ON THE SANITARY ADMINISTRATION Lahore: PRINTED AT THE ALBERT PRESS, 1882. 4 3 '■■•tUCOiV? 3R4PY j-6 Qe p" VJ P 2- _ iSXib P9? mi To he returned to : UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LIBRARY DEPOSITORY, SPRING RISE, EGHAM, SURREY. From The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l. 22503494402 ERRATA, Page 14—line 4 ; for was read were. „ 26— „ 16; for of read of. » » — » 17 ; volumes read volume. „ „ — „ 18 ; was read runs. }> — » 22 ; of man read of a man. „ „ — „ 38 ; for were read was. „ 29— „ 19 ; for favorable read favorably. „ „ — „ 52 ; foot read feet. „ 34— „ 10 ; for mile read miles. » 45 „ 32 ; for in sanitary read insanitary. „ 84 „ 35 ; Delhi, for monoply read monopoly. „ 93 „ 10 j Gujranwdla, for drain- read drainage. „ 99 „ 3 ; for need not to read need not. ” ^ > below statement, for 188 villages read 96 villages. „ 106 „ 21 ; Eminabad town {g.), for water-coarses read water-courses. Appendix C. Page iv—line 8; for ever read rarer. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Wellcome Library. https://archive.org/details/b31489278 TABLE OP CONTENTS. Para. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 REVIEW OF THE REPORT OP GOVERNMENT. SECTION I.—METEOROLOGY. NIL. SECTION II.-EUROPEAN ARMY- NIL. SECTION III.-NATIVE ARMY. NIL. SECTION IV.-JAILS. NIL. SECTION V.-GENERAL POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. Page. General results of birth registration ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Births by Quarters ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ Birth-rate amongst the urban and rural populations ... ... ... ... „ District birth-rate .,, ... ... ... ... ... ... „ Do. do. analysed ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ General results of death registration ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 The mortality from chief diseases during the year 1881 compared with the whole series of years since 1868 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ The general results of the analysis of the above table ... ... ... ... 4 Provincial death-rate ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ The urban and the rural death-rate ... ... ... ... ... ... „ Mortality by months ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 District death-rate Analysis of the district death-rate The district death-rate for 1881 compared with that for previous years Deaths by Ages ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Births compared with deaths ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ Birth registration in large municipal towns ... ... ... ... ... 7 Death do. do. ... ... ... ... ... 9 Results of registration in selected villages on the Western Jamna Canal ... ... „ Births and deaths registered amongst the European and Eurasian population ... ... 13 Amount of fines realized for neglect in registering births and deaths ... ... 14 SECTION VI.—CHIEF DISEASES OF THE YEAR. A.—CHOLERA. Monthly mortality from cholera during 1881 ... ... ... ... ... 15 The remarks of the Army Sanitary Commission that the three earlier months of each year are nearly exempt fi'om cholera fully borne out by subjoined statement showing monthly mortality from cholera from 1867 to 1881 ... ... ... ... ... „ The localities affected by cholera during 1881, vide Cholera map ... ... ... „ The Special Cholera Committee appointed under the orders of the Government of India ... ,, Statement showing the mortality from cholera and the record of primjipal atmospheric changes in the Punjab during 1880 and 1881 ... ... ... ... 17 Statement showing mortality from cholera in the several districts of the Province ... 18 Particulars of the first cases of cholera registered during the first four months of the year ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,, Outbreak of cholera in the village of Khundin, Pergannah Pinjore in the Native State of Patti&la, on 4th May—the first intimation received ... ... ... ... 13> 4 11 Page. Para. 30 Appearance of cholera in the Delhi district before the outbreak in the Native State of Patti ala ... • . • ••• ••• • • • ... ... ... 20 31 History of the outbreak in the Delhi district • • • • • • • • • • • • '• » 32 Ditto ditto district of Lahore # • • • • • • . • • . • 21 33 Ditto ditto Lahore Central Jail ... ... . . • ... 24 34 Ditto ditto Kangra district • •• ... • • . • • • 26 35 Ditto ditto Hoshiarpur do. * • • ... . . . ... 27 36 Ditto ditto Umballa do. ... 30 37 Ditto ditto Jullundur do. ... 32 38 Ditto ditto Jhelum do. ... • • • ... ... 36 39 Ditto ditto Gujranwala do. ... • • • 37 >5 The sudden death of Colonel F. J. Millar... ... ... 38 40 History of outbreak in the Ferozepore district ... ... ... y> 41 Ditto ditto Amritsar do. ... ... ... 39 42 Ditto ditto Gujrat do. ... ... « • • • • • 41 43 Ditto ditto Ivarnal do. ... ... ... ... 42 44 Ditto ditto Gurdaspur do. ... ... . . • ... 44 45 Ditto ditto Ludhiana do. ... • . • ... ... 46 46 Ditto ditto Sialkot do. « . . ... ... 47 47 Ditto ditto Rawalpindi do. • * ... ... ... 53 B.—SMALL-POX. 48 Deaths registered from small-pox by years since 1868 ... ... ... ... 54 49 Small-pox deaths according to ages . • • ... ... ... yy 50 Seasonal fatality of small-pox by years since 1868 ... ... ... • . • yy 51 Small-pox chart • . . ... ... 55 52 Fatality of small-pox epidemics by districts since 1868 . . . ... ... ... yy 53 Small-pox deaths in 1881 by districts . . . ... ... ... 58 54 Necessity of vaccination pointed out . . . ... ... ... yy 55 The importance of the co-operation of the Civil and Medical Officers to promote the cause of vaccination • • « ... . . . yy C.—FEVERS. 56 The facts disclosed by the fever, rainfall and food-charts given in last year’s report ... 59 57 The charts and statements referred to, reproduced for comparison with the statistics for the year under review ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5J 58 Statement of aggregate rainfall and fever mortality by months, and the price of principal food-grains by years ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ 59 Statement of deaths and rainfall by quarters, and rate of food-grains by years in the several districts ... ... ... ... ... ... ... :.. 61 60 Fever mortality in Amritsar city, suburbs, and district ... ... ... ... M 61 The fatality of fever epidemic in the city of Amritsar ... ... ... ... 62 62 Causes of do. do. ... ... ... 63 Effects of canal irrigation without proper drainage ... ... ... ... 64 The Municipal authorities advised to take necessary precautionary measures before the epidemic actually broke out... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 65 Reference to Doctor Bennett’s report on the fever epidemic in the city ... ... „ 66 Opinion of Doctor Ross on the relation between fever and cholera ... ... ... 64 67 Measures of treatment, &c., adopted by local authorities ... ... ... ... „ 68 The epidemic during the year under review contrasted with previous epidemics in their relation to rainfall ... ... ... ... ... ... ... „ 69 A pure water-supply for the city urgently needed .., ... ... ... ... „ 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 55 55 55 55 55 102 103 55 ?5 Ill D.—BOWEL COMPLAINTS. % Ditto ditto by months during 1880, 1881 Ditto ditto by districts Death-rate from bowel complaints in towns E.—INJURIES. Page. Deaths from suicide Ditto wounding Accidental deaths Deaths from snake-bite Ditto hydrophobia Mortality caused by wild beasts Deaths from all other causes including those from chest diseases SECTION VII.—VACCINATION. Orders of Government on the working of the re-organized vaccine scheme Special Vaccine Establishment sanctioned for Deputy Sanitary Commissioners ... The delay in starting work in certain districts to what due ... Compilation of vaccine returns changed from official to calendar year ... Statements Nos. I and II show vaccinations performed by Provincial and Dispensary Vaccinators The aggregate number of operations performed by the late Provincial Establishment during six months Strength of Provincial Staff Vaccination work performed in districts by Provincial Establishment ... Native States Establishment of Superintendent Dispensary Vaccination Vaccination performed in Eastern Circle by Deputy Sanitary Commissioner’s Special Staff By the Special Staff in the Western Circle Vaccination performed in district from October to December 1881 ... ... .r.. The aggregate number of operations performed during the 9 months ending 31st December 1881 Method of operation The arm to arm method explained Statement No. V showing the vaccinations performed since 1867 to year under review ... Information regarding cost of vaccination department not available ... SECTION VIII. NIL. SECTION IX—SANITARY WORKS-CIVIL. Water-supply and drainage schemes Delhi water-works Ludhiana drainage and water-supply schemes Lahore water-works Simla ditto ... ... ... ... ... ... Kohat water-supply scheme Municipal Income and Expenditure Statement Sanitary improvements effected during the year in the several districts of the Province Delhi ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Gurgaon ... ... ... ... ,,, ... ... ,,, 67 68 69 74 55 75 55 76 77 55 78 80 55 81 55 84 55 85 IT Para. Page. 103 Karn&l „ Hissar „ Rohtak „ Sirsa „ Umballa „ Ludhiana „ Simla „ Jullundur „ Hoshi&rpur „ Kangra „ Amritsar „ Gurdaspur „ Sialkot „ Lahore „ Gujranwala „ Ferozepore „ Rawalpindi „ Jhelum „ Gujrat „ Shahpur „ Mooltan „ Jhang „ Montgomery „ MuzafFargarh „ Dera Ismail Khan „ Dera Ghazi Khan „ Bannu „ Peshawar „ Hazara „ Kohat SECTION X—GENERAL REMARKS AND PERSONAL PROCEEDINGS. 104 Notice of officers 105 Dr. Cuningham’s Sanitary Primer 106 Suggestions made in the memorandum of the Army Sanitary Commission in the Punjab Sanitary Report for 1879 107 Rules for the guidance of Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and Civil Surgeons ... 108 Further suggestions for improvement of village conservancy 109 List of towns and villages inspected by Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and Civil Surgeons, 86 )> 87 88 89 » 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 ACTION TAKEN BY MUNICIPAL AND DISTRICT COMMITTEES ON THE SUGGESTIONS MADE IN THE FOLLOWING INSPECTION REPORTS PRINTED IN THE SANITARY REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1880. 109 Srigovindpur town (Gurdaspur district) ... Batala Bahrampur Dinanagar Kalka Sialkot Fatehgarh Kalanaur Eminabad Botala village ( „ ( „ ( „ ( Simla )... )... )... ) (Gurdaspur district) .. ( » »)•• (Gujranwala „ ) .. ( » ) • • 103 104 105 Para, 109 Jalalpur town ( Gujrat district )..." ... '7T 77. ... 7.. ,, Dmgah „ ( „ „ ) ... ... ... ... „ Mangowal village ( „ „ )... „ Matawala, Chak Vasawa, Sahidwali, Dulawala, Chachi and Mung villages (Gujrat district), „ Ahmadpur town and Shorkot village (Jhang district) „ Athara Hazari village ( „ „ ) „ Muzaffargarh town » Rohat ). ••• «•• ... ... ... ... ... ... Page 106 ft 107 108 SUMMARY OP INSPECTION REPORTS INSPECTED BY THE DEPUTY SANITARY COMMISSIONERS OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CIRCLES, PUNJAB. (By the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle.) 109 Sialkot town „ Dera Nanak town (Gurdaspur district)... „ Kalanaur „ ( „ „ )... „ Mokerian „ (Hoshiarpur „ ) ... „ Dasuya „ ( „ (By the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Western Circle.) „ Hussan-Abdal village (Rawalpindi district) SUMMARY OF INSPECTION REPORTS RECEIVED FROM CIVIL SURGEONS UP TO END OF DECEMBER 1881. 109 Nuh town ( Gurgaon district ) ... ft Ghasera village ( tt )... ft Sirsa town ( Sirsa ft ).» ft Fazilka „ ( ft )••• ft Shahabad town ( Umballa tt )... ft Bungah „ ( Jullundur ft ft Phillour „ ( * ft )... ft Tarn Tar an „ ( Amritsar tt ft Pope Naka village ( Gujranwala ft )... ft Karnoki „ ( tt )... ft Moralliwala „ ( ft )... ft Ghakhar town ( » tt )... ft Eminabad „ ( tt )... ft Ramnaggar „ ( tt )... ft Lala Musa village ( Guj rat tt )... ft Kunjah town ( ft )... ft Jalalpur „ ( ft )- ft Dingah „ ( ft )... ft Nurpur village ( Shahpur ft )... ft Slmjabad town ( Mooltan tt )... tt Lan village ( Jhang tt )... tr Vasu and Astana villages (Jhang tt )... ft Mirak village ( » ft )... it Shorkot town ( „ tt ) 110 Names of officials and non-officials whose services tion are brought to the notice of Government the cause of Vaccination and Sani APPENDIX A. 108 109 110 111 112 114 Lawrence Military Asylum, Sanawar „ Memorial „ Murree 114 115 » 116 117 118 119 )> 120 121 )> 122 )* 123 124 )) 125 126 ft 127 128 ft 129 130 131 t XV ti APPENDIX B. Page. Table shewing the sickness and mortality among the Police Force serving in the Punjab during the year 1881, and the prevalence of the principal diseases in eaoh month of the y 6cir ••• ••• ••• ••• • • • ••• ••• • • • ^ APPENDIX C. Report on Epidemic, Remittent and Intermittent Fever occurring in the City of Amritsar in the Autumn of 1881, by Surgeon-Major J. Bennett, Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle, Punjab ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i APPENDIX D. Lahore conservancy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... t VITAL STATISTICS OF THE GENERAL POPULATION, 1881. Annual form No. I.—Births registered in the districts of the Punjab during the year 1881, it Annual form No. II.—Deaths registered in the districts of the Punjab during the year 1881 ... ... ... ... •*. ••• ••• ••• ... ttt Annual form No. III.—Deaths registered in the districts of the Punjab during each month of the year 1881 ... ... ... ••• ... ... ... tv Annual form No. IV.—Deaths registered according to age in the districts of the Punjab during the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vi Annual form No. V.—Deaths registered according to classes in the districts of the Punjab during the year 1881 ... ... ... ... .. ... ... viii Annual form No. VI.—Deaths registered from different causes in the districts and towns of the Punjab during the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ... x Annual form No. VI. B.—Deaths registered in the frontier cantonments and hill sanitaria during the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ••• ... ... xiv Annual form No. VII.—Deaths registered from cholera in the districts of the Punjab during each month of the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ... xv Annual form No. VIII.—Deaths registered from small-pox in the districts of the Punjab during each month of the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ... xvi Annual form No. IX.—Deaths registered from fevers in the districts of the Punjab during each month of the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ...xviii Annual form No. X.—Deaths registered from bowel complaints in the districts of the Punjab during each month of the year 1881 ... ... ... ... ... xx CHOLERA MAP or Kn&ho£L(;, PUNJAB ,;M0Osei** Miles ^ mao illustrating the distribution. &c. of Cholera In the Punjab Statement appen 6 during the year 1881. ABBOT'l'A KKSnrtie. ■SHaWaTT- 8riti»S4r Number of thou District. .AWaLFINDI n* K °Kahoi nth July 7th n 9th „ ISth „• 23rd Juno 3rd July 21st September 16 th May 28th May 12th „ 1st June 11th 13th Jnuo 10th „ 14th September 9th May 6th Juno 8th „ llth April 18th July 4th September 18th June 3rd September 13th August 12th January 21st August 1st July 16 th September 2nd 18th 14th August 12th September 19th „ 29th August 1st September 3rd July 18th Juno 115,092 41,661 6.576 60445 20,876 126,404 24.405 35,728 Delhi _ Do. Suburbs Pobargunj Sonepat Rale Laraauli 2BO •Fa«.ha\au« j bHar.feU A-ra. •, Gurgaoa Cbenab River 3rd September 42,900 36,000 90.930 180,427 29,709 118,303 83,430 80.316 43,572 28,534 82,279 06,417 77,986 110,473 107,014 103,683 Karnol Robtak Dmbatla Molunah Jagadhri Ohlinppar Lndwa Slialinbad Sadlinura Nuruln garb •Chat waJ JHBLUKi 288/ Dmbail* i So It hail 3rd August °MlMr 1\ T » Pat harlot 142,845 3rd May 8,178 20th Augusl 39,880 1st Septeml 47,663 19th „ 03.209 10th „ 91,221 1st Oetobe 60.237 JOthAugus 49.237 24th Septen 90,410 30th March 20,195 29th July 70,746 35th Scpten 27,733 - 27th Oetobe 177,980 28th March 0215 8th Octotx 92.179 llth May 114.751 22nd June 07,101 5th August 109.940 , 26th Septet 62,753 Otii 45,895 22ud Juno Hoshlarpur Do. Suburbs Mariana Garhdlwala Dosnya Ormnr Tanda Balaaiior Mubarak par K^usha.b 393 / Hoshlarpur f 213 ;19S 214 • HitowiI o Palampur GUJftArtWAtAQsyji' ; J9t I83 049 I 28th March Amritsar Do. Suburbs Kntbnnangal Ajnalla Lopokl Torn Taran Garonda Valrowal '&r<ohi DAsuya iso-w.s '<> 19-Off ^33 123 6 ISMAIL KHAfl Gardaspar Oiimnagar Kalanour Pathankot 58,917 64229 42,030 69.095 80.670 2,573 117.897 102,401 fOSHlARPUJt . 1+3 O Balshai Gurdaspur AMRITSAR 62232 177,935 87,844 102,778 239 I 6th January 18 I 12 I _ 40 I 74 I Sialket 'JULLOMDUP )42 cart.SW«'<^7-i»8 Oth March 9th Jane Oth July 25th Juno 15 th March 18th September 2 ud August 27th Jane 31st August 29th Juno O SIMLA J-9J- .i iOO*K Wawashahr k?7 *43 InLA.enf 3-o9K *77 ' i<b\. ° P.p par ODHianX 87,664 10t h May 33.090 30th June 83.860 10th May 11,708 20th July 42,452 14th September 40,893 14th 30,354 1st „ 117,690 97tb August 86,351 29th March 4,356 | 7th September 4,716 18th August 50,078 10th Juno 61.316 20th July 53.772 1st September 31,066 16th 31,044 5th „ 93,147 10th September 17.431 I 24th August 43,701 17th September 50,068 12th 36 514 12th July 32.140 14th September 56,266 | 20th Aognst 18,412 7th September Ul ®JagraoA •fS 4 2lth November 161 I 29th March Gujranwala T. Knmokc R. C. Kila Dltlar Slngb T. Wnzlrabad T. Akalgarh T. Dliarmlcot T. Uaglia Parana R. C. Nihoi Slughwala n. C. Kutbana R. C. °J*oga 360 Gujranwala MONTGOMERY '**299 Ferozopore • FaeiUca, MBALLA 87 MuStear ‘ *?NA3tf A Li Ga)ar Khan Plndlgheb Husuu Atxlal Hasro Attook Rawalpindi pattula 26th October fa',**-0 muzaffargarii 154,896 | 19th AngUBt 71,130 I 4th September 25218 21st August 27.370 10th September 35,928 38th August .... 18th „ Shalipur 353 Mantgomei 305 Hujra 3081 Okara 435 I Peshawar 441 Neshara Montgomery 75,573 I 20th June 23,940 119th September 15.715 ! 10th September 1 8th 15 th October Fes La way Kar.val 15,815 39,744 14,133 Koliat Qougo SIRS A 73 76 7,538,034 Total P atababad jtiltJD C6o Oofiaaa «HISSAR 52 Hanoi 6a«R0HTAK°8 ; ■oa/" W: _ 6°. Note I.—The Geographical position of the several rural circles marked is shown by numbers from 1 to 434. II.--The decimal figures show the mortality from cholera per 1,000 of population. DELttli ■y. <36-50 ojhaiJir 71 HI,—The fractional figures iu red iuk indicate the dates of the first cases in each circle. 01/.RGAON1 ^ ; ll Loharu \ Baliatgarh 32PaIwi SONuh ■H’i -T—---- «• 7 M Date of lost cose of Oholoro In tho Clrolo during tho year i3i % loo H Sanitary), No. 757, dated 23rd October 1832. Read— Report by Deputy Surgeon-General Beleew, 0. B. I., Sanitary Commisiioner, Punjab, on the Sanitary Administration of the Province for the year 1881. In the Statements appended to the Report, the ratios of births and deaths have been calculated on the figures of the census of 1868, hut the Sanitary Commissioner furnishes a table at page 15 in which the figures or tUe census of 1881 have been adopted. 2 The results of the registration of births in 1881 indicate great improve- ment, when compared with the results of the previous year. The highest rate, 49 per mille, is returned from the districts of Delhi and Lahore ; the lowest rate, 19 per mille, from Peshawar. The registration of births is generally inefficient in the frontier districts, but even in them there are indications of improvement. If these districts and Simla (the circumstances of which are peculiar) are excluded, Kangra is the only district that yielded a birth rate below 36 per mille. The rates of seven districts ranged between 36 and 39 per mille, while the remaining seventeen districts yielded rates ranging between 40 and 49 per mille. The mean birth rate of the year was 40 per mille, against 31 per mille, the rate of the previous year. 3. This increase in the birth rate was not, however, solely the result of improved registration. Doctor Bellew points out that the increase apparent in the rates of 1881 of several districts when compared with the rates ot the preceding year was due to the low rates of 1880, which were the natural consequence of the impaired health of the people in 1878 and 1879. There can be no doubt that the birth rate in this country is affected, by the variations that occur in the health and condition of the people, and it is to these variations in the birth rate, as well as in the rate of mortality, that certain anomalies appar- ent in the statements of the recent census which give the number of persons living at different ages, are due. 4. The death rate of the Province for the year, 30 per mille, is considerably in excess of the rate for the previous year, which was 27. per mille. The number of deaths registered in 1881 was 519,779, ot 47,043 in excess of the number registered in the previous year. This excess of mortality occurred in the last four months of the year. Up to the end of August the number of deaths registered was less by 1,200 than the number registered up to the. corresponding date of 1880; but in September the mortality rose greatly , and m the period comprising that and the following 3 months, upwards of 60 000 deaths were registered in excess of the number registered in the corresponding period of 1880. 5 The districts shewing the highest death rates were, Amritsar 51 per mille and Lahore 41 per mille. The death rates of the municipal towns were, as usual much higher than the rates of the rural circles. The mean death rate of the 52 municipal towns was 29 per mille. The death rate of the town of Amritsar was 125 per mille, that of Lahore 56, of Delhi 48, and of Peshawar 42 per mille. 6. Of the total number of deaths registered in the Province, 28 per cent, were of infants under one year of age, and 46 per cent, under 6 years of age. The calculations at the bottom of Statement IV of the vital statistics series do not furnish the information required, which is the death rate at different periods of life. The materials for producing this information are now available, and will, no doubt, be utilized in future reports. 7 The death rates of the two sexes were 29 per mille for males and 30 per mille for females. The rate of mortality was higher among females than Long males, which is unusual; in the statistics of former years the reverse has been the case. In the population according to he census of 1881, the sexes are in the proportion of 117*4 males to every 100 females ; in 1881, males were born in the proportion of 116 to every 100 females bom ; and males died in the proportion of 116 to every 100 deaths of females. 8. Births were registered in excess of deaths in all districts with the exception of Peshawar and Simla, the total increment to the population of the Province for the year being 175,987. It seems desirable that the increment of the population, as shown by the excess of births over deaths, should be added annually to the census figures of the several districts and large towns. 9. The following figures show the mortality from the more common diseases during the year compared with the mortality from the same diseases in the preceding year : — 1880 1881 Cholera 274 5,207 Small-pox 9,145 6,749 Fevers 327,727 355,279 Bowel complaints 20,736 17,281 Injuries 5,557 5,695 Other causes 109,292 129,568 Total 472,731 519,779 10. The Sanitary Commissioner, in the section of his Report devoted to the cholera epidemic of 1881, publishes in extenso the reports furnished by the Medical officers of the several districts visited by the epidemic ; and in many of these a clear and interesting account is given of the origin and progress of the epidemic in the districts or towns to which they severally relate. The descriptions of the epidemic in the town and district of Sialkot, and in the towns of Batala and Umballa, which were written by Assistant-Surgeons Futteh Singh, Bhagwan Dass and Duni Oliund, reflect great credit on these officers, and afford satisfactory evidence that men with their education and professional training are capable of affording very valuable assistance in the prosecution of sanitary enquiries. 11. To each of these reports by the Medical officers Dr. Bellew has prefixed a figured statement showing the diffusion of the epidemic chronologically and locally over the several districts. From these statements it appears that cholera became epidemic in Delhi early in May, it attacked Lahore early in June, and at the same time an epidemic outbreak occurred in the Kangra district. It subsequently visited many other districts, but its prevalence was confined in a very marked degree to the Sadr or other important municipal towns in each district. From Statement No. VI of the series of vital statistics appended to the Report it appears that of the total number of 5,207 deaths from cholera in the Province, 3,693 occurred in the municipal towns, equal to 2*84 per mille of the aggregate population, while in the rural circles only 1,512 deaths were registered, equal to 0*09 per mille of the rural population. Of the towns of the Province 54 per cent, or more than one half, were visited by cholera, but of the villages of the Province not more than one per cent were visited by cholera; even in the district of Lahore, over which the epidemic was most widely diffused, deaths from cholera were reported from not more than 7 per cent of the villages. 12. Turning again to the chronological statements prefixed to the district reports, it may be observed that almost invariably the first place in a district in which cholera became epidemic was the central town. In the Delhi district the first epidemic outbreak occurred in a village close to the Grand Trunk Road, but the disease appeared almost simultaneously in the suburbs of the city. In the Rawalpindi district the first epidemic outbreak apparent in the statements occurred in a village near Attock, but with these exceptions it was the central or most important town in each district that was first attacked; in most instances it was the Sadr towns ; in the districts of Lahore, Amritsar Sialkot, Jullundur, Hoshiarpur and Umballa no epidemic outbreak occurred jj[ any other locality before the disease had become epidemic in the Sadr town. A similar relation is also observable in more than one chronological statement between the smaller municipal towns and the villages surrounding them. The statement of the Jullundur district affords the most complete example of this relation; but in the statement of the Lahore district it may be observed, with reference to the Kasur circle, that, although cholera became epidemic first in the small town of Ivhem Kara, no outbreak occurred in any of the surrounding villages until after the disease had become epidemic in the important town which forms the centre of the circle. 13. It appears also that the disease became widely epidemic only in those districts in Avliich it prevailed severely in the central town. Cholera prevailed as an epidemic in the city of Delhi and its suburbs only during the latter part of May and the first part of June. The total number of deaths amounted to 78 only. "With this small degree of prevalence in this large centre of population the diffusion of the epidemic over the surrounding districts was very limited. In Lahore and its suburbs, on the other hand, cholera prevailed as an epidemic from the beginning of June to the end of September, and the number of deaths recorded amounted to upwards of 1,100 ; and with this severe and prolonged epidemic prevalence in the central town there was wide diffusion over the surrounding country. In Jullundur and Hoshiarpur also, with a high degree of prevalence in the central town, we find considerable diffusion over the district. In the district of Ludhiana, the Sadr town of which suffered but little from cholera, and in Lerozepore, where the town escaped altogether, the number of villages attacked was very small. 14. The facts to which attention has now been drawn indicate a very considerable degree of dependence of the rural population as regards cholera on the Sadr and municipal towns, and the chief practical lesson to be derived from the study of the epidemic of 1881 is the very great importance of maintaining the central towns in good sanitary condition ; it is clear that the benefit of sanitary measures is not only reaped by the inhabitants of the towns in which they are carried out, but that the inhabitants of the surrounding villages participate in it. 15. The greater liability of the population of the large towns to be attacked by cholera is not apparently due to any habit of body, induced by the aggregation of large numbers of human beings in one locality, or any other insanitary condition specially connected with large towns, which is not equally liable to occur in small towns or villages; for experience shews that isolated villages, though cholera may reach them later, are apt to suffer terribly from it, when it does attack them. The highest rates of mortality from cholera among the urban population occurred in the towns of Lahore, Hoshiarpur and Jullundur, where they ranged from 8 to 12 per mille ; but these rates were exceeded manifold in many villages, of which the following are examples :— District. Village. Population. Deaths from Cholera. Ratio per mille. Delhi Takurpur 800 30 100 Lahore Gulviral 184 15 81 Do. Mahomedipur 463 25 54 Sialkot Tabu 164 11 67 Amritsar Thattah 440 16 36 Do. Kot Sed Mahomed 1,136 29 25 Umballa Konjpur 340 19 56 Do. Sigrat 1,367 34 25 Total. a • • 4,394 175 40 16 From these examples it is evident that the insanitary condition which renders persons liable to suffer from cholera is apt to occur in a more intense form and to involve a larger proportion of the population in small villages than in the large towns. If the precise nature of this condition could be ascertained, the necessary measures for its removal might possibly be found to be not dilh- cult of application, and it should he the chief aim of cholera investigation to discover what this special condition is ; but in the absence of definite intoima- tion as to its nature, we may hope, by carrying out those sanitary measures w ucJ are known to be antagonistic to the prevalence of disease, by insuring cleanliness of the soil by strict conservancy in preserving the water-supply from pollution, and by improving the drainage of localities where such improvements are called for, to mitigate its virrilence ; and there is satisfactory evidence that measures of this kind, more especially the introduction of a pure water-supply, have greatly mitigated the prevalence of cholera wherever they have been thoroughly applied. 17. The application of such measures to the vast number of villages, scattered over the country, is altogether beyond the power of the State, and. the Government is obliged to confine its efforts to the central aud municipal towns ; but the knowledge that such measures, applied to a Sadr or Municipal town, may in a season when cholera is prevalent not only ensure the safety of the town itself, but may at the same time confer immunity on the surrounding district, affords the greatest encouragement to perseverance in every effort to improve the sanitary condition of the towns. At the same time it may be hoped that better results in the way of sanitation of small towns and villages may be obtained in future in connection with the scheme for the extension or local self- government now under consideration. 18. The section of the Report in which the statistics of small-pox are discussed contains a statement of much value shewing the mortality from this disease in each month of the 14 years from 1868 to 18S1 inclusive. The close relation that exists between the prevalence of small-pox and season comes out very clearly in this statement; with one exception the epidemic every, year reached its highest point of prevalence in the month of May, then, declining through the following four months, the point of minimum prevalence was almost with equal regularity reached in the month of October.. In the month of November the prevalence again increases, and if the increase in this month is great it marks the commencement of a severe epidemic; in fact, the character of the following season as regards small-pox appears to be determined in the month of November or October, or even earlier. 19. It is satisfactory to observe that in 1881, the year under review, the mortality from small-pox was very much less than in any previous year of the series. This diminution may, no doubt, be in a great measure attributed to the effect of vaccination; hut, as the Sanitary Commissioner points out, low mortality from small-pox for one or two years does.not afford much ground for confidence that the enemy has been overcome : it is in fact the natural consequence of previous years of excessive prevalence, and perhaps also it is due to some extent to the absence of favorable climatic conditions. It is more tnan probable that when sufficient time has elapsed the mortality will again rise. Ihe statement, however, affords sufficient evidence that vaccination has effected as much good as could be fairly expected, from the limited extent to which operations have hitherto been carried on. Taking the whole series of 14 years, t e number of deaths from small-pox in the last seven years was 50,000, or one- fourth less than in the first seven years. 20. The revised scheme for the amalgamation of the Vaccination with the Sanitary department came into operation in October last. . Under this, sc erne the provincial Vaccination establishment by which operations were former y carried on was broken up, and from it, with some considerable additions, dis nc establishments have been formed and placed under the immediate superin en- dence andcontrolof the Civil Surgeons, subject to inspection by the special officers of the Sanitary department; and it is hoped that under this system t e is nc authorities will more earnestly co-operate in extending the benefits of Aacoination among the people. 21. Under the new system the returns will exhibit operations for the calendar instead of for the official year, as formerly ; and as moreover some time was unavoidably lost in bringing the new scheme into operation, the work of the year under review cannot with any advantage be compared with the work of former years ; but from information received it would appear that the district authorities have everywhere cordially adopted the new plan of operations, and that it promises to work well. 22. The number of vaccinations performed in the course of the nine months ending the 31st December 1>81 amounted to 280,046, of which 265,411, or 94 per cent, were successful. 23. In the section devoted to the subject of fevers Dr. Bellew gives additional statistics to those contained in the report for the previous year, bearing on the relation between rainfall and the prevalence of fevers, and he claims that those statistics prove conclusively that the above relation is very close that heavy monsoons are invariably followed by destructive epidemics of these diseases ; while, on the other hand, there is remarkable immunity from them when the monsoon season is dry; that the rainfall is invariably excessive every third year; and that in those same third years the fever epidemics also attained their maximum fatality. The truth of the general proposition that there is a close relation between rainfall of the monsoon and the prevalence of fever in the latter half of the year may be acknowledged, and also that the prevalence of fever is comparatively slight when the rainfall of the monsoon is scanty, and severe when the rainfall is excessive; but the remaining propositions that an excessive rainfall invariably recurs triennially and that in these same third years the epidemic fevers attain their maximum fatality, cannot be accepted without considerable reserve. The statistics, as tabulated below, do not at any rate admit of their being stated in such positive terms :— Year. Aggregate Rainfall from June to September inclusive. Deaths from fever August to December. Price of wheat, seers for a Rupee. 1863 • • • 882 68,000 19 1869 ,, . 659 191,000 14 1870 664 157,000 16 1871 642 97,000 22 187a • • • 799 169,000 20 1873 • • • 631 122,000 22 1874 r« • 669 97,000 24 1875 954 160,000 25 1876 636 253,000 25 1877 • • • 3"2 92,000 24 1878 675 297,000 15 1879 649 272,000 13 1880 576 156,000 14 1881 r.. 64 7 198,000 17 A verage Iff 635 inches 166,000 Any conclusions, however, drawn from massing the averages of rainfall in all the districts of the Province, and comparing such aggregate with the total mortality from fever, must be manifestly fallacious. The variation in the rainfall of the Punjab is not so much in the quantity given to the whole Province as in its distribution. It does not often happen that the aggregate rainfall is very much in excess of the average. It occurred only twice in the fourteen years shown in the above table, but it not unfrequently happens that a monsoon rainfall not much above the average in the aggr'gate is distributed very abnormally, an excessive quantity being poured on some localities, while on others the fall is deficient; it is, therefore, scarcely to be expected that any very definite or constant correspondence will be found to exist between the aggregate rainfall and the aggregate fever mortality of the Province; and if we follow the enquiry further and compare the rainfall and fever mortality within the more limited areas of districts, we do not find even here that the mortality is with any constancy in direct proportion to the quantity of the rainfall. 24, The following table exhibits the rainfall and mortality of the seasons of 1880 and 1881 in seven districts of the Province :— Districts. Bainfall 2nd and 3rd Quarters. Fever mortality 3rd and 4th Quarters. ... 1880 • • • 18-3 8812 Amritsar ... 2881 68-5 23*306 , , 1880 ... 7-9 9-125 Lahore ... jggi 18-2 14*374 „ . . 1880 ... 10-1 6*320 Gujranwala ... 1S3]_ 233 5*381 ,T , „ 1880 ... 35-6 11*317 Umballa ... jgSl • 20-6 15-116 .. . 1880 ... 35*6 6-546 Ludhiana .. 20-6 7*801 „ , 1880 ... 32-9 7*960 Jullundur ... J881 266 9-026 , 1880 ... 3-9 3*934 Mooltan ... jgg i 25 4*906 25. In Amritsar, where the area of a large city was swamped by an extraordinary rainfall for which the drainage of the locality was quite inadequate, the increase of mortality from fever was enormous. In Lahore also, with a greatly increased rainfall compared with the previous year, there was’a large increase in the mortality from fever ; but in the adjoining district of Gujranwala, with a greater increase in the rainfall, there was a considerable decrease in the fever mortality. This difference in the effect of increased rainfall in these two districts may be, in some measure, due to the circumstance mentioned by the Sanitary Commissioner that the water level has been considerably raised over a large portion of the Lahore district by canal irrigation; but east of Amritsar the rainfall over a large tract of country, comprising the districts of Jullundur, Ludhiana and TJmballa, was in 1881 greatly deficient as compared with the previous year ; yet in all these districts the statistics shew a oreatly increased mortality from fever. The district of Mooltan affords another illustration of the same kind : notwithstanding that its rainfall in 1881 was considerably below its very small average, the fever mortality was very much greater than it had been in any one of the previous 4 years, and there were very few districts of the Province in which the ratio of mortality from fever in 1881 was higher. 26. It will be evident from the above comparative statements that quantity is not the sole factor in the relation between rainfall and fever, and that other circumstances, besides difference in the quantity of rainfall, have to be taken into account in investigating the cause of the great variations in the prevalence of fever in this Province. The monsoons vary not only in the quantity of rain they bring, but in the dates on which they set in and cease, and the steadiness with which the rains continue. They may commence early in June or not until July and continue till late in September; they may be heavy in July and August and then cease, and it is possible that these variations may greatly influence the prevalence of fever. Moreover, the fever mortality occurs chiefly in the months of September and October after the rains have ceased, and though it may be in a great degree dependent on the quantity of rain that has previously fallen, the temperature and other climatic conditions of those months cannot be well left out of account. 27. In 1881 the rains almost ceased in the end of August. Ini Amritsar there was no rain between the 31st August and 20th September, and it is noteworthy that although the heavy fall of rain which swamped the locality occurred on the 10th of July, the health of the population was reported 4‘excellent” up to the middle of August, and there was no marked increase in the mortality from fever till the first week in September; after that it increased very rapidly and reached its maximum in the 1st week of October, when it again declined. 28. Doctor Bennett’s clear and full report on this violent epidemic having been already reviewed, it will be sufficient here to mention the conclusions arrived at. The fever was malarial in its origin and caused by an excessive and unusual rainfall in a locality the natural drainage of which is very imperfect; but the type of fever appears in many cases to have been rendered more fatal by the insanitary conditions under which the population of a large Native city exists, viz., crowded dwellings, imperfect conservancy and contaminated water-supply. The mortality occurred chiefly among the poorest classes, and nearly half of the deaths were of children under five years of age, and of these again more than two-fifths were infants under one vear of a^e. The excessive mortality among these classes was in a large measure due to the extreme difficulty of providing food suitable in sickness for a large mass of people suddenly prostrated by fever, and not only unable to provide food for themselves and their families, but also without the power to cook it when provided. This difficulty was met so far as was practicable by the establishment of soup-kitchens in various parts of the city where large numbers were fed daily. Dispensaries were also established in convenient places for the distribution of medicine, and arrangements were made for treating at their homes those who were too sick to attend at the dispensaries. The number of patients who received medicines and treatment during the four months that the epidemic prevailed, amounted to Rs. 2,04,000. The number of deaths in the city from fever alone, during the four months September to December, amounted to 10,121, or at the rate of 210 per mille per annum. The actual death rate of the city for 1881 from all causes was 125 per mille. 29. Measures have been taken for remedying the defects of drainage and conservancy which have been brought to light in the course of the investigation into this deplorable mortality. Schemes for draining the country surrounding Amritsar, for the better conservancy of the city, and for improving the water-supply are now under the consideration of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, and will shortly be carried into effect. 30. Under the head of sanitary works the only important event recorded in the Report is the completion of the works for the water-supply of Lahore, which were opened on the 30th June 1881. Notwithstanding the failure of the Service Reservoir, a constant supply has been kept up to the whole of the city and suburbs with the exception of certain localities at a high elevation. The people at first entertained a great prejudice against the water, but this is disappearing, and the demand is gradually increasing. The water is undoubtedly of excellent quality, and measures have been taken to convince the people of this. The householders have not as yet shewn much disposition to lay on the new water to their houses, and the Municipal Engineer attributes this to the water rates being too high* It is certainly desirable that the richer inhabitants should be encourged to bring the water into their houses; for at present bhishties employed by them take possession of the stand-posts to the exclusion of the poorer classes. The suggestion of the Engineer that the wells, the water of which is known to be impure, should now be closed, is worthy of consideration. 31. With the exception of this completion of the water-works at Lahore, not much advance was made during the year towards effectiug radical improvement in the water-supply of the central towns of the Province. The plans and estimates for the Delhi waterworks, however, have been completed, and in Ludhiana special measures have been taken to prevent the water-supply from pollution both in the town and district. In Rawalpindi it is intended that the scheme for supplying the town with pure water, which was commenced in 1880, shall be proceeded with. 32. At Peshawar a considerable sum has been spent on the construction in the city of masonry channels for sewage and for drinking water, comprising a central channel for drinking water with one on either side for sewage, the latter being on a lower level than the former. Apparently all these channels are open, and the water, before it reaches the channel in the city, passes close to the Sadr Bazar of the cantonment and other public places in an open stream. The channels no doubt constitute a great improvement on the state of things which previously existed in the city of Peshawar, but it cannot be allowed that they ensure the water-supply from dangerous pollution. 33. In many places much has been done in the way of cleansing wells and protecting the mouths with masonry platforms. The utility of cleaning wells periodically and protecting them from direct pollution is unquestionable; there appears, however, to be some idea that if a well has been cleansed out and its mouth protected, the water it contains may be regarded as pure and safe. In more than one of the inspection reports appended to this Report, the water of a town has been pronounced good, because it has been found clear and sweet to the taste ; it seems therefore desirable to draw the attention of Civil Surgeons to the valuable remarks of the Chemical Examiner contained in his Report for 1879 on the water-supply of the towns and villages of the Punjab, the simple means by which they may be examined, and the sanitary significance of the several impurities found in them. Wells sunk within a town or even in its immediate vicinity are a most unsafe source of supply, and the fact of water from a well being clear and sweet is not a guarantee of its being pure. The report of the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner of the Eastern Circle on the condition of the town of Sialkot (page 108) affords a good illustration of this. The water of three wells was examined, two being situated at some distance outside, the third inside the town ; no trace of sewage contamination was found in the water of either of the wells situated outside, but the water of the well inside the towu, which was highly spoken of by the inliab tants as pure and sweet, and much used by Hindus, contained sewage salts in great abundance. 34. Important improvements in drainage and conservancy have been effected in many places. In Delhi the old Shahjahani drains were opened up and thoroughly cleaned out; and the Conservancy Department which was reorganized in 1879 has proved very successful, with the result that the city is now pronounced by all to be very clean and healthy. At Lahore the drainage works of the city are reported to be progressing satisfactorily, and when completed will leave little to be desired in respect of thorough conservancy. 35. At Amritsar the main drainage scheme is nearly completed round the eastern side of the city, and the internal drainage has been improved by the adjustment of the street drains with the outer main drain. The subject of the drainage of the whole locality with a view of obviating the swamping and water-logging of the soil which resulted from the heavy rainfall of last year has beeu taken up and surveys have been made, but it is encompassed with, great difficulties. It is proposed to construct a light tramway round the east and west of the city for the purpose of rapidly removing daily the sewage from the city to the extra murai depots. 36. .In the district of Hoshiarpur three important drainage schemes have been carried into execution. 37. In Jullundur the work of cutting off the spills from the jhils north of the town and conducting them into the East Beyn nullah has been completed, and the measure is said to have proved very successful; but it would appear from the Civil Surgeon’s report on the severe outbreak of cholera which occurred in Jullundur in 1881, that some more comprehensive scheme for the improvement of the drainage of the locality is urgently wanted ; he reports “that the site is most unfortunate in respect of its drainage: only two years ago great efforts were made to improve the sanitation of the place, and wells have been made with the sole purpose of sluicing the drains, but unfortunately there is no main sewer to carry off the diluted sewage, which accumulates in large excavations immediately outside the city on its° western side. In the rains the lower level of the site causes regurgitation of the sewage into the city along the sewers and the rise in the water-level in the wells at the same time.” 38. The Deputy Commissioner of Simla “ regrets that he is unable to report that any conservancy scheme embracing the main bazar or the whole station of Simla has been put in hand, but the prospect of a complete project being sanctioned and commenced is more hopeful than it was twelve months ago. The large number of buildings being erected for public offices and residences for the Government Establishments makes the need of a complete system of conservancy every day more urgent. ” .39. The numerous inspection reports by tbe Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and the Civil Surgeons brought together in the Sanitary Report under review afford ample evidence that sanitary improvement is en^agino* the earnest attention of the district authorities, and a fair share of the ° funds at their disposal is devoted to it. In nearly all the central towns a supply of pure water brought from beyond the inhabited area is much wanted, and in not a few there is urgent need for comprehensive schemes of drainage. For works of this kind larger funds than are within the compass of local bodies are needed, but the importance of placing the central towns in a thoroughly healthy state is so great, with reference to the general health and well-being of the Province, that it may be hoped some means of raising funds for the purpose may be found. 40. Considerable numbers of villages were inspected during the year, and the inspectors describe grave insanitary evils in the way of close lanes' and alleys, ill-ventilated dwellings, absence of conservancy, and courses of water- supply exposed to pollution \ but it is scarcely within the power of Government to enforce reforms in these matters in places remote from constant supervision. These insanitary conditions are closely connected with the habits of the people, and no general reform in these habits can be looked for until the people ^re convinced of the evils resulting from them ; it is, however, satisfactory to note that efforts are being; made to diffuse better knowledge on these points among the people, and to awaken them to the fact that it is within their own power to prevent much of the sickness from which they now suffer. Doctor Cunningham’s Sanitary Primer has been widely distributed and has been introduced as a text-book in a large number of schools. Under the recent orders of Government the Civil Surgeons will be brought more into contact with the people in the supervision of vaccination, in sanitary inspections of towns and villages, and in the scrutiny of the registers of births and deaths ; and they have been directed while engaged in the performance of their duties to use their best efforts to persuade the inhabitants of villages to abandon practices which tend to produce unhealthiness, and explain to them the evil consequences of neglected conservancy, unprotected water-supply and other insanitary conditions with which they habitually surround themselves. As the people are now to be entrusted in a large degree with the management of their own affairs, and will have more voice in the expenditure of local funds, the importance of more widely extending their knowledge in matters tnat affect the public health cannot be too strongly insisted on. 41.v The Report contains a large store of valuable information on the causes of diseases among the people and the sanitary conditions by which they are surrounded. Order.—Ordered that the above Remarks be printed and circulated for general information, also that theReview be published in the Punjab Government Gazette. By order of the Hon’ble the Lieutenant-Governor, W. M. YOUNG, Secretary to Government, Punjab, Printed at the Punjab Government Civil Secretariat Press Lahore.—27-10-82.—218 SECTION I-METEOROLOGY. No Remarks. Omitted from the Report, vide Government of India No. 9—258, dated 4th September 1878, to address of Secretary to Government, Punjab). SECTION II—EUROPEAN ARMY. No Remarks. SECTION III—NATIVE ARMY. No Remarks. SECTION IV-JAILS. No Remarks. SECTION Y-VITAL STATISTICS. BIRTH REGISTRATION. tion. 1. The year 1SS1 shows a marked improvement in the birth registration. There was a total of 695,766 births registered or no less than 151,107 more than the number General results of birtli registra- returned in the previous year. The births for 1881 give a rate of 40 per mille of the population according to the census of 1868, and those for 1880 a ratio of only 31 per mille. The proportion of births to population, it will thus be seen, is very satisfactory during the year under review as compared with its predecessor, and indicates, for the most part, the rapid progress made in the registration system. Of the 695,766 births in 1881, there were 374,59.) of males and 321,167 of females, or in a proportion of 116 male to every 100 female births, the corresponding percentage in 1880 being as high as 121. The proportion during the year under report, viz., 116, as compared with 121 in 1880, is much nearer the corresponding average ratio of 104 which obtains in England. 2. The statement given in the margin shows the aggregate number of births registered by quarters in the Punjab Province during 1881 side by side with the corresponding results in 1880. It will be seen at a glance over the tigures that the increase in 1881 over the number registered in the previous year has occurred in every quarter of the year. Thus in the first quarter of 1881, the increase over the corresponding quarter of 1880 was 58,346 ; in the second quarter, the increase was 32,422; in the third quarter it amounted to 54,018 ; in the fourth quaiter, it was 6,321 ; or a total increase of 151,107 during the whole of the year. The second quarter of the year is evidently the period in which the birth-rate in the Province is always at its minimum. During the past two years, the lowest number of births registered was in the second quarter. Births by Quarters— 18S0. 1st Quarter 114,729 2nd ,, 96,871 3rd „ 144,349 4th „ 188,719 1881. 173,075 129,293 198,358 195,040 Birth-rate amongst the urban and rural popidations. 1880. 1881. Urban. Rural. Urban. Rural. 1st Quarter 31 26 36 40 2nd ,, 22 22 30 29 3rd ,, 35 33 48 45 4th ,, 46 43 44 45 For the year 33 31 39-5 397 3. In the statement shewn in the margin, the birth-rates amongst the urban and rural populations of the Punjab Province during the several quarters of the year 1881 are contrasted with the corresponding rates in 1880. The average birth-rates amongst the town and village populations in 1881 were, it will be seen, on a par. In the previous year the urban birth-rate had exceeded the rural by 2. This shows clearly that only in the second year of the introduction of birth registration in the rural circles, the system has become as popular as in towns in which latter it has been in force for the last 12 or 13 years. It is to be hoped that the villagers will show the same amount of readiness to improve the sanitary condition of their villages as they have undoubtedly done in the matter of registration. 4. The improvement in registration was not confined to particular localities but was almost o-eneral throughout the Province. The following table will show the District birdi-rate. results in the several districts during 1881 in juxta-position with those itained in the 1. Delhi ... previous year:— 1880. 31 1881. 49 17. Gujrdnwiila . 18S0. 38 1881. 44 2. Gurgaon .« • • • 22 40 18. Ferozepore ... 43 43 3! Karnal . 31 43 19. Rawalpindi ... 25 39 4. Hissar 33 40 20. Jhelum • •• 32 39 5. Rohtak 30 47 21. Gujrat ... ... 41 42 6. Sirsa 37 39 22. Shahpur ... 39 42 7. Umballa 28 38 23. Mooltan 33 38 8. Ludhiana 35 41 24. Jhang 32 36 9. Simla 12 16 25. Montgomery ... 33 39 10. Jullundur 35 43 26. Muzaffargarh ... ... 35 47 11. Hoshiarpur 29 43 27. Dera Ismail Khan ... 24 29 12. Kangra ••• ••• ••• 20 27 28. Dera Glnizi Khan ... 26 26 13. Amritsar 41 47 29. Bannu ... 22 26 14. GurdAspur Ml Itl • . • ... 29 43 30. Peshdwar ... 9 19 15. Sialkot 37 44 31. HazAra ... ... 15 30 16. Lahore • •• ••• ••• ••• 46 49 32. Koh&t ... 12 21 5. It will be seen from the above table that with two exceptions, viz. Ferozepore and Dera Ghazi Khan there has been an increase in every district of the Province during the District birth-rate analysed. year under report as compared with its immediate predecessor. The excess was most marked in the districts of Delhi, Gurgaon, Rohtak, Rawalpindi, Hazara, Karnal, Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, and Muzaffargarh. In the five first mentioned districts, that is, from Delhi to Karnal, the increase in 1881 was partly due to the low birth-rate in 1880 caused by the prevalence of epidemic fevers during the autumnal months of the two preceding years of 1878 and 1879. In the Frontier districts, also, there was a considerable increase in the birth-rate during the year under report, though there is still much room for further improvement in them. It will be seen from the Annual Form No. I. appended to this report that a large number of female births was omitted to be registered ; thus in the Peshawar district there were 5,917 male births registered against only 3,364 female births; in Koliat 1,811 against only 1,179; in Dera Ghazi Khan 4,693 against 3,373, and in Bannu 4,407 against 3,176. The figures in these districts show respectively a proportion of 57, 65, 72 and 72 female births against every 100 births of males. The ratio of total births, both male and female, to per mille of population also was very low, especially in Peshawar and Kuhat districts where it was only 18 and 20 respectively as against the average Provincial birth-rate of 40. There is no doubt that not less than half the number of births that occurred in these districts was left unregistered. On analysing the birth-rates, as given in the above table for the other districts excluding those on the Frontier, it would appear that in no less than 17 of them, the per mille birth-rate ranged between 40 and 49, while in 7 others it varied between 36 and 39 per 1000. The birth-rate in the Kangra district is still far from satisfactory being only 27 per mille, though compared with 20 of the previous year, there is considerable improvement. In the Simla district, also, the birth-rate is very low, even after due allowance being made for the great excess of the male over the female population of the Simla sanitarium. The deficient state of birth registration in the Simla and Kangra districts as well as of those on the Frontier will, it is hoped, attract the attention of district Otiicers and necessitate the adoption of such measures as may improve registration without causing unnecessary offence to the people. DEATH REGISTRATION. 6. Compared with 1880, the year 1881 now under report was unhealthy, the total deaths registered from “ all causes ” of disease being 519,779 as against 472,731. General results of death regis- This shows an excess of no less than 47,048 in 1881 over the number recorded in the preceding year. By far the greater portion of this increased amount of mortality was due to the sickly influences of the season, but some portion, probably one-fourth, may be due, also, to the greater efficiency with which registration was conducted in the present as compared with the past year. That a marked improvement has taken place in the system, is evident from the fact that although the excess under the head of fevers —a class of disease that chiefly contributed to the excess mortality in 1881 overtire previous year—was only 8 per cent; under “ all other causes” of death the increase on the other hand was no less than about 18 per cent. Thus under the head of “fevers” the deaths registered were 355,279 as against 327,727 in the preceding year, while under “ all other causes ” the number was 135,263 against 114,849. Epidemic Cholera, also, was prevalent in the Province, the number reported to have occurred from this disease in 1881 being 5,207 compared with only 274 registered the year before. Small-pox, however, was less prevalent in 1881 than in the previous year, the mortality caused by it being only 6,749 against 9,145. With regard to the proportion in which the mortality from “all causes” was registered amongst the total population in both the years, it will be seen that in 1881 the ratio per 1,000 souls according to the old census population of 1868, was 30 ; in 1880 it was 27. The ratio of male to 100 female deaths was 116; in 1880 it was 124, and the same was “ the usual average rate in the Punjab since 1868.” So that the proportion in 1881 as compared with the previous year approached much nearer to the corresponding average rate of 107 in England— a remarkable instance illustrating the progress which registration has made during the year under review. 7. So far, the general results of death registration during 1881, have been compared with The mortality from chief clis- those obtained in its immediate predecessor, the year 1880. But it will eases during the year 1881 com- interesting to contrast the leading features of the year 1881 with those years shice^SGS. ullolt sclies 0 0f the whole series separately since 1868 when the system of registration was for the first time introduced upon a recognized basis in the Punjab Province. The following table will show the information required for this purpose. Table shewiug the mortality from different causes in the Punjab during the 14 years from 1868 to 1881 inclusive :— Year. Cholera. Small-pox. Fevers. Bowel complaints. All other causes. Total. Death-rate per mille of population. 1868 532 24 222 151,337 17,823 73,871 267,7S5 15 1869 9,258 53,169 272,946 30,953 87,495 453,821 26 1870 469 27,163 275,093 27,249 88,952 418.926 24 1871 369 25,534 213,548 21,678 102,249 363,378 21 1872 8,727 23,728 264,711 23,345 110,097 430,608 25 1873 148 25,699 219,909 19,640 91,757 357,153 20 1874 78 12,026 190,631 16,407 97,571 316,713 18 1875 6,246 13,594 279,841 27,550 119,977 447,208 26 1876 5,736 10,254 351,286 27,271 102,297 496,844 2S 1877 29 12,296 219,2S1 17,664 101,662 350,932 20 1878 215 40,271 440,492 32,071 115,722 628,771 36 1879 26,135 49,489 472,939 29,612 95,038 673,213 38 1880 274 9,145 327,727 20,736 114,849 472,731 27 1881 5,207 6,749 355,279 17,281 135,263 519,779 30 8. This is not the proper place to enter into a detailed retrospect of the statistics of the The general results of the analy- principal death causes, such as Fevers, Cholera, and Small-pox, and to ais of the above table. analyze the testimony they bear to the hitherto unknown laws under which these diseases are found to have originated and assumed epidemic proportions in the different parts of the Province. Avery cursory review will here suffice. As regards Cholera, the statistics show very clearly two most important facts in connection with its extent, and course of prevalence. Firstly, the slow yet steady decline in the Cholera mortality from one epidemic year to another, from 1869 down to 1881. Thus in the successive epidemic years as shewn in the table the mortality caused by the disease was as follows :— Deaths. First epidemic in 1869 • • • • • • • • • • • • 9,258 Second do. in 1872 • • • • • • • * • • • • 8,727 Third do. in 1875 • • • • • • • • • * • 6,246 Fourth do. in 1876 • • • • • • • • • • • • 5,736 Sixth do. in 1881 • • • • • • • • • • • • 5,207 The fifth epidemic year viz., 1879, is excluded from the series because of its exceptional nature, being commonly known as the “ Hurdwar Cholera” year. This diminution in the Cholera mortality year by year, is, to say the least, the most remarkable feature in the history of Cholera in the Punjab Province, and is alone sufficient to draw the attention of District Officers to the necessity of pushing on the good work of sanitary improvements which have, it need scarcely be added, brought about such a good result. For there seems to be no other cause to account for this marked decrease than that since 1869 the sanitary condition of the country, though still far from satisfactory, has improved especially in the principal municipal towns. Secondly.—The triennial occurrence of Cholera in an epidemic form. The prevalence of the disease epidemically in 1872, 1875 and 1879, as will be seen at a glance on reference to the above table, and its absence in the two preceding years in each case is very remarkable. The cycle was, however, broken in two instances; the first in 1876—a continuation, in the Western districts of the Province, of the epidemic of the previous year which was confined to Eastern Districts exclusively; and the second in the year under report. But as regards the latter year it will be remembered that in 1869, also, there was a similar break. The early recurrence of the disease in these two years 1869 and 1881, may perhaps be related to the unusual prevalence in each case, of the Hurdwar Cholera, in 1867 and 1879 respectively. The statistics of small-pox, also, show a decided falling off in its death-rate, due, to some extent no doubt, to the spread of vaccination. Excepting the years 1869, 1878, and 1879, there is a most marked decline year by year in the number of deaths registered under the head of small-pox viz., from 27,163 in 1870 to only 6,749 in the year under report. For the first period, from 1870 to 1873, the deaths in round numbers varied between twenty-seven thousand to twenty-three thousand, in the second period, viz. 1874 to 1877 the number ranged between thirteen thousand to ten thousand, and in the last period, that is, 1880 and 1881, between only nine thousand and six thousand. Owing to improvement in registration and, also, to certain exceptional circumstances as explained in Section VI of previous years’ Annual Report, under the head of “ Fevers,” the mortality from these diseases has been comparatively very high in the later years of the series. The statistics for “ Bowel Complaints” call for no special remarks except that the mortality from them has increased and decreased liand-in-hand with the respective rise and fall in the death-rate from fevers. 9. The last column of the table shows the death-rate per mille of population. Next to 1878 . . , , , and 1879, the year under review had a rate higher than that recorded rovmcia c ea ra e. jQ any one year 0f ^he series. The Punjab death-rate, it will be seen, is not only very unsteady, but also extremely excessive as compared with the corresponding death-rate in England. For instance in the Punjab, the ratio per mille of population was as high as 38 and 36 respectively during the years 1878 and 1879, while on the other hand it was as low as 20 in 1877 and only 18 in 1874. In England, not only is the death-rate low, but its rise or fall, also, in each year is very insignificant. Table 2 of the Report of the Registrar General of Births and Deaths of England for 1879, gives the death-rates in that country for 42 years, from 1838 to 1879, from which it will be seen that the death-rate per 1,000 persons living varied in those years from only 20 to 25. 10. The details of the Urban and Rural death-rates of the Punjab Province are shewn in Annual tt, _ , _ ,, . Form No. VI. appended to this Report. The difference between the death- rate. 1 Jan an e YUra eatl" rates of both these classes of the population is most marked. The Urban death-rate in 1881, it will be seen was 48 per 1,000 against the Rural death- rate of 29 due to the undermentioned causes of deaths respectively :— Urban Rural Both Rural death-rate. death-rate. and Urban, Cholera 2-84 009 030 Small-pox 030 0-39 038 Fevers ... 2738 1980 2032 Bowel complaints 3 38 079 0-99 Injuries 034 032 0.32 All other causes ... 1400 688 741 11. The death-rates from “all Mortality by months. causes ” during each month of the year 1881 are contrasted with those of the previous year in the table given in January. February March April May June July August September October ... November December 1880. 1881. 32 29 25 26 23 23 20 22 24 22 25 22 20 20 25 21 32 37 . 35 52 . 31 44 . 32 38 the margin from which it will be seen at a glance that October and November were the unhealthiest of all the months of the year under review, having a death-rate as high as 52 and 41 per mille of population per annum respectively, the corresponding ratios in the previous year being only 35 and 31. The sickly season which has rendered the year unhealthy in comparison with 1880, it would appear, commenced with September in which the death- rate rose as high as 37 from only 21 in the preceding -month of August, and continued to prevail, though with less fatality, till December reaching the maximum as already stated in the intervening months of October and November. The rate of mortality in December was 38 or 1 per mille more than in September. The next highest death-rates it will be seen, were recorded in January and February due, no doubt, to the continuation of the influences of the sickly season of the previous year. From March to August, (G months), the mortality in 1881 was evidently at its normal standard, varying from 23 in March to 20 in July. 12. The following table shows the annual death-rates per 1,000 of population in the several districts of the Punjab Province registered 1881 :— District death-rate. during 1. Delhi • • • • • i • • • • • • ... 38 17. Gujranwala 2. Gurgaon • • • ..« • • • ... 29 IS. Ferozepore 3. Karn&l ..• ••• ... ... 36 19. Rawalpindi ... 4. Hissar • • • • • • ... ... 27 20. Jhelum ... 5. Rohtak • • • • • • i • • ... 31 21. Gujrat 6. Sirsa t • • • • * • •4 ... 28 22. Shabpur i . Umballa ••• • • • ... 34 23! Mooltan 8. Ludhiana ... ••• ••• « • . ... 30 24. Jhang 9. Simla •. • # • • . • 4 22 25. Montgomery 10. Jullundur ... • • • 4.4 30 26. Muzaffargarh 11. Hoshiarpur ... 4 • • ... 31 27. Dera Ismail Khan 12. Ivangra ... • t • . • • ( * . ... 29 28. Dera Ghazi Khan ... 13. Amritsar ... • * • ... 50 29. Bannu 14. Gurddspur ... ... • • • ,,, ... 29 30. Peshawar . 15. Sialkot 4.4 ... 28 31. Hazara 16. Lahore • • • ••• ••• 4.4 ... 41 32. Kohdt . 13. It will be seen from this table that the hi ghest death-rate O 26 30 25 24 21 22 32 18 28 31 22 18 21 24 20 19 in Analysis of the district death- rate. 1881 was recorded in the _,_, - ---- L on against only 29 in the previous year. This increase is due especially to the excessive mortality caused by epidemic fevers in the city of Amritsar. Next to Amritsar in the order of high death-rate, comes the district of Lahore with a rate of 41 per mille the latio in the previous year being 31. In this district, also, the increased death-rate was the lesult mostly of the prevalence of epidemic fevers. Delhi district had a death-rate of 08, Karnal oG, Umballa 34, Mooltan 32, Rohtak, Muzaffargarh, and Hoshiarpur 31 each, Ferozepore and Ludhiana 30 each. In 9 districts the death-rate varied between 29 and 25 per mille, and in 8 others between 24 and z0. In Jhang, Koliat and Dera Ghazi Khan it was below 20 per mille. 14 In para 8 of my report for the past year, I gave a statement of the annual death-rates The district death-rate for 1881 ™ each district of the Punjab from 1868 to 1880 inclusive. On corn- compared with that for previous paring the rates for the several districts shown in that statement with years. those for 1881, it will be seen that sickness was not so wide-spread and fatal in the year under review as in 1S7S and 1879. The highest death-rate registered in 1881 was, as already stated, 51 in Amritsar and 41 in Lahore, while in 18/8 it was as high as /2 in Jullundur, 68 in Gurgaon, 55 in Delhi, 46 in Lahore, 45 each in Ludhiana and Amritsar^ and 4o in Feiozepore. In 1879 sickness covered a still larger area and was more fatal than in 18/8. 1 he district which suffered most was Gurgaon in which the per mille death-rate was 81 a death-rate much higher than that registered iu any one district since the introduction of death registration in the Province. A here were in 1S79 no less than 11 districts including Gurgaon, which had a death-rate upwards of 40 per mille; viz., Delhi 71, Rohtak and Rawalpindi 67 each, Karnal 59, Amritsar and Jhelum 43 each, Hissar and Umballa 42 each, Lahore 41 and Sirsa 40. The above rates show the extent to which the several districts of the Province are subject to the fatal influences of epidemic disease. These death-rates are exceedingly high compared with the death- rate registered in Eugland. From Table 26, given at page LXV1I of the forty-second Annual Repoit of the Registrar General of Births, Deaths and Marriages in England, showing “ Deaths to 1,000 persons living in the several counties of England during each of the eleven years 18G9-/9,^ it appears that there is not a single county in which the death-rate exceeded 28'3 per mille in any of .these. II yeais. Even this death-rate of 28 3—considerably low as it is compared with that of the Punjab districts is quite exceptional as it occurred only in a single year in Lancashire and Durham counties which would, on reference to the table, appear to be the only districts in Eugland and Wales out ol 44 in which the death- rate was so high as 283. In none of the other 42 counties did the death-rate exceed 25 7 in any year of the series, while in most of them the proportion varied between 15 and 20 per 1,000 persons living. Deaths by Ayes. 15. The details of the classification of deaths by ages in the several districts of the Province are shown in Annual Form No. IV appended to this report. Taking the Province as a whole, it would appear from the statement of the general result of death registration by different ages, as given in the margin, that, as usual, the mortality amongst the infant population was excessive. Of the graud total of 519,779 deaths registered in the whole Proviuce, there were no less than 240,971 which occurred amongst children under six years of age. This number is equal to 46 per cent, of the total Provincial mortality. Of old pei’sons aged GO and upwards, the number of deaths reported to have occurred during the year was 85,497. With regard to the proportion of the mortality between the sexes, it will be seen that with one exception there was an excess of male over female deaths in all the different life-periods specified in the table given in the margin of the above para. That exception was the age betweeu 20 and 80 at which the female deaths exceeded the male by 502. On analysing the district returns shown in Annual Form No. IV, this excess, it will be seen, was most marked in Hoshiarpur, Kangra, Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Sialkot. The Resolution of the Government of India No. 1—50-61, dated 4th March 1882 was received too late to permit of the alterations in the age-periods referred to in that Resolution being made in Annual Return No. IV for the year under review. The orders of Government will be complied with from the commencement of the current year, 1882. BIRTH AND DEATH REGISTRATION. Males. Females. Under 1 year ... 77,572 67,966 1 to 6 ... ... 49,857 45,576 6 to 12 ... 13,268 11,678 12 to 20 ... ... 10,453 9,499 20 to 30 ... ... 17,881 18,383 30 to 40 ... 18,308 16,742 40 to 50 ... 22,580 16,808 50 to 60 22,481 15,230 60 and upward 46,874 38,623 All ages ... ... 279,274 240,505 1G. It is to be regretted that owing to the results of the recent census not being available earlier, the birth and death-rates for the districts and towns as shown in the Births compare wit i eat is. returns for the year under review, could not be calculated on the revised population. The Deputy Superintendent of census operations has, however, lately furnished me with the Abstract Population Statements, and I take this opportunity to give below the new population in each district of the Punjab, together with the total births and deaths and the ratios per 1,000 of this population : — No. District. Population according to Census 1881* Total number of Births. Total number of Deaths. Birthrate. Death- rate. 1 Delhi 640,367 29,546 23,022 46 36 2 Gurgaon • • • 641,848 27,787 19,945 43 31 3 Karri al • • • 622,621 26,236 21,991 42 35 4 Hissar • • • 504,183 19,332 12,896 38 25 5 Rohtak • • • 553,609 25,021 16,714 45 so G Sirsa • • • 253,275 8,280 5,982 33 24 7 Umballa • • • 1,026,582 37,834 34,268 37 33 8 Ludhiana « • • 618,835 24,018 17,715 39 29 9 Simla • • ■ 33,214 532 727 16 22 10 Jullundur 780,087 33,490 23,443 43 30 11 Hoshiarpur • • • 901.381 40,215 28,826 45 32 12 Kangra 729,239 20,054 21,668 27 30 13 Amritsar 892,035 39,293 42,096 44 47 14 Gurdaspur • • • 821,476 38,665 26,466 47 32 15 Sialkot 1,000,236 43,686 28,379 44 28 1G Lahore 905,697 37,981 31,601 42 35 17 Gujranwala 616,892 24,063 14,174 39 23 18 Ferozepore 631,819 23,108 16,318 36 26 19 Rawalpindi 792,855 27,102 17,733 34 22 20 Jhelum • • • 584,579 19,735 11,825 34 20 21 Gujrat 689,115 26,100 12,868 38 19 22 Shahpur 421,508 15,336 8,272 86 20 23 Mooltan 540,761 17,365 14,844 32 27 24 Jhang 395,296 12,370 6,470 31 16 25 Montgomery • • • 426,529 14,020 9,948 33 23 26 Muzaffargarh 338,605 14,030 9,063 41 27 27 Dera Ismail Khan • • • 441,649 11,569 8,626 26 19 28 Dera Ghazi Khan • • • 363,346 8,066 5,493 22 15 29 Bannu ... 332,577 7,583 6,192 23 19 30 Peshawar 587,201 9,281 12,233 16 21 31 Hazara ... 407,075 11,078 7,218 27 18 32 Kohat • • • 181,540 2,990 2,763 16 15 Total • • • 18,676,032 695,766 519,779 37 28 * Exclusive of the population of Military Cantonments and Khaibar Pass. Excluding the population of the Military Cantonments for which Vital Statistics are prepared separately, and that of the Khaibar Pass which is not under registration, the population in the Punjab enumerated in 1881 amounts to 18,676,032 against 17,487,125, in 1868 so that during the interval of 13 years the population has increased by 1,188,007 or about 7 per cent.—a result which compares very favorably with that deduced from the Vital Statistical figures given in para. 12 clause (1) of my Sanitary Report for last year. Calculating on the increased population the correct provincial birth-rate during the year under review was, as will be seen by reference to the above table, 37 per 1,000, and the death-rate 28 per 1,000. According to the old census population of 1868, the birth-rate was 39 and the death-rate 30 per mille. Thus the difference between the rates reckoned on the old and new populations enumerated in 1868 and 1881, respectively, does not exceed 2 per 1,000. There was an excess of 175,987 births over the deaths registered during 1881. The excess has occurred in all the districts except two, viz., Simla and Peshawar. In the former district the birth-rate fell short of the death ratio l.y 6 and in the latter by 5 per mille. In Peshawar the low birth-rate is evidently the result of gross neglect in registration, whereas in the Simla district it is partly due, as already mentioned in a previous para, to the great excess iu the male over the female population in the sanitarium. In 18 out of the 32 districts iu the Province, the birth-rate exceeds the death-rate very considerably; particularly in the following : Excess of birth-rate Birth-rate. Death-rate. over death Gujrat 38 19 19 Sialkot 44 28 16 Gujranwala 39 23 16 Shahpur 36 20 16 Jhang 31 16 15 Rohtak 45 30 15 Gurdaspur 47 32 15 Jhelum 34 20 14 Muzaffargark 41 27 14 Hissar 38 25 13 Jullundur 43 30 13 17. In the subjoined table the results of birth registration during the year under report, in the ,, . . ,. , 52 large municipal towns of the Punjab, are contrasted with the results of Birth registration in large © . r , . ,. J municipal towns death registration obtained in the same year, Comparative Statement of Births and Deaths registered in the 52 large Municipal towns in the Punjab and their birth and death-rates during the year 1881. Births. Deaths. Birth-Rates. Death-Rates. Districts. Towns. « a a •2 s ¥3 S 8 ti fc o m CD r—i c3 15 6 <D £ 13 4-5 O H m CD 13 i 13 s <D £ 13 o m <D f—H * IS s <D 1 H 13 6 CD 13 -A-> o H 1 f Delhi 115,992 3,275 3,038 6,313 2,923 2,617 5,540 28 26 54 47 48 48 2 Delhi ... A Do. Suburbs 44,561 1,402 1,272 2,674 895 763 1,658 31 28 60 36 38 37 3 l Sonepat 13,637 2S2 232 514 1S4 166 350 21 17 38 26 25 26 4 f Farakhnagar 10,594 260 238 498 222 227 449 24 22 47 42 42 42 5 Gurgaon ... -j Rewari 25,190 638 572 1,210 370 348 718 25 23 48 29 28 28 6 Firozpur 10,530 221 222 443 232 213 445 21 21 42 42 42 42 7 l Palwal 13,553 286 289 575 293 287 580 21 21 42 42 43 43 8 f Karndl 24,015 447 371 818 566 510 1,076 19 15 34 44 45 45 9 Karndl ... -! Kaithal 15,799 185 151 336 183 165 348 12 9 21 23 21 22 10 1 Panipat 24,500 581 522 1,103 504 447 951 24 21 45 40 37 39 11 ( Hissar 14,162 243 19S 441 280 240 520 17 14 31 37 36 37 12 Hissar ... •< Hansi 12,210 203 207 410 192 178 370 17 17 33 30 30 30 13 ( Bhiwani 33,220 736 666 1,402 556 556 1,112 22 20 42 32 35 33 14 Rohtak ... | Rohtak 14,994 275 247 522 211 175 386 IS 16 35 27 24 26 15 Jhajjar 12,456 308 248 556 157 165 322 25 20 45 25 26 26 1G Sirsa Sirsa 12,807 161 136 297 143 129 272 12 11 23 20 23 21 17 ( Umballa 26,258 602 534 1,136 700 649 1,349 23 20 43 48 55 51 18 Jagadhri 12,522 282 206 488 235! 215 450 22 16 39 34 38 36 19 Umballa ... < Shahabad 11,660 214 157 371 164 147 311 18 13 32 26 28 27 20 Sddhaura 11,167 179 200 379 124 143 267 16 18 34 21 27 24 21 [ Rupar 10,261 177 167 344 155 101 256 17 16 33 26 23 25 22 Ludhiana ... j Ludhidna 40,385 942 865 1,807 757| 737 1,494 23 21 45 34 41 37 23 Jagraon 16,321 416 387 S03 309 290 599 25 24 49 36 37 37 24 f Jullundur 35,222 742 685 1,427 835 798 1,633 21 19 40 43 50 46 25 J ullundur ... ! Do. Suburbs 15,702 291 277 568 294 266 560 18 18 36 36 36 36 26 1 Kartdrpur 11,053 182 141 323 ISO 181 361 16 13 29 30 35 33 27 l Rdhon 12,914 251 241 492 294 301 595 19 19 38 43 50 46 28 Hoshidrpur... Hoshiarpur 13,138 285 270 555 291 302 593 22 20 42 41 50 45 29 Tdnda and Urmar 13,971 252 256 508 268 271 539 18 18 36 36 41 38 30 Amritsar Amritsar 136,166 2,962 2,853 5,815 8,468 8,516 16,9S4 22 21 43 10S 146 125 31 Gurddspur Batdla 26,929 464 443 907 635 730 1,365 17 16 34 45 57 51 32 Sidlkot Sidlkot 32,9S9 707 585 1,292 686 703 1,389 21 18 39, 38 46 42 33 f Lahore 92,035 1,808 1,54'9 3,357 2,579 2,614 5,193 20 17 36 50 64 56 34 Lahore ... 1 Do. Suburbs 36,406 404 345 749 1,129 520 1,649 11 9 20 48 41 45 35 l Kasur 16,793 322 290 612 309 284 593 19 17 36 36 35 35 36 Gujrdnwdla... Gujranwala 20,362 473 433 906 436 467 903 23 21 44 39 51 44 37 Wazirabad 15,346 323 260 5S3 257 231 488 21 17 3S 29 35 32 38 Ferozepore Ferozepore 15,168 373 345 718 430 358 788 24 23 47 49 55 52 39 Rawalpindi ... Rawalpindi 20,802 468 424 S92 678 391 1,069 22 20 43 53 49 51 40 Jhelum ... Jhelum 11,319 124 69 193 148 87 235 11 6 17 20 22 21 41 Pind Dadan Khan 15,397 347 331 678 220 217 437 22 21 44 27 30 28 42 Gujrdt ... Gujrdt 17,401 449 401 S50 229 196 425 26 23 49 25 24 24 43 Jalalpur 14,014 331 302 633 244 215 459 24 21 45 32 33 33 44 Shahpur Bhera 14,710 423 432 855 231 232 463 29 29 58 30 33 31 45 Mooltan ... Mooltan 29,448 793 725 1,518 546 474 1,020 27 25 51 35 34 35 46 Do. Suburbs 21,430 548 462 1,010 472 359 831 25 21 47 39 38 38 47 48 Jhang ... | Maghiana Chiniot 13,618 11,999 253 231 239 ,219 492 450 158 135 145 151 303 286 18 19 17 18 36 37 20 21 24 26 22 24 49 Dera I. Khan... Dera Ismail Khan 19.954 352 262 614 258 219 477 18 13 31 24 24 24 50 DeraG. Khan... Dera Ghdzi Khan 19,133 320 269 5S9 226 227 453 17 14 31 21 27 24 51 Peshdwar Peshdwar 58,430 1,148 918 2,066 291 1,304 1,163 2,407 20 16 35 40 45 42 52 Kohdt Kohdt 11,043 176 * 115 192 128 320 16 10 26 32 25 29 Grand Total 1,299,GS6 28,117 25,266 53,383 32,487 30,214 * 62,701 22 ,0 41 46 51 48 First with regard to birth registration. It will he seen that there was a total of 53,383 births registered in the 52 towns taken as a whole. This shows a very considerable increase, viz., of 8,650 births over the number registered in the previous year. The births in 1881 are thus equal to 41 and in 1880 to only 34 per mille of the population. The proportion between male and female births is as 111 male to every 100 female births registered, against a corresponding ratio of 112 last year. In 4 out of the 52 towns, the birth-rate varied between 51 and GO per mille, viz, Delhi 54, Delhi Suburbs 60, Bhera in Skahpur 58 and Mooltan 51 per mille. In 20 towns the birth-rate varied between 40 and 49 per 1,000 ; in 22 others between SO and 39. In the towns of Kaithal, Siren, Kartarpur Jhetum and Kohat in which the'birth-rate falls shorts of 30 per 1,000 there is a very strong suspicion of neglect in registration. J b 1 , On comparing the birth-rates for the several towns registered during the year under review with those for the previous year 1880, it appears that the increase in the birth-rate was most marked in the several towns situated in the districts of Delhi, Gurgaon, Karnal, Rohtak, Umballa and Rawalpindi, inis is attributable not to any improvement in registration, but to the excessive prevalence of epidemic ievers during the years 1878 and 1879, which, besides causing a heavy mortality, prostrated the entire population and thus reduced very considerably the birth-rate in the succeeding period, viz., 1880. The names of those towns as well as the birth-rates registered in them in both the years 1881 and 1880 are given below:— Delhi Gurgaon Karnal Rohtak Umballa Rawalpindi 18. Delhi Do. Suburbs Sonipat Farakhnagar Reward Firozpur Karnal Pari i pat Rohtak Jhajjar _ Jagadhri Rawalpindi Birth-rate Birth-rate Excess in in 1881. in 1880. 1881. ... 54 38 16 ... 60 38 22 ... 38 27 11 ... 47 22 25 48 32 16 ... 42 23 19 ... 34 23 11 45 34 11 ... 3o 23 12 ... 45 28 17 39 27 12 ... 43 32 11 Death registration Municipal towns. Adverting to death registration it will be seen by reference to the tabular statement given l lai-.re *n Para- tlmt the death-rate contrasts very unfavorably with the birth-rate, the total deaths registered in the 52 Municipal towns being . 02,701 or 9,318 more than the number of births registered in the same period. The average death-rate per 1,000 of population in all the towns taken together was 48 against a birth-rate of 41. I he death-rate in the city of Amritsar was most excessive owing to the prevalence of epidemic fevers. The total deaths registered during the year were no less than 16,984 giving a death-rate of 12‘5 per cent, of the population. The number of births registered during the same period was only 5,815. This shows an excess of 11,109 deaths over the births registered, or in. other words, that the population was nearly decimated. In several other towns ihe death-rate was high, as for example :— District. Dkliii Gurgaon Karnal Umballa Jullundur Hoshiarpur Gurdaspur Sialkot Lahore Gujranwala Firozpur Rawalpindi Peshawar ... { Town. ... Delhi f Farakhnagar ( Palwal ... Karnal .. Umballa f Jullundur Rahon Hoshiarpur Batala Sialkot Lahore „ Suburbs Gujranwala Firozpur Rawalpindi Peshawar Permille Death-rate. 48 42 43 45 51 46 46 45 51 42 56 45 44 52 51 42 Results of registration in select- 19. The results of registration in the selected villages situated on 011 the ^ estern Jamna the Western Jamna Canal are shown in the subjoined statement. U o n JZ5 1 2 3! 