior, latior et plana, sacculus fuit, textura tenera, per deciduam solam formatus: huic ad angulos superiores foramen dentatum utrinque fuit, ubi tubas intrasse conji- cere licebat ; et ad ovi partem inferiorem portio crassa angustaque ex membranis omnibus contentisque eorum constitit. ETGCHGy. Ejusdem ovi, sectione a vertice ad imum ducta aperti, facies interna. Ovum totum adhuc fundi uteri formam triangularem retinebat. - Pars lata superior, deciduz faciem internam leviorem, cribro similem, ostendit ; et pars angusta inferior, omnium membranarum sectionem cavumque in conspectu ponit. Foetus primordia omnino soluta fuerant. Amnion a chorio sejuncta fue- rat, et in cavo ejus fluitabat. Ex duobus ab eodem centro circulis albis, interior est chorii sectio; cujus in facie externa stratum spongiosum, cui vasa ex chorio se immittunt, cernitur: circulus albus exterior, ad partem inferiorem, deciduam, pla- centam obtegentem, et ad partem superiorem deciduam reflexam representat. EI Gi. Ovum integrum tertiam circiter hebdomadam. Seta in cavum ovi trajecta per foramen ad utrumque angulum superiorem, quod scilicet tubae fallopianze extremitatem esse conjicere licet. Exedem sete per foramen majus exeuntes ad angulum inferiorem, quod cervici uteri exadversum esse ponimus. Hydatis, molis admodum exiguz, per deciduam sese projiciens, et filamenta gra- cilia ramosa ex superficie sua emittens: chorion esse, vix dubitandum. Bod yo VL. Idem ovum, maxima parte parietis anterioris excissa. BBWC Vide Fig: V: Manifestum est deciduam, hocce in ovo, membranam fuisse densam, texture glutinosz, quze toti cavo triangulari fundi uteri, tanquam vestimentum, adhzse- rat; constabat etiam tubas in facie ejus interna fuisse terminatas; chorion inter duplicem ejus membranam situm fuisse, vel substantia ejus circundatum; parique passu cum incremento chorii, procedente uteri gestatione, cavum decidue coarc- tasse, lamellam ejus interiorem (sive deciduam reflexam) distendens, donec tan- dem, deleto cavo, lamella illa interna faciei interiori deciduz fuisset contigua. Progressus hic, de quo agitur, mutationis planius intelligetur, si proxime his figure inter se conferantur, ordine earum inverso, primo scilicet nonam, deinde octavam, et postremo septimam. IULGO VIL Status ovi (qualem scilicet animo licet concipere) in utero zelate provectioris, ubi chorion, decidua reflexa obtectum, per plurimum spatii in cavum deciduz porrigitur. Deciduz sectio, ubi certo temporis progressu, lamellam externam duplicis membrane, spongiosum vel nothum chorion vulgo dicte, confecisset. In hoc loco, decidua partem placent, uterinam dictam confecisset. Amnii cavum. Cavum, vel spatium, amnion inter et chorion. Cavum deciduz, vel spatium membranam illam inter et deciduam reflexam. Tub: in faciem internam deciduz sese aperientes. Cervix uteri nullam partem ovi continens, FIG. VIIL et IX. Due he figure, in hoc fere solo ab ultima differunt ; nimirum chorii in deciduze cavum projectio eo minor est, quo ovum etate minus. PLATE XXXIV. FIG A CONCEPTION, viz. the chorion, with all its contents, supposed to be about five weeks. The parts will be understood without letters of reference. Some of the darkest spots represent the little remnants of clotted blood. In the middle the amnion is seen like a round ball, through which the foetus appears indistinctly. The whole object was considerably flattened and spread out, by its own weight, as it lay in a little dish before the painter. PEG. Th The same conception, prepared by cutting away a considerable part of the cho- rion, and turning aside the amnion with the enclosed foetus, that the parts about the navel might be seen. It is considerably magnified, to shew the small parts more distinctly. The shaggy floating vessels, which shoot from the outer surface of the chorion, require no explanation. AA  'lhe space between the chorion and amnion. This was filled with a tender jelly, so transparent as to be almost invisible; whence, the branching arteries and veins, filled with red blood, upon the inside of the placenta, were distinctly seen through it. The amnion distended with a liquor as transparent and void of colour as the clearest water; through which the minute parts of the foetus were distinctly seen. (t 'The vesicula umbilicalis, distended with a fluid. It was neither attached to the amnion nor