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 isG 14p 15 ^ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 < A I 13 14'M 16l 10i 17 18 19 2o| 21! 22 23, Statement showing Births and Deaths registered in the villages situated on the 3 4 5 6 7 8 Population AC- To talNo. of Total No. of CORDING TO CENSUS Births re- Deaths regis- o r~> o c Causes oe Death of 1877. CISTERED. TERED. <u g 7 i ' ^ a 1—! P ■-I cj - g * tn Name of Villages. U pH P* 6 o.2 Small-pox. S . o m J3 ci O Males. 1 Females. 1 1 1 Total. Males. Females. | Total. Males. Females. Total. r-i p A CL c3 c3 £ "2 o QJ P” Cholera Fevers. Bowel col plaints. Injuries. t* Q> o #-i <1 Tajpur (Tihari Khurd) 214 205 419 13 9 09 14 13 27 52 64 • • • ' 20 ... ... 7 Bathgaon 2,396 2,046 4,442 82 69 151 158 123 281 34 63 ... 4 215 22 • • • 40 Barawasni 9S8 907 1,895 57 41 98 77 63 140 52 74 1 75 12 2 50 Mahra 873 773 1,640 39 30 69 50 57 107 I 42 65 ... 4i 3 27 Dabarpur 253 203 456 9 7 16 7 9 16 35 35 • « • 13 • • • 3 Hulaheri 47S 416 894 17 11 28 17 18 35 31 39 32 ... ... 3 Garlii Brahmnan ... 277 268 545 12 17 29 13 12 25 53 46 ... 22 3 Badshahpur Mlijri 190 181 377 8 4 12 9 9 18 32 48 • .. 12 * . . 6 Jaji 296 285 581 14 13 27 17 11 28 46 48 19 9 . . . 7 Kakrohi 1,089 1,020 2,109 41 59 100 55 71 126 47 6C 1 86 4 1 34 Juan 1,563 1,476 3,039 82 61 143 100 67 167 47 55 ... 130 1 36 Sitauli 432 403 S35 16 17 33 25 32 57 39 68 48 . . . 9 Chitanah 442 393 835 25 15 40 33 IS 51 48 61 33 8 10 Kheri Darya 332 304 636 10 t 17 17 17 34 27 53 1 26 4 3 J afarabdd 249 227 476 12 11 23 13 14 27 48 57 20 7 Khizarpur Jat 218 191 409 7 6 13 12 6 IS 32 44 14 1 3 Maihlana 614 537 1,151 22 31 55 54 47 101 46 88 3 86 12 Kareori 403 353 756 9 12 21 IS 21 3S 2S 51 ... 28 ... 11 Hassany&rpur (Tihari Kalan 217 188 405 9 6 15 14 6 20 37 49 ... 14 ... ... 6 Biigru 381 322 703 13 8 21 22 10 32 30 45 1 20 9 ... 9 Jharauti 261 253 514 17 6 23 11 12 23 45 45 13 ... 10 Anandpur 151 136 287 6 7 13 S 10 IS 45 63 18 ... ... Bhadh&nah 648 585 1,233 99 iWiJ IS 40 37 36 73 32 59 ... 54 3 1 15 Jharant 318 261 579 12 14 26 17 9 26 45 45 i 20 ... ... 5 Rohat 1,468 1,293 2,761 65 61 126 71 59 130 46 47 ... 97 3 30 Total ... 14,757 13,226 27,983 619 540 1,159 869 750 1,619 41 58 i 11 1,192 64 5 346 Kharkali • . . 72 50 122 1 4 5 3 1 4 41 33 1 3 J hi war her i . . . 1S7 160 347 13 10 23 14 12 26 66 75 ... 1 15 10 Hassanpur 207 190 397 11 10 23 S 15 58 38 12 3 Rasin 222 199 421 15 8 23 13 15 28 55 66 ... 23 ... 5 Pliorlak • . . 684 700 1,384 34 25 59 39 43 82 43 59 ... 65 1 ... 16 Opli 36 44 80 2 1 3 1 ... 1 37 12 ... ... ... 1 Garaundah 2,061 1,568 3,629 96 89 185 77 50 127 51 35 1 72 9 1 51 Malakpur ... S9 63 152 2 1 3 1 2 3 20 20 ... ... 3 1 ... Badshahpur ... 31 20 51 1 1 o o 20 39 ... ... t 1 Ghora Gharri ... ’ 89 75 164 5 5 10 8 12 20 61 121 ... 16 4 Sheikh pura ... 395 379 774 29 13 42 10 7 17 54 22 ... 12 1 5 Godah 627 551 1,178 21 21 42 20 15 35 36 30 ... 25 9 Kohand 651 501 1,152 26 14 40 15 16 31 35 27 ... OK ZO ... 6 Ganjar 311 249 560 17 4 21 16 9 25 37 4 i ... 21 4 Barauli 406 361 767 20 21 41 23 10 33 53 43- 29 4 i Babarpur 202 183 385 10 12 22 6 9 15 57 39 — | ... 8 7 Begampur 127 122 249 9 6 15 3 10 13 60 52r ... 5 ... 8 Dolanah 494 438 932 21 13 34 23 15 38 36 4>L ... 22 ... 16 Kotdnah 40 27 67 4 o JJ 6 1 4 5 S9 4- ... 3 ... 2 Baholi 363 235 59S 5 5 10 14 12 26 17 43- ... 2! ... 1 Razapur 88 35 123 , 1 3 4 2 3 5 32 4- ... 4 Khacroli 532 458 990 17 21 38 2S 24 52 3S 52- 1 ... 47 5 Muhammadpur 340 291 631 13 14 27 11 12 23 43 36-- ... 13 1 9 Total 8,254 6,S99 | 15, lo3^ 373 304 077 338 288| 626 1 45; 41'- 1 2 i 447 4l 3 170 Western Jamna Canal in the Delhi and Karndl Districts daring the year 1881. ■ ,7 It will be seen from the above table that the total number of deaths registered in the group of 25 villages situated in the Delhi district was 1,619 equal to a death-rate of 58 per mille of populatiou. The total births registered were only 1,159 or at the rate of 41 per mille. Thus the deaths exceeded the births by 460. The villages in the Karnal district were comparatively much healthier. In them the deaths registered were 626 against 677 births, the birth-rate was 45 and the death-rate 41. The birth and death-rates in these two groups of villages duriDg 1881 are contrasted in the following table with those that prevailed in previous yeais :— Half year Birth-rate Death-rate Birth-rate Death-rate ending 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Mean. 55 24 31 41 38 120 65 47 58 72 36 27 34 45 35 57 76 44 41 54 Delhi Villages ... j Karnal do. ... j The mean death-rate is very high, particularly in the villages situated in the Delhi district. For Delhi Villages. For Karnal Villages. The total population enumerated in 1877 was • • • 27,983 15,153 The total deaths registered during the 3| years end- ing in 1881 was . • • • • • • 6,430 2,894 The total number of births registered in the same period was. • • • • • • 3,477 1,971 The excess of deaths over births was... • • • ■ • • 2,953 923 This shows that the population of the villages in the Delhi district censused in 1877 was more than decimated during the three and a half years ending in 1881. In those situated in the Karnal district also there was a very large reduction in the population. The excessive mortality is, for the most part, due to the prevalence of epidemic fevers as will be seen from the subjoined table showing the total deaths registered from different causes during the 31- years :— Cholera Small-pox Fevers Bowel complaints Injuries All other causes i Villages. Karnal Villages. 4 7 16 100 5,072 2,143 255 57 27 11 1,056 576 6,430 2,894 These statistics show that more than three-fourths of the total mortality was caused by fevers alone, the fever-deaths in tf e Delhi and Karnal villages being 5,072 and 2,143 out of a total of 6,430 and 2,894 respectively from “ all causes.” The seasonal incidence of mortality in the Delhi and Karnal villages will be seen from the table January Delhi Villages. 425 Karnal I 231 February 345 166 March 312 153 April 268 118 May 315 204 June 293 146 July 234 141 August 290 230 September 467 303 October 560 298 November 631 248 December _ 615 220 given in the margin. Tne monthly totals include the deaths for three years ending in 1881, the statistics for 1878 being excluded from the return as they are available only for 6 months of the year. The figures show that the comparatively healthy months of the year are April, June aud July while the unhealthiest are those of October to December. The following table shows the deaths registered according to ages in the Delhi and Karnal villages during the period of 3| years ending in 1881. Under one year • • • ,, 1 tO 6,, a . . • • • „ 6 to 12 „ • • • „ 12 to 20 „ • • • „ 20 to 30 „ • • • „ 30 to 40 ,, ... • • • „ 40 to 50 „ • • « „ 50 to 60 „ • • • 60 and upward • • • All ages f Males ( Females Delhi Villages. Karndl Villages. 1,386 606 1,020 568 200 111 259 111 641 212 603 275 763 300 652 285 906 426 3,455 1,554 2,975 1,340 The deaths of children under six years of age were 2,406 in the Delhi and 1,174 in the Karn&i villages. Births and deaths registered . 20. The following table shews the births and deaths registered amongst the European and Eura- during the year under review amongst the European and Eurasian popu- eian population. latiou in the Punjab Province. Statement showing the number of births registered in the undermentioned districts of the Province amongst European and Eurasian population during 1881. Number. District. Population according to Census of 1881. Male. H-f JlRTHS. o IS e o £ Total. Remarks. 1 Simla 3,143 34 22 56 2 Dalhousie 306 6 4 10 3 Lahore 3,884 7 4 11 4 Gujramvdla 113 ... 2 2 5 Murree 3,712 2 2 4 6 Jullundur 1,565 1 1 Total 12,723 50 34 84 Birth-rate 6‘60. RETURN A. Deaths registered according to classes and from different causes among the European and Eurasian Population m the undermentioned Districts during the year 1881. DISTRICTS. Delhi Hissar Simla Jullundur? Amritsar Gurdaspur Lahore Gujranw&la. Rawalpindi , Mooltan Dera Ismail Khan Total CLASSES. a «s o . p< q o a S’® w o q .2 I p< o & I 6 1 7 I 8 I9 I 10 1 11 13 CAUSES OF DEATH. Cholera. | li 5 H £: EH 6 6 29 3 1 3 67 6 6 2 1 117 1,103 49 3,143 1,665 628 306 3,884 113 3,712 1,819 251 16,573 13 Ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population 11 19 SMALL-POX. Fevers. Bowel com- Injuries. Under one year. 1- -12. 12 and over 12. plaints. Suicide. Wound’ ing. Accident. Snake-bite or killed by wild beasts. Males. Females. 1 'sopsM Females. 8 H % Females. | Total. \ Males. | Females. TotaL | Males. 1 | Females. TotaL i d a Females. TotaL Males. Females. Total. Males. | Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. 2 2 i i 3 1 1 4 i 5 2 4 6 5 5 10 6 7 13 i 1 1 1 2 1 11 • ,0 9 12 21 1 l .. .... .. .... .. • • • . • • .. 1-21 •• •• 1-27 0-06 All other causes. 35 21 13 Total deaths from all causes, I 1 d o a ^ S' 43 c3 9 rO CS - O r o o 3' c3 « 1 1 5 5 lb 16 29 3 1 3 67 6 5 2 1 66 69 48 117 3-381.. ..7-06 14 idod RETURN B. Deaths registered according to age during the year 1881. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 9 1 10 1 » 12 13 Classes of Born dead. Ages at DEATH. Districts. Born dead. Under one year. 1- -6. 6- -12. 12- -20. 20- -30. 30- -40. 40- -50. 50 -60 60 and upwards. 9 Total. Males. Females. Christians. Muhammadans. Hindus. Other classes. CO o § Females. ro Q »—< c3 S Females. | Males. Females. Males. | Females. Males. | Females. j Males. j Females. J Males. J Females. Males. j Females. Males. | Females. J Males. 8 a Delhi 1 1 1 2 1 4 Hissar o 1 2 1 ,,, • • • ... • • • ... 5 1 Simla 1 2 3 5 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 • • • 3 2 1 1 3 16 13 Jullundur 1 • • • 2 • • • ... • «. ... 3 *. • Amritsar ... • • • • • • • •• • • • ... 1 ... 1 Gurd&spur 3 . • • » • • • • • • • • • ... ... ... .. . 3 Lahore 6 3J 6 6 1 i 5 4 8 5 3 4 1 2 1 • ** 1 33 24 Gujrdnw&la 1 ... 1 « • . ... 3 ... 5 • * • Rawalpindi Mooltan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 D. I. Khan , • • • 1 IM ... • • « ... ... ... 1 Total 1 2 3 13 ul 9 8 2 i 8 2 11 9 13 8 4 3 2 1 7 5 69 48 21. The amount realized from fines imposed upon the people for neglect to register births and Amount of fines realized for deaths was Rs. 822. In the two preceding years the amount realized was neglect ia registering births and Rs. 214 and 280 respectively. In the Muzaffargarh district no less deaths. than Ra. 595 was realized on this account during the year under review. CHART SHOWING DEATHS FROM SMALL-POX BY MONTHS IN THE PUNJAB PROVINCE, DURING THE YEARS 1868 to 1881. SECTION VI.-CHIEF DISEASES OE THE YEAR. A. CHOLERA. 22. The total deaths registered from Cholera during the year under review were 5,207 of which number 3,036 were males and 2,171 females, or in the ratio of 0 30 per mille Monthly mortality from Cholera p6r aunum of population. In para 22 of my report of last year I stated urm§ ‘ that “ though the disease was present throughout the year it remained in an almost entirely quiescent state till July after which it manifested some signs of activity the same remarks do not apply to this year. In 1881 the disease began to show signs of activity in May or two months earlier than in the past year. 23. The Army Sanitary Commission in para 6 of its memorandum on the Sanitary Administration The remarks of the Army Sani- Report of the Punjab for 1879, observe that “ the three earlier months of tary Commission that the three each year are nearly exempt from cholera, and that the normal increase earlier months of each year are takes place in April.” This is a point worthy of attention and one which KlVuTryPLb^net0stoLment ™ fully borne out by the subjoined statement showing the mortality from showing monthly mortality from cholera during each mouth of the year from 1867 to 1881 inclusive, cholera from 1867 to 1881. Month. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1S71. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. January 133 49 18 29 17 12 4 1 4 4 2 1 7 1 3 February 83 26 32 31 14 22 2 1 4 7 2 4 4 3 4 March 296 30 51 16 22 18 4 3 4 2 2 ... 2 6 4 April 4,279 43 76 33 46 98 10 12 10 6 3 ... 2,603 9 5 May 8,179 63 144 53 46 1,073 11 9 41 8 7 ... 9,184 7 37 June 8,461 60 194 87 50 978 14 10 316 236 3 2 7,0S5 15 178 July 8,457 44 797 52 26 489 28 6 747 1,096 2 32 3,457 8 183 August 7,123 39 3,238 43 21 2,859 4 11 1,515 1,396 1 70 2,705 33 1,649 September 4,525 42 ( 2,391 48 20 2,424 50 16 2,117 1,421 4 70 914 14 2,560 October 1,243 90 2,033 22 18 660 17 3 1,358 1,277 1 8 147 120 545 November 321 26 204 24 38 92 O Si 4 129 280 2 27 7 55 38 December 46 20 80 31 51 o 2 2 1 3 ... 1 20 3 1 Total 43,146 532 i 9,258 469 1 369 8,727 148 78 6,246 5,736 1 29 215 26,135 274 5,207 It will be seen therefrom that in epidemic or non-epidemic seasons cholera has a tendency to develop itself with greater activity from the month of April and to prevail with more or less virulence in certain parts of the Province up to the end of October and that it then subsides or almost entirely disappears in the cold weather months commencing from November and ending with March. 24. In 1881 cholera deaths were registered in 371 localities, out of a total of 34,973 in the Province as will be seen from the statement attached to the The localities affected by cholera during QRolera map which is appended to this section of the report. 1881, vide Cholera map. 1 11 25. The disease was chiefly confined to the districts in the Eastern circle of the Province. n Before, however, narrating the history of the outbreak in each of the several The Special Cholera Com- ... \ .. . ’ . . / .... i • - - -t /v-a-i- mittee appointed under the orders of the Government of India. affected districts, it is well to note here that in the beginning of October a Special Cholera Committee was appointed under the orders of the Government of India, No. 199—202, dated 19th September 1881, consisting of the ing officers :— O Col. C. H. Hall, Commissioner, Rawalpindi Lieut.-Col. Stevens, Rifle Brigade Major King Harman, d. a. q. m. g. Surgeon-Major H. W. Bellew, c. s. i. President; j- Members; Member and Secretary; to enquire into the recent prevalence of Cholera in the Punjab. A copy of the Government of India’s order is herewith appended, from which it will be seen that the special attention of the Committee was directed uot only to an enquiry into the history of Cholera in the Punjab; but also that of the history of Cholera in India including both the general population and that of troops. Copy of No. 199-202, dated Simla, 19th September 1881. From—A. Mackenzie, Esq., c.s., Officiating Secretary to the Government of India, To—T'he President and Members of the Special Committee on Cholera in the Punjab. Home Department. Sanitary. Gentlemen, His Excellency the Governor General in Council having appointed you a Special Committee to inquire into the recent prevalence of cholora in certain parts of the Punjab, I am directed to communicate the following instructions for your guidance. 2. It will rest with you to determine the particular places to which your inquiries should extend. So far as is yet known, the stations which chiefly claim attention are Lahore, Murree, Delhi, Umballa, Jullundur, and Sialkot. These may be taken as fairly illustrative of the different climates of the Province. In nearly all of them there is a city of considerable size, with an important cantonment in its vicinity ; and in two of them the circumstances are particularly favourable for investigation, as, while the people in the city have suffered severely, the troops in the adjoining cantonment have either suffered very little, or have been altogether free from attack. The experience of the next few weeks may, however, render it desirable that other cities and cantonments should also be included. 3. It is important that you should, in the first place, make yourselves fully acquainted with the facts ; which may be conveniently classed under two main heads, viz., those concerning the general population, and those concerning the troops. 4. As regards the general population, the following points may be noted, as deserving of special attention : — (а) The history of cholera in India, and especially in the Punjab, during the last few years. (б) Details of its history in the Lahore and other districts to which your special inquiries may extend. The date on which the first case appeared during the year. The circumstances connected with the appearance of the first case and with the subsequent progress of the disease. The number of towns and villages attacked. The number that escaped and the relative proportion between the two. The distribution of the disease by localities and by time as shown by the daily number of attacks. The relation which existed between the rise and fall of the outbreak in adjoining places, including cantonments. (c) The circumstances connected with the rise, subsidence, and disappearance of the disease many place, or in different parts of the same place ; as also those connected with the escape or comparative exemption of other places in the neighbourhood. Under this head the sanitary or other local conditions of the places which suffered, and especially of those which suffered much, call for most careful investigation. Among the more important of these conditions may be mentioned drainage, conservancy, water-supply, food, clothing, and the degree of overcrowding, .if any existed. Where a severe outbreak was clearly associated with marked insanitary conditions, the state of such places should be compared with the state of those which either suffered little or altogether escaped. The differences should be noted, and an endeavour made to ascertain what degree of correspondence existed between insanitary conditions and the relative intensity of the disease. (d) Endeavour should also be made to ascertain what were the exact meteorological phenomena of the year,—whether they presented any peculiarity, and whether this peculiarity appears to have had any relation to the outbreak. 5. In inquiring into the experience of the troops, the same line of investigation as has been above sketched with regard to .the general population should be followed ; but here the facts can be more easily ascertained, and there are a few special points which deserve attention. (e) The previous history of the individual regiments. (/) The extent to which the several corps in the garrison and the several bazaars suffered. (g) Any peculiarities in the various bodies of troops or other people affected which may account for the differences in the extent to which they suffered. (h) The effect of movement into camp as regards cholera, with any note of the results to which the facts seem to point. (j) The history of the disease in the vicinity of the camps both before and after the arrival of the troops. (k) The effect of movement on the general health of the troops. (l) Any apparent errors or defects in the management of the troops in connection with the outbreak. 6. The foregoing is a sketch of the general line which the investigation should take. In the course of your inquiry many other matters will no doubt suggest themselves. 7. Having carefully examined and recorded all the facts, so far as they can be learned, it will be for your Committee to draw the general conclusions which these facts appear to warrant. In this part of the proceedings it is important that you should bear in mind that the object which the Government has in view is of a purely practical character. Mere theoretical discussions and quotations from works on cholera are not desired. Whatever conclusions are advanced should be based on the facts adduced ; every such conclusion should be carefully framed, the evidence which appears opposed to it being weighed and recorded as fully as the evidence in its favour. The Government is well aware that the inquiry is beset with great difficulties, and it is important that these difficulties should be fully realised. It is very desirable that definite conclusions should be arrived at, as far as possible ; but whenever the evidence is insufficient, or of so contradictory a character that no sound conclusion can be based on it, this should be clearly stated. 8. In the last place, the Committee should make such recommendations as seem best to them for the prevention of the disease in future years, both among the people generally and among the troops, and for the mitigation of outbreaks when they occur. 9. The report should be as concise as possible. It may be advisable to illustrate the incidence of the epidemic in particular districts by means of charts ; but these should take the form rather of rough diagrams than of maps, in the preparation of which there must be delay. 10. In conclusion, I am to add that the Committee are empowered to examine all staff, regimental, medical, engineer or other officers, civil and military, from whom they may desire to obtain information. The evidence of all persons examined should be recorded. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your most obedient servant, A. MACKENZIE, Offg. Secretary to the Government of India. The report of the Committee is still under preparation, but all that need be mentioned here is that, sufficient facts have been accumulated from all parts of India to enable us to see more of those conditions which favor the development of cholera in India. The numerous statements and charts attached to the report conclusively prove that cholera has its special laws which guide and govern its existence and prevalence and that these laws or conditions are not identical in all parts of India j but are evidently entirely influenced by the conditions of climate and locality. 26. I annex herewith for the sake of comparison a statement showing the mortality from cholera and the record of principal atmospheric Statement showing the mortality from cholera and the record of prin- c}iano-es in the Punjab during each oipal atmospheric changes m the Punjab durrng 1830 and 1881. month o{ ^ ^ an(j lg81 Months. 1880. 1881. Cholera Deaths. Tb ermometer’s. highest maximum. Thermometer’s. lowest minimum. Relative humidity. Rain-fall. Cholera Deaths. Thermometer’s highest maximum. Thermometer’s lowest minimum. Relative humidity. *—• £ .a A January 1 751 33-3 49 0-42 3 72-1 311 44 0-08 February 3 76-0 32-7 50 1-52 4 78-0 36-6 45 1-2 March 6 98-8 43-7 35 01 4 85-8 40-8 52 2-4 April 9 104-9 57-6 30 0T2 5 95-6 52-6 42 1-5 May 7 108-2 64-3 32 1-37 37 107-5 54-2 35 0-7 June 15 113-4 69-4 40 3-44 178 108-5 67-6 44 2-9 July 8 100-98 66-2 63 10-11 183 104-1 66-5 60 8-6 August 33 1011 69-4 56 3-38 1,649 96-9 68-6 71 7-4 September ... ... 14 99-7 61-7 52 3-05 2,560 96-4 63 0 56 1-3 October 120 95-3 52-2 36 0 02 545 92-7 49-2 40 0-2 November 55 86-3 37-4 45 0 05 38 83-1 36-6 37 0 December 3 74-3 35-9 55 0-88 1 75-1 33-6 42 0-09 The relation between the aggregate rain-fall and cholera mortality by quarters is very interesting. In the first quarter the rain-fall was 375 inches, the deaths from cholera only 11; in the second quarter the rain-fall was 513, and the deaths from cholera 210 ; in the 3rd quarter there was an unprecedented fall of-rain, viz., 1730 inches, and with it the cholera mortality rose to 4,392; in the last quarter the rain-fall fell to 025 inches, and the mortality from cholera also declined to 584. Statement showing mortality from cholera in the several districts of the Province. 27. The following table shows the deaths registered from cholera in the several districts of the Province during each month of the year 1881. Number. Districts. Population, Census 1868. _ January. February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. j November. December. Total. 1 Delhi 608,850 29 86 47 5 167 2 Gurgaon 696,646 • • • • • • • • • 1 3 1 • • • • • • • . 5 3 Karnal 610,927 • • • • • • • • • 2 • • • 49 74 • • • 125 4 Hissar 484,681 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Rohtak 536,959 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • 1 6 Sirsa 210,795 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 • • • • • t 1 7 Umballa 1,008,860 • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 32 145 31 1 212 8 Ludhiana 583,245 • • • • • • • • t 1 1 7 12 • • • 21 9 Simla 33,594 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • # • • . • • • 10 Jullundur 783,020 • • • • • • • • • • • • 596 246 23 865 11 Hoshiarpur 938,890 • • • • • • i • • • • • • 27 246 56 1 331 12 Kangra 743,758 • • • 1 • • • 24 10 • . . 1 1 • • • 37 13 Amritsar 832,750 • • • • • • 1 i 3 4 49 407 232 8 707 14 Gurdaspur 906,126 1 4 • • • i 6 • • . 4 276 39 1 332 15 Sialkot 994,458 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 6 272 32 • • • 313 16 Lahore 775,551 • • • ■ • • 2 2 51 104 818 590 71 5 1,643 17 Gujranwala 550,576 • • • • • • 1 • • • 21 221 16 1 261 18 Ferozepore 533,416 • • • • • • • • • 5 • . . 18 • . • • . . 23 19 Rawalpindi 699,647 • • • 1 10 25 32 22 90 20 Jhelum 500,988 • • • 6 1 3 10 20 21 Gujrat 616,347 • • • 22 13 •f • • 35 22 Shahpur 368,796 • • • 1 • • • • • • 1 23 Mooltan 459,765 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Jhang ... 348,027 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 Montgomery ... 359,437 • • • • • • 2 3 ' i i K 26 Muzaffargarh ... 295,547 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 Dera Ismail Khan 394,864 • • • • • • • ■ • • • • • • 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 309,978 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Bannu 287,547 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Peshawar 500,443 • • • 1 • • • 1 1 3 31 Hazara 367,218 • • • • • • 2 1 3 32 Kohat 145,419 • • • • • • 3 3 • • • • • • 6 Total 17,487,125 3 4 4 5 37 178 183 1,649 2,560 545 38 1 5,207 From an examination of the above table it will be seen that eight districts, viz., those noted in Hissar. Simla. Mooltan. Jhang. Muzaffargarh. Dera Ismail Khan. Dera Gh£zi Khan. Bannu. 28. In the first four Particulars of the first cases of cholera registered during the first four months of the year. the margin have been entirely free from cholera, and in eight others again there was a mere presence of the disease, the registered mortality from this cause having ranged in them from one to six. Thus in Rohtak, Sirsa, and Shahpur, only single deaths occurred ; in Peshawar and Haz&ra 3 deaths in each ; Gurgaon and Montgomery 5 each, and in Kohat 6. In the remaining 16 districts of the Province, the epidemic influence of the disease was felt severely in only three, viz., Lahore, Amritsar and Jullundur, and mildly in the other 13. months of the year 16 deaths were returned under the head of cholera. As these were all isolated cases, the usual enquiry as to the genuineness of each was made and with the results shown in the annexed statement. As explained, however, in my Sanitary Report for 1877, para 39, I am content to accept the first reports as more correct than the amended ones. Particulars of the first cases of Cholera registered in the Mortuary Returns during the first four months of the year. Month and date of death. District. Town or Villag % late of report to Police Station. Age. Duration of illness. Resident or non- resid ent. Result of further enquiry. January 5th Sialkot Bhopalwala V. 5th Jany., 22 years, 5 days ... No information, Bad fever. >9 12 th Rohtak ... Rohtak T. 12th „ 46 99 9 „ ... 99 Chest disease. 99 19th Gurdaspur, Fatehgarh T. 20th „ 22 99 1 day ... Resident Cholera. 99 27th 99 Ghanuki Y. 1st Feby., 40 99 3 days ... 99 99 99 30th 99 Madupur V. 3rd „ 10 99 4 „ ... 99 ••• Chest disease. 99 31st 99 Dera Ndnak T. 1st „ 40 99 1 day ... 99 Fever and diarrhoea. Feby. 28th 99 Sukhuckack V. 28th „ 25 99 3 days ... Traveller Committed sucide by poison. March 6th Lahore Lahore T. 7th March, 7 99 1 day ... No information, Fever. #9 15th 99 •** Targarh Y. 19 th ,, 35 99 1 „ ••• Traveller, Police Constable. Cholera. 9 9 26th Kiingra ... Sidpur Garkari V. 28 th „ 3 mths. 4 days ... No information, Other causes. 99 28th Amritsar ... Kathania V. 4th April, 45 years. 7 „ ... 99 ••• Colic. 99 29th 99 ••• Amritsar T. 29th March c0 99 18 hours ... 99 Cholera. 9 9 29th Gu j r an w Ala, Chandali V. 3rd April, 0 99 4 months, Resident Other causes. April 6th Amritsar ... Dispensary ... 6th ,, 35 99 1 day ... No information, 99 99 11th Gurgaon ... Narainpur Y. 16th ,, 27 99 8 days ... 99 Diarrhoea. 9 9 12th SiAlkot Showala V. 12th „ 65 99 2 „ ... 99 Cholera. 29. The first intimation of the outbreak of cholera in an epidemic form was received on 4th of Outbreak of cholera in the May, from Surgeon-Major J. Skeen, Medical Adviser to the Maharajah of village of Kliundin, Pergan- Pattiala. It occurred in the village of Khundin, Pergannah Dhartee Pinjore nah Pinjore in the Native j the Native State of Pattiala. "The following are the particulars as fur- the first intimation received. Uished by Dl. Skeeti : “ On the 4th May I received a letter from the thanadar of Pinjore to the effect that the lambar- dars of Benadur (a village near Khundin) had brought him information that two or three men had died on or about the 2nd May of cholera in Khundin after an illness of from twelve to twenty-four hours, duration. Upon hearing this the thanadar promptly ordered the lambardar to see that no intercourse took place between the infected locality and the neighbouring villages and sent off at once for medical assistance to the State Dispensary at Bunnur. I now wrote to the Native Doctor, Bunnur (Thakar Das) and gave him such directions as I thought necessary, especially urging him to carefully enquire into and ascertain the real nature of the outbreak. And on the 9th May I received his report which stated that on his arrival at Khundin he found that all the inhabitants, save one old man, had fled into the jungle in various directions and that it was with much difficulty he prevailed upon one of the lambardars named Chanchlu (who had been one of the sufferers) to return. Shortly after this a young child and a boy of ten years of age, who were taken ill of the disease in the jungle, were brought in for treatment by their relatives. The child recovered but the boy died, upon which those who had come in again deserted the village and up to the 9th May when the Native Doctor left, not one of them had returned nor had any information been received regarding them. 1 Chanchlu,’ the Lambardar, told the Native Doctor that the outbreak commenced on the 2nd May and that up to 7th idem ten (10) deaths had occurred, and the Native Doctor states that the cases he saw were undoubted cases of cholera. The thanadar of Pinjore and the Native Doctor both state that the disease first attacked two men who had just returned from Hardwar whither they had gone to perform the usual Hindu ceremonies; but they do not state how long they had returned before being attacked. Both are however agreed that these were the first two cases, and the thanadar states that up to the time the people fled not a day passed on which some deaths did not occur : the total being, so far as he could make out, thirteen (13) in all. The water supply was obtained from shallow wells, dug in the bed of a Nallah about 50 yards distant from the village which at this season was nearly, if not quite, dry. The neighbourhood of the Nallah is said to have been clean, but the village itself was exceedingly dirty, filth of all kinds lying in heaps in front of every door, the stench from which was most offensive, These are the main particulars of the outbreak. None of the neighbouring villages were affected, and no cases occurred after the 9th May among the villagers of Khundin so far as can be learnt. I may here add that the localization and the sudden cessation of the outbreak was probably in a great measure due to the custom which prevails among these hill villagers of deserting their homes and camping out in the jungle whenever either cholera or small-pox makes its appearance among them, their admission to other villages being strictly guarded against.” 30. But from a report subsequently received from the late Dr. Taylor, Civil Surgeon of Delhi, it Appearance of cholera in the appears that cholera appeared in the Delhi district even before the out- Delhi district before the outbreak break at Pinjore in the Native State of Pattiala, as will be seen from the in the Native State of Pattidla. following particulars given by that officer in his letter No. 249C, dated 8th June 1881, to the address of the Deputy Commissioner of the Delhi district. “ With reference to No. 38, dated 1st June 1881, from Secretary to Government, Punjab regarding the cases of cholera in the Delhi district. I have the honor to state that the first known and authenticated case of cholera was in the person of a servant of one of the officers of the Garrison in the Fort. The man had been to a rnela near the Jumma Musjid on the 25th April at night and was found to have cholera on the morning of the 26th. He died that day. With these prefaratory remarks I proceed to describe the circumstances connected with the history, progress, and fatality of the disease in each of the affected districts as furnished to me by the several Civil Surgeons. History of the outbreak in tha 31. The subjoined statement shows, the diffusion of the disease Delhi district. chronologically and locally in the Delhi district. DELHI DISTRICT. Statement showing deaths from Cholera in the Delhi district during each month of the year 1881. No. 1 2 3 4 5 « 7 8 9 10 11 12 Police Station. Delhi Do. Paharganj Do. Do. Allipur Do. Najafgarh Do. Sonepat Do. Ray 13 Larsoli Town and Village. Delhi Suburbs Behipur Bazidpur Rabasna Tahopur Janti Kalan Esapur Mandelah Kalan Sonepat ... T Jia Olia F4zalpur Ivanara a _o V> c3 'B Oh O Pm 115,992 44,561 481 978 1.129 300 1,541 1,021 406 13,637 680 439 1,259 c« 01 43 m Ih tO o 43 cS ft 28th May 12th „ 1st June 16th „ 4th July 6th ,, 11th June 13th ,, 23rd „ 10th ,, 10 th ,, 14th Sept. 9th May Total Months. • 1 >> >> b in ci 9 p g I rt « Ms Pm rO . f-i r* ft ceg g S £ 2 5 21 39 1 IS 29 86 9 M'S 3 8! 2] 3' 30 47 o h0 9 *4 <0 s 0> 43 Oh 4) m u O) M3 O 43 O o <0 rO 8 <o > o >4 .O 8 03 O 03 at 43 O H 167 eg 0) ns 43 d V 43 a A 10 14 th July. 68 7th ,, 1 1st June. 20 30th „ 3 9th July. 30 13th ,, 3 13th June. 12 18th ,, 1 23rd ,, 2 3rd July 6 14th June. 5 21st Septr. 6 15th May a « P4 ■4 s 14 A From the above table it will be seen that 167 deaths were registered in this district in 13 different localities, out of a total of 743 in the district and that the disease prevailed epidemically for three months of the year, that is from May to July. The following information in reference to the outbreak of the disease, which was not severe in its incidence, is given from the report of the Civil Surgeon, the late Dr. Adam Taylor. “ On the 6th May cholera appeared at the village of Kurar near Sonepat close to the Grand Trunk Road. Up to the 15th May 8 cases occurred of which 6 were fatal. On the 8th May 3 cases, all fatal, occurred in the Sabzi-mandi “ Mugalpura,” 2 Muhammadans and 1 Bania; the Bania was seen by the Assistant Surgeon. Nothing could be found out about these cases further than that they were undoubtedly cholera, nor could their occurrence be accounted for, satisfactorily. “ On the 16th May a report reached me that a marriage feast had been given among Chamars at Bazidpur a village about 15 miles off on the Western Jamna Canal and that cholera had broken out among the people assembled. I immediately went down and found that about 20 Chamars from Mugalpura had gone to Bazidpur to the marriage on the 15th, had partaken of the feast on that evening and had all bathed in the Canal the morning of the 16th, when cholera seized 3 of them who were put into a cart and carried home; they all died, as also a 4th taken ill on the way; the returning party was stopped outside Delhi and the dead disposed of, but some members of it got into Mugalpura, and two more of them were taken ill there after their return. On the 18th the principal outbreak took place, 11 cases including two of those mentioned in preceding paragraph, were detected by myself in Mugalpura. From 19th May to 7th June inclusive 32 cases occurred, of which number 19 recovered and only 13 died. The cases were almost all seen by myself. They were undoubtedly cholera, most of those which were detected early and treated, recovered; two-thirds recovered of those treated, though some were in the last stage. The cholera does not seem of an unusually severe type, and although the per centage of deaths among the cases not under treatment is high, 15 out of 17, it must be remembered that probably almost the only cases that were heard of were the fatal ones which could not be concealed. It is a remarkable fact that though cases have occurred here and there in other parts of Delh the disease has shown hitherto no tendency to spread or to stick to the localities in which it cropped up. Two faqirs died in a “ Takia ” outside the Turkman gate, the first man went to Mugalpura the day before he died, 19th May, and ate food there ; the second man who lived in the same house was taken ill on the 21st aud died on the 22nd, he was not seen by me till after death; but there was no doubt of the case. Besides these two a servant of an officer in the Fort died near the Kashmiri gate on the 27th May, and a boy belonging to the Mission School died on the 2nd June in Sher Khana. A chaukidar belonging to Telewarah died on the 28th after having gone to a feast the night before in the Sadr Bazai* and a boy forming one of a marriage procession from a village called Kankar Khera was taken ill (seen by myself) on the 3rd June and recovered. The only other case known to me was that of a merchant from Bikaneer, “who arrived in Sadr Bazar on the 2nd, was taken ill on the 5th and died in the Hospital on the 7th.” LAHORE DISTRICT. History of the outbreak in the district of Lahore. 32. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally in the Lahore district. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Police Station. Town and Village. 1 Population. i Lahore Lahore ... T. 92,035 Ditto Bagbanpurah ... 3,212 Ditto Bhogiwal 1,042 An&rkalli Suburbs 36,406 Ditto Nawankote 6S0 Ditto T*j pur 372 Ditto Ganj 550 Ditto Chung 1,200 Ditto Ichhra 8,400 Ditto Sahuwari 650 Ditto Guru Mangat... 390 Ditto Dhup Sari 300 Ditto Babu Sabu 1,300 Ditto Korah 4S0 Ditto Pakki Thatti ... 2,800 Ditto Mian Mir 290 Ditto Moridwal * Raiwind Ladaiki Onche, 605 Ditto Vatnah 475 Mananwdn Mananw&n 1,500 Ditto Lakho Dher ... 500 Ditto Mamud Buti ... 200 Ditto Bhangali 400 Ditto Bhasin 1,200 Ditto Kotli Ghdsi ... 100 Ditto Taijgarh 180 Ditto Mahamdpur ... 298 Ditto Thatt&h 60 Shahdara Targarh 100 Ditto Kote Begam ... 1,000 Ditto Gagu Dogar ... 292 Ditto Kote Nathu ... 111 Ditto Talwarah 7-85 Ditto Nainsukh 395 > Ditto Shahdara 2,000 Muridke Muridke (Parao) 140 Chung Allia Abad ♦ 1 Ditto Mangah 4,765 ) Ditto Shahpur 1,072 3 Ditto Chung 1,855 c3 m U mi o <D 4-* <3 ft Months. 2 P a £ Es V® >-a P 6th March 7th Augt. 19th do. 9th J une 10th do. 11th do. 22nd do. 26th do. 5th July 19th do. 8th Augt. 17th do. 18th do. 21st do. 20th do. 31st do. 1st Septr. 6th July 12th do. 25th June 21st Augt. 30th do. 31st do. 2th Septr. 29th do. 6th Octr. 14th do. 12tli do. 15th Mar. 14th Augt. 27th do. 28th do. 24th do. 2nd Septr. 7th do. 18th do. 2nd Augt. 19th do. 22nd do. 15th Sept. 2 c4 ; 2 <] gg 12 j>> 73 t-s 20 33 16 to 499 24 3 195 3 1 4 3 1 2 1 (h O s Ph <o m 237 3 7 75 1 1 1 12 1 u co & O O O u <B rQ 6 <u >• o Sh <D s CD CO CD P Total. Date of last death. 1 1 i 772 19th Octr 27 13th Sept. 1C 16th do. 32P 5th Novr. r, 2nd Septr. 2 12 th June 9 25th Augt. 1 26th June It 3rd Septr. 2 31st July 1 8th Augt. 4 28th do. 4 31st do. 1 21st do. 2 22nd do. 1 31st do. 1 1st Septr. 16 16th July 1 12th do. 2 25th June 1 21st Augt. 1 30th do. 1 31st do. 5 20th Sept. 2 30th do. 3 7th Octr. 1 14th do. 1 12th do. 1 15th Mar. 1 14th Augt. 1 27th do. 1 28th do. 14 1st Septr. 1 2nd do. 3 10th do. 1 lStli do. 1 2nd Augt. ] 19th do. ] 22nd do. r 26th Sept. m a s w rd o3 <D / Months. rC 4-> d (D No. Police Station. Town and Village d o •r-i "d p4 o p 4-3 m u U-i O <D -+-> e3 P K-1 ?H a d d d u CD P i*H o ! J-l d w-l r*~» d fe-H 6 d * r—i d 4^ U1 d 5q p <1 U o o s <D 4-> P4 0» m u o> rO o 4-> o O U O rO a (D > o fc o a o> o <D p f-H d o H OO ^d O CD d P 41 Chung tv 4-4-z-w Panjgarain Khanpur Galverah Ladaiki * 25th Sept. 30th do. 27th June 7th July 4th Augt. 19th do. 30th do. 2nd Sept. 1 1 tb do. i i ... 2 2nd Octr. 601 184 359 494 232 * i ... 1 30th Sept. 4Z, 8 7 , 15 3rd July. 4o A 4 iYlillct IV (H/llllct. ,, Ditto 3 3 7th do. 11 11 7th Augt. JJlbbO ... Octl clllbli * • • Baliuboli 2 2 19th do. 40 2 5 7 8th Sept. *1 A Q "niff r\ _L>I chilli |J III CUI . * * Kaliki ... Attari Kamaniah Sahd 740 480 1,023 975 2,426 1,350 150 159 1,576 264 * 3 3 3rd do. 40 AO 9 • • • 9 24th do. 4y •20th do. 1 . 1 20th do. ou sr ^9 ±JiouO .. • “Sflarkpur 31st Augt. 10th Sept. 99t,h Juno 4 4 2nd do. 6 6 17th do. Mangtanwala... Ditto Bhay Pheru ... Ditto Ditto 3 3 5th July Ot) 54 p;k JogiAnwala Bung4 Madar... Mudki Kanvin Jhugian Bolaka Singh. Bhay a Asal Chunian ... T. 16tli July 31st Augt. 22nd Sept. 20th do. 25th do. K4-bi r\r»4-v. ... ... 1 1 ... ... ... 1 1 16th do. 31st Augt 22nd Sept. 23rd do. 25th do. ZJO 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 ... ... "1 3 2 ... 1 3 2 JJlXuJD 1,157 6,469 15th Octr. 8th do. 21st Augt 7tli Octr 13th do. 21st do. 14th do. 16th do. 21st do. 1st Novr. 30th June 18th July 5th Septr. 14th do. 28th do. 27th Octr. 10th May 14 th Augt. 20th do. 13th Sept. 31st Augt. 14th Sept. 8th do. 26th do. 11th do. 20th do. 14th do. 24th do. 9th do. 16th do. 27th do. 17 th do. 18th do. JJlbbO ... t) 111 UCll. 10th May 1 3 K 9 1 Cliuman ... 1 JJlbbO V till JLVclLlllcll dill j \ ilil IV_llciidll ... t>5<> 856 12. 299 1 2 . 1 o JJlbbO Ditto Ditto A Obhelall ... / 111 UlR • Sahanki Otar ... Mahamdipur ... Mahla Gajan Singh wala Virke Non Siowal Bhobahwdla ... Jair Attari Aki Kasur T. Khem Karn T. Burj Kalan Kotli Hathar ... Katlahi Kalan, Kals Sahari Hathar, 21st do. 5th do. 16th do. 21st do. 1st Novr. 30th June 18th July 5th Sept. 14th do. 10th Augt. 4th July 10th May 14th Augt. 17th do. 20th do. 31st do. 6th Sept. 8tli do. 10th do. 1 25 1 1 • • • T 25 1 1 o 400 * . JJlbbO ... Ditto Ditto Kanganpur Ditto Tiiit-f-n * 2 ... Z04 299 1 cm 1 1 1 1 1 98 34 1 1 1 • • • 1 GO 1 Ditto Kasur io^ 276 16,793 5,S60 1,354 ... 1 ... ... 5 ~23 1 75 16 12 ... ... 1 • • • JJlbbO 1 • • • JJlbbO .. ouo ftftG 2 ... 2 UlbuO ... A AQ 7 4 11 1 2 JJlbbO ... 2,864 GOG 1 o 1 oU JJlbbO ... Shekh Amad- kunah. Kharah Sahari Otar ... 1 1 o t • • 1 O ol JJlbbO ... 43S 82 83 84 1 * ’' 1 G 1 JJlbbO ... 3,381 400 621 857 160 1,277 694 683 11 tn do. 13th do. 13th do. \ * * * 8 2 JJ1 b LO . • * Mahiwala i O 85 1 1 Q 13 1 80 87 Plialah Dohal Bhaddian Kalan Todipur Bhorahnon Bakhivind Hattoke Nathuwala Mianwala Nagar Kadivind Sliekhpurkunah, Dhagal . . Lei Ki Bhajah Luliani Orarab J. d111 do. 9th do. 1 l o Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto ... 1 oo x u Hi do. 17th do. 17th do. 2 8y 1 1 yu 1 A 1 yi no lotn do. 4 19th do. yz qo zuy iytn do. j... Q 3 24th do. VO Q1 XJ 1 b bU- ... Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Luliani Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto T)itf,o ooy lotn do. t l l 1 2 1 21st do. ioy zist dO. 1 22nd do. yo zy o 1,091 Q7Q zznd do. 1 23rd do. yo 07 Zorn do. ~1 3 1st Octr. y / 08 o/v AOQ 1 1 14th Sept. 20th July 22nd do. VO 99 mn 500 20th July Ofk+Ti r1/-v ... 2 7 ... 2 7 i m JLUU A AA ^_Ubll dO. 23rd do. 22nd do. 27th Augt 27th do. ~6 7 29th Augt. 23rd do. 102 103 104 1 On 4UU GO 2 2 1,000 500 /ion i 6 23rd Sept. 11th do. 18 18 Bhaddian Kallian llaftoh 2 o 3rd do. 106 107 10S 90 400 710 357 1,637 718 1,473 348 1,052 1,746 1,599 15th do. 14th do. 14th do. 14th do. 21st do. 1st do. 12th do. 17th do. 18th do. 17th Sept. 22nd do. 6 6 20th do. 2 9 16th do. Patti Kachah Pacca... Opal Karbath 6 6 20th do. 10E lie Kha.1 rail 1 1 14th do. Ditto 2 2 21st do. 111 V altoha Lagnah Kajoki Chimah 2 2 2nd do. 112 113 Ditto Ditto ... ... ... ... ... i 3 •• ... 1 3 12th do. 19th do. 114 Ditto Asal 2 2 19th do. 115 116 Ditto Ditto Tut Basarke ... •• ... ... i 3 ... ... i 3 17th do. 22nd do. 1 Total ... I. 2* T 251 1 104 818 1 590 , 71 1 5|- 1,643 The total number of cholera deaths registered is 1,643. Lahore City Anarkalli Suburbs Kasur T. Bagwanpura Khem Karn T ... Muhamadpur ... Out of a total of 1,672 towns and villages 772 in the district, 116 recorded 329 cholera. Of this number the 98 places noted in the margin re- (yn X O 34 turned the largest number of 25 deaths. The following information in regard to the outbreak of the disease in the Lahore city is furnished by Dr. Fuinveather, the Civil Surgeon :— “ The first case in the Lahore district occurred in the city of Lahore, but it was a doubtful case. The subject of it was a Banker named Darbara Singh about 65 years of age, who lived in a locality near the Fort, called Syad Mittha. He was not seen alive by any medical man, and he had no friend who could g've a proper account of his illness. His death therefore was put down to cholera as he was said to have been taken ill with vomiting and purging on 31st May and to have died on 1st June. On 5th June the disease broke out in the Cantonment at Meean Meer, where 2 Europeans and 2 Natives were seized. On 6th June 2 young men hearing of the seizure of a friend (Jowinda) on the previous day at, Meean Meer went from Lahore city to see him, and both were taken ill with cholera on their return the same night. One of these recovered, the other died. * The next case in the city was that of Ram Devi, the wife of the same Jowinda, who had been seized at Meean Meer, on the 5th and died on the 6th June. She on hearing of her husband’s death went to Meean Meer to bring his body back for cremation and was seized herself on the 7th and died on the 8th. It is not within my province to. trace the progress of the disease within the Cantonment of Meean Meer. For the purpose however of giving a connected account of the epidemic, I will merely mention that the disease smouldered therefor some days after its first appearance, but then burst out with virulence on the 12th and 13th June, The fifth case which occurred in the district excluding the Cantonment of Meean Meer, was a woman named Rupkour whose husband was a shop-keeper there. She went from Meean Meer to Nawa Kot, a village near Lahore on the 8th June, was seized there on the same day and died on the 9th. The sixth case was a religious mendicant in a Hindu temple at Meean Meer where he was seized on the 9th June. He was brought to Lahore on the 10th labouring under the disease, and died there in a house in Hanuman ka kucha. The seventh case was Ram Chand, a servant in Manack Coppersmith’s shop, Meean Meer. He was seized there on 9th, was brought here to his house Kucha Kassarian on 10th and died same day. The eighth case was Kundan Lai, aged 25 years, employed in Ram Pershad’s shop, Anarkalli, between whom and the shop-keepers in Meean Meer there was much communication, in fact it was known he had lately gone to Meean Meer himself on business. It thus appears that leaving out the doubtful case of Darbara Singh the first 7 cases which occurred in Lahore and its suburbs after the disease had manifested itself in the Cantonment at Meean Meer were closely connected with the outbreak there, and it is impossible therefore not to conclude that the disease was imported in the first place from Meean Meer and spread therefrom. On the 10th and 12th of June 6 cases occurred in Lahore and its suburbs, and of these one (Ganaisha Lai) was the husband of Rupkour (see above, case 5) who hearing of his wife’s death at Nawa Kot went there to burn the body and wa* seized on 12th June but recovered, another was Ishar Das, employed in the Deputy Quarter Master General’s Office, Meean Meer, who was seized on the 12th when on a visit to Lahore but recovered. On 13th June the disease first showed a tendency to become epidemic, and burst out with virulence among the beef butchers occupying a confined dirty part of the suburbs near the Anarkalli Bazar. 24 of these were seized from the 13th to 21st inclusive. The locality was evacuated and it stopped. During this period also other cases (14 or 15 in all) of a dropping nature occurred in different parts of the city and suburbs. The future progress of the epidemic will best be seen by a perusal of the subjoined table showing the daily seizures and deaths within municipal limits. This table is however very incomplete, for 424 deaths from the disease were afterwards found out which were not recorded at the time, and if so many deaths escaped notice, it is evideut that at least about an equal number of recoveries must have escaped registration. The figures given therefore do not nearly represent the extent to which the disease prevailed. It is the severest epidemic that has visited Lahore since 1856 and the cause of its severity might have been attributed to the very insanitary state of the city which has already been alluded to, were it not that the disease proved equally virulent at Meean Meer where, as far as I know, no such insanitary conditions prevailed. Table showing daily seizures and deaths of Cholera. 1 Date. June. July. August. September. October. « Seizures. Deaths. Seizures. 1_ Deaths. # Seizures. Deaths. Seizures. Deaths. Seizures. Deaths. 1 1 1 • • • 1 4 2 27 21 ... 2 3 1 3 0 Ad 25 17 ... 3 8 6 12 9 29 22 ... 4 • • • 2 • • • 5 n O 30 22 ... 5 1 • • • 5 1 10 3 21 14 6 2 2 2 2 24 11 19 11 7 1 • • • • • • 17 10 14 18 ... 8 1 1 6 3 27 22 14 8 ... 9 3 1 • • • ... 40 30 21 10 10 2 4 1 • • • 20 10 15 10 11 1 1 1 • • • 43 30 12 9 ... 12 3 1 2 1 24 10 15 8 ... 13 2 ... 42 25 11 8 14 4 2 1 • • • 32 15 16 12 15 3 3 • • • • • • 57 38 6 1 • . . ... 16 3 1 2 2 55 31 2 1 2 2 17 1 I 2 • • • 55 41 1 1 4 3 18 6 3 4 1 57 41 3 ... 1 19 14 4 1 1 42 31 3 • .. ... ... 20 1 1 3 • • • 61 40 6 • •• ... 21 9 5 • • • • • • 49 33 2 • . • ... 22 3 2 9 Ad • • • 56 39 ... ... < 23 14 9 2 2 40 28 • . » • . . ... ... 24 8 5 5 6 44 29 • • . ... 25 2 1 6 4 55 85 1 ... • ». 26 4 9 Ad 9 5 30 20 • • . • • • ... 27 4 4 7 3 21 20 • • • ... 28 2 1 7 5 84 22 • • • ... ... ... 29 3 9 Ad 3 1 37 24 • • • ... ... 30 4 2 4 1 30 22 • • • ... ... ... 31 ... ... 6 2 33 23 ... . • . • . • ... Total ... 100 59 96 48 | 1,059 1 699 290 196 I 6 6 To these deaths have to be added the 424 afterwards found out making a total of 1,432. From the above 'table it will be seen that the disease made little progress in June and July that it rapidly increased during the first week of August and attained its maximum about the 20tli of that month after which it rapidly declined and was almost extinct soon after the middle of September although a few isolated cases occurred in October and even, according to the Police reports, in November. With the exception of the outbreak among the beef butchers the disease did not burst out epidemically anywhere. It seemed to be pretty equally distributed all over the town and its suburbs. It attacked Europeans as well as Natives. The Railway employes suffered severely. It lurked in the Lunatic Asylum from July till September every now and then carrying off one of the inmates, but never blazing up into a general epidemic. It stuck so persistently to the Fort, notwithstanding the frequent changes in the European detachment there, that at last it had to be evacuated by the European troops altogether for a time. It attacked the Jail in August and carried off 90 of the prisoners. It gradually spread from Lahore and Meean Meer into the surrounding villages where it lingered for many weeks after it had almost died out in Lahore. The Cantonment of Meean Meer retained the disease till late in November and every attempt to bring back the European troops from their encampment was followed by a fresh outbreak. History of the first cases of Cholera that occurred in the Talior e Central Jail in August 1881, as mentioned by Dr. DlCKSON, the Superintendent of the Jail, in his report, dated 10th September 1881. 33. On Friday, the 5th of August 2 “ Barkan dazes ” and 2 night watchmen were taken ill, all these men belonged to a village “ Bhundpura ” adjoining Mozang, a large village History of outbreak in the near the Jail. I saw one of these men in a hut in the Ice-field where he died Lahore Central Jail. at 5 p m_ jn this case it is remarkable that the men had fasted all the pre- vious day as is the custom with Mussalmans during the month of Ramzan, and that his illness was attributed to his having partaken of a large meal of grain (dal) with his wife and child both of whom were ill. He certainly suffered most acutely from pain in the abdomen which may have been due to the undigested grain. The next day 14 cases of cholera were reported by the Police in this village of Bhuudpura. The other Barkandaz I also saw, he was on duty at the gate of the new Solitary Cell Compound in the Jail, and complaining of being ill, I let him go to his house at about 10 a. m. The man’s night duty was the previous night in the Hospital, his name was Abdul Rahim—he also died. The 2 night ■watchmen I believe recovered, one went to Jullundur, they were both on duty the previous night at each comer of the Hospital compound but not in it. The next case was (1) a prisoner Basawa Singh, umbrella-bearer to the Assistant Surgeon—he lived in the Hospital compound, but was a good deal of his time outside the Jail. He was taken ill about 6 p m on Sunday, the 7tli August in the Hospital, where he had gone about an hour previous. It is said that he and another prisoner who lived in the cook-house, had had a meal of Khir (rice and milk) together; the other prisoner was never ill. I saw Basawa Singh at 9-30 p. m., aud at once sent him to the Cholera Hospital, which had been got ready in anticipation of cases, and there he died. The Hospital ward was emptied'scraped, and the Hospital gate locked to prevent ingress and egress. On Monday, the 8th August I saw a man (prisoner No. 2) Gholam Shah, who complained of severe purging m Ward No. 1, he was sent at once to the Cholera Hospital and had no further symptoms till the 11th, when the purging returned and he died. I have called this case the second case of cholera, but it is quite an ope” question, and the man may have died of simple diarrhoea. The men who took these men to the Cholera Hospital were not allowed to return. There were several prisoners : Uda from hospital, on 8th ; Alla Ditta from garden on 9th, and Nathu from Solitary Cells, on 16th, who were also sent to Cholera Hospital; “but I need not say any more about them than that they all recovered and were not in my opinion cases of cholera.” After this there was “ an interval quite free of cases, that is, from Sunday, the 7tli, to Friday. On the 12th August, cholera was severe in the town of Lahore ; and I was afraid less the large number of Tress employes coining daily from the town to work in the Press might bring sickness with them, so they were paraded daily before going into the Jail, and inspected by me. I have made careful enquiries about these men. One Ali Baksh had died, on Wednesday, the 10th August and his father Abdulla still comes to the Press, it is said too that several of the emploves had relatives ill with cholera at the time in the town, for instance one Beli Ram, but the "men themselves were all well and none of them taken ill in the Press. On Friday the 12th at 5 p. m., a Press prisoner was taken ill with cholera and at once sent to Cholera Hospital, this man’s name was (3) Dureh Khan (he ultimately recover- Recommencement of illness ed and I was able to question him about the Press employes), he slept in Ward among Press prisoners. ]q0. 15 a Ward which furnished no cases till the prisoners had been some time in carnn (August 22nd). About 2 a. m. 13th August, another Press prisoner (4) Mehndi Shah was taken ill and at once sent off. He slept in Ward No 2, and I locked up his barrack and stopped all ingress and egress from No. 2. The same morning, 13th August an old life-prisoner (5) Habib Shall who slept in the same room with Mehndi Shah but who worked only m the M ard No. 2 was Token ill and died in the Cholera Hospital. This seems, to indicate his being infected by Mehndi Shah, and the case I think throws some light on the spread of the disease. It will also be noticed how the disease kept at first to the first circle, that is to Wards numbered from 1 to 8 and it was from this circle that almost all the Press prisoners were supplied. The last case was on the 13th August, Ahmed Shah from No. 7 where he worked as a carpet “Nagshi ”, I cannot guess how he became infected, except that being a useful prisoner he might have been out of his ward; his case was very severe and he ultimately died. On the 14th August there was one case, and from that day it became impossible to say from which quarter to expect cases. On the 15th Auvust a move was made into camp, 431 prisoners were sent out, on that day and on Tuesday, ttie 16th the great mass of the prisoners were sent out, on that night there were 1 550 prisoners in camp and about 450 left in the Jail. Altogether there were 12o cases and 90 deaths in the Jail and camp from 7th to 30th August. The epidemic ceased suddenly on Tuesday, the 30th August, after a very heavy storm of wind and rain the wind which had previously been in tbe East going round to the West, and Lahore which had durinv this rainy season presented the appearance of almost a swamp from continued rain returned to its normal condition of drought and dustiness. There is one remarkable feature about the epidemic that the Central Jail prisoners were alone effected (with the sole exception of the juveniles who occupied a separate ward). How the establishment escaped I cannot say, or I had the greatest difficulty in preventing the Jamadars of the wards from sleeping among the prisoners. KANGRA DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the 34 Tile diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally is shown in Kangrad.str.ct, the following statement. No. Police Station. Town and V illage. Population. Date of first death. I January. 3 p 0) | March. | April. 1 May. | June. M l“D ONTH -4-3 m P tp < C/2 September. October. November. December. Total. Date of last death. 1 Palampur Sidhpur 524 26th Mar. i 1 26th Mar. 2 Do. Dadah Opurla, 147 3rd June ... 5 5 7th June. 3 Do. Dadah 678 9th ,, 5 5 13th ,, 4 Do. Pathhar 2,039 10th ,, 6 7 2nd July. 5 Do. Nagrota 1,803 13th ,, 1 1 13 th J une. 6 Do. Alwari 563 12th „ 1 i 2 1 st .TIlly. 7 Do. Bhabri 814 16 th ,, 2 ... 2 18th June. 8 Do. Palothah 3S1 17th ,, i ... i 17 th 9 Do. Barvar 876 21st ,, i .. i 21st 30 Do. Samulah 60S 21st „ i ... i 21st ,, ]1 Do. Bhawas 1,491 24th ,, i i 24th ,, 12 Do. Bairalah 2,190 3rd July i i 3i'd“ Jnly. 13 Do. Dandoli 919 9th ,, 3 3 13th J 14 Do. Bair 25th ,, 3 3 25th 15 Dharmsala T. ... Dharmsala T.... 2.862 29th ,, 1 1 29th ,, 16 Nurpur Nurpur T. 7,337 25th Sept. i 1 25th Sept. 17 Sorwan Kandran 1,146 27th Octr. ... i 1 27th Octr. Total i ... 24 10 ... i 1 ... ... | 37 The total number of cholera deaths registered is 37, out of a total of 709 towns and villao-es in the district, altogether 17 recorded cholera; 10 of this number registered only single deaths° 2 others only 2 each, 2 others only 3 each, 2 others 5 each, and the remaining 1 registerd 7 deaths. The first death registered from cholera in this district occurred at the village of Sidhpur, population 524, in Palampur Circle, on the 26th March, it was an isolated case. The last case was registered on the 27th October, at the village of Kundran, population 1,146, Sarwan Police Circle, it was also an isolated case. With the exception of 1 death in the Nurpur Circle and 1 in the Dharmsala Circle all the other deaths were registered in the Palampur Circle, between the 26th March and 29th July' The largest number of deaths 7, was reported from Pathhar population 2,039, the first on 10th June the last on 2nd July, and from the neighbouring villages of Dadah, Upper and Lower each of which returned 5 deaths. Regarding the outbreak in these villages the following details are derived from the report of Dr. Young, Civil Surgeon. The first case occurred on the 3rd June in the village of Upper Dadah, population 147, which is quite isolated and lies about 2 miles of the main road and about half way between Dharmsala and Palampur. A stream of irrigation water of consideiuible volumes, very rapid, which comes from the Dadir higher up, was through the village Southwards by Pathhar, becoming gradually divided amono- the rice fields. The history of the outbreak at Upper Dadah, where the disease was very violent carrying off all the inmates of a group of houses occupied by tanners, with the exception of one man and two children is as follows:— The 1st case on the 3rd June was that of man aged 51, who went to his fields as usual after breakfast, telling his sister to bring his mid-day meal, tehe went to him and found him ill, suffering from cramps in his arms and legs. She had him brought home, where vomiting and purging set in the ejecta being like rice water. He died in the evening. The 2nd case was the sister of the first She took ill on the 4th, and recovered. The 3rd case occurred on the 5th, on the person of a man aged 60, who assisted in bringing No. 1 home. He took ill in the fields, went home and slept, on awmkino' purging and vomiting set in ; he died the same evening. The 4th case, was that of the son of the preceding, aged 35. He helped to rub his father’s limbs, was seized on the 5th and died in collapse on the 6th. The 5th case was brother of the preceding, aged 25. He took ill on the 6th and died next day. The 6th case was another brother of the two preceding, aged 6. He took ill on the 7th and died the same day. The 7th case was that of a boy, aged 3, son of No. 4. He took ill on the 8th and died next day. The 8th case was that of the wife of No. 4, aged 23. She took ill on the 9th and died on the 10th. The 9th case was that of another brother aged 30 of the Nos. 3 and 4, and son of No, 2, he took ill on the 9th and died on 12th. The 10th case was that of a daughter, aged 25, of No. 2, and sister of No. 3, 4, and 8. She took ill on the 11th and died on the 13th. With the exception of the first 2 cases all the others were tanners by caste and lived in 3 houses quite close together. In one of these houses a quantity of hides were kept, and when the first 3 of their people died the others shut up their home and lived in the open verandah, The house occupied by the first case of all was about 200 yards from where the others lived. The first case himself had been to the hills for leaves for manure, which he had spread over his fields, but had been nowhere else, nor had he received any visitors. None of the tanners had been out of their village, nor had any one visited them. No fresh case occurred in Upper Dadah after No. 11. On the 9th one death occurred at Lower Dadah, population 678, which is situated 8 miles below Upper D idah on the road from Dharmsala to Palampur, and on the 10th there were 2 fresh cases; of these, the first was a lad aged 12 who went to graze his cattle as usual, but not returning home was searched for and found lying senseless in the jungle, suffering from vomiting and purging. He died the same evening. Tne other was a cooly, aged 23, employed in the Dak Bungalow, who took ill on the 11th, 'he recov ered. Both these .are said to have e iten largely of green mangoes. On the 10th the disease appeared in Pathiar which is close to Lower Dadah, and altogether 7 deaths occurred there. ihe single c ise which occurred at Dharmsala, on 25th July, was on the person of a syce, who. was passing through with Ins master from Nurpur to Palampur. He was taken ill on the night of his arrival, was removed to the Station Hospital and there died. In Nurpur, whence he had come direct, no cholera was recorded till 25th September, on which date a single death was registered. HOSHIARPUR DISTRICT. r°nareak m the 85, The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally in the Hoshiarpur district. No. Police Station. Town and Village. Population. Date of first death. January. i February. March. r1 1 Jh & May. June. | July. ^ ONTE •4^ 03 & to < 1 “ September. 1 October. 1 Hoshidrpur Hoshidrpur T. 13,13S 3rd May i | 24 108 1 2 Do. Suburbs 3,178 9,(5 th A n erf,. f> 25 2S 3 Do. Basti Golam Ho- 4,433 29 th 1 12 sain. 4 Do. Paraimgarh 1.758 1 ^ 5 Do. Khoaspur 1 35S I Q 6 Do. Nuri 5S5 11th i 4. 7 Do. Khalaspur 170 23rd i l 1 8 Do. Jalalpur 10 th 1 i i 1 ... 9 Do. Chholi 85 10th 1 I 1 1 10 Do. Satri 895 I ft ... 11 Do. Bokha-Ana 1S9 20th ...| l • • • 12 Hariana Sham 3,839 1st ,, ...1 40 1 13 Do. Bharaiian 460 1 2 14 Do. Barrianah 55S 11th 1 q 1 15 Do. Sikri 996 | 3 A 16 Do. Nurpur 41S 97 th 1 l 17 Do. Moradpur Hari- 764 27th ,, I l 14 al. IS Garhdiwala Garhdiwala T. 3,874 19th ,, o 19 Dasuya Dasuya T. 1 Oth , 7 < 1 o 20 Tanda Tanda T. 13,971 ] st Octr. | 1 1 21 Balachnr Gharri Kamigoan 1,493 96th A u r/t. i 1 l 22 Mabarakpur ... Mabarakpur ... 24th Sept. 1 * • • 23 Do. Jawar 311 26th ,, i I 1 1 24 Do. Suri 555 30th ,, i 1 25 Do. Bhadarkot 7th Octr. 1 26 Do. Ladli 267 6th Novr. ...... Tf Total ... i i ... 27 246 56 O rO S <D > O O rH fi <D O <0 a Total. ! Date of last death. 134 1st Octr. 55 20th ,, 13 18th Sept. n 99 9 > 15 15th 12 28th 4 14th 1 23rd 1 10th 1 10th „ 6 25th „ 1 20th „ 41 1st Octr, 2 20th Sept. 10 1st Octr. 7 2nd ,, 1 27th Sept. 15 | 8th Octr. 2 19th Sept, 2 10th ,, 1 1st Octr, 1 26th Augt. 1 24th Sept. 2 8tli Octr. 1 30th Sept. 1 7th Octr. 1 6th Novr, 331 03 W A < Cd The total number of towns and villages affected was 26 out of a total number of 2,178 in the district, but the disease prevailed in an epidemic form only in the Hoshiarpur town and suburbs and the villages of Basti Golam Hosain, Paraimgarh, Ohanpur, Sham, Barrianah, Moradpur Harial. The highest number of deaths occurred in the month of September. The following account of the outbreak is from the report of the Civil Surgeon:_ The first case of cholera which occurred in the town was on the 1st May 1881. The man was the ekka chowdry. He stated that he had eaten curry made of 08 larpun Brinjal (bigan), and .meat with flour cakes, (his fami lyparfook of the same) at noon, and in the evening was seized with purging and vomiting, and died on the 4th day of suppression of urine and coma. The man was not exposed to heat or fatigue, and no cholera existed in this or in the adjoining districts. Every necessary precaution was taken to prevent a further spread of the disease, and from that date up to the 14th August no other case occurred. On the 14th August the first case (of the outbreak aud second for the year) occurred in a man who was a resident of Hoshiarpur but was undergoing bis sentence of imprisonment in the Jullundur Jail, and at that time cholera was prevalent in the Jullundur city in an epidemic form. _ The man was released that morning (14th) from Jail, and came direct to Hoshiarpur, was seized with symptoms, (it is said that he first°took ill on the way) of cholera at 10-6 a. m., and died at 9 p. m. On the -0th L more uu ^ -., »«nd died at 9 p. m. On the 20tli 2 cases occurred in the town (one in the same part of the town, where the first case had expired), both these cases had come in from Jullundur about a week before their seizuie, and after these cases, cholera assumed an epidemic form in the town, increasing daily and eventual]}7 affected the suburbs. The Hospital Register shows no prevalence of diarrhoea before the outbreak, or any other disease, and the aspect of the town and suburbs was, as favorable as could be expected in the month of August. The disease kept fluctuating and was at its height on the 11th September, was steadily on the decline, and a^ain increased in number to the 20th, those cases which occurred from the 17th to the 20th September were of such a virulent nature that most of the cases proved fatal within six hours after seizure After the latter date, the disease assumed a milder type, fewer in number, and entirely disappeared from the town by the Sid October. Total seizures 328, deaths 134, deaths to treated per cent 36 18. A small town situated half a mile East of Hoshiarpur. The first case occurred on the 26th August. The people of this tovm are in constant communication with Bahadarpur. that of Hoshiarpur. In this town the largest number of seizures in one d‘ v was 5 (11th September), but the disease continued with intervals of cessation up to 12th October, after which date uo more cases were reported. Total seizuies 23, deaths 12, deaths to tieated per cent 52T7. . This is also a small town lying 3 miles South-east of Hoshiarpur. The first seizure m this town was on the 27th August and continued to 11th September. This Brijwara. town also is in close communication with Hoshiarpur, and a number of native officials connected with the Hatchery, &c., resided here, besides boys who attend the Sadr school. Total seizures 14, deaths 3, deaths to tieated pei cent 21 4—. Another small town situated 2 miles West of Hoshiarpur. The first case occurred in this town on the 31st August. There was a cessation of seven days before the 2nd Kkanpur. seizure, and so ou, the disease showing itself at intervals to the end of September when seizures became a daily occurrence, and on the 5th October was at its height, there bein'1- on that date 14 cases, and on the succeeding 3 days 9, 8 and 8. The town was at once visited bv the Civil Surgeon, who says he “ found 4 wells, from which water was taken for all purposes, unusable. One well situated in the centre of the town bad a large amount of infusoria, and the water had a very bad taste and a fsetid odour. In the remaining 3 wells the water was hard and alkaline aud in all probability contained in solution a large quantity of calcium or magnesia sulphate. These wells were at once closed, and the disease gradually subsided, and from the 9th to the 19th October the seizures were one and sometimes two daily, but of a very mild type.” There is a constant intercourse between this town aud that of Hoshiarpur, and a number of the native officials employed in the Hatchery live in this town, besides others going to and fro. Total seizures 66, deaths 29, deaths to treated per cent 43-93. A small village situated half a mile West of Hoshiarpur. In this village which is chiefly composed of weavers the first case occurred on the 1st September and Basi Khuaju. continued “ sporadically ” to the 21st and entirely disappeared by the 26th September. Total seizures 19, deaths 7, deaths to treated per cent 36 84. A laro-e village situated half a mile South-west of Hoshiarpur. The first seizure took place in this village on the 7th September. The largest number of cases was on Premgarh. the 2nd day of the attack (9) and from the 16th single cases occurred to the 22ud September and the village was entirely free from the disease by the 26th September. “ In this village also the water had the same influence in producing the disease. Three wells were closed, the water of which was not usable owing to the presence of organic matter, and the water disagreeable to the taste. After their disuse, apparently, the disease began to abate, the cases were in daily number less, and of milder type. ” In this village also a well was closed, the water of which was considered unfit for consumption, and it was supposed to have given rise to cholera, from the fact of a man Sutahrie. who had been suffering from cholera being found tying on a bed within two yards of the well. Total seizures 23, deaths 8, deaths to treated per cent 34 78. A large town situated 25 miles South of Hoshiarpur. The first and only case occurred on the 13th September and the patient recovered. The person in whom the Garshankar. disease occurred was not in any infected locality, and the cause unknown. Two small villages situated about a mile from each other, and 9 miles from Hoshiarpur. The _ _ . 1st seizure in these villages was on the 14th September. The largest Pathralian and Barrianna. , r , ° , i , /lfT . V , j .• j. number of cases occurred on that date (17 in number), and continued to the 29th September. Total number of seizures 33, deaths 10, deaths to treated per cent 30'33. A small town situated 2 miles North of Pathralian and Barrianna, and 12 miles North-west of Hoshiarpur. The first seizure in this town occurred on the 14th September, and on that date no less than 22 cases were reported, and strain. Fatehgar'i. Khalaspur. Nurpur. Sekri. tinned on an average of 3 cases daily for the first week and then gradually subsiding, and by the 4th October totally disappeared. Total number of seizures 58, deaths 27, deaths to treated per cent. 46 55 A large village situated 3 miles East of Hoshiarpur. The first seizure occurred on the Basti Gulam Hussain 16th September. The largest number was on that date and on the succeeding days, 17th, 18th, 20th and 22nd and entirely disappeared on the 27th September. Total seizures 50, deaths 11, deaths to treated per cent 22-60. A small village situated one mile South-west of Hoshiarpur. The first case occurred on the 18th September and two others on the 19th, no further seizures took place. Total seizures 3, death 1, death to treated per cent 83S3. A small village situated 2 miles North of Hoshiarpur, and a mile North-east of Khanpur. The 1st seizure occurred on the 20th September in all 3 cases out of which 2 proved fatal. Total number of seizures 3, deaths 2, deaths to treated per cent 66 66. A large village situated 24 miles West of Hoshiarpur on the side of the Grand Trunk Road to the right. The 1st case occurred on the 25th September, and the largest T> V»1 1 O i- 7 O number of seizures was on that date, and continued to the 30th September when the last case was discharged. Total number of seizures 18, deaths 8, deaths to treated per cent. 44'44. A small village situated 2 miles North of Hoshiarpur. The 1st case occurred on the 20th Sep- Basti Now. tember and the 2nd on the 23rd both terminated favorable. A small village situated J- of a mile North of Hoshiarpur, across the “Choi.” To the West of this village is situated the cremation and burial grounds, at a distance of Sukheabad. about 1,000 yards. The 1st case occurred on the 20th September, and the only one, and proved fatal in a few hours. A small village situated 12 miles North-west of Hoshiarpur. A sporadic case occurred on the 26th September and proved fatal the same date. A village situated 13 miles North-west of Hoshiarpur and uear the village of Pathralian and Barrianna. The 1st case occurred on the 1st October, on which date the largest number of seizures took place and continued to the 6th October. The cause is attributed to importation. There being free intercourse between this and the villages above named. Total number of seizures 14, deaths 8, deaths to treated per cent 57'14. A small village situated 12 miles North-west of Hoshiarpur. The 1st case occurred on the 3rd October, and on that date 4 seizures were reported, and continued to pur. the 8th October, cause not traceable to “infection” or “importation” in all probability due to atmospherical influence. Total number of seizures 7, deaths 3, deaths to treated per cent 42 85. A small village situated 12 miles North-west of Hoshiarpur. The 1st case occurred on the 3rd and on that date 4 seizures occurred. The disease continued to the 9th ana * October. Cause not traceable to “infection” or “importation” in all probability due to climate. Total number of seizures 7, deaths 2, deaths to treated per cent 28'55. In the month of June Thermometic reading was higher than that of 1880 in the same month, and the heat was more oppressive, with occasional dusty days, high, wind Meteoro ogy. invariably South-east and South-west. 4 81 inches of rain fell in this month. 2 comets visible on the 26th one travelling North-west, appearing about 7 p. m., and the other at mid-night, travelling East. In July the prevailing wind was South-east and South-west, and a rainfall of 2138 inches°was registered. The atmosphere, was very oppressive, and hot, more particularly at the close of the month. Very little thunder and lightning for the season of the year. The Comets continued visible to the 25th July, following the same course. In the month of August the prevailing wind was South-east and South-west, and the rain 9 35 inches, yet the number of days on which rain fell was greater than that in July causing the weather to be very hot, oppressive, and disagreeable ; very little thunder and lightning occurred. The whole of September was very hot and oppressive—3 22 inches of rain registered in 2 days (18th and 19th) accompanied with thunder and lightning and slight rain on three other days completed the rainfall in this month, the prevailing wind variable. October was less oppressive and hot, no rain fell in this month, and the prevailing wind South-west. The town at the time of the outbreak was clean and well cared for, the drains and streets were perfectly clean, and well attended to morning and evening. One well in sanitary dc ec . t^e town anti g others in the suburbs, the water of which was unusable were immediately closed. There are some cases which are traceable to the use of well water which I shall describe as briefly as possible. The Deputy Commissioner of this district was attacked Remaiks. w£th diarrhoea having the premonitory symptoms well defined. He stated that he had been dining out the night previous, and on his return home had experienced a sense of uneasiness in the bowels, constant rumbling, and a desire to go to the closet, and was of opinion that something had disagreed with him, and attributed the cause to food, but on the following day he stated that owing to some “ infusoria ’’ in the weil-iuater he had been in the habit of using, he got his supply from a different source, a well in the Katchery-compound which is adjoining to his house. On reflecting that perhaps the change of water was the cause, he again had recourse to the former well, and within 24 hours he was much better, and the diarrhoea he complained of ceased, (of course was under treatment). Two more cases I have to relate which may be worthy of notice. A woman in the town was seized with “ Cholera ” who had a child 21 years of age, who, (it was stated), was constantly on the bed with her, (and on my visit, I found the child asleep in her arms, with her head buried in her bosom,) the mother died, and 8 days after, the child was seized with cholera and died. Another case of a woman who had cholera, had nursed her infant 8 days old, several times before I saw her, the infant remained uninfected, and the mother recovered. UMBALLA DISTRICT. History of outbreak in 36. The diffusion of cholera locally and chronologically is shown in the the Umballa district. subjoined statement. c3 D 'd Months. 43 00 c3 No. Police Station. Town and Village. opulation, 4-3 m rH **-* o o 4-3 c3 t-4 cc 3 f4 cz s- o >> ci 6 43 Cf: o> rO £ O -P U CD rO o o S X Q > U Xl s 9 <U r"c5 43 ate of 1 death. P p < rP <5 XJ1 o £ Q P 1 U inballa Umballa T. 26,258 1st July 8th do. 2 30 90 3 125 29th Sept. 8t,h July. 4th Sept.r. 2 Do. • • • Man vali 2.95 i 1 1 3 Do. Jansai 1,506 4th Sept i 4 Do. • • • Kongpur 340 23rd Augt. i 18 19 2 5 Do. Nurpur Dhorgarh 223 13th Sept. 23rd do. 2 13th do. 23rd do. 6 Do. 309 ... 1 i 7 Do. Mardvan 116 22nd do. 1 1 22nd do. 24 th „ 4th Octr. 5 th „ 29th Deer. 16th Sept. 14th Augt. 20th Octr. 22nd Sept. 29th Augt. l‘2th Sept. 30th ,, 8 Do. Dhanorah 616 24th do. 1 i 34 3 9 Molanah Sigah Harnoli 1,367 468 15th do. 12 99, 10 Do. 1st Octr. 3 11 Jagadhri Chappar Ladvra Jagadhri T. 12,522 2nd Sept. 16th do. 1 1 2 1 1 12 5 12 Lavanah 526 1 13 Ladwa T. 4,121 11,660 503 14-t.li Augt 12th Sept. 19th do. l 14 Shahabad Shahabad T. 10 2 15 Sadhaura Jlioli 5 16 Naraiugark Do. Mugal Majra, Majra Labali 125 29th Augt 12th Sept, 30th do. 1 l 17 1,545 1 1 1 18 Do. 1,245 1 Total ... 3 32 145 31 1 212 _ _ Altogether 18 places out of a total of 2,224 in the district recorded cholera; of this number, 10 places registered only single deaths, in 4 others, the number did not exceed 5 in any one of them; and in the remaining 4, the number was above 10 deaths. The total number of deaths registered is 212, of which the first occurred on the 1st July in the city of Umballa, the last on the 29th December in the town of Jagadhri. More than half the number of deaths registered occurred in the city 0f Umballa, 84 in the village of Sigah, 19 in the village of Kongpur, and 12 in the town of Shahabad. In the town of Jagadhri there were only 2 deaths, one on 2nd September, the other on 29th December. From the report furnished to the Officiating Civil Surgeon by the Assistant Surgeon in charge of the City Hospital, it appears “ there were rumours that some cholera had appeared in the city,” prior to the date of the first death registered. “ This could not he verified, as the patients had already died, and friends would not give information.” It is stated, “ the history of first case is most difficult to obtain in Umballa city, owing to the unwillingness of patients’ friends to give information.” The first registered death was that of a poor woman residing in the jats ward of the city, who died on the 1st July after 8 hours’ illness. She was not seen by the Medical officer during her illness, but after her death, it was ascertained that, on the previous evening, a few hours before being taken ill, she had eaten something cooked “ rice of a very inferior kind with some curd.” The second case reported was that of a Municipal messenger, who had eaten a “ large water-melon on an empty stomach, and was then exposed to sun and got cholera about 11a. m., 2nd July, and died on the 3rd.” This case occurred in another part of the city in the Kaziwara Ward, on the left, flank of the Main Bazar. This ward is also closely inhabited, and the house in which this case occurred “ was very dark, filthy, and unclean, about 6 persons living in a small room about 10 feet x 6 and 10 feet high.” On the 4th Jul}T 2 fresh cases were reported in different quarters near the Kaziwara Ward ; namely, in Allahbaksh Serai and Khatri Mohalla; the patients recovered ; one of them was the wife of a medical student who was employed on cholera duty; the other occurred in a house in which a boy had died, a few days before, suddenly with diarrhoea. On the occurrence of the above cases “ necessary precautions and arrangements came in force, and gelling of unripe and raw fruits was closed, the cleanliness of the city wras well looked after and the disease ( 81 ) •topped till the 13tli August 1881.” On that date 2 cases of cholera occurred in those quarters of the City where the first and second cases had occurred ; one of them “ being without friends, was treated in the Cholera Hospital,” which had been already got ready in a convenient place outside the city, the other was treated in his own house in the city; of these one recovered, the other died. On the 14th one case occurred, on the tank outside the Lahore gate, close to the bazar of that name, where a case occurred on the previous date ; this case proved fatal. On the 15th August two cases occurred, 1 in Khatri Mohalla and the other in the Passengers shed of the Cantonment Railway Station. Regarding the latter it is explained that the patient was a Pathan, who for some days before and up to the 14th was lodging in the city Sarai, that on the 15th he went on some business to the Cantonment Sadr Bazar, and becoming ill there he wished to return to the city by Railway ; that at the Passengers’shed he became very ill and was sent on a charpoy to the City Cholera Hospital; he recovered. After this date the disease became general in the city, the period of highest intensity being from 24th August to 14th September, in these 22 days there were reported 287 seizures and 106 deaths. No quarter of the city was exempt from the disease. At the height of the epidemic the sweepers suffered severely, no less than 39 cases occurred in the sweepers’ quarter. The disease is described as presenting all the usual symptoms of cholera, namely,—“ Rice- watery motions generally accompanied with severe colic pains at the pit of the stomach with great thirst, nausea and vomiting, great restlessness with cramps in legs and arms, coldness of the body, great depression of spirits, stoppage of the urine, sinking of the eyes, &c.” Some cases were seen “ without any purging or vomiting, but complaining of great restlessness of the body, throwing about of extremities, with intense thirst, great pain at the pit of the stomach and icy cold body, suppression of urine, and immediate death in an hour or two from the commencement.” Some of the cases, it is stated, had a marked preliminary stage for two or three hours, and in all such cases the timely use of sulphur fumigation to the body and sulphuric acid drink checked the attack. It was observed that a greater number of Muhammadans and other castes suffered than Hindus. Out of 327 seizures—121 were Hindus, 151 Muhammadans, and 55 other castes. The difference is attributed to the observance of the Muhammadan fast, which commenced on the 28th July and ended 28th August, during which period “ poor people working in the sun for the whole day upon empty stomachs, and then eating inferior kinds of grains, perhaps uncooked, and drinking largely of water on account of intense thirst” became more than usually predisposed to attack. The disease here appears to have been confined almost wholly to the city. On the 22nd August one case, which proved fatal, occurred in the Police Lines outside the city. “ The man had been to the city and probably contracted the disease there.” Very strict precautions were then taken to prevent other men of the Police from going into the city, and no other case occurred in the Police Lines. “ Quarantine was enforced in the Jail also, and it escaped. Free communication went on, all through, between the city and the Cantonment Bazars. Cantonment also escaped. The Police Lines are about a of a mile, the Jail 1 mile, and Cantonments 4 or 5 miles from the city in the same line.” Regarding the weather, it is stated, that the months of May and June were excessively hot.. In June rain fell on the 9th and 11th and not again till the night of the 28th. In July the weather was more or less constantly cloudy, and the temperature 8 or 10 degrees lower than in June ; rain fell on the 20th and 21st and again on the 28th. In August the weather is described as “ raining every 2nd or 3rd day and keeping excessively hot in the interval. In August it rained for a few days in the day, and for the remaining part of the day the velocity of the air has been very low.” About the time of the outbreak in the city on the 13th August “ it commenced raining excessively, * * * and it remained so raining for many days of August.” During the course of the epidemic no direct relation between the rain fall and the prevalence of the disease was noticed. It was observed as a feature in the course of the disease that many cases occurred for 3 or 4 days and then none at all, or very few, for a similar number of days. Similarly, many cases occurred in one ward at one time, and then in another ward quite in another quarter, and after a few days again in the ward first affected. The water-supply of the towu is from wells and tanks outside the walls. Inside the city almost all the wells have run dry since several years past. The outside wells are in the fields around the town, and in them the water lies deep down and is very shallow, in none exceeding a depth of 1| foot. Some of these wells are provided with no parapet walls and are in consequence liable to pollution from surface drainage. In the subjoined statement is shown the distribution of the cholera in 1881 in the Umbalia city. No. Name of Mohalla or Quarter. Seizures. | No. Name of Mohalla or Quarter, Seizures. 1 Ala Bux’s Sarai 2 14 Mandi and vicinity 10 2 Kiari and Pakka Bagh 15 15 Kaith Majri and vicinity 42 3 Khatris ka Mohalla 32 16 City Sarai 6 4 Kaziwara (Jhewerans and Kasaion ka 17 Kalal Majari 22 Mohallas) 55 18 Niabas 21 5 Chali Baru O 19 Nadipar Mohalla 5 6 Chinogiron ka Mohalla ... ... 3 20 Chumar Maj ri 2 7 Kajon ka Mohalla - ... ... 1 21 Labbu ka Tank 3 8 Bhabron ka Mohalla ... ... 7 22 Hijron ka Tank 1 9 Chaunk Manghta 12 23 Churay Majri 39 10 Jats ka Mohalla 6 24 Pattiala House 1 11 Lathairon k i Mohalla ... 5 25 Outside Jagadhri gate ... 1 12 Chakla and Kanchans ka Mohalla 21 26 Police Lines 1 13 Tunduron ka and Radha Kishin’s Bazar ... 