the chorion; surrounded with the tender jelly; connected, as by a pedicle, to the navel of the foetus by an artery and a vein; which lay so close to- gether, as to appear like one vessel filled with red blood, and dispersing its branches on the vesicula umbilicalis alone. The head of the foetus was longer than the trunk: the arms and legs had shot out but a little way: the abdominal viscera were not covered: the darker part of these was the red liver: there being no navel-string, the foetus was attached at its abdomen to the inside of the amnion and of the chorion, which were contiguous at that place. EIG. ll. An entire conception, supposed to be in the fourth week. The broad and flat upper part of the object was a bag of a tender texture, formed of the decidua only, with a ragged perforation at each of the two upper angles, where the tubes were supposed to have entered ; and the thick and narrow portion, at the lower part of the object, consisted of all the membranes and their contents. FIG. ‘IV. The inside of the same object, laid open by a vertical section. The whole con- ception retained still the triangular shape of the fundus uteri. The broad upper part shews the smoother and cribriform internal surface of the decidua; and the narrower part below shews the section and cavity of all the membranes. The rudi- ments of the foetus were dissolved. ‘The amnion had separated from, and lay loose in the cavity of the chorion. Of the two, concentric, white circles, the interior is the section of the chorion; upon the outside of which is seen the stratum of spongy substance into which the vessels shoot from the chorion. The outer white circle represents, at its lower part, the decidua covering the placenta; and, at its upper part, the decidua reflexa. y ELG? Ve A complete conception, of about three weeks. ' AA _ A bristle passed into the cavity of the conception, through a hole at each of the upper angles, which was supposed to be the termination of the fallopian tube. BB The same bristles coming out through a larger hole at the lower angle, supposed to be opposite to the cervix uteri. (i A small hydatide, projecting through the substance of the decidua, which had slender branching filaments shooting from the surface, supposed to be the chorion. EIG. Vl The same conception, after a considerable portion of its fore-part had been cut out. AA, BB, C. See Fig. V. It plainly appears that the decidua, in this case, was a thick membrane (of a gelatinous texture) which had fined and adhered to the whole triangular cavity of the fundus uteri ; that the tubes terminated on its internal surface ; that the cho- rion was lodged in its duplicature, or was surrounded with its substance; and that in proportion as the chorion would have been extended, in the progress of gesta- tion, it would have encroached upon the cavity of the decidua, stretching its in- terior lamella (or decidua reflexa) till at length the cavity being obliterated, that interior lamella would have come into contact with the inside of the decidua. This progressive change will be more clearly understood by comparing the three follow- ing figures in the inverted order, viz. IX. VIII. and VII. Teu VII The more advanced state of a supposed conception in the womb; when the chorion, covered by the decidua reflexa, is stretched a great way out into the ca- vity of the decidua. AA The section of the decidua, where, in process of time, it would constitute the external lamella of the double membrane, which has been commonly named the spongy or false chorion. B Here the decidua constitutes the uterine part of the placenta. Gg The cavity of the amnion. D The cavity or space between the amnion and chorion. E ‘The cavity of the decidua, or the space between that membrane and the decidua reflexa. FF The tubes, opening upon the inside of the decidua. G The cervix uteri, containing no part of the conception. EIGSVIH. mnd 22 These two figures differ from the preceding almost in this respect alone, that the projection of the chorion into the cavity of the decidua is less in proportion as the conception is younger.   ayy | | iii [| M | itd] ee HE) s NUE 7: ü ini iia           Mébdomadem F lrtiaMe S ter ii A a, * .-. 4 ^ M. i . * I $'€ + - * B - » ^ B * 1 P Ig : 9. E GARS. NES TOP. >. P E a à . . E H D ^ B ot. 1 L] H . * ^ L Lf *       C—O. edd eM