6 Total 327 JULLUNDUR DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Jullundur district. 57. The distribution of the shown in the subjoined statement. disease chronologically and locally is No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Jullundur Do. Do. I)o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Adampur Do. Do. Do. Kartarpur Bunga Do. Do. Rahon Do. Do. Do. Do. Phillour Do. Do. Nurmahal Do. Nakodar Do. Jullundur T. ... Suburbs Jamshair Yaranah Lallian Kal&n ... BastiPirdad ... Shahbazpur ... Lammali Pind... Basti Bava Khel, Adampur T. ... Alawalpur T.... Jalpah Badalah Kartarpur T. ... Bunga T. Cliak Kalal Bhas Rahon T. Nawashahr T. ... Karimpur Kote Ranjah ... Dalavarpur Phillour T. Sargondi Dliassian Sang... Nurmahal T. ... Jandiala Nakodar T. Chak Muglani... 5th Augt. 15th do. 13th do. 24th do. 27tli do. 2nd Sept. 5th do. 27thAugt. 12th Sept. 23rd Augt. 30tli Sept. 19th do. 18th do. 10th Augt. 9th Sept. 12th do. 29th do. 31st Augt 12th Sept. 22nd do. 23rd do. 6th Octr. 16th Augt. 18th Sept 21st Augt 24th do. 17th do. 16th do. 27th Sept. Total ... Months. 4-> CD ns 1 [ 1 © f-* CD O «Q oJ r—< £4 >v 3 1 § 3 3 ^ P o ~ is o k2 in <h April. £ <5 6 P P July. 4^ 03 P < a © 4-3 Cn © October a © O £ a CD O CD Q Total. o © 4-> Q H •4 M PS 378 43 421 26th Sept. 132 40 172 16th do. 1 1 13th Augt. 1 ... 1 24th do. 1 • ■ • ... 1 27th do. 4 4 13th Sept. 1 1 5th do. 8 8 13th do. ... 4 4 12th do. 1 14 15 23rd do. 1 1 30th do. 1 1 19th do. 1 1 18th do. 6 38 1 45 1st Octr. 1 1 2 10th do. ... ... ►7 / 15 H / 15 23rd Sept. 8th Octr. 1 10 11 27th Sept. 1 . 1 12th do. 1 1 12 th do. 2 rv 25th do. 4 4 13th Octr. 8 15 23 21st Sept. 1 0 3 22nd do. 1 i 21st Augt 8 43 ... 51 30th Sept. 49 7 ... . . . 56 7 th do. 9 2 __ * • • • * 11 1st do. ... • 7 ... ... 1 27th do. — ... 59C , 246 2c ... ... 865 9 different localities out of a total number of 233 i Uk ull UJLvJO D U U VI cv tu diva w --— in the district. The disease prevailed for 3 months of the year, viz. August, September and October. The maximum deaths occurred in the first month (August) of the outbreak. From the report of the outbreak furnished by Dr. Penny, the Civil Surgeon, it appears that a severe outbreak of cholera commencing in the city of Jullundur spreading thence to the Pastis or Suburbs and subsequently to every one of the four tehsils of the district occurred between the 15th July and 80th September 1881. The number of seizures and the localities in which they took place (as shown in the last daily report dated 13th September) is given in the margin. The last visitation of cholera was in 1879, and for the purpose of showing the difference in time and order of places attacked in 1879 and in 1881 the Civil Surgeon furnishes this table Localities. Seizures. Deaths. Jullundur city 669 339 Do. suburbs 355 151 Kartarpur 91 52 Adampur ... 13 10 Nakodar 21 10 Phillour 34 21 Nurmahal 112 46 Jandiala 125 56 Bungah 18 6 Rahon 19 13 Nawashahr 1 1 1879. 1881. Towns. Dates. Towns. Dates. Phillour ... Adampur Bunga Kartarpur Jullundur Nakodar Alawalpur Nawashahr J ullundur suburbs 14tli April. 17th ,, 18th ,, 20 th „ 22nd „ 22nd ,, 26th „ 28th „ 29th „ Phillour Adampur Bunga Kartarpur Jullundur Nakodar Nurmahal Nawashahr Jullundur suburbs Jundialla Rahon 2nd August. 23rd „ 21st „ 10th „ 15th July. 15th August. 24th 12th September. 15th August. 16th ,, 31st „ In that year 88 victims were numbered and the disease was said to have been spread by pilgrims. In this year without pilgrims there was a regular explosion in the city. The Meteorological statements give clear testimony of what wind and weather were like. 23'48 inches of rain fell in the course of July and August, the greatest amount in any one day being G'86 on the 10th July—26 days in July were more or less cloudy and there was not a whole day in August with clear sky. The air was laden with moisture and teeming with life, steamy and oppressive to a degree. All around the city the Civil Surgeon says “ we were water-logged by large accumulations of storm-drainage.” The wretched state of rain and damp that prevailed in the mud-dwellings in which very manv of the cholera cases occurred would hardly be believed. Still up to the end of July there was singular immunity of disease throughout the Jullundur Doab as shown in the Jail, Police, and Dispensary statistics. The Civil Surgeon has been unable to trace more than three unreported cases of cholera which occurred before the despatch of his Memo. No. 142, dated 5tli August 1881, reporting a seizure in the Dispensary where the son of the Bhisti was attacked with cholera on the 3rd August. On inquiry he discovered that on the 15th July there was an unquestionable case of cholera, another on the 26th July, and a third on the 1st August, of which short notes follow (a) Pirtlii, Hindu, age 32, was one of the two brothers who kept a sweetmeat shop in the bazar inside the city, was seized during the night with the symptoms of cholera and was seen and attended by bis aunt a shrewd old lady who gave every detail. He took ill during the night of the 14th July 1881, and was removed to a dwelling house on the morning of the loth where he died. The brother also died of cholera in the height of the epidemic. Pirthi’s death was registered No. 521, cause “ Dard Pehlu ” Pleurisy. (b) Peri who had been ailing from fever but was playing about when, as his brother and father informed us, he was taken ill with cholera and died on the 27th July, death being registered as fever. (c) Then on the 1st August in a house about 50 yards from the Dispensary Mahamed Ali, aged 14, was seen by the Municipal Hakim, and it being fatal in a few hours with choleraic symptoms, he had no doubt of its genuineness. No connexion could be traced between these three cases of the 15th and 26tli July and the 1st August. It was reported that on the 30th and on the 31st July, and on the 1st of August thousands of persons came from Lahore and Amritsar by train, alighted at the city station, went freely to the bazars of the city, visited friends and relatives at their houses; some slept the night here, all were en route to Chintpurni, a shrine beyond Hoshiarpur, near Purwain Bungalow, but no case of cholera was discovered amongst them. A European-driver of the Mail Train from Lahore where cholera was prevalent arrived at Phillour on the 2nd August and died that day. Cholera symptoms began’ soon after the train left Lahore. The 3rd August was the date of attack of the Bhisti’s son who died in the dispensary and which was the first case of cholera, which was recognized in this city. On the 5th there were 4 seizures three of which wmre in All Mohalla, a quarter of the city which afterwards suffered more than any other. Another section approached it very closely in number of seizures and severity of type, and this was the Killa occupying the site of the old Fort: its East face having a perpendicular drop of 60 feet: Ali Mohalla on the West side of the city limited by the Grand Trunk Road and the lowest in level,^bisected by an open sewer full of stagnant sewage, and the Killa, the highest portion of the city, on its East side, Were fearfully attacked by the disease. From the 6th to the 13th the whole city was studded with cases. On or after the 13th August the epidemic raged with intensity especially in Ali Mohalla and in the Killa : the daily seizures numbered from thirty to forty and upwards. There were 23 fatal cases on the 15th and 24 on the 16th. Panic prevailed about this time, and numbers of people fled in every direction, several thousands were said to have left by rail and a great many made for Nakodar, Jandiala, and Nurmahal: the number, however, as was afterwards ascertained, was greatly exaggerated at the time. Dr. Penny writes :— “ It was a harrowing sight to visit the low quarters of the town such as All Mohalla, or treading ones way in and out of narrow passages and fearfully crowded dwellings as in the Killa: often black and cobwebbv, perhaps roof falling in, and a running stream of rain drainage under the charpoys the patients were sleeping on. The scenes were calculated to terrify when partly from desertion and chiefly from death it was as though one were in the city of the dead, the stillness only broken by the wTailing of the mourners.” On Monday, the 15th August the Jail being then in rigid quarantine, a prisoner was seized with the illness and was dead at night. The severely affected quarter of Ali Mohalla lies on the one side of the Grand Trunk Road opposite to where the Jail stands on the other side of it. And the road to the Bastxs or suburbs where the disease broke out with great violence, passes along side the Jail garden. Nevertheless no other death occurred in the Jail. A female prisoner in the Lock-up had to be moved into the quarantine but she recovered. The wife of the Head Master, a Eurasion lady, was attacked, she aEo recovered. It is noted that at the time of the appearance of cholera the Muhammadans’ fast was being observed and that the Muhammadans were attacked in very much greater proportion than Hindus. The fast ceased on the 28th August. From the 13th to the 20th the epidemic was in high tide. After that the disease began to sub* side and the deaths fell from double to single figures. A gradual decline in the number of new cases took place and the deaths became fewer and fewer till the 13th September when a single case and one death were recorded, after which the epidemic entirely ceased in the city of Jullundur. The suburbs or Bastis of Jullundur are more like three or four small towns close together' and about 1| mile from the North-west corner of the city. They are not suburbs in the ordinary sense. Their names are Basti Shekh, Basti Guzan and Basti Danishmandan, There is great intercourse between the city and these suburbs, but no choh ra case in them was observed till after the great outbreak and consequent panic in the city on or about the 13th or 14th August, when a large number of persons left the city for the Bastis. In the Bastis crowded dwellings, chiefly mud- huts nested together, badly ventilated, and fearfully crowded, were of the same description as were found in the Jullundur city. Neither in the Bastis nor in the city, however, was cholera wholly confined to the dwellings of the poor and destitute. In the city “ an old Member of the Municipal Committee suffering from chronic venereal disoruer was one amongst many who fell victims to cholera.” In the Bastis, “ a well-beloved Wakil of considerable means became a victum.” In the Bastis from 5 cases on the 15th August, the cases rose to 28 on the 27th August and 30 on the 1st September. After this there was a marked decline, and the list for the suburbs closes on the 16th September with a single admission aLd death. The mortality was highest on the 29th August when 13 cases were registered. The ratios of seizures and deaths to populati are shown below in contrast:— Population. City ... .. 35,222 Suburbs ... 15,702 Ratio per mille In the city the relative number of seizures September. Seizures. in the city and suburbs within Municipal limits Seizures. Deaths. 751 339 355 151 217 96 deaths according to caste were up to 16th Deaths. Muhammadans • • • 460 215 Hindus • • • 191 110 Other classes !••• 18 14 At Kartarpur which is a Railway Station on the Sindh, Punjab and Delhi line, Lahore side of the K'rtarpur T city> a case on ^ *^th August which was fatal is recorded. It occurred in a faqirs’ garden outside the town in the person of a young man who had been one of a wedding party, which passed through Jullundur city 2 days before and travelled by road. No other case of cholera occurred here till the 20th when the mate of a gang of coolies workino- in the Grand Trunk Road died in a hut nearly opposite to the Rest-house which is a short distance outside the town. The next case reported occurred on the night of the 27th August in the family of the chowdri in the butchers’ quarter, which occupies a corner of the town, when a Muhammadan woman was seized with cholera and died the following morning. Another woman and child who were servants to the household were attacked on the same night in their own house. Then came two other cases in the course of the two following days in that one corner of the city. The Tehsildar fearing that the well used by the people in this locality had been contaminated had it closed. He fumigated with sulphur the inside and outside of the houses, but the disease spread into the town until there were 91 seizures and 52 deaths, being a ratio of 35 per mille (population 11,053). At Nakod&r, population 9,780—cholera reached this town on the 14th August. It is 15 miles Nakodar T to ^7est °* ^ie c^7 w't^ a large ekka traffic on a good pacca road. The earliest case of cholera was that of a man called Radha, 20 years of age, employed as a Law Agent and in the habit of attending the Jullundur Katchery. He did so on the 14th August, and while in Jullundur he put up in the Guru’s Haveli, Ali Mohalla, while returning to Nakodar he became ill, and Hospital Assistant Moti Lai was called to attend him. Radha died on the 16th. Then on the 17th his own child, a girl Dhanty 10 years of age was seized. There was no other case of cholera till the 21st, when an old woman 50 years of age living close to Radha was attacked. The 4th was on the 23rd and it occurred to a man who was a servant employed by the family of a subordinate in the settlement department whose family fled to Nakodar. He died. On the 27th in this same Mohalla a boy 8 years of age was attacked immediately on arrival from Jullundur. In all, there were 21 cases of cholera in Nakodar, which were limited to one section of the city ; of these 10 were fatal. al town is a lar^e to wn in Phillour tehsil with 4,086 inhabitants, and is reached either Nurmahal. v^a Nakodar, or by a direct road from Jullundur through the large village of ^ _ Jandiala. There were 112 cases and 46 deaths, the earliest case was that of Ghirdhari, a Brahmin, aged 25, who went to give evidence in Rai Oojagarmal’s Court in Jullundur. Ha stayed in Guru’s Haveli and returned on the 23rd August, when he was seized with cholera and died on the 24th, the next were importations,- two young men who were brought ailin<> with symptoms of cholera at 10 p. m. on the 25th August, from the Basti Darwesh suburb of Julluudur where they had stayed two days with their mother and another brother. On the 4th September the wife of Teh la, a Brahmiu, died only a few hours after her arrival from Phagwara. No quarter of the town seems to have escaped. The disease euded at the end of September. Jandiala is on approaching it like an over-grown village. It is 7 miles from Nurmahal, and Jandiala. T. 10 fr°™ Jul!undur> crossing the river Beyne by ferry. There are about 5,000 inhabitants. Cholera cases were 12a, and deaths 56, giving- a ratio of 11 2 per mille, showing the disease was of an unusual severity here. The very compact, nested and closely hemmed in character of the interior of this village was remarkable, the lanes are so narrow that two persons cannot walk abreast through them. It was like a maze. There was remarkable cleanliness in the houses. The people are in constant communication with Jullundur as 15 or 20 people go to and fro dahy. There was no appearance here of storm-drainage, as there was about Nurmahal and Nakodar with their surroundings of stagnant water. The last case of cholera was on the 12th September 1881. Adampur is 15 miles on the Hoshiarpur road with 4,153 inhabitants, and it had 13 seizures Adampur T and 10 deaths. A traveller named liura, Hindu, 30 years of age, from Kartarpur is the first case on the list. It occurred on the 24th August. Days elapsed before there was another case, when on the 10th September, Omar Din, aged 10 was seized and died ten days afterwards. Other cases occurred and the disease was soon scattered over the town aud the last case happened on the 27th September. In the village of Chak, Bungah circle, 18 cases aud 6 deaths were recorded. The village is about Chak village. ^w? mdes distant from Bungah town. There are five agricultural villages quite close and all the cases occurred in one only. The first case was that of Mussammat Mango, 20 years of age, brought by her brother from Jullundur on 7th September, and during the journey she had diarrhoea and vomiting. It was genuine cholera. On the same day that she arrived the brother’s son Harnaui Singh was seized and died on the 13th. 22nd Septembe r was the date of the last case. Nawashahr which lies between Bungah and Rahon, is a large town with a population of 5,351' Nawasbahr T. chiefly Hindus, amongst whom Avas only one case. A Brahmin residing the heart of the town close to one of the largest Shawalas was attacked on the 11th beptembor. It appeared that Diwan Achhru Mai of Kapurthala arrived on a visit to the . town having lost his child from cholera. Finding the Brahmin ill, he wrote for the Hospital Assistant at Rahon to come and attend, which he did, and found it was cholera, and the man died the following day. Rahon is quite up in the East corner of the district on very high ground, the houses rising Rahon T. oue a^ove t'ne other ; the School, Thana, and Rest-house forming the ^ . summit and commanding an extensive view of the hills and the river £>uUej emerging from them. There are 12,914 inhabitants, and 20 cases of cholera are on the list as.having occurred between the 1st September and the end of the month. They did not all occur in the city, in fact the first case was in the village of Sotah, about 3 miles off in a clump of trees far away towards the hills. A woman called Mussammat Basri was visited entire 1st September oy the Hospital Assistant, found to have cholera, and died the same day. She and her brother were constantly in the hal.it of going to Rahon. The woman had been fasting, and it was after eating at the I estival of Eid that she took ill. Five more cases occurred in this village. On the 2nd September the first case occurred in the town of Rahon, in the person of one of the Munici| . sweepers who died very soon after seizure. Then came a succession of 12 cases at long intervals, but mostly towards the East side of the town. Five cases occurred at Sotah, and three in the Karanpore villages between Rahon and the hills. There was a maker or seller of Kupis who came from Hoshiarpur on the 6th September and was carried off by the disease while in the house of another Kupiwaitfj in the town. Rahon was the last place in the district in which cholera cases were reported. In this tehsii there were 36 cases of cholera of which 26 were in the town or Railway Station PhillourT. °* which 17 were fatal; 16 cases occurred in the village of Sargondi . a itdle from Garai the first station from Phillour upside, and of these 3 died, l wo European drivers brought cholera with them from Lahore and died in Phillour, and a native employb also died of cholera. Ihe fort was free. ^ Of these cases the first oue was Salig Ram who arrived by Local I rain on the 19 th. The Quarantine Hospital received three destitute persons suffering from cholera. It was unknown when or how the Sargondi cases originated. The Civil Surgeon, Dr. Penny, concludes his report with the following remarks “ I have made these few running remarks on the outlying places where cholera was in the order of my visiting them, and in making my investigation I have tried to discover the connection of one case wuth another, either by the water-supply or by contiguity in every possible way I could think of; button often only to he baffled.” Sulphur fumigation gained immense popular favor and the member of the Municipal Committee who lives in Ali Mohulla personally superintended it in a most praise-worthy manner, and I believe with benefit.” To each section was supplied a portable tray containing medicines, tins of disinfecting powder, bottles of mustard and any sherbats or taips (ointment) which any of the Hakims might suggest. Meanwhile sanitary measures were actively carried on. The Magistrates and Members of Committee itinerated like myself. Dewan Ram Nath, the Secretary, having a special charge of the Bastis. The very offensive nuisance of ‘ Chabachas ’ or house-sinks were on every possible occasion put a stop to. Stale fruits, such as mangoes and melons were condemned. Whilst well-cleaning went on I took the opportunity of testing whether there was any connection between the water-supply and particularly affected localities but it failed me. Thcprecautions in regaid to the dwellings and clothing of persons affected with cholera were attended to, but much has yet to be done that must at the height of the epidemic have been left undone. On the site of the old heap of the Killa one of the highest parts of the city is an enormous female latrine bounded by three walls, in and out of which in the early morning women may be seen passing like bees in a beehive, than which nothing can be conceived more inimical to the public health in a time oi choleia. This was closed for the purpose of purification. The schools under the Revd. Golalc Nath were closed at my recommendation and I made a suggestion that the Katchery should be stopped from witnessing the great crowd one sees in the compound. It surely is remarkable that both Cantonment and the Jail have almost entirely escaped. As far as 1 have been informed the native community of the Cantonment Bazar have not suffered. There were four seizures and three deaths amongst the British troops but quite at the end, if not after, quarantine ceased. Both Jail, and Cantonment were placed in quarantine and only one case occurred in the Jail. In the breaking out of cholera in a city quarantine seems to be the first dread in the eyes of the people and their sole motive m concealment, because as soon as it became known we were o-oing to do nothing of the kind and intended to bring medicines to their doors they willingly mive us itfformation. I think our returns were as accurate as could be wished for: now that the epidemic is over their gratitude is unbounded in that they were not dragged from their houses to be put into a Quarantine Hospital. It has been shown that.with improved sanitation the larger cities of the Punjab have suffered very much less from cholera than formerly. The site of Jullundur is most unfortunate for its drainage which beyond dispute has for years been a growing evil. Only two years ao-o o-reat efforts were instituted to improve the sanitation and wells have been made for the sole purpose of sluicing the drains but unfortunately there is no main sewer to carry off the diluted sewage which accumulates in huge excavations, immediately outside the city on its Western side. It is like addino- fuel to the fire. In the rains the low level of the country caused the regurgitation of the sewao-e into the city along the sewers and the rise in the water-level in the wells at the same time. Witlf the memory of the recent epidemic fresh on the mind it is impossible to forget the crowded or ill ventilated dwellings of the poorer classes and I would ask is it not possible to make property owners responsible in some manner for cleanliness and ventilation: especially with reference to a measure of reform now in hand, viz., that of removal of outside cisterns. Another result of the recent epidemic to be thoroughly proved and over which no pains should be spared is the removal of every source of reinfection in every place or house wherever the case of cholera has occurred.” JHELUM DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the 38. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease Jhelum district. chronologically and locally in the Jhelum district. 0. Police Station. Town and Village. Population. Date of first death. | January. | February. | March. | April. | June. Me ♦ "3 >NTHS m £ tp • September. October. i J November. December. Total. Date of last death. ^ Remarks. 1 Jhelum Jhelum T. 11,319 7th Augt. l 1 5 ... 7 26th Octr. 2 Do. Chakar | 547 2nd Octr. ... 4 4 3rd 3 Soh avail SohJvah 937 16th July ... . ... ... 1 ... ... 1 16th July. 4 Do. Miani Sedan 126 12tli ,, 5 ... 5 19th ,, 5 Chakwal Chakwal T. 5,674 1st Octr. ... 1 i 1st Octr. 6 Do. Kotahwal 121 17th Sept. 1 ... i 17th Sept. 7 Tuman Narah * 15th „ 1 ... i 15th ,, Total ... ... 6 l 3 10 ... 20 * Not known. In this district cholera did not prevail in an epidemic form, but 20 deaths altogether were registered from the disease in 7 different localities, vis. 7 in the town of Jhelum, 5 in the village of Miani Sedan, 4 in that of Chakar, and single deaths only in four other villages. The Civil Surgeon makes the following remarks: “ There was no epidemic during the year, 12 cases of cholera occurred amongst the Railway employes, but in almost every case the persons attacked either arrived by train at Jhelum actually suffering from the disease, or had come from Lahore, where cholera was epidemic, a short time before they were attacked. Three cases occurred in the city one a cook who kept an eating house in the bazar, and who in that way might have come in contact with travellers passing through, who were suffering from the disease or had come from infected districts. The second was that of a shop-keeper with whom the Railway employes dealt, and the third case was that of a Police-man who lived in the tehsil. Thirteen other cases occurred in the district, and in nearly all there was good evideuce to prove that they were imported cases nearly all having come from the line of Rail a short time before they were attacked.” GUJRANWALA DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Gujrdnwala district. 39. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chro- o nologically and locally in the Gujranwala district. No. Police Station. Town and V illage. Population. Date of first death.] 1 Gujr&nwdla T. Gujranwdla T. 20,362 27tli AugtJ 1 2 Do. Atavah X,-A 3rd Sept. 3 Do. Gondlanwdla ... 2,636 16th do. 4 Kamoke Jandali 6S6 29th Mar. 5 Do. Eminabad T. ... 0,719 3rd Sept. 6 Do. Dhallanwali ... 652 4th do. 7 Do. Ratali Khurd ... 290 5th do. 8 KilaDidar Singh Botalah 1,942 7th do. 9 Do. Dochhah 482 29th do. 10 Do. Bhoman 511 29tli do. 11 Do. / Uhdowali 1,302 24th Nov. 12 WazirabadT. ... Wazirabad T. ... 15,346 18th Agt. 13 Do. Gakhar 2,908 4th Sept. 14 Akalgarh T. ... ; Akalgarb T. ... 5,037 24th do. 15 Do. RamnagarT. ... 7,180 10 th June Total ... Months. U ^ eg Cg gj r-*-< a h z *5 ' 1-3 -*5 ►J § ' >* eg £ TJ -H 3 £ & to 1 | 1 i i I ij i i ... ... 1 1 1 1 1 | i •• .j i i j i O S CL) P-< O m 146 7 1 4 3 1 1 2 <v rQ O o O <u rO £ 0) r* O £ 19 35 20 1 Cg O H eg <D 4^> eg O -M eg fi 03 « M X w PS ,153 6th Octr. 7 24th Sept. 1 16th do. 1 29th March 4 25th Sept 3 6th do. 1 1 10 3 5th do. 7th do. 11th Octr. 1 3rd do. 24th Novr. 54 23rd Sept. 20 i20th do. 1 24th do. 1 10th June. 21 ,221 16 261 The total number of towns and villages affected was 15 out of a total of 1,177 in the district. The highest number of deaths occurred in the month of September. The Civil Surgeon gives the following account of the outbreak:— “Although cholera had shown itself in Lahore early in June, no cases occurred in this district (notwithstanding direct Railway communication) until the end of July. The first Epidemic cholera. cage recorded in the Sadr Town was on the 27th of August. The person attacked was a Native Pleader, whilst residing temporarily in the city of Lahore, who, soon after he was taken ill, was brought in by Rail by some of his relatives to his family house in Gujranwala. His wife who attended’him on his arrival was seized the same night, and both died on the following day. After this, the epidemic spread, into different parts of the district. The largest number of deaths (when the epidemic may be said’to have attained its worst) on any one date, occurred, on the 10th August. The last case was recorded on the 16th October, so that the entire period of its prevalence, in this district, extended a little over 2| months. The total number of seizures was 244, and deaths 146, giving a ratio of 59 per cent of deaths and seizures. A rate of mortality rather under perhaps than over that of the last Mortality. two epidemics. The instances were few in which the disease presented itself in a very virulent type. , The case of Colonel Millar, Deputy Commissioner of Gujranwala, was of all, probably, the most The sudden death of Col. sudden and severe: a tew particulars as to which may not be uninteresting 1 ar’. He took ill about midday on Sunday, the 11th September. At 7 o’clock that morning he read the Service in Church, returned home to all appearauces well and cheerful: wrote some home letters, aud at the usual hour about 10 o’clock, had his breakfast, which consisted simply of rice and milk and some jam. He then, his servants state, arranged some wines on a side-board, in anticipation of the anival ot his successor Captain Roberts, who was expected by train, and would relieve him of me chaige of the district that evening. After seeing to the arrangement of the wines, it appears, that he sat down in an easy chair, near the front door to read some newspapers. About half an hour later on, i. e., about 12 p clock, toe attention of one of the servants seated in the veranda, was attracted by a strange noise, as if something heavy had fallen, and on going into the room discovered the Colonel lyin" stretched unconscious on the carpet. He was removed to his bed, and when roused to speak, could onlv answer in whispers, ihe usual symptoms now set in with fearful severity. The vomiting aud purging were constant, the limbs became rigid with spasms, the eyes sank in their sockets, and by about 2 o’clock not only the face and extremities, but the entire surface of the body became livid. He gradually sank and^died at 7 o’clock in the evening, just about half an hour before the arrival of his successor. These details do not present any new, or uncommon phase in regard to the symptoms which ordinarily characterize or identify this terrible scourge, but they afford, I think, an example of the frightful suddenness and rapidity with which, without the slightest warning it sometimes carries off its victims. Beyond being, on the whole, of a somewhat milder form, compared with previous epidemics, the disease did not appear to me to exhibit anything particularly noteworthy in its character or course. The facts recorded in connection with the first case, leaves not the shadow of a doubt, that its spread from Lahore to Gujranwala was due to direct importation. Its advent was not preceded by any indications of an altered state of health, among the inhabitants,—such as a disturbance of the digestive organs, &c.. any 2noro than is usually present when no cholera threatens. ” FEROZEPORE DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the 40. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease cbrono- Ferozepore district. logically and locally in the Eerozepore district. Town and Village. A 4* <e Months. 4 No. Police Station. Population. -43 ¥1 s «4-< o <D -4» c3 « 1 January. February. March. April. £ June. July. August. September. October. i 1 November. December. Total. t -*» 3 HH O V •4* ft ai M 04 •4 X w ft 1 Dharmkot Darta 673 20th July 5 5 20th July. 7th Sept. 9th ,, 18th ,, 20th „ 2 Baga Porana... Baga Porana ... 1,953 1st Sept. 9 th ,, 6 A 3 Ditto Alamwala 180 1 1 4 Nihal Singhwala Lopoki 3,011 18th „ 1 1 6 Ditto Badni Kalan ... 3,231 20th ,, .. c 1 1 6 Nathanah Nathanah 4,430 5th ,, 1 1 5th „ 16th ,, 7 Ditto Meraj Gholia ... 1,793 5th „ L 8 8 1 Total ... L f... 5 18 23 - 1 | 1 " The number of towns and villages affected was 7 out of a total number --~-- nao i uuu ui ci uumwi of 1,276 in the district, and ihe total number of deaths registered was only 23, all of which however were returned under the bead of (fever and other causes) in the Police mortuary returns; but after further enquiry from this office they were ascertained to be due to cholera. An Hospital Assistant who was sent to Gholia to investigate the circumstances attending the outbreak of cholera there reported that 5 deaths from cholera bad occurred in that village, they were, as he was informed by the lambardars and heirs of the deceased as follows :—1 Kupuri, 2 Mussammat Tabi, 3 Mussammat Partabi, 4 Mussammat Indi, 5 Jaswant. All of them were attacked by purging and vomiting, the stools being like rice water. The symptoms described are contraction of the skin, c< nfusion, retention of urine, faded face, small eyes, wrinkled clieeks, and overpoweiing thirst and heat; the patients at last became cold and died. The first case occurred on the 6th of July in the person of the woman Jinani who fell ill and died alter 18 hours. No other case of cholera was found in this village, but the disease was said to nave come from a small neighbouring village of the same name, viz, “ Gholia Khurd” or little Gholia where it was prevalent. The cause of the prevalence at Gholia Khurd was assigned to importation by a man named Fatha, durzee (tailor) ot the village, who went to Haidwar. On returning he was attacked by cholera at the town of Jagraou in the Ludhiana district and some 13 miles distant from the village. lu the same bad state lie reached the village and died after a few hours. The lnmbardars and heirs of the deceased at Gholia Ka'an stated, that from the (jth to the 22nd July 31 persons were attacked by cholera, of whom 20 died and 11 recovered. They also stated that the coudiiion of all the sick was alike, but that those whose urine was continued were saved and the rest died—inauv of them were attacked at night. W O AMRITSAR DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the 11^ <listilbut.ioii of t!iO disease clironologicrilly ClTld locally is Amritsar district. shown iu the subjoined Statement. 0. Police Station. Town and Village. 1 Amritsar Amritsar T. ... 2 Ditto Suburbs 3 Ditto Katanian 4 Ditto Kote Sed Mahmud. 5 Ditto Verkah 6 Ditto Tung Pain 7 Ditto Kathildh 8 Ditto Tung Bala 9 Ditto Gilwali 10 Kathunangal ... Majitha T. 11 Ditto Kathunangal ... 12 Ditto Bhoman 13 Ditto Jolial Mandair.. 14 Ajnalah Bim D&ss 15 Ditto Kora Kangal ... 16 Ditto Raja Sansi 17 Lopoki Baggah 18 Ditto Thattali 19 Ditto Morah 20 Tarn T;tran Tarn Taran T. 21 Gorindak Gorindak 22 Vairowal Vairowal T. ... a o .rt 3 o Ps 136,130 6,210 1,203 1,136 1,896 917 1,246 717 1,481 6,004 1,468 1,432 140 5,2.37 (ill 1,688 1,101 410 529 3,133 893 5,95S G3 Q) H3 <D 4-> ci ft Months. 5 « I CM a 5 4 ^ 4 29th Mar. 8th Octr. 28th Mar. 4tli Sept. 6th ,, 17th ,, 19th ,, 4th Octr. 1st ,, 11th May 25th Aug. 4th Sept. 5 th ,, 22nd June 5th July 26th Sept. 5th A gt. 24th Sept. 23rd „ 25th ,, 6th ,, 22nd June 1 ...I 1 | i\"Z Total ... I.. >-5 1 2 4-> C/2 2 bo 45 September. i 1 October. 328 225 ... 1 29 1 3 1 14 Sh O a o > o J-l o rO £ rH O o> ft 8 16' 3 2 o 49; 407 232! 8 I I o o U o o 4-» c3 ft 612 1 1 29 7th Novr. 8th Octr. 28th Mar. 21 at Sept. 1 18 6th do. 18th do. V 19th do. 1 4th Octr. 1st do. 17th do. 1 25th Augt. 71 11th Sept. 1 5th do. 1 22nd June. 1 5th July 11 26th Sept. 2 5th Augt. 17 2nd Octr. 3 27th Sept. 2 25th do. 2 6th Sept. 1 22nd J une. 707 C/2 M (M ◄ a The total number of deaths registered is 707, the first of which occurred on the 29th March, in the city of Amritsar, t lie last on the 7th November, also in the city. Altogether 22 places out of a total of 1,009 in the district recorded cholera; of this number 12 returned only single deaths, in 5 others the deaths did not exceed 4 ia any one of them, and in one of the remaining 5 the number was only 7; in the other 4 the ’deaths were distributed as follows: — Amritsar city G12 ; Kote Sed Mahmud 29, the fir>t on 4th and last on 21st September; M .jit ih 18, the first on llth M iy, the last on 17tli October ; and Thatnli 17, the first on 24th September, the last on 2nd October. More than six-sevenths of the entire registered mortality occurred in the one town of Amritsar, and it was confined to the mtia-mural area; the suburbs outside, comprising the civil station, population O',215 returning but a single death from this cause, on the <Sth October. In previous years this city is known to have been visited hv epidemic cholera in 1805—13-27-45-56-G2-G5-67-G9-75-79 and 81. Regarding the first six of these we have no statistical records. Regarding the last six we have records of the mortality registered on each occasion. The figures stand as shown in the margin. The details of the outbreak of 1881 have unfortunately not been very clearly recorded, owing to the immense amount of work daily engrossing the whole time of the medical officers and subordinates. From ihe district mortuary returns it appears that isolat 'd deaths from eh >lera w ue registere I in the city long prior to ths outbreak of the epidemic. The fust of these occurred in the month of March, another in the month of April, a third in .June, and then 3 iu July. In August the epidemic prevalence of the disease was established and 45 cholera deaths were registered in that month. In September the number io.se to 328, in October it stood at 225, and in November Mink to 8. After this month no cholera was recorded, The cholera of 1881 iu Amritsar city is remarkable for its resemblance to that of the year Year. Cholera deaths, 1365 (not available.) 1S67 ... 1,488 18C9 ... 3,041 1875 ... 756 1879 ... 524 1881 ... 612 1869. In both the years compared the cholera was associated with and followed by an epidemic fever which destroyed many more lives than were attributed to the cholera. The mortality registered under the two diseases during each month of the years 1869 and 18S1 is shown in the subjoined statement. Deaths registered from cholera and fever in the Amritsar city in 1869 and 1881. Jany. Feby. March. April, i May. June. July. August. Septr. October. Novr. December. Total. Year. C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. | C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. C. F. 1869 3 146 4 110 1 95 4 133^ 16 221 38j 271 567 381 2,330 363 75 357 CO 1 1,268 .... 634 3,041 4,764 1881 209 •• 154 1 170 1 189 .. j 193 1 231 | 3 171 45 286 328 2,652 225 4,279 8 2,540 .... 950 612 11,724 Reporting on the epidemic at Amritsar in 1881, the Civil burgeon, Dr. Ross, wiites Ihe heavy rainfall which commenced in June, caused immense collections of water over a tiact of canal irrigated ground to the North and North-east of the city of Amritsar. The two natural drainage channels :—The Gumtala Nalla and the city ditch being quite inadequate to carry off the water, the consequence was that the spring level rose to an unprecedented height ; water even bubbling up like mi uture geysers. All the wells became thoroughly polluted and the water in them tasted dis inctly brackish. “ Fever ” in the city did not appear in an epidemic form until September, it was piece led by cholera, which shewed about the beginning of August. * * * This cholera was of an extremely fatal type, and later on, when masked by fever, there was same difficulty in recognizing it in time. The fever which prevailed with its utmost force in September and the early part of October, appeared to be of the relapsing fever species, but with some affinity to cholera. there were the signs, fearfully severe headache, insomnia, disordered bowels (often constipated), suppression of urine, and death by coma frequently within a few hours after seizure of relapsing fever, but then the rice water evacuations and vomit of cholera appeared in very many instances during the course of an attack of the fever. The two diseases—Cholera and fever, supposing them to be distinct certainly masked one another so effectually that diagnosis was extremely difficult at times. The people by 'he end of October began to show the exhausting effects of the epidemical fever; enlarged spleen, anaemia, debility, jaundice, &c. told fatally on their enfeebled constitutions. This specific fever was strictly confined to the city, and to only those who had to go there. The civil officers all suffered severely, getting frequent relapses. I observed in Kohat in 1869, an outbreak of fever very similar to the Amritsar epidemic, followed by cholera; it was then also observed that it was an impossibility to tell when the cholera commenced; the symptoms of many cases of the fever being so similar. Referring to the Jail, Dr. Ross, writes—“The fever which broke out in the Jail, which was in a swamp, and where the prisoners were lying on the damp earth, was distinctly of the ordinary autumnal type Malarious caused b}7 rise of water-level to the surface in a soil impiegnated, not with a urine or excrement, or dead men’s bones as at Peshawar, but with vegetable matter. This fever was very mild, was curable by Cinchona Febrifuge or Quinine, and left no sequelae. Ihe Civil lines and the district also did not suffer from epidemic fever.” Dr. Ross adds “ the above report is written without any notes to refer to, work was too severe and harassing to permit of much writing to be done. The records of the 6 dispensaries, in which 1| lac of people were treated had to be kept in the roughest manner.” In his summary Dr. Ross writes—“ Ihere were two distinct kinds of fever to be found at Amritsar in September and October. (1.) A specific city fever. (2) Ordinary malarious fever (outside the city), and also epidemic cholera, No. 2 may be dismissed without further mention. No. 1 was a specific fever masked and frequently interrupted in its course by cholera, to which disease it presented often somewhat similar symptoms making diagnosis next to an impossibility. (a) This was well observable in the Police camp, where several cases aomitted as ill from fever were attacked with choleraic symptoms and died. The Hospital Assistants expressed their inabdity to recognize these cases as cases of cholera, in the first instance. (b) In the city too I had to give positive orders that all cases in which vomiting and purging occurred should be treated as cases of cholera and not of fever. (c) In not one, but in fifty to one hundred cases was the “ materies morbi ” (of the two diseases?) “ observed to be operating in the same individual and at the same time.” Dr. Ross adds “this fever was highly infectious, whole households being down at the same time, and only those whose duty took them inside the city, living outside, contracted this cholera fever, as it has been called. Quinine did not cure the disease, removal from its vicinity did. The sequelae of this epidemic fever were severe, and resembled those of relapsing fever.” Being myself engaged elsewhere on duty with the Special Cholera Committee referred to at the commencement of this Section Dr. Bennett, Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle, in October was instructed to proceed to Amritsar to investigate and report on the nature and peculiaiiLies of the fever prevailing in that city. His very clear and instructive report is reproduced in extenso in Appendix A. I may add that having myself visited Amritsar early in November with the Cholera Committee I am enabled to add my testimony to that of Dr. Bennett in respect to the starving condition of the Kashmiri Shawl-weavers, who were the principal sufferers during this epidemic, as well as to the intermittent and remittent types of fever with their usual sequelae then prevailing in the city. GUJRAT DISTRICT. History of outbreak in tho Gujrat district. 42. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally in the Gujrat district. No. Police Station. Gujrat Ditto Ditto Lala Musa Town and Village. Gujrat T. Jalalpur T. Kunjah T. Phalair a .2 a o PM c3 <D ca o o •+-> c3 ft Months. s| 1-5 « « ft =« 5 <1 3 ^ 17,401 14,014 5,355 495 21st Augt 24th „ 19th ,, 4th Sept. Total <1 2 19 1 22 CD & s <D ft <D to U ID ,0 O 40 o O 13 4) rt3 a ID > o & (h ID ,Q a ID O ID ft o H 5 19th Sept. 28 15th ,, I 1 ^ 19th Augt. 1 4th Sept. 35 The total number of towns and villages affected was 4 out of a total of 1,414 in the district but the disease prevailed in au epidemic form only in the town of Jalalpur. The highest number of deaths (22) occurred in the month of August. The Civil Surgeon gives the following account of the outbreak:— “ The epidemic of cholera which prevailed in the Punjab in 1881, reached this district on the 18t.h August last, and ended on 19th September. It appeared in three localities, viz. the towns of Kunjah, Jalalpur and Gujrat. The first case occurred in Kunjah, situate seven miles West of Sadr station, on 18th August, the subject of which had joined a marriage party from Lahore three days previously—at the village of Thatta. He died on 20th August—and no more cases occurred there. The Native Doctor who treated this person is an experienced man, who has often before seen cholera. The disease is not known to have affected the members of the marriage party who came from Lahore. Cholera appeared at Jalalpur, situate nine miles East of the Sadr, on 23rd August and ended on 19th September. There were 50 seizures with 29 deaths. Ten of these sufferers received no treatment, having been seen too late. The first case (Shadi) returned from a visit to Lahore and was seized within a week. The second and third persons affected were close neighbours, who visited Shadi in his illness— and who fell ill on the same day that he suffered. The fourth person was Shadi’s son, the fifth was Shadi’s sister-in-law, the sixth was mother of the second case, who was Ahmed Din. The last three were seized on the 24th August. The order of seizures and of deaths was as follows :— Seized. Died. Seized. Died. 23rd August ... • • • 3 0 2nd September ... 3 1 24th „ 4 3 3rd 3) ••• 1 1 27th „ 3 3 4th » ••• 0 1 28th „ 5 3 5th )f ••• 3 1 29 th „ 9 3 7th )) ••• 0 2 30th „ 8 3 13 th }> • • • 3 0 31 st ,, ... 6 5 14 th >> • • • 1 ± 2 1st September 0 1 19 th 1 0 Total ... 50 29 Every effort wras made to bring the sufferers out of doors for treatment, and to remove their excreta for burial. No food nor water was allowed to be near them, and sulphur was burned freely near them. The soiled earth was scooped out and carried away and sulphur was burned freely on these places. The bedding and beds of the deceased were burned, those of the survivors were subjected to boilino- water. All earthen water vessels that had been used vrere destroyed outside the town, Sulphurous Acid Gas was freely applied in the drains and streets in the infected part of the town for the whole time of the epidemic. Seven persons suffered from cholera at Gujrat, between 25th August and 19th September last, of whom five died. The first person had returned from a visit to Lahore, and fell ill on the fourth day after his return. The second person came direct from Wazirabad where cholera existed, and was sent to Hospital from the Railway Platform, suffering with the disease. He was treated in the infected ■ward outside the town. Three cases occurred in one household. One woman died in the same lane with the above three who visited the infected household. The last of the seven, a female, visited a family at Kunjah, wheie a death from cholera had been reported by the Native Doctor, and fell ill seven days after her return to Gujrat. All doe precautionary measures were observed to check the spread of the disease. Sulphurous Acid Gas was freely and Continuously applied to the houses, streets, and drains in the affected part of the city. For treatment. One grain doses of Calomel were given every alternate hour. Quinine grains v. dissohed in acid. Sulphuric dil :—every hour, or, it was applied subcutaneously. Mustard oil with turpentine for friction and dupes and sinapisms were freelv employed. Water was allowed to allay thirst. Stimulants were given only late in the course of the disease. When the sufferers were seen early in the collapsed stage, these remedial measures were successful in a high proportion. Several succumbed on the third and fourth day from uraemic coma. Early collapse was the rule observed, with less vomiting than was noticed in previous epidemics. EARN A L DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Kamal district. 43. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally in the Karnal district. rC •4_> 03 <D Months. -*-> w No. Tolice Station. Town and Village. 1 | Population. •43 cn H U-4 O <v a P U 3 a : £ Ct, | April. May. 1 .Time. j . . •43 to September October. November. December. Total. Date of L death. o5 a •4 :s« 03 1 Karnal Karnal T. 24,015 216 4tli Sept. 18 th J une 1 1 4th Sept. 2 Gohlah Dasarpur Raktara Golilah Khurd, 2 3 4 Samalka Ditto 1,267 950 5th Sept. 3rd ,, ... 4 1 ... 4 1 1 114 lain j une. 23rd Sept. 6 6 Ditto Panipat Samalka Panipat T. Shahidapur ... 1,173 24,500 10th ,, 13th Augt. 2nd Sept. 31st Augt. ...1 ... ... 49 1 65 ... Sicl ,, 10th ,, 7 Dit. 442 1 — 1 SI 5, 9nrl 6 Ditto Sivah 2,060 1 1 znct ,, 31st Augt. Total ... o 49 74 1 OK — — • -- "1 1ZD The disease appeared in an epidemic form only in the town of Panipat in which, as will be seen from the above statement, 114, out of the total 125 deaths registered in the district, occurred. Reporting upon the epidemic in this town the Civil Surgeon Dr. Doyle states that the first case occurred on the 11th August., the patient, a Muhammadan male, aged 18, a resident of Atawala, thana A1 lupur, tehsil Panipat. He went to Panipat to assist at a mela (fail) Urs Kalandar Sahib which be<mn on the 12th August and lasted for three or four days. The Tehsildar writes that about 20,000, excluding inhabitants of Panipat, were present during the mela. At first a quantity of bad meat, &c., was exposed for distribution among the pilgrims—this was as far as possible destroyed. The first case died in the Dispensary, Panipat. Another Muhammadan named Nasir-ud-din proceeded from Karnal to Panipat on the llth August in the evening. His friends state that lie got fever at Gharounda which is half way. He died at Panipat on the morning of the 12th having diarrhoea (as his friend reported) \ efore lie died. His age is given as 80. This was not registered as a case of cholera. Second registered case—Karim-ud-din, Kanchan, came to Panipat from Delhi for the mela, attacked on 20th, died 21st Nawab Fazl Ahmed Khan and Kundan Lai, Banin, Head Clerk, Railway office, arrived at Panipat from Lahore on the loth or 16th and the 19th or 20th of August respectively, neither of these men however got cholera. A table of seizures and deaths is appended. The majority of those attacked with cholera were Muhammadans but the Muhammadan population of Panipat is greater than the Hindu population. No meteorological observations have been recorded. Cattle disease apparently epidemic was prevalent at the time in the villages near Panipat. The Tehsildar writes that this disease caused running from the mouth, swelling3 of the feet and diarrhoea. The disease began in August, 263 cattle died from this cause duiing the month. A similar cattle disease appears to have prevailed in the Rohtnk district during January and February 1831. It appeared in the Kuthal tehsil of this district in April and May; in the Panipat tehsil, as above stated, in August, and in the Karnal tehsil in September. ( « ) Return showing the number of Patients who drank from the various wells of Panipat during the Cholera Epidemic of 1881. Patients. Number. Name of well. 00 2 nd r* H c3 g 3 GO c3 fl p T3 Others. Total, Remarks. 1 Uncha Kua 8 36 44 2 2 Nanu wala 2 . . • 3 Kaithan 9 9 4 Kankar wala 3 17 20 5 Mashuk wala 2 36 38 rFirst 10 wells inspected by Surgeon 6 Jogi wala ... ... 7 Dispensary wala 5 15 20 | General on the 18th January 1882. 8 Rai wala 2 24 26 9 Chamar wala (1st) . . . 10 Sweeper wala (1st) ... ... 14 14 , 1 11 Darzi wala 6 16 22 12 Barang 1 9 10 13 Kharadian • • • 3 3 14 Bhuton wala ... 23 23 15 Ladla Kua • • • 6 6 16 Raj on wala 1 ... 1 17 Mukdum wala ... 14 14 18 Ghari Rarian 1 4 5 19 Sweeper wala (2nd) ... ... 3 3 20 Rani Mahal 7 7 6 21 Bhola wala 2 •.. 9 } The wells from 11 to 31 are smaller. 22 Kazi wala ... 6 6 23 Chamar wala (2nd) ... 7 7 24 Pir Kumbha wala 1 4 5 25 Kathak wala 3 3 26 Chunawala 5 5 27 Kasab wala ... ... 1 1 28 Bhurawala 2 4 6 29 Booli Bax wala ... ... 3 3 30 Mali wala 9 7 16 31 Takya wala ... Total 54 2 245 24 2 323 J Table showing Cholera Seizures and Deaths at different ages in different classes in the Town of pat during the year 1881. Pani- Muhammadan3 Hindus Other Total Under 1 year. 'S § -B ^ m cn c3 « o P 2 2 a <v "3 a <0 p 1- -12. 03 v © ® © *3 s 3 © > 32 _ , cS « 0,0 ft 1 49 28 I I lill 6 8 3 2 68 37 12—20. © *3 <u Is a <0 p Oifi O 39 13 4817 24 m 2 -IS ^5 ®2 -g 1 02 |-g cj CC C ® tjl® 20—40. © »—t ci S © a © GO GO © I © 02 i C3 , „ «2 | to I CO | © <3 I © c3 © c3 I © POfip flofi iff 812 |$i 2 5 1118 2 29 16 5221 21oj 4 3 6 1 340 i 40-60. OB ® to cS o 16 6 <8 to p <0 a <x> Pi cS O 12 14 21 68 26 22 17 19 GO 4* cS © P 60 and upwards. K2 © 03 Q 4 5 1 4-5 CJ © P 00 © © a O 40 © p Total. © s cS o m P +> cS <0 p 120 71 27 14 15 161 93 m © 13 a <0 p o to cS O 125 27 10 162 cS U P o oj (H P <3 44 9 56 sS O <s 4> Q 245 115 54 24 323 24 10 149 * Other includes Sweepers and Chamars and other low castes. GURDASPUR DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Gur- 44. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease daspur district. chronologically and locally in the Gurdaspur district. rd O Months. «3 <D No. Police Station. Town and Village. Population. -4^ OQ Fh o <D p | J anuary. i | February. | March. April. ksH | June. [ July. J August. J September. October. J November. December. Total. m js o o P J Remarks. 1 Gurdaspur Gurdaspur T. ... 4,137 2nd Sept. 30 ... ... . , 30 1 23rd Sept. 2 Ditto Miani 385 5tli do. 1 . . . ... 5th do. 3 Dinanagar Dinanagar T. ... 6,626 17th do. 1 2 ... 3 7th Octr. 4 Kahnowan Gul 286 12th do. 1 .. . 1 12th Sept. 5 Ditto Baloch 241 27tli do. ... 3 ... 3 27th do. 6 Ditto Jorian 147 7tli Octr. ... 1 ... 1 7th Octr. 7 Ditto Borman 61 Sth do. 1 ... 1 8th do. 8 Pathankot PathankotT. ... 4,507 11th Sept. 5 1 1 7 9th Novr. 9 Ditto Rajah varali ... 268 16th May i ... ... 1 16th May. 10 Parmanand Balor 596 16th Sept. i 1 ... ... ... 1 16th Sept. 11 Madhopur Madhopur 168 30th J any. ... 1 1 30th Jany. 12 Kot Nainan ... Kot Nainan T. 1,726 12th Augt i ... 12th Augt. 13 Ditto Miadi 186 7th June 6 • • • • •. 6 7th June. 14 Batala Batala T. 26,929 24th Augt 3 227 30 ... 260 18th Octr . 15 Ditto Sallo 366 6th Sept. ... 1 1 6th Sept. 10 Ditto Divaliwal 729 16th do. 2 ... . .. 2 17 th do. 17 Ditto Moradpur 220 13th do. 1 ... 1 13th do. 18 Ditto Aliwal 792 18th do. 1 • •. 1 18th do. 19 Ditto Shairpur 298 25th do. 1 .. • ... 1 25th do. 20 Ditto Shahabad 363 27th do. •. • 1 . • • ... 1 27th do. 21 Fatahgarh Fatahgarh T. ... 4,481 19th Jany. 1 1 . . • 2 3rd do. 22 Ditto Jhivargarh 1,231 29th Aug. i 1 1 29th Augt. 23 Dera Nanak ... Dera Nanak T. 7,212 31st Jany. 2 ... ... 3 25th Sept. 24 Ditto Sukhuchak T. 3,246 28 th Feby. l ... , , ... 1 28th Feby. 25 Ditto Kanike 741 27tli Jany. Total ... 1 l 4 — — l 4 276 39 1 — 1 332 27th Jany. The total number of towns and villages affected was 25 out of a total of 2,302 in the district, hut the disease prevailed in an epidemic form only in the towns of Gurdaspur and Batala. The Assistant Surgeon, Bhagwan Das, gives the following account of the outbreak at Batala : Record of only one epidemic can be found in the Dispensary books. It occurred in the months History of previous epidemics of September and October 1875. Total number of cases was 214 with 177 of cholera. deaths. This was followed by a severe outbreak of malarious fevers in the same way as the present epidemic. Although four cases of cholera were successfully treated in April 1879 and few were also reported from the rural circle about the same period, the disease did not spread epidemically either in the town or villages ; and almost all the cases that came under notice were travellers who had been to Amritsar or Hardwar. The present epidemic seems to have commenced on the 23rd August and ceased on the 17th October 1881. Total seizures were 434, with 287 deaths, but of these 420 occurred in the town, of which 279 proved fatal and 14 in 10 villages situated towards the East of the town as follows:— Shahabad 3 cases with 2 deaths ; Sagarpur, Lakhu Rai each 2 cases with one death ; Salochahad Killa Tek Singh and Divaniwal each one case which recovered. Prior to the outbreak the following cases are said to have occurred :— A young man, who had been to Jullundur, where the disease was at its height at the time, was attacked with cholera at Sagarpur about the 15th and died in the North-eastern portion of the town about the 20th August. A weaver’s child suffering from the disease was brought from Lahore by his parents to the Tell gate near the dispensary on the 22nd August. This child recovered. A tailor boy who was taken ill at Lahore was brought by his parents to the centre of the town about the 20th August. This boy also recovered. A weaver of Batala who had been to Lahore only recently was attacked with the disease in the Mian Mohalla on the 20th, and died on the 25th August. The first cases that occurred after these persons entered the town in its various parts were the following:—■ (a) The mother of the weaver’s child on the 22nd ; (b.) woman neighbour of the 1st man at Sagarpur on the 25th ; (c) a Hindu child near the Teli gate and a Hindu girl in Shibkot (Western part) and a Bhisti girl in Khanda khola ( Southern quarter ) on the 26th, and (d) weaver woman in the Mian Mohalla on the 27th August 1881. ( <15 ) Of these the persons named in Nos. 2 and 4 and the Hindu girl in No. 3 recovered and the others died. The disease then spread soon and extensively in the Mian Mohalla but slowly near the Teli gate. It was also at the same time confined to a Bhisti family in Khanda Ivhola in which all the four persons attacked perished. From the Teli gate the disease spread to Kot Kuljas and from the Mian to Majuan Mohalla in both cases taking a Western course. The first cases in Ohari Chauk and Tiha (Central portion) occurred on the 29th of August aud then there was a general epidemic throughout the town. The outbreak gradually rose from one or two cases to five on the 1st and up to as many as 23 on the 17th September. It then began to decline till the 2nd of October when only 2 cases were reported. There was then a sudden rise to 15 on the 3rd and then a gradual decline till the 11th when only one case was reported, and then another the last one on the 17th October 1881. Out of 205 villages in the rural circle only 10 situated towards the east of the Police Station or about 5 per cent, were infected. In the Town the East, North, and Western quarters, that were much overcrowded and uncleanly suffered most from the disease. “Drainage” as far as the town wall extends is as complete as could possibly be, but all „ . _._L. , , outside the wall is for the most part occupied by stagnant pools which amtaiy con ltion o tle town. increase ia number in the rains; the dirty water of the town therefore is not carried away but on the contrary it stagnates and contaminates the atmosphere here for a greater portion of the year, as far as the large streets and “bazars” are concerned the conservancy of the town was good, but the smaller lanes and houses of the people were not as they ought to have been, urine and dirty water is, in most places, allowed to soak into the earth or left to give off effluvia which contaminate the air the town people breathe. Water for drinking purposes is principally derived from wells in the interior of the town and is generally good; for washing purposes the tanks all round the town are mostly resorted to. “ Food ” of the people although not rich has generally been good and sufficient “ Clothing’’dirty and in some cases insufficient. “Dwellings" confined, in most cases overcrowded and uncleanly; and in some insanitary with open drains passing through them, one corner of the house being used for kitchen, the other for a latrine, and perhaps a third as a cowshed. The filth in the latrines is suffered to be kept drying up and giving exhalations from one morning to the other and in a few cases is allowed to dry on roofs. The heavy rains in July and August followed by hot days were the marked meteorological phenomena of the year. The rains were so abundant that every thing outside the walls of the town was under water to some distance so much so that a boat could be taken from the Anarkali Tank round the town and back—several pucca tanks were also submerged. The above in sanitary condition of the town and the heavy rains of July and August followed by hot days supplied all the three conditions necessary for a favorable nidus for the cholera poison to multiply and come into activity. Besides this there are certain other conditions which account for the spread of the disease mentioned below:— The habits and people. customs of the 1. The native population is notorious for being uncleanly especially the low classes of Hindus and Muhammadans and the sweepers. Among them daily ablution is an exception rather than a rule ; and clothes are perhaps in most cases not washed even once during the month. The houses and court-yards are uncared for. No precaution whatever is taken as a rule to avoid infection. The evacuations are all thrown on the ground and left to dry—or perhaps the place may be washed and cleaned but the washings thrown at random in the court-yard, streets or adjoining drains where they cannot possibly be removed away. Persons, especially middle aged women, with their young children who generally go to condole with each other in cases of death, or, to see a neighbour patient, may sit on the bare floor perhaps soiled with cholera discharges, rub the hands and feet of the sick, and take any thing they want to eat without washing their hands; and the young children may pick up food, sweetmeat, or any other similar article lying in the sick room and put it into their mouths. Under these circumstances it is scarcely possible that those who frequent the cholera stricken should not fall victims to the disease. It will be observed that age and sex has some influence in causing the disease, (a) Children under one year of age almost entirely escaped, only 5 children were Age and Sex. attacked; but all proved fatal except one. (6) Children between the age of one and twelve years were proportionally the most affected during the present epidemic. Among these there were 153 cases with 104 deaths, most of these were under eight years of age, and these are the children who accompany their mothers to any place where they may take them. They live on bread, fruits and vegetable, and are therefore more liable to the disease than those under one year, who almost entirely live on milk, (c) Number of persons attacked between the ages of 12 20 was not hicrh nor was the mortality. There were 69 seizures with 32 deaths. The number of males and females was about the same but the disease among the former was more fatal than among the latter. Persons of this age being young, do not, as a rule, frequent the houses of the sick or dead and therefore generally escape ; besidies, the salutary effects their youth exercises in standing against the deleterious consequences of the cholera poison. (d) Persons between the age of 20 and 40 (especially females) generally visit the houses of the sick and go to condole with each other in cases of death, were more liable to the disease than others, excepting children between the age of 1 and 12 years. Total seizures among these were 134 with 91 deaths. The disease was more common but less fatal among females than among males. (e) Number of persons attacked between the age of 40 and 60 was very small but females still exceed the number of males and were also more liable to fatal results. In this class there were 52 seizures with 39 deaths. (/) Number of persons attacked above the age of 60 was smaller still but the mortality was pro- ( 40 ) portionally very high, and 9 deaths. Muhammadans There were among males 9 seizures and 8 deaths and among females 12 cases Caste. were the persons most attacked. Total seizures were 242 with 158 deaths or 65 28 per cent. The number of Arains, Julcihas, Rajputs, Chumars, Tarkhans, and Cashmiris exceeded that of the other classes ; the disease was most fatal among the Arain; but comparatively least so among Tarkhans, Sunars, and Dogars. The number of males was almost equal to that of females Among the Hindus the disease was less common t.ut comparatively more fatal than among the Muhammadans. Total number of persons attacked was 149 with 106 deaths, or 71T4 percent. This was owing more to the superstition of the people than anything else. The Hindus, especially females, are quite averse to take spirits and other liquid medicines. In this class the number of females exceeded that, of males. Khatris were the most attacked and more liable to fatal consequences than any other caste; Brahmins were the next and Bannias the third. This was most probably in proportion to the number of inhabitants present out of each caste in the town. Among these also Tarkhans aud Sunars were the least subject to fatal consequences. The disease was comparatively common enough among the sweepers, mortality however was not great, there being 43 cases with 23 deaths or 53'49 per cent. Dilute and in some cases aromatic Sulphuric Acid with Chlorodyne, essential oil stimulants Treatment. were genera% used f°r treatment and rendered remarkable results when given in time and directions strictly adhered to. The patients were advised to be kept in the open air and sulphur fumes continuously kept up, but this, in most cases was impracticable as people have great objections inherited to them by their forefathers and advised by native physicians, against keeping a patient in a state of collapse, with the cold hands and feet in the open air. The extremities were allowed to be rubbed with camphor liniment with ginger and nutmeg in it. Water was allowed to drink adlibitum but to this also the Hindu community raised great objections. Sinapism to the loins was also resorted to in some cases and in very few cases of coma blisters to the nape of the neck. After a day diluents and diuretics were also used in cases of the suppression of urine. A drop or two of carbolic acid was also sometimes added to a dose of the above acid mixture and in cases of great exhaustion Carbonate and in some cases solution or the aromatic spirit of ammonia was also used. As for food milk, soup, and tea were advised; but it was too difficult to induce Hindus to take anything of the kind owing to their religious prejudices. It is consolatory to find with all the prejudices standing against our measures that the disease was Results of the above mea- not so fatal as that in 1875. There were altogether 434 cases with 287 deaths sures* against 214 cases with 177 deaths in 1S75, and the mortality 6611 against 8271 per cent in 1875. It was observed that where the disease was treated early and directions rigorously carried out the chances of recovery were great. No less than 132 cases were reported after death so that those who came under European treatment were 302 with 155 deaths, showing a mortality of a very little more than half as noted in the margin. Classes. Total cases. Deaths. Total treated. Deaths among those TREATED. Number. Average per cent. Hindus 149 106 101 58 57-42 Muhammadans 242 168 167 83 49-70 Sweepers 43 23 34 14 41-18 Total 434 287 302 155 51-16 From the above it will be seen that Hindus who had the greatest prejudice and mostly depended on native medical advice suffered most from the disease and the sweepers who were almost entirely left to European medical advice the least. As a further preventive measure I would beg to suggest that the stagnant pools be filled up and the town suburbs thoroughly drained. LUDHIANA DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Ludhiana district. 45. The following chronologically and locally statement shows the diffusion of the disease in the Ludhiana district. No. Police Station. Town and Village. Population. Date of first death. 1 Ludhiana Ludhiina T. ... 40,385 1st Sept. 2 Do. Baranwal 1,468 18th do. 3 Do. Glialliwal 210 20th do. 4 Jagraon Soyan 657 3rd July 5 Do. Chakkar 1,962 10th Augt 6 Khanna Khanna T. 3,660 18 th June Total ... Months. ”3 rs S <1 c3 53 *"5 p &o u CD ,P Ph <D 02 10 1 1 u CD ,P O +o O o 12 (4 CD rO 5 CD > o 6 Vi ■D .P s CD O CD Q ci -v* O Eh 10 1 1 1 7 1 21 jp 40 CD •■d cS Q 26th Sept. 18th do. 20th do. 3rd July 18th Augt. 18th June. m a M <1 3 w P4 The total number of towns and villages affected was 6 out of a total of 851 in the district, but the disease prevailed very mildly, and in an epidemic form only in the town of Ludhiana and the village of Chakkar. From the report of Dr. Rouse, the Civil Surgeon, which is of the briefest nature, it appears that cholera made its appearance in this district first in Chakkar a village on the borders of the Ferozepore district; 22 persons were attacked with the disease and of these 12 proved fatal. In the first 3 cases the disease attacked persons who had returned from Dhola, a village in the Ferozepore district where cholera was then prevalent, between the 1st and 3rd day after their arrival in their own village Chakkar. Cholera appeared in Ludhiana town in the month of September 1881; the first four cases of the disease occurred in the Civil Station ; the first on the 6th, the fourth on the 13th September 1881, three of which proved fatal. The fifth or the last case occurred on the 17th September 1881. In the town of Ludhiana the first cases, namely two, occurred on the 15th September and the last case on the 29th September. Altogether there were 15 cases in the town, nine of which were fatal. SIALKOT DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Slalkot district. 46. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally in the Sialkot district. No. Police Station. Town and Village. — Population. 1 Sialkot SiAlkot T. 32,989 O Do. Agoke 1,843 3 Do. Hajipur 724 4 Do. Gopdlpur 348 6 Do. Police line * 6 Do. Chohar Chak ... # Pj i Do. Tahu 164 $ Do. Jail # 9 Sambridl Bhopalwala ... 3,639 10 Do. Sahuwala 3,316 11 Do. Sarangi 517 12 Do. Dhalam 842 13 Hardodaska ... Jamki T. 4,359 14 Do. Bhanoki 300 15 Do. Bhadiwala 2,598 16 Do. Piru Chak 1,493 17 Do. Go j rah 2,483 18 Pasrur Pasrur T. 8,276 19 Do. Kalalwala * 20 Phalaurah Chahar 537 21 Do. Khananwala ... 1,187 22 Do. Harpal 697 <i >4 o +» cl fi 28thAugt, 26th Sept, 22nd ,, 25th ,, 3rd Octr. 3rd 27th Sept. 16th ,, 5th Jany. 12th April. 15th Sept. 16th ,, 11th ,, 4th 2nd ,, 5th 7th ,, 15th ,, 25th July. 16th Sept. 22nd „ 22nd ,, Total Months. January. February. March. April. •Xupt | | June. July. ... 1 1 ... ... 1 1 \ 1 ... l ■ p to p <1 4> s V +» a 4) OQ 4> .Q O o o 193 1 9 4 2 6 1 1 2 2 39 4 1 7 272 12 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 32 <D rO £ Q > O S d> o Q P Total. Date of last death. 211 17th Octr. o 27th Sept. T 22nd „ i 25 th „ i 3rd Octr. i 3rd ii 1st i 16th Sept. i 5th Jany. ii 2nd Octr. 4 21st Sept. 2 17th ,, 6 26th „ 1 4th „ J 2nd „ O 5th „ 9 7th „ 39 30th „ 1 25th July. 4 27th Sept. 3 11th Octr. 7 24th Sept. 313 C/2 £ £ P5 * Not known. The total number of towns and villages affected was 22, but the disease prevailed in an epidemic form only in the following—Sialkot town, Tahu village, Sahuvvala village and Pasrur town. The highest number of deaths occurred in the month of September. The following details are from the report of the Officiating Civil Surgeon Fattah Singh The first case of cholera in this district occurred on the 26th August 1881, at Bhadoki, a small village in the Sialkot tehsil, situated about 10 miles on the South-west of the town of Sialkot, in the person of a Hindu, who had returned the previous night from Wazirabad, where cholera was said to be prevalent at the time. He was taken ill in the night, and died the next morning. The disease did not spread at all. In September 1875, this village was very severely visited by cholera, when not less than 68 cases and 26 deaths occurred. Bliadoki, 26th August 1881. In the city of Sialkot, the first case was reported on the 30th August. It occurred in the person of a beggar named Kalina, aged about 45 years, and a confirmed insane ; who used to live in the verandah of shops near the tehsil buildings. It is reported that on the 27th of August he ate a large quantity of “chapatis” of different sorts of grain and rice, collected on account of the great Muhammadan festival “ Eid,” and Si&lkot city. drank, as was always his habit, a quantity of filthy water from a pool of stagnant water near the well in the mosque compound situated close to the place where he was stopping. lhe fee mg on the Eid festival evidently deranged his digestive organs, and lie got vomiting and purging on the 28th, and was brought to the dispensary by the Police, in that condition on the afternoon of the sam« day. His meal on the day of Eid is said to have consisted of chapatis, rice and dall This man had not lately been to Wazirabad, Lahore, or any other infected locality ; nor is there anv evidence to show that this man had any intercourse with any man _ coming from these above- mentioned places • though there can be no doubt that a free traffic was going on (as usual) about this time between Wazirabad and Sialkot, and many persons used to come to the latter from the former town in almost every part of the town. Kalma, on his admission to the dispensary, did not appear to be suffering from the symptoms of true cholera, but he was placed in a room by himself and carefully observed °On the 80th August his symptoms assumed the appearance of those of genuine cholera, his common bilious stools became like rice water, vomiting set in, collapse supervened, cramps made their appearance eyes sank, voice became hoarse, and urine totally suppressed. He was then removed to a thatched Cholera Hospital, established about half a mile from the dispensary, on its South-west This man was very filthy in habits. Almost every astringent drug was tried to check his diarrhoea, while at the dispensary, without any avail. In the Cholera Hospital, he was treated up to 20th September, when after a long struggle he was eventually discharged cured. On the 31st of August 15 cases were reported simultaneously from different and in some^ cases ouite opposite parts of the town, viz., 1 in the North-west part of the town, 2 in the South-east, 7 near the heart of the town, 2 in the Northern part, 2 in the Eastern and one in the W estern part. The second case that occurred was in Mohulla Bhabarian, in the person of an Mulo, aged 55 years, living in a very badly ventilated Case No. 2. foul stagnant air, accommodating also a few buffaloes, probably on the 30th, but was not reported till 31st. No man is said to have come Wazirabad, Lahore, or any other infected locality ; nor did this woman or any of any of these places. The woman died on the 1st September at noon. The third case occurred in the person of a young boy named Sawan a Hindu, aged 16 years and the son of case No. 2 living in the same house with his mother. He Case No. 3. was taken qj with cholera probably on the 30th August, shortly after his mother’s illness, and was reported and seen by me on the 31st. This boy ultimately recovered. In the next door house to that of cases Nos. 2 and 3 cholera made its appearance on the 31st in the person of an old woman named Jai Dai, aged 70 years, who died Case No. 4. the next day (1st September), at about 3 p. m. The house in which this woman lived was not in a much better condition, from a sanitary point of view, than that of the adjoining affected one. Another fatal case also occurred in this house subsequently in the person of another woman. In the same mohalla but a little further fon to the South-east, another woman was also taken ill on the 31st August, in the morning, but recovered eventually. About Case No. 5. a dozen more cases occurred about this mohalla subsequently. In mohalla Churigarran, a man named Ballu, aged 37 years, living in a small ill ventilated and filthy house, was taken ill on the morning of 31st August and died 0aS6 6. - •» - "* 1 * i * 1 J rni_ * _ — _l—11_ — — 4- ~ ~ old woman named dark house, with She was taken ill to this house from her relatives visit on the 1st September at midnight, from mohalla Bhabarian. This mohalla is at some distance Case No. 7. The next case occurred on 31st August in the Northern part of the town, in mohalla Arorian, in the person of a boy named Nurdin, aged 4 years, son of Hassu Kashmiri. A large number of ekkas coming from Wazirabad stop near this boy’s house. He was taken ill while in good health in the morning and died about midnight. The next case was a man named Sattar, aged 90 years of mohalla Tibba in South-east part of the town. This man was taken ill on the morning of 31st with the Case No. 8. characteristic symptoms of cholera and expired the same day, at about 4 p. m. No one appeared to have come to this mohalla from Wazirabad, nor had this man or any other member of his family or even any person of his mohalla recently been to Wazirabad or any other infected locality. The disease appears to have broken out in different parts of the town quite simultaneously. Altogether 15 cases of cholera occurred on the 81st August, and since that date till 11th October, the disease spread through the length and breadth of the town. No fresh case occurred after the 11th, and no death after the 17th October 1881. During this period, viz., from 30th August to 11th October, no less than 500 cases and 264 deaths have occurred, thus showing that the disease was of a virulent type. The number of seizures and deaths on each day are shown below :— Date. Seizures. Deaths. Remarks. Date. 30th August 1881 1 0 23rd Septemb 31st 15 5 24th 1st September ,, 16 12 25th ,, 2nd „ 21 3 26th 3rd ,, ,, 22 8 27th 4th 19 6 28 th „ 5th 22 7 29th 6th ,, 12 10 30th 7th 27 9 1st October 8th „ ,, 16 10 2nd ,, 9th „ 28 14 3rd ,, 10th 28 10 4th ,, 11th „ „ 19 14 5th ,, 12th 26 10 6th ,, 13th ,, ,, 11 5 7th ,, 14th „ 17 8 9th ,, 15th ,, ,, 21 12 10th ,, 16th „ „ 24 15 11th ,, 17th 31 17 12th 18th 13 15 15th ,, 19th ,, ,, 13 9 17th ;; 20th „ ,, 18 14 21st „ ,, 10 2 22nd 11 7 Tot 33 31 33 33 3 3 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 31 33 Seizures. Deaths. Remarks. 11 9 9 3 14 3 6 7 5 5 1 0 2 3 1 1 1 0 3 o 0 i 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 500 264 The caste and sex of these were as follows:—■ Caste. Males. Females. Children. Total. Males. Females. Hindus 45 63 12 16 136 Muhammadans ... ... ... ... 121 125 53 43 342 Other Castes ... ... ... ... ... 7 10 2 3 22 Total 173 198 67 62 500 The following table shows the different mohallas affected, with the dates of first cases and the total number of seizures in each :— Date of 1st case. Mohalla. Seizures. Date of 1st case. Mohalla. Seizures. 30th August 1881, Cholera Hospital +22 4th September 1881, Pasrah 1 31st 33 3 3 Muftian 8 4th 3 3 3 > Masjid Zargaran 1 31st 35 33 Tibba Kuke Gaian 65 4th 3 3 3 3 Kamam Garran 3 31st 33 33 Tibba Jalian 2 4th Kanak Mandi 9 31st 33 33 Churi Garran 3 5 th 3 3 5 3 Maghib Gurh 9 31st 33 33 Kublalon* +5 5th 3 3 3 3 Khana Sultan ... 1 31st 33 33 Bhabarian* +5 6th Masjid Kashmirian 7 31st 33 3 3 Wasi Shahid Singh 6 8th 53 33 Chopurian 2 31st 33 33 Araian 1 8th 3 3 5 3 Muri Darwazah 5 31st 33 33 Dharawal 39 9th Arazi Yakub 2 31st 33 33 Luharan 8 9th 3 3 3 1 Afgana 7 31st 33 33 Anderli Galli 2 9th 3 3 3 ? Bazar Raja Teja Singh 1 31st 33 33 Ghomoran 3 9th Khatikan 3 31st 33 33 Kharasian 10 9th Holu Gujar 10 1st September 33 Nakhas 32 9th 3 3 33 Chauk Purhian 17 1st 33 33 Kashmirian ... 32 10 th Hakim Hossain Shah 4 2nd 33 Miana Pora 47 10th Mir Sahib 3 2nd 33 33 Attari 8 10th Undan 5 2nd 3 3 33 Rung Purah 9 12 th Buchar Khana • • • 11 2nd 33 Sarai Bhabarian +23 12th Arorian * +2 2nd 3 3 Haveli Hakim Rai 1 14th Bhem Sain 1 2nd 33 33 Sarai Sheik Sandogir 5 17 th 3 3 3 3 Kila • • • 1 2nd 33 Porah Neka 16 17th Wazir Ali 4 2nd 33 Jandanwala 6 18 th Barahman 1 2nd 33 33 Dharinsal Nanak Gosain, 3 20th Maksud Khan 1 2nd 33 33 Shiw&la 2 20th Pora Heran 4 2nd 3* 33 Imam Sahib 2 21st 3 3 3 3 Katurian 2 3rd 33 33 Rang Purah 2 25th Durzian 1 3rd 33 33 Kashmiri Masj id 1 28th 3 3 3 3 Bhatian I 3rd 3 3 33 Man Pora 3 29th 33 3 3 Bazar Chobutrah 1 3rd 33 33 Duglan 2 3rd 33 Vedehrian 5 4th 33 33 Achargian 2 Grand Total ... 500 * These mohallas are adjoining. f These cases actually occurred in different mohallas of the town but were treated at the Cholera Hospital. In 1872, 64 cases and 36 deaths; in 1875, 2 seizures and 2 deaths; in 1876, 350 cases and 176 Cases and deaths in previous epi- deaths; and in 1879, 2 cases and 2 deaths were registered from cholera in demies. the town. The first case in Cantonment occurred on the 31st of August, in the person of a servant of siiiirnt Captain Cook. This case ended fatally. From 31st August to 11th ‘ October 37 cases and 23 deaths were reported from cholera. These figures may be somewhat different from those reported by the Police, owing to the Civil Surgeons not being able to get exact information about the Cantonment cases regularly. On the 1st of September, a single isolated case occurred at Bhadiwala a village about 26 miles Bhadiwala, 1st September. fr0“ “f-,011 its South-west, in the person of a man aged 60 years, resident ot Lahore, who had come to the village to give some marriage presents to a Brahmin. He was taken ill at 9 p. m., on the 1st and died at 2 p. m., on the 2nd September. He was removed outside the village, and there treated. No more cases occurred. It is believed that in this single isolated case, the disease was brought in from Lahore. Another single case that also ended fatally occurred on the 4th September at about 10 p. m. in Nan ok i 4th September the Person of a Muhammadan, male, caste Gujar, aged 40 years, at the village of Nanoki near Haska, and distant about 23 miles from Sialkot city on its due South. This man was in perfect health, before his illness and at his ordinary meal. He had not been recently to Wazirabad, Sialkot, Lahore, or any other infected locality, nor had any person come to his house from any of these places. He had no intercourse with the Bhadiwala case. He died within a few hours of his illness. The disease made its appearance at the village of Piru Chack distant about 8 miles from the Sialkot city, on its due South, on the 5th September1. Free communication ber.1U ‘ mCv’ 1 1 °P em- exists between this village and the town of Sialkot. Six cases occurred simultaneously in the different parts of the village on the first da}q three of them proving fatal the same day, and the remaining three recovering eventually. There is no evidence of intercommunication among these cases. The village is surrounded by jhils. One case of cholera occurred at Gujrah a large village about 7 miles from Daska on its due Gujrah, 6th September. West and about 16 miles from Sialkot, on its South-west, in the person of a Hindu, aged 20 years, who had returned to the village from Sialkot (where the cholera was raging about this time), on the evening of the 6th took his usual meal and went to bed all right, was taken ill in the night and died the next day. Another case occurred at this village on the 7th in the person of a Hindu female, but she recovered. No more cases followed. At Aggoki, a village on the Sialkot and Wazirabad road, and distant about 6 miles from the AmvnH cHh-Wpmbpr former town, a Hindu jogi faqir who was coming from Mooltan via v ’ P ' Lahore and Wazirabad and going to Pathankot in the Gurdaspur district, was taken ill on the 9th September at 6 p. m. and died on the 10th at 5 p. m. In 1879, 5 cases and 3 deaths occurred from cholera at this village. A rather severe outbreak of the disease occurred at Jamki on the 10th September and lasted . , till 13th October, during which period 33 seizures and 7 deaths were ' am h 1 ep em er’ reported. No fresh case occurred here, after the 13th October. Jamki is a town about 16 miles on the South of Sialkot city. The first case here occurred in the person of a woman aged 20 years, a Brahmini, whose father had returned home on the previous evening, viz. 9th, from Lahore, and this woman became affected with cholera on the 10th at 6 a. m. She recovered eventually. The second case also was a woman aged 50 years, a sweepress, wife of Boli taken ill on the 10th at 7 a. m. and died on the lltli at 3 p. m. A man named Nuthoo sweeper is said to have returned to this house from Sialkot on the evening of the 9th September. A man named Amir Din, aged 40 years and resident of Dhillam, is said to have returned _,... mu q + l . from Sialkot on the 12th September suffering it is reported, from cholera, i am’ " eP em^er- Immediately after this man’s arrival in the village another man named Shadi also became affected with the disease. Both these cases ended fatally. Shadi on the 15th and Amir Din on the 18th. No more cases followed. The village is distant about 13 miles from Si&lkot on its South-west. The next village affected, in a chronological order, was Sarangi about 17 miles from the city, towards its Wazirabad side, and about 3 or 4 miles from the village Dhillam described above. One fatal case occurred in this village on the 14th, one fatal case on the 15th, one fatal case on the 16th, and from that date to 21st September, 5 more cases and one death took place. In all, 8 cases and 4 deaths occurred here in a period of 8 days. The disease broke out the same day, viz., 14th September, at the Municipal town of Pasrur, Pasrur, 14th to 30tli September, situated on the Sialkot and Amritsar road, about 19 miles from the former town. The town is very thickly populated with close ill ventilated houses. A tailor named Karim Bax left Sialkot for fear of cholera, went to Pasrur and died there suddenly of “ colic and fever ” as it is reported, on the 14th. This appears to be a suspicious case, as on the same day and in the same mohalla two cases of geniune cholera are reported to have occurred, one proving fatal within 12 hours. No fresh case occurred on the 15th but on the 16th 5 cases and 2 deaths occurred. On the 17th September Cases. 5 Deaths. 3 On the 24th September ,, 18th )) ... 4 0 ,, 25th ,, ,, 19th 9 9 • * • 26 6 „ 26 th ,, „ 20 th 99 • •• 13 7 „ 27th ,, 21st 99 • • • 13 5 „ 28th „ 22nd 99 • • • 9 2 „ 29th „ 23rd 99 ... 4 3 Cases. 4 6 1 2 1 1 Deaths. Q 1 3 2 2 1 and on the 30th no case but one death took place. In all 96 cases and 39 deaths occurred at this town, within a period of 17 days. The sex and caste of these 96 cases are as follows :— Caste. Males Females. Children. Total. Remarks. Hindus 1 4 7 12 Muhammadans ... 25 29 25 79 Other Castes ... ... ... ... 3 o 0 5 Total 29 35 32 96 Three cases occurred in the Sialkot Jail. The first case was that of a prisoner named Siiilkot Jail, 16th September, Ganda No. 1,721 who was taken ill, in Barrack No. 3, Compartment 2, at first case. 8 a. m. on the 16th September. This man had been in the Jail for about two months. He was apparently in good health before the 15th but during the night of the 15th he complained of some colicy pain, for which the Native Doctor gave him some tincture opii and peppermint water, after which he slept all right during the remaining part of the night. The whole Jail had been placed for some days previously in a very strict quarantine. All the new prisoners, were kept outside the Jail. Apparently there is no evidence of importation from outside. The patient was at once removed to a solitary cell and from thence to a tent pitched in one corner of the Jail garden. He died at 4 p. m. or within 8 hours of the commencement of the disease. The second case occurred in the person of a prisoner named Besakhi, aged 29 years, who was being treated in the Jail Hospital for malarious intermittent fever. He got an attack of diarrhoea on the 17th but as a precautionary measure, he was removed at once to the Jail garden. On the 19th his symptoms assumed the appearance of those of genuine cholera. This man after a great struggle eventually recovered. The third case occurred in the person of a Barkandaz of the Jail contingent guard, who was placed as a guard over two diarrhoea (one of them Case No. 2, afterwards running in to cholera) cases removed to the Jail garden. The man was attacked at 8 p. m., on the 18th and died at 6 a. m., on the 19th. Two cases of cholera occurred at Zafferwal; the first case was that of a native Christian who re- . „ , turned to Zafferwal from Sialkot, and was taken ill with vomiting and a er^a, i ep em er. purging, while on the road, and arrived in this condition at Zafferwal on the 19th September. He was seen immediately by the Native Doctor at that place, who pronounced the case to be one of cholera. This man died on the 28th. The other case occurred in the person of a man named Phagu Kahar, who was taken ill on the 27th and recovered eventually. This latter had no intercourse with the former case. No more cases occurred at Zafferwal. One single isolated case occurred at Hajipur—a small village about | a mile distant from the city .. . in the person of a man named Imam Din, the brother of the Barkandaz ajipur, - 1 cp em er. who died ^ cholera at the Sialkot Jail. It cannot be ascertained, whether this man had any intercourse with his brother at the Jail during his illness. The village of Tahu distant about 7 miles from the Sadr on its North-east, was affected on the 25th and the disease lasted till 6th October. In all, 15 cases and 11 aiu, 25ti eptem er. deaths have been reported. The first case in this village occurred in the person of a man named Vadhawa, lambardar, who had been to Sialkot a week previously. He was taken ill very early in the morning of the 25th, while apparently in sound health. This man died on the 27th. The next case was that of a woman Shodi, aged 25, caste Mehg, taken ill shortly after the lambardar. She recovered. The third case was that of a woman named Doultey, aged 30 years, taken ill on the 25th and died on the 27th. The village of Maindurwal is situated above one mile on the North-west of Tahu, the village above described. The first case here occurred on the 26th in the person Maindurwa, 2 t ep em er. ^ ^ man named Jomay Shah, age 40 years, who was attending on lambardar Vadhawa of Tahu mentioned above. This man died on the 26th a few hours after his illness. The second case here was a man named Nathu a relation of Jomay Shah, aged 25, taken ill on the 26th. He recovered eventually. From 26th September, to 8th October 25 cases,[of whom 12 proved fatal, took place* A single case occurred at the village called Kotli Behram situated near the Western boundary of the Sialkot Cantonment, on the 1st October, in the person of an old Muhammadan female named Bibi Rani who died on the 2nd. This village is about one mile from the city, and close to the Jail on its North-west. Kotli Behram, 10th October. A daughter of the sweeper attached to the Police line, a little girl of 4 years age, was taken 0. „ .v v o An 4. u ill while apparently in good health, inker father’s house near the Police Sialkot Police line, 3rd October. „ . . ^ J - Hospital, on the morning of 3rd October, and died m the afternoon of the same day. The house was emptied of its occupants at once, floor scraped and the Avails and floor leaped a fresh and fumigated with sulphur. No more cases occurred in the lines. One case of cholera has been reported to have occurred about half a mile from Maindurwal case recovered. Thatti Kalan, 6th October. at the village called Thatti Kalan above described, on the 6th. This Two Cholera Hospitals Avere established for the city, Avith a proper supply of servants, medicines, disinfectants comforts, &c., one near the great Aik Nalla Bridge outside of SiIlkot?mentS ma einthecifcy the city, on its East, and the other about half a mile from the Sadr Dispensary, under a fine tope of Mangoe trees. These Hospitals Avere intended only to receive those patients who had no friends or were without the means of feeding themselves. Ail the other cases Avere treated at their OAvn houses. For the sake of treatment the Avhole of the city, with its suburbs was divided into four sections. Each placed in charge of a Native Doctor or a Hakim, Avhose duty it Avas to attend to and report every case of cholera occurring in his division. Almost every new case Avas seen by me (Civil Surgeon Fetteh Singh) and I satisfied myself that it Avas a real case of cholera before registering it as such, at the Dispensary office. Four Hakims and tAVO Native Doctors, besides the Dispensary compounder and dresser, Avere emploved for treating the cholera patients, at their OAvn houses under my direct supervision. Only one Cholera Hospital, viz. that near the Dispensary Avas resorted to and 22 cases Avere treated there. Cholera pills Avere freely distributed among the Hakims, Native Doctors, and the Police, with directions to use them at once on any person suffering from the preliminary diarrhoea or from indigestions in any form. It is my firm belief that many cases of diarrhoea that Avould othenvise have gone on to cholera, were stopped in this Avay. House to house visitation by the Native Doctor, Hakims and other Dispensary subordinates Avas strictly ordered with the vieAvto discover and treat cases of diarrhoea. Each house after death or recovery of the cholera patient or patients Avho had been attacked within it, Avas fumigated Avith sulphur. Throughout the Avhole epidemic, quick lime and sulphur were kept constantly burning in various parts of the town, especially those that were severely visited by the disease. At first quick lime Avas constantly sprinkled in the drains, latrines and houses, but aftenvards on receipt of a large quantity of McDougall’s disinfectant, it Avas replaced by that poAvder. An annual fair named Goli Shah held (at Koreki, a village in the Pasrur tehsil and Goli Shah fair about 20 miles from the Sadr on its due South) in the month of September Avas very judiciously postponed by Colonel Birch for one month or till the disease had quite disappeared from the district, more than 50,000 people are accustomed to assemble at this fair. Every man in the toAvn believes that the disease was imported here from Wazirabad Importation of the disease. though there is no direct evidence to prove that this was actually the fact. I fie circumstances attending tfie first cases Avere very carefully investigated; and not only is there no evidence to show that these cases had anv direct communication with Wazirabad people, but as far as I knoAV none of the latter who came to this city was subsequently affected Avith the disease. The first case in the city, at least appears to be of a spontaneous origin, and the disease afterwards broke out so simultaneously in different and in many cases quite opposite parts of the town that there could not have been sufficient time for intercommunication between these cases. The meteorological conditions both before, during, and for sometime after the epidemic Meteorological conditions. did not in any wa? aPPear to be exceptional this year. The rainfall however, was rather heavy; in July the rainfall Avas 8'45, in August 1025, and in September 253 inches. One thing was also noticed that hot sunshining days always showed a large number, comparatively cool and cloudy days decidedly fewer, and as the days became gradually cold in the beginning of October, so did cholera gradually disappear. The heavy dust storm followed by rain on the night of the 17th September, was folloAved by a decided decrease of the disease. As mentioned above the sanitary conditions of the house in AA'hich the first cases Influence of insanitary condi- occurred Avas very bad indeed. The natural drainage of the toAvn of tl0ns- Sialkot is excellent, and the sanitary condition of the main bazars and lanes was first rate ; but the houses, as a rule, Avere in a very defective sanitary condition, the cattle and the human beings being in many cases housed together. This was particularly noticed in Mianapora and Tibba Kakazayan and it is to be noticed that the largest number of cases occurred only in these tAro mohallas, viz., 47 in Mianapora and 65 in Tibba Kakazayan. ( 63 ) RAWALPINDI DISTRICT. History of outbreak in the Rawalpindi district. . 47. The following statement shows the diffusion of the disease chronologically and locally in the Rawalpindi district. No. Police Station. Town and Village. Population. 1 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi T. 20,S02 2 Do. Phakrail 513 3 Do. Vakhay 314 4 Do. Kori 2,518 5 Do. Rahar 209 6 Do. Saliam 704 7 Murree Murree T. 7,939 8 Kallar Saidan ... Kallar Saidan... 2,119 9 Gujar Khan Gujar Khan . 1,024 10 Do. Jew Ratial 1,062 11 Do. Dolmi Dhamal, 219 12 Pindigheb Pindigheb T. ... S,223 13 Hasanabdal Fattali Ullali ... 410 14 Do. Kachh 266 15 Hazro Gadlathi o 16 Do. Tajah 282 17 Attock Attock T. 3,213 18 Do. Tiri Tair 462 e3 V Vi <♦-1 o -v Q 10th Sept 23rd do. 5th Octr. 5th do. 25th do. 24th do. 24th Augt. 17th Sept. 12th do. 17th do. 27th do. 12th July. 14th Sept. 4th Octr. 20th Augt 22nd do. 7th Sept. 12th Novr, Total Months. 2s, % c3 « i“S Pn vi pv <J S 60 10 v< a> rO s <u 43 cv <D CO 25 Vi <D -a o 43 o O 32 Vi 0) 5 <v > o 6 Vi ® rO s <0 o CD 18 22 e3 43 o 35 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 5 2 10 3 1 18 90 <u TS 43 03 a o V 43 <8 Q 27 th Novr. 23rd Sept. 5th Octr. 5th do. 25th do. 24th do. 24th Augt. 29th Sept. 19 th do. 17th do. 27th do. 12th July. 24th Sept. 4th Octr. 29th Augt. 26th do. 7th Sept. 17th Novr. 03 s w * Not known. The total number of towns and villages affected was 18 out of a total of 1,725 in the district but the disease prevailed in an epidemic form only in the town of Rawalpindi and the villages of Tiri Tair and Gadlathi. The Civil Surgeon of Rawalpindi gives the following particulars of the first cases in some of the places affected :— On 7th September 1881, a man named Mohan, son of Asa Ram of Jhind, arrived by the morning Rawalpindi town, date of first train from Lahore, and put up in the Serai of the Saigals. At noon he, case. ate watermelon and drank sardai. At 5 p. m. he had vomiting and purging and was removed to the City Dispensary for treatment, where he died of cholera on the 10th September 1881. The number of cholera cases reported was 57, deaths 35. Mr. Armstrong an employd of the Punjab Northern (State) Railway arrived here on the 30th _ . . , Po„ot • j; August 1881, from Lahore by the morning train and while putting up m the Railway Hotel he had vomiting at 6 p. m. The same night at 12 o’clock he had purging and was taken to the City Dispensary at o’clock a. m., where he remained under treatment and at last died at 5 a. m., 1st September 1881. This was the only death registered from cholera in the Cantonment. There was a suspected case reported by the Police from the Cantonment; it was not, however, registered as cholera. Phakrail is 8 miles from the Sadr Katchery, date of first case, 23rd September 1881, a syce, name, &c., not known went to Phakrail from the Rawalpindi side ia rai' and died of cholera. It was the only case there. Harro Bridge is 37 miles from the Sadr Katchery. On 11th September 1881, one Gaih a Hindu HarroBrid e had cholera and died on 12th idem. He is said to have gone to Hasan Abdal and after taking a bath and eating some cold food he became sick of cholera at night. It was very warm that night. The next case was a man named Pheru, who was attacked on 19th September 1881, and died the same day. Kallor is 23 miles from the Sadr Katchery. Information was received on 18th September 1881, that two women had been to Gujar Khan on business and while returning they were affected with cholera, one died and the other recovered. Rakh Bag Rakh Bag Buta. Buta is 17 miles from the Sadr Katchery. On 6th October 1881, Budha Carpenter of this village went home from Rawalpindi and had cholera. He died on 7th idem. B.—SMALL-POX. 48. The total deaths registered from Small-pox in the Punjab during the year 1881 were only 6,749. Deaths registered from small- This is the lowest number on record since the introduction of the system l>ox by years since 1868. 0f registration in the Province. For facility of comparison, I give in the mortality caused by the disease from 1868 to the year under review inclusive. As already stated in the section relating to Vital Statistics, the reduction in small-pox mortality, particularly during the last two years, is most remarkable. Of the total 6,749 small-pox deaths, there were 3,671 of males, and 3,078 of females. Calculated on the census population of 1881, the Provincial mortality is equal to a rate of 36 per 10,000 of the inhabitants. margin the total annual 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 ... 23,759 1875 . . 13,611 ... 53,195 1876 . . 10.254 ... 27,163 1877 . . 12,296 ... 25,534 1878 . . 40,271 ... 23,728 1879 . . 49,489 ... 25,699 1880 . . 9,145 ... 12,026 1881 . . 6,749 49. The deaths from small-pox mostly occur amongst children under 12 years of age. Thus during the year under review, the mortality of children under that age amounted to to«s (lcaths accorclin" n0 less than 6,304, whilst amongst persons of the age of 12 years and upwards, on the other hand, the deaths registered from the disease did not exceed 445. Or, in other words, out of every 100 deaths amongst persons of all ages, there were no less than 93 that were reported to have occurred amongst the population under the age of 12 years. The corresponding proportion during the previous year 1880 was 91, in 1879 it was 93, and in 1878 _nd 1877 it was 96 each. 50. In the following statement, the seasonal fatality of small-pox during the year under report, as exhibited by the total number of deaths registered from the disease in Seasonal fatality of small- ^ month of the year, is contrasted with that caused in previous years pox by years since 1868. . J > r j 1 J 3 since 1868 Months. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. January ,,, ,,, 2,649 6,307 2,778 2,138 1,521 1,779 953 874 722 705 2,231 5,779 702 822 February < • « • • • 2,152 6,382 3,038 2,561 1,510 2,027 953 1,176 770 620 2,626 6,250 900 975 March ... 2,038 7,169 3,362 3,355 2,016 3,598 1,244 1,310 1,127 778 3,565 7,332 1,038 974 April ... ... 1,906 6,946 3,582 4,234 2,890 4,138 1,261 1,942 1,432 1,074 4,927 6,396 1,040 831 May ... *.« IH 3,456 10,609 4,445 4,724 4,406 5,719 2,382 2,578 1,824 1,542 6,483 9,701 1,196 664 June ... ... 3,374 6,768 3,343 3,382 4,310 3,654 1,979 2,182 1,374 1,470 5,243 6,754 1,180 600 July ... ro 2,015 3,217 1,987 1,574 2,394 2,077 1,268 1,504 1,090 975 3,877 3,315 717 521 August ... 930 1,835 902 693 1,349 877 579 606 502 518 2,444 1,744 469 238 September ... ... 430 978 543 416 666 379 265 367 340 307 1,225 756 365 246 October ... ... 436 582 381 321 471 270 209 284 315 394 984 501 312 285 November ... 1,163 836 821 616 737 409 351 301 307 1,283 2,258 436 472 237 December ... ... 3,210 1,566 1,981 1,520 1,468 772 582 487 451 2,630 4,408 525 754 356 Total 23,759 53,195 27,163 25,534 23,728 25,699 12,026 13,611 10,254 12,296 40,271 49,489 9,145 » 6,749 The small-pox deaths registered in each month of the year under review, it will be seen, were considerably much below the average monthly rate of mortality obtained in previous years. Apart from this, the only exceptional feature in the monthly distribution of the mortality during the year 1881, is the subsidence of the epidemic much earlier than in former years. Referring to the table, it will be observed that the maximum mortality in 1881 was registered in the months of February and March, while in every one of the preceding years, as shown in the series, the highest number was recorded generally in the month of May. But there seems no particular cause to account for this untimely course of the maximum prevalence of small-pox. An examination of the statistics given in the return of the prescribed series of Annual Forms appended to the Punjab Sanitary Reports for this, and other previous years, will show, that, although in the Province as a ivhole, small-pox attained its maximum fatality in May in every year since 1868, excepting the one under review, yet taking the several districts individually > ' " . I B' . • I err ■ - ■ into account, such a regularity did not hold good with any degree of exactness in each case, especially in the absence of any virulent epidemic of the disease. Thus in 1880, although the highest Provincial mortality in any one month of the year, was recorded, as usual, in May; yet in the district of Hissar, the maximum was obtained in June, in Hoshiarpur in the month of January, in Jhelum in March, and in Shahpur in February. 51. In order to facilitate comparison of the total deaths under the head of small-pox in 1881, with those registered in preceding years, I append a chart representing the > ma -pox chart. mortality recorded in each month of the year 1881, which will show at a glance that the epidemic begins in November, and continues increasing till it culminates in May, after which month it goes on decreasing till the minimum death rate from it is registered in October. 52. As a guide to direct the attention of the Medical and Civil District Officers to the extent of the Fatalit of small ox e '1 fatality of small-pox epidemics in the several districts of the Punjab, I give mics by^UstrictITsiuce°186SU C" helow a statement of the registered mortality under this head in each district during the years 1868 to 1881, inclusive, together with the revised population censused in 1881, and the average annual rate per 10,000 souls calculated on that population. * # ♦ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ( 5C ) Table showing the deaths from small-pox during the years Districts. Population according to Census of 1881. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. ft* 643,515 1,249 3.680 629 530 G urgaon • • • • • • ... ... 641,848 1,599 7,139 420 775 Karnal ... • • • • •• • • • ... 622,621 589 770 1,195 1,212 Hissar ... • • • III ... ... 504,183 141 722 712 1,545 Rohtak • •• ... ... 553,609 258 2,937 484 369 Sirsa • • • 253,275 190 707 548 375 Umballa ... • • • ... ... 1,067,263 720 390 892 1,482 Ludhiana ... • 1 • ... ... 618,835 583 616 4,940 25 Simla ... ... ... 42,945 2 4 5 ... Jullundur c « • ... ... 789,555 605 4,339 1,498 118 Hoshiarpur ... • •• ... 901,381 1,028 3,222 1,344 92 Kangra... • •• ... ... 730,845 70 150 66 75 Amritsar • • • 893,266 2,433 5,873 483 1,265 Gurdaspur • •« • • • ... 823,695 949 4,163 622 181 Sialkot • •• ... 1,012,148 2,516 612 1,009 935 Lahore ... • • • ... 924,106 1,756 5,568 166 491 Gujranwala ... ... 616,892 1,610 480 47 573 Ferozepore ... • • • ... 650,519 702 3,311 2,886 91 Rawalpindi ... • •• ... 820,512 165 36 337 1,377 Jhelum... 589,373 1,571 435 1,472 3,500 Gujrat ... • • • • • • • • • 689,115 2,372 375 2,174 1,963 Shahpur ... ... ... 421,508 1,133 558 1,637 3,029 Mooltan 551,964 7 216 245 668 Jhang ... lit ... 395,296 142 1,208 1,493 287 Montgomery ... • 1 • ... 426,529 599 4,238 112 172 Muzaffargarh ... • I. ... 338,605 3 28 35 161 Dera Ismail Khan... • • • ... 441,649 4 10 44 1,671 Dera Ghazi Khan ... • . « ... 363,346 1 15 35 130 Bannu ... • • • • I « ... 332,577 59 103 857 1,438 Peshawar • • • Ml a.I 592,674 118 466 596 466 Hazara... • t • III Ml 407,075 524 516 91 436 Kohat ... Ml Ill ... 181,540 61 308 89 102 Total ... 18,842,264 23,759 53,195 27,163 25,534 1868 to 1881, inclusive, in each district of the Punjab. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Average annual death rate per 10000 of population 220 779 274 226 27 768 845 12 1 72 10 1,878 945 1,022 2,741 1,263 1,611 6,919 169 15 81 29 473 939 2,292 1,184 580 984 4,006 2,369 459 338 20 92 409 920 546 123 466 679 472 25 15 10 141 866 554 217 19 1,023 917 10 9 51 10 126 345 610 537 262 92 312 629 24 76 14 893 603 2,921 1,907 705 404 2,042 5,246 448 577 13 391 193 348 800 589 425 696 2,444 44 61 14 1 5 5 2 21 • M 2 32 • • • ... 1 380 1,103 141 77 34 8 147 1,010 209 50 9 439 789 117 177 30 11 382 2,028 368 40 8 86 157 58 63 25 34 227 244 30 1 1 2,801 2,303 71 251 794 655 2,957 4,433 50 45 19 1,479 1,983 80 230 26 11 900 3,254 94 34 12 1,314 1,306 57 270 103 20 689 3,158 21 16 8 1,854 1,609 156 424 667 271 3,434 4,516 171 88 16 695 138 87 73 70 66 1,558 2,137 64 30 9 513 3,372 353 296 909 214 582 2,003 94 70 17 547 709 265 145 90 252 1,293 2,614 101 21 7 232 240 53 47 4 38 181 2,406 168 11 12 460 2,181 33 21 12 18 2,119 3,127 21 5 15 327 320 96 292 308 317 673 1,134 799 25 18 2,022 207 20 126 505 475 1,639 235 203 250 9 229 537 240 788 437 102 367 654 104 60 12 1,176 1,994 467 683 147 511 3,086 989 185 148 24 958 118 25 2 86 364 1,007 845 855 244 10 1,182 12 2 26 770 1,084 314 426 2,074 1,250 14 724 135 8 4 137 103 611 603 254 510 6 381 12 5 17 392 1,577 318 410 1,559 572 16 866 590 119 1,018 625 239 750 1,024 446 1,625 11 352 712 501 358 178 15 599 769 4 23 9 496 88 126 46 316 138 20 87 246 360 10 23,728 25,699; 12,026 13,594 10,254 12,296 « 40,271 49,489 9,145 6,749 13 53. During the year under review, it will be seen, that the epidemic was almost exclusively confined Small-pox deaths in 1881 by to the Frontier Districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Dera Ghazi Khan, districts. Bannu, Kohat; the districts of Mooltan, Montgomery and Muzaffargarh ; and to the two Southern districts of Karnal and Umballa. In all these districts, it was a continuation of the epidemic of the previous year 1880. The disease was fatally prevalent in the districts of Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan in which more than half the total mortality in the Punjab was reported to have occurred; viz., 1,625 in Peshawar, and 1,250 in Dera Ismail Khan, out of a total Provincial mortality of 6,749. In the other districts affected by the disease, the deaths were in Bannu 572, in Dera Ghazi Khan 510, Kohat 360, Umballa 577, Karnal 338, Mooltan 250, Muzaffargarh 244, Montgomery 144. Adding together the deaths registered in all these districts, inclusive of Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar, the total comes to no less than 5,874 against only 875 in the remaining 22 districts; of which latter again, Simla district was entirely free from the disease, Hoshiarpur had only a single death, Gujrat had only 5, Jhelum 11, Hissar 15, Sialkot 16, Hazara 23 ; in none of the other districts the number exceeding 81. 54. I need not enter into any details of the extent to which the disease prevailed in the different Necessity of vaccination parts of the Punjab in former years. The statement given above speaks pointed out. for itself. It shows very clearly the total loss of life by small-pox registered in each district year by year since 1868. Although, as already mentioned, there has been a most marked reduction in the small-pox death rate in the last two years of 1880 and 1881, this diminution is by no means entirely the result of the spread of vaccination. It must not for a moment be supposed that, because there have been only isolated cases in some districts, the disease was “ stamped out ” in them. The painful memories of the havoc committed by this loathsome malady, so lately as in 1878-1879 are still fresh in the minds of the people. The enemy is surely not dead but awaits for favorable circumstances—whatever they may be—to renew its work of destruction. And it is to be very greatly feared that if the population be not thoroughly protected before hand by efficient vaccination, the disease may prove as dangerous to life as ever. Let us take for instance the case of Amritsar which is one of the fairly vaccinated districts. In 1874 when only 71 deaths were registered under the head of small-pox in this district, one could hardly expect that the disease would be so fatal as it actually proved in 1879—causing as it did no less than 4,433 deaths in this latter year. 55. It will be seen at a glance on reference to the table that what is found in Amritsar obtains . , ,, more or less in the case of every district of the Punjab. That is to sav. operation of the Civil and the population is indeed very little under protection throughout the Province. Medical Officers to promote the The matter deserves the serious attention of Civil Surgeons who under the cause of vaccination. recent orders of Government are now held responsible for the vaccination of their respective districts. Neglect in this important branch of their duties will defeat the object for which the work hitherto performed by the late Provincial Vaccine Establishment has been transferred to their charge. We know by experience that the little success we have hitherto achieved in vaccination is due, not so much to the willingness of the people to submit their children to the operation, as to the kind hearted sympathy which certain Officers have shown in the welfare of the people, and the consequent active interest which they have taken in this and other sanitary works of public utility. And on the other hand the great want of success in this direction is much more the result of the apathy and carelessness of responsible officials themselves than of the people. Hence any deficiency in future on the score of inefficient or insufficient vaccination resulting in any unusual mortality from small-pox will be chiefly attributable to want of due supervision of vaccine operations on the part of the Civil Surgeon under whose immediate direction and control the district Vaccine Establishment works. No less important is the co-operation of the Civil with the Medical District Officers to promote the cause of vaccination. The influence which a Civil Officer and his subordinates have with the population of their district is very great, and if that influence is judiciously exercised in persuading the people to accept vaccination, the spirit of opposition against the prophylactic, however, strong at present, will in only a short time be considerably softened. A. B. Chart showing* the distribution of Rain-fall in inches in the Punjab, by quarters during the years 18G8 to 1881 inclusive. yt;itions. * 1 l * I s I % Wheat. Pulses. Rice. D. ' SECTION C.—FEVERS. 56. In Section VI.—C of my report for the last year, regarding Fevers, I gave a statement showing The facts disclosed by the Fe- the total deaths registered under the head of these diseases, side by side with ver, Rainfall, and Food-charts the aggregate rainfall in inches in each month of the years 1868 to 1880 given in last year’s report. inclusive ; together with the average annual price of principal food grains. With the view to show very clearly the incidence of fever mortality in this Province in its relation with the rainfall and the rates of the chief articles of food-supply, I appended four Charts, viz., A, B, C, and D. Chart A exhibited the monthly distribution of deaths by fevers in the Punjab during the years 1868 to 1880 inclusive. Chart B represented the aggregate amount of rainfall by quarters. Chart C showed the rise and fall in the prices of the principal food grains during the same series of years. The diagrams A and B were, for facility of reference, contrasted in Chart D. Along with these charts, I gave another tabular statement showing the aggregate rainfall and the fever mortality by quarters, and the average annual rates of the principal articles of diet for each of the 82 districts of the Punjab during the years 1877 to 1880 inclusive. A careful study of the information afforded by the statistics thus collected together brought to light some very important facts. The statistics proved conclusively that in the Punjab Province, taken as a whole, there exists a very close relation between rainfall and the prevalence of fevers. They showed that heavy monsoons are always followed by destructive epidemics of these diseases, while on the other hand there is a remarkable immunity from them when the monsoon seasons are dry; that the rainfall is invariably excessive every third year, and that in these same third years, the fever epidemics also attain their maximum fatality. Further, an examination of the distribution of fever mortality showed that the intensity of these epidemics is aggravated to a fearful extent by local peculiarities of site and insanitary conditions of the people ; that, in low lying tracts of the country where, owing to obstruction to surface-drainage, the rain waters do not find their ordinary free exits, the prevalence of epidemic fevers is far greater than in the higher and better drained tracts of country; and that the distress amongst the population caused by the scarcity of food acts very powerfully in deteriorating the standard of health and lowering the powers of vitality and resistance against such forms of disease. 57. I was so much struck with the unbroken continuity in the regularity with which the above , , ^ , , , , results were obtained during the long period extending over a series ot red to, reproduced for comparison 13 years, that m para. 66, of my last year s report I predicted for the with the statistics for the year current year 1881 an abundant monsoon rainfall, and a more or less under review. severe autumnal fever mortality. This prediction having been literally fulfilled I have reproduced in this section all those diagrams and tables which I gave in the report for the last year, adding to them the statistics for the year under review, in order to facilitate their comparison with those for the previous years. 58. In the subjoined tabular statement, the aggregate fever-deaths are given along with the total ,, fall of rain measured in each month of the years 1868 to 1881 inclusive, and^feve^mortffity^by6 months! as also the average annual rates at which the most common articles of and the price of principal food diet consumed by the people were available, grains by years. ( 60 ) 1 CO •Stntjap J9A3J 27,900 24,952 21,801 CO CO « rH CM 21,848 20,801 17,423 17,249 34,396 56,868 49,203 40,825 355,279 1881. 17 © CO rH rH TTO -urn a;B3ax33y p CM CO oo p b CO y* 274-6 238-6 b • 00 'rti CO © CO •sq^Bap laAaj 35,681 25,054 22,031 19,594 24,336 25,902 18,852 I 23,668 32,501 35,762 32,373 31,973 b CM b^ bT CM CO o 00 CO rH 00 CO rH rH •ira -ra-BJ o^SaaSSy rH p rH rH b <M 110-5 b © £ •sq^eap J9A9^ 43,248 32,994 b b bT CM 22,066 31,702 24,881 19,333 30,905 63,592 78,173 63,833 45,035 472,939 1879. CO rH b O rH -IW -urea a}u3a.i.33y O CD CD CD o do 139-1 1 169-8 1 rH CO <M do xa © • CM CM CM US b CO b •sqreep J9A9a 19,50rj 16,518 17,739 ’ 1 17,990 1 25,722 b. CO co o' <M 19,576 20,599 42,943 89,687 90,669 us b rH^ cd xa CM © © 5 1878. VO rH © © 'an -uibj dye3aj3£y CO CO ds b (M 221-7 385-6 ds Tt< : 976-2 b •sqq.'Bap a8A9 j 22,411 16,985 16,569 14,011 18,012 21,329 17,770 15,7691 14,938 18,623 21,214 21,650 219,281 b b CO CM a rH rH ’it?j b US 102-4 CO © rH ds CO © CM y b 36-8 105-4 43-1 76-3 135-8 931-3 GO rH © b •sq^Bap aaAaj 23,396 16,148 15,854 14,5611 18,267 15,885 13,734 15,595 31,307 44,221 36,332 29,793 275,093 1870. CO rH rH rH 12 rH 'TO -utbj aqB3a.i33y p OS ds CO b b rH do rH OS do 131-7 © do cs rH 00 do lO <M CM © CO © ds - p CM rH 800-4 © CO •sq^Bap aaAa^j 13,596 o co ©^ Oi 8,730 8,869 CO CO rH^ xO rH CO uo cd' rH 11,582 15,807 24,010 56,623 59,917 35,180 272,946 1869. rH © © rH •*ira -to aqe3aj33y rH CO us b CM CM do b rH b ds b rH 0-09 do b CM ds rH 00 b © CD © CM rH © b CD 951-6 CO CO •sq^Bap jaAaj 13,398 10,607 10,440 9,122, 14,281 14,011 CO CD b^ rH rH 11,019 12,169 us CO ©^ xa rH 16,064 13,428 b CO eo rH US rH 1868. 00 rH 10 CO rH rH •ITO -um a;B3aa33y s* T* CO CD do b do CO CO CO 21-9 66-1 193-6 CM oo © co CM CO CM - 19-3 6-099 • • • • xn a H O a January February March April June July August September October November December Total Wheat Rice Pulses statement showing the aggregate rainfall by quarters, price current of the chief articles of food by years, and the fever mortality by QUARTERS for EACH OF the 32 distr c OF THE PUNJAB DURING THE YEARS 1877 TO 1881 INCLUSIVE. _ 1 2 5 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 NAMES OF DISTRICTS. Delhi... Gurgaon Karnal Hissar Rohtak Sirsa ... Umballa Ludhiana Simla Jullundur Hoshiarpur Kangra Amritsar Gurdaspur Sialkot Lahore Gujramvala Ferozepore Rawalpindi Jhelum Gujrafc Shahpur Mooltan Jhang Montgomery Muzaffargarh Dera Ismail Khan Dera Ghazi Khan Bannu Peshawar Hazara Kohat 1st Quarter. 6-8 14-3 7-1 1878. 1879. _ 1880. 1881. 2-1 0-9 03 2-3 2-4 0-7 2 0 2 1 3-8 1-5 1-9 22 1-2 0-4 0-3 1-0 1-4 1-7 0-8 2 9 0-6 0 6 0 5 2-8 6-8 2-5 4-3 2-4 2’5 1'8 4-2 5-4 66 7-5 1-5 8-3 3 3-2 2’1 3-2 6-4 l 6'4 2-0 4-6 7-4 12-2 11-7 13-1 18-1 4-1 1-0 2-0 4-6 5-0 1-8 2-3 2-5 41 2-2 1-6 2-9 2'2 0-9 0-7 2-9 5-0 1-0 1-2 2-4 0-8 0-4 10 2-7 5-8 2*7 2-3 5-1 2-5 2'6 1-6 3-0 4'5 1-8 1-2 4-5 10-0 21 1-5 1-8 07 1-5 0-3 1-2 1-9 0-9 0-9 0-6 0-4 1-4 1-2 2-9 0-2 l'l ... 1-4 2-0 1-4 o-i 1-9 0-5 1-9 ... 1-1 33 4'0 0-2 1-0 3-8 2-7 0-7 3-7 14-0 62 4-8 9-3 3-6 2-7 0-5 3-3 2nd Quarter, 6-2 6-6 10-3 7-5 5 6 3-6 3-9 2- 9 25-1 3- 6 7 3 19-7 6- 7 40 9-2 2'9 2- 3 4- 0 7- 8 3- 8 4- 9 4-2 1*4 6- 7 2'3 1*9 3-3 0-9 7- 8 6'2 19-7 6-5 2-0 1- 3 7-0 4 3 3- 9 85 5- 4 6- 0 16-3 6-1 G'3 16-0 5- 3 6- 3 5-4 2- 2 4- 8 5- 2 12- 5 4-7 3- 8 4- 4 1-1 2'3 34 1- 7 5- 4 2- 2 7- 6 7-2 13- 6 43 8-2 1-6 3 2 1*1 33 1*0 81 6-0 9-7 4- 7 10-5 17-9 5- 5 8-6 7-5 4- 2 5- 8 M 5- 8 7-7 7'9 0-9 1-7 1-4 1-2 1- 4 0-2 2- 0 1 8 6- 2 0-8 1-1 1- 3 111 2- 4 1- 5 3'7 9-6 5- 9 19-9 9-4 3'5 10-6 37 2- 8 2-3 3'5 2- 7 4'9 3- 9 6'9 1-2 2-4 1-3 1-7 6- 0 0-7 26 1 0-8 8-3 4- 4 AGGREGATE RAINFALL IN INCHES. AVERAGE PRICE CURRENT. 3rd Quarter. 4th Quarter, Total for the tear. Wheat. Rice. Pulses. 1st Quarter. 1881. fr- t— CO oo fr- oo 1879. 1S80. 1881. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. F—4 CO CO 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1S77. CO fr- CO 1879. 1880. 1881. t- (- CO 1878. 1879. o CO CO CO CO 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1 2-5 1-2 33-0 26-7 24-7 20-9 8-1 1-2 1-6 18-2 37-1 37-0 27-6 25-7 20 14 16 17 19 9 7 8 9 9 21 10 14 18 17 1,717 2,169 4,003 4,954 3,64G 1-8 33 24-4 20-4 12 6 17-8 5-9 1-8 10 ... 198 281 24-5 16-9 21-7 20 14 14 17 19 9 6 7 8 9 20 10 13 18 17 1,355 2,658 3,747 5,229 3,453 5-0 43 14-9 1S'2 176 15-3 5 6 09 03 10 ... 27-0 26 6 23-2 31-6 225 20 16 15 17 20 10 7 9 12 13 18 10 13 17 21 1,632 1,555 4,283 5,052 3,555 1-8 2 9 14'9 91 10 3 13-4 2-1 0-4 2-0 0-7 »»• 164 20-8 12 6 13-7 16-2 20 13 13 15 18 11 7 8 9 11 24 14 15 17 21 751 1,352 1,680 1,571 1,879 3 8 30 15-2 15-9 114 16-4 4-4 ... 19 0-9 • •• 15-3 20-5 22-8 14 6 231 20 14 14 16 19 10 6 7 7 8 22 12 14 21 ... 1,453 1,860 2,765 3,549 2,648 1-3 4-3 13.5 9-6 1-1 22-1 3‘9 0-9 0-3 0'8 ... 139 23.5 11*5 6-1 26-2 22 13 12 14 17 11 7 8 8 8 23 13 14 17 1C 463 642 901 930 878 4-7 69 255 12-6 25'8 15 8 64 16 07 0G ... 237 39 3 239 403 22*9 22 17 15 16 20 13 8 10 11 12 21 10 14 19 ... 2,680 1,973 5,039 6,071 5,351 3-0 19-3 23 T 7-2 207 176 8-5 01 0 9 04 ... 375 31-7 14-9 40-2 26-0 24 17 15 17 19 11 7 7 7 7 19 9 12 15 19 1,268 1,340 2,743 1,S66 1,990 13 6 21-6 37'7 58-8 50-9 29-2 54 0 1 ... 4-7 • •• 652 606 760 76-8 51-1 15 11 9 11 13 8 5 4 5 7 12 7 8 10 12 31 46 57 61 39 3-6 1G 3 350 14-2 23-5 23-1 9-1 M* 0-8 1-0 ... 39 6 44-3 21-8 37-1 33-0 24 17 14 17 20 10 7 8 8 9 18 9 11 15 18 3,792 2,263 7,396 3,894 3,072 61 22-5 36 3 9-8 28-0 33-0 8-6 o-i 0-9 1-8 ... 47-8 48-1 23-2 3S-5 46-5 24 18 14 18 20 10 9 9 11 9 17 9 11 15 17 3,286 2,688 5,023 3,876 3,294 181 35-7 111-6 1301 80-6 69-5 21-4 1-6 2-8 4-1 . 96-3 141-4 162-5 108-4 105-7 15 13 11 16 20 13 11 11 14 14 12 7 9 12 13 2,059 2,788 2,798 2,812 2,866 14-7 6-8 23-2 10-2 14-6 53-8 8-G 1-4 2-8 32-5 32-6 18-1 23 1 73-1 24 17 13 16 20 12 9 9 10 12 19 9 13 13 17 3,196 2,584 6,758 2,843 2,814 7-2 10-2 10-3 11-8 17 4 21-4 11-7 HI OS 0-8 o-i 37-9 21-6 23 0 23-3 31-2 23 17 12 16 20 9 7 7 10 9 16 7 11 15 15 4,113 3,929 5,947 4,157 3,107 7-2 4-5 20-4 16-6 14-3 26-5 9-1 03 07 1-7 o-i 32-4 30-2 27-0 20-1 36-7 22 16 14 14 19 7 6 6 9 11 17 9 12 15 ... 3,192 3,3S6 4,047 3,040 3,052 1-2 35 12-4 10-8 4 4 17-0 4’2 0-2 0-5 0-5 # , 16-6 17-0 16-4 91 21-1 24 16 13 15 18 14 8 9 9 10 17 8 10 14 16 3,541 3,820 4,117 3,361 3,738 6-1 3-3 173 10-0 7-4 17-2 9-5 0-8 1-3 ... 23-9 27-9 16-8 12-6 25-7 23 16 13 15 18 14 8 9 8 11 17 10 10 13 14 2,890 2,057 3,679 2,181 2,429 3-3 4-6 11-6 8-1 3-3 14-9 4-4 0-2 0-6 1-0 ... 15-2 17-8 10-2 10-2 20-9 28 18 14 16 19 11 6 7 7 9 22 9 12 16 18 952 1,259 1,983 1,604 1,921 4-4 6-9 14-1 24-2 10-3 14-9 13-8 0-8 1-4 1-0 2-2 40-6 33 2 341 17-5 26 6 30 18 13 10 14 6 6 5 5 7 13 9 S 10 12 1,692 2,445 9,345 5,353 4,144 2 6 4 5 186 18-5 10-7 9-3 12-8 0-7 0-7 0-6 0-2 36-2 26-5 29-5 18-8 15 1 27 18 13 14 16 9 7 7 7 8 17 10 11 15 14 1,041 1,346 3,478 2,338 2,047 21 4-3 20-6 14-5 8'6 146 11-0 1-2 0-4 09 0'4 30-8 30-1 24-6 11-9 21-6 25 16 13 11 17 11 8 8 8 8 15 9 10 13 15 1,602 1,782 2,553 2,425 1,944 5-6 0-6 14-9 7-6 7-6 7-0 5-4 ... ... 0'8 1-1 15-4 29-3 10-6 12-3 15-5 28 17 12 12 14 5 6 7 7 7 18 10 10 10 12 973 1,106 2,256 1,276 1,114 9-7 8-1 1-7 2-6 2-5 J-l 0-4 05 *•« 13-6 10-3 4-5 4-7 3-7 21 13 13 14 16 8 7 7 8 8 16 8 10 13 14 2,665 1,807 2,434 2,315 2,697 2-0 4-9 9-2 1-9 1-9 5-8 2-5 ... 0-2 ... 16-9 13 4 4-2 4-7 8-4 24 14 12 13 15 11 7 8 7 5 19 9 9 12 14 886 619 842 923 1,081 1-3 3'S 13-9 2-G 1-5 7'9 2-3 1-2 21-0 17-7 5-2 9-9 12-1 28 16 13 14 16 10 7 7 8 8 15 8 8 9 11 1,624 1,199 1,766 1,345 1,487 0-2 6-5 8-2 o-i 2'8 1-2 o-i 0.5 # , 11 -6 10-1 2-6 1-3 4-4 21 13 13 14 15 9 7 6 8 9 13 6 7 9 11 1,877 1,217 2,0S2 1,802 1,748 3-9 0-4 8-9 31 3 1 37 3-9 0-8 11-7 16-3 4-7 4-0 9-5 28 16 12 10 14 10 6 6 6 7 14 9 7 9 14 1,328 1,457 2,784 2,015 1,690 1-1 1-4 5-6 0-9 1-3 6-7 1-5 0-3 5-7 8-3 4-8 4-2 7-9 21 13 12 13 15 10 8 7 8 8 13 8 9 11 13 1,104 718 1,132 1,354 1,006 5-6 1-8 4-7 5-6 7-6 6-3 5-1 o-l 0-7 18-7 156 11-5 103 11-9 40 20 12 10 16 8 7 4 5 6 14 9 6 8 1C 603 719 2,03C 1,170 1,183 7-9 108 11 1-4 37 12-5 0-5 1-0 07 25-5 21-8 4-3 39 16-0 26 17 8 7 11 10 7 5 5 7 12 7 6 8 It 851 1,098 2,142 1,70" 2,477 16-0 91 19-4 35 7 331 49-3 25 14 10 10 13 14 6 7 7 9 12 7 7 9 11 1,145 S8C 1,771 1,238 1,804 6-6 25 15-9 6 2 57 44 190 2-4 0-6 07 08 351 26,2 10 3 11-3 151 32 19 9 8 11 12 10 ° 5 7 15 e 7 7 K 203 142 83. 454 589 AGGREGATE REGISTERED DEATHS FROM FEVERS. 2nd Quarter. 2,130 1,621 1,764 835 1,823 471 2,735 1,662 49 3,196 2,338 1,942 2,863 3,583 3121 2,739 2,373 925 2,236 1,257 1,796 * 1,068 1,S68 678 1,164 1,248 1,343 870 635 1,037 899 178 3,481 4.297 2,515 1,689 2,239 797 2999 2.168 66 3,642 3,436 2.297 3,396 4,048 4,007 3,654 2,837 1,770 3,824 1,876 2,811 1,247 1,478 4S1 936 1,160 1,426 779 627 2,363 1,589 144 4,350 4,062 4,171 2,751 3,266 1,107 4,080 2,059 70 4.434 4,063 2,887 4,716 4,353 2,942 3,872 2,330 1,622 5.435 2,236 2,023 1,291 1,455 452 972 1,200 1,534 662 1,019 1,608 1,339 285 4,051 3,165 4,003 2,073 2,963 844 4,681 1,977 74 2,983 3,386 3.462 2,966 3,380 2,815 3,095 2,217 1,625 3,419 1,890 2,392 1,254 1,781 853 1,007 1,319 1.463 1,021 971 1,068 1,152 282 3,826 2,740 3,429 2,376 1,47 3rd Quarter. 4th Quarter. Total for the tear. fr- CO CO t— CO CS OO o CO CO CO CO fr- fr- CO CO free Cl fr- CO o CO CO CO CO fr- fr- CO CO fr- CO o fr- CO o CO CO f—4 CO CO 1,816 3,801 8,777 2,691 2,660 2,702 13,278 18,205 3,881 5,612 8,365 22,729 25,335 15,577 15,734 1,592 8,569 13,437 2,157 2,141 2,209 16,252 27,618 2,885 6,515 6,777 31,776 48,864 13,436 14,849 1,540 2,563 6,406 3,415 2,944 1,560 9,859 11,187 4,547 4,771 6,516 16,492 26,047 17,017 14,699 809 1,901 3,557 1,719 2,217 1,079 3,950 5,898 1,719 2,828 3,474 8,892 13,8S6 7,082 9,300 1,688 2,555 7,540 2,226 2,341 2,177 8,686 1,705 2,850 4,508 7,147 15,340 30,576 11,588 12,190 385 729 1,247 633 978 611 1,669 1,952 667 1,421 1,930 3,837 5,207 3,074 4,369 2,138 3,295 5,922 4,695 5,165 2,029 10,535 10,917 6,622 9,951 9,582 18,802 27,958 22,069 24,770 1,S09 3,298 2,995 2,959 3,003 2,385 11,740 5,184 3,587 4,798 7,124 18,546 12,981 10,389 11,739 45 81 155 87 93 46 77 110 92 82 117 270 382 314 232 3,167 8,540 3,959 3.43G 3,222 4,077 34,266 6,741 4,524 6,804 14,232 48,711 22,530 14,837 15,483 2,942 4,642 5,133 4,820 4,280 3,561 14,809 8,472 6,034 8,553 13,027 25,575 22,691 18,116 18,923 2,303 2,549 4,779 4,492 3,240 2,682 3,156 4,180 4.G71 5,295 8,986 10,190 14,644 15,437 13,988 3,082 4,498 4,333 3,616 6,776 3,597 13,578 6,037 5,196 17,530 12,743 24,056 20,844 14,621 28,962 2,845 3,000 3,648 4,494 3,223 3,002 7,635 7,751 5,866 9,181 13,543 18,612 21,699 17,897 17,735 2,805 2,717 2,725 4,174 3,574 2,722 6,151 5,207 5,331 10,010 11,840 16,261 14,921 15,360 19,315 2,729 4,396 3,148 3,795 4,339 3,840 12,178 5,659 5,330 10,035 12,249 23,508 18,796 15,581 21,058 1,964 2,080 2,153 2,987 2,051 2,325 6,154 4,017 3,333 3,33U 9,552 13,128 12,179 10,718 9,651 1,317 4,059 1,584 2,071 2,478 2,416 11,205 2,519 2,914 4,906 5,610 19,093 7,70S 8,214 11,207 2,212 3,411 8,144 3,937 2,41G 3,165 9,115 12,365 5,607 3,884 9,305 18,795 35,292 18,316 12,963 1,307 2,074 2,704 2,304 1,582 1,804 5,088 4,440 3,013 2,363 5,409 10,384 12,858 9,545 7,495 1,813 2,352 2,690 3,187 1,809 2,068 4,457 4,695 3,777 2,783 7,279 11,402 11,961 11,781 8,139 7 847 1,152 1,142 1,218 891 1,219 3,220 1,303 1,351 1,308 4,107 6,725 5,992 5,09£ 4,438 4 1,342 1,491 877 1,359 1,457 2,175 3,389 1,834 2,575 4,449 8,05C 8,165 6,60C 8,03( 10,687 2 520 424 32C 821 700 742 876 439 992 1,143 2,S2C 2,40C 2,05c 3,581 3,796 1 79C 913 656 994 914 1,297 2,762 1,539 i,5ie 3,525 4,881 5,81C 4,934 4,86 7,070 3 1,023 1,167 81C 1,01C 995 1,557 3,674 1,594 2,09C 2,491 5,70. 7,211 5,68< 6,22 6,727 1 1,992 1,36C 96" 1,26( 875 1,341 1,055 1,711 1,735 l,4St 5,00< 8,30: 6,99 1 6,47 1 5,521 5 592 66- 45i 82f 831 614 1,815 645 9G< 1,49. 3,IS 3,98 i 2,89 7 4,1G 1 4,147 7 1,47( 84( 69 95 6S4 61 23. 96 1,66 1,19 2,31 9 4,53 5 4,71 0 4,76 1 4,147 9 63( 1,78 1,18 1,14 1,31 86 1 1,52 ) 2,55 2,53 5 2,24 3,37 8 6,76 5 7,48 9 6,65 2 8,305 1 76 1,20 t 1,42 3 1,18 5 1,10 3 83 l) 5,23 1 1,92 1 1,58 4 1,71 7 3,64 0 8,90 5 6,45 6 5,15 9 5,805 2 19 1 20 2 26 7 35 4 29 D 16 0 79 Sj 36 - * . -* -t ' • - " - ' * * > ' ' ■ It will lie seen from this table that a total of 355,279 deaths was registered during the year 1831 under the head of fevers. I his shows an excess of 27,552 deaths over the total number viz 327 7‘)7 returned from fevers last year. CompHred with 1878 and 1879, the deaths fall considerably short of the number recoided ijn those years. In 1873, the total registered mortality from fevers amounted to 440,492, and in 137 9 still higher to 4u 2,939, thus showing an increase respectively of 85,213 and 117 060 deaths, in comparison with the number reported to have occurred during the year under review. With the exception of these two years (1878-79) of the great fever epidemics, the mortality in 18b 1 is in excess of that registered in any one year of the whole series. The death rates from fevers by months during the year under review does not show anv deviation from the usual course in which these diseases are found to have prevailed in the Punjab. The rate of fever mortality in the months of January and February, though much higher than iu the following- months up to August—being a continuation of the after effects of the previous unhealthy seasons— was, as usual, decidedly on the decline. The autumnal fevers broke out in the month of September when the registered deaths were 34,396, or_double the number (17,249) returned during the previous monte of August. The epidemic attained its maximum in October, the deaths registered in that month being 56,868. In the following months of November and December there was, as usual a steady falling-off in the fever death-rate, though the number of deaths, viz., 49,203 and 40,825 was considerably higher than in any of the first uiue months. The aggregate mortality in the sickly months of September to December was 181,292, or more than half the deaths registered in the first 8 mouths of the year, that is, from January to August. Instead of comparing the above figures with those for other years, as shown in the table given above, I would refer to the Diagrams, from which it will be seen more clearly, that as already aiitici pated, there was a somewhat heavy monsoon followed by an outbreak of severe epidemic fevers durino- the year under reference. The charts are very instructive and deserve careful study. It is interesting to observe the most striking uniformity iu the triennial recurrence of the fever epidemics alono- w(th the excessive rainfall. 1 ’ ° 59. Turning now to the statement of deaths registered from fevers in the several districts of the Province during the year under review, it will be seen that the highest mortality from these diseases was recorded in the district of Amritsar^ viz., 28,962, giving a deathsrate of 35 per mille of population. Next to Amritsar was the district of Lahore which suffered severely In this dis trict the total deaths were 21,058 equal to a death-rate of 27 per 1,000. The districts of Delhi Karnal Umballa, Mooltan, and Muzaffargarh also had a high death-rate from fevers. Statement of deaths and rainfall by quarters, and rate of food- grains by years in the several districts. 60. In the Amritsar district the city of Amritsar was the greatest sufferer ; out of 28 962 deaths Fever mortality in Amritsar fevers in the whole district, no less than 11,724 are reported to have city, suburbs, and district. occuireu in tiie city alone, ihe occurrence of fever mortality by mouths, together with the death-rate per mille according to the revised population in the city and suburbs of Amritsar, as also in the district of Amritsar, will be seen from the following table:— Months. Amritsar city (population 144,216). Amritsar suburbs (population 6,449). Amritsar district excluding city and suburbs (population 742,601\. Total fever mortality. Death-rate per 1,000 of population per annum. Total fever mortality. Death-rate per 1,000 of population per annum. Total fever mortality. Death-rate per 1,000 of population per annum. January 209 17 2 4 949 15 February 154 13 2 4 677 11 March 170 14 0 0 651 10 April 189 16 2 4 511 8 May 193 16 1 2 843 14 June 231 19 2 4 870 14 July 171 14 1 2 586 9 August 286 24 2: 4 703 11 September 2,352 196 9 17 1,666 27 October 4,279 356 11 20 3,715 60 November 2,540 211 5 9 3,883 63 December ... ... 950 79 0 0 2,147 35 Total 11,724 81 37 6 17,201 23 61. The rise of fevers in the city of Amritsar, it will be observed, was most sudden, and attended by a terrible death-rate during September, the deaths in this month The fatality of fever epidemic }javjnCT increased to no less than 2,352 from only 286 in the preceding mouth ot August. In October the deaths rose still higher to 4,279. In the following month of November, there was a great decrease in them, but the rate of mortality was still very excessive, being higher than what prevailed in the month of September. In December, however, there was a very sudden decline, viz., from 2,540 to only 950 deaths. Thus, from the month of September to December there were no less than 10,121 deaths from fevers, exclusive of the mortality from every other cause of disease in the city of Amritsar as distinct from its suburbs. In the district of Amritsar, however, as will be seen from the last two columns of the above table, fevers did not prove so destructive to life as they did in the city, still the death-rate was very much higher than in ordinary seasons. It is particularly to be noted that a like immunity from fever mortality was observed in the suburbs of Amritsar, although they were equally affected by the rainfall with the city itself. The mortality from fevers registered in the intra-mural area during the epidemic months of September to December was as already stated 10,121, or at the rate of 210 permille of population. In the suburban area the corresponding figures are 25 and 11 per mille of population. The main points of difference between the sanitary conditions of the intra and extra-mural areas are the vastly less density of population in the latter, its far superior conditions in point of sewerage and conservancy, and lastly in the better condition in respect to shelter and food of its inhabitants. 62. The sudden outbreak of the epidemic fevers in the city of Amritsar is attributed to abnormal rainfall in the preceding rainy season. During the months of June, July, Causes of die fever epidemic ^ August, an aggregate fall of no less than 62 inches was measured. “ The rainfall says the Deputy Commissioner in his report, was not only abnormal in quantity, but singularly limited in area extending only a few miles on each side of the city of Amritsar. This excessive rainfall produced disastrous consequences. Owing to obstruction to surface drainage caused by banks of high level canals and rail roads, and also to the city being situated on a lower level than the surrounding country, the rain waters formed large swamps and became absorbed into the ground; the result being au immense rise in the spring level.” The Civil Surgeon Dr. Duke, states in his Annual Report that the waters in the numerous wells inside the city rose to an unprecedented height to within a few feet of the surface. The hollow ground around the city and many gardens became flooded and turned into lakes, the water standing in them for months. The civil statiou and suburbs suffered equally, the compounds of most of the houses being filled with water and saturating the walls up to four feet and more above their foundations. The Jail to the North of the city was flooded, water standing many inches in the workshops. The chief outlet of all this water was the city main drain which is only now partly completed ; and being inadequate to carry off the excessive floods, the water level rose, so that outside the city the surface water mixed with well water, while in some places the sub-soil water bubbled up on the surface. According to Dr. Ross, who was acting as Civil Surgeon of Amritsar during the late epidemic, the rainfall broke up and loosened and exposed the stratum of decomposing soil and vegetable matter which always accumulates some feet below the surface of the ground in old cities in this country, and flowing through it polluted the water of the wells. There is no doubt that the sudden rise of the well water stirred up too rapidly the foul matter almost always present at the bottom which in ordinary times is hardly ever disturbed. In forwarding the Civil Surgeon’s Fever Report to this office, the Commissioner, Colonel C. A. McMahon, observes :— “ The rainfall from June to September was extraordinarily heavy, and the rise of the sub-soil water level was correspondingly great. In the month of May 1881, water was reached at a depth of 12 feet from the surface on digging a kacha well in the Jail. In the month of August Dr. Ross, the Civil Surgeon, at my request made experimental excavations in 15 places inside the Jail, the places selected not being apparently swampy, and he reached the water level at distances varying from 6 inches to 2 feet 9 inches from the surface. During the same month I myself carefully measured the water in the well in my compound (one of the highest sites in the Civil lines) and found that the water in the well to which surface drainage has no access was within 3 feet of the top. With water so near the surface it followed that all the old burying grounds in the place and all the city “Dhabs” into which the sewage of the town used in former times to flow, were more or less under water, and I think there is reason to believe that many of the drinking wells in the city were more or less poisoned in consequence.” 63. In Appendix B to the Fever Report submitted to this office by Dr. Duke, the effects of canal irrigation without proper drainage—as pointed out in a letter from Effects of canal irrigation with- X)r. Ross, the late Civil Surgeon, addressed to the Commissioner, as early ou proper c ramage. ag jn ju]y 1881, are thus described :—“ In the opinion of the Civil Surgeon, it certainly seems evident, that the great canals which irrigate this part of the country, as well as that around Meean Meer, as far as Changa Manga, have slowly and certainly raised the sub-soil water level and have to a certain extent altered the conditions of the climate. The level of the water is said to have been raised many feet higher than before the introduction of canals. As regards this statement of Dr. Ross, the present Civil Surgeon made enquiries with the following resultThe zemindars holding lands and wells to the South side of the Central Jail here, state that the level of the well water has risen considerably with canal irrigation ; the rise being judged from the number of lotas used in their well wheels. Previous to the opening of the canals, as many as one hundred lotas were required to raise the water, whereas now in 1882, only seventy lotas are required. The Civil Surgeon further states that Mr. Nicholl, the Secretary of the Municipal Committee has framed a report in which the depth of the water in the wells is said to have permanently risen to the depth ot about 6 feet since the opening of the canals in this part of the country. Mr. Nicholl is also informed by cultivators that the water in their irrigation wells has doubled in quantity in the last 8 or 10 years, that is to say, they formerly required 200 tinds or cups for their water wheels, whereas now they require hair that number. Ihis is reliable authority and refers to Amritsar and suburbs. That while water has been added without cessation, no drainage exists to carry off the excess, and that year by year the condition becomes worse and worse. That any extra rainfall cannot be absorbed, and that the land in consequence becomes water-logged. As a result of the last rains, the foundations of many important buildings in Amritsar were sapped, the wells sinking down from one to six inches ; undergrowth and luxuriant rank vegetation has abnormally increased with a profuse water-supply. Mr. Nicholl gathers from the remarks of one or two Canal officers that the abuse of irrigation in Amritsar does great mischief, and that their efforts to check it are not supported, the natives getting as much water as they like. In tne opinion of Dr. Ross expressed in his letter written in July last, the present water-logged sub-soil condition with stagnant pools and marshes and dense jungle combined with a water-level raised most abnormally is precisely similar to a state, which has in other parts of India produced most terrible level epidemics. It is now long since a neighbouring district was decimated after floods such as have this year occurred in Amritsar, and he feared that a severe and fatal epidemic would take place in the autumn. Dr. Ross significantly pointed out that the great unhealthiness of Karnal, Peshawar and parts of Delhi district are due to parrallel causes, viz., rise of sub-soil water, and defective drainage ” There is no doubt that in some tracts of country, the canals exercise a baneful influence in lowering the health standard ot the people dwelling along their course. I discussed this important question at some length in my Sanitary Report for 1877 under the head of fevers, and showed by an examination of the Vital Statistics that certain towns (Amritsar included) situated on or near the canals had a uniformly higher fever death-rate, and in the aggregate a higher “ all causes ” death-rate also than the towns situated away from the canals j and further that on the whole they had a somewhat lower birthrate than the towns m the latter category, although the difference in this respect is not so conspicuous as that between the oeath-rates of the two opposite classes. And since then, the light thrown upon this question by the facrs disclosed by the tabulation, from year to year, of the Vital Statistics of certain selected villages situated on the Western Jamna Canal, as detailed in Section VI. of this Report, has confirmed the conclusion for nerly arrived at in this respect. 64. Before fevers actually broke out in the city of Amritsar, I had warned the Municipal authorities The Municipal authorities ad- °* tlie imminent danger to the public health, which, from my past experi- vised to take necessary precau- ence, I was certain the abnormal fall of rain would bring on; and I had tionary measures before the epide- at the same time impressed upon their attention the extreme desirability mic ac ua y io-e ou . of taking such precautionary measures as would counteract the fatal influences of the pestilence. The following is a copy of the letter I addressed to the Secretary, Municipal Committee, Amritsar, on the subject, on the 2nd September 1881 : “ As owing to the obstruction to the surface drainage of Amritsar, the water level in its neighbourhood is extremely high, it is apprehended that the usual autumnal fever will this season be very severe, suggests that medical prophylactic measures be taken as early as possible. In order to resist fever, quinine in small doses of say one grain 2 or 3 times a day dissolved in water with Dil. Sulpli. Acid will in the case of many, be a very useful tonic. The general use of tea, instead of cold water which, under the circumstances must be very impure, is highly recommended as a measure t:> secure the raw water being boiled. Undersigned would therefore like to see tea-sellers being appointed by the Municipal Committee all over the town to enable the poorer classes to buy tea without much inconvenience and at a cheaper rate than what is sold by the shop-keeper. The dust tea which costs about four annas a lb would very well answer the purpose which should be distinctly explained to the proposed tea-sellers.” 65 As I was employed on special duty in connection with the Cholera Commission in October, I could Reference to Dr. Bennett’s re- n°t find time to visit the city and make a personal investigation of all port on the fever epidemic in the the circumstances attending the epidemic which subsequently broke out Clty- with such fatal consequences as I have already detailed above. However, in accordance with the wishes of Government, Surgeon-Major John Bennett, M. D., Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle, was deputed to make the necessary enquiry into the nature and causes of the epidemic. Dr. Bennett’s report of the result of his personal observations on the subject has been duly transmitted to Government, and a copy of it is appended to my present Sanitary Report. Dr. Bennett attributes the outbreak to “excessive rainfall, obstructed drainage, rise of the spring-level, and consequent water-logging of the soil.’ The mortality was heaviest amongst the Muhammadans, or almost twice as high as amongst the Hindus, although the population of both these classes is almost the same. Commencing from 20th August, when the fever began to rise, up to the 31st October, the total deaths amongst Hindus, numbering 66,093, were only 2,572, whereas amongst the Muhammadans, in a population of 66,353, the number was no less than 4,093. “ This disproportion between the two classes,” says Dr. Bennett “ is explained by the fact that a large proportion of the Muhammadan population is made up of poor, ill-fed, and badly clad Kashmiris, on whom the disease fell heaviest and committed its greatest ravages.” Further on in his report Dr. Bennett observes “ that the vast majority of this class, owing to their inability to earn money to buy food, were found to be in the most impoverished condition, and suffering as much from the effects of chronic starvation as from fevers. Although the poorer classes in all parts of the city, no doubt suffered much from deficiency of food, nowhere did I see the results of poverty and chronic starvation so plainly manifest as amongst the Kashmiri Shawl-weavers.” The inju- rums effects of over-crowding- and impure air, deficient clothing, and of - great alternations of temperature, lot days alternating with cold dewy uiglits greatly intensified tlie severity of the epidemic. With regard to the type of fevers" two forms of the disease were met with, common intermittent fever, and the rarer but dangerous, remittent form to wlitch.so many of the city people succumbed; nut between these two 22“™? '"any gradations partaking of characters common to both.- For further particulars i would reler to the report itself.—(Appendix C.) 66. Dr. Ross who was Civil Surgeon when the epidemic was at its height lavs stress on the fact of Opinion Of Dr. Boss on the re- cholera being associated with the fevers, ami makes ("be follow,,m observa- lation between fever and cholera. tions A remarkable fact about the cholera and fever was that the Utter appeared to mask the former. Several cases to my knowledge were treated as "fever,” notwithstanding the pnrg...g aud vomiting, on account of intermissitms, or rather remissions of bod.iy heat The fe(er dun „ t to height of the epidemic commenced with vomiting and purring. Thete were remissions vitra congestion C ■'"'t™' "!?*“» Th“» was ^clie, oppression of urine ol 1 c°noestion. fco similar were the symptoms, that at first the Native Doctors named “eases with suppressed urine as cholera, without as fever.” The attack lasted 10 or 12 days and left the patients fear- fully prostrate anti anoemic with disturbed digestion. Often jaundice appemed i a nnuli a diso.der r/tho h AVe ob.se‘red.(°llowmg cholera. Those once ill became liable to repeated attacks in October of the ordinary intermittent quoted,an or tertian. I observed these phenomena in September 1869 at Rot,at, a species of bilious remittent fever masking the commencement of an epidemic of cholera at the same time of he yeai precisely, followed by ague which lasted in anoemic cases for a year afterwards Ktahmbi molillm w0,s?, " nCI1 *C lwei'‘ occurred-and wh«re th« wells were most polluted in the .Kashmiri mohallas. Ihe epiaemic at Kohat was attributed to the water pollutions, and the Amritsar 0?gan“'m™ " c011seclue“ce °f " water levels whereby well-water became tainted with 67. With regard to measures of treatment adopted during the prevalence of the epidemic, it appears &0- [X reT,b*t^ .r,dmoof ',ere °pe"ed e \ , 0 t total number, six m all, weie placed under the superin- tendence of Assistant Surgeon Jaggan Nath, who, with the subordinates under him, performed theft arduous duties well, while Municipal Hakims distributed “sharbats.” In November and December soup kitchens were opened in various parts of the city, which in the opinion of the Civil Surgeon helped to save many lives. Besides these measures, a regular system, says the Deputy Commissioner in hft an7fea7o1 afepdemt ^ °f ^ “ r°tat““- “d had be6Q long before there was 63. This is not the first time that the city of Amritsar has suffered from epidemic fevers. With The epidemic during the year the view to contrast the fatality of the epidemic durincr the year under under review contrasted With pre- review with that of the former epidemics, and to show how far those eni vxous epidemics m. their relation to demies have Wn u • c n T i J , Iar tnose epi- rainfall. aemics have been influenced by rainfall, I have prepared the followino- table . n , v •,, . showing the mortality from fevers during the sickly months of September in tb^iS»to Ml IamfaU meaS“red dUr“S *he ra“y ”““1^ of June to September Years. 1868 18«d 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 Fever deaths in September to December. Aggregate rainfall in inches from June to September. Years.. Fever deaths in. September to December. Aggregate rainfall in inches from June to September.. 63 96 1875 ... .. ... 2,599 38 0. 3; 044 20-5 1876 . 5,475 25-7 776 108 1877 .. 648 8-8 352. 13 4 1878 ... 2,255- 24 6. 1,317 18-2 1879 . 1,702 15-4 1,757 164 1880 ... 1,112 18 3 1,183 11-8 1881.. 10,121 67 0 in thee«W1ffheS®?n ar? gance °yer the aboye figures that, as in the Province taken as a whole so u the case of the city of Amritsar, there is a very remarkable uniformity in the triennial recurrence of these disease^^s111011800113^° — by Prevaleuce °f epidemic fevers, and a very noteworthy absence of these diseases in severe epidemic lorms after seasons of scanty rainfall. With the exception of 1876 and another very unimportant one of 1873, the regularity is most marked. exception oi is/b, and A n„69' fThe StatlS,tlcs’ no douK fully establish the very close relation there exists between abnormal cityurgentl^needed ™nfaIland tbe exc^ive prevalence of fevers. And, unless, steps are taken to provide some such means as may drain away the immense volume of ram waters, which at present stagnate in and about the city, and that not only produces deadly malaria bu by absorption into the filthy subsoil of the town site poisons the already polfuted well waters, the recurrence of epidemics perhaps more fatal than the one from which the city suffered last Tnof the M ' ,V’ th:rf0r%t0 Y boPed that will attract the most smious attem tion of the Municipal Committee. In the absence of a perfect drainage scheme for Amritsar which would require time and a very large outlay I would propose to supply the city with a pure water-supply tY ll°\b? |" IJCCt t0 contamination on occasions of excessive rainfall, as is the case with the chy rYrntl,,1 1 feiy receiTecl a communication from the Commissioner, Amritsar on this subject which wiU form the subject of separate correspondence. J 7°‘ °f the PrmciPal t(T™s next to Amritsar in the order of high mortality from fevers were Lahore, Fevers in Lahore city. ^’ b and I erozepore; but in none of them did the fevers assume such ... , , . , „ en®rmo“l Proportions as they did in Amritsar. In Lahore especially, as will be seen from Annual Form No. VI. B., the mortality was rather abnormal. Dr. Fair weather the Civil Surgeon, makes the following observations on the type of fevers that prevailed there “ In the beginning of August a fever accompanied by a red rash began to be prevalent and it spread through a considerable proportion of the civil community. The onset was generally sudden, and the fever^ran high accompanied as a rule with very severe pains through the body and limbs. A rash exactly resembling that of scarlatina soon appeared on the face and spread downwards on the body This disappeared in the course of 4 or 5 days, sometimes less, and occasionally was followed by efflorescence of the epidermis I believe this to have been simply what is called “ Dengue ” when it prevails more generally over the country. There were, no catarrhal symptoms resembling measles although this disease was said to have been prevalent in Delhi about the same time or soon after, and of it Dr. Adam Taylor late Civil Surgeon there, is said to have died. In the absence of any information regarding the symptoms of the so called “measles” which prevailed there, I am inclined to believe it was nothin^else than the same disease we had here and I am borne out in this supposition by the histories of the three cases which I obtained, of an officer, his wife, and a man, all of whom caught the disease while passing through Delhi on their way to Bombay at the time of Dr. Taylor’s death, and in all of whom the symptoms were exactly those of Dengue. No deaths occurred from the disease in Lahore, but I believe that a fatal termination was only prevented in one instance by large numbers of leeches to the head when appoplexy was threatened. Along with red fever or Dengue, fevers of the intermittent and remittent type also began to prevail extensively in August and continued throughout September and October.” r D.—BOWEL COMPLAINTS. 71. The total number of deaths registered under the head of Bowel Complaints was 17,281, giving Deaths from Bowel Com- a death-rate of about 1 per mille of the population. Of this aggregate number, plaints by years. 1,036 were of males and 6,912 of females. 1868 ... 17,823 1875 ... 27,550 1869 ... 30,953 1876 ... 27,271 1870 ... 27,249 1877 ... 17,664 1871 ... 21,678 1878 ... 32,071 1872 ... 23,345 1879 ... 29,612 1873 ... 19,640 1880 ... 20,736 1874 ... 16,407 1881 ... 17,281 Deaths from Bowel com- 72 plaints by months during 1880, 1881. From the table given in the margin, it will be seen that, with the exception of 1874, the mortality from Bowel complaints during the year under review was the lowest recorded in any one year of the series beginning with 1868. Compared with the previous year, there was a decrease of 3,455 deaths. The mortality by months during the years 1880 and 1881 is contrasted in the subjoined statement :-r— January ... 1880. 1,674 1881. 1,297 July ... ... 1880. 1,372 2,068 1881. 1,208 February ... 1,078 1,015 August... 1,339 March 997 1,033 September ... 2,925 2,873 2,025 2,265 April .,. 1,120 1,119 October May 1,548 1,260 November 2,040 1,914 June 1,363 1,186 December ... 1,678 1,620 The table calls for no special remarks, except that, as usual, the deaths from Bowel complaints reached their maximum immediately after the close of the monsoon rains, whilst their minimum fell in February and March. Deaths from Bowel com- 73. In proportion to population the highest death-rate was registered, as plaints by districts. usual, in the Simla district, viz., 2'83 per mille. As already stated, there was a decrease of 3,455 deaths as compared with the previous year. On comparing the number of deaths registered in the several districts of the Punjab, as shown in Annual Form No. X appended to this Report, with the corresponding Return for the previous year, it will be seen that this decline in the death-rate from Bowel complaints was most marked in the district of Kangra in which the number fell to only 1,158 from no less than 2,992 reported to have occurred in the preceding year. In Umballa and Hoshiarpur also, the decrease was considerable, the deaths registered in these two districts being 1,221 and 996, against 1,789 and 1,594, respectively, recorded during the year before. 74. The death-rate from Bowel complaints was considerably higher in the urban, 52 principal Death-rate from Bowel com- towns, as compared with the rural population, viz., 3'38 against 079, respec- piaints in towns. tively. The towns noted below suffered very severely from these affections, as will be seen from the death-rate per 1,000 of population given opposite each :— Death-rate per 1,000 Palwdl (district Gurgaon) ... ... ... 9-37 Kaithal ( „ Karn&l) ... ... ... 6-77 Jagraon ( „ Ludhiana) ... ... ... 5'64 Hoshiarpur ... ... ... ... ... 7-84 Amritsar ... ... ... ... ... 7-03 Bialkot ... ... ... ... ... 5-61 Bawalpindi ... ... ... ... ... 639 Pind Dadan Khan (District Jhelum) ... ... 6-88 i E.—INJURIES. 75. The deaths from “Injuries” are classified under four heads, viz., Suicide, Wounding, Accident, and Snake-bite and killed by wild beasts. First with regard to suicide. There were altogether 263 persons who are reported to have com- Jmitted suicide during the year under review. As usual, the female deaths under this head exceed the male. Deaths from Suicide. The number of deaths according to the different modes in which suicide was committed during the year under review and the one preceding it is shown in the subjoined statement. Deaths by 1880. 1881. Males. Females. Males. Females. Drowning 32 56 20 49 Hanging 52 60 59 60 Poisoning by Opium 11 16 12 11 Poisoning by Arsenic 5 3 7 3 Cutting throat ... 1 2 1 2 Stabbing ,M • • # ... 2 Ml Gun-shot wound ... 4 • • • 2 Falling from heights ... 4 8 4 2 Setting fire to houses.. ... 2 • • • • • • • •• Causes not stated 21 9 16 13 Total ... 132 154 I 123 140 It will thus be seen that “ drowning ” and “ hanging ” are the most common modes of committing suicide in this Province. The deaths registered from these causes being 69 and 119, respectively, out of 263 total suicides. The largest number of deaths from suicide was registered, as usual, in the district of Gurgaon, viz., 9 males and no less than 26 females. Next to Gurgaon, were the districts of Kangra, having 11 male and 16 female suicide deaths, Hoshiarpur, 10 males and 14 females. 76. Deaths from Wounding. Under the head of “ Wounding” the total deaths registered were 276, against 346 in the previous year. The frontier districts of Peshawar and Kohat and also Rawalpindi show, as usual, the largest number of deaths from this cause. 77. The classification of the causes of accidental deaths reported to have occurred during the Accidental deaths. years 1880 and 1881, is given below :— 1880. 1881. Deaths by Males. Females. : Males, Females. Drowning Ml • • 1,236 896 1,211 951 Crushed under and roofs, trees, rocks, falling from Ac. 724 307 810 404 Lightning.. t • • • • • 23 8 33 6 Burns ... Ml * • 166 186 175 181 Hicks from horses Ml ••• 44 16 60 15 Causes not stated Ml • • • 14 9 9 • M Causes other than those specified above ... 127 27 78 22 Total 2,334 1,449 2,376 1,579 The statement shows that the total deaths due to accidents of all sorts were almost equal to the number registered the year before, and, further that “ drowning ” was the principal cause of these deaths. 78. The deaths caused by snake-bite were 1,012. During the previous three years the number Deaths from Snake-bite. was 752 in 1878, 818 in 1879, and 968 in 1880. The districts of Lahore and Gujranwala show, as usual, the largest number of deaths under this head. The steady increase of mortality from snake-bite, as will be seen from the statistics given above, shows the necessity of taking steps to destroy the poisonous species of snakes all over the Province. 79. From Hydrophobia also the deaths have, of late years, very much increased. The total deaths registered under this head during the year under review being 139 against Deaths from Hydrophobia. JQ7 during 1880, and only 69 in 1879. Mortality caused by wild beasts; 80. The mortality caused by wild beasts was as follows:— By Jackals 6 deaths, Wolves 8, Tigers 2, Alligators 2, and a single death from the bite of a cat. There were also 8 deaths registered from the stings of Scorpions, and 23 others the causes of which were unknown. 81. The total number of deaths registered under the head of “All other causes ” was 129,568, Deaths from all other causes This includes deaths from Cough and Chest Diseases. The mortality from including those from chest these chest affections is shown by months in the undernoted table along with diseases. the deaths registered during the previous year :— 1880. 1881. January . 3,321 3,518 February . 3,190 3,435 March . 2,963 3,185 April . 1,909 2,497 May . 2,063 2.142 June . 1,846 1,800 1880. 1881. July . 1.612 1,608 August . 1,677 1,890 September . 1,968 2.510 October . 2,053 2,792 November . 2 274 2,699 December . 2,974 2,828 SECTION YIL—VACCINATION. 82. The revised scheme for the amalgamation of the Vaccine with the Sanitary Department Orders of Government on the alluded to in para. 105 of my report of last year came into force from working of the re-organized vac- 1st October 1881. The following correspondence will indicate now tne cine scheme. department is to be controlled and worked under the orders of the Local Government:— Copy of a letter No. 3262, dated Lahore, 10th September 1881, from W. M. Young, Esq., Secretary to Government, Punjab and its Dependencies, to Surgeon-Major H. W. Bellew, C. S. I., Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab. I AM directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No. 903S., dated 26th July last, submitting a plan for the re-organization of the vaccination and sanitary establishments under your control. 2. The orders of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor have been embodied in the resolution, a copy of which is herewith forwarded, in which the principles of the new scheme have been fully set forth • and it only remains for you, in connection with the officers concerned, to give effect to the orders contained in this resolution. You will observe that the expenditure on account of the district staff to be employed in each case will henceforth be met by district and municipal committees. It is, therefore, impossible to embody in the resolution the precise scale of establishment which in the case of each district will have to be entertained. The scale of the establishment must in each case be considered with reference to the capabilities of the different districts, and, although Sir Robert Egerton does not anticipate that any difficulty will be ultimately experienced in obtaining the requisite funds from the sources named, it may not be possible in every case to entertain the full establishment all at once, and some time may have to be allowed to enable district and municipal committees to make provision for meeting the charges imposed upon them by the revised scheme. The Lieutenant-Governor requests that you will place yourself in communication with Commissioners and Deputy Commissioners on this subject. The scale of vaccinators contained in the statement accompanying your letter is generally approved by His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor. 3. The provision for clerks of Civil Surgeons, which will also be met from district funds, is also approved ; but His Honor considers that Rs. 20 to Rs. 25 is sufficient for these officials. The appointments o^Native Superintendents in the eight districts for which they are proposed are sanctioned; but the Lieutenant-Governor is of opinion that an additional number of these appointments will be required in the case of districts where the number of dispensaries is small, and there will be no Assistant Surgeons or other Medical Officer to carry out the systematic vaccination now contemplated in tracts far removed from the sadr station. The salary of the Native Superintendents will also, as you will observe from the instructions issued in the resolution, be met from District Funds. The establishment of the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners will be paid, as heretofore, from Provincial Funds, including the 24 vaccinators attached to the Eastern and Western Circles for the purpose of keeping up the continuity of operations and preserving lymph throughout the year. 4. Further, His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, after full consideration of the arguments on both sides, has decided that the compilation of vital statistics must, as hitherto, be performed mainly in your office ; and His Honor is willing to sanction such an increase as may be necessary for maintaining the present arrangement in this respect, and also enable you to supervise the additional operations now contemplated. Before, however, finally deciding on the question of this increase, Sir Robert Egerton would be <riad to receive from you a financial statement of all the proposals now generally approved, in which the expenditure previously sanctioned should be shown, and the proposals for future charges given separately under the headiugs of Provincial and District or Municipal charges. Proceedings of the Hon’ble the Lieutenant-Governor, Punjab, in the Home Department (Medical), dated 10th September 1881. Read— No. 3261, D— Proposed scheme for the re-organization of the Vaccine Department, by Surgeon-Major H. W. Bellew, c. s. x„ Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab, dated 7th March 1881. Memorandum by Surgeon-General S. C. Townsend, c. b., dated 9th July, on the above. Further memorandum by Surgeon-Major Bellew, c. s. t on the memorandum of Surgeon-General Townsend, c. B., dated 26th July 1881, with covering letter No. 903S., dated 26th July 1881. Demi-Official letter dated 23rd July 1881, from Surgeon-General Townsend, c. B., to Surgeon-Major Bellew, c. s. I. In March 1880 the Government of India, in the Home Department (Medical), forwarded to this Government copy of a notification, No. 150, dated 15th March, laying down certain orders regarding the revision of the administrative staff of the Indian Medical Department in the several provinces of India. Under these orders, the appointment of Superintendent-General of Vaccination in the Puniab was to be abolished, the Vaccination Department was to be amalgamated with that of the Sanitary Commissioner, and the two superior officers of the Vaccination Department graded as Deputy Sanitary Commissioners. It thus became necessary to re-organize the Vaccination Department in accordance with the new instructions, and the Sanitary Commissioner was requested to submit proposals for the working of the department accordingly. In June 1880 the Sanitary Commissioner submitted a scheme for the approval of Government, which, however, did not appear to the Lieutenant-Governor to provide sufficiently for the utilization of the existing medical agency; and His Honor therefore requested Surgeon-Major Bellew to re-consider his proposals in communication with Surgeon-General Townsend, and to re-submit proposals for the re-organization of the Vaccine Department upon a District plan, the Civil Surgeons being made primarily responsible for this branch of the civil medical administration of the district, the whole of which, in its various departments, His Honor desired ultimately to place under their superintendence. The Sanitary Commissioner’s revised scheme, with remarks by Surgeon-General Townsend and a subsequent memorandum by Surgeon-Major Bellew, has now been laid before His Honor the Lieute- naut-Governor, and the following measures have received His Honor’s sanction. The general supervision of vaccine operations, the improvement of birth and death registration, the sanitary inspection of towns and villages, and furtherance of sanitary work will be the duties of Deputy Sanitary Commissioners within their respective circles. Of these circles there will be two,—the Eastern, comprising the fifteen districts of the five divisions from Delhi to Amritsar; and the Western, comprising the seventeen districts of the five divisions from Lahore to Peshawar inclusive. Each circle will have its own area for carrying on operations throughout the year, taking the plains only in the cold season, and the hills, Simla and Kangra in the Eastern and Murree and Hazara in the Western circle, during the hot weather. The Deputy Sanitary Commissioners will be guided by the instructions contained in the set of rules framed for this purpose which are appended to this resolution. As these officers will be almost continuously in camp, they will take over the camp equipage of the present Superintendent-General and Superintendent of Vaccination. They will be responsible for the adequate supply of lymph in their respective circles, and will, for this purpose, be required to carry on vaccine operations throughout the year by means of a special staff of vaccinators attached to them. This staff will be independent of the staffs attached to each district for vaccination within its limits, and, for the present, will consist of twelve vaccinators for each Deputy Sanitary Commissioner. The office clerks and peons of the present vaccine establishment will be retained in the employ of the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners. Although the general superintendence of vaccine operations and the responsibility for adequate supplies of lymph will rest with the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners within their respective circles, the operations of each district will be conducted by the district staff under the superintendence of the Civil Surgeon. For this purpose, an establishment of vaccinators will be attached to every dispensary in the province, and placed under the orders of the Assistant Surgeon or other Medical officer in charge of the dispensary ; where no dispensary exists, the vaccinators will be superintended by a native supervisor appointed for the purpose, who will act under the orders of the Civil Surgeon. During the hot season, when vaccination is impracticable, the staff of vaccinators and supervisors will be utilized by the Civil Surgeon, in communication with the Deputy Commissioner, on sanitary work. Rules for the guidance of Civil Surgeons in regard to the working of the vaccination staff of their districts are appended to this resolution. As the duties devolving on Civil Surgeons under these rules will necessitate their moving about in camp over the whole of their districts, more especially during the vaccinating season, some provision will in all probability have to be made, as time advances, for their being furnished with camp equipage; and His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor will be prepared to consider these requirements when necessity arises. For the clerical work which the new scheme will entail on them, they will each be furnished with an office clerk. The strength of the establishment which will be employed under the control of Civil Surgeons will be determined from time to time under orders of Government. This establishment, as shown above, will consist of— 1. —Native Supervisor for the tracts in which no dispensary exists. 2. —District Vaccinators. 3. —Civil Surgeons’ clerks. The cost of this establishment, which will be retained in the district to which it is appointed and utilized either in vaccination or sanitation within its limits, will be borne by District or Municipal Funds. The cost of the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and their establishment of vaccinators will be borne by Provincial Revenues. In arriving at the conclusion above stated, that the district and municipal committees should be called upon to bear the cost of the district staff employed in vaccination and sanitary operations, the Hon’ble the Lieutenant-Governor has not lost sight of the fact that hitherto this establishment, so far as it has existed, has been supported mainly from Provincial Revenues. But there are, perhaps, no objects which can with greater propriety be set forward as incumbent upon these committees than vaccination and sanitation. This principle is thoroughly in accordance with all that has been stated regarding the duties of district and municipal committees, and the objects of expenditure to be met from the funds for which they are trustees. The amount of the charges will not, in any case, be found to be excessive, and Sir Robert Egerton hopes that Commissioners of Divisions and Deputy Commissioners will do their best to introduce, at an early date, the scale of establishment which, in a separate communication, has been generally approved for each district, and which in future should be maintained, subject to such modifications as may be necessary in particular cases, as the future establishment of the district for the purposes indicated. The scale of establishment has been carefully scrutinized, and the cost, which varies in the different districts from about Rs. 700 per annum to a little over Rs. 2,000 per annum, according to the size and population of the districts will, His Honor believes, be met without difficulty, while it will serve to institute much more efficient operations than have hitherto been possible. It is clear that the success of the present scheme will be promoted by the existence of dispensaries in each territorial sub-division of a district. The presence of the Medical Officer in charge of the dispensary will secure a much more efficient control than could be exercised by a Native Superintendent acting under the orders of the Deputy (Jommissioner, and visiting from time to time the villages comprised in his charge. Sir Robert Egerton therefore desires to take this opportunity of impressing upon the officers charged with the disposal of district and municipal funds the extreme importance of aiming at the establishment by degrees in every tahsil or important town in the province. Some districts are manifestly ill-supplied with dispensaries. The Ferozepore district contains only one'dispensary ; Lahore has only two, excluding the Mayo Hospital and Meean Meer dispensary; and in these districts especially the number may with advantage be increased. It is the desire of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor that the Civil Surgeon attached to each sadr station should be the unit of the civil medical administration, just as the Deputy Commissioner is of the civil administration, and the operations should be conducted through the instrumentality of the medical officers attached to the dispensary, which constitutes the best means of familiarizing the people with European medical science and its attendant benefits. The accomplishment of this object must be a matter of time; but Sir Robert Egerton hopes that the subject will be kept in view by divisional and district officers, and no opportunity lost of utilizing the district and municipal funds upon the construction of dispensaries wherever the need is felt of increasing their number. In the districts in which the Civil Surgeons hold joint charges, viz., a military as well as a civil medical charge, the supervision which they will be able to exercise over the vaccination and sanitary operations of the district must necessarily be more limited than in other cases, and in all such districts it will be necessary to provide for the appointment of Native Superintendents to act under their orders. The elaboration of the arrangements now proposed, in such districts, may hereafter require that some modification should be made in the medical charges; but at present His Honor desires to utilize the existing agency, and improvements involving extra expense can only be carried out by degrees, as experience shall show that they are necessary. In conclusion, His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor desires to place on record his thanks to Surgeon-General Townsend, C.B., and Surgeon-Major Bellew, C.S.I., for the pains taken by them in drawing up the scheme now before Government, upon which these orders have been framed. Order.—Ordered that copy of the foregoing resolution be forwarded to the Surgeon-General, Punjab; the Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab; the Deputy Surgeon-General, Punjab Frontier ; and all Commissioners and Deputy Commissioners. Copy of a letter No. 3, dated Lahore, 3rd January 1880, from W. M. Young, Esq., Secretary to Government, Punjab and its Dependencies, to all Commissioners and Superintendents, in the Punjab. In paragraphs 11 and 12 of the Resolution of the Hon’ble the Lieutenant-Governor in the Home Department, No. 3261, dated 10th September 1881, it was ruled that the cost of the establishment to be entertained for purposes of vaccination and sanitation under the revised scheme described in that Resolution, would, with the exception of the cost of Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and their establishment of vaccinators, be borne by District or Municipal Funds. The exact amount of expenditure which would thus be thrown upon these funds could not at that time be determined; but the Sanitary Commissioner has recently made detailed proposals to which the Lieutenant-Governor has been able to accord his approval; and I am now to request that you will endeavour to make provision for meeting the charge from the District or Municipal Funds of your division in such proportions as seem fair, with reference te the localities in which the establishments will be entertained. 2. A schedule of the establishment which it is considered desirable to maintain is annexed to this letter. The scale is probably as low as is consistent with the efficient performance of the operations in each department which are required in the several districts, and the Lieutenant-Governor believes that no difficulty will be felt in ultimately meeting the whole cost from either District or Municipal Funds. At the same time, as the scheme involves a considerable increase in the expenditure from these funds, the Lieutenant-Governor will be prepared to make a temporary grant from the Provincial Revenues towards the cost of such establishment in any district in which the resources of the local funds may be insufficient to meet increased expenditure. Applications should be made through the Sanitary Commissioner, and Sir Robert Egerton trusts that they will only be made in cases where the local resources are manifestly insufficient to meet the demands made upon them. 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O O O O o o o 60 3^ bU-Utoiiva^ULLv^ yAL'4'Bj^ Ad'B^g fl ; 7 : : : ■<n tH : rH CO 04 r« i "O g N co •2 £1-1 **o qj 2 •Ss5 | §-§■§ a s •ts< O 'Flop rH pH CO GO o rH pH pH rH tJv^a “c£T “o" T“ “T“ “o' “o* T^r cx “o* 04 rH ;ss of Vcu tors. 'III SS^I0 CO CO VO CO VO I'-* CC co CO CO rT 04 04 pH *- kr C ^ S Th . O^-'S CO -—< ir k co co » ^ co ;s © _rH ^5 .© §» 'II SSBI3 CO 04 04 CO CI 04 04 04 04 rH rH 04 04 rH 04 : pH o CO s I SS^I0 cx pH pH rH rH 04 04 rH pH rH rH rH rH rH rH ■: pH C5 pH .2 ^’i I^S S O <5j Sq gC) •qiap spoaSjug jtatq pH rH pH pH rH rH rH pH pH rH pH pH rH pH rH rH pH pH ■HOijHupo'B^ jo JOSiAiadng pH pH pH pH pH : • pH : : pH rH pH rH rH pH 04 rH ^ <d O B1 SO •<s» g a ■mop 1 1 pH CO CO rH O) co rH 04 pH 1.H* CO CO . VO CD VO !>• CD l-IH . ^ CO rH s § § P P S*d S ® 00 'fe>5 oa oo CO pH ^0 -v « e §•1^1 vs S « s S « .53 . U £ ‘III ss^I0 CO VO o CO VO C5 oo H CO Th CO CO CO co 04 !>• o CO •IISSBI3 CO 04 CO 04 <M 04 04 04 rH rH cx <N rH C4 04 rH 04 CO a Nj O a ssbio <N rH rH 04 pH 04 cx rH rH rH iH rH »H rH pH rH rH pH ox K °s .2 ^ •g *e ^ o ^ •qiap spoaSang [iaiq rH j—1 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH PH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH ^ r-S •uoij’Bupo'BJ\ jo aosiAjadng pH ; rH : : • : : H rH rH : rH rH Name of District. Lahore r5 'C3 * £ •P-S o Ferozepore Rawalpindi ... Jhelum ... Gujrat ... Shahpur ... Mooltan Jhang Montgomery Muzaffargarh Dera Ismail Khan Dera Ghazi Khan r* h fl a m Peshawar Hazara 'OS pj O w , Total No. J r-H cr CO VO CO tH 00 os o pH 04 co Sfi VO CD Special Vaccine E.tabli»hment 83- The Vaccination Staff of the Eastern and Western Circles of sanctioned for Deputy Sanitary the Province under the revised scheme is as follows:— Commissioners. Eastern Circle. 1 Deputy Sanitary Commissioner. 1 Native Deputy Superintendent of Vaccination. 8 Supervisors of Vaccination. 14 Civil Surgeons’ Clerks. 20 1st Class Vaccinators, 5 of whom receive a personal allowance of Rs. 15 per mensem and perform the duties of supervisors of vaccination. 37 2nd Class Vaccinators. 78 3rd Do. do. Western Circle. 1 Deputy Sanitary Commissioner. 12 Supervisors of Vaccination. 17 Civil Surgeons’ Clerks. 19 1st Class Vaccinators, 4 of whom receive a personal allowance of Rs. 15 per mensem and perform the duties of supervisors of vaccination. 30 2nd Class Vaccinators. 71 3rd Do. do. To the above should also be added the Special Vaccination Staff of the two Deputy Sanitary Commissioners consisting of 4 1st Class, 8 2nd Class, and 12 3rd Class Vaccinators, who are paid from Provincial Funds. Omitting the salary of the two Deputy Sanitary Commissioners, a question which is at present under the consideration of the Local Government, the monthly cost of the revised scheme under Provincial, Municipal and District Funds, is as noted below :— Vaccination Staff. Provincial Funds 1 Deputy Superintendent Rs. 150 Travelling allowance 45 4 Vaccinators @ 15 Rs. each ... 60 8 Do. @ 12 „ „ ... 96 12 Do. @ 10 . 120 Total 471 Office Establishment. 2 Clerks, @ 50 Rs. each ... 100 4 Chaprassis, @ 6 „ „ ... 24 Total Provincial Funds 595 Municipal and DistrictFunds 20 Supervisors, @ 40 „ „ ... 800 39 Vaccinators, @ 15 „ „ ... 585 67 Do. @ 12 „ „ ... 804 149 Do. 10 „ „ ... 1,490 Personal allowance to 9 1st Class Vaccinators @ 15 Rs. each 135 Total * 3,814 Office Establishment. 31 Civil Surgeons’ Clerks, @ 25 and 20 Rs. each 670 Total Municipal and District Funds 4,484 Grand Total Provincial, Municipal & District Funds 5,079 * Of this sum a small portion is contributed from Provincial funds, vide sanction accorded in Punjab Government Nos. 932 and 936, dated 8th April 1882, to address of Commissioners, Lahore and Mooltan Divisions. 84. The resolution of the Punjab Government above given was received in this office on 22nd Sep- The delay in starting work in tember, or only 9 days before the scheme was to have come into operation, certain districts to what due. and it js therefore well to note here that in some districts vaccination work was not fairly started till the end of November or beginning of December. This delay, however, was unavoidable and was due chiefly to the time occupied by the vaccinators in joining the districts to which they were posted. Nevertheless the outturn of work accomplished by the different vaccination establishments during the current year ending 31st December 1881, as compared with the past official year ending 31st March 1881, is very satisfactory as will be seen from the Annual Vaccination Statements appended to this section of the Report. 85. The change in the compilation of the vaccination returns from the official to the calendar year, Compilation of vaccine returns bas been made with a view to secure uniformity with the Annual Vital changed from official to calendar Statistical Returns, and, also, to save unnecessary delay in the publication year. of the Annual Sanitary Reports, which, under the recent orders of Government, have to be submitted in future by 1st June of each year. 8d. The first statement appended to this Section of the report shows particulars of vaccinations T OTw1 TT performed throughout the Province by the vaccinators of the late Punjab vaccLations performed by Provin- Establishment, during the six months preceding the introduction of the eial and Dispensary Vaccinators. new system of district work which took place in October last, and up to which time the general supervision of the vaccination arrangements having been carried out by Surgeon-Major J Bennett, Officiating Superintendent General of Vaccination the whole of the returns were tabulated in his office. In the districts of Kangra, Simla, Hazara, and in the hilly portion of Rawalpindi, together with the 12 Native States, operations were carried on during the hot season ; while in the other districts shown—those situated on the plains—the work continued from the previous season was for the most part brought to a close in the month of April. Statement No. II, shows the dispensary vaccinations performed in the period embraced by the six months preceding'the introduction of the changes in the working of the department, as well as the operations performed in the Cantonments of XJmballa, Sabathu, and Meean Meer. The following particulars on the vaccine operations performed throughout the Province during this period has been" furnished by Surgeon-Major J. Bennett, Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle, who held charge of the vaccination department up to that date. 87 The agare^ate number of operations performed by all establishments during the six ° months ending the 30th September is 143,178 the number of primary operations, known to be successful, being 101,304, and of success- vincial Establishment during six fu[ re-vaccination 19,014, the ratio of success in the former class of cases, months. including unknown as unsuccessful is 94 29, and excluding these 9791 per cent, while that in the latter is 5334 including unknown, and 62-29, excluding these. The number of persons vaccinated by the Provincial Establishment was 105,223 primary vaccinations, and 35,495, re-vaccinations, total 140,718. Of the primary operations 99,409, were returned as successful, the percentage of success being 94 47, including unknown, and 9811 excluding these from the total • of the re-vaccination cases 18,907, are said to have been successful, the ratio being 53 26 ner cent, when the unknown cases are included in the calculation, and 62 29, when these are excluued ; but as it not unfrequently happens that it is a matter of some considerable difficulty to pronounce as to the success or otherwise of many re-vaccination cases, the returns of the vaccinators in this respect are not altogether reliable. Of the 4,323 operations inspected by Dr. Bennett during the six months under review, 1,966 were primary, and 2,357 were secondary operations, the respective percentages of success noted being 9852 and 52-99, figures which show that in the former class of cases at least, the ratios returned by the vaccinators have not been ovei stated. , ... , . The total expenditure during the six months, was Rs. 30,471-15-9, BiJmonths! 1 ^ U” and the cost of each successful case was 4 annas and 1*44 pies. 8s The Provincial Establishment consisted of 1 Native Deputy Superintendent, 33 Native Superintendents, and 135 vaccinators; on an average 14 Native Super- Strength of Provincial Staff. intendents aud 59 vaccinators were at work in the hills throughout the six months in question. Dr. Massy held charge of the office of Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, of the Western Cu'cle. During the hot weather embraced in the six months operations were conducted in 12 Native States, in Simla, Murree aud the adjoining hills, and in the districts ot Ivangra and Hazara; operations were also performed in 16 districts in the plains during the early part ot April, but only to a limited extent, as they had to be brought to a close on account ot the heat. 89. The subjoined table shows the numbers vaccinated in the various districts situated in the plains during the period under lepoit. Vaccination work performed in districts by Provincial Establishment^ With the exception of Delhi the operations in District. Delhi Ggrgaon ... Hissar Sirsa Ludhi&na... Jullundur Amritsar ... Gurdaspur Lahore Total number vaccinated. 1 District. Total number vaccinated. 1,073 Ferozepore 256 113 Rawalpindi 963 679 Gujrat 498 350 Shahpur ... 841 497 Mooltan ... 361 1,331 Jhang 7 11,292 Muzaffargarh 2,702 1,300 1,460 Total 23,728 the accompanying table were performed in the month of April, the work in the plains having been brought to a close about the end of that month. In the district of Delhi small-pox having made its appearance in the talisil of Ballabgarh operations, which had been discontinued in the early part of April, were resumed about the end of the month, and carried on into June, but with unsatisfactory results; many of the cases proved unsuccessful, and the people showing great unwillingness to subject their children to the operation (which even under the most favorable circumstances, has never been popular in these parts), but little work was accomplished. Amritsar district.—Exhibits the highest proportion ; this is to be attributed to the fact that a staff of 34 vaccinators was at work, while in the other districts only 1 Native Superintendent and 4 vaccinators were employed in each. Simla district.—In the sanitarium of Simla 1 Native Superintendent and 4 vaccinators were at work during the whole of the hot season, performing a total of 768 vaccinations against 250 of the previous year; this increase was brought about by the unusually large number of re-vaccinations (S66) performed: in primary cases, the percentage of success is 97'51 including unknown while the actual ratio, that found when the unknown cases are thrown out of the calculation, rises to 09 74. In the rural circles of the district, operations were confined to the Sanitaria of Dagshai and Kasauli the total number of persons vaccinated being 168. Kdngra district.—Yaccine operations were continued here throughout the hot season the whole of the district with the exception of certain portions of the Kulu Sub-division, having been overtaken. Up to the end of July a staff of 8 Native Superintendents and 31 vaccinators were employed • in August 4 Native Superintendents and 18 vaccinators and in September 2 vaccinators, the acwregate, number of operations performed being 66,985. This is probably the best vaccinated districTin the province, the result being that the mortality from small-pox, for the last two years, has been reduced to very small proportions; in 1880 the number of deaths registered from the disease was but 30 and in 1881 only one fatal ease was. recorded. The practice of inoculation, formerly so rife in these parts, was in complete abeyance during the past year, and to this, as well as to the almost universal acceptance of vaccination, is due the trifling mortality from small-pox here recorded. Great assistance was received from Colonel Jenkins, the Deputy Commissioner, who, as in former years continues to take the greatest interest in the work of vaccination, and to use his best influence in furthering its spread among the people ; to him, in no small measure, is due the satisfactory results attained, and the high degree of protection from small-pox reached in this district. The table given in the margin shows the distribution of the work in the different tahsils. The proportion exhibited by Hamirpur is unprecedentedly high, and due to the very great number of adults both male and female, who were induced to subject themselves to the operation. The whole of these with but few exceptions, had, at a former penod or their lives, either been inoculated or vaccinated. Of previous inoculated cases, in which vaccination had recently been performed, Dr. Bennett examined 1,093 ‘cases, and found the ratio of success to be 6440 per cent, while of 1,330 previously vaccinated coses examined, the ratio was seen to be only 41T2 a difference of 23 per cent In primary cases the percentage of success was 9443 including unknown cases, and excluding these, 98-41 90. The Native States given in the accompanying table were visited, and for the most part overtaken. The total number of vaccinations in the 12 States here shown was 35,951 of which in primary cases the peicentage of success, including unknown, was 94-86, and, excluding these from the calculation 98'07. The people of these States are not unfavorably disposed to vaccination, except in so far as infant vaccination is concerned ; remembering the occasionally uisastious iesu!„b arising from inoculation which, in former years used to be so freely practised, the inhabitants of these hills strongly object to having vaccination performed on infants, under a year, while they .show no reluctance in bringing forward children over that a<m. In certain parts of Bashahar State there is a strange prejudice ao-ainst vaccine operations being performed in the months of April and Slay when the number of traders . passing down from Thibet is greatest. Vaccination, as these people think, being almost identical with small-pox, if not the same disease, is considered by them to be contagious, and therefore likely to spread if piactised, when so many people are passing alomr the load. The iaaja has always shown great willmgness to having vaccine operations carried on in his. State; but at the commencement of the work, difficulties were raised by his officials, and much time was lost before they were prevailed uj)on to countenance the vaccinators, and to give them the necessary assistances. Ultimately, however, owing to the efforts of I audit talkishen, the Deputy Superintendent, a fair amount of work as accomphshed^ The Raja of Nadaun continues to look upon vaccination with disfavor; the nemh- T1pi g, a °\Kutlahar, on the other hand, gave permission for the whole of his household to °be effp‘u7 a , mad.e Jery efficient arrangements by means of which a large outturn of work was able ni^10Ut ^1S Stat®: 1 .would beS to brmS liIS services in the cause of vaccination to favor- otice, with a view to Ins being granted a commendatory Murasla from Government. Talisils. Total number vaccinated. Ratio of successful cases per 1,000 of population. Kangra 13,474 48-87 Nm-pur 9,559 55-81 Dehra 9,607 56-73 Hamirpur 30,725 132-80 Kulu 3,620 30-99 Total 66,985 69-41 Native States. Native States. Total number vaccinated. Pati&la 306 Bashahar ... 10,453 Baghat 888 Jubal 1,277 Kumarsain 108 Lambagraon 1,485 Kutlahar ... 13,777 Nadaun ... 4,674 Guler 698 Balsan 243 Kuthahar... 350 Urnb 1,712 Total 35,951 STATEMENTS' Statement No. I showing particulars of Vaccination in the Punjab performed by the Vaccinators of the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 c <D g 3 fc Name of District. Circles and Districts. l Population of District according to census of 1868. Average population per square mile. Average number of vaccinators employed throughout the season. Total number of persons VACCINATED. Average number of persons vaccinated by each vaccinator. Male. Female. Total. 1 hH W ►4 W ft Tahsil Delhi .Do. Ballabgarh 315,286 125,667 ... ... 50 532 34 457 84 989 • • • Total of District ... 608,850 496 3 582 491 1,073 357-66 o 3 I GURGAON. 1 Tahsil Rewdri 150,631 63 50 113 Total of District 689,034 348 2 63 50 113 56-5 O m 02 »—i w Tahsil Earwdla 66,199 • • • 351 328 679 • • • Total of District 484,681 137 4 351 328 679 169-75 4 02 Ph hH 02 Tahsil F&zilka 66,970 189 161 350 Total of District 210,795 68 4 189 161 350 87-5 5 LUDHIANA. Tahsil Ludhidna ... 290,148 270 227 497 Total of District 573,245 429 3 270 227 497 105 '66 6 <4 H § hH m Sanitarium of Simla Rural Circles 17,440 16,154 ... ... 617 90 151 76 768 168 ... Total of District 33,594 1,888 4 707 229 936 234 7 ft Q *-> Tahsil Jullundur 260,885 692 639 1,331 Total of District 794,764 596 4 692 639 1,331 332-75 8 KANGRA. Tahsil Nurpur Do. Kdngra including Sub-Tahsll of Palumpur Tahsil Dera Do. Hamirpur... Do. Kulu 124,780 210,223 126,350 179,961 98,923 *•« ... 5,111 6,342 4,682 15,775 2,014 4,448 7,132 4,925 14,950 1,606 9,559 13,474 9,607 30,725 3,620 ... Total of District 740,237 87 34 33,924 33,061 66,985 1,970-14 9 AMRIT- j SAR, Tahsil Amritsar Do. Tarn Tdran 280,289 241,150 1 ... 2,969 3,181 2,484 2,658 5,453 5,839 ... Total of District 730,979 535 27 6,150 5,142 11,292 418-22 10 . W Ph12 CZ2 Tahsil Pathdnkot 163,350 746 554 1,300 DEPARTMENT late Punjab Establishment during the six months, commencing lsi April and ending 30th Seplr. 1881. 9 10 11 j 12 13 1 14 15 1 16 17 18 1 19 20 21 Primary vaccination. Re-vaccination. Percentage OP SUCCESSFUL Cases. Persons successfully vaccinated per 1,000 of population. Average annual number of persons successfully vaccinated during previous five years. Average annual member of deaths from small-pox during previous five years. Total. Successful. Total. Successful. Primary. Re-vaccination. Under 1 year. Over 1 and under 6 years. Total of all ages. Number. Ratio per 1,000. Number. Ratio per 1,000. 81 59 19 81 3 1 987 671 243 917 2 2 ... ... ... ... ... . . . • .. 1,068 730 262 99S 5 3 93-44 60 1-64 7,016-2 11-52 330-6 0-54 113 55 53 108 113 55 53 108 ... ... 95 57 ... 015 7,658-2 11-11 1,995-4 2-89 679 356 305 661 679 356 305 661 ... 97-34 ... 1-36 13,770 28-41 353 0-72 345 206 56 262 5 • • • 345 206 56 262 5 . .. 75-94 ... 1-24 5,497-4 26-07 263-8 1-25 497 357 104 461 J 497 357 104 461 ... ... 92-75 ... 0-80 10,841-2 18-91 839-6 1-46 402 197 158 392 366 157 168 45 106 163 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 570 242 264 555 366 157 97-36 42-89 21-19 1,413-6 42-07 11 0-32 1,331 949 244 1,193 III til 1,331 949 244 1,193 ... ... 89-63 ... 1-50 14-867 18-70 281-6 0-35 6,049 1 2,076 2,662 5,870 3,510 1,105 • • • ... ... t • • ... ... ... 8,449 2,SS4 3,140 7,814 5,025 2,461 *. • 6,034 2,277 1,588 5,856 3,573 1,312 ... 1 ... • . • • • • 15,395 1,887 2,011 14,371 15,330 9’5 29 . . * • . • • • • 2,748 797 1,107 2,611 872 '455 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38,675 9,921 10,508 36,522 28,310 14,862 94-43 52-49 69-41 23,178-2 31-31 112 0T5 5,432 4,074 1,250 5,323 21 7 £),8lb 4,096 1,392 5,489 21 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,250 8,170 2,642 10,812 42 11 96-10 26-19 14-80 12,388-4 16-94 1,777-8 2-43 1,181 759 350 1,112 119 96 1,181 759 350 1,112 119 96 94-15 SO-67 1-33 14,855 16-38 857 0-94 1 ! 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number. O 4-3 in Q O o s d Jz* Circles and Districts. Population of District according to census of 1S68. Average population per square mile. Average number of vaccinators employed throughout the season. Total number of persons VACCINATED. Average number of persons vaccinated by each vaccinator. Male. Female. Total. 11 p Pm O W <1 Tahsil Kasur 197,667 ... 800 660 1,460 Total of District 789,666 218 3 1 800 660 1,460 486 66 12 P P3 O PM P N O Pm pi Pm Tahsil Zira 139,693 • • • • • • 125 131 256 • M Total of District 549,253 204 3 125 131 256 85-33 13 M a g i—i Pm 41 Pm Tahsil Kahuta Do. Murree 82,34S 32,647 •- .... 372 250 271 75 643 325 ... Total of District 711,256 114 5 622 346 968 193-6 14 H <1 Pm Ms P o Tahsil Kharian Do. Phalian 190,005 154,287 ... ... 183 105 145 65 328 170 ::: Total of District 616,347 324 2 288 210 498 249 15 p4 p Pm M < W CO Tahsil Shahpur 103,607 417 424 841 Total of District 368,796 78 4 417 424 841 210-25 16 <! H P O o kH Tahsil Sarai Sidhu 65,734 ... ... 187 174 361 • <« Total of District 471,563 80 7 187 174 361 51-57 17 d £ <1 a >-D Tahsil Jhang 151,822 ... ... 3 4 7 ... Total of District 348,027 61 1 3 4 7 7 18 % ■<q P • PP g«1 So Tahsil Alipur ... ... 1,446 1,256 2,702 •Hit Total of District 259,547 98 12 1,446 1,256 2,702 225-16 19 Pm < N <M a Tahsil Manserah Do. Haripur Do. Abbott-abad ... 109,415 116,368 118,146 ... ... 796 2,624 3,735 711 2,146 3,106 1,507 4,770 6,841 Total of District 343,929 122 20 7,155 5,963 13,118 655-9 . DEPARTMENT.—(continued'). 9 10 11 12 13 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Primary vaccination. 1 Re-vaccination. Percentage OF SUCCESSFUL Cases. Persons successfully vaccinated per 1,000 of population. Co i Average annual lumber of persons uccessfulhj vaccinated during pre-\ vious five years. Average annual aumber of deaths from mall-pox during previous five years. Successful. Total. i 1 Successful. Primary. i 1 j Re-vaccination. Total. Under 1 year. 1 Over 1 and under 6 years. 1 Total of all ages. Number. I Ratio per 1,000. Number. 1 Ratio per 1,000. 1,460 896 413 1,309 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,460 896 413 1,309 ... 89-65 ... 1-65 12,518-2 15-85 1,811-8 2-29 256 191 58 250 ... •. . • . . ... ... ... ... ... 256 191 58 250 ... 97-65 ... 0-45 10,755-2 19-58 760-4 1-38 643 450 171 621 * . • 151 97 43 140 174 ... ... .. . ... ... ... •. . 794 547 214 761 174 ... 95-84 ... 1-06 17,808 25-03 870 1-22 328 208 99 307 170 123 40 163 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 498 331 139 470 ... ... 94-37 ... 0-76 12,869 20-87 1,059-4 1-71 841 636 113 749 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... GO 636 113 749 ••• ... 89-06 ... 2-03 S,564 23-22 646-2 1-75 361 173 150 323 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 361 173 150 223 ... ... 89-47 ... 0-68 8,691-8 18-43 611-4 1-29 7 ... • •• . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •. « • 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,224 20-75 332-8 0-95 2,604 928 1,607 2,535 98 47 «• • ... ... ... ... * * * • «u 2,604 928 1,607 . 2,535 98 47 97-35 47-95 9-94 4,399-4 T6-95 531-4 2-43 1,496 952 458 1,410 11 1 4,586 2,365 805 4,189 184 113 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,475 3,864 2,250 6,141 366 46 ... • . . ... . .. • •• • • « | 12,557 7,181 3,513 11,740 561 160 93-49 28-52 34-60 1,669 4-85 313 0-91 75,087 32,628 20,995 70,821 29,680 15,336 94-31 51-67 8-42 195,983- 8 19-15 13,858-2 1-35 Statement No. I showing particulars of Vaccination in the Punjab performed by the Vaccinators of the Number. ►-* 2 3 4 5 6 , ^ 8 9 Name of District. Circles and Districts. Population of district according to census of 1868. i Average population per square mile. Average number of vaccinators employed throughout the season. Total number of persons vaccinated. Average number of persons vaccinated by each vaccinator. Primary Male. Female. Total. Total. 1 Patiala Native State ... t « f • • • 4 149 157 306 76-5 304 2 Bashahar „ • • • • • • 7 6,014 4,439 10,453 1,493-28 7,695 3 Bhagat „ • • • • • • 3 453 435 888 296 432 4 Jubal • • • • • • | 4 756 521 1,277 31925 1,253 5 Kumarsain 3, • # • • # • 3 61 47 108 36 107 6 Lambagraon „ • • • • • t 6 594 871 1,465 244-16 1,010 7 Kutlabar „ • • • • • • 3 6,664 7,113 13,777 4,592-33 12,922 8 Nadaun „ • • • • • • 5 2,185 2,489 4,674 934-8 3,870 •9 Guler „ • • • • • t 2 351 347 698 349 247 10 Balsan „ • • • 4 117 126 243 60-75 240 11 Kutbahar „ • • • • • • 4 197 153 350 875 344 12 Umb „ • • • • • • 3 1,014 698 1,712 570-66 1,712 Total of Native States • • • ... 21 18,555 17,396 35,951 1,71195 30,136 Grand Total • • • • • • 104 73,272 67,446 140,718 1,353-05 105,223 DE P ART M E N T •“**“ (concluded). late Punjab Establishment during the six months, Commencing 1st April and ending 30th Septr. 1881. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 f 21 Vaccination. Re-vaccination Percentage of successful cases. o o o i—1 Average number of persons successfully vaccinated during previo us five years. Average annual No. of deaths from small-pox during previous 5 years. Successful. © © six years. a • r—1 o o cs > Ti • Under one year. 0 0 T) 0 a © 0 O f-i © O Total of all as^es O Total. Successful. Primary. Ee-vaccination. Persons success! population. Number. Eatio per 1,000. Number. Eatio per 1,000. 65 249 304 2 • • • 100 • • • • • a 6594 AAA • A A AAA 1,893 4,567 7,279 2,758 2,071 94-59 7508 • • • 1,650-6 AAA AAA AAA 87 341 ■** 432 456 189 100 41-44 • • • 86-6 AAA AAA AAA 110 1,011 1,225 24 4 97-76 16-66 c • t 168-2 AAA AAA AAA 16 76 104 1 1 9719 100 • • • 377-8 AAA AAA "A AAA 458 228 865 455 151 85-64 3318 • • • 951-2 ... AAA AAA 490 2,076 1,241 855 505 95-50 5906 • • • 142-6 • A A AAA AAA 281 898 3,609 804 482 93-25 59-95 • • • 842-8 AAA AAA A A A 179 65 246 451 168 99-59 3725 a a a 169-8 AAA AAA AAA 5 201 237 3 • • • 98-75 • • • • • • 702 AAA AAA AAA 45 242 334 6 • • • 9709 • • • • • • • A • AAA AAA AAA 628 928 1,612 • • • • • • 9415 • • • • • • • A • AAA AAA AAA 4,257 10,882 28,588 5,815 3,571 94-86 61-41 • • • 5,1192 AAA AAA AAA 36,885 31,877 99,409 35,495 18,907 94-47 53-26 • • • 201,103 AAA AAA AAA E—DISPENSARY VACCINATION. Statement No. II showing Dispensary Vaccination in the Punjab during the six months ending 30th September 1881. 1 O ** 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 .° | 11 12 13 c-» J-t J S m £0 §.a 4^* 'rH c3 £ *o O 6 d Primary Vaccination. Re-vaccination. Percentage of SUCCESSFUL CASES Number of dispensaries in district to which a vacci is attached. • r-i o m O CD g *£ U1 cn O to o 5 m ~ o ° Ph § Successful. Districts. Average number of attached to dispen the season. Total number of p< nated. ® « CD Ss o ci H * o g ci S a t '3 Total. Under one year. 1 One and under six* 1 Total of all ages. Total. Successful. Primary. 1 Re-vaccination. Lahore 1 5 222 44'40 217 145 56 201 5 2 92-62 40 Dera Ismail Khan 5 8 515 64-37 485 203 172 407 30 20 83-91 66-66 Hazara 2 3 670 223-33 667 543 72 615 3 3 92-20 100 Bahawalpur State* ... 4 4 1,731 432-75 1,599 852 353 1,295 132 114 80-98 86-36 Total 12 20 3,138 1569 2,968 1,743 653 2,518 170 139 S4-83 81-76 Umballa Cantonment... 1 1 614 614 603 879 183 562 11 8 93-20 72-72 Sab&thu Do. 1 1 210 210 170 113 44 157 40 28 92-35 70 Meean Meer Do. f ... l 1 303 303 281 118 132 250 22 16 88-96 72-73 Total 3 3 1,127 375-67 1,054 610 359 969 73 52 91-93 71-23 Grand Total ... 15 23 4,265 185-43 4,022 2,353 1,012 3,487 243 191 86-69 78-60 * From 1st April up to 31st December 1881. + From 1st October do. do. VACCINE DEPARTMENT. *- 83 o» <-* a ■£> <n <^> *8 ■m s 5 e r*^o <3 •o* ^> Co -8 «o « S •<!>» o lass <o »C® ►c> 83 <v> <*^ .o s* &. s <3 ■*o <3 8 • -d o o « o V »> V. *s s o • «o Si. « a* 83 c; • -o 3 © ►8 «o '"H £ ^3 8 CO *H °o oo *h <w *c> ch* 8 •*« oo *,'H <?o 8r> .§ 83 8 Oo 8 . © £ <*» fc. 8) ■M .§> • o> 8 83 «\ 8 8 8 Oo <ss rH <M O ci ■s.in a ft. saf snoiMJid Buimp xod-jpoms mo.if syjmp J'o ddq -mnu ponuun dBvdday •000‘I jad oip-g ; : 1-67 r r : ; : ’OR - 1,769 : : : : 05 rH •Sd,ndfi day snomo.id Buunp pd)vupow(i /ipnjssdo ■ons suosudd/o ddq -mnu ponuun dlmidci y •ooo‘i jad oipu i : <N 05 00 : : : : 00 rH 'OR .: : 9,425 : : : : r-H •uoippdod jo 000 ‘ I Jad papapo-BA ^pnjssooous suosjaj : : 8-77 1 1 : : : 05 CD N 12-33 o i-H lO Percentage, of successful cases. •UOXJTJUIOO'BA-O'a • : 10-46 : : : : 10-46 •^JTJUIUJ : : 96*17 : : : 0 001 1--- OO H r-H Re-vaccinalion. •pjssaaong 03 03 : : : : 03 CO rH •mox lO rH CO CD CO : : : : CD 00 G* rH Primary vaccination. Successful. ■soSc pn jo pjoj, 6,789 2,462 9,251 871 5,775 115 6,761 16,012 r-H rH o rH •sanaiC 9 Japan pua auo jaAQ 3,479 1,205 T* CO CD TjT 211 1,590 11 Cl rH OO rH 6,496 •jua^t 1 jopu/l 3,478 1,198 4,676 660 4,185 104 4,949 9,625 ' 05 WX i 7,050 2,569 9,619 871 5,775 115 rH CD r- CD 16.380 CO 'JOpupOBA qO'CO Xq pOpUpOBA suosjad jo aaqumu oSuioAy : • (N OO CO » • • rH IO 18- 823 3 1 Total number of persons vaccinated. •pjox 7,135 2,570 9,705 871 5,775 115 6,761 16,466 •apraaj 3,417 1,215 1 4,632 394 2,861 54 3,309 7,941 •apH CO 10 rH >0 CO CO r-T 5,073 477 2,914 61 3,452 S,525 cd •UOST38S aqj jnoqSnojqj po^ojdrao sjopupouA jo jaqainu aSajaAy : : rH rH : : : 05 »D •opui ajnnhs jad uoippdod oS'EiaAy : ; T* 05 CO : : : * •8981 jo snsaao oj Sinpjoootj aoippdo,! 142,350 164,035 1,055,485 82,348 150,472 11,318 244,138 1,299,623 CO Circles and Districts. Eastern Circle. Tahsil Naraingarh, Do. Kharar ... Total Western Circle. Tahsil Kahuta Do. Jhelum... Town do. ... Total Grand Total ... (N I •jaijjsip jo aui'B^i •vnvaM/q 'I<rNI<I 'M13HP -'ivAwg 1 rH 'wquinjtf I | 1 . u «) S a fe 1 2 3 4 5 6 '7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 VACCINE ement No. IVshowing particulars of Vaccination in the Punjabperformed by the Vaccinators of the 3 4 5 6 7 Population according to census of 1868. Average population per square mile. Average number of vaccinators employed throughout the season. Total number of persons VACCINATED. Average number of persons vaccinated by each vaccinator. Male. Female. Total. 608,850 496 8 2,200 t * * 1,942 4,142 51775 689,034 348 6 3,928 3,606 7,534 1,255-66 617,372 i264 11 2,599 2,519 5,118 374-4 484,681 137 5 1,122 997 2,119 423-8 551,866 295 5 1,848 1,807 3,655 731 210,795 68 4 1,545 1,669 3,214 803-5 1,055,485 394 10 4,1583 4,062 8,220 822 573,245 429 8 1,334 1,140 2,474 309-25 33,594 1,888 1 54 45 99 99 794,764 596 9 7,066 6,241 13,307 1,478-55 938,890 450 12 2,798 2,574 5,372 447-66 t • • 730,979 535 13 3,773 3,263 7,036 541-23 906,773 496 10 3,245 2,867 6,112 611-2 1,005,004 510 12 4,545 3,902 8,447 703-91 775,551 218 9 4,501 3,696 8,197 910-78 550,576 207 4 3,386 3,027 6,413 1,603-25 533,416 204 7 3,779 3,569 7,348 1,049-71 699,647 114 12 4,966 3,825 8,791 732-58 500,988 .128 6 3,054 2,907 5,961 923-5 616,347 324 8 5,332 4,499 9,831 1228-87 368,796 78 9 3,125 3,064 6,189 687-66 459,765 ;86 6 2,117 1,886 4,003 667-16 348,027 61 10 2,068 1,981 4,049 404-9 359,437 64 6 2,127 1,669" 3,796 632-66 295,547 98 :5 484 442 926 185-2 394,864 56 .7 362 295 657 93-86 309,978 118 6 2,800 2,259 5,059 843-16 287,547 91 3 801 781 * 1,582 527-33 500,443 271 6 1,287 638 2,168 361-33 367,218 122 3 759 633 1,392 464* 145,419 52 2 850 964 1,914 957* 17,487,125 173 223 82,113 72,769 155,125 696-07 Districts. Delhi Gurgaon Karndl Sissar Rohtak Sirsa [Jmballa Lmdhidna Simla lullundur Hoshiarpur langra Amritsar Rurd&spur Sy/A'd Sidlkot Lahore Rujrdnwala ?erozepore Rawalpindi rhelum Rujrat Shahpur Mooltan Ihang Montgomery Muzaffargarh Dera Ismail Khan Dera Ghazi Khan Bannu Peshawar Hazara Kohat Total for the Province Note.—During these three months no vaccinations were performed in the Kangra District. * The total of males and females does not agree with the total given for the District. District Establishment during the 3 months commencing from 1st October ending 31s^ Dec. 1881. 8 9 10 | 11 12 | 13 14 | 15 16 !7 | 18 19 20 Primary vaccination. Re-vaccination. Percentage OF SUCCESSFUL Cases. Persons successfully vaccinated per 1,000 of population. t "V Cr. , Average annual lumber of gtersons uccessfully vacci- rnted during previous five years. Average annual number of deaths from small-pox during previous five years. Total. Successful. To tal. ! Successful. Primary. Re-vaccination. Under 1 year. Over 1 and under 6 years. Total of all ages. [ Number. Ratio per 1,000. Number. i Ratio per 1,000. 4,111 2,406 1,557 3,963 31 17 96-39 54-83 6-53 716-2 11-52 330 6 0-54 7,521 4,830 2,480 7,310 13 5 97-19 38-46 1061 7,658-2 11-11 1,995-4 2-89 5,117 3,163 1,369 4,532 1 1 1 88-59 ... 6 04 6,111-6 9-89 1,679-6 2-72 2,119 1,534 464 1,998 ... ... 94-28 ... 4T2 13,770 28 41 353 0-72 3,648 2,095 1,448 3,543 7 3 97-12 42-85 6-42 9,153 16-58 395-6 0-71 3,209 2,537 507 3,044 5 3 94-85 60 14-45 5,497 26-07 263-8 1-25 8,084 4,766 2,852 7,618 136 76 94-23 55-88 7-28 9,425 8-92 1,769 1-67 2,471 2,006 378 2,384 3 1 96-47 33-33 4-16 10,841-2 18-91 839-6 1-46 91 26 53 79 8 2 86-81 25-00 2-41 1,413 42-07 11 0-32 13,307 9,443 3,214 12,657 ... » • • 95-11 ... 15-92 14,867 18-70 281-6 0-35 5,372 4,047 1,034 5,081 ... ... 94-58 ... 5-41 20,773-8 22-12 563-8 0-60 7,036 6,372 324 6,696 • • • 7. 95-16 ... 9T6 12,388-4 16.94 1,777-8 2-43 6,112 4,781 862 5,643 ... ... 92-32 ... 6-22 14,853 16-38 857 0-94 8,446 7,238 965 8,203 1 i 97-12 100 8-16 24,605-2 24-48 798-2 0-79 8,185 3,756 4,119 7,875 12 3 99-91 300 10-16 14,408 18-58 1,811-8 2-34 6,386 5,454 739 6,193 27 11 99-41 38-89 11-25 13,471 24-47 779 1-40 7,348 4,192 3,038 7,230 • •. ... 99-44 ... 13-55 1,655 3-10 760-4 1-42 8,671 6,378 1,983 8,361 120 20 98-50 29-85 11-95 20,221 28-90 870 1-24 5,938 4,508 969 5,477 23 ... 92-50 93-33 10-93 11,775 23-50 559-4 1-12 9,748 7,693 1,278 8,971 83 64 97-68 82-05 14-55 11,851 19-23 1,059-4 1-72 6,189 5,493 536 6,029 ... 98-69 ... 16-35 10,705 29 03 646-2 1-75 3,970 1,870 1,758 3,628 33 10 99-51 33-33 7-89 21,729 47-26 611-4 1-33 3,904 3,348 459 3,807 145 72 99-22 49-65 10-94 ... ... 332-8 0-96 3,796 3,277 390 3,667 • . • ... 9911 • • • 10-20 ... ... 983-6 2-74 910 715 137 852 16 11 98-72 78-57 2-88 ... ... 631-4 214 657 320 229 549 • •• ... 89-26 ... 1-39 ... ... 933-6 2-36 5,056 2,171 2,406 4,577 3 2 98-38 100 14-77 ... ... 341-6 110 1,565 949 558 1,507 17 10 9811 71-43 5-25 ... ... 881-2 2-96 2,149 779 1,146 1,925 19 18 91-07 94-74 3-82 ... ... 616-8 1-23 1,391 931 332 1,263 1 ... 96-26 ... 3-44 2,721 7-41 313 0-85 1,914 1,051 790 1,841 • • • ... 98-82 ... 12-66 ... ... 161-4 111 154,421 108,129; 38,374 146,503 704 330 94-87 46-87 8-91 ... ... 24,291 1-39 CO 00 S3 Co cu Sp Co «H«. 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CO 03 o rH 00 CO to * • * CO Cl CO CO Cl Cl lb Cl o o co OO 03 CO •03~ co' • • 03 rH to OO 03 o 03 Cl Cl 03 * CO 03 CO C3 • • • co to Cl CO CO CO • * IO 03 • : * o CO * * Cl rH Cl CO co . . CO • • • to co' o - : : CO * • • s' M< c- CO o N 03 . . O tO^ oT CO • • • co” •* • ’ CO rH Cl 00 CO cT CO : o t>. J . b rH . • . CO 00 oT to * • 5 o Cl o t- 03 . . . Cl 03 CO . . . Cl CO CO . CO -SO CO Cl Cl o co" Cl : : 42,345 • : *• 168,747 o Cl CO . . . CO . . . CO CO to CO CO 03 rH * * > m : -*pvu * 1 : to m a <D p u ffi > *03 .2" Q *3 d n d 9 Ph rt o c5 -p> <v > 43 cC C s a | Cfj >, a d & o 5 o "S Tota & pi 'A S < w A NOTB.—* The time for submitting these returns having been changed in 1877-78, that for 1876 shows the numbers vaccinated during the year ending 31st December 1876, f Three months intervening between the calendar year 1876 and the official year 1877-78, Re-vaccinations are not included in this statement; nor are vaccinations performed by Hospital Assistants and Cantonment vaccinators, ( 57 ) 91. Dr. Massy was in charge of this portion of the establishment during the six months under _ A ..., , , c . , , , review, operations were carried on in the district of Hazara and in the hilly Establishment of Superintendent. parts of ^alpindi, by a sta£f of 6 Native Superintendents and 25 vac- cinators. A brief summary of the work is here given. Haz&ra district.—Operations were conducted here from the beginning of April to the end of July, the total number of persons vaccinated being 13,118 ; of these 11,740 primary cases were successful, the ratio of success being 93A9 including unknown, and excluding these OS’OS per cent, and the ratio successfully vaccinated per 1,000 of population 34'60. Rawalpindi district.—In the Murree Hills Vaccination on a limited scale was kept up from the commencement of the rains until the end of the hot season, the total number of operations in the district was 968, with a percentage of 9584, including unknown, and excluding these 99-21. 92. The work performed by the Dispensary Vaccinators was as follows: Lahore city.—The city . establishment consisting of 3 permanent and 2 temporary vaccinators con- Dispensary accma ion. tinued work, on a limited scale, during the month of April, performing altogether 222 operations, with a percentage of 92 62 successful including, and 98‘04 excluding unknown. Vera Ismail Khan.—In 5 dispensaries 8 vaccinators were employed throughout the district during the early part of April, and vaccinated 515 persons; the ratio of success in primary cases including unknown, was 83 91, and excluding these 86'59. Hazdra district.—Three vaccinators attached to two dispensaries were employed here throughout the hot season ; total number vaccinated 670, with, in primary cases, 9220 per cent, successfully vaccinated, and excluding unknown 96-85. Bahawalpur State.—Four vaccinators paid from State funds worked in April and performed 838 vaccinations ; the percentage of success in primary cases was 78'36, and excluding unknown 7971, while in re-vaccination cases, excluding unknown from the calculation, the ratio of success is returned as having been 857 : the returns are no doubt inconect. The Special Vaccination Establishment of Deputy Sanitary Commissioners. 93. Eastern Circle.—The Vaccinators were employed during the 3 months ending 31st December - . f Fast- iu thetahsfls of Naraingarh and Kharar in the TJmballa district, under em Circle1 by ^Deputy* Sanitary the superintendence of Pandit Balkishen, the Deputy Superintendent of Commissioner’s Special Staff. Vaccination. Operations were commenced in the former tahsil on the 22nd October, and brought to a close on the 25th December ; during this period the work was much delayed by excessive sickness from malarious fevers then prevalent along the sub-montane tract of the Umballa district. Not only were the numbers of infants and children fit to undergo the operation greatly diminished by the prevailing sickness, but at one time almost the whole of the vaccinators were prostrated by the diseas^e, from which two of their numbers died. The out-turn of work accomplished by this portion of the establishment is therefore very small, the total number vaccinated amounting to only 9705 ; of these, in primary cases, the percentage of success, including unknown iu the calculation, is 9617, and excluding these 99 01. The tahsil of Kharar had only just been entered on before the year under report came to a close. . , 94. Western Circle.—The total number vaccinated amounted to only 6,<61 all primary vaccinations, and all of which are reported to have been successful. The Deputy By the Special Staff in the ganitary Commissioner Surgeon J. O’Neill furnishes the following expla- Western Circle. nation for the small amount of work accomplished in this circle from October to December 1881. . . . , , . „ , , “ The vaccinators of my special staff compared with other vaccinators have a great deal of travel- lino1 as they are likely to be moved to any place where small-pox appears. For instance, this winter they were all hurried up to Abbottabad from Pind Dadan Khan in the Jhelum district on account of an uufounded rumour that small-pox had broken out in the former town. They were again called down to Jhelum, and subsequently three of them proceeded to Attock. 95. Statement No. IV shows the vaccinations performed, by the district vaccinators under the re-organized scheme from October to December 1881. The number of per- Vaccination performed in district sons ° vaccinated was 155,125 of which number 154,421 were primary from October to December 1881. vaccinations and 704 re-vaccinations ; of the primary operations 146,503 were returned as successful, the percentage of success being, 94 87. 96 The a<™ rebate number of operations performed by all establishments during the 9 months °° ending 31st December 1881 was 316,574 as compared with 483,763 in the preceding year, which embraces a period of 12 months that is from 1st lonths ending3lstDeer. 1881. April 1880 to 31st March 1851, being a decrease of only 167,089. Ihe ital number of primary vaccinations were 280,046 of which number 265,411 were successful. m more popular amongst the people of tins Province, ine uivn surgeons nave oeen uirecrea ro wo i a more uiiiform system, and they have been particularly requested to see that the vaccinators a*w roperly qualified and that the directions in the method of performing the operation as practised by the accinators of the late Provincial Establishment for the last 16 or 17 years are carefully attended to. ( r s ) 97. In all operations six punctures should always be made on each person vaccinated and they should be half an inch apart so as to allow space for the full development Method of operation. 0f vesicle. All the punctures may be made in the same arm, but in infants it is better to make three upon each. 9S. The method of “ arm to arm ” vaccination is to be invariably followed except on the rare occasions where it may be found to be impracticable. In some places “ the ^The arm to arm method explain- arm to arm ” method is unfortunately very unpopular. This is partly the e ' result of high caste people very naturally objecting to have their children vaccinated from the arm of an infant of some menial caste, and partly of the altogether reprehensible custom followed by some vaccinators of carrying about the vacciniferous infant from house to house or village to village. Both these causes of objection are easily remediable with a little consideration and pre-arrangement on the part of the vaccinators, and it will be the duty of the Civil Surgeons to see that their vaccinators carry out the system without giving unnecessary trouble to the vaccinifers and without offending the natural prejudices of the parents. There should be no difficulty in vaccinating the children of high caste Hindus from members of their own caste or some other nearly allied, without subjecting the high caste parents to the disgust of having their children vaccinated from the arm of some low caste and not very presentable infant. As regards the carrying about of vaccinifers from house to house and village to village, this very objectionable custom should be peremptorily stopped. There should be no difficulty in arranging for the children to be vaccinated being collected together at an appointed place in each village or ward of a town from time to time, and then and there vaccinated from the arm of the vaccinifer brought to meet them for the purpose. The vaccinifer in most instances may be a child of the same village or ward, or at the first starting of operations the vaccinifer may be brought from an adjoining village or ward. In carrying out these details much care and attention will be required on the part of the vaccinators, and the success of their operations will be the test of their diligence and devotion. After vaccinating his first batch of children the vaccinator should prepare a list of children to be vaccinated from the selected vaccinifers among them on the following week day, and arrange with their parents to assemble with their children registered for vaccination at an appointed place and date there, to meet the vaccinifers whom he will also cause to be present at the same place and hour. He can then vaccinate his 20 or 80 children at once and so on arrange for successive batches, on successive weekdays. The aid of the Municipal Committees and village headmen should be sought in the carrying out of this system, and it will be the duty of the Civil Surgeon to explain to these representatives of the people the object, and advantages of vaccination and to invite their co-operation. Statement No. V showing the 99. Statement No. V shows the number of persons primarily vac- Yaccinations performed since 1867 cinated and the number of those successfuly vaccinated in the Punjab to year under review. Province from 1867 to the year under review. 100. In former returns Statement No. II which used to come after Statement No. I showing the Information regarding cost of vac- operations performed by the Provincial Establishment and in which the cination department not available, cost of the vaccine department is shown cannot be furnished this year, as the necessary details for completing it—details of the expenditure from Municipal and District funds respectively—have not yet been received. No Bemarks. SECTION II--SANITARY WORKS-CIVIL. 101. The following information has been received from the Secretary to Government, Punjab, Water-supply and drainage Public Works Department, regarding Water-supply and Drainage schemes schemes. in progress or under consideration in the Punjab Province during the year 1881. DELHI WATER WORKS. The evacuation of Chundrawal (which has been approved of by Sanitary Commissioner as the best site for the supply wells), by the villagers occupying it, is now being carried out with the sanctiou of Government. Funds for this work will either be advanced by Government as a loan in the usual manner, or raised locally by the Municipality; and this question is now under consideration. The plans and estimates for the water-supply and drainage works prepared by Mr. Morley, Assistant Engineer, have been received from the Commissioner, Delhi Division, and are now under scrutiny. LUDHIANA DRAINAGE AND WATER-SUPPLY SCHEMES. No further information on the above subject has been received in this office during the year. LAHORE WATER WORKS. (Report furnished by Mr. L. Clarke, Municipal Engineer, Lahore.) The Lahore Water-supply is now completed and in full operation. The works were opened on 80th June 1881, and the pumping has been constant since that date with the exception of a few days in September, when pumping had to be stopped in order to reduce the heisfht of the High Pressure service. Owing to the failure of the Service Reservoir, the water has to be pumped directly into the Mains, this makes a constant pressure through the whole of the piping during the time of pumping, the surplus water being discharged into the circular sewer, but there is a constant supply in the pipes at a reduced head at all times throughout the day and night, with the exception of certain high places in the city. When the new Reservoir has been re-constructed, a constant pressure will be maintained in the pipes at a very much reduced cost, as there will be no water running to waste, and pumping will only be required to keep the water at a working level. At present the hours of pumping are from 7 A. M. to 10 A. M., and from 5 P. M. to 7 P. M.; these hours have been found sufficient, and have been fixed to suit the convenience of the people. The cost of the water without interest on the loan is at present about one anna and ten pies per 1,000 gallons (this includes fuel and establishment), but the cost ought to be reduced to about one-half this amount when the Reservoir has been re-constructed. The length of piping which has been laid throughout the city and suburbs is about 22 miles in length. Pipes have been laid in all the principal streets, and the stand-posts, 167 in number, for drawing water, have been placed at the most convenient sites to suit the inhabitants; there are about 130 in hand which can be put up whenever it may be desired necessary from time to time ; 118 fire Hvdrants have been put on the Mains, which can be used in case of fire, for washing roads, and for sanitary purposes; the number can be augmented from stock in hand. The people are not so ready to lay on the water to their houses as I had hoped ; only about 110 connections have as yet been made. There is a very discontented feeling amongst the people, they consider the charge made by the Municipality for the water is too high. I have no doubt that if the water-rates be reduced, almost all householders within reasonable distance of the service pipes would lay on the water to their houses, and I am of opinion that it would be better for the Municipality to reduce the rates, at least for a time. At present the bliistis can take water from the stand-posts and distribute it to householders at a less cost than they would pay if they had it laid on their houses ; there will not be a general demand for water at the present rates; another evil of excessive rates is that the bhistis take possession of the stand-posts to the exclusion of other people. There is no doubt the use of the water has become general, and the old prejudices are being lost sight of; the demand i gradually increasing ; it is the duty and to the interest of the Municipality to encourage the demand as much as possible. It is time to consider whether it will not be better in the interests of the people to have some of the most contaminated of the public wells shut up, and gradually go on doing so until they have all been closed. The works have been in constant operation for seven months. It has been thoroughly tested ; there is an ample and unfailing supply of pure water, and there can be no fear of a stoppage of the works in any way \ the only accident that could happen would be a leaky joint or a broken pipe, 'which can be put right within an hour, and this would only stop supply in the particular pipe, and not in any other place ; of course such accidents do and will happen in every water-works, and it is consequently the duty of the Municipality to have a good and sufficient staff to keep every thing right. A good deal has been said about the failure of the Reservoir, no doubt the accident was an unfortunate occurrence, but it has nothing whatever to do with the scheme, which, as a watci-supply scheme, I consider is a complete success. Water of undoubted pure quality has been laid on to the city and suburbs, and in unlimited quantity. The Reservoir will be re-built in a short time, when there will be a constant service. The extension of piping to wherever the water may be required is merely a matter of time and money ; the supply of water is ample for every want, and the mam pipes are also sufficient for all future requirements. SIMLA WATER WORKS. No active work was in progress during 1881, but orders have recently been issued to start work on the Sangauli Reservoir. KOHAT WATER-SUPPLY SCHEME. No action taken thi3 year. 102. The Income and Expenditure of the Municipal funds in each district of the Province during Municipal Income and Expen- 1881, is shown in the statement overleaf. The income inclusive of last diture Statement. year’s balance, it will be seen, was Rs. 3,570,8oi, and the Expenditure Rs. 2,509,391 * The amount expended on sanitary works, including conservancy establishment, was as lows 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Conservancy .establishment Paving Roads and bridges Drainage and sewerage ... ••• _ ••• Water-supply, including cleaning and repairing of tanks, wells, &c. ... Widening streets Construction of latrines Repairs of do. Rs. 55 » 55 5# y> 389,118 54,448 223,801 88,865 85,629 43,617 14,160 9,999 Total Rs. ... 909,637 * Excluding the figures of the district of Bannu from which no return has been received up to date (16th May 1882) notwithstanding several reminders were sent to the Deputy Commissioner. TABLE showing the Income and Expenditure of Municipalities Number. Names of Districts. | Number of Municipal towns in each District. Assets. Disburse Balance from previous year. Actual income for the year. l-H -4-> O H Conservancy Establishment. Paving. ;- Roads and bridges. Drainage or sewerage. Water-supply including clearing and repair of wells, tanks, &c. Widening of streets. Construction of latrines. 1 Delhi £ 71,444 2S7,S21 359,265 54,198 20 26,306 6,544 11,425 ... 4,116 o Gurgaon 1- / 39,582 66,585 106,167 8,455 1,481 10,075 30 1,156 110 1,262 3 Kamil £ 18,362 59,410 77,772 7,221 1,742 16,438 364 866 2,251 4 Hissar C 55,302 52,111 107,413 11,216 500 11,795 856 135 792 466 5 Rohtak e 14,425 32,922 47,347 4,538 150 3,444 15 537 • • « 137 6 Sirsa £ 3G,520 26,571 63,091 2,912 48 1,632 1 1,753 . . . 660 7 Umballa 11 36,769 75,370 112,139 11,871 4,013 5,875 848 928 698 8 Ludhidna ... 6 60,999 79,024 140,023 18,300 7,299 2,075 533 200 ... 9 Simla 1 12,819 166,207 179,026 19,951 ... 17,600 1,339 *23487 402 10 Jullundur ... 11 20,754 66,369 87,123 11,757 5,938 2,684 2,013 642 . . . 626 11 Hoshiarpur 9 28,048 48,099 76,147 8,478 4,215 1,034 2,909 313 .. • ... 12 Kangra 6 6,681 19,977 26,658 1,572 4S0 2,145 ... 634 .. . ... 13 Amritsar ... 6 152,939 305,962 458,901 42,813 600 26,IIS 39,991 4,784 5,966 ... 14 Gurddspur ... 16 23,073 57,820 80,893 6,519 4,046 2,270 896 3,539 . .. 177 15 Sialkot 9 14,531 50,201 64,732 7,092 3,078 4,559 200 515 16 Lahore 7 49,244 241,047 290,291 37,962 231 27,391 3,861 ... 17 Gujranwala 10 28,871 61,343 90,214 S,343 10,402 2,700 1,192 3,297 .. . ... 18 Ferozepore ... 5 28,010 39,491 67,501 4,786 102 6,145 680 3,067 . . . 264 .19 Rawalpindi G 47,794 123,018 170,812 23,568 811 4,699 267 2,152 28 20 Jhelum ... 4 66,714 60,855 127,569 9,989 2,007 5,627 1,263 3,3S5 35 54 21 Gujrat 4 10,532 24,139 34,671 3,815 1,701 627 255 730 ... ... 22 Shahpur 6 39,494 36,652 76,146 4,896 1,667 7,012 107 6,167 ... ... 23 Mooltan G 54,220 102,911 157,131 15,072 1,178 14,847 1,079 769 ... 1,155 24 Jhang 5 19,744 35,097 54,S41 5,303 2,387 258 563 1,196 ' ... 1,109 25 Montgomery 5 5,665 17,503 23,168 1,961 53 15 55 3S ... ... 26 Muzaffargarh 8 7,928 23,740 31,668 3,949 1,576 771 496 1,462 ... . ... 27 Dera Ismail Khan 5 20,902 55,700 76,602 9,516 3,000 2,174 .. . 56 2,000 ... 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 5 18,646 43,615 62,261 8,409 3,022 1,526 2,864 553 73 29 Bannu 4 • • .. • . .. ... •. • ... 30 Peshawar ... 2 3,689 235,483 239,172 27,064 . . . 9,105 15,767 34,189 10,541 ... 31 Hazara 4 10,089 19,129 29,218 2,318 ... 1,326 328 343 ... ... 32 Kohat 1 28,926 23,944 52.879 5,274 ... 304 2,007 465 413 755 19G 1,032,716 2,53S,11G 3,570,832 389,11S 54,448 223,801 88,865 85,629 - 13,617 j 14,160 in each District of the Punjab Province during the year 1881. MENTS. Total expended. Balance unexpended. Remarks. Repair^ of latrines. Total sanitary charges. Vaccination. Dispensaries. Police. Schools. Miscellaneous. 38 102,647 582 9,125 65,946 6,706 92,569 277,575 81,690 40 22,609 ... 6,448 13,20S 4,899 11,951 59,115 47,052 43 28,925 3,365 15,579 3,687 13,345 64,901 12,871 290 26,050 62 4,168 15,123 3,053 12,624 61,080 46,333 2S5 9,106 i # • 1,502 8,318 3,970 9,100 31,996 15,351 50 7,056 98 3,626 5,399 4,074 12,3S4 32,637 30,454 745 24,978 582 4,021 13,SS9 3,215 17,959 64,644 47,495 1,058 29,465 213 5,063 12,367 16,657 17,417 81,182 58,841 834 63,613 ... 2,152 7,972 946 95,990 170,673 8,353 * Other Public Works charges. 399 24,059 9S 5,708 15,889 8,850 13,229 67,833 19,290 1,466 IS,415 ... 3,707 10,234 2,813 16,155 51,324 24,823 4,831 ... 3,9S8 2,493 1,545 3,867 16,724 9,934 1,050 121,322 60S 2S,3SS 54,733 9,2S1 S4.186 298,518 160,383 ... 17,447 ... 4,419 11,066 6,934 12,061 51,927 28,966 100 15,544 ... 2,959 10,0S1 5,017 10,95S 44,559 20,173 699 70,144 53S 12,649 43,406 7,740 118,974 2,53,451 36,S40 205 26,139 64 8,783 10,064 5,540 15,961 66,551 23,663 100 15,144 98 4,681 7,353 3,097 11,788 42,161 25,340 1,372 32,897 60 10,792 14,187 4,488 19,640 82,064 88,748 426 22,786 64 7,184 10,706 3,222 19,097 63,059 64,510 195 7,323 10 1,659 6,115 754 5,175 21,036 13,635 110 19,959 ... 3,934 10,041 3 098 10,331 47,363 28,783 b j ... 34,100 77 8,238 19,444 5,781 32,767 100,407 56,724 160 10,976 158 3,546 5,938 3,999 7,963 32,580 22,261 ... 2,122 ... 4,477 1,676 3,645 2,450 14,370 8.798 • 10 8,264 10 2,761 3,848 2,729 6,526 24,138 7,530 37 16,783 236 5,753 7,452 4,196 34,702 69,122 7,480 94 16,541 ... 3,562 6,6S9 4,154 15,371 46,317 15,944 No return received from the Deputy Commissioner. 149 06,815 300 11,354 46,283 1,947 65,552 222,251 16,921 44 4,359 33 545 3,796 481 7,321 16,535 12,683 ... 9,218 103 1,141 7,561 4,555 10,720 33,29S 19,572 9,999 909,637 3,994 179,698 466,85 ( 141,071: 808,132 2,509,391 1,061,441 Sanitary improvements effeoted during the year in the several districts of the Province, 103. The following is a brief history of the sanitary progress made daring 1881 in the municipal towns of the Province, epitomized from the reports received from the Deputy Commissioners. DELHI. There were no new drains constructed during the year, as the Committee are of opinion that it would be a waste of money to construct new ones at present, as these would not probably fit m with the regular drainage scheme, which has lately been prepared by the Municipal Engineer, Mr. G. fe. Morley, and submitted to Government for sanction. The old Shdhjahdni drains in the principal streets, as also those in the gullies and Icuchds, were opened up and thoroughly cleaned out. The work took some considerable time before it was properly finished. The drains on either side, as well as those in the centre of the Chandni Chauk, were also cleaned, and afterwards flushed with steam power for ten consecutive days, so that at present they are in good working order and perfectly free from offensive smells. During the year under report the Committee have again done a great deal in endeavouring to improve the conservancy of the city and suburbs. The re-organization of the Conservancy Department in 1879 has proved very successful, the establishment in the various branches of this department have worked well, and the result is that the city is pronounced by all to be very clean and healthy, and such is also the opinion expressed by Surgeon-Major, J. C. Loss, Civil Surgeon of Delhi. The Committee have adopted the system of stacking the night soil in extra-mural depots in place of the system hitherto in force of trenching round the circular road. The system is similar to that at Amritsar. A pit is dug 6 feet deep, throwing the debris to a height of 6 feet all round, thus a total depth of 12 feet is obtained. The filth is thrown in and properly levelled by beldars; it is then sprinkled with lime and covered with earth. Up to the end of the year five out of eight pits were completely filled with night soil. In connection with the working of the above system extra-mural depots were constructed and started behind the wall adjoining the Burjes, situated between the city gates at a distance of about 400 yards. A door of communication for carts is made in the city wall at each depot through which the refuse is carted from the wards to the depot, and here deposited. Between 9 and 10 o’clock the filth is accumulated, and the extra service carts convey it from the intra to the extra-mural depots were it is properly stacked as before described. The extra service carts alluded to are quite distinct from those that work in the . city wards. This arrangement has been in progress since September last, and there is every reason to hope that this new system of conservancy will in a short time show a further improvement in the general cleanliness of the city. At present the only drawback felt is, that the Municipality is not yet in a position to secure the whole of the night soil of the city and suburbs, owing to insufficiency of carts, hence the molialla sweepers still continue to retain the largest portion which they dispose of to infinite advantage, and in consequence the Committee find it impossible to dispose of the manure, which they have stored away in pits. To overcome this difficulty fifty additional carts have been sanctioned and are under construction, when ready a move will at once be made to secure the monoply of the whole of the ni«ht soil in the city and suburbs; in this way only do the Committee hope to derive an income from the sale of manure. The conservancy carts purchased from Messrs. Crawley & Co.’s firm at Allahabad, have proved a ' good investment; they have been in constant use for over a year and are still working well. There are 180 carts in regular use, whereas formerly there were only 100 carts in all, so that when the fifty, and those that are now being made, are added to the present number the Committee will have 230 carts for conservancy purposes. • ■ The Committee have again this year expended a large sum of money towards the "construction of packa latrines. The following were built this year :— 30 Chamber latrines near Cabul gate. '2 * > 33 Do. do. in Dhobiwdra. «n C* 10 Do. do. near Turkoman gate. i LJ 30 Do. do. in Katra Dhakin Rai. « 30 Do. do. „ Foulad Khan. fll 30 Do. do. >> „ on right of Eidgah, near Sadr Bazar. lu addition to the cost of these latrines the Committee were obliged to purchase the sites of most of them as the spots where they were mostly needed belonged to private parties to whom compensation ( 35 ) > had to be paid. It was intended to construct a similar latrine, but on a much larger scale, outside the Lahori gate and Kirki Farash Khana, but on account of the ground being required for the Okla Navigation channel, the proposal was abandoned, and a latrine on a smaller scale built near the Eidgah for the use of Ghamars and other low caste inhabitants in that locality. There were two new kacha, and eight new jafri latrines erected in the suburbs, and 16 new urinals built in the city in places where they were deemed necessary. There were 43 public latrines in working order at the close of the year, viz.:— 10 • i * • • * in the City. 12 • • • • • ♦ • • • „ Paharganj 11 ,,, • • * • ♦ • „ Sadr Bazar. 7 • • • • • • „ Sabzi Mandi 3 • • • „ Civil liues. The following sanitary works were undertaken during the year, viz.:—■ Construction of side drains and metalling Faiz bazar road. Sonipat._Metalling between Helwai Hatta and Thana Darwaza and on to tahsil building and metalling between Darwaza Jhangiran and Mandi bazar. NajafgarJi._Metalling and constructing side drains in the principal bazars of the town. All the wells used for drinking purposes within municipal limits were cleaned after the rains, but no new works under this head were undertaken in the minor municipal towns. A number of new wells were sunk, and others repaired on public thoroughfares from District funds, and two large tanks were deepened and improved near Pali and Basai. The Municipal Committee of Sonipat have sanctioned the construction of a wall round the town which is now in course of construction, and have planted both sides of the circular road with ornamental trees. Some pits and depressions were tilled up in the towns of Sonipat and Ballabo-arh. The Municipal Committees in recent years have paid greater attention to conservancy arrangements. Four conservanoy carts were made for the town of Sonipat in 1880, and 4 for Ballabo-arh in 1881, and 4 have been recently ordered for Faridabad. The income of the minor municipalities is however, small, and after deducting the necessary charges on account of collection of Octroi and the Police &c ’the surplus does not admit of any large expenditure on sanitary improvements. The conservancy establishments are fairly efficient. The number of latrines in working order in each town is 8 in Sonipat 6 in Ballabgarh, 7 in Faridabad and 4 in Najafgarh. The town sweepings are removed to godowns outside and sohfto the highest bidder, but as yet little income is derived from this source. GURGAON, Rewdrf._Pavement of the Najmandi bazar completed. The second half of the circular road re-metalled. The first half was completed last year. Rewari-Jhajjar road metalled from the Gokal gate to the Railway about a mile; Kotla bazar road metalled. Rewari-Namol road raised with earth from Kutabpur’o-ate to Railway Station. Verandah and large rooms of the dispensary floored with slates • the pavement of the grain market commenced last year is completed. Roads from Kanond and Gokal’ gates to Railway Station metalled, and drainage improved All the old wells used for drinking purposes have been cleaned out. Palival._Nimtola mohalla street paved. Paving a part of the street inside the' town at the Kanoyo "ate, and kankar metalling and raising road from gate to circular road, and metalling the road from the Delhi-Muttra road through grain market and up to pucka flooring, are in progress. A large tank near the town has been thoroughly cleaned out. Firozpilr— A new pucka female latrine has been erected, and all the drains cleaned. Anew female ward"and’ other additions to the dispensary reported in progress last year are nearly completed. Sohna.—A new pucka female latrine constructed. The bathing tanks at the hot springs have been cleaned twice a mouth. The main bazars have been paved, and all the drains cleaned. flodal— A scheme for metalling the principal bazars was sanctioned 18 months ago, and the District Engineer was instructed to get the work done, but, for some reason or other, it has been kept in abeyance till now. KARNAL. In the town of Karnal the Jundla street, the Ghazni bazar, the Dialpura street and a series of streets from the Jundla gate to the Kalandar, were paved with brick on edge and provided with saucer drains of masonry at a cost of Rs. 9,742, of which Rs. 6,671 were paid away within the year. Four male and three female latrines have been completed at a cost of Rs. 2,821, of which Rs. 1,354 were expended within the year. They are built ou a uniform plan, with domed roofs, stone slabs for pavement, and with drains cut in stone. Iron vessels painted with tar from time to time are used. An addition was made to the slaughter-house at a cost of Rs. 119, but it is still too small and will be enlarged when funds can be provided. A manure depot was surrounded by an enclosure at a cost of Rs. 38. Panipat.—In Panipat the following streets have been paved with kankar or brick, chiefly with the latter, and have been provided with masonry saucer drains, viz., the Salarganj street, the Ausarian street from Kalandar Cliauk to Charao gate, Shah Wilayat street, Ausarian gate street, the Madhoganj street, Mubarik Khan street, the Cfiul Khan street and the grain market street, at a cost of Rs. 17,961, of which Rs. 7,174 have been paid away within the year. The work of re-metalling and providing proper drains in Panipat, so far as the interior of the city is concerned, has almost approached completion, and will be finished probably in the coming financial year. Two male and two female latrines have been provided on the same plan as at Karnal at a cost of Rs. 1,601 of which Rs. 1,016 were paid away within the year. These are all the latrines that have been built in Panipat on the new plan. Four manure enclosures were formed at a cost of Rs. 80. Kaithal,—In Kaithal, side drains were constructed for the Pundri gate street at a cost of Rs. 868 The slaughter-house was removed from a site which was found objectionable on religious grounds to another site, the old materials being made use of at a cost of Rs. 25. Pundri.—In Pundri an estimate was prepared for providing side drains for one of the streets at a cost of Rs. 1,600, but nothing was expended within the year. The work is at present in progress. Kunjpdra.—A similar work is in progress at Kunjpura. It is estimated to cost Rs. 3,060 ; only Rs. 300 were expended within the year, and it will take the savings of several years to complete it. It is at the present date half finished. The sum of Rs. 548 has been expended on cleaning wells in Panipat, Pundri and Kaithal towns. HISSAR. All the drains were thoroughly cleaned out and properly repaired; they are in good order and the water runs out easily, and no rubbish or filth is permitted to accumulate therein. The following sums were expended on this work during the year under report:— Hissar, Rs. 162; Hausi, Rs. 123; Bhiwani, Rs. 291; and Fatehabad Rs. 50- A new drainage work has been constructed in Bhiwani Municipality, at an outlay of Rs. 2o0, for carrying off the rain water of the Ramganj bazar, and this work has been found to be of great benefit for sanitary purposes. Another scheme for improving the drainage at Bhiwani is under consideiation, on which Rs. 977 are proposed to be spent, and this important work when completed will be a great sanitary improvement. It is, however, too late during the current financial year to take it in hand. An aggregate sum of Rs. 135 has been spent for cleaning and repairing wells, and all wells OO o x are reported to be in good order. In addition to the above sum, Rs. 200 have been contributed from District funds for improving village tanks and wells during the year under report, and several other proposals were under consideration at the close of the year. 1 All the wells situated in the encamping grounds have been cleaned out at a cost ofRs. 150 from Provincial funds. Two conservancy carts, completely made of iron, have been obtained for Bhiwani Municipality, at i cost of Rs. 477, from Messrs. Crawley & Co. A new conservancy cart has been provided for the Hansi dunicipality at an outlay of Rs 35. At the cattle fair site, trees have been planted, and pucka approaches constructed. . Tim tank at hat locality has been cleaned, and a water-cut from the canal is being made to feed this tank. The following detail shows the number of latrines in each Municipality, all of which are in ;ood working order :— lissar ... ... ... 4 lansi ... ... ♦ 4 tatia ... ... ... o _ dhiwani ... ... ... 27 - *'/-•; •■ These are always kept clean, and during the year under report an aggregate sum of Rs. 290 was spent on repairs. ^ At Hissar, in the compound of the District office, a latrine has been constructed at a cost of Rs. 17G for the convenience of the people attending court. At Fatehabad two new latrines have been completed at a cost of Rs. 290. The refuse, as usual, is taken from the latrines and conveyed by means of conservancy carts or in baskets to filth trenches, which are sufficiently deep and wide as required by the sanitary rules, and re situated at a good distance from the town; and when it is properly deodorized there, it is sold to riculturists. The amount realized on this account during the year amounted to about Rs. 292. ROHTAK. The Municipal Committee of Rohtak has sanctioned the sum of Rs. 329 for the construction a drain on either side of the road leading from the Delhi gate to the newly built gate, (over which 11 be erected the Municipal Hall and Octroi offices, now in course of construction). Properly eaking, this work should not be included in this year’s report; although the Committee sanctioned ie work last year, the initial expenditure has only just commenced. The circular road round Rohtak was very much cut up in the rains by the rush of water from he town, but the road-way has now been supplied with side channels, and the water-escape cuts ave been cleaned out so as to permit an easy flow. A pucka well has been constructed in the compound of the Jhajjar school at a cost of Rs. 300, rnd the upper surface was lately made pucka. A well in the Gohana dispensary, in part paid for by subscription, is now nearly completed. The well in the Rohtak dispensary, a very deep and fine one, which was completed in 1880, this year required some small repairs, and it is now in satisfactory order. Just outside Rohtak there is the remains of a very fine old Baulf, built originally, for the most part, of solid blocks of kankar. This has been taken in hand, and the side walls have been repaired md the steps cleared. But a great deal still requires to be done before the Bauli can become of prac- ical use to the people. The total amount sanctioned for making necessary additions and alterations to this fine well is s. 850 debitable to the following funds :— District fund ... ... ... Rs. 500 Municipal do. ... ... ... „ 200 Subscription ... ... ... „ 150 Total Rs. 850 ^ohtak Municipality.—Construction of a bridge near Gopal Rai’s Garden and kacha road from Sitta Mandar to Gau Karon tank Kacha road near Molialla Rahbari Paving a street Euclosure wall to surround the area used for depositing filth Gohana Municipality.—Metalling a street Compound wall to enclose the area selected for depositing rubbish 3eri Municipality.—Metalling a street near Paras of Bairagian Pucka road near gate called Boharwala Paving a street Construction of a slaughter-house outside the town of Jhajjar Rs. 98 33 100 33 19 33 31 33 189 33 70 33 200 33 50 33 7 33 200 Very considerable advance has been made in the general extension of tree planting by each nunicipality, and the holes are now ready for the young saplings, which will shortly be placed in them. The number of public latrines in working order, were as follows:— Rohtak Municipality ... ... ... 5 Jhajjar do. ... ... ... 5 Beri do. ... ... .... 9 Bahadurgarh do. ... ... ... 2 Kharkhoda do. ... ... ... 2 Gohana do. ... ... ... 2 The refuse matter is deposited in Khdttas, or pits, dug for the purpose, at a distance of some 200 yards from the town ; 14 donkeys have this year been appointed in the Rohtak town for remov, ing offensive matter and rubbish from the premises; and 3 extra sweepers, 2 in Beri and the other in Jhajjar, have been appointed for the purpose of storing dry earth near every latrine. SIRSA. Only one drain for carrying off the main water of the town of Sirsa was repaired. A pucka well was constructed in a street called Talion-ka-bas to the North, for the benefit of that part of the town, there being uo well close by. The people subscribed Rs. 100 towards its construction. Hollows and pits of the town were filled up and levelled to prevent accumulation of water during the rains. At Sirsa there are three latrines in working order. The refuse is buried in trenches 200 paces distant from the town. Fazilka.—Two of the wells under construction were completed this year. Two of the wells were cleared, and the platform of one well constructed. Some of the tanks were also cleared. There were certain depressions in this town ; they were filled up with earth and levelled for the free passage of rain water. There are two latrines, and they are kept in good order. The refuse is deposited in the same way as in Sirsa. Ellenabad.—The landing ghat to the tank of this town was completed during the year. The two wells of the town were also cleaned. This Municipality has no public latrines. But there are pillars erected not less than 200 paces away from the town beyond which the people are required to relieve the calls of nature. A breach of this defined arrangement subjects the offender to a small fine. A pit of this town was filled up with earth. UMBALLA. During the year, one latrine was constructed at Jagadhri, one at Rupar and one at Sadhaura. Some improvements to pavements and roads have been made at Umballa, Jagadhri, Rupar, Buriya Ladwa, Kharar, and Shahabad towns. LUDHIANA. , * Seventy pucka and fifteen kacha drains were repaired. Water is taken from wells which are kept clean, and from the Budha Nullah which skirts one part of the town, to which the people resort for their supply. This is watched by a policeman who is posted there to see that no filth of any kind is thrown into the stream. There is little doubt that the well water of all large towns, however good it may have originally been, eventually deteriorates from surface pollution, and, as a first step towards remedying this evil, the wells in the town of Ludhiana are being covered in with close wooden covers with hinged hatches to open and shut for taking out water. This, with careful annual cleaning out, will, it is believed, be a step in advance. For its supervision an establishment costing Rs. 245 per month, or Rs. 2,940 per annum, is maintained, m2: 1 Superintendent @ Rs. 100; 3 Deputy Superintendents @ Rs. 20; 10 Jamadars @ Rs. 8 and 1 Peon @ Rs. 5—per month. These move about the whole district and submit weekly reports of villages inspected, and during the winter tour the Deputy Commissioner visits localities and makes enquiries. There are 15 bullock carts and 60 donkeys, costing Rs. 250 per mensem for feed and keep, which are solely employed to convey the filth daily to a spot across the Budha Nullah to the North side of the town, and another place near the Samrala road on the East side, from whence it is bought, by Zamindars and others, for agricultural purposes at 4 or 6 annas per cart load, and 6 pies per donkey load. During the year under report a sum of Rs. 5,079 was realized from sale of manure. The town levels and the ground waterworks scheme, drawn up by Mr. Hammer, is still before the Government for sanction. The map of the town of Ludhiana and its suburbs is being done by Mr. Hall, Municipal Surveyor engaged on Rs. 100 per mensem, on a large scale which will be most useful when completed for reference in cases of land disputes, encroachment on roads, Nazul property, &c. There are 100 moveable latrines all over the town and station, fixed in fine convenient spots, from each of which the filth is carried awaydaily by carts or donkeys to the spot set apart across the Budha Nullah for storage, from whence it is disposed of to cultivators and others. SIMLA. The Deputy Commissioner of Simla regrets that he is unable to report that any conservancy scheme embracing the Main bazar or the whole station of Simla has yet been putin hand; but the prospect of a complete project being sanctioned and commenced is certainly more hopeful than it was twelve months ago. He has never ceased to urge the importance of this matter on Government; the large number of buildings being erected for public offices and residences for the Government establishments makes it every day a more urgent want. JULLUNDUR. As reported last year, a project which comprises the construction of three wells in the town of Jullundur for flushing main drains with water, in connection with the internal drainage scheme, was sanctioned in March 1880. One of these wells was sunk in 1880, and the second during the year under report. The construction of the third well has been postponed, and the sanctioned provision is being employed on the improvement of side drains so as to ensure a proper flow. Rs. 395 have been spent in extending the three pucka drains to the South-west of the town. Bungah.—On the Civil Surgeon’s report endorsed by the Sanitary Commissioner, a proposition had been made and sanctioned by the Commissioner for the construction of a channel to carry off the storm water which collects round the town. The estimate amounts to Rs. 1,790, but, owing to want of funds, nothing could be done during the year. A provision of Rs. 1,500 has been made in the current year’s Budget, and it is hoped the project will be completed before the coming rains. During the year under report, when cholera was raging in the town of Jullundur, all wells for drinking purposes were cleaned out at a cost of Rs. 412. The wells at Bungah were also cleaned, and Rs. 140 spent on the construction of a well at the dispensary; this amount represents half the cost; the other moiety has been defrayed from the District fund. The system hitherto in force at Jullundur of Chobachchas, or sinks, for the collection of household refuse in all paved streets has been stopped, as these sinks are considered objectionable on sanitary grounds by the Medical officers. In unpaved streets these sinks continue till funds are available for carrying out some thoroughly improved system of sewage drainage. Two female latrines, one at Nakodar, and the other at Kartarpur, have been constructed. Cutting off the spills from the jhils to the North of Jullundur, and conveying them by means of an open channel into the East Beyne Nullah at a point about 8 miles North of Jullundur.—This work is a District one, carried out under the immediate direction of the Deputy Commissioner of Jullundur, and consisted in tapping a number of jhils situated to the North of Jullundur in the direction of Hoshiarpur, and conveying the spill water by means of a large channel away to the East Beyne river. The spills from these jhils in former years came down upon the city and cantonments of Jullundur, and used to completely swamp the land around the former, to which was attributed much of the fever from which the inhabitants of the city suffered during and after the rains. The measures taken have proved very successful, as little or no water found its way down this year, and beneficial results may fairly be anticipated to arise from the works just finished. HOSHIARPUR. In 1881 a sum of Rs. 2,325 was spent on the construction of a large sewer in Mohalla Raiyan, a very important branch of the drainage of Hoshiarpur town. On the paving of the town of Una about Rs. 190 were spent. Special attention was paid to the drainage of the village of Chintpurni, where in the autumn a very large fair is held (20,000 or 30,000 visitors). Bathing is carried on in a tank which is largely supplied0by the storm drainage which runs from the town situated above it. The spot was visited by the Deputy Commissioner during the fair, and he arranged with the inhabitants that they, at their own cost, should make a proper drain to divert the drainage from flowing into the tank. There is a very substantial old drain which, from want of repair, is useless. This, it is hoped, will soon be in good order. At Mokerian a large hollow was filled up near the school at a cost of Rs. 100. /.—Draining the jhil at Dasuyah in Hoshiarpur district. II—Cleaning the Swa Nullah in the Hoshiarpur district. The first work was completed at the commencement of the current official year at a cost of Rs 3 596 and consisted in draining a jhil of about one square mile in extent situated immediately around and extending beyond the town of Dasuyah. The object was attained by means of open channels cut through the jhil to low ground beyond it and has proved very successful, the whole area which was formerly jhil being now brought under cultivation. The second work has just been brought to a close at a cost of Rs. 1,821, and consisted of opening up the old bed of the Swa Nullah situated between the newly embanked portion of the Nowsheraand Miani road and connecting the same with the river Beas, with a view to prevent the low land parallel to the embankment, and situated'between it and the left bank of the Beas, from becoming water-logged during heavy rains and frequent spills from the Beas, to which it is liable since the construction of the embaSkment in question, which shuts off the spill of the Beas from flowing into the jhil, forming the source of the West Beyne river and causes it to stand upon the strip of low land mentioned. This has not yet had floods over it since completion, but good results are anticipated to the villages situated upon the low land in question. The tabsil and neighbourhood had been found damp and unhealthy, and the work was carried out entirely with sanitary objects. On the town of Dasuyah, the Municipal Committee spent about Rs. 131 in improving its pavement. The wells in the town of Hoshiarpur were cleaned and repaired as below:— Cleanin g wells • • • • • • ... Rs. 245 Repairs to well of Lachman Das 121 Do. do. near Sunde Khan’s Masjid 25 Do. do. in Bazar Purani Abkari 25 Do. do. of Gainda at Khanpur 50 Do. do. of Ghulam Hasan, Khanpur 25 Do. do. near Masjid Pir Muhammad, Khanpur • • • i) 25 Do. do. of sweepers at Bahadurpur 70 Do. do. of Gheyon at Hoshiarpur • • • •% 47 Total Rs. 633 Polo Mai’s Tank in Hoshiarpur was filled at a cost of Rs. 88. In the town of Mokerian the wells were cleaned three times. In the village of Paddi Sura Singh, a sloping approach for watering cattle was added to the village tank by the District Committee. The tanks below noted have been enlarged or re-dug by the District Committee at the cost shown opposite each :— ak at Mangowal • • » ... Rs. 261 Do. Kothi Kangar • 46 Do. Dharampur • • • • • • ••• )) 40 Do. Amboya • • • • • • • • . )} 75 Do. Bichoi • • • 50 Do. Panjawar • • • • • • ••• )> 200 Do. Paldi ... • « • • • • >> 313 Total Rs. 985 After the cholera epidemic a map was prepared, showing the position of each well in the town and the position in which each case of cholera occurred. During the epidemic two wells which were suspected, one in the village of Sotheri and one in Premgarh, were shut up. Another well has been repaired in Hoshiarpur with a parapet sloping outward, as described in last year’s report. This form of parapet is a very great help in maintaining the purity of the water, and it is hoped that as wells are gradually repaired they may be all furnished with this form of parapet. During the year, most of the latrines in Hoshiarpur have been much improved by being provided with slabs of stone at the seats. KANGRA. The following sanitary works were constructed during the year under report:— Paving Dharmsala bazar ... ... ... Rs. 100 Do. Kangra do. ... ... ... „ 325 Do. Nurpur do. ... ... ... „ 25 With the exception of Kangra, Nurpur and Dharmsala there are no drains, as the district is a hilly one. The drains in the towns mentioned are always kept clean and in good order. There are no water-supply works in this district with the exception of a canal at Dharmsala, which is supplied from the snowy streams; and the use of the water is subject to a tax on each house in the station. The general condition of the sources of water-supply in the district is good. Wells and baulis are kept clean. The attention of Tahsildars is drawn to the instructions issued by the Sanitary Commissioner on the subject of improvements to village sites. » The usual conservancy establishment was kept up during the year, the cost of which is shown in the Income and Expenditure Statement. No special works of sanitary improvements were constructed during the year. No village committees have been appointed in any part of the district, as in a hill district like this no special arrangement appears necessary; but the Municipal and District Committees generally superintend such arrangements. There are only two latrines at upper and lower Dharmsala in working order, the refuse of which is removed by the sweepers and buried at a spot selected for the purpose; while the private latrines in other towns are kept clean. The bazar and streets are swept regularly by the establishment employed for this purpose, AMRITSAR The main drainage scheme is nearly completed round the Eastern side of the city. The sections already completed stood the strain of the year’s unusually heavy rainfall without anywhere showing signs of weakness or want of capacity. The internal drainage was improved by the adjustment of street drains with the outer main drain, and several old drains were renewed and repaired. A change was made in the conservancy arrangements at the beginning of the official year. The duty of cleaning the city remained in the hands of the Committee, but the carrying establishment was made over to a contractor, who also had the right to dispose of all the sweepings to his own advantage. He obtained a lease for 5 years on payment of Rs. 17,200 per annum to the Committee. In a pecuniary point of view this was an advantageous arrangement for the Committee. Shortly after the contractor began work, it was evident that he was not equal to the strain, and things went from bad to worse till the sickness became epidemic. The Committee was then obliged to dismiss the contractor and to take the whole arrangements into its own hand again. It is quite evident that the conservancy of a large town like Amritsar is best managed by the Committee itself, which has greater resources at its disposal than a contractor, and which is more interested in obtaining cleanliness than profit. During the year it was proposed by the Committee to establish a light tramway round the East and West of the city for the purpose of rapidly removing the manure daily from the city to the extramural depots. Estimates are being prepared and the work will no doubt be put in hand during 1882-83. Of the advantages of the plan there can be no two opinions. The removal of manure employs 500 donkeys working all day. By means of a tramway drawn by horses the same quantity of stuff could be removed in less than half the time, and at much less cost. The wells of the city were cleaned out, but it is feared that the good done to the water by this measure was shortly after undone by the heavy rains which caused a rise in the water level. Alter the rains, the water of several wells that had, it was thought, become polluted, was removed. In future the Committee propose to carry out a systematic cleaning of wells. Two ranges of the Crawford Privy have been obtained from Bombay. Each range has 5 compartments and is made entirely of angle-iron and corrugated zinc sheets. The receptacle lor the faeces is in the form of an elongated scuttle, with a deep slope, and there is a zinc bucket behind into which the stuff shoots by gravitation. The privy is capable of being kept very clean and can be removed from place to place. It is strongly put together and is roofed at a height of 10 feet from the ground level. GURDASPUR. Gurdaspur.—Completing a latrine ; repairs to road of Sadr bazar; other petty repairs to paving and drains. Dinanagar.—Drain of Taragari gate and of Awanki gate repaired; pavings of 19 streets costing less than Rs. 200 each ; parapet of a well; petty repairs to paving and drains. Kalanaur.—Petty repairs to paving of streets. Bahrampur.—Repairs to three gateways. Pathanlcot.—Paving of three streets ; “ ponah ” or female bathing place of a Bauli; bridge over the road leading to Marian. ' Sujanpur.—Paving and drains of streets costing Rs. 858; building a well in the dispensary; repairs to a Bauli. Shahpur.—Steps of a tank. Narot.—Three bridges costing Rs. 981; repairs to a bridge and to paving. Batata.—Paving of six streets, town wall, steps of Shamsher Khanwala tank; repairs to Baradari in the centre of Shamsher Khanwala tank ; metalling Circular, Teli gate, and Khajuri gate roads ; petty repairs to pavings of streets and drains. Dera Nctnah—Paving of three streets ; three godowns for storing town sweepings; and boundary pillars. Fatehgarh.—Two side drains. Sakhochak.—A well, and paving of streets. Birman.—Repairs to a tank. Kot Naina.—Petty repairs to a well and street. No village committees have been appointed in the district to superintend the sanitary arrangements, but officers, when visiting the interior of the district, are expected to satisfy themselves that such arrangements are not neglected. Attention is paid to cleaning out of wells, removal of noxious vegetation and collection of refuse at convenient distances from the habitation sites; Zaild&rs and Lambardars are held personally responsible in such matters ; no real practical improvement in village sanitation can be expected, however, until legislation affords the means of legally enforcing the same. Conservancy funds for each village are also needed to provide some establishment for the above purpose, and, in default of special legislation, opportunity might be taken at the next settlement to improve some trifling village rate sufficient to pay for conservancy arrangements. SIALKOT. The drains in the city were repaired, and new pucka pavements laid down in 14 bazars or streets in the town of Sialkot. At Pasrur two streets have been newly paved. Wells have been repaired in the Sialkot city and supplied with reservoirs and gutters for waste water. The following works were in progress at the close of the year:— Pavements in Mianapura, a suburb of Sialkot. Pavements in the town of Jamki. A sarai at Killa Soba Singh for travellers. An estimate and plan for a large pucka tank on the road from Jammu to the city of Sialkot, which will be useful for travellers as well as for the residents of the city, are under consideration. The following will show how far the suggestions of the Sanitary Commissioner have been carried out, and the matters that are still under consideration. (a) .—Pavements of main streets have been repaired and drains put in order. To give the .work a start, Rs. 2,000 have been provided in the ensuing year’s Budget for the circular drain, which the Sanitary Commissioner has recommended to be constructed to receive the sewage of the interior drains of the city, and it has been resolved to provide Rs. 2,000 or more annually, as funds are available, to complete the work ; some delay has taken place as difficulty has been ’ experienced in preparing the projects for submission to Government for sanction, and the assistance of the Public Works Department has been applied for. (b) .—It has been resolved to change the present system of disposing of the city night-soil and refuse, and to establish store godowns; two of these have already been built, and sites for five more have been selected. (c/—The cylinders and platforms of 10 of the wells in the city have been repaired thoroughly. The embankments have been made to slope outwards to prevent water running back into the well, and gutters have been made to receive the waste water and carry it into the street drain. (&)< Jhe conservancy establishment will be increased on the completion of the godowns and the introduction of the new system of collecting and disposing of night-soil. (e) .—Existing latrines have been repaired. When required, new latrines will be built on the plan suggested by the. Sanitary Commissioner, viz., roofed and provided with ventilation. Glazed receptacles will be supplied in all latrines. r (f) —N°thing has as yet been done, as the plan and estimate of the slaughter-house at Delhi, which was pointed out as a model by the Sanitary Commissioner, though repeatedly asked for, have not yet been received. LAHORE. Towards the close of the year the drainage works of the city, and the metalling of its roads were commenced on an estimate sanctioned for Rs. 168,500. The works are progressing satisfactorily, and now that the sanctioned loan has been received, it will be possible to meet the claims of contractors for work done, and the scheme will be pushed to a speedy completion. The completion ol these works will leave little to be desired in the thorough conservancy of the town. ° J / ( 93 ) Although the Lahore Municipality has not been able to undertake many measures of improve* ment owing to the heavy demands on its resources, yet, the year under report has not been unproductive of some good results. The following important works were executed at the expense of the Committee :_ 1. —Garden round the Government College. 2. —Ghazanfar Chauk garden, opposite Tahsil. 3. —Improving ground plots near the Chief Court. 4. —New road to Shalamar. 5. —Improving site of Kharak Singh’s Haveli. 6. —Culvert on Lahore road. 7. —Connecting sewer at Masti gate with Fort drain, 8. —Water course along fencing of P. N. S. Bailway at Yakki gate, 9. —Repairs to latrines. 10,—Repairs to roads and drains. GUJRANWALA. In Gujranwala the following works were undertaken :— 1. —Filling holes, and metalling bazar in Kattra Desa Singh, at a cost of Rs. 2,445. 2. —-Paving bazar near Gujrati gate, at a cost of Rs. 545. 3. —Converting a large pond near the Dak Bangalow into a kacha tank at a cost of Rs. 1,107. 4. —Making mural godowns at a cost of Rs. 1,508. The first two works are considered important as regards drainage; the last two as regards water supply and conservancy. Besides this expenditure, Rs. 2,178 were laid out in metalling city roads and bridges; Rs. 700 in cleaning tanks; and Rs. 2,767 in repairing pavements of the principal bazars and streets. In the town of Wazirabad Rs. 2,150 were spent on re-metalling the main bazar to improve drain- and conservancy ; Rs. 483 on filling a filthy pond near the old Dak Bangalow; Rs. 500 on making a pucka drain from the Akalgarh gate to the Sarai, to carry sewage to the main or “ Palku ” stream; and Rs. 1,684 were expended on repairing pavements. In the other towns no works, except the necessary repairs to pavements, were undertaken for want of funds. In Municipal towns the Tahsildars and Members pay proper attention to the conservancy arrangements. No village committees have yet been appointed. The Lambardars are held responsible for the cleanliness of their villages. Much attention has been paid to the village conservancy during the year under report. In large villages, sweepers have been appointed, circular roads have been marked out, and mud-pillars fixed in accordance with the suggestions of the Sanitary Commissioner and Civil Surgeon. FEROZEPORE. No sanitary works were executed or were in progress in 1881 in any of the Municipal towns in this district. RAWALPINDI. No new drainage works were undertaken in any Municipality. Rawalpindi.—Rs. 444 were spent on the experimental well for water-supply to the city commenced in 1880. The whole scheme in connection with the well is now being supervised in the Superintending Engineer’s office, and it is hoped that work will be resumed this year. Rs. 582 were spent in completing ajhalldr for watering roads commenced in 1880. The ordinary cleaning of the 48 wells in the city cost Rs. 526. Rs. 3,981 were spent on repairs to roads; Rs. 549 on repairs to streets; and Rs. 1,330 on pucka drains to 15 latrines. Hazro.—Rs. 550 were spent in cleaning out the Municipal tank; Rs. 125 on repairs to streets; Rs. 324 on roads; and Rs. 42 on repairs to latrines. Pindi Gheb.—Rs. 50 were spent on chobacha.to a well. Attock.—Rs. 137 were spent on repairs to streets, and Rs. 28 on repairs to a temporary latrine. Makhud.—Rs. 394 were laid out on repairs to roads. No regular village committee has been appointed in the district, but the attention of Tahsildars has been called to recent instructions regarding village conservancy, especially in regard to water-supply. Thirty-one public latrines were in working order during the year under report, viz.:— Rawalpindi city, 26 ; Attock, 1; Hazro, 2 ; Makhud, 2. At Rawalpindi, filth is buried in four spots at a distance from the city; at Attock, in one selected spot; at Hazro, in two selected spots; at Makhud, in one spot. In all Municipalities except Makhud the filth is sold when decomposed, - - JHELUM. New drains were constructed during the year under report in Pind Dadan Khan and Jhelum municipal towns, due attention being paid to their cleanliness. The wells and tanks were duly cleaned as usual. Considerable expenditure was incurred in the construction of a new tank at Pind Dadan Khan, where the water of all the wells in the town is brackish. In other towns of the district the water of the wells is good and plentiful. GU JR AT. Paving of streets was undertaken in the towns of Gujrat and Jalalpur. Repairs to certain drains were also effected in the towns of Gujrat and Jalalpur, costing Rs. 203. Rs. 292 have been spent in the repairs and cleaning of wells at Gujrat. 191 ditto ditto at Jalalpur. 99 ditto ditto at Dingah. 148 ditto ditto at Kunjah. The conservancy arrangements of the four Municipalities are fairly carried out, and the establishments of the Gujrat, Jalalpur, Kunjah and Dingah Municipalities are kept up to their duties. SHAHPUR. Drains and sewers in all the towns were kept in a state of repair and cleanliness; Rs. 107 were expended on repairing drains in Bhera. The canal cut mentioned in last year’s report was completed at a cost of Rs. 4,500. This work has proved a great benefit to the town of Khushab, as, besides facilitating the supply of water for drinking purposes, it will be utilized for flushing the drains and sewers. A new tank costing Rs. 300 was constructed at Khushab. New wells at Miani and Girot were sunk at a cost of Rs. 200 and Rs. 338 respectively. Besides the above-mentioned new works, the following sums were expended on repairing tanks and wells, viz:— Bhera Miani Sahiwal Khushab Girot Rs. }> )) >> 424 20 225 355 5 Rs. 50 at Bhera and Rs. 60 at Girot were expended on repairing latrines. Roads were metalled at Bhera and Miani at a cost of Rs. 2,594 and Rs. 3,755 respectively; while a sum of Rs. 394 was expended on repairing roads, viz :— Bhera ... ... ... ... Rs. 190 Miani ... ... ... ... „ 124 Khushab ... ... ... ... „ 80 A new bridge was constructed at Sahiwal at a cost of Rs. 200, and 2 smaller ones at Rs. 20 each. At Girot a bridge was constructed at a cost of Rs. 30. The cost of paving new streets in the larger towns and repairing the existing pavements is shown in the following statement. Name of town. Amount expended on new works. Amount expended on repairs. Rs. Rs. Bhera 962 ... Sahiwal ... ... • •• 27 Khushab ... ... ... ... ... 350 175 Girot ... ... ... ... ... 93 60 Total 1,405 262 MOOLTAN. As the survey of the city has been completed, the construction of drains and pavement of streets will from the commencement of the next financial year, be taken up on an organized system. The 425 wells in the city were thoroughly cleaned out at a cost of Rs. 399. The wells at Shujabad were likewise cleaned. Ten new latrines were constructed at a cost of Rs. 855 at places where they were most needed, all of them being without the city walls. JHANG. No sanitary works were executed or were in progress during the year under report in the Municipal towns of Ghiniot and Ahmadpur. Some sanitary works were executed m Jhang cum Maghiana. At Shorkot, too, some sanitary works, on a small scale, were carried out. Ike following is a brief account of all such works : A number of small drains, the aggregate cost of which amounted to Rs. 392-1-9, was constructed in Jhang and Maghiana, No works were executed in any of the four Municipalities during the year, with the exception of some steps to the Jhandiwala tank at Maghiana ; the outlay on this amounted to Rs. 23b. It may be mentioned that about 17 small streets were paved in Jhang and Maghiana. The expense aggregated Rs. 2,188. Some bazar streets were paved at Shorkot at a cost of Rs. iyb-J-b. The following works, constructed during the year, may be included under this head Rs. 1—Constructing a latrine at Jhang near Golabwala well 2 — Ditto 2 latrines at Maghiana near Jogiwala well 3 _ Ditto 2 do. Maghiana near Budhewala well 4*_ Ditto 2 do. near Pipalwala well at Maghiana _ •• 5‘_ Ditto 2 slaughter-houses, (1 at Jhang and 1 at Maghiana) A road near the Jhang Municipal Committee house was railed at a cost of Rs. bridge was made over a drain at Maghiana at an outlay of Rs. 18. 189 335 283 301 164 6 9 5 0 9 240. 0 0 0 0 3 A small MONTGOMERY. Montgomery.—The following sums have been expended on sanitary improvements, viz. U \ ™ • . ... Rs. 85 0 ( Rs. 85 6 14 9 14 0 0 9 8 0 52 13 7 14 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1. —Cleaning drains 2. —Repairs to a tank ... ... ••• _ *” , 3_ Do. to a road which passes through Pak Pattan gate „ 4, —Cleaning of a well near tank ... ... ••• ” 5. —Repairs to railings of tank ... ... ••• ” Kamalia.—1.—Pavement of a street ... 2.—Repairs to the Committee well ... ••• ” During the year under report the drains at Montgomery have been cleaned. muzaffargarh. Side drains in the street pavements were made in the Municipal towns noted below . ... ... ... ... Rs. 248 11 0 Alipur ... ••• 230 0 0 Khangarh ... ••• *** ” 101 6 10 Muzaffargarh ... ••• *** ’** *” ” 74 0 0 Jatoi ••• **• **• *" ” y . ii i enVimnp tlmt is bein" carried out is the Ruhillanwala Tab It is The only large dramag warh Canal Division. “ It consists of a main line of about n charge of the Executive Engine , » , Q ^ ^ ^11 the canals that used to swamp drain> advantage was taken of a saw*&.- “obTfrom'“Municipal, and Bs. 554 from Bistrict funds. More estimates were passed after V ( 96 ) the close of the year. Two new wells are being made at Khairpur and Khangarh. The water in the wells is kept clean, naturally by the great rise in the water which occurs during the hot weather. They were also cleaned with the tola, ie., all rubbish such as broken pots, stones, reeds, &c., were taken out by divers. Estimates aggregating Rs. 987 were sanctioned for paving streets in 5 municipal towns, and the greater portion of the work was completed at the close of the year. The circular road round Muzaffar* garh was metalled at a cost of Rs. 855. Improved awnings over the lanes were put up in some towns. DERA ISMAIL KHAN. . In *he cit7 of Dera Ismail Khan drains on both sides of the road from the main bazar to Inittarawaia gate were completed during the year at a cost of Rs. 500. The water-supply is good and plentiful. The wells in moliallas have been kept clean. . kittle was done to improve village sites, beyond arranging for the transfer of the village of Maddi to a higher and drier site. Only six or seven families now remain to be removed. • i ^ie Cjty ^ L*era Ismail Khan sweepers with their donkeys are employed to convev refuse night soil, &c., &c. from moliallas and streets to intra-mural godowns, and from thence the refuse is conveyed by six conservancy carts to extra-mural ones situated about f mile from the citv • the refnJ thus collected and stored realised Rs. 1,195, leaving a large stock on hand for disposal during current yearas there are only some 20 wells lu the vicinity of the city, and the area irrigated "from the ►bum is small, there is not much demand for the city refuse. Committees have been formed in the following villages, mr.^—Draband, Chandhwan and Vehowah who look after the sanitary arrangements of their respective villages. * Latrines are kept clean by a separate establishment of sweepers, and the filth removed dailv fa trenches at some distance from the towns and sold as manure after deodorization has taken place. ^ The sums realized during the year under report are as follows Dera Leiah Paharpur Rs. 927 „ 260 „ 8 Total Rs. 1,195 DERA GHAZI KHAN. The sanitary works constructed were, as usual, extension and repairs of drains construction nf cu verts and bridges, clearing out of wells, &c. Paving of streets was somewhat extensively carried out duung the year under report, the advantages from which, in a sanitary point of view are considerable. The number of latrines were the same as during the year previous viz 8ft- tPe.Tr « i scrupulously clean, the dry-earth system being in force. P ' 60 3 they are kePfc BANNU. Commissioned^ reC6iVed "P ‘° “°twithst“d“g several reminders were sent to the Deputy PESHAWAR. The Civil Surgeon has in his Annual Report described the new channel now almost com plete under constructmn m the city of Peshawar which has a central channel for driuHnwl b Zl tvstThe Ca—- carts IvTlTI0' Feshfiwar cjty is very'good; there is a large number of municipal conservancy .a by which the refuse excreta, etc., are taken to a distance and buried in trenches • the riH g nem y 1S Very clean> though ^ere are a few parts of it that are capable of improvement. ' } keptin^oZ^TdZiXandbth;IttfiUeS-f0fthe ^ the Cantonment of Peshawar, thev are HAZARA. Improvements in drainage in Abbottabad, Haripur and Buffa. In the two latter the works are still being extended. The water-supply in wells and springs was normal. All wells at encamping grounds and in Municipalities, Civil lines, Cantonments, Tahsils and Thanas have been cleared, and there are none elsewhere to speak of. KOHAT. Two slaughter-houses were constructed for slaughter of cattle during the year under report, at a cost of Its. 909-8-0, one to the North and the other to the South of the city. There are three latrines in working order. Refuse is buried in trenches outside and to the South of the city in a direction opposed to the prevailing winds. i SECTION X—GENERAL REMARKS & PERSONAL PROCEEDINGS. 104. I held charge of the office of Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab, during the entire year. In Notice Of officers. October 1881 I was appointed Secretary andjMember of the Special Cholera Committee already referred to in para. 25, Section VII A. of this report. During the whole of that month the Committee was engaged in the investigation of the circumstances connected with the outbreak of the disease in certain parts of the Province, which they visited. From that time to the present I have been employed, in addition to my own duties of Sanitary Commissioner, which owing to the introduction of the Revised Vaccine Scheme have been more than usually heavy, in the compilation of the history of Cholera in India in connection with the work of the Special Committee on cholera. I have in consequence been prevented from making my usual cold weather tour of inspection of towns and villages during the year. In this respect, however, a good deal has been done by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners, and some of the Civil Surgeons, also, have done good work in this direction. Under the recent orders of the Local Government Civil Surgeons are now held responsible for the Medical administration of their respective districts and in future a more systematic inspection of towns and villages in their districts will be looked for. Surgeon-Major J. Bennett, Deputy Sanitary Commissioner remained in charge of the Eastern Circle throughout the year, and Surgeon-Major G. Massy of the Western Circle up to 3rd November 1881, ajter which date he was transferred to the Civil Surgeoncy of Rawalpindi and was succeeded by Surgeon J. O’Neill. All these officers have rendered me very great assistance in the administration of Vaccination and Sanitary Departments. Dr. Primer. 105. The Director of Public Instruction has furnished me with a list of all Middle Schools r, • , , Qn .. Government and Aided, in this Province in the 3rd Class of all of which g m ary Dr. Cuningham’s Sanitary Primer is now taught. The number of such institutions is 202. Last year the primer was distributed among the people generally and during the year uuder review all the vaccinators in the several districts of the Province, also, have been supplied with a copy. As the vaccinators will be employed in sanitary work in the non-vaccinating season it has been ruled that one of the duties of the Civil Surgeon will be to train the staff of vaccinators under his orders in the elementary principles of general sanitation and domestic hygiene so as to qualify them for employment as aids in sanitary work. Very satisfactory results in the great work of educating the people on these subjects may therefore be expected in the course of a few years by this arrangement. 106. The orders conveyed in para. 5 of the Government of India letter No. 282, dated 30th Novem- Suggestions made in the memo- ber 1881\ to the address of the Secretary to Government, Punjab, directing randum of the Army Sanitary that special notice be made in future Sanitary Reports “ on the extent to Commission in the Punjab Sani- which action has been taken on any suggestions which may from time to .ay report or 1879. time be made by the Army Sanitary Commission ” will be acted up to in future. In the memorandum by the Army Sanitary Commission in the Punjab Sanitary Report for 18< 9 attention is invited to the points noted in the following paragraphs: Para. 19.—Regarding expenditure on Civil Sanitary works. Para. 20.—Regarding the projected water- supply of Delhi as to which a special report should be submitted. Para. 21.—Relative to a scheme for draining the city of Amritsar. Para. 24.—Regarding the early completion of the Peshawar water-works. Remarks by Sanitary Commissioner. On this subject the Army Sanitary Commission after remarking upon the total sanitary charges paid from Municipal Funds observes that “ the total spent on these sanitary works in 32 Municipal towns was thus less by £7,706 than the less appropriated balance of the year” and adds that “with this fact before us, are we not justified in suggesting that a better way of dealing with the balance would have been to have spent it in saving the lives of those who contributed the money, than to have simply laid it aside.” As I have no executive authority, nor control over the funds of the municipalities, I regret, I can supply no information on this head. The special report asked for should be submitted by the Secretary to Government, Punjab, Public Works Department. See page 91, Section IX, Sanitary Works—Civil> of this report. This is a Military undertaking regarding which there is no information in this office. What has already been done on this subject has been noticed from time to time in the several Sanitary Reports of this Province, and need not to be re-produced here in -any detail. The simple sanitary rules, printed at page 45 of my Sanitary Report for 1877, have been distributed to all the Municipal and District Committees, and to some extent acted upon in a few districts, more particularly in those of Muzaffargarh and Jhang. In the latter district the Civil Surgeon Rai Bahadur Chetun Shah after his inspection of a town or village convenes a Special Sanitary meeting of the people at which the subjects of conservancy, water-supply, domestic hygiene, &c., &c., are freely discussed. In some places the Civil Surgeon’s arguments in favor of sanitation have been productive of not only promises of co-operation and assistance on their part, but also in the more tangible form of raising funds by private subscriptions wherewith to at once carry out the sanitary improvements suggested. 107. In para, 106 of my report of last year I have briefly discussed the method of my own proce- Rules for the guidance of De- dure, at these meetings, (meetings which I have myself always been in the puty Sanitary Commissioner and habit of conducting after my inspection of a town or village ) for the Civil Surgeons. guidance of the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and the Civil Surgeons, whose duties, under the re-organized scheme are as follows : I.—Rules defining the duties of a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab. 1. The most important duty of a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner will be the general supervision and verification of vaccine operations within the limits of his circle. He will be responsible for the adequate supply of vaccine lymph in his circle ; will enquire into the character and quality of the vaccine operations performed, under the management of the Civil Surgeons, by the several district vaccinators in his circle; and verify the results of their operations. He will use every reasonable endeavour to extend the practice of vaccination equally throughout his circle, and will explain the origin, history, and advantages of vaccination to members of municipal committees, village headmen, and natives of influence and position, whenever opportunity occurs. 2. The improvement of birth and death registration in all parts of his circle will be an important duty of a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner. He will as often as possible examine the village chaukidars’ memorandum books of births and deaths and verify the entries by enquiry onthespot. Hewillalso examine the birth and death registers and returns kept at the police and municipal offices in all parts of his circle ; he will note the condition of the registers and returns, the correctness or otherwise of the entries and total additions, and the probable amount of attention given to registration ; and will record the results of each examination in the police station visitors’ book, or the municipal secretary’s minute-book, for the information of the Superintendent of Police or the Municipal Committee, as the case may be. 3. The sanitary inspection of towns and villages in all parts of his circle visited during tours or journeys will form an essential part of the duties of a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner. A record of circumstances likely to produce disease will be made by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner at the time of inspection, and ai’eport thereof submitted to the Sanitary Commissioner for transmission to Government with such recommendations for improvement in the sanitary aspect of the site as may seem advisable. 4. The attention of Deputy Sanitary Commissioners should also be given to the furtherance of measures for the improvement of the sanitary condition of villages, and efforts should be made to persuade villagers to abandon practices which tend to produce unhealthiness, especially in matters relating to village conservancy, the protection of wells, tanks, and other sources ot water-supply from preventable causes of pollution, and the housing of cattle under the family roof. 5. When necessity arises the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner will be required to investigate the circumstances and record the facts in regard to undue prevalence of any disease occurring within the limits of his circle. And for such investigation and record the aid ot the subordinate dispensary establishment may be made available if it do not interfere with their proper work. 6. Each Deputy Sanitary Commissioner will prepare and submit to the Sanitary Commissioner, an annual sanitary report referring to the portion of the Province included within his circle, under the following heads or sections:— I.—Vital statistics: progress and improvements. II.—Chief diseases : general history. III. —Vaccination : general history. IV. —Sanitary works: civil. Para. 26.— Village Conservancy. 7. The Deputy Sanitary Commissioners will submit their vaccination and other established returns to the Sanitary Commissioner’s office at Lahore, and their official reports and correspondence with the higher authorities will be addressed to the Sanitary Commissioner for submission to Government. 8. Deputy Sanitary Commissioners are to impress on all subordinates of the department the necessity of mastering the more important principles of sanitation and hygiene, so as to be able to assist the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners in this part of their work. It will be incumbent on all subordinates, down to and including vaccinators, to qualify in the elementary rules of the above subjects; and preference will be given, as regards pay and promotion, to those who qualify first and prove themselves efficient aids in sauitary works. 9. A Deputy Sanitary Commissioner should invariably notify his intention to visit a district to the Deputy Commissioner, who will order Tahsfldars and other local officers to assist him, and also inform municipal committees of the nature of his duties and direct them to attend upon him when he visits municipal towns. 10. A Deputy Sanitary Commissioner should, if practicable, invariably see the Deputy Commissioner of each district he may visit during his tour and inform him of what he has observed. His visits will be useful in proportion to the degree in which he can interest the local authorities in the subject of sanitation II.—Rules for the guidance of Civil Surgeons in the Vaccine and Sanitary Departments. 1. The management of vaccine operations and the control of the vaccination staff within the limits of his district will be an important duty of the Civil Surgeon. He will be responsible for the adequate and continuous supply of vaccine lymph in his district during the vaccinating season, will, as far as is practicable, personally supervise the general operations of the vaccinators, examine their registers and verify the record of results. 2. The Civil Surgeon will use every reasonable endeavour to extend the practice of vaccination equally throughout his district, and will explain the origin, history and advantages of vaccination to the people amongst whom he works, especially to village headmen and natives of position and influence. He should, as often as convenient, vaccinate the children of such persons with his own hands, so as to ensure good results. And on the occurrence of small-pox in any part of his district, the Civil Surgeon will at once take steps to check its spread and to afford protection to the unprotected [by vaccination. He should be on the look-out for the occurrence of such cases, and on the first appearance of the disease at once combat its spread by the aid of his vaccinators. 3. The improvement of birth and death registration of both urban and rural circles in his district will be an important duty of the Civil Surgeon. And with that end in view he will examine the village chaukidars’ memorandum books of births and deaths and verify the entries by investigation on the spot. He will also examine the birth and death registers and returns kept at the police and municipal offices of his district as often as possible; he will note the condition of the registers and returns, the correctness or otherwise of the entries and total additions, and the probable amount of attention given to registration; and will record the results of each examination in the police station visitors’ book or municipal secretary’s minute-book, for the information of the Superintendent of Police or the Municipal Committee, as the case may be. 4. The sanitary inspection of towns and villages in all parts of his district will form an essential portion of the duties of a Civil Surgeon. He will, as far as the nature of his other duties permit, make tours of sanitary inspection and vaccination in all parts of his district. He will at the time of inspection make a record of the circumstances likely to produce disease, and submit a report thereof to the Sanitary Commissioner for transmission to Government, with such recommendations for improvement in the sanitary aspect of the place as may seem advisable. These sanitary inspections must be made by the Civil Surgeon himself, and not by any subordinate officer of the department. 5. The furtherance of measures for the improvement of the sanitary condition of villages in all parts of his district will be an important duty of the Civil Surgeon. He will use his best efforts to persuade villagers to abandon practices which tend to produce unhealthiness, and explain to them the evil consequences of neglected conservancy, of unprotected water-supply, of defective ventilation and faulty domestic hygiene. 6. On the occurrence of any undue sickness or mortality in any part of his district, the Civil Surgeon will at once report the circumstance to the Sanitary Commissioner, with a brief statement of the facts in regard to the undue sickness or mortality, and, if necessary, will himself proceed to the spot and personally investigate the circumstances. 7. Each Civil Surgeon will prepare and submit to the Sanitary Commissioner an annual sanitary report referring to the district in his medical charge, under the following heads or sections:_ I.—Vital statistics ; progress and improvement. II.—Chief diseases : general history, with special notice of “ fevers.” III. —Vaccination : progress and improvement. IV. —Sanitary works : civil. 8. Each Civil Surgeon will submit his vaccination returns to the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner of the circle in which his district is situated, and will address his correspondence in the vaccine department also to that officer. 9. It will be the duty of the Civil Surgeon to instruct the vaccination staff attached to dispensaries in his district in the elementary principles of sanitation and domestic hygiene, so as to qualify them for employment in sanitary work during the now-vaccinating season. 10. Each Civil Surgeon before employing any vaccinator in sanitary work, will invariably first communicate with the Deputy Commissioner apd work in consultation with him. 108. These duties it will be seen provide for more frequent inspections and more rigid supervision, Further suggestions for improve- the two great desiderata, which appear to me to be iudispensable to the meut of village conservancy. advancement of the cause of village conservancy. There is a general consensus of opinion amongst the district authorities, as to the necessity for some re-organized system of work in the matter of village conservancy, and some officers advocate the enforcement of the same by law. Such a means cannot, of course for obvious reasons, be resorted to ; at present I would recommend, however, that the entire responsibility for the cleanliness of a village be thrown on the lambardars and that they be empowered to raise, by private subscriptions, or in kind, or by any other means that may be considered most advisable by the civil authorities, a sufficient sum to enable them to maintain a fixed aud permanent conservancy establishment of 2 or 3 sweepers, and also to carry out, as far as is practicable, the suggestions that may be made to them during the inspection of the Civil Surgeon, and I would further suggest with a view to excite emulation amongst them, that the services of those who have rendered assistance to Medical officers and evinced interest in the cause of sanitation, be rewarded by|the grant of a recommendatory letter or khillat by Grovernment, which should be forwarded to the district authorities through this office. List of towns and villages im 109. The following is a list of towns and villages inspected by the spected by Deputy Sanitary Com- Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and Civil Surgeons from 1st April to 31st missioners and Civil Surgeons, December 1881 '_ List of towns and villages inspected by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners 1st April to 31st December 1881. and Civil Surgeons from District. Name of officer by whom inspected. Kcishidrpur Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, i Eastern Circle, Surgeon-Major J. >- Bennett, m.d. ... J Gurd&spur Ditto, ditto Si&lkot Ditto, ditto Rawalpindi Deputy Sanitary ' Commissioner, j Western Circle, Surgeon J. r O’Neill ... J Gurgaon Officiating Civil Surgeon, Gokal ( Chand ... ' Officiating Civil Surgeon, Sodhi \ Fatteh Singh ... J f Sirsa ... - Civil Surgeon, Apothecary R. Crossly ... -{ 1 1 .1 Name of town, village, or rural circle inspected. Mulierian T. Dussuah ... ... T. Dera Nanai? T. Kalanaur ... -T. Sidlkot T. Hussan Abdal T. Nuh T. Ghasera ... V. Sirsa T. Sahuwala V. Pipli V. Dalwali V. Lambi ... V. Malout V. Amiwala V. Fazilka T. Salim Shah ... V. Muzzum V. Hasta V. Bahak V. Ladhuka V. Ranawattu V. A lam Shah V. Muhammad Pira V. Jhangar V. Pakka or Gung Baksh y. Beguwala V. Shajrana V. Balluwana V. Qabarwala V. Abohar V. Khanya Khera V. Date of inspection. December Do. November Do. Do, November December Do, April November Do. Do. Do. Do, Do. Do, Do. Do, Do. Do. Do. Do, Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 19th 21st 28th and 29th 30th 20th 18th 30th 31st oth, 6th and 7th 3rd 4th 5th 7th 8th 9th 12th 15th 15th > ) 17th 18th 19 th 24th 25th List of towns and villages.— (continued) District. Name of officer by whom inspected. Name of town, village, or circle inspected. rural Date of inspection. Umballa Civil Surgeon, Surgeon-Major G. ) Shahabad T. December ... 8th Thomson, M. B. ••• ) Jullundur Surgeon-Major J. C. Penny, M. d. / Bangah Phillour T. T. April Do. 4th 9th Amritsar Surgeon-Major G. C. Ross Tarn Taran T. April 17 th r r Pope Naka V. Do. 2nd and 23rd Kamoki V. Do. 29th Moralliwal V. Do. 9 9 Ghakhar V. May 4th 1 Eminabad T. Do. 12 th Ramnaggar T. Do. 19 th Gagiwali V. October ... 6th Butranwala V. Bo. 9 9 Civil Surgeon, Honorary Surgeon j Talwandi Rahwali V. Do. 8th GujrAnwdla ... -{ Lohianwala V. Do. 99 R. J. Quinnell, m. d. ... -j Ferozwala V. Do. 13th Sansara V. Do. 20th Botalla Sliarm Singh... V, Do. 9 9 1 Magul Chack V. Do. 28th Man V. Do. 99 Kot Bhawani Das V. Do. 31st Pope Naka ... V. Do. 99 I l Buddoki V. .November ... 8th i t Bucha Chutta V. Do. 15 th r r Thikari V. April 9th Kulawala ... V. Do. 99 Lalamusa V. Do. Jhudawala V. Do. 10th Kharian V. Do. Serai Naurangabad ... V. Do. 12th Khokhar T. Bo. 99 i Sadulapur V. Do. 21st Phalian ;.. V. Do. 22nd Quadrabad V. Do. 23rd Kunjah T. Do. 24th Mangowal V. Do. >> 1 Jalalpur T. May 11th Karianwala V. Do. 12 th Kotla V. Do. 17 th Dulawala V. Do. 26th Dingah T. Do. 27th Mung V. Do. 28th Matawala V. Do. 29th Kharian V. September ... 28th Ivhohar V. Do. 29th Gujrat ... -J Civil Surgeon, Surgeon-Major J. R. Deane ••• “ Jalalpur Karianwala T. y. October Do. 22nd 23rd Daulatanagar V. Do. 28th Kotla V. Do. ... 29th Chachi V. November ... 10 th Dingah T. Do. 11th Mung V. Do. 12 th Dulawala y. Do. 13 th Matawala V. Do. 5) Saroki V. December ... 3rd Kothala V. Do. 5th Sadulapur V. Do. 9th Phalian V. Do. 10th Sirsa V. Do. 11th Qaudrabad V. Do. 99 Mangat V. Do. 12 th Dhoul ... V. Do. Mangowal ... V. Do. 14 th Chakmano V. Do. J) Kunjah T. Do. 99 Khohar V. Do. 19 th Lalamusa V. Do. 99 [ L 1 „ Kharian V. Do. 99 Shahpur Civil Surgeon, Surgeon G. F. f Ttti p.m T. December ... 8th < Girot T. Do. 14th Nicholson t Nurpur V. Do. 16th Mooltan . Civil Surgeon, Surgeon-Major R. Gray, m. b. > j Shujabad T. November ... 18th List of towns and villages.—(concluded). District. Name of officer by whom inspected. ' 1 Jhang ... Officiating Civil Surgeon, Bahadur Chetan Shah i Note.—T. denotes town, and V. village. Name of town, village, or circle inspected. rural Date of inspection, Ahmedpnr T. April 1st Hassan Balil V. Do. 4th Nadha Ghar V. June ... 8th Lan V. Do. 10th Kot Isi Shah V. Do. 9th Shorkot T. July 5th Jallalpur Kawlana ... V. Do. 7th Haweli Bahadur Shah V. Do. 9th Chaniot T. August 11th Kot Isa Shah V. September ... 8th Vasu and Astana V. October 14th Nekokara V. Do. 16 th Shorkot T. Do. 20th Ahmedpur T. Do. 18 th Kot IsA Shah V. December ... 3rd Mari Shah Sakhira ... V. Do. 5th MachhiwAl V. Do. 7th Mirak y. Do. 22nd Shorkot T. Do. 24th Dab Kalin V. Do. 25th Ahmedpur T. Do. 27th l_ Garh Maharaja y. Do. 29th Altogether 30 towns and 188 villages were inspected during the nine months of the current year. A summary of the more important of these is herewith given. Action taken by Municipal and District Committees on the suggestions made in the following Inspection Reports printed in the Sanitary Report for the year 1880- SRIGOVINDPUR TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT.) See list at page 77. m (a). Bad sanitation.—“The Committee have since made considerable progress in improving the sanitary condition of the town. (,h). Latrines and godoums for storage of filth.—" Could not be built for want of funds, but the natter will receive consideration whenever funds are availab e. (c) . Drainage of Dhdb near the town.—“ A kacha drain has been built to carry the water into the Dhab.” (d) . Drains.—11 Are now properly cleaned and washed.” . (<?). Protection to wells from contamination from broken drains. Nothing has been one yet or want of funds.” BATALA TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT.) See list at page 77. (a). Tank for flushing drains.—“ The Committee have arranged to build a tank for flushing the drains, and also to buy a well which will supply the former with water. depo M SffSS MS : will Jt &£££ 5ft Ide^nTsotfs -made to (e) . Latrines very filthy and dry-earth system not carried out.—“ Orders have been issued to the conservancy darogah to introduce the dry-earth system at once.” (f) . Slaughter-house.—“ The repairs of the platform and drains have already been taken in hand.” (g) . Washing clothes in the AndrkaU tank.—“ As there is no other place where clothes can be washed, there is no way of getting out of the difficulty at present.” (A). Brain discharging filthy and foul-smelling ivater into the Andrhali tank.—“ Arrangements are being made to stop filthy water running into the tank.” (i). Circular drain round the town to convey ivater aicay and not into the dhdbs round the town._ “ A project for a circular drain round the town is under the consideration of the Committee.” BAHRAMPUR TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT.) See list at page 77, (a) . Conservancy.—“ A Muhammadan ohaprassi and two sweepers have been added to the present staff; it is hoped that there will be an improvement in the conservancy arrangements of the town.” (b) . Manure godowns,—“ Site for ‘ gobar’ or manure godowns have been approved of by my predecessor. District fund £ beldars’ have been ordered to dig trenches round them, as the Municipal Committee have no money to build any sort of walls,” (c) . Latrines.—Latrines cannot be provided for want of funds.” (cl). Slaughter-houses,—" The two beef slaughter-houses are those at Bahrampur and Rai ur: the one at the latter place has nothing to do with Bahrampur, this place was filthy when my predecessor inspected it. Orders will be issued to keep it clean, otherwise the owner will be prosecuted for public nuisance. The slaughter-house at Bahrampur was clean inside when inspected by my predecessor, but the thicket of reeds and palm trees which surrounded it was full of bones, &c. The Tahsfldar has been ordered to cut down the reeds and to keep the place clean. The Committee have no funds to make any pucka drains. The District fund ‘ beldars ’ have been ordered to do what they could to improve the present kacha drains.” DIN AN AGAR TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT. See list at page 77. (a) . Site for vegetable sellers.'—“ The Municipal Committee have been instructed to select a site for vegetable sellers, and it is hoped that the suggestion will be carried into effect at a very early date.” (b) . Latrines—“ A latrine for women will be built at each of the two gates, and then a policeman will be posted to prevent nuisances being committed in its neighbourhood. A plan for a circular road round the town is under preparation.” (c) . Slaughter-house.—'“ The present slaughter house is 300 yards from the town walls, and is not therefore within Municipal limits. When my predecessor inspected the place it was not free from smell and he ordered the owner to put down fresh or dry earth where the cattle are slaughtered, that is to remove the top layer and put down a new one. It is, however, in contemplation to extend the Municipal limits so as to include it, when it is hoped to enforce the Municipal bye-laws as regards slaughter1 of cattle. The District Engineer has been directed to submit a proposal for two circular outfall drains.” KALKA TOWN (SIMLA DISTRICT.) See Appendix C df Report for 1880. His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor has sanctioned the following for the improvement of the sanitary condition of the above town, vide Punjab Government No. 277, dated 4th February 1882 to Commissioner and Superintendent, Umballa Division :— J ' (a). Latrines.—" The construction of three new latrines the cost of which is to be met from the balance m hand of the Kalka fund. A reference should be made to the Accountant-General to ascertain what, if any, balance of this fund exists.” (^)- Third class dispensary.—“ The establishment, as an experimental measure, of a third class dispensary at an estimated cost of Rs. 840 per annum, one-half of which is to be contributed voluntarily by the residents of Kalka.” 3 (c). Conservancy establishment.—“ The following revised scale of chaukiddrs and conservancy establishment:— Rs. 180 1 Naib-Ddroga @ Rs. 15 per mensem 8 Sweepers @ „ 5 „ each 8 Do. @ „ 4 8 Chaukiddrs @ „ 5 „ „ 3 Do. @ „ 4 Contingencies 480 384 180 144 72 Total Rs. 1,440 (d) . Act XX of 1856.—“ The extension of Act XX of 1856, to Kalka with a view to funds being raised to meet the charges now sanctioned; the amount so raised being added to the Kalka fund.” (e) . Miscellaneous.—“ The assignment of the net receipts from encamping grounds in Kalka to the Kalka fund. Your proposals for improving the water-supply of the town are also approved.” The extension of Act XX of 1856, to Kalka will be duly notified in the “ Punjab Gazette.” SIALKOT TOWN. See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 91. The Deputy Commissioner is adopting measures to carry out the suggestions made “ for the improvement of the above town by the Sanitary Commissioner.” FATEHGARH TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 116. (а) . Drainage.—“The mistri has been ordered to prepare a comprehensive plan for the drainage of the town.” (б) . Fort ditch.—“The owner of the fort declines to fill in the ditch, the report of the Committee with plan is under consideration of the President.” (c) . Leather bottles manufactory.—“ This manufactory should be removed outside the town. A Sub-Committee has been appointed for selecting a site for the purpose.” (d) . Wells.—“ They will be cleared out as soon as funds are available.” (e) . Manure godowns.—“ The formation of manure godowns is under consideration and the suggestion will be acted upon.” ( f). Conservancy establishment.—“ To give effect to proper sanitary arrangements the conservancy establishment will be supplemented by additional hands.” • (<]). Holes or chappars and tanks.—Holes or chappars will be drained and cultivated as soon as funds are available. The supplying of the tank with the water from these chappars will be prohibited, and will, in future, be fed from the canal. KALANAUR TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 118. (a) . Paving of roads.—“ The repairs will be executed as soon as funds are available.” (b) . Drains.—“ As the drains are not on a level with the surface, water cannot smoothly run in them. These will be'renewed, when funds will admit of their being done. Necessary repairs will bo executed when funds are available to the drains near wells. (c) . Public latrines.—■“ Will be attended to when funds are available.” (d) . Street ref use.—“ Orders have been issued to deposit the street refuse at a great distance from the town.” (<?). Slaughter-house.—■“ The slaughter-house is not within the beat of the municipality ; traders in hides put up there with butchers.” (/). Tank.—“ A flushing tank will be built as soon as funds are available ; people have been instructed to get their drinking water from wells up the Kiru.” ( 10G ) EMINABAD TOWN (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 120. (a) . “ The Municipal Committee have agreed to close the Muhammadan burial ground, portion of which is inside the circular road, as suggested by Dr. Bellew.” (b) . “ The Committee have issued notices to all the owners whose houses are in ruins to re-build or remove the same within a certain period, and to pull down and level the ruins of arches and walls along some of the streets, to allow free circulation of air.” (c) . Dr. Bellew remarks that the conservancy establishment is insufficient and recommends that the establishment be increased. “ The Committee have carried out this recommendation to improve the conservancy arrangements, two extra sweepers and two bhishtfs having been appointed for the purpose.” (d) . “ For the purposes of conservancy, the town has been divided into wards and each member has been made responsible for having his ward kept clean.” (e) . “ With reference to Dr. Bellew’s suggestion for deriving income from utilization of town sweepings and refuse, the Committee have resolved to assert its right to remove town sweepings. Four convenient sites have been appointed at different places for the storage of manure, and its sale from there. The Municipal and other sweepers have been ordered to carry all sweepings and refuse to the appointed sites.” (/). “The Committee have prohibited the burning of dead bodies elsewhere than at the selected places, as Sanitary Commissioner remarked that some bodies were carried away to wells, &c., and in accordance with his suggestion the number of burial places for Muhammadans has been reduced to four.” (g). “The Municipal Committee have ordered estimates; (1) for repairing pavements in streets, which are urgently in need of repair; (2) for making water-coarses to the two sarai wells; and (3) for repairing latrines, and the members will see in future that they are kept clean.” BOTALA VILLAGE (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT.) See list at page 77 of Sanitary Report for 1880. (a). “ A translation of the Sanitary Commissioner’s remarks will be communicated to Sirdar Jhanda Singh and his son, who are Honorary Magistrates and reside in the village of Botala, and they will be asked to help in improving the sanitary condition of the village.” JALALPUR TOWN (GUJRAT DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 120. (a). “ The necessary steps have been taken by the Municipal Committee of the town to carry out the suggestions of the Civil Surgeon and the Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab.” DINGAH TOWN (GUJRAT DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 122. (a) . “ The storage places of sweepings to be walled in. The Native Doctor, Mir Hyder has the details.” (b) . “ Three katcha tanks to be reserved for the people to bathe in. This water not to be drunk by them ; and all animals to be excluded from these, which should be protected by low walls or by a hedge. All the other chappai s and pools of water to be kept for cattle, no human beings to enter there.” (c) . “ There is only one female sweeper for two latrines ; one more is required.” (d) . “ A cell for the storage of dry earth should be built near each latrine, the cell to be vaulted not flat roofed to keep out leakage, seats with earthen vessels to be provided for the latrines.” {e). “ The latrine sewage which is now buried in trenches should be sold to increase the income for conservancy purposes : baskets and shovels for sweepers, &c.” (f) . “ The slaughter place should be enclosed by a low wall.” (g) . “ The wells in the town should be cleared out during the year ; one or two each month.” (A). “The Sanitary primers should be distributed by members to zaildars and lambardars for the education and communication of contents to the people.” (i). “ One or two bhishtis should be entertained to flush drains in dry weather, and to sprinkle the Bazars street.” MANGOWAL VILLAGE (GUJRAT DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 121. (a). “ Orders have been issued to the Tahsildar to have the suggestions of the Sanitary Commissioner carried out as far as possible.” MATAWALA, CHAK VASAWA, SAHIDWALI, DULAWALA, CHACH1 and MUNG VILLAGES (GUJRAT DISTRICT). See list at page 77. (a) “ Orders have been issued for the suggestions of the Sanitary Commissioner being carried out as far as possible.” AHMADPUR TOWN and SHORKOT VILLAGE (JIIANG DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 122 and list at page 77. fu) “ Commendatory parwanahs have been given to Makhdum Jalal, and his agent RadhaRam, as directed, and a report will be submitted, when further action is taken with reference to the remarks of the Sanitary Commissioner.” ATHARA HAZARI VILLAGE (JHANG DISTRICT.) See list at page 76. (a) “ The public sarais are now quite clean and there is no fault in their conservancy.” (b) “ Lambardars have established a manure godown at a distance of 200 Karams from the village and the manure collected in the village has been carried away to that place. MUZAFFARGARH TOWN (MUZAFFARGARH DISTRICT.) See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 102. (n\ « pronosed bv the Secretary that godowns, 40 feet square, with enclosure walls 3 feet high, be formed for the collection of all filth, refuse, and rubbish of every description. Resolved that 4 godowns be formed outside the town at a distance of 600 feet from the town walls, one at each of the four wells Beowala Okhanwala, Bukhariwala, and Mitanwala. The native members should first select and mark the sito’ and after approval by the President and the Civil Surgeon of the station, the godowns should be erected Mistri to prepare an estimate for making the enclosure walls. Each godown should be divided into two portions by a partition wall one foot high. Filth should be collected m one portion for one month, and in the other during the succeeding month, and so on audjhonld be sold for cash after it has been kept for one month. It should be sold at the following rates. Rs. A. P. 100 donkey loads ... ••• ••• •** i n O Application for the purchase of filth from the godown at Begwala well, should be made to Lakhu ~ at Okhanwala well to Javinda Ram, from the godown at Bukhariwala well to Thak’ar Mai, from the godown at Mitanwala well to Ditto Ram, and the members aforesaid should it supplied to applicants through the servants of the Committee. (b). “ Proposed by the Secretary that the contract of sale of town sweepings be cancelled and kept sweepers have no objection to the contract being cancelled, the contract be n Resolved that 1881 and the filth be collected in godowns. As the sweepers m the CanToveof fhTmunidpality are the contractors of the sweepings, they keep their donkeys for carrying -..o.«s.“»»• «*-;■ „„ (A “ Proposed that the sinks at the Southern gate be filled up and the drains levelled from the +_ fWharcre into the circular drain. Sa 8’ S°Rcsolved that estimates be prepared by the mistri for the above and after sanction of the esti- mntes the works be carried out. . , , l A “ P-onosed that the low places, in the roads where water stands after rain, be raised by ing ut makino the road pucka Resolved that estimates be prepared by the mistri, mrtfh’ filUnUn k!w places in the road, and (2) for making the road around the town pucka.” ( ) , , «Proposed that pavements be made « mahipusht” (convex) instead of concave. Resolved 1 > Vmlfls good for wide streets ; but it cannot be adopted for narrow lanes as in having them that this Plan g bave to be ided 0Q both sideSj and therefore the path will become too narrow. (/). "Proposed that the refuse from stables and other places where cattle slaud should be removed by the owners or by the conservancy establishment. Resolved that a proclamation he made in the town, that such refuse, if not removed bv the owners witnin two days, will be removed by the conservancy establishment to the godowns.” . . . >>• " The nuraber of def!ths registered in the Register of births and deaths is more than that of births. Tim experience of t.ie world shows that population is increasing not decreasing Tf je clear that the births are not registered. Resolved that the members be asked to pay attention°to these registers and to exercise careful supervision. The registers should be attested by the members weeklv and^offenders against the bye-laws regarding the registration of births and deaths should be chalaued (h) . “ The members pay little or no attention to the bye-laws in force in this Municipalitv scarcely any offender is ever chalaued. Resolved, that the attention of the members be invited to this. Rangu Ram, Moliann of Registration of births and deaths who is particularly responsible for the conservancy of the town, be directed to send a written report of any act or omission a Just the bye-laws, to the member within whose charge the act or omission occurs, and be held responsible for due do“nP so261 tl0n ^ Sh°Uld Chalaa the ^ if he fiuds Sufficieut reason for (i) . Resolved that the above proposals be submitted to the President for confirmation. All the proposals are confirmed with the following amendments :_ (1) . There is no necessity of fixing any particular price. The highest offer should be accepted (2) . There is no necessity that purchasers should apply to any particular member for manure application should be made to the Secretary. The godowns should be formed at once. K01IAT TOWN (KOHAT DISTRICT). See Sanitary Report for 1880, page 125. sionera“deSired”e SChme ^ “bmi“ed for the aPP^al of the Sanitary Commis- Summary of Inspection Reports inspected by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners of the Eastern and Western Circles, Punjab. (By Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle.) SIALKOT. Inspected on the 20th November 1881. The sanitary defects as described in the Sanitary Commissioner’s Inspection Report of 2Isf nnf» Streets and drains. 22nd March 1881 remain unchanged, no attempt at carrying out the improvements therein proposed, having yet been made. ° From wells, 222 inside ami 15 outside the town. The depth of the wells inside the town is a Water-supply. 1 e ov®r ol ieet, the distance between the water-level and the mouth of , , f c. ,we being about 58 feet; in a well outside the town in almost constant use for purposes of irrigation, the water-level was 46' 10" from the surface A T the water being 8 5". Samples of water from three different wells were nnoHtoVi P,h °} with the following results water taken from the irrmatina- well iust referred to whiVh—J7 aaalyzed’ 300 yards from the outskirts of the town, shewed the pSe^ minute quantity, there being no nitrates or ammonia, while in a sample taken from a welMnside^he town, in mohalla Babnan, the water of which was highly spoken of bv the native^ ul? d , sweet and much used by Hindds, was found to contain smv^e salts in treat a die VT “3 nitrates, with ammonia in smaller amount. The co-incS pr^^seLrof ohrnt d ’ Chloi:ides ?nd to sewage pollution both old and recent. In another well close to mohalla Tibba Rh^d^ST P°in3tS the town, not a trace of sewage contamination could be found ^ ^ °UtSlde There are 17 latrines, 10 for females and 7 for males. They consist of a row of compartments for Latrines. males on the outside of a high wall, which, as a rule, encloses^ large space floor being kacha, and there b“ ntoTTcat!« althounhT ^ V dean on the surface, omitted the ammomacal odour of decomposing urine on bein’g dug- up earth system was not being efficiently carried out; there was So dry^ earth Tn stofe VroJotl intended for storing it being used as a sleeping apartment by the sweepers in chari nZ\nthfle wasdasN- 4usei leased for Rs 96.^ b prepared m the usual way and stored. The privy soil is Recommends that the attention of the Municipal authorities be invited to the remarks of Remarks by Sanitary Commis- the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, under the head “ Chief sanitary sioner. defects.’’ Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. (a). The pavement of the main streets has been repaired since the visit of the Sanitary and Deputy Sanitary Commissioners. The drains have been put in order. Pavement drainage. The Committee have provided Rs. 2,000 in the ensuing year’s Budget for the circular drain recommended to be constructed by the Sanitary Commissioner. This is a work of some magnitude and it will take time to complete it, as the Committee caunot afford to allot more than two or three thousand per annum for it. It will cost at least Rs. 15,000. Some difficulty has been experienced in gettin" a correct plan and estimate prepared ; the assistance of the Department Public Works is required, and the matter has formed the subject of a separate reference to the Commissioner. The Committee would be glad if the Department Public Works could undertake the work, and are prepared to pay for supervision up to 25 per cent, of the prime cost, (vide Deputy Commissioner’s No. 178, dated 16th November 1881, to Commissioner and Superintendent). (b) . Sites have been selected for seven manure godowns, two of these godowns have already been Sale of night soil and town built, one in Mainapura and the other outside the Mori gate. Both of sweepings. them are pucka enclosures. (c) . The cylinders and platforms of 10 of the wells in the city have been repaired thoroughly, the embankment round these wells has been made to slope outwards so as Water-supply. prevent waste water running back into the wells. A waste water gutter leading to the nearest street drain has been provided for each of these wells. (d). The Committee will take the matter of increasing the conser- Conservancy establishment. vancy staff as soon as the manure godowns are ready. (e). The latrines have been repaired. The Sanitary Commissioner’s suggestions about having covered latrines and providing them with proper ventilation will be borne Latrines. .q mjn(j an(j w[]j be carried out, should any more latrines be required. Glazed receptacles (or gamlahs) will be provided in all the latrines. (/). The plan and estimate of the slaughter-houses at Delhi, which has been recommended by the Sanitary Commissioner as a model, have been repeatedly called for; Slaughter-houses. ag soou ag tliey are received measures will be taken to construct them here on the same style.. Grave yards and cremation (g). As funds became available the Committee intended to enclose grounds. grave yards and cremation grounds with walls. DERA NANAK TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT.) Inspected on the 28th and 29th November 1881. Dera Nanak is an open town of an irregularly oblong form, situated near the left bank of the Ravi, about two miles from the present bed of the river. During the Preliminary remarks. raing and when the fl00(]s are very heavy, the river spreads out over its old bed and reaches its former bank on which the town is built. Until four years ago the river ran close to the walls, and having for several years been gradually eating more and more into the left bank, threatened the destruction of the town, a protective embankment had to be constructed two miles further up, which deflected the course of the stream into its piesent channel. Only two of the main streets are paved and. drained, the surfaces being well convexed with good serviceable drains on either side, with the exception of two or Streets and drains. throe other streets of small dimensions ; the rest of the town is unpaved and undrained. A long street running East and West through the length of the town, is always in an extremely dirty state ; every year during the rains the sewage and surface water of a fourth part of the town pours into this street throughout three-fourths of its length, where it is about two and a halt feet below the general level, the water in many places being about two feet deep. . it is very desirable that this low lying portion be raised, paved and drained. Owing to the very defective state of the surface drainage, the ground on the outskirts to the North and West during a great part of the rainy season is inundated, the water draining away slowly over the fields towards the Naomani Nuddi, which flows past about a mile to the South. An efficient system of surface drainage is particularly required at this point, and if sufficient funds are available, should be carried out with as little delay as possible. A large kacha drain made between the Mulk Raj gate, where the Batala road begins and the Naomani Nuddi, would probably meet the requirements of the case. There is no regular system of sewerage or surface drainage, the gutters and drains discharging System Of sewerage, drainage & their contents in the most irregular manner into holes and depressions conservancy arrangements in force, jn the ground both inside and outside the town, there to stagnate until carried away by the monsoon rains. The conservancy arrangements are somewhat deficient, and the removal of filth appears to be very irregularly carried out. The sweepings are sold to a contractor for Rs. 650 a year, being an increase of Rs. 288 over that for previous year ; with better management and more care taken in collecting the sweepings in places set apart for the purpose on the outskirts this source of revenue could with ease be considerably increased. From wells. There are 92 wells all of which are inside the town. The average depth of three Water-supply wells measured was fr°m the surface of the ground to the water level 16' 11", and the average depth of the water was 5' 6". The analysis of samples of water taken from these showed an absence of chlorides and nitrates, but in one ammonia was found present in large quantity, and in smaller quantity in another specimen, sulphates to a small extent were found in all three. On the other hand, in a shallow well into which water filtered from an adjacent tank, chlorides and sulphates were found in great abundance. Here the soil and subsoil to a depth of three or four feet was impregnated with reh salts, and having small nodular masses of kankar interspersed through it, and to this no doubt the salinity of the water in the well is due. T . . There are no latrines. People go to the fields and the old bed Latrmes- of the Ravi. One cremation ground about half a mile above the town, near the bank of the river. During Cremation and burial grounds. the rains . is frequently under water. Two burial grounds, one situated at a distance of half a mile from the town towards the West, and the other about a mile to the South of the town on the Amritsar road. Both are open spaces; little or no care appears to be taken of the one inspected. Recommends that the Municipal authorities be asked to consider the practicability of constructing Remarks by Sanitary Commis- serviceable surface drains to carry off the flood waters of this town, as Bloner- suggested by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, and that better arrangements be made for the scavenging of the town, and disposal of filth and sweepings. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. (a) . A plan and estimate is being prepared by the Municipal Committee for raising the low- lying portions of the road and constructing proper drains. (b) . In estimate, with Committee’s proceedings, has been submitted for a large katcha drain: it is under Deputy Commissioner’s consideration. (c) . The Members of the Committee have been made responsible for proper conservancy arrangements, and the sweepings, &c., of the town have been ordered to be collected on the outskirts in places set apart for the purpose. (d) . The Committee have proposed to build a wall round the burial grounds. (e) . Estimates are being prepared for the purpose of draining the inundated tract of ground inside the town and its vicinity. KALANAUR TOWN (GURDASPUR DISTRICT). Inspected on the 30th November 1881. Kalanaur, is a walled town of no great size, situated near the left bank of the “ Kirin Nuddi,” about ... 15 miles distant from Gurdaspur on the road leading to the Sialkot lmmary remar vs. district, via Dera Nanak, built on the ruins of a former town said to be of great antiquity ; its site is a good deal raised above the plain, rising in the centre to an eminence, on which are the remains of an old fort, and from which a fairly extensive view of the surrounding country is obtained. The outskirts are fairly well wooded on three sides, and cultivation is carried on to within a short distance of the walls of the town. To the North and East of the town, at about 300 yards distance, runs the “ Kirin Nuddi,” and ponds of considerable size are situated near the walls on the North, Northeast, and South. When the floods come down during the rains, inundations from the “ Kirin ” into which these ponds are drained, take place, and surrounding the walls on almost all sides, to the North and West presenting a sheet of water varying from a mile and a half to two miles in breadth, give the town the appearance of being situated on an island. In the bazars the streets are paved in the usual way, sloping from the centre to shallow side drains Streets and drains °n e*^ier s^e- The streets were fairly clean, but out of repair in several ms‘ places; the drains were unevenly laid and leaky, allowing of percolation into the soil of sewage water, which in many parts was seen to be stagnant. The side streets and alleys were for the most part found to be ill kept, and the house drains, as a rule, were in a filthy condition; the roadways were payed, but with irregular surfaces, and sloping towards a very shallow drain in the centre. In the highest point of the city is a well from which almost the whole of the drains throughout the town could be flushed with little or no difficulty, and at no great expenditure of money. The gutters and drain discharge their contents all round the skirts of the town, 'some into ponds System of sewerage, drainage and jhils, others into hollows on the surface of the ground, to be washed and conservancy arrangements in away during the rainy season, into the “ Kirin Nuddi.” One large baz&r *orce’ drain issuing from the town at the Lahori gate, ends in a cut in the ground about 80 yards from the town, its contents finally finding their way into the stream just mentioned. The sweepings and house refuse are removed by the municipal sweepers once a day to places set aside for the purpose in the out skirts of the town, whence the filth is taken away by a contractor and used for burning bricks. None of the sites are enclosed, and the sweepings are left for an indefinite time, to be blown about by the wind. The contractor should be made to remove the filth daily, and the sites should be enclosed. The sum realized from this source came to Rs. 220 in 1880-81, against Rs. 280 during current year. There are 72 wells inside the walls of the town from which drinking water is obtained. The depth Water-supply s^x we^s measured varied from 55 feet 6 inches on the highest point in PP y‘ the middle of the town, to 17 feet 2 inches on the outskirts, the respective depths from the surface of the ground to the surface of the water being 47 feet 8 inches, and 5 feet 6 inches, showing a rise of about 42 feet from the circumference of the town to its centre. Specimens of water taken from three wells inside the town were analysed, and the results compared with those obtained from the analysis of water taken from two wells outside. In all, the water was clear and sparkling without taste or smell, in the former the tests for chlorides gave a dense precipitate, and that for sulphates a considerable precipitate, while in the latter samples the indication of the presence of these salts was very slight; the chlorides therefore, in the wells situated inside the town, were probably derived from sewage at a comparatively remote period. In a well used for irrigation purposes, situated in a field near the sewage drain before alluded to, chloride precipitate was not only very dense, but was also of a blackish colour, showing the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen, and ammonia, also, was found in large quantity. Here is a notable example of the dangerous extent, to which a well unprotected by a parapet may become contaminated by the overflow of water mixed with sewage into it during the monsoon rains. Latrines. There are no latrines. People go to the fields. There are three cremation grounds. Open spaces to 800 and 400 yards distance from the town. _ ,. ,, . , , There are twelve burial mounds, only one of which is enclosed. Three large ones are at some distance from the town, the others are m the suburbs. It would be advisable to curtail the number, and the areas of all should be enclosed. Recommends that the Municipal Committee be invited to hold a special meeting with the view to giving practical effect to the Deputy Sanitary Commissioners Remarks by Sanitary Commis- recommenc[ations. Arrangements for the proper drainage and conservancy 8ioner © 1 i ^ o # »» of the town should be made as early as practicable, as also, the improvement of the town wells. Each well should be provided with a parapet and waste water conduit of masonry. The cremation grounds should be enclosed. Requests that a report may be forwarded to this office as soon as the improvements mentioned have been taken in hand. MOKERIAN TOWN (HOSHIARPUR DISTRICT.) Inspected on the 19th December 1881. This town is situated on an almost level plain, on the road leading to the Nowshera ferry on the Beas river, which is about 11 miles distant. On three sides it is Preliminary remarks. surrounded by cultivated fields and gardens, with large ponds, into which the sewage of the town is discharged, here and there intervening ; and on its Southern skirt lies the village of Tikkowal. The ground slopes somewhat from the centre of the town to its circumference, where the surface is slightly under the general level; but the general direction of the line of drainage is from the North-east to South-west, towards the river. The main streets are paved with brick in the usual manner, but on a wrong principal, being concave towards the centre, in which a shallow mid-line gutter runs. Streets and drams. The surfaces 0f the roadways are, in many places, very irregular, and, together with the mid-line gutters, are in a somewhat dilapidated condition; and water mixed with house slops, &c., was seen to be stagnant in the middle of the streets along the course of the drains. Both the main streets and the gullies were for the most part in a dirty unwholesome condition, and no regular system of sweeping seemed to be carried out. It would be advisable to repave the main thoroughfares, on the improved plan, with convex roadways and open saucer shaped drains on either side. The combined surface water and sewage of about half the town, conducted by the mid drains System of sewerage, drainage along the centres of the streets collects in a large open main drain built and conservancy arrangements in in part of solid masonry, and said to have been constructed about 50 years force. ago. This drain, passing close to the foundation of Sardar Bur Singh’s house, ends in the immediate vicinity outside the wall of the town, in a deep open cut in the ground through which the sewage is discharged into a large pond situated on the outskirts to the South. Throughout the dry season of the year, the drains never being flushed, well and sewage water, mixed with foul and offensive debris in a state of decomposition, is allowed to stagnate in this sewer, which is practically a cesspool until its contents are carried off by the monsoon rains. This mass of stagnant, decomposing sewage is in dangerous proximity to Sardar Bur Singh’s house, to Whom the advisability of having it cleaned out, and keeping the drain in a clean wholesome condition was pointed out. The contents of the drains of the Northern half of the town are discharged on the outskirts there to lie in depressions on the surface until scoured into an adjoining pond during the rains. Not unfrequently, during the rainy season, an overflow of water from this pond is said to take place, flooding the Western skirt of the town. Passing near the thanah and school, the flood water finds its way into a small pond at the South-east corner of the town, whence again overflowing and passing over several fields is for the most part discharged into a bathing tank to the South-west. A more efficient system of surface drainage in and around the town is urgently required, deep cuts in the ground, laid out in the line of drainage could be made at but little expense, whereby a considerable portion of the overflow water from the ponds would be carried off, and the extent of inundation said to take place every monsoon season diminished. The sweepings of the town are sold to a contractor, and burnt on brick kilns, situated at some considerable distance from the town ; but not much attention would appear to be paid to conservancy arrangements by the Members of the Municipal Committee. From twenty-five wells inside, and eight outside, the town. Samples of water were collected from Water su 1 three wells inside the town and analysed qualitatively the following day. In only one were there traces of sewage pollution, in the form of chlorides and sulphates, detected, the other two samples being comparatively free from these salts. A standard sample, with the analysis of which the results obtained from the town water were compared, taken from a well in a garden near the town, showed the underground water in this locality to be unusually pure and wholesome. The average depth of the wells examined was 12' 3”, the maximum depth being 16' 3", and the minimum 11' 2". There are three latrines for females, oblong quadrangular spaces of ground, with simple earthen Latrines fl°°r enclosed in walls. The floors of the two inspected by me were seen to be in a very filthy state, being sodden, more or less with urine, and covered with excrement; and immediately outside the walls the ground to a considerable extent presented an appearance similar to that found inside. The filth is contracted for and sold to zamindars for manure, but no regular system of removal seems to be observed. If these places were properly conserved, and the filth collected in places set apart for the purpose, and sold, the income from this source might be considerably increased. There are no latrines for males. There are four cremation grounds all of which are unenclosed. One is near a pond about half a Cremation and Wiai crowds mile from the town> another is close to the town on the west side, and the Cremation and burial ground. ^ ,g aW ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ fairly clean. There are three burial grounds also without walls. It appeared that but little care was taken of the one inspected by me ; they are at too great a distance from the town to have an injurious effect on the public health. An improved system of surface and underground drainage, by drying the soil and lowering the Remedial measures to be adopt- level of the ground water, would no doubt be attended with the most favored and other suggestions. able results in improving the general health of the population, and in greatly diminishing the death-rate. Recommends that the attention of the Municipal Committee be invited to the faulty state Remarks by Sanitary Commis- of their street drainage, and to the other sanitary defects pointed out by siouer' the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. The Deputy Sanitary Commissioner’s remarks were translated and explained by the Deputy Commissioner of Hoshiarpur to the Municipal Committee of Mokerian; and suitable orders given to remedy the defects noted, as far as possible, to improve the sanitary condition of the town. DASUYA TOWN (HOSHIARPUR DISTRICT.) Inspected on the 21st December 1881. Streets and drains. The main streets are paved, with convex roadways and open side drains, but the side streets are concave with the usual mid-line gutter coated with blackened sewage deposit. In many places the roadways are irregular on the surface with numerous depressions favoring stagnation of water and soakage into the soil. The side drains as a rule, were badly constructed and many of them were seen to be in a dilapidated state, presenting irregularities of channel which greatly retard the flow of sewage. The main line of drainage runs from the direction of the old citadel on the North side of System of sewerage, drainage, the town towards the outlet drain on the South side, with a fall of about and conservancy arrangements in 60 feet between these points. The town drainage is, for the most part force' collected in this drain and emptied into a cutting recently made through the marshy tract lying between the South side of the town and the tahsil, police station and other Government buildings situated about a quarter of a mile to the South on the edge of what used to be the marsh, but which is now being re-cleaned, and brought under cultivation. The drainage of the West side of the town finds its way into a wide sandy “ Nulla ” or ravine which bounds Dasuya on the North ; on the East side part of the town drainage is discharged on the surface near the outskirt. The drainage outfall is very good, and were the drains and gutters constructed on the modern plan, and kept in a better state of repair, there would be no difficulty in providing for an efficient outlet for the sewage and surface water of the town. In former years, when there was no outlet for the water of the marsh above-mentioned, the greater portion of the land on three sides of the town was under water while in the autumn the soil and subsoil in the low-lying parts of the town, and where the Government offices stand, are said to have become water-logged and unhealthy to a very high degree, the level of the ground water rising to within a few inches of the surface. Since the completion of the main drain about a year ago, the marsh is said to be rapidly drying up, and the excessive humidity of soil of the land adjoining it has thereby been considerably diminished, while at the same time the level of the ground water has subsided to a greater distance from the surface; the result being a very material improvement in the health of the town population. There is still excessive moisture of soil for the lessening of which a more efficient system of surfaoe, combined with under-ground drainage is requisite. This would not only benefit the public health, but would also be useful for agricultural purposes. The construction of drains, such as are ordinarily made in carrying out land drainage, having an outfall into the main drainage channel, could, it is believed, be effected at but comparatively small expense. The sweepings and house refuse are said to be removed every morning by the municipal sweepers to unenclosed places set apart for the purpose outside the town, whence the filth is removed by a contractor and used as fuel and manure. The amount realized from its sale last year was Rs. 5*4, being about a third of what might be obtained from this source under better management. From tube wells, of which 76 are within, and 23 outside Municipal limits. In the former the . depth from the surface to the water level varies from 14' 8" in the low lying a er supp y. parts, to 62' 9" in the highest point of the town, the average of five wells measured being 30' T". In a well close to the Government offices the depth was found to be only 2' 6", the soil and subsoil of the adjoining encamping ground having been found, as has already been mentioned, to be excessively humid. As ascertained by qualitative examination, samples of water taken from four wells in the interior of the town showed serious organic contamination. There was no evidence of recent pollution in the shape of ammonia, but chlorides, sulphates and nitrates were found to be present in abundance. In a fifth well situated in an open space near the ruins of the citadel, and well above the area of probable pollution, ammonia, arising probably from the decomposition of dead leaves, was present, but no traces of the salts, above-mentioned, were found. Some twelve years ago, a leper is said to have been drowned in this well, and, although the body was taken out shortly after the accident had happened, the water was considered to have been irreparably contaminated, and has never since been used. As far as my examination went the water of this well appeared to be, in every way, more wholesome and better fitted for domestic use than that of any other well in the town. Analysis of a sample of water taken from the well near the encamping ground at a considerable distance from the area of pollution, also showed that the ground water in this locality was really of good quality, and that the excess of saline matter found in the town wells is probably derived from sewage pollution. On examining the shaft of a new well recently made, I found that it had been sunk through a stratum composed, for the most part, of sand and clay blackened in many places with a sewage looking deposit, and having layers of broken bricks irregularly interspersed in it, with a whitish saline efflorescence on the surface. It need hardly be remarked that wells should not be sunk in a formation made up of debris already contaminated with organic matter, as in the instance here given, or that water obtained from such a source is likely to be fitted for domestic use. Recommends that this report be forwarded for the information of the Deputy Commissioner and Remarks by Sanitary Commis- Civil Surgeon of Hoshiarpur, and that whatever action be determined upon sioner. to remedy the sanitary defects pointed out by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, this office be informed of the same in due course. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. (a) . Drainage of the land still marshy, to be completed as far as possible. (b) . Of the Rs. 600 now in the hands of the Committee, Rs. 200 will be expended in erecting and repaving latrines, Rs. 100 on cleaning the wells of town, and Rs. 100 on paving part of it. The Deputy Sanitary Commissioner’s remarks on the pollution of wells by drainage were explained by the. Committee. (By the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Western Circle.) HUSSAN-ABDAL VILLAGE (RAWALPINDI DISTRICT.) Inspected on the 18th November 1881. on the line of railway, is within two and a half hours run of Rawalpindi. Formerly there was a Magistrate stationed here, and it is since the transfer of his office to Attock the unsatisfactory state of affairs to be described, maybe said to have commenced. Every little street in the village, was, it is believed, inspected, the lambardars and Thanadar being present during inspection. This village, situated Preliminary remarks. The filthy state of the village could scarcely be imagined. Every lane was strewn with dung leaves, and grass. Wherever in the village a little open space could be estionssanitary clefects an<* sug' found, manure and ashes were stacked. Every yard had its heap of dirt, the accumulation of the soil of cattle. Around the village the people obeyed the calls of nature, within a trifling distance of the houses. There are two latrines well built and conveniently situated. Both were inspected. The women’s latrine was very dirty, while as for the men’s it was in such a state that no wonder the ground immediately outside the walls of the latrines was used rather than one should enter such a latrine shocking in its filth. There are two sarais, one a Government sarai, the other a work of charity. The former was clean, only it is believed because it was seldom frequented, but the latter was in keeping with the dirt of the village, and in its centre was a large heap of manure resting in a well marked hollow which had probably been the site of a well. There are three sweepers, but as no one in the village claims any authority over them, they do as little, as they can. It was suggested that such a state of dirt and filth be at once removed. The matter is simple, it requires only labour and most ordinary supervision. Recommends that the Deputy Commissioner summon the lambardars with the view to consider- Remarks by Sanitary Commis- ing the best means of carrying out the sanitary improvements suggested sioner. by the Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Western Circle. Summary of Inspection Keports received from Civil Surgeons up to end of December 1881. NUH TOWN (GURGAON DISTRICT). Inspected on the 30f/t December 1881. This town which is on a height, is situated at a distance of 26 miles to the South-west of the , civil station, and on the four sides of which low caste people dwell. ie lminary lemai -s. About 2 miles from this town, towards the North, there is a large pool of water, called “ Chandini jhfl,” which receives the rain water of the whole surroundings, and where it lodges for a greater part of the year. During heavy rains the water rises to the walls of the town, and the whole place remains damp for a considerable period. Salt is abundantly produced here by the following process:—Pans are dug out in the earth, plastered with lime, and then filled up with water from the wells. After a period of about 8 months, the supernatant water is thrown off, and that at the bottom crystalizes. It is afterwards stored up in pits. The salt thus procured answers the purpose of that dug out of the mines, except that it is a little more acid in taste. The streets are very narrow. During the rains water collects all about the place. There are no Streets and drains surface drains to carry off the water, and the consequence is that it is obliged to run in its natural course. There is no system of sewerage or drainage. The streets and lanes are cleaned by “ chabacha ” (tank) water. The town is divided into divisions for whose cleanliness and^conservancy^airangements^in each Member of the Municipal Committee is responsible,, the whole being force. superintended by the Tahsfldar, who takes great interest in the work. Water for drinking purposes is obtained from wells situated about half a mile from the town, Water-supply that of the wells in the town and its immediate neighbourhood being saline and bitter. There are two or three wells that supply good and wholesome water in the neighbourhood. These are situated at the banks of the tanks. There is a small katcha compound outside the city wall reserved as a slaughter-house. It is Slaughter-houses divided into two compartments by a katcha wall, which, however, always comes down in the rains. One is used for sheep and goats, and the other for kine. The place for goats and sheep should be quite separate and at a distance from that of the kine. 4 ( H5 ) The burial grounds are at a distance of about 50 yards to the West of the town walls, and the cremation ground at a similar distance to the East. Ihe Tahsildar states that they will shortly be removed to some distance from the town. Cremation and burial grounds. Nuh is known to be the unhealthiest place in the Gurgaon district. Fever is always more or Miscellaneous. less prevalent, and the people are ansemic and generally unhealthy. Remedial measure to be adopted and other suggestions. If arrangements be made to drain off jhil water, which keeps the place so damp during the greater part of the year, the health of the people would certainly improve. The conservancy arrangements, although on no organized system, seem to be well looked after by T? bv the Sanitary Com- the Members of the Municipal Committee. Recommends that this report miSrer Y Y be forwarded for the information of the Municipal Committee, through the Deputy Commissioner of the district, and that the exertions of Pandit Mannu Lai, Tahsildar, m further- ingthe cause of vaccination and sanitation be brought prominently to the notice of the Municipal Com- mittee' GHASERA VILLAGE (GURGAON DISTRICT). Inspected on the 31st December 1881. There are many sanitary defects in this village which are, more or less, injurious to the general Chief sanitary defects and sug- health of the residents, such as keeping many cattle in the houses, storing geSions y up of cow-dung in heaps, and defect of conservancy, &c.; but it is most difficult, if not impossible, to put a stop to these nuisances under the present arrangements. iTrn+AP r\f wollc: in flip villa,0*0, and its viemit Water-supply. CIV-/ UXiVkJV/ --~ - X ^ As the water of the wells in the village and its vicinity is saline, it is procured from wells at a little distance from the village. IO uiuvuivu. ■ ■ — — No particular arrangements. The chaukidars are supposed to look after the general cleanliness of the village. No Municipal sweepers are entertained. C°nSerRecommends that the attention of the lambardars be invited, through, the Deputy Commissioner to the want of proper conservancy arrangements m this village, and the Remarks by the Sanitary Com- t blighment of manure godowns outside the village limits. missioner. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report by civil authorities. Orders have been issued to zaildars in whose circle Ghasera is situated to inspect the village and proprietors. SIRSA TOWN. Inspected on the 5th, 6th and 7tli Apru 1881. The town of Sira, was «, j- »=$ rounded by a deep katcha ditch. The main streets which^e paved ^ &£££££ thT " the west of tt“ % iS “ S Lt^s™ greets,’are gene Jly kept clean ti See from o&SvTsS The sweepers' mohalla is generally found m a very drrty state. The faecal matter from i^niS trencheS a„a f . . , . • j-pp' At rmrts of the town from whence the contractor is supposed to have them certain appointed sites m different parts » ,-i- j • br;cu \[\ns &c These heaps are not removed"on*,a day ancl takensweepers instead of being removed for days together, but faecal ds are bept fairly clean ; but in some cases, more sss "Xr rib.;i. ^ ,*■>«*.— roof. The greater portion of the surface drainage of the town, during the rains, is carried into the pond near the great Sikh temple situated on the Western part of the town near its enclosure wall. This is very objectionable, as the water of the pond is held sacred by all the Sikhs of the districts and most Hindus of the town, by whom it is used for bathing and many other, than drinking purposes. During the rains water stagnates in some streets from defective natural drainage. This should be soon attended to. There are 47 pucka wells from which the water-supply is obtained. Of these, 22 are situated Water-supply. within the town walls, and 25 in its immediate vicinity. The spring level is from 80 to 90 feet below the surface. Some of the platforms have no sufficient slope to prevent the waste water from re-entering the wells. In some cases the wells are surrounded by dirty offensive stagnant water owing to their being no proper reservoirs and gutters. There are three well situated public latrines at a convenient distance outside the town. One is on Latrines. the South, the other on the West on the ruins of the old town, and the third North, in the jungle called Bir. Each contains a very large quadrangular piece of land divided by sufficiently high walls which forms a partition and divides them into compartments—one for males and the other for females. With the exception of one situated outside the Bania gate, each latrine is properly roofed and well ventilated. The male portion of the Rama gate latrine is divided into compartments which are not roofed, but the female enclosure has distinct seats with only a low screen wall in front. Formerly these latrines were attended to by a proper establishment ot Municipal sweepers at a cost of Rs. 25 per mensem. In 1877 they were made over to a contractor at a cost of Rs. 14 per month; and at present he only charges Rs. 7 for keeping the three latrines clean. From the state in which the latrines were seen during inspection this seemed a very bad economy. The dry earth system of conservancy is never heard of. With the exception of one female latrine in the Bir, there were no ‘ gamlahs ’ or any other kind of utensils in any of them. All the latrines, without exception, are very filthy, their floor being covered with a regular stratum of dry and fresh human excreta soaked with urine, which poisoned the whole atmosphere of the vicinity of each place. Unless a proper establishment of sweepers be attached to each of these latrines, and the dry earth system be rigidly carried out in them, and a regular daily inspection made by a Conservancy Darogha, their state will not improve in a sanitary point of view; and the sooner these points are attended to the better. The latrine at the Rania gate requires to be properly roofed, and glazed ‘ gamlahs ’ supplied to all. One sweeper on Rs. 4 per mensem and one sweepress—if possible the wife of the former—on Rs. 3 per mensem, should be attached to each latrine, and made to live on the premises, as is the case in other stations. The slaughter-house is a large quadrangular enclosure situated outside the Lahori gate Slaughter-houses about * of a mile from tbe town- is divided into two compartments ° ‘ by a wall, one for sheep and goats, and the other for kine. No sweeper is attached to this place, the butchers being obliged to keep it clean. During the time of inspection it was found to be in a very filthy state, large quantities of garbage, offal, &c., being heaped up in different parts. The butchers should be fined for this gross neglect, and for the future, the Municipal Committee should appoint a sweeper on Rs. 4 per mensem to keep the place clean, his salary being paid by the butchers themselves. J Recommends that the attention of the Municipal Committee be invited to the extracts from Remarks by Sanitary Commis- Civil Surgeon’s inspection report of Sirsa with a view to the defects S10wer- pointed out being remedied as soon as possible in consultation with the Civil Surgeon. It would perhaps be advisable for the Municipal Committee to undertake the monopoly of the town scavenging and sale of filth, &c., to be stored in godowns at convenient sites outside the town. The wells should all be provided with parapets and waste water conduits. The latrine soil appears to be sold at a merely nominal price, and by an arrangement very much to the discomfort of those using these places. The slaughter-house, garbage, &c. might be added to the rest of the refuse as manure material. Action taken by Municipal and District Committee on the suggestions made in the above report. Seven sweepers have been permanently appointed and posted at the three public latrines of the town of Sirsa, and other arrangements for the removal of filth, &c., have been so made as to ensure better cleanliness of the town. FAZILKA TOWN (SIRSA DISTRICT). Inspected on the 12th November 1881. Fazilka is a town with about 7,000 inhabitants now, and is steadily increasing, situated on Preliminary remarks the left banlf °f the Sutlej about 5 01 6 miles “land. It is a very busy place, carrying on an extensive trade in wool and camels. The town is well laid out with broad streets, but the drainage is defective. The streets are broad and well laid out, but are mostly unpaved ; in fact only the two main Streets and drains. streets and one side street are paved, and these require to be re-metalled. The drains which run along the sides of the paved streets are too narrow and shallow, being about a foot wide in some places and six inches in depth. These drains are not traceable in some places, having been silted up and built over. There are no drains along the unpaved streets. The main drainage channels are mostly ‘ kacha' and are unsuited for the purpose on account of the sandy soil. The sewer drains are very imperfectly cleared, flushing being out of the question as there System of sewerage, drainage is tl0 continuous channel. The conservancy arrangements, although not and conservancy arrangements in as perfect as might be, are fairly good. Very little refuse is found lying force' about the streets ; but unfortunately that found is of the worst kind, and consists chiefly of faecal matter, There are no regular slaughter yards, the butchers being obliged to kill the animals in their own houses. The Municipal Committee are to take this subject into consideration and provide selected sites at a suitable distance from the town. Slaughter-houses, The first necessity to be considered, and which has not received sufficient attention, is effective drainage. The main channels which received the whole of the ed^nd^hL^riTstious!36 ad°Pt~ drainage of the city, judging from their appearanoe, have not been cleaned for years. The drainage of the South-west portion of the town has been allowed to fall into a ditch running just outside the boundary wall. This can be easily avoided by extending the pucka drains over the ditch, and allowing it to fall into a kacha one on the opposite side of the road which runs within a few yards, and which in its turn, if also extended, would discharge itself into a tank near by. The tank is so extensive that it might be made, with very little trouble, into a reservoir for the whole of the city drainage. This arrangement would be a very great boon to the people for watering their cattle in. These defects have been personally pointed out to the Extra Assistant Commissioner in charge, and he has promised to give the matter his special attention. Recommends that the early attention of the Municipal authorities be invited for the more Remarks by the Sanitary Com- effective drainage of the town and to the other sanitary defects pointed missioner. out by the Civil Surgeon, and that this office be informed in due course what steps have been taken in the matter. SHAHABAD TOWN (UMBALLA DISTRICT), Inspected on the 8th December 1881, The general condition of the town is very dirty. The Members of the Municipal Committee kuew nothing of the population, number of houses, &c., and seem to be very careless. Preliminary remarks. Streets and drains. The streets are very narrow, those with pavements being, as a rule, in very bad repair. A large quantity of the drainage of the principal streets settles near town wells, which are much frequented by the people, namely, that by the pucka serai, and the butcher’s well, The filthiest of all the mohallas, which are very dirty is the Gardian mokalla. The drains are in the centre of the streets. There is no system of sewerage or drainage carried out. No place is set apart for the storing System of sewerage or drainage of street sweepings and filth, nor are any arrangements made for collecting and conservancy arrangements in and disposing of it. A large profit might be made if the sweepings, &c. force. were sold as manure. The water-supply is said to be good. The principal wells are, namely, the Jagadhri, Dyers, Butohers and the Serai wells. The Dyers carry on their trade by their a er-supp y. well, and the refuse is carried down to the Butcher’s well, round which it collects in a large filthy pool. There are two latrines, viz. : one for males and the other for females, which are never used. No fines have been levied during the year for breach of sanitary laws. They are most probably not in force. At the time of inspection not a single sweeper was present. They were said to be sweeping the encamping ground. No special places are set apart for slaughtering purposes. The Butcher’s mohalla is one , , lame slaughter-house, each Butcher killing the animals in his own com- Slaughter-houses. j pound. There are two cremation grounds, one of whioh is situated on the banks of the river Mar- „ ,, . . , kauda, and the other on the edge of a dirty drain near a brick-kiln. There Cremation and burial grounds. ,. . , ... are thirty-two burial grounds all of which are uncared for. 1 here is a well situated in the small burial ground of the Weavers and Rajput mohallas, which is freely used for drinking purposes by the inmates of a neighbouring hamlet called Majri. This burial ground and well should both be closed. Latrines Situated as Shahabad is on high ground on the banks of the river Markanda, with a good and plentiful water-supply, and with every facility for proper drainage, Miscellaneous. tiiere is n0 reason why sanitation should not be attended to, and not neglected as it is at present. Remarks by the Sanitary Commissioner. Recommends that this report be forwarded through the Deputy Commissioner for the information of the Municipal Committee. BUNG AH TOWN (JULLUNDUR DISTRICT). Inspected on the 4th April 1881. This town has fallen off very much in trade since the Railway was opened, it having been once a great sugar-mart, and the residence of many wealthy Sahukars. Preliminary remarks. There aJe large sections of the town in ruins. After the dispensary was visited, the school, which is an open quadrangle, three sides of which are formed by the boarding house built this year, was inspected and was found very clean and comfortable. The building consisted of two large well ventilated rooms, and several smaller ones. Except the want of a little sweeping, no complaint could be found in regard to the ventilation and sanitaiy arrange- ments. Many oxen and buffaloes were tethered inside the town. During the inspection sugar was seen to be spread out and vigorously trampled upon. Hindu temples were frequently met with, but no masjids were seen inside the town. The Naya bazar, which is entered after leaving the school must have been a place of great business . at one time, having broad thoroughfares, shops, lofty and pucka verandahs Streets and drams. auq ^ payed roaqs> A1[ is now changed, for comparatively very few of the houses are occupied and many are in ruins. The drains of the old nanow and iuegulai main street and gullies are broken up in many places, and the road out of repaii, but they were all well swept. The street conservancy is carried out by ten sweepers, and two bhishtfs are employed for watering the roads. The dry rubbish and sweepings are collected and then removed »ndyc«S?e™cyW™g™eXS by Nehalb, the Contractor for the purpose of burning bricks to the kilns, force. The liquid sewage rues off in two drains one towards the South-west and the other from the opposite side, into a large hollow piece of ground about 200 yards fiom the outskirts of the town where it collects and forms a blocked filthy channel. The sewage used to run into a large pond outside the city, but the channel was blocked up, and an elongated cesspool uow remains. None of the wells have anything like efficient masonry protection, and proper drainage to keep the surroundings clean. The well in the Mehtars mohalla was Water-supply. exceedingly dirty from its neglected state and that of its neighbourhood. There are two tanks, one which is near the Dharmsala, is a fine piece of work and must be of gieat benefit to the town. The other is close to the main road, and is much frequented by travellers. One latrine is on the edge of the town, and the main street of the bazar seems to lead directly into it. This latrine, which is very offensive, will be removed to a Latrmes. suitable site, which has been approved of as soon as the harvest is gathered in. The other latrines were found to be clean. They are all merely large open spaces enclosed by a kacha wall. The people generally resort to the fields and open maidaus in preference to going to these latrines. It would be a great task, beyond all doubt, to remodel the surface Remedial measures to be adopt- flraina£e to block up open pemalahs, to remove chahbachas, and to ed and other suggestions. b , 1 1 " ventilate private houses. Recommends that the attention of the Municipal Committee be invited to the faulty state of their street drainage, with the view to the preparation of a plan and Remarks by the Sanitary Com- estiraate for a comprehensive system of sewerage by open surface gutters at the sides of the streets, so as to do away with the present sinks (chahbachas) and the stagnant cesspools outside the village. The proposals to be submitted to this office for opinion. The Civil Surgeon does not say what sum is realized by the town sweepings, latrine, ordure, See. It ought to be sufficient to meet nearly the entire cost of the conservancy establishment. Ihere ought to be fixed manure stores at suitable sites for the depositing of all manure of filth, &c. All the wells should be protected by parapets and waste water conduits connecting to the nearest street drain. PHILLOUR TOWN (JULLUNDUR DISTRICT). Inspected on the 9th April 1881. There is a small detachment of Native troops in the fort, to which a cantonment used to ho Preliminary remarks attached about half a mile off. There are now only a number of detached bungalows and barracks remaining, the present dispensary being in one of these, and is furnished with convenient out-offices. The school that was inspected was not kept as clean as it should have been. Eighty children were present when it was visited, but it was said that often more attended. If such be the case, the building is far too small for the accommodation of so large a number. The building, compound, well and privy should be kept scrupulously clean, which was not found to be the case. There is also a boarding house for twenty pupils. A sweeper is employed @ annas 8 per mensem, for keeping the premises clean, if practical sanitation should be taught anywhere, it is particularly needed in the schools. The school room should be well swept and thoroughly ventilated, and a clean protected well and latrine should be kept on the premises. The main bazar is immediately outside the station of the Sindh, Punjab & Delhi Railway, . j , • where a flourishing trade seems to be carried on, iudgin^ from the numerous shops and customers. Prom this branch a number of narrow streets at right angles to it which are fairly paved and with small gutters on each side. One main street leading from the tahsil to the dispensary has recently been paved, and should serve as a model. The streets were very clean when compared with the dirty house drainage, chahbachas, &c., which is a great eye sore. There is an entire absence of any regular system of drainage in the town, although a sewer System of sewerage, drainage, might easily be made for the purpose of carrying the rain-water and house and conservancy arrangements in sewage into the river Sutlej. At present the pernalahs generally open force- into receptacles at the bottom, which are below the level of the road, and exceedingly objectionable in a sanitary poiut of view. The spring level of the wells used for drinking purposes is about SO feet from the surface. The river is resorted to for washing and drinking purposes. The sur- Water-supp y. roundings of the wells are in fair order, but many want raised platform, parapets, and drainage channels. There are no tanks. There are three latrines with kacha-pucka walled enclosures, which are only resorted to by females. These are kept clean by a Mehtrani. They were clean and free Latrines. from smell, but the dry-earth system was not in force. The tops of the houses are greatly resorted to for the calls of nature. The ordure is thrown into hollows and buried. No regular slaughter-house is kept. No fault was found with what was seen, there being Slaughter-houses. more unsightliness than anything actually prejudicial to health. There is a Christian burial ground in the plantation which is well enclosed and looked after by a Chaprassi. A Muhammadan burial ground is close by it, which Cremation and burial ground. ig kept cfoan Cremation is performed anywhere at the river side. Recommends that the attention of the Municipal Committee be drawn to the defects of the street drainage pointed out by the Civil Surgeon with the view Remarks by the Sanitary Com- to tkeir arranging for tile discharge of the town sewage through a main out-fall drain mto° the river. Any proposal suggested to be submitted for opinion to this office before adoption. The wells should all be provided with protecting parapets and waste water conduits connecting with the nearest street drain. Recommends that the attention of the Deputy Commissioner be invited to the defects of the school house with the view to their early remedy. The plantation referred to should be cleared out to allow of free ventilation through its area. TARN TARAN TOWN (AMRITSAR DISTRICT). Inspected on the 17th April 1881. Tarn Taran is a small unwalled and unimportant town, except that it is a place of. consu.ei- able sanctity, and bears a reputation for being one of the healthiest places Preliminary remarks. the Punjab. There is a tradition that lepers, in days gone by, were cured by bathing in the tank attached to the shrine, and in consequence of which the Government have established a Leper Asylum at Tarn Taran within reach of the tank. A large bi-annual fair is held hcie There are few, if any, defects. The town is well drained and has channels on each side of the streets. The drains should all have been made saucer shaped, and Streets and drains. not Square as maDy of them are. The drains empty iuto three wet places, and into a tank at the Senurwala mohalla. It would be better if Singaras were grown in this tank and fish put into it, rather than leave it as it is; or it may be filled in, but if this be done, there would be no place for the flood water to go to. The waste water, &c., from the houses is let down into the street channels by “ pernalabs ” System of sewerage, drainage as in all Indian towns. Refuse and night soil is removed by the and conservancy arrangements sweeper on donkeys to three kilns, where it is burnt, The contractor in force. pays the Municipility about 1,200 yearly. The water-supply is obtained from 73 wells, viz., 61 used by the Hindus, and 12 by the low castes. The wells are never cleaned out, but the water in them is Water-supply. excellent. There are no latrines. As there is a large bi-annual fair held, and also a considerable monthly gathering, arrangements should be made to start a regular latrine Latrines. system. The smells at night are very offensive, and the amount of human excrement which lies about the place, is considerable. French latrines with moveable glass screens should be put up. The slaugter house is small and is not kept dean, its precincts Slaughter-house. being used for the purposes of nature. Recommends that the attention of the Municipal Committee be invited to the remarks of the Civil Surgeon regarding the want of public latrines with the view to the early provision of these public conveniences. Repairs to old drains; and all new drains should be on the “ saucer shape” pattern, and not the It would be advisable to arrange for an intercepting sewer to catch all the town sewage" and convey it away to a distance from the town. The emptying of the drains into the Senurwala tank is most objectionable and should be remedied as soon as possible. Suggests that a comprehensive plan for the drainage of the town be prepared, the intercepting and outfall drains being first arranged for, and executed as funds are available. Any plan proposed, to be submitted to this office for opinion. The state of the slaughter-house requires immediate attention. The tanks should be protected against pollution by special arrangements in consultation with the Civil Surgeon. Action taken by the Municipal and District Committee on the suggestions made in the above report. Remarks by the Sanitary Com missioner. square or angular pattern. Latrines a nd slaughter-yard, “Steps will be taken to keep the precinots of the slaughter-yard clean, and screens will be provided as temporary latrines during future fairs. ” “As new drains are constructed, the saucer shape will be adopted, and during the next cold weather a plan for removing the sewage at a distance from the town through Drainage, &c. an 0pen sewer wiH be drawn up and submitted for Sanitary Commissioner’s approval.” POPE NAKA VILLAGE (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT). Inspected on the 2nd and 23rd April 1881. Pfipe Noka is a good sized village occupying an elevated site directly on the road to Botala. It is about 7 miles from Gujranwala and 5 from Botala. A deep swamp Preliminary remarks. encircles the village on the East and North, whilst it is shut in on the Northwest by high mounds. The soil has a large admixture of sand, and is soft and porous. The land round about is extensively cultivated, yielding very fine crops. Wells worked by Persian wheels are numerous. Water is found readily and in abundanoe at an average depth of from 22 to 25 feet. Those which commonly prevail in villages generally all through the Province. The streets are very narrow and crooked, none being paved. Most of the lanes are Chief sanitary defects and sug- cul„de_sacs. Not the slightest attempt at oleanliness was anywhere appar- gesttons. ent. All the filth and refuse mixed with the ordure of “ man and beast, ”— which might be made to pay for more than its removal if systematically stored outside the village,—lay about in heaps rotting beside gutters all through the village. Is obtained from three pucka wells, viz, one new one and two Water-supply. 0}d 0n6S> The latter are in bad repair and require cleaning out also. The water in all three was impure. There is no establishment, nor any arrangement whatever for the removal and disposal of filth. There are no latrines, nor any boundaries fixed round the village to indicate the area to be kept clean. Conservancy. ( 121 ) Recommends that the Deputy Commissioner he asked to summon the village lambard&rn with the view to their making arrangements in consultation with the Civil Remarks by the Sanitary Com- gurgeon for the establishment of mud-wall enclosures (khad gudams), one for each ward of the village, as receptacles or storage sites for all village refuse of every kind till required as manure for the fields. Also for the repair of the wells. KAMOKI VILLAGE (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT). Inspected on the 29th April 1881. Kamoki is situated directly on the Grand Trunk Road about 12 miles South of the Sadr station. There is an encamping ground for troops near by, to the East, a station ot Preliminary remarks. t},e Northern State Railway afew hundred yards to the North and a large pucka serai for native travellers almost adjoins the village to the West. Directly between the village and Grand Trunk Road is a large brick building constructed for a dispensary, but used now as a school. The habitations, without exception, are entirely of mud, and the inhabitants state very curiously that they refrain from using burnt bricks in obedience to the wish of the founder of the village, a prohibition still religiously observed although they retain no knowledge of the time or circumstance under which it was made. The soil is a hard clay and the country round is very sparsely cultivated. The number of houses deserted and in ruin are very large in this village. Two in the very heart of the village were used as common latrines. The owners of these Chief sanitary defects and sug- twQ rujng_Nowbut Singh and Mea Singh—reside in an adjoining street. Bestlons- I would suggest that they, as well as the owners of other ruins, should be called upon to rebuild them, failing which, they should be levelled. The water-supply is obtained from nine pucka wells. Four have chubootras, and are better protected from pollution than the remaining five which have not. Three Water-supply. 0f tpe latter, moreover, are much in need of repair. The water in those in good repair as well as that of the encamping ground was clear and sweet. The water in three out of the nine wells was impure. These are “ Bowaliwala,” “ Chuprawala” and “ Bysaki lambardar ka kho. There is no establishment, and consequently no attempt is made at removing the filth and refuse which lies rotting in heaps all through the village just wherever Conservancy. deposited. The inhabitants were very solicitous for the appointment of two or three sweepers, not a large number for so large a village, and it does not appear impossible that if they could be sanctioned and the sweepings and refuse properly stored and sold, that the proceeds would go largely towards defraying their maintenance, seeing that the ordinary sweeper can be engaged on Rs. 2-8 a month. Recommends that the Deputy Commissioner summon the lambardars with the view to considering, iu consultation with the Civil Surgeon, the best means of carrying out the Remarks by the Sanitary Com- sanitary improvements suggested by the Civil Surgeon. The use of unin- missioner. habited tenements as latrines should be prohibited, and the places so used be properly cleaned. The wells should all be provided with parapets [banerd) and waste-water conduits. The suggestion to entertain sweepers for the village conservancy is deserving of special attention. The sweepings should be stored in mud wall enclosures at suitable sites outside the village and sold to defray expenses of conservancy. These enclosures should be proclaimed as the only sites where village rubbish aud household sweepiugs, &c., are to be deposited. MORALLIWALA VILLAGE (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT). Inspected on the 29th April 1881. Moralliwala is a good sized village about 7 or 8 miles from the Sadr on the road to Shekhopura. ° The houses are all small, and built, some of clods and some of sun-dried Preliminary remarks. bricks A few houses, with an old shriue in the centre, stand out prominently on a tower-like embankment surrounded by the remaining habitations. A few narrow, cooked gullies which also answered as sewage drains, were the only means of communication through the vil^e. Some attemot at a circular road appears to have been made at some previous time, but portions have become aSK a deep a.Zvide pool of stagnant water 30 or 40 yards ' Vfn|*hXnseVot he SouX tion on the North side, as the fields closely border the pond on the North side and the houses on the bout . Recommends the opening out of some of the narrow gullies, and making two or three fairly wide Recommends toe op * ^ the sake of improving both communication and ventilation. sanitary defects and ^j)e appojntTnent of, at least, two sweepers to remove filth and refuse*. - 1S* Fixino- a boundary of not less than 50 yards wide outside the circular road with mud pillars to indicate the area to be kept clean, and to fill in the pond of stagnant water on t e North. Chief Suggestions. The water-supply is obtained from 13 pucka wells. Ten are in good order, and three are in need w . , of repair; but one of these last is falling in, and has long been in disuse water-supply. and should be filled in. There is no establishment, and consequently nothing whatever is Conservancy. done. Recommends that the lambardars be summoned by Deputy Commissioner for purpose of arranging, in consultation with Civil Surgeon, for the proper conservancy m^sionerSby th8 Samtary Com‘ of this village, and construction of manure stores at fixed sites outside circular road; for the repair of wells, and restoration of circular road and obliteration of the stagnant pool referred to. The appointment of two sweepers to look after the scavenging of the village, and proper disposal of house sweepings, &c., in the manure enclosures, would be of great advantage. GHAKHAR TOWN (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT). Inspected on the 4-th May 1881. Ghakhar is situated directly on, and to the South side of the Grand Trunk Road, half way l'minar remarks between Gujranwala and Wazirabad, being exactly ten miles from each. A few hundred yards Eastward, and on the same side, is the encamping ground, a large fodder godown, Police post and a small burial ground. Across the road at this point is a large serai for native travellers, with a separate room in one corner for Europeans. A station of the Punjab Northern State Railway is about four or five hundred yards directly opposite the village to the North. The remaining space in the other directions, that is, outside a radius of from 50 to 100 yards occupied by deep holes and hollows, is cultivated. About one-third of the houses are pucka; the rest kacha. Muhammadans predominate largely in this village. Recommends the appointment of a few sweepers ; laying out a circular road ; putting up mud- pillars to indicate the space to be kept clean all round, and within which sanitary defects and aq further excavating and digging of fresh holes should be stopped; the levelling and rebuilding of the houses in ruin, and the filling in of holes and hollows, especially the pool of slimy stagnant water inside the village almost adjoining the school, and near which is one of the largest wells of the village. There are in all 18 wells. They are all pucka. Eight of these require repair. The water from Chief suggestions. Water-supply. Conservancy. several that were examined, as also of that from the well, seemed clear and sweet. No plan whatever. encamping ground Remarks by the Sanitary Commissioner. Recommends that the Deputy Commissioner be asked to consider the practicability of carrying out the circular road suggested by the Civil Surgeon'. It is highly desirable that such a road should be laid out as early as possible for the purposes indicated. The pool of slimy stagnant water inside the village should be at once filled up and levelled with the general surface, with fresh earth brought from outside the village. Recommends that the vilhtge lambardars be summoned by the Deputy Commissioner to arrange, in consultation with the Civil Surgeon, for the adoption of the requisite measures to carry out the above suggestions, as well as to repair the wells in want of repair, and to establish a regular system of village conservancy by construction of manure store enclosures (khdd gudams) at convenient and suitable spots beyond the line of the proposed circular road, and the regular conveyance and deposit of all village sweepings in them and elsewhere. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report by Deputy Commissioner. “ I arranged through the Talisildar, Zaildar and Lambardars for the filling in of the large hollow by the proprietors within three months. Four sweepers at a cost of Rs. 144 per annum have been appointed, and the amount will be realized immediately. The circular road has been prepared, and orders issued that no refuse be collected or hollows made within its limits.’' “ Re-building of houses is impracticable.” “ Three wells have been cleaned, and orders issued about the remainder.” 41 The dung heaps have been removed, and strict instruction given on the subject to the headmen of the village.” EMINABAD TOWN (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT), Inspected on the 12th May 18S1. No additions, alterations or improvements have been made since the town was last inspected, viz., Preliminary remarks. 20th November 1880. Streets and drains. T e Muhammadan burial ground, a portion of which was within the circular road, has been closed, and notices have been issued to clean and repair or level houses , , . *n rui."- . impairs to pavements and drains, and the removal of several dilapidated arches obstructing ventilation, are under consideration. The latrines are very foul: separate sweepers should be told off to look after them. System of severage, drainage and conservancy arrangements in force. A better system of removal and disposal of the town sweepings and street refuse has been planned at a recent meeting of the Municipal Committee. There are two latrines which are in an extremely filthy state. A roof, and the dry-earth system Latrines. put in force, would be a gre it improvement. The burning of bodies at wells has been prohibited. The allotted places are alone, for the Cremation and burial grounds. future used. 1 he buiial grounds have also beeu limited, two instead ot twelve, being considered sufficient. Recommends that the attention of the Municipal Committee be invited to Civil Surgeon’s Remarks by the Sanitary Com- suggestions regarding the public latrines. It is absolutely necessary they missioner. should be provided with light roofs supported on pillar props, and properly furnished for the dry-earth system of service it they are to be at all useful as public conveniences Requests that this office may be furnished with a statement of the improved system of town scavenging which has been planned. RAMNAGGAR TOWN (GUJRANWALA DISTRICT). Inspected on the 19th May 1881. Ramnaggar is situated on the left bank of the Chenab, about 2 miles from the main channel; Preliminary remarks. but not more than 500 yards from a branch of the river through which a , # # considerable body of water flows for 8 or 9 months in the year. The town is distant about 27 miles West of Gujranwala, and 2*2 South of Wazirabad. From its situation, on the great line ol salt traffic, at a point where all the salt was ferried across the river, and stored in large depots until the customs dues were collected, the town had become, at the time of the annexation, ft place of much importance, but since then, the trade having been diverted into various other channels, a large portion of the town has become deserted, and is gradually falling into ruin, and does not at the present time contain probably more than half its former population. The entire tract Westward being subject to inundation is enriched by alluvial deposit, and is in consequence extremely fertile, whilst the country Eastward is, on the contrary, arid and barren. The town was at one time enclosed by high mud walls and bastions with a deep ditch or dyke. The former have crumbled down and filled up, the latter in different places. All that remains of this surrounding consists of broken down gateways, unsightly mounds and deep hollows into which the greater portion of the town sewage finds escape. The main street is tolerably wide, the rest narrow. Most have been paved, but are just now in a sad state of disrepair. Fever is usually endemic for six or seven months in the year. The sewage drains, some for want of sufficient incline, and others for want of repair, rather Streets and drains. obstruct than convey away the town sewage. The sewers, which just now discharge themselves into the dykes, should at once be diverted into other and proper channels. The dyke itself with other holes and hollows containing sewage and stagnant water should be drained, and to effect which, the low lying country towards the river offers ready facility. Are very defective, as may be judged from the above remarks. The whole system requires System of sewerage, drainage re-construction, after proper gradients by a competent Engineer, have and conservancy arrangements in been taken. No plan for storing or disposing of the town sweepings and orce" refuse is yet in force. There are no less than 75 pucka wells, most of which appeared to be in fair repair, but several Water-supply were not'ce^ to l)ave broken edges, which allowed of all the spilt water flowing back and polluting the contents. From the close neighbourhood of the river the water is near the surface, varying at most from 12 to 15 feet. The water is said to become a little muddy during the rains, but on the morning of the inspection it was clear and sweet. Latrines. There are no latrines and they are much needed. If the town could be divided into wards, and the Municipal Members induced to take a more practical interest in sanitary work, by each undertaking the supervision of •d^ndothersu^gSoM. ° a °p ' a ward, very great improvements both in the cleanliness and healthiness of the town would surely follow. The same supervision if properly directed might also make the storage and disposal of the town sweepings and refuse a source of profit sufficient in time to defray the entire cost of the conservancy establishment. Recommends that the Municipal Committee be invited to hold a special meeting with the view to giving practical effect to the Civil Surgeon’s recommendations, i^ioner^ by ^ ^anitar^ ^om* A scheme planned on proper gradients for the surface drainage and sewerage of the town is the first and most important measure to be provided for. The whole system of intra-mural gutters might empty into a peripheral intercepting drain, and this joined to an outfall drain emptying at some distance towards the river. The work could be carried out to completion on a fixed plan in parts as funds are available. The drainage of the dyke and hollows by an outfall drain should be done first. The system of town scavenging requires early and earnest attention. Some effort should be made to make this work more or less self-supporting. The system of extra-mural stores for town, sweepings, &c., and its systematic sale by the Municipal Committee has proved successful in other towus, and might be adopted here. The present conservancy establishment is under-paid and evidently requires to be properly organized. There is much to be done in this town. The Civil Surgeon’s recommendations appear to be simple and practicable. The Municipal Committee should give the subject careful attention. LALA MUSA VILLAGE (GUJRAT DISTRICT.) Inspected on the 9th April 1881. Preliminary remarks. Westward to some ground below Lala Musa is situated 10 miles from the Sadr, on the Grand Trunk Road to Jhelum. The site is not raised, and the drainage flows the surrounding level. The houses are unventilated and too closely packed. The cattle are now kept outside, but Chief sanitary defects and sug- in the cold months they are sheltered under the same roof as their owners, gestions. There are dung heaps and sweepings in the court-yards which the Tahsildar has been ordered to have removed by the Deputy Commissioner. The village is permeated by only one narrow, tortuous lane. Water-supply. The water-supply is obtained from two wells whose cylinders are unplastered and which have no platforms. The spring level is 45 feet from the surface, and the water sweet and clear. The wells are worked by wheel and by hand and the water does not stagnate. The people go a-field. The animal dung and sweepings are removed Conservancy. at long intervals. Recommends that the Deputy Commissioner be requested to summon the village lambardars with the view to their arranging for the systematic removal of village Remarks by the Sanitary Com- refuse and filth of all sorts, in consultation with the Civil Surgeon. The misoioncr. establishment of manure godowns [khad guddm) should be insisted on— mere mud wall enclosures SO or 40 paces square, and walls 3 feet high—one for each mohalla at about 100 yards outside the village. The houses of each mohalla may be grouped together into four divisions, and the godown of the mohalla divided by cross walls into four corresponding compartments. This for facility of division of the stuff wlieu required as fuel for the kilns or manure for the fields. The object of the o-odowus is not only to furnish a recognised and fixed site for the collection and deposit of all sorts of refuse and filth, but to protect it from damage by the passage of cattle, &c., over it and to preserve its silts and strength from injury by rains and surface drainage, besides the great desideratum of reducing the number of duugheaps all round the village to a limited few. The distribution and division of the °manure amongst the contributing houses should be supervised by a lambardar to prevent disputes. The lambardar should also arrange for the construction of parapets and waste water conduits for their wells. KUNJAH TOWN (GUJRAT DISTRICT.) Inspected on the 24th April 1881. The town of Kunjah is built on an ancient site which is raised, and is situated 7 miles to the Preliminary remarks. West of the Sadr on the Shahpur road. The houses are unventilated and too closely packed. The town is in the line of drainage from the overflow of the Bhimber river, which fills a depression on the East side. But the overflow does not pass so freely in this direction for the last two years. One of the three excavations which receives the drainage water and which is now full, is in course of being filled up by the Municipality. Ihe members are advised to discourage the entrance of human beings into these foul pools of drainage water. One main street runs through the town, also five narrow winding lanes and sixteen blind alleys. The main street and portions of some of the lanes are paved and Street and drams. have side drains. The pavement is broken up a great deal, but the Municipality are deficient in funds to repair it. 4KL?- "= "'™Fr r“~ t ^Szs,,';:a S£sut Conservancy. The conservancy establishment consists of two sweepers who confine their efforts to the thoroughfare. I here are no latrines, consequently the town is always in , state : human orrlnrp lvirwv _n j:_j.:_ mi • mam a Remarks by the Sanitary missioner. j • . • > —wvv^uvuuij LiiC tltWU Id cWWii . „ , . dlrty insanitary state ; human ordure lyino- about in all dirprtinn<? Thia is more specially the case in the early morning, as the people ease themselves all over the place under cover of the darkness At least four latrines ought to be erected and a sufficient staff of sweepers maintained to keep both them and the streets of the city clean. ^ Recommends that the attention of the lambardars of this village be invited to the remarks of Com- T V1V!f SurS,eon Udder the head “ chief sanitary defects and suggestions,” also to the early provision of public latrines, and to the entertainment of a sufficient staff of sweepers to keep them and the streets clean. SHUJABAD TOWN (MOOLTAN DISTRICT). t Inspected on the 18th November 1881. The town of Shujabad (the second largest in the district), is the head quarters of one of the five Preliminary remarks. tabsils of the district of Mooltan. It is situated at a distance of about five , . . miles Bast of the Chenab, and the country round it is well watered bv inundation canals, which are supplied from the Ravi and Chenab. The land is fertile and well cultivated the chief rabbi crops being barley, wheat, turnips, gram, &c, the kharif crops, indigo rice baira &c In years when the river is unusually high, considerable portions of the surrounding count™ are covered with water from overflowing of the river and canals. In this case, or when there fs a heavy fall of lain, which uowever, but seldom occurs, the water stagnates for a long time in consequence of the almost total absence of natural drainage. The town is raised several (probably about four or five) feet above the surrounding country. It is rectangular in shape, and is surrounded by a pucka wall which m,l“a?00d stat.eo.f Preservation. The longer side of the town runs nearly due North and South There is a central street which running iNorth and South divides the town into two halves other streets running from East and West form rectangular blocks of buildings. There are a <mod many shops and some houses outside the walls on the Northern and Southern sides; there are fewer°on the Western side, and scarcely any on the Eastern side. Most of the houses are pucka. Most of the principal streets are paved with pucka bricks set on their edges, and are fairly clean. Streets and drains. iey bave a drain at either side, which is angular instead of saucer ., , mi shaped. Such of the smaller streets as are paved are made to slope towards the centre. There are several under-ground pucka drains, some of them running under blocks of dwelling L e fn^fi^ walls of the town They are seldom cleaned and most of them are in a filthy state Such drains in a native town, which is situated in a rainless tract of country are most objectionable and are probably fertile generators of disease. ’ Probably nine-tenths of the drains are not flushed more than once or twice in twelve months. System of sewerage, drainage -thorough flushing takes place only when the rainfall is sufficient to effect conservancy arrangements m that. None of the drains are clean, most of them have the bottom covered 'vltd a moi e or less thick layer of dust which has been mixed with refuse water thrown from shops or houses and has thus become hardened. In other drains, which from bein<r near wells have received occasional small supplies of water, there is collection of dark decomposing offensive matter. r & and force r The system of conservancy is not satisfactory. There are 16 sweepers for sweeping the street &c, and four bhishtis lor the removal of the night soil and sweepings there are six Municipal bullocks but these are said to be insufficient for the purpose. ’ Up to the current year the manure of the city was sold by retail (at the rate, I believe, of one rupee for 100 bullock loads) ; but from the 1st January 1881 the whole was farmed out to a contractor. Most of the Members of the Municipal Committee consider that the new system has been a failure The contractor has raised the rate of the manure, and the zamindars do not, therefore, come so readily for it. Formerly they assisted the six Municipal bullocks in removing the manure from the town ■ as they do not do this now, the result is (the Members of the Municipal Committee say), that the town is not kept so clean as it was before. I think it not improbable that the complaint arises from the fact that the new system interferes with the vested interests of some of the more wealthy men in the town. The contiactoi much moie effectually prevents manure being taken away without its being paid for than the Municipal chaprassi probably did in former year. The system of carrying out part of the nmht-soil and sweepings by Municipal bullocks, part by zamindars’ bullocks, is thoroughly wrong in principle, and cannot be successful. The contractor pays Rs. 300 for the whole of the night-soil, sweepings, &c., of the town ; in the previous year the income derived from selling it was Rs. 260. There are said to be 35 pucka wells inside or immediately outside the town. It is reported that they are cleaned out once a year, but I hardly think that the cleaning is Water-supply. sufficiently thorough. The amount expended dunug the past year on the work was Rs. 332. The wells must be to some extent polluted by the foul stagnant water which is allowed to remain in their immediate vicinity. There are six latrines, I saw two of them. They are simply a space enclosed by four mud walls To make them fit to be used with decency they should have a number of Latrines. partition walls, and be furnished with earthen pans, &c. ; at present the fields are infinitely preferable to them. . Recommends that this report be forwarded to the Deputy Commis- Remarks by the Sanitary Com- sioner anfi that the Municipal Committee be informed ot the suggestions missioner. made by the Civil Surgeon under the head “ Chief sanitary dejects. LAN VILLAGE (JHANG DISTRICT). Inspected on the 10th June 1881. Lan is a pretty large Tillage situated on somewhat raised ground at about 26 miles from Maghiana, L, 13 a 1 y g and 3 miles East of the river Jhelum. It is remarkable for its very narrow Preliminary remarks. nassa^es in the interior. Unlike most of the villages ol the district, tne houses are very closely built togethe°r. Some additions are being made to the village on the West, while on the East there is a large excavation where rain water stagnates for long periods The flood watei ol the country round about is, however, prevented from entering the excavation by a bund. . 3 e 4 , I Unprotected wells.—Which should be provided with proper gestions.8anitary parapets and « channas ” (wooden planks on the side where the bullocks work). 9 conservancy.—Attention should be paid to surface cleanliness and no one should be allowed2to eS —the office of nature within 200 yards of the vrl age. 3 The excavation should be filled up. The people of the village say that this is being done. Plenty, and of pleasant taste and good appearance. It is derived from 4 wells worked by Persian y ^ wheels and bullocks, viz. 3 inside and 1 outside the village. All of the Water-supply. weps are exposed to contamination from cow-dung and surface drainage during the rains. They have imperfect or no copings. S No systematic conservancy is carried out in the village. Most of the people go a-field, but many y do not do so. Heaps of filth and rubbish are met with and vile odours Conservancy. assaii an uuaccustomed visitor. No limit is fixed for the collecting of manure and filth or to perform the office of nature. Recommends that the village lambardars be summoned to discuss with the Deputy Commissioner u c .. ct a„d Civil Suroeon the best means of providing for the proper conservancy JSr * y of the village and protection of.wells from pollution, as pointed out in the venort Perhaps the village might be able to entertain one or two sweepers to look after main thorough, fares and the care of “ khdd gvMms ” which should be established as soon as practicable. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. A district meeting was held lately for the purpose of distributing zaildari and lambardArf inams, (rewards) at which almost all the zaildars and lambardars were present, and at which the principal recommendations of the Civil Surgeon with regard to village sanitation were explained by the Civil Sui- aeon and Deputy Commissioner. The zaildars and lambardars agreed 1 To fix boundaries within which no one should ease himself. 2. To protect drinking wells. 3. To establish manure heaps at some distance. 4 To allow no new hollows to be excavated, and to fill up the old ones by degrees. The Deputy Commissioner is of opinion that good progress in the two first at least may be expected. YASU and ASTANA VILLAGES (JHANG DISTRICT). Inspected on the 14th October 1881. Roth these villages were inspected in company with Zaildar Darwesh Muhammad, and Jamadar 1 0 Jowahir Singh. The villages are comprised in one mouza, and are situated Preliminary remarks. QU ^ rio-ht&bank of the river Jhelum at a distance of 3£ miles, and about w _lf _ mile from each other. Both are Situated on level ground. There are two large hollows near each, whe-e rain watm collects and stagnates for several months together, and which are used for the purpose of1collecting filth in. The mud houses in Astana are wide apart and capacious, but narrow and crowded together in Yasu. The sewage is dry. There are no urinals. The drainage is effective, but the extension of pavement with side drains is very desirable, especially on the South side System of sewerage, drainage where the drainage outflow is arrested. The people go a-field generally; and conservancy arrangements in ^nt t[lose who use the house tops keep private sweepers. The Native force' Doctor is now required to inspect the roofs weekly for the better removal of ni^ht soil. The street refuse is sold and has brought only Rs. 32 for the current year. A large income is not obtainable for want of competition in the sale. The street refuse, &c., is carried outside by the sweepers to appointed places, whence it is conveyed away in donkey panniers by brick-burners who contract for its purchase. The water-supply is obtained from 51 wells, of which 7 are in disuse. The cylinders of only 5 are plastered, 41 have masonry platforms, and only 6 reservoirs. Forty- Water-supply eight are worked by hand, and three by wheel. The water is sweet and clear, but decomposes from stagnation. The spring level averages 23 feet from the surface. Arrangements were made with the Municipality to have these wells cleaned out. There are two extra-mural latrines walled across to separate the sexes. A resolution was passed at the last meeting held by the Municipal Committee to the effect that Latrines. the seats should be repaired and pans provided for them, and that the dry-earth system should be adopted. The sewage is removed twice a day and is thrown into shallow drains close by from which it is taken by cultivators and brick-burners. Recommends that the Municipal Committee be invited to convene a special meeting for the purpose of adopting measures to improve the conservancy of the town Remarks by the Sanitary Com- and increase the income derived from the sale of town sweepings and missioner. latrine soil. The construction of street gutters on each side of metalled or brick-paved roadways requires attention. It would be desirable to prepare a plan for the paving ami draining of the whole town on a uniform system, the work to be carried out in blocks from time to time as funds are available. The aid rendered by Zaildar Maulah Dad is worthy of commendation. JALALPUR TOWN (GUJRAT DISTRICT). There is one Streets and drains. Inspected on the 22nd October 1881, main street from East to West, and three narrow lanes which permeate the town; all these are paved and have shallow side drains. There are beside several narrow, tortuous, unpaved blind alleys. The pavements and drains have recently been repaired and are in good order. The people generally go a-field or resort to the extra-mural latiines. Piivate sweepers, in ° . mohallas carry the dry sewage from house latrines to the fields where it is J^rervIncrSngemeTS now buried for future use. The side drams along the paved streets convey force, storm water through several outfall drams into excavations outside where it stagnates These cesspools are ordered to be reserved for animals. It is proposed to utilize the smallei excavations by selling the ground to cultivators. The streets are swept by the conservancy establishment who deposit the refuse outside for removal to the kilns and to the fields. From wells, which are 88 in number. All are built with masonry, but their cylinders are unplastered. Sixty-three have masonry platforms, one having been recently Water-supply. built * most of the wells have been cleaned out this season. Twenty wells have reservoirs, but they are all disused. The building of conduits from reservoirs for waste-water is under contemplation. There are six extra-mural latrines which- are divided for the accommodation of the sexes Each has a male and a female sweeper on Rs. 4 and Rs. 2 per month Latrines. respectively. Pans have been placed in the seats, and dry-earth is now used The sewage is now trenched outside for future disposal. The repairs of the masonry seats have been sanctioned There are six urinals consisting of wooden screens, with earthen vessels placed in masonry wells, which are daily cleaned. Two places outside are used for slaughter of animals, and are distant about 200 yards. Both P are unwalled. These areas are trenched for blood and covered with earth. Slaughter-houses, The is buried outside. There are four cremation grounds which are distant about 400 yards from the town, and which 1 are all unwalled. One is situated near a kacha tank, which does not receive Cremation and burial grounds. town drainage, it being used by mourners. The side nearest to the cremation around is to be walled in at the desir? of the Municipal Committee in order to protect the wateif frora"the dust and ashes that are blown about. Streets and drains. Recommends that the attention of the Municipal authorities he n«kmerkS by th° Samtary Com" invited to the sanitary defects and suggestions made by the Civil Surgeon in this report. DING AH TOWN (GUJRAT DISTRICT). Inspected on the 27th May 1881. Dingah is situated 22 miles North-west of the Sadr station, on the Shahpur road. It is in the line of drainage of the Pabi hills, and the Salt Branch Line of Prelimiaary remarks. Railway passes near it. There are eight permanent streets, and six blind lanes. The former are all paved and have drains either side, or central, which are in fair order. Only one drain was in a foul and neglected state on inspection, the owner of which was admonished by the Tahsildar. Sewage dry. The drainage is satisfactory, and storm water enters excavations and natural System of sewerage, drainage depressions on all sides of the town, where also the drainage from the and conservancy arrangements in Pabi hills rests for long periods. Some of these hold staguant and foul force- pools, which the Municipal Committee have agreed to reserve exclusively for cattle. There are three kacha tanks, within short distances of each other which are to be kept for the people to bathe in. These do not receive town drainage, their banks are to be protected to exclude cattle. There are no urinals in the town. The people generally go a-field, except the aged and sick who use the house tops and who keep private sweepers. The house-tops are inspected weekly by the Native Doctor. The street refuse has produced an income of Rs. 190 in the current year. The storage sites are to be enclosed as godowns. The streets and courtyards were clean. The refuse is removed three times a day, and is chiefly consumed in brick kilns. The Avater-supply is obtained from 23 wells. One cylinder is plastered, nineteen have masonry platforms, and fifteen have reservoirs. Nineteen are worked by hand, and Water-supply. four ^ Persian wheel and hand combined. Water decomposes in afortnight if the wells are not worked, even though ropes be unslung. The water is clear and sweet. One well is disused. They all need to be cleaned out, and the Municipal Committee has agreed to begin this work. There are two extra-mural latrines. The sewage is trenched for disposal siuce last inspection. The Municipal Committee have passed resolutions to provide seats and earthen pans for these latrines, and cells for storage of dry earth outside, which resolutions have been submitted to the Deputy Commissioner for sanction. The employment of a second female sweeper has also been passed. With reference to the Sanitary Commissioner’s advice to add the latrine filth, &c. to the refuse in godowns, the Municipal Members desire to keep them separate, as the latrines are several hundred yards distant, and the conservancy establishment cannot be increased for the conveyance of the filth. One open space about 200 yards outside the town is used for slaughter. This area is trenched, and the blood and offal is buried daily. This area is to be Slaughter-houses. enclosed. The report is encouraging. Requests that this office may be informed as soon as the improvements agreed to.by the Municipal Committee have been carried, viz.-, protection miss^nerS tke Sanitary C°m" of bathing tanks ; enclosure of manure godowns ; cleaning out of wells ; furnishing latrines with seats and earthen pans, which should be of glazed pottery ; enclosure of slaughter yard. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. “ The proposals about the protection of tanks have to a great extent been carried out—the estimate for the enclosure of manure godowns is still under considerations; two wells have been cleaned already, and the Committee will instruct people to clean out the other wells. The latrines have been furnished with seats and earthen pans.” NURPUR VILLAGE (SHAHPUR DISTRICT). Inspected on the 16th December 1881. Nhrpur is a rather scattered village, situated on a sandy plain about half way between the Preliminar remarks Jhelum and Indus rivers ; a trade in cotton and woollen cloths is carried on y ’ with merchants from Afghanistan, who come down in the winter months. The weather becomes extremely hot in the summer months, and the raiD is scanty, but the health of the town is fairly good. Latrines. If the hollows about the villages—which are the property of the zailddr, and which he intends to give Chief sanitary defacts and sug- to the people gratis for the purpose of building houses ou—are filled in gestions. with good earth a great nuisance will be removed ; but care should be taken that they are not filled in with filth. The unprotected wells should have proper copings, and the ground about them kept clean. The neglected conservancy should be improved by fixing manure godowns at 200 yards from the village walls, and not allowing the people to ease themselves within the village limits. The water-supply is obtained from 9 wells at Vasu, and 8 at Astana, and is apparently of good taste and colour. Most of the wells have no, or defective, parapets, and many of Water-supp y. them want “ channas” or wooden planks, on the side where the bullocks work. They are all exposed to pollution from surface drainage and cow-duug. There are no fixed sites for the collection of “ Jehad,” no fixed boundaries within which people should be prohibited from easing themselves. Heaps of manure may be seen in, and immediately outside the villages, which in some places lies putrifying in the dirty water of the hollows. A special sanitary conversation was held in both of the villages, at each of which about SO men . . were present. At these meetings the knowledge of the people, with refer- am ary e • euce to sanitation, vital statistics, vaccination, <fec., was tested and increased by questions, which were answered partly by the residents of the village and partly by the officiating Civil Surgeon. A. list of the sanitary defects to be remedied was given to the zaildar, who promised to do his utmost in promoting the sanitary condition of the villages. Recommends that the zaild&r and lambardars be summoned by the Deputy Commissioner for the purpose of devising, in consultation with the Civil Surgeon, measures for the Sanitary systematic and regular removal of village filth and refuse to fixed manure godowns outside the village beyond the line of a circular road to be marked out, or of pillars to be built as the limit within which the depositing of filth or ordure be prohibited. The protection of the wells used for the supply of drinking water, and the filling up of hollows should be at the same time discussed and arranged for. Requests that this office may be informed of the steps adopted, to improve the sanitary condition of these villages. MIRAK VILLAGE (JHANG DISTRICT). Inspected on the 22nd December 1881. Remarks by the Commissioner. Mirak, which is a moderate sized village situated on a raised piece of sloping ground, lies on the left bank, and at a distance of 3 miles from the river Jhelum. The Preliminary remarks. water level in the wells outside the village is 18 feet 3 inches from the surface, and inside 33 feet. The conservancy is very much neglected. Heaps of filth, including human ordure, are , .. , , , , found on all sides within and immediately without the village walls, people geSL 7 8”8' ease themselves wherever they like. The following suggestions have been made to the lambardars and chaudharis, who seem quite ready to adopt them:— 1. To have walled “ Jehad ” godowns fixed at 200 yards from the village walls for the deposit of all kinds of filth, sweepings, &c. 2. To prohibit the people from easing themselves within the boundaries. 3. To have filth of all kinds carried daily to the “ JcJidd ” godowns. For this purpose the people have adopted measures and signed an agreement amongst themselves for the payment of sweepers at the rate of 2 seers per Jcharwar of the harvest, and Re. 1 per marriage. The following hollows exist:— 1. Pirahianwala Toba.—About 4 “ bigha,” in extent. This has been partly cultivated. It would be advantageous if the whole of it were cultivated. 2. Kharlciwala.—About 1 “ bigha,” and is partly cultivated. It may be entirely brought under cultivation. The deepest part should be filled up, and further excavation prohibited. 3. Jiwan Kh&naniwala.—Is quite close to the village walls and is partly cultivated. It is also being partly filled up to erect shops upon; but the very deep part which is used as a privy should be looked after. It should be either entirely filled up or brought under cultivation The water-supply is obtained from 8 wells, namely, 7 outside and 1 inside the village. They are all worked by Persian wheels and bullocks. They all need to be pro- Water-snpply, tected by parapets and “ channas.” The owners of the wells and the lambardars have promised to have all defects removed within a week, This report is very satisfactory inasmuch as the people of this village have acquiesced to Remarks by the Sanitary Com- carry out the suggestions of the Civil Surgeon in regard to improving missioner. the insanitary condition of their village. Arrangements should also be made to provide all the wells with parapets, and waste-water conduits. Bequests that this office may be informed in due course how far the Civil Surgeon’s suggestions have been carried out. Action taken on the suggestions made in the above report. The Chaudharis and other residents of the Mauza when sent for and called upon to explain the cause of non-attention to the Civil Surgeon’s suggestions, promised to remove the defects at once, and proposed the following arrangements :— 1. The eight wells reported on by the Civil Surgeon will be provided with thatch and parapets as soon as bricks are ready. Arrangements have been made for burning bricks. 2. The three hollows, referred to in Civil Surgeon’s report, the owners agreed to fill, and bring under cultivation as soon as possible. 3. The refuse godowns were proposed at a distance of 200 yards, and some sweepers entertained on payment of a rupee per marriage, 2 seers per kharwar of the harvest produce and sale proceeds of the manure. It was further determined that the village refuse should not be stored in any other place. SHORKOT TOWN (JHANG DISTRICT). Inspected on 24th December 1881. Streets.—The same as last year. Surface cleanliness not so satisfac- Chief sanitary defects and sug- . . ,. gastions for improvement of same. tory, as at the last inspection. Suggestions.—Increased staff of sweepers is necessary, and I learn a provision has been made for the same. Drams.—Exist in the paved bazar. They have nothing to carry but the rain water. Drainage.—Which is very defective, can, it is hoped, be improved by digging a “ Nullah from System of .ewerage, drainage near “ Abkari” away into the fields towards the river, and orders have and conservancy arrangements in been given by the Deputy Commissioner to carry out this suggestion force- during the present winter. Conservancy system.—Has been somewhat improved and filth is carried out of the town to 6 places ; but the sites for “ ichdd ” godowns have not yet been walled. Hie resolution of the Municipal Committee to have only two “ Jehad” godowns instead of 6, as previously shewn to me, and as they now exist, would I think not serve the purpose. The people of the town say it would be very inconvenient for them, and I from my personal experience of such affairs, presume it would be impracticable lor them, to carry the filth of all quarters of the town to the 2 godowns. Consists of 4 Municipal sweepers, and 2 sweepers paid from private subscription. They are not enough, but I learn a provision for increased establishment has been made Conservancy establishment. jn next year’s Budget. The establishment is very lazy and the supervision seems to be in effective. The Hospital Assistant and some of the Members of the Committee now and then look after their work, but they seem to be too much favored by some other members. They may be daily supervised by a mate sweeper and punished for negligence by the Vice-President of the Committee, i. e., the Tahsildar. The Hospital Assistant may keep the Tahsil authorities informed of the defects that he may find in the work. As bad as at my last inspection. They seem only to be swept occasionally. Being so full of excreta that there is hardly room for people to place their feet upon, it is no Latrines. wonder that are avoided as much as possible :— A special sanitary meeting was held at the school premises where some 30 men were present and where the subjects of registration winter clothing, treatment of women Special sanitary meeting. during child birth, proper time for weaning children and vaccination were discussed. With reference to the latter subject the advisability of adopting vaccination as an obligator}' household institution amongst the Hindus in the same way as “ mundan (shaving the hair of child) an “ ohola ” (putting on a shirt for the first time) was dwelt upon. Recommends that the Deputy Commissioner be asked to convene a special meeting of the Remarks by the Sanitary Com- Municipal Committee for the purpose of discussing, and carrying out, as far missioner. as practicable, the suggestions made by the Civil Surgeon under the heads of “ drainage, conservancy and water-supply,” and that this office be informed of whatever action is determined upon. Action taken by the Municipal Committee in the above report. (a). The President enquired the income of the Municipality, and was informed that it is Rs. 1 >300 per year on an average. The income up to the present date ist Rs. 1,080-13-3, which has been collected by officials appointed for the purpose under the daily supervision of one Member of the Committee. , . * Th<? sanitary report of the Civil Surgeon with Dr. Bellew’s remarks was translated and read to the members. The Civil Surgeon has clearly forgotten that the income of the town is very small, and there is actually no money in hand, except what is required to pay the existing establishment. Nor is the insanitary condition of the town at all so serious as is described by Civil Surgeon. The President has ef i atl jleS of tlie t10Wn* They are a11 spacious, in fact more so than is necessary for a population o , ob souls, and quite as clean as could be expected. There having been no money in hand for the repairs and improvements of the wells, private subscriptions have been raised and the wells are now generally in good working order. The Committee agrees to have four receptacles for the town refuse. Walls tor these receptacles will be made when there is money. The six referred to by the Civil Surgeon are not required. Au estimate will be prepared for extending the drain near the AbJcari compound. . f ii jj rTii i ^ ^ Civil Surgeon ’s opinion that fever is rightly ascribed to “ more rainfall. There never have been excessive rains in the Jhang district. It is, however, a peculiarity of Shorkot that water lodges in its vicinity, though this prevails to a far less extent than in previous years, hor instance General Cunningham in his account of Shorkot states that there was a large sheet of water near the town where there were plenty of fish, but the tank and the fish no longer exist. (c). A pioposal for making a drain near the house of Jind Wadda in the town could not be entertained for want of funds. 110. I append a list shewing the names of officials and non-officials whose services in the cause Names of officials and non-officials whose services in the cause of of Sanitation and Vaccination have been brought Vaccination and Sanitation are brought to the notice of Government. tO my notice by District Officers and Civil Surgeons:— District. Name. Occupation. Place of residence. .Jhang Rdi Bahadur Chetan Shah ... • • • Civil Surgeon Jhang. Gurgaon Lala Gokal Chand .., ft • • Officiating Civil Surgeon Gurgaon. Lahore Nawdb Abdul Majid Khan ... Magistrate, 2nd Class.,, Lahore city. Ditto Pandit Janardhan ,,, Member of Municipal Committee ; Ditto. and Lecturer, Oriental College. Delhi Khan Bahddur Haidar Hosain Khan, Member of Municipal Committee, Delhi city. Ditto Hakim Zabur-ud-din Khan... ... Ditto ditto ,,, Ditto. Ditto Muhammad Ikramulla Khan ... Ditto ditto Ditto. Gurgaon Pandit Mannu Lai ... Tahsilddr Null. Gujranwdla Harnarain Member of Municipal Committee, Rdmnagar. Gujrat Maula Dad Zaildar Kunjah. Ditto Mir Haidar Native Doctor Dingah, Ditto Harnam Dds Munsif Jalalpur. Mooltan Dharm Dis ... ... Tahsildar Shujabad. Jhang Gholdm Mohayad-din Member of Municipal Committee, Shorkot. Ditto Gulamjilani Shah ... Ditto ditto Ditto. Ditto Maulvi Chirdg-ud-din ... Tahsilddr Adampur. Ditto Mehar Nur ... Member of Municipal Committee, Ditto. Ditto Bhavani Das ... Zailddr ... ... Machhiwal. Ditto Bahddar Khan ... Ditto Dab Kaldn. Ditto Makhdum Jalal ... ... ... Ditto Hassu Balel. Ditto f Radha Rdm ... ... Ditto Ditto. H. W. BELLEW, Deputy Surgeon-General, Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab, » * I . - ') . . I "J ’ , * ... * » APPENDIX A. LAWRENCE MILITARY ASYLUM AT SANAWAR. A.— Table showing the SICKNESS and MORTALITY among the CHILDREN of the above ASYLTJM daring the year 1881. Average A verage No. No. daily sick per cent, of strength. Died per 1,000 of strength. Causes of deaths in Hospital. Months, strength. daily sick. Enteric fevers. All other causes. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Bfi^s. Girls. Boys. 3iris. I Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls, January ... .... 221 160 11-48 9-61 5-19 6-00 ... 1 • • * 6-25 ... ... ... 1 February .. ... 223 162 17-28 8-6S 7’74 5-35 ... ... f • ... ... ... •tt • •• March ... ... 236 167 14-58 9-87 617 5-91 ... ... ••• ••• | ... ... ... April . 232 167 17-10 7-83 7‘37 4-68 • •• ... !f • t • ... • •• ... May ... 234 169 15-35 9-90 6-55 5-85 ••• ... ... ... ... ... ... June 240 175 12-50 11-63 5-20 6-64 ... • tv tit ... ... July . 242 183 1322 15-16 5-46 8-28 ... ••t ... ft f • ... ... ... August .., ... 244 182 13-54 1061 5-54 5-82 1 f* 5-49 ... 1 ... • •* September ... ... 240 1S1 9-63 12-00 4-01 6-62 J ••t 4-17 ••• ... ... 1 October . 242 178 12-19 9-80 5-03 5-50 ... ft ... f ... ... ... November ... ... ... 238 179 11-20 7-76 4-70 4-33 ... ft ft ... ... ... ... December .. ... 239 180 9-67 9-48 4-04 5-26 • •• ft tf ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 Died per 1,000 of the average strength. For the year 236 173 1314 10-19 5-56 5-89 1 2 4-24 11-56 ... 5-78 4-24 5-78 DISTRIBUTION of CHILDREN according to AGE on 1st July 1881. SEX. 2 and under 5 years. 5—10. 10—15. 15—20. Total of all ages. Remarks. Boys »«, ••• ... 78 132 32 242 Girls Mi •rm • •• 2 52 111 18 183 - Total . B.—TABLE showing the CAUSES of ADMISSIONS into HOSPITAL among the year Number in Causes of admissions. Jamtary. February. March. April. May. June. m o PQ Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Small-pox ... ... ... ... Chicken-pox 2 4 2 . * • 2 Measles Enteric fever Simple continued fever Intermittent and remittent fevers o 3 1 i Malignant Cholera ... Diphtheria Hooping-cough Mumps 4 36 2 9 i 6 6 3 5 7 Acute rheumatism ... 2 Phthisis pulmonalis ... Meningitis ... Sun-stroke ... Epilepsy 1 1 ... Conjunctivis (opthalmia) 1 i 2 1 Valve disease of heart ... ... Croup ... ... 1 ... 1 Bronchitis ... ... Pneumonia ... ... Dysentery ... 1 ... 1 Diarrhoea ..... Ulcer ... ... 1 Tinea favosa 1 1 1 1 ... 1 2 Itch / ... ... ... Wounds and accidents 2 1 1 ... 2 1 All other causes 21 11 14 11 19 n 25 7 33 13 19 14 Total 29 15 55 16 32 16 36 17 42 19 22 23 Admitted per cent, of the average 13T3 9-37 24-66 9-88 1356 9-58 15-52 10-18 17-95 11-24 9-17 13-14 CHILDREN of the LAWRENCE MILITARY ASYLUM, SANAWAR, during the 1881. EACH MONTH. Total admis- j sions during j the year. Admitted per cent, of strength. Died per cent of admission. July. August. September. October. November. December. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 02 O pq Girls. 02 o M Girls. U2 o PQ Girls ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 8 0-S4 4-62 ... ... • • • 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 . • • 0-58 . • • 100 00 ! ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-24 1-16 ... ... 1 •. . 2 • • • • •• 1 ... 1 10 2 • . • ... •.. ... ... 7 - 11 12 1 4 1 8 ... 3 60 66 25-42 3S-15 ... ... 1 ... 1 ... ... « •« •• • ... 4 . . . 1-69 ... • • • ... ... ... ... • . • ... * 1 1 0-42 0-58 • »•« ... •<. ... ... ... 3 2 6 4 2-54 2-31 ... ... ... ... 1 ... 1 1 3 0-42 1-73 ... ... ... ... ... 1 — 1 ... 1 3 2 1-27 1-16 ... 1 ••• 2 • • • ... ... ... ... o ... 0-84 ... ... ... • • • l ... ... 1 ... i 2 0-42 1-16 ... ... 1 3 1 ... ... 2 2 ... 1 2 2 10 11 4-24 6-36 ... ... ... i. • .. . • « . 1 ... • • • ... ... ... ... 1 ... 0-58 ... 1 ... ... 1 • • • o ... ... 1 o Md 13 1 5-51 0-58 ... ... 22 21 19 14 20 8 14 12 8 5 7 1 221 128 93G4 7399 0-78 0-7S 28 33 23 25 22 24 19 18 11 19 15 5 334 230 strength in each month. 11-57 18-03 9-43 13-74 9-17 13-20 7-85 10-11 4-62 10-Gl 6-28 2-78 141-52 132-95 t'u LAWRENCE MEMORIAL ASYLUM AT MURREE. % A.—Table showing the SICKNESS and MORTALITY among the CHILDREN of the above ASYLUM during the year 1881. Months. A verage strength. Aver<>ye number daily sick. A umber daily sick per cent, of strength. Number of deaths. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls, Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. January 83 59 016 o-oo 0-19 0 00 • • • February 88 GO 048 000 054 000 March ,.. 89 70 025 083 028 118 April ... 89 69 083 06 0-93 0-09 May 90 69 019 012 021 017 June 91 69 1 01 033 110 048 July 93 69 087 019 093 027 August 92 69 160 000 174 00Q September 92 67 040 000 043 000 October 93 65 025 000 0 27 000 November 90 . 67 0-06 02 002 0-03 December 90 64 025 096 0-28 1-5Q For the year 90 66 053 021 0-59 035 • • • • • • DISTRIBUTION of CHILDREN according to AGE on 1st July 1881. Sex. 2 and under 5 years. C7T 1 t—« o • i 10—15. 15—20. Total of all ages. Eemarks. Boys • • • 34 48 11 93 Girls * « • 19 42 8 69 Total . « ;> t « . * \ B.—TABLE showing the CAUSES of ADMISSIONS into HOSPITAL among the year Number in Causes of admissions. January. February. March. April, May. June. Boys. Girls. Boys. ! Girls. Boys. m »—* 3 Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Small-pox .... ... .. . • .. . • . ... Chicken-pox .... ... ■ ... ... ... ... . . • • • • ... . . • ... .. • Measles ... ... ... ... . . . ... ... •. • ... Enteric fever ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Simple continued fever ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Intermittent and remittent fevers ... .... ... ... ... • • • ... ... ... ... Malignant Cholera ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... •. • Diphtheria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. • • . . Hooping-cough ... ... : ... ... ... i .. . ... ... • • • Mumps ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... Acute rheumatism ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Phthisis pulmonalis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • •• ... ... Meningitis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sun-stroke ... ... .... ... ... ... ... Epilepsy ... .... j «... ... ... • . • ... ... Conjunctivis (opthalmia) .... ... ... i ... ... ; ... ... 1 Valve disease of heart ... «... ... ... . . • ... ... ... ... Croup ... Bronchitis .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Pneumonia ... ... ... ... ... Dysentery Diarrhoea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • ... ... ... * ... Ulcer ... ... ... ... • • . ... ... ... Tinea favosa Itch ... ... ._ ... ... — ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . « . ... ... ... ... Wounds and accidents ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... .. • ... All other causes ••• 1 ... ... 1 i 4 2 ... ... 2 1 'Total - 1 ... i ... 1 o 5 2 1 1 3 1 Admitted 'per cent, of the average 1-20 1-14 ... 112 2-86 5-62 2-90 I'll 1 1-45 3-30 1-45 CHILDREN of the LAWRENCE MEMORIAL ASYLUM, at MURREE, during the 1881. EACH MONTH. Total admissions during the year. Admitted per cent, of strength. Died per cent, f admissions. July. 9 August. September. October. November. December. Boya. Girls. 1 Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. __- Girls. _ Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. m 3 ... ... 1 1 ... ... 1 f 1-51 ... «M • • • ... * * % ... • • ... 1 ... 1-51 ... • • i • •• ... ... • • • •• ... 1 ... 1-51 IM ... 2 •• : 2 ... 3-03 • •« ... ... ... • • 2 2 22 — ... ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... 1-51 ... • • • 1 3 . . • 3 33 •.. .. • 2 2 2 1 ... 1 1 2 o 16 9 17-77 ... ... ... 2 2 ••• ... 2 2 ... 1 4 o 3 , 21 15 I strength in each month. 2-15 2-90 ... ... 2-17 2-15 ... 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Died per 1,000 of strength. i Delhi 1,168 832 7123 36-50 3T2 21 17'98 2 Gurgaon . .. 512 167 32 62 7-22 1-41 8 15-62 3 Karn&l 608 260 4276 10-62 175 15 24-65 4 Ilissar 533 211 39-59 8-13 1-52 13 24-39 5 Rohtak 450 242 53-78 5-91 1-31 7 015 6 Sirsa • . • 370 207 55 94 542 1-46 6 16-22 Umballa 1,154 324 28-08 9-87 855 13 11-26 8 i Ludhiana 551 259 47-09 8-43 1-53 5 909 9 Simla 205 34 16-58 173 084 1 4-87 io ! Jullundur 507 219 4319 1047 206 9 1775 11 Hosliiarpur 498 166 33-33 9-27 1-86 8 1606 12 Kangia 411 188 4574 753 1-84 6 14-60 13 Amritsar .918 725 78-98 22-86 2-49 45 49-02 14 Gurdaspur 591 231 3909 7T5 1 21 10 16-92 15 Sialkot 537 127 23 65 6-42 119 7 1303 16 Lahore 1,363 770 £6-49 26-37 1-93 48 3522 17 Gujranwala 481 170 35-42 1010 2-10 5 10-42 18 Ferozepore 554 331 -5975 12-05 2-17 7 12-61 19 Rawalpindi 1,049 351 3346 12 92 1-23 26 2479 20 Jhelum 515 172 33-40 4-66 0-90 5 971 21 Gujrat 358 77 21-51 418 117 • • • • • • 22 Sliahpur 465 84 18-06 3-50 075 5 1075 23 Mooltan 832 347 4171 1512 1-82 2 2-40 24 Jhang 472 117 2479 655 1-39 2 4-24 25 Montgomery 481 196 4075 374 078 • • • • • • 26 Muzaffargarh 379 358 94-46 12-50 3-30 4 10-58 27 Dera Ismail Khan. 583 153 26-24 5-41 0-93 5 8-58 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 491 222 45-21 5-96 1-20 9 18-33 29 Bannu 465 154 3312 3-48 7-48 2 4-30 30 Peshawar 1,113 383 34-41 1812 1-63 16 13-48 31 Hazara 461 173 37-53 636 1-38 2 4-34 32 Kohat 452 156 34-51 9-57 212 6 13-27 • • • 317 16-23 serving in each District of the Punjab during the year 1881. Causes of deaths in Hospital. Small-pox. Enteric fever. --I Simple continued fever. Intermittent and re- 1 mittent fevers. Malignant cholera. 2 Ts a o a "3 co CO • t-H jH £ Scurvy. Apoplexy. Heart diseases. Respiratory diseases. Dysentery. Diarrhoea. Hepatitis. Wounds and accidents. All other causes. Died out of Hospital. Number. • • • • • • • • • 8 • • • 1 1 5 • • 0 • • • • • • 1 5 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 0 0 9 • • • 0 9 9 • • • 7 2 • • • • • • • . • 3 • • • 000 • . . 2 9 0 0 • • • • • • 0 9 9 . • . 10 3 • • • • • • 1 • • • 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 • •• 9 9 9 • • • 5 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • 0 0 0 • • • • • • 9 0 9 • • • • • • 9 9 9 2 5 • • • • • • 1 • • • • • • 0 0 0 • • • • • • 1 • 99 • • • • • • 9 9 0 1 3 6 • • • . . . • • • 1 1 0 0 0 000 9 9 0 5 0 9 9 1 ■ 0 9 ' • 90 3 2 7 • • • .... • • • 0 0 0 1 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 • • • • • • 9 9 0 • • • 3 S • • • • • • • • * 0 0 0 • • • ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 • • • • • • 9 9 0 • • • • • • 9 • • • • • • • • • 1 4 • • • •. • 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 9 • • • • • • • 99 • • • 2 10 • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 9 9 • • • • • • 0 9 0 ... 7 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • # • •.. • 00 0 0 0 • • • 0 9 0 • • • • • • 9 9 0 • • • 6 12 • * • • • * • • • 8 12 1 0 0 0 9 9 9 4 9 9 9 3 • • 9 0 9 0 4 13 13 • • • • • • • • • Ml iii • • • 0 0 0 0 9 9 2 1 0 0 9 9 9 9 0 9 0 ... 7 14 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 99 • • • • • • 0 9 9 • 09 9 0 0 • • • >T 4 15 • • • • • • • • • 4 17 3 0 0 0 • 00 • 09 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 12 16 • • • 1 • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 • 09 • • • • 9 9 • • • 0 9 9 9 0 0 • • • 4 17 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 • 00 1 • • • 1 0 0 9 9 9 2 3 18 • • • • • • 3 • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 n O 0 9 9 1 9 9 9 0 0 9 1 18 19 • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 1 9 9 0 • • • 9 0 0 9 0 9 • • • 4 20 • • • • # • • • • : • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 0 • . • • 99 9 9 9 • • • • • • 21 • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 9 9 0 9 9 • • • 0 0 9 0 9 9 1 3 22 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 9 9 0 9 0 • 90 1 • • • • • • 23 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 00 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 9 9 Ml • • • 1 • • • 24 • • • • • • • • » • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 • • • 0 9 9 0 9 9 • • • • • • 9 9 0 • i i 25 • • • • • • ... • • • 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 9 0 9 • • • • • • 1 1 26 • • • • • • t M • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ... 990 • • • • • • 1 3 27 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 1 III 0 0 0 • • • 1 0 9 9 • • • 1 6 28 • • • • • • • 0 • » ■ • • • • 0 0 0 • 0 0 • • • 9 9 9 1 • • • 0 0 0 • • • • • • • • • 1 29 • • • 3 • • • • •• • • • 0 0 0 111 • • • 9 0 9 6 • 0 0 1 9 9 0 • • • • • • 5 30 • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • 0 0 0 • • • 0 0 0 9 9 9 1 • 00 0 9 0 • 99 • • • • • • 1 31 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 • 0 0 9 0 0 9 9 9 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 • • • • • • 5 32 • • • 3 1 29 34 10 0 0 0 2 1 51 5 10 • 99 2 21 148 APPENDIX C. Copy of letter No. 1768, dated 9th December 1881, from Deputy Surgeon General H. W. Bellew> C. S. I., Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab, to the Secretary to Government, Punjab. I HAVE the honor to forward, in original, for the information of His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor, a report on the Fever Epidemic at Amritsar, during the Autumn of 1881, by Surgeon Major J. Benuett, Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle. 2. Dr. Bennett, as will be seen from para. 2 of his report-, commenced bis investigation on the 22nd October 1881, or nearly a month after the disease had attained its height. J 3. Owing to my being appointed Secretary and Member of a Special Cholera Committee, from 1st October, I was unable to inspect the city till after the end of that month. 4. I may add here that I entirely coincide in the remarks and opinions of Dr. Bennett as expressed in his interesting report. Report on Epidemic, Remittent and Intermittent Fever occurring in the City of Amritsar in the Autumn of 1881, by Surgeon-Major J. Bennett, Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Eastern Circle, Punjab. Incompliance with instructions contained in your No. 1343, dated 13th October 1881, received by me on the 18th idem, I proceeded to Amritsar to investigate the nature and peculiarities of the fever prevailing in that city, and I now beg'to submit my report on the subject. I would here explain that in consequence of pressure of work connected with the carrying out of the details of the scheme for the reorganization of the Vaccination Department, lately sanctioned by Government, considerable delay in the preparation and submission of my report has unavoidably taken place. 2. Accompanied by Mr. Clarke, the Deputy Commissioner, and Mr. Nichol, the Municipal Secretary, I commenced my investigation on the 22nd October by visiting Mode of investigation. the various dispensaries in the city, at each of which fever patients in great numbers were seen being attended to. During the course of our visit, it appeared that the Assistant Suro-eons and Hospital Assistants, as well as Hakims, who had been treating the sick throughout the epidemic were unanimous in their opinion that the sickness so fatally prevalent was due to malarious fever, and as far as could be judged from the appearance of the patients themselves, and the statements made by them regarding the symptoms from which they had been, or were still, suffering, the diagnosis, appeared to be correct; but owing to the enormous number of people daily crowding for relief, the work had been overwhelming, and there had been no time for accurate observation, or for keeping any record of clinical facts, from which reliable data could be obtained. Indeed during the worst period of the outbreak the daily number treated at the different dispensaries, and in the streets, by thirteen medical officers, is reported to have reached 10,000, being about 770 patients a day for each medical officer. A number, which, it is needless to remark, is beyond the powers of any one man to attend to in any but the most perfunctory and imperfect way. Although, however, there was but little time for accurate observations to be made in individual cases, two great features had been noticed as beino- specially characteristic of the disease, viz., its periodicity in the vast majority of the attacks the febrile symptoms intermitted, after from six to ten hours duration, the paroxysms comin" on at a certain time every day or every other day, and the fact that the regular administration of antfperiodics, quinine, cinchona febrifuge, &c., was usually attended with successful results. 3 The Mortuary Returns received from the Sanitary Commissioner’s office shew that the minimum death-rate from fever was reached in July, thence it gradually rose Fever Chart showing the in August, especially during the latter part of the month, when the epidemic rise and fall of the disease. may be said to have began. An inspection of the annexed fever Chart for which I am indebted to Mr. Nichol, the Municipal Secretary, shews at a glance the daily rise and fall of the death-rate in the city of Amritsar from the beginning of the outbreak to the end of October. From this it is seen that, from the end of August to the 20th September, the death-rate from fever rose by successive and rapid waves, until the daily number of casualties from fever reached as many as 105 ; thence during the course of the following eleven days the fever line is seen to mount rapidly up through 130, 150, 170, respectively until 200 is reached on the 27th September, then descending to 175, it rises on the following day to 205, again to descend on the 1st October to 185, from which number it leaps up to 220 on the 3rd of that month, when the maximum point was attained. From the 3rd to the 5th of the month the death-rate is seen to fall rapidly to 165 ; and during the following week by successive and rapid falls to 105 ; from the 13th to the 31st October, (the latter being the latest date for which returns have been furnished) a daily average number of 119 deaths is seen to be maintained, the maximum and minimum reached being 135 and 95 respectively. The ratio of admissions for fever in the Police and Jail Hospitals, compared with the death-rate from fever amongst the city population is shewn in the following table :— Statement No. I. Admissions for Intermittent Fever per 1,000 of strength. June. July. August. September. October. Police Hospital 15-4 8-7 920 193-8 55-8 Jail ,1 ••• 14-9 69 4437 4081 60-2 Deaths per nxille from fevers. Amritsar City 20-3 I 150 25 20 207-2 386-0 This table shews a great increase in the ratio of admissions for fever into the Jail and Police hospitals (especially the former) in August, while the recorded death-rate amongst the civil population shews no increase from this cause until September. This is a feature which has been noticed in almost all the epidemics of autumnal fever in this country, the cause being found in the fact that, as intermittent fever in its early attacks seldom proves fatal, the death-rates are not influenced by the epidemic until about a month after its commencement. The prisoners, from the depressing conditions under which they live, and the lower stamina of constitution characterising this class, shewed, as might be expected, the effects of the malarial poisoning in greater degree than the members of the Police force appear to have done. The coincidence of the high admission rates in the two hospitals, and of the enormously increased death-rate amongst the city people, as seen in the above table, seems to point to September as the month in which the fever producing influence was most intense. That the death- rate in the city did not attain its maximum until the following month, does not argue against this view; for, as just explained, in an outbreak of malarious fever the increased mortality does not, as a rule, follow, until after a considerable inteival the increase in the numbers affected with the disease. With but few exceptions, in the severe forms of fever examined by me, towards the end of October, cases in which fatal results were to be expected, the illness was found to have been of six weeks or two months standing. Very few recent or acute cases were seen. In the Jail and Police hospitals a great decrease is seen to have taken place in the number of fever admissions during the month of October. According to the records, the daily number of applicants for relief attending at the different dispensaries, and of those treated in the streets and lanes appears to have been greatest between the 4th and 16th October, during which period the daily average mortality had declined about 36 per cent from the highest attained ; but the numbers recorded cannot be taken as an index to the prevalence of the sickness, for it was found that the number of patients was in proportion, in a great measure, to the amount of sherbet distributed to them as a vehicle for cinchona febrifuge, and other medicines prescribed. At one dispensary, for example, the number of patients, which had been 1,368 on the 16th October, fell to 364 on the following day because the supplies of sherbet were stopped. 4. From causes which will again be alluded to, the mortality has been greatest amongst the poorer classes of Hindus and Muhammadans. The following figures shewing Distribution of deaths ac- the distribution of deaths from fever according to classes from the 20th of cording to class and age. August> wheo the rise October, were obtained from the Municipal office in the mortality began to take place to the 31st Statement No. II. Classes. Population according to Census of 1876. Deaths from fever. Ratio per 1,000 of population. Hindus • • • • ••• 66,093 2,572 38-9 Muhammadans • • • • « • • • • • • • 66,353 4,093 616 Other classes • • • • « 3,642 194 53-2 • • • Fr? u-th!S lfc 1S seen that the Muliammadans have been by far the greatest sufferers. Taking the number of Hindus and Muhammadans as being nearly equal in point of population, the statement shews that the rate of mortality is in the proportion of 1 of the former to 16 of the latter; and this disproportion between the two classes is explained by the fact that a large proportion of the Muhammadan population is made up of poor, ill-fed and badly clad Kashmiris, on whom the disease fell heaviest, and committed its greatest ravages. The mortality among children has been excessively high. Of a total of 6,859 deaths from fever 3,531, or more than halt, are recorded to have occurred amongst children under twelve years of age. Compaied with adults, infants and children, as is well known, shew a peculiarly marked susceptibility to malarious influences, as evinced by the more rapid supervention of daugeious symptoms, and the markedly giea,ter tendency to spleen affection, wasting of tbe tissues, and the other sequela which characterise the state known as malarious cachexia ; and to this no doubt the excessive mortality amongst these cases is to be ascribed. It would be interesting to know the proportion of deaths in infants under one year of age, and of children under five years of age, respectively, and to contrast it with the birth-rates for the same period, but no data are at present available. I have reason to believe, however, from the comparatively large number of young children seen to he ill with fever, many being in a state of great emaciation and weakness, that the death-rate amongst them must have been appallingly high. . It would probably be no exaggeration to say that two-thirds of the infantile population have died since the commencement of the outbreak, and that the health of the remaining third has been so shattered that camparatively few, among the poorer classes especially, are likely to survive beyond their fifth year. 5. There can be little doubt, I think, that the outbreak was due to excessive rainfall obstructed drainage, rise of the spring level, and consequent water-logging Causation of the disease. 0f the soil. Duriug the months of July and August, according to a return . , _ furnished from the Deputy Commissioner’s office, a fad of 38 inches was registered, being 24 inches above the average for the previous 10 years, while that for September is shewn to be under the usual average. In consequence of this excessive downpour a great part of the ground about the city was covered with water, and the water in the city wells rose to about six feet from the suiface. In the civil station, where both the drainage and the outfall are extremely defective, the greater part of the ground was for some considerable time under water, and the spring level is stated to have risen in many places to about a foot from the surface, while at one time the water in several of the wells actually rose to a level with the ground. This excessive rainfall is said to have been confined to Amritsar, and its immediate vicinity, that in other parts of the district being but little above the average ; but no records are available to shew to what extent this irregularity of distribution took place. After this inordinate rainfall the atmosphere is described as having been heavy and moist to an unusual degree, while from the damp soil, drying up under the influence of a hot sun, the ground water at the same time beginning to subside, organic emanations from the decomposing animal and vegetable matter contained in it must have been given off iu great abundance. Conditions which, it is needless to say, are well known to be highly favourable to the production of a poisonous influence by which paroxysmal fevers of severe type is not unfrequently produced. It is not improbable that there may have been other agencies at work, by means of which the fever producing influence was generated in an unusually poisonous form, but with the nature of these we are as yet imperfectly acquainted. Bad sanitary conditions although, perhaps, favourable to growth of the fever germ, although the specific microscopic plant to which malaria is now said to be due, do not appear to have had any material influence as a primary exciting cause : for in this respect the city of Amritsar is better off than most cities and towns in the Province, where autumnal fever has not been so fatally prevalent to anything like the same extent. Many intelligent natives blamed the well water as being one of the main causes of the outbreak. On the 30th October I analysed qualitatively samples collected from six wells, the water of which was said to be sweet and much used, aud found them all clear and sparkling, free from taste or smell, even after having been kept for two weeks in closed bottles; but the qualitation tests which were the only means at my disposal to decide the point, shewed evidence of sewage contamination in all. The water was alkaline in reaction; chlorides which are almost always found in wells situated inside the walls of towns and villages in this country, were present in considerable quantity, but no evidence of other sewage salts (nitrates, nitrites, or ammonia) was detected. At a subsequent period on analysing samples of water collected by Dr. Duke (lately appointed Civil Surgeon of Amritsar) from seven city wells, I found in all of them chlorides and nitrates present in abundance, while two shewed the presence of ammonia. Here we have unmistakeabie evidence of sewage pollution ; both recent or old ; the consequent evidence of chlorides and nitrates pointing to the former, and that of ammonia in two of the samples examined, to the latter. The analysis of a sample taken as a standard of purity from a well in the Deputy Commissioner’s garden, in which the water table was but five feet from the surface, revealed the presence of sulphates only (also present in the wells of the city) shewiug that the excess of chlorides and nitrates found in the water of the city wells is really due to sewage pollution and to saturating of soil. The tubes of several of the wells in question were cracked, and close to the parapets of most of them were open drains containing stagnant sewage. But the water examined by me, contaminated as it undoubtedly is, is no wor>e than that used by natives in other towns of the Province, to me it seems a more significant fact, that the water in the wells is nearer the surface by 10 feet, than it was in 1878. w 6. Not having had an opportunity of observing a case from the commencement of the attack to the end except in the milder forms which were of short duration, I can only Symptoms of the disease. aqU(]e to a few of the more characteristic features, which, during the course of my investigation came under notice. At a comparatively early period of the outbreak the sickness was so universally prevalent that not a single individual Native or European, in the city and civil station appears to have escaped its attacks; nine-tenths of the shops are said to have been closed, and the work of the Government offices was carried on with the utmost difficulty, owing to the general prostration with fever. Two forms of the disease were met wi'th, common intermittent fever, and the ever but dangerous remittent form to which so many of the city people succumbed ; but between these two there were many gradations partaking of characters common to both. In the vast majority of cases examined by me the fever was undoubtedly intermittent, the febrile symptoms recurring and subsiding at regular intervals, varying in length according as the fever was of the quotidian, tertian, or quartan type and presenting no essential difference from those which characterise the ordinary autumnal fever of this country. Symptoms not unfrequently observed at the commencement of the hot stage were violent bilions vomiting and purging, attended with pain and uneasiness in the regions of the stomach and liver indicative of congestion of those organs ; and in cases of long standing, diarrhoea was a common symptom, but in no case did I see “ choleraic ” symptoms superadded to those of fever. During the attacks, the spleen, as a rule, become enlarged afterwards returning to its normal size in the period of intermission. When, however, in the absence of proper treatment, a rule to which there were but few exceptions, the paroxysms were frequently repeated, and the disease become chronic, the enlargement, accompanied b}7 the usual signs of splenic cachexia, become permanent. Of 61 cases examined by Dr. Thompson, then Civil Surgeon, and myself, taken promiscuously from a crowd of fever patients at one of the city dispensaries, and from people met with in the streets, no less than 77 per cent were found to be more or less affected with spleen ; the enlargement usually extending some considerable distance into the abdomen below theloAver ribs. A notable feature in the case of several children examined was the attenuated condition of the abdominal walls from the great thinning of the muscles, through which the lower part of the spleen could readily be grasped in the hand. In many cases, especially amongst the poorer people, the body was much emanated from the combined effects of fever and insufficient and inappropriate diet. In almost all the signs of inanition as well as of malarial cachexia were more or less marked, the tongue, lips and conjunction were pulled and bloodless, the face puffy and diopsical round the eyes, and the skin anaemic, sometimes jaundiced accompanied with liver affection ; and not unfrequently dropsical swellings of the lower limbs with, in some cases general dropsy and albuminose indicative of the intensity of the malarial poisoning. Chronic diarrhoea and dysentery were also frequent concomitants, especially after the cold dewy nights of October had set in. In that part of the city inhabitated by the Kashmiri Shawl-weavers, almost the whole of the population appeared to be suffering more or less, from the depressing effect of malarious cachexia and chronic starvation. The worst forms of this combination, were seen amongst children, and particularly amongst infants at the breast, many of whom, their mothers having lest health and strength from frequent or prolonged attacks of fever, were seen to be literally dying of inanition. As already pointed out the mortality amongst this class of cases, owing to the great susceptibility of children to affections resulting from malarial poisoning has been enormously large ; more than half of the deaths amongst people of all ages occurring among children under 12 years of age. In the cases of remittent fever examined, the history as far as could be gathered was the following: in many cases the febrile attacks, were at first only of some hours duration, being followed by periods of distinct intermission. After a week or ten days; in the absence of appropriate treatment, the sufferers weakened b}7 successive attacks and unable to procure suitable food to restore their failing strength became more and more prostrate, while the paroxysms of fever continuing to recur became more and more prolonged, until, the one merging into the other, the disease assumed the remittent or continued form. In others, the fever, remittent from the first and lasting from seven to ten or twelve days, then changed its type and became intermittent. In others again of a more severe character the fever was ushered in by rigors followed in the hot stage by violent vomitting and purging with pain in stomach, liver and spleen, the latter as a rule being found to be enlarged and congested. In several bad cases seen by me there was high fever with great heat of head, the intellect appeared confused with inclination to go to sleep, and sometimes coma. In others the condition known as the typhoid state had supervened : dry brown tongue, sordes on the teeth; frequent, weak, fluttering pulse, and other ■symptoms of prostration were observed. •7. The opportunities of making post mortem examinations on those who had died from what may be termed acute forms of the disease did not present themselves, and it Morbid anatomy of the di- is to the appearances seen by mein four cases of long standing, in which sease' death resulted from the combined effects of prolonged fever, and chronic starvation, admitted into the Sadr Dispensary in a more or less moribund state, that the following remarks refer. These cases, although perhaps not sufficiently numerous from which to draw any general conclusion, are instructive as being typical ones of a disease which was then, and is now proving so terribly fatal in the city. In the case of a Kashmiri admitted for “Ague and Diarboea,” who died a few days after admission, there was some congestion of the mucous membrane of the lower part of the ilium, near its junction with the large gut; but in no instance were ulcers typical of enteric (typhoid) fever present. In all the bodies examined there was complete absence of fat in the mesentery, the coats of the bowel were much attenuated, and the mucous membrane had the appearance of having undergone that peculiar form of degeneration, which has been described as characteristic of chronic starvation, when its glandular structure having lost, to a great extent, the power of absorbing food death from inanition is the inevitable result. In all there was enlargement of the spleen with much thinning of the muscles, and a state ot intense bloodlessness and wasting of the tissues oeherallv In two cases extensive traces of disease of the lungs were found; the lung tissue was for the most part much consolidated with recent inflammation, and easily lacerable, resembling the liver in structure. In the case of a Kashmiri boy admitted tor dysentery following prolonged fever, the body had been reduced to a skeleton ; the post mortem examination revealed, in addition to enlargement of the spleen small circular ulcers with blackened deposits round their edges, studding the surface of the mucous membrane of the large gut throughout its entire length. This was a typical case of malarious dysentery to which so many have lately fallen victims. With reference to eight fatal cases of fever which took place in the Jail Hospital during the months of September and October, it is reported by Dr. Ross then Civil Surgeon, that “ no lesions were observed in the intestines except in one case,” regarding which the fol owmg remarks were recorded in the post mortem book. •* General inflammatory symptoms throughout intestines ; glands injected and intestines filled with gelatenous fluid. This case is a typical one of gradual decline, diarrhoea following malarious fever in a -weekly subject.” The only available information regarding the morbid appearances seen in the autopsis of the other seven cases are that no ulcers in the intestines were found. 8. Different causes came into operation at different periods of the epidemic. At a comparatively early period of the out-break, when the fever producing influence may be taUty.SeS mfluencmsthe mor- supposed to have been in its most intense form, the severe remittent type of fevei was fatally prevalent, many people it is said, having died from it after a few days illness. At a later period when the evaporation began to decline the rapidly fatal form became less prevalent, the daily number of deaths from fever falling from 220 to 110 in the course of nine days. The fever death-rate would probably have, now fallen to a much lower level, had not other causes tending to swell it begun to have effect. Old cases now began to die off; great numbers of people with constitutions shattered by prolonged fever, never having recourse to appropriate treatment without food such as a stomach weakened by disease could digest, gradually got weaker and weaker until the disease assuming a typhoid type ended in death. The injurious effects of great alternations of temperature—hot days, alternating with cold dewy nights were superadded in October, especially during the latter half of the month, when bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhoea and dysentery became frequent concomitants or sequela, and not unfrequently proved fatal. As has already been “observed, the incidence of the disease was heaviest on the poorer classes, and especially on those inhabiting the Kashmiri portion of the city. The vast majority of this class, owing to their inability to earn money to buy food, were found to be in the most impoverished condition, and suffering as much from the effects of chronic starvation as from fever. Although the poor classes in all parts of the city, no doubt, suffered much from deficiency of food, no where did I see the results of poverty and chronic starvation so plainly manifest as amongst the Kashmiri Shawl-weavers. The soup kitchins established by the local authorities will no doubt relieve to a great extent, the wants of many suffering from the effects of deficiency of food, but it is to be feared that the benefits of the charity will not reach those most in need of it, those who, being still fever-stricken, are too weak to leave their beds, and are themselves unable to attend at the kitchens where the food is distributed. To relieve this class of sufferers, and thereby to lower the excessive death-rate still obtaining amongst them, it would be necessary to arrange for the regular distribution of food at their own houses. Another cause which has materially tended to swell the death-rate from fever is unsuitable and deficient clothing; and this evil is much aggravated by the custom so many have of sleeping on the ground with, as a rule, only a thin cotton sheet pulled over them, and a mat intervening between their bodies and the cold damp floor. Infants and children, who are peculiarly liable to suffer from the injurious effects of chill, are also very inadequately protected by clothing against extremes of temperature ; the only garment in the case of the former is a cotton cloth of scanty dimensions wrapped round the body, while that of the latter in many cases consists of little more than a cotton shirt, barely reaching as far as the knees, the legs being left unprotected. Overcrowding and impure air have also played no unimportant part, not only in lessening the chances of recovery from the disease, but also in predisposing to its attacks. In some of the houses of the poorer people visited by me, where whole families were, or had at one time been, suffering from fever, the cubic space was found to be miserably small; and ventilation being practically in abeyance, the air, tainted with exhalations from the bodies of the sick and animal odours of all kinds was exceedingly foul and quite unfit for human beings to breathe. I would here by way of illustration give a typical instance of the kind of dwellings here alluded to: an apartment with a capacity of 1040 cubic feet occupied by eight persons, being 130 cubic feet per head, half the amount of cubic space per head in the crowded room of an English artizan. The only means of renewing the air was through a small door way, inefficient at the best ; but when this, according to custom, was closed at night the state of the air in the room with eight persons sleeping in it, must have become inexpressibly fsetid and unwholesome. 9. If any attempt is to be made to render Amritsar leas unhealthy than it has been of late years, and to prevent the recurrence of fatal outbreaks of malarious fever, Preventive measures recom- suc}1 as has been ravaging the city for the last two months or more, the mended' lowering of the ground water and the drying of the soil will have to be made an object second only in sanitary importance to the removal of sewage. This it need hardly be said can only be effected by improving the surface drainage, which in the civil station is especially deficient and establishing a complete system of under-ground drainage, i. e., under-drains from four to six feet deep laid down at regular intervals, where practicable, and only prohibiting excessive irrigation by flooding. As to the engineering difficulties to be overcome, or whether the outlay incurred in carrying out a complete drainage scheme would be greater than local sources of income would bear, I am unable to offer any opinion ; what I would now indicate is that both surface and subsoil drainage is, for the future well being of Amritsar, a sanitary necessity of the first importance, for so long as the water level is, by excessive rain-fall, canal irrigation, and abstracted out flowT, liable to be suddenly raised to within a few feet of the surface, water-logging the ground, as has lately been the case, so long may the frequent recurrence of fatal fever epidemics during the monsoon season be looked for. Supposing the scheme here suggested to be a practicable one, the result of promoting the flow of the subsoil water by under-drainage, in addition to lowering the water table to a proper level and preventing under evaporation from the soil with all its attendant evils, would probably be by frequently renewing the water in the water bearing stratum, to lessen impurity in the sewage polluted soil on which the city is built and to some extent improve the quality of the water in the wells. As pointed out elsewhere, all the samples (thirteen in number) of wells water analysed by me shewed more or less evidence of sewage contamination and as part of this impurity may not improbably be derived from the accumulation of filth and debris, which takes place at the bottom of wells, it is highly desirable that all the city wells be systematically cleaned out, while those with cracked walls should be repaired. It would be a good plan to close all wells the water of which is found on chemical analysis to shew evidence of impregnation with sewage salts to a dangerous degree a proceeding which would necessitate the inhabitants having recourse to wells situated in less polluted areas. Outside the city, at a short distance from the area of pollution the water (with the exception of lime salts derived from natural salinity of soil) was found to be very pure and wholesome. J-l <x> rQ o w >■ w (*4 o « fM o CQ o B w « r* i-J H P u < a> PS rQ C* a 3 ^ p Ph OJ P5 C/2 W W 00 00 -1-3 w Q bo j2 *-* tn *~j ►“« < S y APPENDIX D- - LAHORE CONSERVANCY. Copy of a letter No. 1661, dated IZrd April 1881, from F. Cunningham, Esq., Officiating Secretary to Government, Punjab, to SURGEON-MAJOR H. W. Bellew, C. S. I., Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab. 1 am directed to forward copy of a letter No. 1263 of the 19th instant, with enclosures from the Commissioner of Lahore, reporting the measures which have been taken, and are in contemplation, for the improvement of the conservancy of the Lahore city, and to express the satisfaction with which the Hon ble the Lieutenant-Governor has heard of the vigorous action which has been taken by the Deputy Commissioner and Municipal Committee. Great credit is due to the gentlemen who served on the Sub-Committee for the carefully considered scheme of city and station conservancy which they have drawn up. J Copy of a letter No. 1263, dated 19th April 1881, from the Commissioner and Superintendent, Lahore Division, to the Secretary to Government, Punjab. In continuation of my No. 3615, dated 24th December, I have now the honor to forward copy of a report from Colonel C. Beadon, Deputy Comtnissioner of Lahore, with enclosure, reporting the measures taken, and those about to be taken to improve the conservancy of the Lahore city. It appears to me that this important matter has now been taken vigorously in hand by the Municipality, and I have every hope that in a few months I shall be able to report that the conservancy arrangements are working well. 2. Colonel Beadon has resolved that no effort shall be spared in removing the reproach of bad conservancy from Lahore, and I have myself lost no opportunity of impressing upon him and upon individual members of the Committee, the importance which the Government attaches to the matter. Copy of a letter No. 268, dated the 12th April 1881, from COLONEL C. BEADON, Deputy Commissioner and President, Municipal Committee, Lahore, to G. K. Elsmie, Esq., Commissioner and Superintendent Lahore Division. With reference to your Nos. 778—3089 and 905—3614, dated 3rd November and 24th December 1880, respectively, I have the honor to submit the following brief report on the subject of conservancy arrangements of Lahore. 2. On receipt of your letters quoted above a Sub-Committee, presided over by Mr. Lightfoot, was appointed to consider the matter and submit a report. 3. This Sub-Committee, after careful enquiry and several meetings, submitted a report, a printed copy of which is herewith forwarded for the information of the Government. 4. The report of the Sub-Committee was laid before a special meeting of the general Committee convened on the 16th March 1881, and after due consideration most of the proposals of the Sub-Committee were accepted, as per copy of the proceedings herewith attached. 5. The conservancy arrangements of the city, including Landa Bazar, have been divided into nine sections. Members of the Municipality are now held responsible for the cleanliness of the sections they represent. 6. In compliance with the wishes of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor contained in para. 9 of Government letter No. 2980, dated 6th September 1880, the contract for the removal of filth from the city, including Landa Bazar, Anarkali and Mozang, has been given to a person named Imam Bakhsh, a man not interested in the continuance of the Moafidari system, and the custom, i. e., the new contract of 1880, allowing the zamindars to remove filth without any payment has been entirely stopped. 7. Taking into consideration that the demand for manure will probably rise in future, the above contract has been given for a term of three years only, for which period the contractor will pay to the Municipality a sum of Its. 10,500. • • n 8. The Conservancy Establishment of both the City and Andrkali has been revised, effecting a saving of Rs. 9,930 per annum by reducing cart or other superfluous establishment. This saving, plus Rs. 3,000 on account of improved income from slaughter-houses, and Rs. 3,500 obtainable from the sale of manure, will aggregate Rs. 16,430 per annum, and the result will be a net charge of Rs. 10,956 against the head of conservancy, as compared with an average of Rs. 45,046 for the past three years. 9. The system of conservancy now undertaken has the recommendation of being very much cheaper than that which has been abandoned, and I am very hopeful that it will work well and secure satisfactory results in connection with the sanitary improvements of Lahore. 10. With reference to Sanitary Commissioner’s remarks on the bad condition of the city streets and drains, I have to add that a plan and estimate for constructing gutter drains and metalling roads of the city have been forwarded to the Secretary to Government, Punjab, Department Public Works, with this office No. 250, dated 5th April 1881. 11. Due measures will be taken for improving the condition of the latrines condemned by the Sanitary Commissioner. I shall report later on on the working of the contract systems. So far matters are going along smoothly, and the Moafidars have apparently yielded to the efforts of the contractor, the Committee and myself. I think that the Committee is now acting properly and is endeavouring to retrieve the good will of Government. Proceedings at a special meeting of the Lahore Municipal Committee, held at the Deputy Commissioner’s Kacheri, on Wednesday the 1 ftth March 1881, at 11-30 A. M. Present : Colonel C. Beadon, Deputy Commissioner and President. E. B. Francis, Esq., Judicial Assistant and Secretary. Dr. J. Fairweather, Civil Surgeon... T. Bliss, Esq. Rai Kanhya Lai, Bahadur Khan Bahadur Barkat Ali Khan ... Nawab Abdul Majid Khan Rai Mul Singh Sheikh Sandhey Khan Fakir Kamr-ud-din ... Pandit Rikhi Kesh Lala Bhagwan Das Lala Durga Parshad ... Lala Thakar Das Lala Bhawani Das Munshi Harsukh Rai... Bhai Mian Singh Mian Karim Bakhsh ... ... .., Mallak Bassu Sheikh Nanak Bakhsh >■ Members. Sub-Committee’s report on the conservancy arrangements of Lahore was read, and the following resolutions passed :— I. —Increase of sweepers and hliistis.—Resolved that instead of increasing the number of Municipal sweepers, a small fee of 8 annas to 1 rupee per month be given to selected i y onservancy. private sweepers to do public work within limits assigned to them. Also that the increase of bhistis be deferred until the result of the new water-supply has been seen. II. —Increased supervision.—The Sub-Committee’s proposals were approved. Jamadars will be appointed, and sweeper-mates dispensed with. III. —Responsibility of section members.—Resolved that the Sub-Committee’s recommendation be acted upon. IV. —Receptacles for filth.—Resolved that consideration of this proposal be deferred till it be seen how the new contract system for removal of filth works. V. —Manure godowns within city walls.—Considered that these will not be necessary under the contract system. VI. —Receptacles in compounds.—Resolved that the Bye-law on this subject be enforced. But no Civil Station Conservancy *olid matter C£m be thrown into the out-fa11 sewer as suggested by Sub- Committee. Ill VII. —AnarJcali establishment.—The whole of the Sub-Committee’s proposals were approved,, VIII. —Sweepers and bhistis employed at Government ojjices.—Resolved that the President and Secretary take this matter into consideration. IX. —Use of iron trays as at Simla.—Resolved that large trays be tried experimentally in the Latrines. Anarkali latrines. X. —Latrine at Killa Gujar Singh.—Resolved that portable latrines be tried here on the Jullundur system. XI. —Revision of establishment.—President’s revised schedule by which the conservancy establishment will cost Rs. 27,456 instead of Rs. 37,386, and the Committee will Establishment. beoin to receive an income from sale of manure and slaughter-houses amounting to Rs. 16,500, being a netexpenditure of Rs. 10,956, and a saving of Rs. 16,430 per annum was unanimously approved, and the President and Secretary authorized to make the necessary change. XII. —Tender for contract of removal of night soil and city sweepings were laid before the Committee.—Resolved that as the demand will probably rise in future years,. Imam Bakhsh s tender for three years paying the Committee Rs. 10,500 be accepted on approved security. Copy of a letter No. 729, dated 6th May 1881, from the Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab, to the Officiating Secretary to Government, Punjab. In acknowledging the receipt of your Home No. 1661 of 23rd ultimo forwarding copy of a letter No. 1263 of the 19th April, with enclosures, from the Commissioner of Lahore regarding the improvement of the conservancy of the Lahore city, and expressing the satisfaction with which the Hon ble the Lieutenant-Governor has heard of the vigorous action which has been taken by the Deputy Commissioner and Municipal Committee, I have the honor to state that after careful perusal of these papers, I am of opinion that a fair start has now been made towards putting the conservancy management of the Lahore city upon a sound and satisfactory footing. 2. I have not seen the plan and estimate for gutter drains and metalling roads of the city mentioned in para 10 of the Deputy Commissioner’s letter above quoted, but presume that it includes the drainage of Anarkali and Landa Baz4r. The surface gutters of both these quarters should, in my opinion, he connected with the city system through an intercepting sewer emptying into the mam out-fall drain. And I think the Municipality might easily realize a handsome income by the sale of the liquid sewage carried in this out-fall channel, as is done at Amritsar, by allowing it to be used for field irrigation through “ Jhalars” or irrigation water wheels constructed at fixed intervals along the course of the drain. I believe the cultivators would gladly avail themselves of this kind of manure, and pay for it as freely as do those of Amritsar. 3 "With reference to the Proceedings of the special meeting of the Lahore Municipal Committee, held on the 16th March, para. IY. “ Receptacles for filth.” I shall be glad to hear that these useful contrivances (of the Delhi and Amritsar patterns) have again received the early and favorable consideration of the Municipal Committee. They should be simply bottomless boxes of the dimensions mentioned in the report of the Sub-Committee, and should be expressly for the temporary . reception and concealment of dry ordure, garbage, sweepings, &c., and on no account should any liquid matter be thrown into them. All liquid sewage, slops, &c., should be discharged into the . surface gutters, and should always, as much as possible, be kept separate from the dry sewage materials. These last, as is now done, should be removed by hand, and the sweeper’s fitness should be judged by the thoroughness of the manner in which he removes these dry refuse matters. The more carefully the dry is separated from the liquid sewage, the more complete will be the conservancy. The filth boxes should be movable from place to place, but it would be most convenient to have fixed sites for them in out of the way corners of the several mohallas. Their use would greatly facilitate the scavenging of the streets by giving the sweepers a ready place to deposit their sweepings from time to time till the carts or donkeys came for its removal from the boxes. 4. With reference to para. X. “ Latrine at Gujar Singh.” I am of opinion that the. portable latrine as used at Jullundur will be found more popular than any of the other forms of latrine here, and would advocate their introduction in the suburbs of the city where cultivation is brought close up to the walls. 5. The arrangements now made by the Municipal Committee are very encouraging and promise a radical and real improvement in the conservancy of this important city. It is to be hoped that the amount now realized as a first start by the sale of the town sweepings (given on contract for the next 3 years at Rs. 3,500 a year) is only a small index to the amount that will be hereafter realized from this source. If the Municipal Committee will consider their city sweepings, &c., as a valuable marketable commodity (which the stuff really is, either as manure or kiln fuel) and monopolize its sale, they may easily realize a yearly income quite equal to that derived from this source by Amritsar. ' . * l VITAL STATISTICS OF THE GENERAL POPULATION, 1881. BIRTHS REGISTERED in the DISTRICTS of the PUNJAB during the year 1SS1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 o to .a Number of births registered. liatio of births per 1,000 of population. G TO -1 Lxcess of Inrths over deaths per 1,000 of population. V o O 0 [ Number. Districts. Population accord Census of 186S. TO O n k—< & Females. 3 o Eh TO d> t—t a fc—j & Females. 3 o Eh Number of males to every 100 fe bom. Lxcess oi deaths births per 1,0C population. 1 DELHI DIVISION. Delhi . 60S.S50 15,842 13,704 29,546 26-02 22-51 4S-53 115-60 10 2 Gurgaon 696,646 15,024 12,763 27,7S7 21-57 1S-32 39-S9 117-71 11 3 Kamal 610,927 14,251 11,985 26,236 23-33 19-62 42-94 11S-91 7 4 HISSAR DIVISION. Hissar 4S4.6S1 10,395 8,937 19,332 21-45 18-44 39-S9 116-31 13 5 Rohtak 536,959 13,357 11,664 25,021 24-87 21-72 46-60 114-51 16 6 Sirsa 210,795 4,477 3,S03 8,280 21-24 IS-04 39-2S 117-72 11 7 UMBALLA DIVISION. Umballa 1,00S,S60 20,319 17,515 37,834 20-14 17-36 37-50 11601 3 8 Ludhiana 5S3.245 12,901 11,117 24,01S 22-12 19-06 41-18 11605 11 9 Simla 33,594 2S6 246 532 S-51 7-32 15-S4 116-26 6 10 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. Jullundur 7S3.020 17,448 16,042 33,490 22-28 20-49 42-77 10S-76 13 11 Hoshidrpur 93S.S90 21,161 19,054 40,215 22-54 20-29 42-S3 111-06 12 12 Kdngra 743.75S 10,569 9,4S5 20,054 14-21 12-75 26-96 111-43 2 13 AMRITSAR DIVISION. Amritsar S32,750 20.S32 18,461 39,293 25-01 22-17 47-18 112-S4 3 14 Gurddspur 906,126 20,516 IS,149 3S,665 22-64 20-03 42-67 11304 14 15 Sidlkot 994,458 23,349 20,337 43,6S6 23-48 20-45 43-93 114-SI 16 16 LAHORE DIVISION. Lahore 775,551 20,422 17,559 37,9S1 26-33 22-64 4S-97 116-30 8 17 Gujranwdla ... 550,576 12,994 11,069 24,063 23-60 20-10 43-70 117-39 18 IS Ferozepore 533,416 12,358 10,750 23,1 OS 23-17 20-15 43-32 114-96 13 19 RAWALPINDI DIVN. Rawalpindi ... 699,647 14,SS2 12,220 27,102 21-27 17'46 3S-74 121-7S 14 20 Jhelurn 500,9SS 10,497 9,23S 19,735 20-95 18-44 39-39 113-63 15 21 Gujrat 616,347 13,979 12,121 26,100 22-6S 19-66 42-35 115-32 21 22 Shahpur 36S.796 8,054 7.2S2 15,336 21-S4 19-74 41-58 110-60 19 23 MOOLTAN DIVISION. Mooltan 459,765 9,4S1 7,8S4 17,365 20-62 17-15 37-77 120-26 6 24 Jhang 34S,027 6,658 5,712 12,370 1913 16-41 35-54 116-52 17 25 Montgomery ... 359,437 7,487 6,533 14,020 20-S3 1S-17 39-00 114-60 11 26 Muzaffargarh ... 295,547 7,461 6,569 14,030 25-24 22 "23 47-47 113-5S 16 27 DERAJAT DIVISION. Dera Ismail Khan ... ,.. 394,S64 6,549 5,020 11,569 16-58 12-73 29-30 130-46 7 2S Dera Ghdzi Khan 309,97S 4,693 3,373 S,066 1514 10-SS 26-02 13913 8 29 Bannu 2S7,547 4,407 3,176 7,583 15-33 11-04 26-37 13S-76 5 30 PESHAWAR DIVISION. Peshawar 500,443 5,917 3,364 9,281 11-82 6-72 IS-54 175-S9 6 31 Hazdra 367,21S 6,222 4,856 11,078 16-94 13-22 30-17 12S-13 10 32 Kohdt 145,419 1,811 1,179 2,990 12-45 811 20-56 153-60 1 ... Total ... ] 7,4S7,125 374,599 321,167 695,766 21*42 IS-36 39-79 116-64 10 ... DEATHS REGISTERED in tlcc DISTRICTS of the, PUNJAB diming the ycdv 1881. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number. Districts. 01 CO g z O O a C7* M popu- per mile. Number of deaths registered. male every tlis of Ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population. Mean ratio of deaths per 1,000 during previous 5 years. Populati cording Census i Area in miles.* Average lation square Males. Females. Total. No. of died to 100 dea females. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. DELHI DIVISION. 1 Delhi . 608,850 1,258 496 12,452 10,570 23,022 117-80 38 37 38 42 41 41 2 Gurgaon ... 696,646 1,938 348 10,768 9,177 19,945 117-34 29 28 29 43 41 42 3 Kamdl HISSAR DIVISION. 610,927 2,396 264 12,203 9,788 21,991 124-67 37 35 36 38 35 37 4 Hissar 484,681 3,540 137 7,124 5,772 12,896 123,42 27 26 27 22 22 22 5 Rohtak ... 536,959 1,811 295 9,399 7,315 16,714 128-49 32 30 31 34 33 33 6 Sirsa UMBALLA DIVN. 210,795 3,116 68 3,200 2,782 5,982 115-02 27 30 28 24 25 25 7 Umballa ... 1,008,860 2,570 394 18,568 15,700 34,268 118-27 34 34 34 30 28 29 8 Ludhiana 583,245 1,375 429 9,471 8,244 17,715 114-88 30 31 30 31 31 31 9 Simla JULLUNDUR DIVN. 33,594 18 1,888 461 266 727 173-31 21 23 22 20 23 22 10 Jullundur 783,020 1,322 596 12,113 11,330 23,443 106-91 28 32 30 41 45 43 11 Hoshidrpur 938,890 2,180 450 15,112 13,714 28,826 110-19 30 31 31 34 34 35 12 KAngra ... AMRITSAR DIVN. 743,758 8,389 87 11,530 10,138 21,668 113-73 29 29 29 27 26 27 13 Amritsar 832,750 1,573 535 21,6G2 20,434 42,036 106-01 46 55 50 36 38 37 14 Gurd&spur 906,126 1,822 496 13,789 12,677 26,466 108-77 27 31 29 • 30 30 30 15 Sidlkot ... LAHORE DIVISION. 994,458 1,958 510 15,176 13,203 28,379 114-94 28 29 28 26 25 25 1G Lahore 775,551 3,648 218 16,975 14,626 31,601 116-06 40 42 41 36 36 36 17 GujrdnwAla 550,576 2,587 207 7,589 6,585 14,174 115-25 25 27 26 31 34 32 18 Ferozepore RAWALPINDI DIVISION. 533,416 2,744 204 8,529 7,789 16,318 109-50 29 32 30 27 25 26 19 Rawalpindi 699,647 6,218 114 9,803 7,930 17,733 123-62 26 24 25 36 34 35 20 Jhelum ... 500,988 3,910 128 6,309 5,516 11,825 114-38 24 23 24 28 27 28 21 Gujrdt 616,347 1,973 324 6,902 5,966 12,868 115-69 21 21 21 26 25 26 22 Shahpur ... MOOLTAN DIVN. 368,796 4,691 78 4,527 3,745 8,272 120-88 23 22 22 28 27 27 23 Mooltan ... 459,765 5,880 80 8,096 6,748 14,844 119-98 32 32 32 26 24 26 24 Jhang 348,027 5,702 61 3,470 3,000 6,470 115-67 18 19 18 15 14 15 25 Montgomery 359,437 5,574 64 5,369 4,579 9,948 117-25 27 29 28 23 23 23 26 Muzaffargarh DERAJAT DIVISION. 295,547 3,136 98 4,932 4,131 9,063 119-39 30 31 31 27 26 26 27 Dera Ismail Khan... 394,864 9,296 56 4,807 3,819 8,626 125-87 22 21 22 23 22 23 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 309,978 4,377 118 3,071 2,422 5,493 126-80 18 17 18 17 15 16 29 Bannu PESHAWAR DIVN. 287,547 3,831 91 3,528 2,664 6.192 132-43 23 20 21 23 21 22 30 Pesh&war 500,443 2,504 271 6,772 5,461 12,233 124-01 25 23 24 19 17 19 31 Hazdra 367,218 2,835 122 3,964 3,254 7,218 121-82 21 18 20 21 17 19 32 Kohdt 145,419 2,838 52 1,603 1,160 2,763 138-19 20 17 19 15 12 13 Total for the Province ... ] 7,487,125 107,010 | 173 2,79.274 5 1,40,505 jf 5,19,779 11612 29 30 30 30 30 30 * Note.—The figures in column 4 have been taken from the Punjab Administration Report for 1879-80. DEATHS REGISTERED in the DISTRICTS of the PUNJAB during each month of the year 1881. 1 2 3 4 5 Number. Districts. January. February. H 'o u § • rH Sh P. <1 c3 6 3 0 •“5 rb •“D August. September. October. i November. December. Total Deaths registered during the year. Number. 1 DELHI DIVISION. Delhi .. 1,718 1,694 .1,639 1,934 1,733 1,815 1,459 1,184 1,794 2,619 2,594 2,S39 23,022 1 H Gurgaon ... . 1,529 1,535 1,478 1,548 1,074 1,064 961 866 1,696 2,986 2,580 2,628 19,945 2 3 Karndl .. 1,718 1,900 1,665 1,958 1,467 1,525 1,431 1,280 2,370 1,992 2,140 2,545 21,991 3 4 HISSAR DIVISION. Hissar ... ... 946 926 934 1,060 1,137 1,002 904 782 1,492 1,578 1,105 1,030 12,896 4 5 Rohtak 1,319 1,220 1,124 1,329 1,141 1,150 1,008 920 1,618 2,191 1,860 1,S34 16,714 5 6 Sirsa 384 461 531 535 543 442 378 352 641 682 556 477 5,982 6 7 UMBALLA DIVISION. Umballa 2,556 2,548 2,250 2,527 l 1,798 1,946 2,010 1,797 4,023 5,115 3,816 3,882 34,268 7 8 Ludhi&na 1,360 1,203 954 975 1,106 990 978 1,223 2,438 2,947 2,107 1,434 17,715 8 9 Simla ... 49 45 42 70 49 62 71 65 72 87 60 55 727 9 10 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. Jullundur 1,906 1,601 1,353 1,167 1,260 1,121 1,085 2,051 2,904 3,761 3,053 2,181 23,443 10 11 Hosliidrpur .. . 1,956 1,990 1,946 1,472 1,568 1,571 1,289 1,660 3,865 5,275 3,655 2,579 28,826 11 12 Kdngra 1,842 1,619 1,586 1,315 1,426 1,553 1,170 1,425 2,281 3,020 2,132 2,299 21,668 12 13 AMRITSAR DIVISION. Amritsar 2,081 1,534 1,592 1,244 1,840 1,S36 1,4S0 2,059 5,882 10,27S 8,141 4,129 42,096 13 14 Gurddspur . 2,022 1,611 1,255 973 1,420 1,271 1,167 1,313 3,135 5,335 4,110 2,854 26,466 14 15 Sialkot . 2,160 1,527 1,279 1,079 1,750 1,426 1,352 1,572 3,345 5,251 4,505 3,133 28,379 15 16 LAHORE DIVISION. Lahore ... ... ... 2,429 1,879 1,554 1,402 1,639 1,670 1,464 3,178 3,538 4,801 4,614 3,433 31,601 16 17 Gujrdnwdla . 1,406 1,172 860 777 1,918 1,013 863 1,110 1,537 1,601 1,530 1,287 14,174 17 18 Ferozepore 1,170 1,112 1,005 919 1,043 959 895 1,097 1,909 2,569 2,120 1,520 16,318 18 19 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. Rawalpindi 2,117 1,696 1,603 1,152 1,149 1,128 1,073 1,151 1,382 1,734 1,727 1,821 17,733 19 20 Jhelum 1,153 957 935 828 806 806 956 817 990 1,317 1,035 1,225 11,825 20 21 Gujrat 1,431 987 750 817 826 891 914 877 1,277 1,504 1,294 1,300 12,868 21 22 Shahpur .„ 714 724 621 579 693 704 621 599 660 693 838 826 8,272 22 23 MOOLTAN DIVISION. Mooltan 1,520 1,238 1,036 1,117 962 857 835 697 855 1,705 1,854 2,168 14,844 23 24 Jhang.. 624 595 544 434 564 454 4S1 404 468 574 i fcv 1,291 661 667 6,470 24 25 Montgomery. 857 690 626 523 622 597 530 475 607 1,687 1,443 9,948 25 26 Muzaffargarh ... 826 810 815 677 682 589 478 454 605 948 1,229 950 9,063 26 27 DERAJAT DIVISION. Dera Ismail Khan . 1,135 1,015 809 851 760 663 584 359 420 524 608 898 8,626 27 28 Dera Ghdzi Khan 528 479 4C8 478 373 338 3S9 278 387 568 530 647 5,493 28 29 Bannu ... 732 662 533 474 506 525 420 315 355 466 547 657 6,192 29 30 PESHAWAR DIVISION. Peshdwar 1,187 1,264 1,111 1,117 974 983 988 545 655 1,040 1,084 1,305 12,233 30 31 Hazdra . 801 736 667 564 503 525 454 425 536 63S 504 865 7,218 31 32 Kohdt . 325 286 277 243 168 206 150 146 184 228 239 311 2,763 32 Total for the Province ... 42,501 37,716 33,872 32,138 32,600 31,662 28,838 1 31,476 53,921 ; 75,318 64,515 55,222 1 5,19,779 Ratio of deaths per 1,000 in each month ... 2-43 2TC 1-94 1-84 1-86 1-81 1-65 1-80 3-08 4-31 3-69 3'16 29-72 DEATHS REGISTERED according to age in the DISTRICTS of the 1 2 3 4 £ 6 Under 1 year. One year and under 6. 6 and under 12. 12 and under 20. Number. District.?. m o s Females. m <D r<3 kH Females. m <u r—< c3 S Females. m o IrH Females 1 DELHI. DIVISION. Delhi 2,847 2,213 2,253 1,947 612 542 559 480 9 Gurgaon 2,672 2,270 1,270 1,068 475 415 469 342 3 Karnal 3,325 2,451 1,723 1,342 577 490 522 393 4 HISSAR DIVISION. Hissar 1,818 1,379 1,319 1,080 303 291 254 209 5 Rohtak 2,868 2,150 1,493 1,146 408 347 310 229 6 Sirsa 731 670 584 568 137 132 134 129 7 UMBALLA DIVISION. Umballa 4,734 4,165 2,808 2,526 8S7 707 693 546 :8 Ludhiana 2,976 2,723 1,878 1,569 439 3S9 325 280 9 Simla .'87 52 40 18 8 3 25 20 10 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. Jullundur 3,863 3,857 2,169 2,211 551 514 439 378 11 Hoshiarpur ... 5,010 4,672 2,535 2,385 676 622 528 488 12 Kangra 2,495 2,169 1,216 1,266 622 633 638 660 13 AMRITSAR DIVISION. Amritsar 5,826 5,872 5,232 5,007 1,048 1,018 757 814 14 Gurdaspur 4,345 3,946 2,406 2,552 574 573 529 482 15 Sialkot 4,844 4,279 3,545 3,344 092 567 412 3S3 16 LAHORE DIVISION. Lahore 4,774 4,325 3,585 3,324 763 654 656 671 17 Gujranwala ... 2,302 2,054 1,515 1,443 363 301 223 242 18 Ferozepore 2,531 2,568 1,938 1,705 414 367 311 340 19 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. Rawalpindi ... 2,613 2,088 1,184 1,022 473 415 443 388 20 Jhelum 1,841 1,653 1,026 1,062 326 261 255 211 21 Gujrat 2,078 1,817 1,346 1,257 290 283 208 207 22 Shahpur 1,577 1,245 748 614 192 185 99 134 23 MOOLTAN DIVISION. Mooltan 2,241 1,908 1,222 1,152 311 285 251 230 24 Jhang 1,072 1,064 483 426 159 132 98 82 25 Montgomery 1,573 1,425 1,048 1,008 257 177 149 148 26 Muzaffargarh 1,657 1,397 731 584 179 178 149 126 27 DERAJAT DIVISION. Dera Ismail Khan 1,177 942 308 845 331 251 231 136 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 746 523 626 502 215 161 117 106 29 Bannu 846 638 686 562 225 159 116 107 3Q PESHAWAR DIVISION. Peshawar 1,015 664 1,461 1,287 400 315 292 326 31 Hazara 820 610 582 527 268 220 169 163 32 Koh&t •268 177 297 227 93 91 92 49 Total for the Province 77,572 67,966 49,857 45,576 13,268 11,678 10,453 9,499 Ratio per 1,000 living 8T6 8'52 5-24 5-71 1-39 1-46 1T0 1T9 No. IV. PUNJAB during the year 1881. 7 8 9 10 11 12 20 and under 30. 30 and under 40. 40 and under 50. 50 and under 60. GO and upwards. Number. Males Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. c 999 958 966 924 1,161 914 1,179 889 1,876 1,703 1 1,063 933 933 993 1,060 864 1,208 898 1,618 1,394 2 1,033 947 1,033 927 1,181 903 1,137 857 1,672 1,478 3 516 531 471 457 641 414 644 423 1,158 9S8 4 636 582 624 563 817 575 894 559 1,349 1,164 5 247 217 208 185 244 205 303 173 612 503 6 1,362 1,253 1,399 1,237 1,752 1,273 1,653 1,173 3,280 2,820 7 544 565 432 445 567 508 756 525 1,554 1,240 8 41 39 56 32 60 27 57 22 87 53 9 698 761 699 752 919 679 1,000 678 1,775 1,500 10 840 939 880 854 1 095 821 1,119 768 2,429 2,165 11 1,026 1,197 945 886 1,265 876 1,084 643 2,239 1,808 12 1,373 1,475 1,309 1,141 1,516 1,170 1,488 1,099 3,113 2,S38 13 944 1,060 876 785 1,144 848 1,007 739 1,964 1,692 14 593 708 669 639 870 629 906 600 2,645 2,054 15 1,012 1,091 1,079 757 1,230 829 1,188 743 2,688 2,232 16 320 306 326 310 477 335 505 327 1,558 1,267 17 421 487 379 399 481 375 647 370 1,407 1,178 IS 796 736 903 795 945 688 808 529 1,638 1,269 19 356 371 352 348 430 349 493 311 1,230 950 20 305 330 298 253 410 334 454 324 1,513 1,161 21 135 155 143 152 224 180 331 195 1,07S 885 22 436 4S4 555 522 786 563 682 415 1,612 1,189 23 117 148 14S 135 198 186 292 192 903 635 24 213 254 255 240 357 293 371 237 1,146 797 25 251 281 344 334 437 330 407 242 777 659 26 252 275 324 244 393 305 353 22S 838 593 27 171 201 211 219 266 170 211 132 508 40S 28 212 153 257 197 326 206 277 222 583 420 29 498 543 668 536 755 533 566 398 1,117 S59 30 325 300 381 3S3 405 299 314 217 700 535 31 146 103 185 98 168 127 147 102 207 186 32 17,881 18,383 18,308 16,742 22,580 | 16,808 22,4S1 15,230 46,874 38,623 1-88 230 1-92 210 2-37 | 2-11 2-36 1-91 4-93 4-84 DEATHS REGISTERED according to CLASSES in the DISTRICTS of [the PUNJAB during the year 1881, 1 2 3 4 5 Population according TO CENSUS OF 1S68. Number of deaths registered. Ratio of 1,000 of deaths per POPULATION. Number. Districts. 1 Muhammadans. Hind Us. JN ative L'lins- tians. Other castes. Total. Muhammadans. Hindus. JN ative Chns- tians. Other castes. Total. 1 Muhammadans. Hindus. Native Christians. Other castes. H DELHI DIVISION. 1 Delhi . 5,623 14,661 27 2,711 23,022 2 Gurgaon 6,777 10,077 ... 3,091 19,945 3 Karndl 5,589 13,126 3,276 21,991 HISSAR DIVISION. 4 Hissar 2,393 8,915 1 1,587 12,896 5 Rohtak .2,258 12,208 ... 2,248 16,714 C Sirsa 2,052 3,114 ... 816 5,982 UMBALLA DIVISION. 7 Umballa 9,690 18,927 1 5,650 34,268 8 Ludhiana 6,586 9,004 ... 2,125 17,715 9 Simla JULLUNDUR DIVISION. 145 395 4 183 727 10 Jullundur 10,635 9,324 3 3,4S1 23,443 11 Hoskiarpur 9,933 15,007 ... 3,886 28,826 12 Kangra 1,511 17,716 ... 2,441 21,668 AMRITSAR DIVISION. 13 Amritsar 21,735 17,105 1 3,255 42,096 14 Gurddspur 13,019 10,493 ... 2,954 26,466 15 Sialkot . 18,202 7,573 4 2,600 28,379 16 LAHORE DIVISION. Lahore In form atio n no t 20,565 8,375 6 2,655 31,601 In form atio n no t 17 Givjranwdla ... ava ilabl e 9,764 3,448 ... 962 14,174 ava ilabl e 18 Ferozepore 7,472 7,018 ... 1,828 16,318 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. 19 Rawalpindi 1 15,740 1,927 1 65 17,733 -20 Jliekim 10,395 1,414 1 15 11,825 21 Gujrat 11,249 1,573 ... 46 12,868 22 Shahpur (6,806 1,342 ... 124 8,272 MOOLTAN DIVISION. 23 Mooltan 11,985 2,580 ... 279 14,844 24 Jhung 5,014 1,294 ... 162 6,470 25 Montgomery ... 7,131 2,335 ... 482 9,948 26 Muzaffargarh 7,708 1,258 ... 97 9,063 DERAJAT DIVISION. 27 Dera Ismail Khan 0 7,551 1,024 ... 51 8,626 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 4;690 771 ... 32 5,493 29 Bannu 5,514 636 1 41 6,192 PESHAWAR DIVISION. 30 Peshawar 11,627 541 ... 65 12,233 31 Hazdra 6,848 349 ... 21 7,218 32 Kohat . 2,576 152 1 34 2,763 • ) . • : DEATHS REGISTERED from different CA USES in the DISTRICTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 Number. A. DISTRICTS. Population according to Census of 1868. Cholera. Small-pox Fevers. i Bowel complaints. Males. Suic Inju ide. 07 O n S £ 1 DELHI DIVISION. Delhi . . 434,660 87 11 10,677 449 2 5 2 Gurgaon ... 636,779 5 80 13,830 513 12 30 3 Karndl ... 546,613 10 294 13,708 348 1 2 4 HISSAR DIVISION. Hissar 425,0S9 ... 11 8,421 184 1 ... 5 Rolitak ... 509,509 ... 45 11,851 242 3 4 6 Sirsa ... 197,988 1 76 4,178 208 ... 2 7 UMBALLA DIVISION. Umballa ««. 936,992 73 540 23,668 998 6 4 8 Ludhiana 526,539 11 58 10,672 317 9 3 9 Simla ... 16,154 ... ... 163 79 ... ... 10 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. Jullundur 708,129 216 45 14,051 312 4 6 11 Hoshidrpur ... 911,781 196 40 18,491 835 10 14 12 Kdngra 740,896 36 1 13,949 12,12 10 16 13 AMRITSAR DIVISION. Amritsar 696,584 95 43 17,238 399 5 8 14 Gurddspur ... ... .... 876,942 72 31 16,947 745 3 5 15 Sidlkot ... 961,469 102 15 18,934 646 3 9 16 LAHORE DIVISION. Lahore 630,317 444 79 16,399 389 6 3 17 Gujrdnwdla ... ** * 514,868 54 30 8,986 316 4 3 18 Ferozepore ... 518,248 23 70 10,672 370 6 6 19 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. Rawalpindi ... ... 670,906 54 21 12,442 1,145 ... 1 20 Jhelum ... 474,272 13 8 7,194 834 3 ... 21 Gujrdt ... 584,932 2 5 7,795 317 2 ... 22 Shahpur ... 354,086 1 25 4,229 388 2 ... 23 MOOLTAN DIVISION. Mooltan • • • 408,8S7 ... 249 9,873 192 • • 3 24 Jhang ... 322,410 ... 60 3,581 177 2 ... 25 Montgomery ... ... 359,437 5 148 7,070 184 2 3 26 Muzaffargarh ... 295,547 ... 244 6,727 120 2 1 27 DERAJAT DIVISION. Dera Ismail Khan 369,579 • . • 1,227 5,276 192 4 1 2S Dera Ghdzi Khan 2S6,770 ... 496 3,876 52 1 1 29 Bannu ... 2S4,323 ... 568 4,134 ! 257 | 1 3 30 PESHAWAR DIVISION. Peslidwar 440,049 3 1,481 6,992 135 1 • •# 31 Hazdra 364,324 3 23 5,800 157 •• ‘ »»» 32 Kohdt • •• 129,166 6 316 1,594 62 •• • ... Total of Districts ... 16,134,245 1,512 6,340 319,41S 12,774 1 105 133 Note.—A. Districts in this Statement do not include .-, and TOWN'S of the PUNJAB during the year 1881. 8 9 10 11 12 hies. 1 All other causes. Total deaths from all causes. Ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population. Number. Wounding or accidents. Snake bite or killed by wild beasts. 1 Total. Cholera. Small-pox. Fevers. Bowel complaints. Injuries. r All other causes. From all causes. For the year. Mean of previous five years 108 14 129 4,121 15,474 0'20 0-02 24-56 1-03 0-30 9-4S 36 37 1 183 17 242 3,0S3 17,753 o-oi 0-12 21-72 o-so 0-38 4-84 28 40 2 132 27 162 5,094 19,616 0 02 0-54 25-08 0-64 0-30 9-32 36 36 3 65 37 103 2,175 10,894 ... 0-02 19-81 0-43 0-24 5-12 26 20 4 136 25 168 3,700 16,006 ... 0-09 23-26 0-47 033 7-26 31 33 5 41 15 58 1,189 5,710 0-005 0-3S 21-10 1-05 0-29 6-00 29 24 6 157 35 202 6,154 31,635 0-08 0-58 25-26 1-06 0-21 6-57 34 2S 7 98 11 121 4,443 15,622 0-02 o-ii 20-27 0-60 0-23 8-44 30 28 8 10 5 15 216 473 ... ... 10-09 4-89 0-93 13-37 29 24 9 131 6 147 5,523 20,294 030 0 06 19-84 0-44 0-21 7-80 29 41 10 238 46 308 7,824 27,694 0-21 0 04 20-28 0-91 0-34 S-58 30 34 11 257 59 342 5,999 21,539 005 ... 18-83 1-63 0-46 8-10 29 27 12 176 25 214 7,123 25,112 0-14 0-06 24-75 0-57 0.31 10-22 36 32 13 183 36 227 7,046 25,068 o-os 0 03 19-32 0-85 0-26 8-03 2S 30 14 148 51 211 7,082 26,990 o-ii 001 19-69 0-67 0-22 7-36 28 25 15 147 120 276 6,579 24,166 0-70 0T2 26-02 0-62 044 10-44 3S 35 1C 142 108 257 3,140 12,783 o-io 0-06 17-45 0-61 0-50 6-10 25 32 17 103 33 148 4,247 15,530 0-04 0-13 20-59 0-71 0-28 8-20 30 25 18 222 54 277 2,680 16,619 0-08 003 18-54 1 71 0-41 3-99 25 34 19 133 47 183 2,921 11,153 0-03 0-02 15-17 1-76 0'38 6-16 23 27 20 113 31 146 3,719 11,984 0-003 o-oi 13-33 0-54 0-25 6 36 20 25 21 107 48 157 3,009 7,809 0-002 0-07 11-94 1-09 0-44 8-50 22 27 22 142 48 193 2,4S6 12,993 ... 061 24-15 0-47 0-47 6-08 32 24 23 81 42 125 1,938 5,881 ..4 019 1111 0-55 0-39 601 18 13 24 85 58 148 2,393 9,948 0-01 0-41 19-67 0-51 0-41 6-66 28 23 25 86 49 138 1,834 9,063 ... 0-82 22-76 0-41 0-47 6-20 31 26 26 92 38 135 1,270 8,100 ... 3-32 14-27 0-52 0-36 3-44 22 22 27 51 26 79 484 4,987 ... 1-73 13-52 0-18 0-27 1-69 17 14 28 38 13 55 1,102 6,116 ... 2-00 14-54 0-90 0-19 3-87 21 21 29 108 9 118 1,000 9,729 0-006 3-36 15-S9 031 0-27 2-27 22 13 30 100 8 10S 1,083 7,174 0-008 0 06 15-92 0-43 0-30 2-97 20 19 31 34 6 40 334 2,352 0 05 2-45 12-34 0-48 0-31 2-58 18 12 32 3,847 1,147 5,232 110,991 456,267 0 09 0-39 19-80 079 0-32 6-88 28 29 the population and deaths of the principal Towns, Cantonments and Hill Sanitaria. DEATHS REGISTERED from different CAUSES in the 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 Number. B. TOWNS. Population according to Census of 1875 and 1876. Cholera. Small-pox. Fevers. Bowel complaints. Inju Suicide. Males. Femals. DELHI DISTRICT. 1 Delhi ... 1,15,992 10 55 3,563 107 1 2 Do. Suburbs 44,561 68 5 1,214 45 1 3 Sonepat 13,637 2 1 280 10 GURGAON DISTRICT. 4 Farakhnagar 10,594 « , . ... 208 39 1 5 Rewari 25,190 » . » 1 331 96 • . • 6 Fi'rozpur 10,530 • . • ... 247 41 . . . 7 Palwal 13,553 ... 233 127 KARNAL DISTRICT. 8 Karnal 24,015 1 39 420 113 * • » 9 Kaitlial 15,799 • » • 5 165 107 10 Panipat ... ••• 24,500 114 ... 406 92 . . . HISSAR DISTRICT. 11 Hissar 14,162 • • • • . . 234 32 1 12 Hansi 12,210 • • • 2 243 19 13 Bhiwdni 33,220 ... 2 402 142 ROHTAK DISTRICT. 14 Rohtak 14,994 191 32 • . • 15 Jhaiiar 12,456 * . • 6 148 22 • • • SIRSA DISTRICT. 16 Sirsa 12,807 ... 191 18 ... UMBALLA DISTRICT. 17 Umballa 26,258 125 15 492 129 ... 18 Jagddhri 12,522 2 2 180 36 ... 19 Shahabad 11,660 12 11 161 28 ... 20 Sadhaura ... ...> 11,167 ... 4 166 12 ... 21 Rupar 10,261 5 103 18 1 LUDHIANA DISTRICT. oo Ludhiana 40,385 10 3 833 110 1 23 Jagraon 16,321 ,.. 234 92 ... JULLUNDUR DISTRICT. 24 Jullundur 35,222 421 •. • 652 78 • . • 25 Do. Suburbs 15,702 172 •. • 197 25 26 Kartdrpur 11,058 45 ... 232 15 ... 27 Rdhon 12,914 11 5 351 55 . • . HOSHIARPUR DISTRICT. 28 Hoshiarpur 13,138 134 • . . 148 103 ... 29 Unnar Tanda ... • . 13,971 1 284 58 AMRITSAR DISTRICT. 30 Amritsar 1,36,166 612 2 11,724 958 2 4 GURDASPUR DISTRICT. 31 Batala 26,929 260 3 775 89 . . • * # • SIALKOT DISTRICT. 32 Sialkot 32,9S9 211 1 381 185 ... LAHORE DISTRICT. 33 Lahore 92,035 772 8 3,614 87 ... 34 Do. Suburbs 36,406 329 1 731 177 1 ... 35 Kasxir 16,793 98 314 30 .... • • < GUJRANWALA DISTRICT. 36 Gujrdnwdla 20,362 153 ... 391 65 2 ... 37 Wazirabad 15,346 54 274 36 1 t * « PEROZEPORE DISTRICT. 38 Ferozepore 15,168 • • • • .. 535 48 1 •» . RAWALPINDI DISTRICT. 39 Rawalpindi 20,802 35 ... 449 133 • •• 1 JHELUM DISTRICT. 40 Jhelum 11,319 7 146 19 ) ... ... 41 Pind Dddan Khan 15,397 3 155 106 . . . ... GUJRAT DISTRICT. 42 Gujrdt 17,401 5 ... 159 46 ... ... 43 Jalalpur 14,014 28 » • . 185 57 ... ... SHAHPUR DISTRICT. 44 Bhera 14,710 209 59 ... MOOLTAN DISTRICT. 45 Mooltan 29,448 ... 388 127 1 46 Do. Suburbs ... ... >*.. 21,430 1 426 66 ... 1 JHANG DISTRICT. 47 Maghiana 13,618 . ... 115 27 ... ... 48 Cliiniot 11,999 ... 100 23 . . • ... DERA ISMAIL KHAN DIST. 49 Dera Ismail Khan ... 19,954 . 22 234 40 1 • a. DERA GHAZI KHAN DIST. 50 Dera Gliazi Khan ... 19,135 , 11 250 19 PESHAWAR DIST. 51 Peslidwar 58,430 143 1,304 171 • •• I.M KOHAT DIST. I 52 Kohat 11,043 | ...x 41 172 22 ... ... Total of the Towns 1,299,686 3,693 397 35,585 4,391 15 6 17,281 1 DISTRICTS and TOWN'S of the PUNJAB during the year 1881. 8 9 10 11 12 KIES. S Ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population. , TJ 0 . m 0 c$ 07 . •+» 02 0 <D m 0 From all causes. oq d s- 2 o o o |£. _* ra 1 rO +3 0 0 02 44 ;zj c3 $ F-4 0 rS 4-* o (V <zj TJ 0 a _ o =3 _ s 0 r—1 o M o P. r—< n 02 Sh 0 t- o ° m 13 .S £ 4S m <K • H M P c9 o u 0) rG o O rZ u S' &> o c« m w Jh 0 0 o <v ■p ^ o 0 U 0 rD a 0 £ * fl ^ rQ o F—« O c3 .0 a 0 o p. *—( o M > fc m H <1 H o GO Pm ffl hH Pm p,ttf 26 3 30 1,775 5,540 0-09 0-47 30-72 092 0-26 15-30 48 63 1 2 • • • 3 323 1,658 1-52 Oil 27-24 1-01 0-07 7-25 37 42 2 1 1 2 55 350 015 0-07 20-53 0-73 015 4-03 26 28 3 4 • • • 5 197 449 19-63 3-68 0-47 18-59 42 73 4 7 ... 7 283 718 ... 0-04 1314 3-81 0-28 11-23 28 49 5 4 • • • 4 153 445 « • « • • • 23-46 3-89 0-38 14-53 42 65 6 4 ... 4 216 580 ... ... 17-19 9-37 0-30 15-94 43 78 7 10 • • • 10 493 1,076 0-04 1-62 17-49 4-70 0-42 20-53 45 60 8 5 2 7 64 348 • • • 0-32 10-44 6-77 0-44 4 05 22 30 9 8 1 9 330 951 4-65 ... 16-57 3-75 0-37 13-47 39 35 10 1 3 5 249 520 16-52 2-26 Q-35 17-58 37 44 11 3 ... 3 103 370 • • • 0-16 19-90 1-56 0-24 8-43 30 38 12 5 1 6 560 1,112 ... 0-06 12-10 4-27 0-18 16-86 33 33 13 • • • • • • ... 162 386 0-07 12-74 213 10-80 26 37 14 5 1 6 140 322 ... 0-48 11-88 1-77 0-48 11-24 26 42 15 2 1 3 60 272 ... ... 14-91 1-40 0-23 4-68 21 36 16 11 11 577 1,349 4-76 0-57 18-74 4-91 0-42 21-97 51 43 17 3 ... 3 227 450 0-16 0-16 14-37 2-87 0-24 1813 36 35 18 • •• ... • • * 99 311 103 0-94 13-81 2-40 • . . 8-49 27 30 19 • • • • • • • * « 185 267 • • . 0-36 14-86 107 •. . 7-61 24 34 20 ... 1 2 128 256 ... 0 49 10 04 1-75 0-19 12-47 25 35 21 9 1 11 527 1,494 0-25 0-07 20-63 2-72 0-27 13-05 37 57 22 5 • •• 5 268 599 ... • • • 14-34 5-64 0-31 16 42 37 50 23 8 1 9 473 1,633 11‘95 18-51 2-21 0-25 13-43 46 65 24 1 lit 1 165 560 1095 12-55 1-59 0-06 10-51 36 60 25 4 4 65 361 4-07 • • • 20-99 1-36 0-36 5-88 33 49 26 2 1 3 170 595 0-85 0-39 27-18 4-26 0 23 1316 46 37 27 4 1 5 203 593 10-20 ... 11-26 7-84 0-38 15-45 45 48 28 4 • • • 4 192 539 0-07 • * • 20-33 4-15 0-29 13-74 38 45 29 61 6 73 3,615 16,984 4-49 0-01 86-10 7-03 0-54 26-55 125 61 30 9 2 11 227 1,365 9-65 o-ll 28-78 3 30 0-41 8-43 51 26 31 7 • • • 7 604 1,389 6-40 0-03 11-55 5-61 0-21 18-31 42 31 32 29 6 35 677 5,193 8-39 0-09 39-27 0-94 0-38 7-35 56 45 33 6 1 8 403 1,649 9-04 0-03 20-08 4-86 0-22 11-07 45 31 34 2 «• • 2 149 593 5-83 ... 18-70 1-79 012 8-87 35 29 35 5 7 287 903 7-51 19-20 3-19 0-34 14 09 44 41 36 • • • ... 1 123 488 3-52 ... 17-85 2-34 0-06 8-01 32 36 37 5 1 7 198 788 • • • • * • 35-27 3-16 0 46 13 05 52 63 38 11 12 395 1,069 1-68 ... 23-75 639 0-58 18-99 51 76 39 3 3 60 235 0-62 12-90 1-68 0-26 530 21 41 40 1 ... 1 172 437 ... 0-19 1007 6-88 0-06 11-17 28 39 41 6 6 209 425 0-29 9-14 2-64 0-34 12-01 24 31 42 3 ... 3 186 459 2-00 ... 13 20 4-07 0-21 13-27 33 41 43 7 2 9 186 463 ... ... 14-21 4-01 061 12-64 31 37 44 17 3 21 484 1,020 13-17 4-31 0-71 16-43 35 35 45 9 1 11 327 831 ... 0 04 19-85 3-08 0-51 15-26 38 42 46 6 3 9 152 303 8-44 1-98 0-66 11-16 22 27 47 4 1 5 158 286 ... ... 8-33 1-92 0 42 13-17 24 28 48 3 1 5 176 477 ... 1-10 11-73 2-00 0-25 8-82 24 32 49 5 ... 5 168 453 ... 0 57 1307 0-99 0-26 8-78 24 39 50 23 4 27 822 2,467 ... 2-45 22-32 2 93 0-46 14-07 42 59 51 6 1 7 78 320 ... 3-71 15-57 1-99 0-63 7-06 29 24 52 366 50 437 18,198 62,701 2-84 0-30 27-38 3-38 0-34 1400 48 47 4,231 1,201 5,695 129,568 519,779 0-30 0-38 20-32 099 0-32 7-41 30 30 during the year 1881 Population. Injuries. the year. Frontier Cantonments. Abbot tabad 2,894 • • • • • • o 6 • • • • • • 3 • • • 3 31 44 15 39 13 Mardan 1,964 • • • 1 9 • • • 1 • • • • • • 1 2 25 37 19 41 21 Kohat 6,210 • • • 3 19 13 • • • • • • 5 • * « 5 51 91 17 10 2 Edwardes-abad 3,224 • • • 4 13 16 • • • • • • 2 1 3 40 76 23 27 8 t. Dera Ismail Khan 5,331 • • • 1 11 6 Ml • • • « ♦ ♦ Ml 31 49 9 25 5 • Dera Ghazi Khan 2,937 c t « 3 19 4 • • • • • • • « • • • • Ml 14 40 14 21 7 Rajanpur 1,138 • • • • • • 2 • • • • • • M 1 M » • • • • It 11 13 11 12 10 Hill Sanitaria. Simla 17,440 • • • • • • 119 16 1 1 6 1 9 110 254 14 79 4 Dharmsala 2,862 1 • • • 39 46 1 • • • 1 1 3 40 129 45 89 31 Daihousie 2,255 • • • ... 13 5 • • • Ml 1 ■ • • 1 14 33 15 7 3 Murree 7,939 1 • • • 27 5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 45 6 20 2 26 379 811 15 370 7 DEATHS REGISTERED from CHOLERA in the DISTRICTS of the PUNJAB during each month of the year 1881. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Circles of registration. Villages. Total. Ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population, B c9 o IQ 3 O V © u Qs +4 o © o ©^ © P« o 0P4 CJ u a c5 © S Number. DISTRICTS. Number in each district. Number from wmcli cleat us from Cholera were reported. Number in each district. ---- Number from which deaths from Cholera were reported. January. February. March. April. tA d 8 June. July. August. September. October. November. December. Males. Females. Total. Males. , Females. Total. f 1 Number. 1 DELHI DIVN. Delhi 15 6 743 13 29 86 47 • • • • 8 103 64 167 0-31 0-23 0-27 0-15 1 2 Gurgaon 15 4 1,239 4 1 • . 3 1 .... .... •• • • •• 4 1 5 o-oi 0-003 0-01 0-27 a 2 Kamil 14 4 868 8 2 • • 49 74 74 61 125 0-22 0-18 0-20 0-63 3 4 HISSAR DIVN. Hissar 13 715 1-52 4 6 Rohtak 11 1 498 1 1 1 •• * * 1 0-003 .... 0-001 0-76 6 6 Sirsa 13 1 626 1 1 • • • • .. • . • • 1 .... 1 0-01 ,,,, 0-004 1-36 6 7 UMBALLA DIVISION. Umballa 20 8 2,225 18 3 32 145 31 1 119 93 212 0-22 0-20 0-21 0-12 7 8 Ludhiana 10 3 851 6 1 1 7 12 8 13 21 0-02 0-05 0-04 0-90 8 » Simla 4 . . 238 0-65 9 10 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. Jullundur 9 8 1,233 29 696 246 23 484 381 865 1-13 1-08 1T0 0-22 10 11 Hoshiarpur 14 7 2,178 26 1 •• • • 27 246 56 1 • • 161 170 331 0-32 0-39 0-35 0-02 11 12 Khngra 16 4 704 17 , , . • 1 . • , , 24 10 .... 1 1 • . .. 24 13 37 0-06 0-04 0-06 0-55 12 13 AMRITSAR DIVISION. Amritsar 10 7 1,078 22 1 2 1 3 4 49 407 232 8 433 274 707 0-93 0-74 0-85 0-22 13 14 Gurdaspur 17 11 2,302 25 1 4 . . .. 1 6 • • 4 276 39 1 •• 164 168 332 0-33 0-41 0-37 0-02 14 15 Sialko t 13 5 2,315 22 1 • • « . 1 . . •• 1 6 272 32 . • •• 166 157 313 0-29 0-34 0-31 0-10 15 16 LAHORE DIVN. Lahore .. 21 18 1,672 116 2 2 61 104 818 690 71 6 1,034 609 1,643 2-41 1-75 2-12 0-62 16 17 Gujranwila 9 5 1,177 16 . • t • . . 1 • • 1 • • 21 221 16 1 .. 136 126 261 0-44 0-51 0-47 0-36 17 18 Ferozepore .. 16 4 1,276 7 5 • • • • 18 15 8 23 0-05 0-03 0-04 0-73 18 19 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. Rawalpindi 18 8 1,726 18 1 10 25 32 22 73 17 90 0-19 0-06 0-13 1-02 19 20 Jhelum 13 4 1,042 7 6 1 3 10 . . •• 14 6 20 0-05 0-02 0-04 0-91 20 21 Gujrat 9 2 1,416 4 22 13 19 16 36 0-06 0-06 0-06 0-31 21 32 Shahpur 15 1 632 1 1 • • • • • . , . .. 1 • • • • 1 0-005 .... 0-002 0-37 22 23 MOOLTAN DIVISION. Mooltan 14 1,233 0-03 23 24 Jhang 13 • • 976 0-14 24 26 Montgomery .. 18 3 1,618 3 2 3 3 3 6 o-oi 0-01 0-01 0-67 26 26 Muzaffargarh 13 • • 534 o-ooi 36 37 DERAJAT DIVISION. Dera Ismail Khan 19 772 0T4 27 28 Dera Ghazi Khan 17 •• 422 0-05 28 39 Bannu 13 .. 663 0-81 39 30 PESHAWAR DIVISION. Peshawar 19 2 730 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 0-007 0-004 0-005 0-72 30 31 Hazira 15 8 1,013 3 2 1 • • •• 3 .... 3 o-oi • • • • 0-008 0-56 31 32 Kohat 12 2 469 3 3 •• •• 3 .... •• •• •• 5 1 6 0-06 0-01 0-04 0-91 32 DEATHS REGISTERED from SMALL-POX in the DISTRICTS of the 1 2 3 4 5 Number. Districts. Circles of registration. Villages. January. February. March. April. May. June. 1 V Number in each district. Number from which deaths' from Small-i pox were re-| ported. Number in each district. Number from which deaths from Smallpox were reported. DELHI DIVISION. 1 Delhi 15 4 743 11 ... 1 6 13 30 17 2 Gurgaon 15 14 1,239 41 6 ... 6 17 17 16 3 Karn4l 14 14 868 141 23 12 23 42 42 41 HISSAR DIVISION. 4 Hissar 13 8 715 13 1 2 1 5 2 1 5 Rohtak 11 3 498 6 2 5 13 11 5 2 6 Sirsa 13 4 626 17 1 4 35 11 11 3 UMBALLA DIVISION. 7 Umballa 20 17 2,225 309 16 20 34 52 46 70 8 Ludhiana ... 10 .7 851 29 4 9 12 6 10 6 9 Simla 4 ... 238 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... JULLUNDUR DIVISION. 10 Jullundur ... 9 8 1,233 26 4 7 4 8 9 12 11 Hoshiarpur • 14 .10 2,178 41 4 4 2 6 10 6 12 Kangra 15 1 704 1 ... ... 1 ... ... ... AMRITSAR DIVISION. 13 Amritsar ... 10 10 1,078 43 2 1 5 6 14 6 14 Gurdaspur 17 :9 2,302 20 6 5 4 6 4 4 15 SiiUkot 13 6 2,315 8 ... 4 2 2 3 r o LAHORE DIVISION. 16 Lahore 21 12 1,672 49 6 5 7 7 9 11 17 Gujr&nwala 9 7 1,177 25 5 6 4 2 3 2 ,18 Ferozepore ... 15 13 1,276 43 6 6 9 12 14 14 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. 19 Rawalpindi ... ... 18 5 1,725 12 7 1 5 1 ... 2 20 Jhelum 13 6 1,042 7 1 1 2 3 2 1 21 Gujrat 9 3 1,416 5 3 ... ... ... 1 ... 22 Shahpur 15 6 632 ! 15 3 5 6 5 6 ... MOOLTAN DIVISION. 23 Mooltan 14 11 1,233 101 15 32 26 29 39 39 *24 Jhang 13 12 976 56 11 9 17 10 4 3 25 Montgomery 18 16 1,51S 102 6 8 6 8 16 25 26 Muzaffargarh ... 13 11 534 92 48 78 70 18 14 10 DERAJA^ DIVISION. 27 Dera Ismail Khan 19 19 772 228 295 345 241 182 95 44 28 Dera Ghdzi Khan 17 12 422 84 49 113 108 105 51 28 29 Bannu , .. , . . 13 12 553 148 156 140 111 75 42 22 PESHAWAR DIVISION. . , , , . . , 30 Peshawar ... 19 19 730 271 121 114 166 158 144 191 31 Hazara 15 3 1,013 11 4 4 5 1 4 2 32 Kohat .. . ... 12 12 469. .81 17 34 43 30 17 20 974 831 664 600 PUNJAB during each month of the year 1881. 6 7 8 9 10 July. August. September. October. November. December. Total. Number of these deaths among children. Total ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population. Mean ratio per 1,000 of previous 5 years. Number. GQ "3 a Females. 1 | Total. Under one year. One and under twelve years. Males. Females. Total. 5 36 36 72 2 64 0T1 0T3 0T2 0-54 1 7 2 1 1 4 4 48 33 81 27 52 0-13 010 0T2 2-86 2 49 17 26 36 8 19 185 153 338 103 200 0-56 0 55 0-55 2-76 3 l 1 ... 1 10 5 15 2 13 0-04 0-02 0 03 0-73 4 9 2 1 1 ... • . . 29 22 51 13 36 0T0 009 0-09 0-74 5 3 1 2 3 ... 2 46 30 76 33 41 0-39 0-32 036 1-25 6 52 42 93 63 45 44 332 245 577 286 274 060 0 53 0-57 1-75 7 1 3 3 4 3 38 23 61 13 47 012 0-09 0T0 1-44 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 033 9 o 3 1 24 26 50 13 31 0-05 0-07 0-06 0-36 10 2 3 3 ... 21 19 40 9 27 0 04 0-04 0-04 060 1L ••• ... ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... 0T5 12 6 2 2 1 23 22 45 20 21 0'05 006 0-05 2T3 13 1 ... i ... 2 1 16 18 34 14 19 0-03 0 04 0-04 0-94 14 1 ... ... ... 2 ... 8 8 16 . 7 9 001 0 02 002 0-80 15 8 ii 5 10 7 2 34 54 88 26 53 0;08 0T5 Oil 2-34 16 3 2 1 1 ... 1 17 13 30 10 20 0-05 0 05 0-05 1-42 17 1 5 ... 2 1 32 38 70 17 48 Oil 0T6 013 1-42 IS 1 4 8 13 21 5 13 0 02 0-04 0 03 1-24 19 ... ... ... 1 9 2 11 8 3 0 03 o-oi 0'02 1T2 20 ... . » • 1 ,,,, * • . 3 2 5 4 1 o-oi O'Ol 001 1-72 21 ... ... • • ... ... ... 16 9 25 8 14 0'08 0'05 0'07 1-75 22 28 13 3 4 3 19 124 126 250 52 180 0'49 0-61 0'54 1-33 23 3 ... 1 2 .. . 35 25 60 17 38 0T8 0T6 0T7 0'95 24 20 12 12 17 n 7 72 76 148 30 91 036 0-48 041 2-73 25 4 1 ... 1 ... ... 130 114 244 75 141 0 80 0'85 0-82 2T4 26 29 2 4 1 2 10 670 580 1,250 323 810 3-15 3T8 3T6 2-36 27 20 6 2 ... 10 18 274 238 510 126 366 1-60 1-70 1-64 1T0 28 12 1 5 4 3 1 316 256 572 122 405 2-05 1-92 1-99 2'96 29 232 98 60 104 94 143 901 724 1,625 322 1,245 3'37 3T1 3 25 1-23 30 1 1 1 ... • . • 10 13 23 2 19 0-05 0-07 0-06 0-85 31 21 9 18 32 44 75 203 157 360 58 276 2-56 2-37 2-47 1*11 32 521 238 246 285 237 356 3,671 3,078 6,749 1,747 4,557 0 39 0-38 0-38 1-39 , ( xv hi ) DEATHS REGISTERED from FEVERS in the DISTRICTS of 1! o 3 4 5 J-* <x> £ DISTRICTS. Circles of registration. Villages. January. February. March. April, May, Number in each district. Is umber from which deaths from fevers were reported. Number in each district. Number from which deaths from fevers were reported. DELHI DIVISION. 1 Delhi 15 15 743 725 1,214 1,249 1,183 1,408 1,201 o Gurgaon ... 15 15 1,239 941 1,123 1,159 1,171 1,201 801 3 K arm'll ... 14 14 868 790 1,138 1,291 1,126 1,378 1,008 HISSAR DIVISION. 4 Hissar 13 13 715 695 627 601 651 744 884 5 Rohtak ... 11 11 498 479 908 909 831 982 854 6 Sirsa 13 13 626 547 233 306 339 375 389 UMBALLA DIVISION. J Umballa... 20 20 2,225 1,894 1,828 1,871 1,652 1,819 1,200 8 Ludhidna 10 1C 851 690 778 687 525 582 707 9 Simla 4 4 238 57 12 13 14 23 20 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. 10 Juliundur 3 9 1,233 1,076 1,203 1,055 814 772 863. 11 Hoshiiirpur 14 14 2,178 1,713 1,127 1,128 1,039 835 977 12 Kangra ... 15 15 704 701 1,067 940 859 7SS 880 AMRITSAR DIVISION. 13 Amritsar 10 10 1,078 908 1,160 833 821 702 1,037 14 Gurddspuc 17 17 2,302 1,849 1,321 1,047 739 572 902 15 Sidlkot. .. 13 13 2,315 2,150 1,357 929 766 669 1,118 LAHORE DIVISION. 16 Lahore ... ... 21 21 1,672 1,048 1,571 1,231 936 856 1,015 17 Gujrdnwala 9 9 1,177 1,122 977 849 603 501 688 18 Ferozepore 15 15 1,276 874 730 654 537 571 693 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. 19 Rawalpindi ... ... ... 18 18 1,725 1,398 1,632 1,313 1,199 830 860 20 Jhelum ... 13 13 1,042 716 776 655 616 512 496 21 Gujrat ... ... 9 9 1,416 1,288 925 585 434 518 515 22 Shahpur ... 15 15 632 609 384 389 341 320 406 MOOLTAN DIVISION. 23 Mooltan ... 14 14 1,233 792 1,105 889 703 S27 689 24 .Jhang 13 13 976 770 368 371 342 262 352 25 Montgomery IS 18 1,518 989 593 476 418 330 408 26 Muzaffargarh 13 13 534 515 623 549 576 542 527 DERAJAT DIVISION. 27 Dera Ismail Khan ... 19 19 772 435 704 529 457 490 515 28 Dera Ghdzi Khan ... 17 17 422 289 384 307 315 298 260 29 Bannu 13 13 553 363 448 425 310 316 382 PESHAWAR DIVISION. 30 Peshawar 19 19 730 614 794 928 755 767 695 31 Hazara. . 15 14 1,013 577 659 596 549 433 385 32 Kohat 12 12 469 329 221 1S8 180 iea 12 24,952 21,801 21,383 211,848 the PUNJAB during each month of the year 1881, *■— 6 7 8 9 June. July. August. September. October. -1 November. December. Total. Total ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population. Mean ratio per 1,000 for previous 5 years. Number, Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. 1,217 908 661 1,081 1,696 1,852 2,064 8,302 7,432 15,734 25-44 26-30 25-84 29-54 1 738 590 491 1,060 2,343 2,043 2,129 7,991 6,858 14,849 21-58 21-01 21-31 31-18 2 1,043 856 642 1,446 1,332 1,550 1,889 7,928 6,771 14,699 23-97 24-17 24-06 24-07 3 748 621 474 1,122 1,234 824 770 5,080 4,220 9,300 19-04 19-37 19-19 15-43 4 854 681 543 1,120 1,626 1,452 1,430 6,782 5,408 12,190 23-19 22-11 22-70 26-81 5 328 243 226 509 5S0 476 365 2,295 2,074 4,369 19-61 22-12 20-73 15-50 6 1,284 1,264 1,074 2,827 4,029 2,929 2,993 13,271 11,499 24,770 24-10 25-09 24-55 18-95 7 659 580 680 1,743 2,290 1,563 045 6,238 5,501 11,739 19-53 20-84 20-13 20-23 8 25 19 32 42 44 18 20 180 102 282 8-14 8-89 8-39 • 7-79 9 750 621 833 1,768 2,883 2,325 1,596 7,879 7,604 15,483 18-36 21-49 19-64 35-31 10 984 751 956 2,573 4,038 2,765 1,750 9,620 9,303 18,923 19-07 21-41 20-15 24-15 11 919 706 898 1,636 2,346 1,459 1,490 7,265 6,723 13,988 18-46 19-19 18-81 16-06 12 1,103 758 991 4,027 8,005 6,428 3,097 14,798 14,164 28,962 31*82 38-52 34-78 23-45 13 750 667 673 1,883 4,024 3,054 2,103 8,997 S.738 17,735 1*7-95 21'58 19-57 21-38 14 892 805 t-H 00 1,898 4,046 3,644 2,320 10,114 9,201 19,315 18-77 20H 19-42 18-29 15 1,075 789 1,510 2,040 3,684 3,691 2,660 10,939 10,119 21,058 25-54 29-14 27-15 23-23 16 652 575 628 848 1,221 1,139 970 5,094 4,557 9,651 16-63 18-65 17-53 23-50 17 638 550 590 1,338 2,077 1,712 1,117 5,860 5,347 11,207 19-96 22-29 21-01 18-79 18 829 730 765 921 1,221 1,278 1,385 7,023 5,940 12,963 18-64 18-39 18-53 25-66 19 495 524 453 605 826 726 811 3,904 3,591 7,495 14-75 15-20 14-96 17-32 20 570 546 468 795 1,032 892 859 4,222 3,917 8,139 12-72 13-77 13-20 17-04 21 399 311 259 321 359 464 485 2,294 2,144 4,438 11-71 12-39 12-03 14-20 22 568 516 411 530 1,261 1,480 1,708 5,770 4,917 10,687 22-83 23-75 23-24 17-71 23 258 249 195 256 336 406 401 2,033 1,763 3,796 10-50 11-42 10-91 8-32 24 376 300 268 376 1,014 1,365 1,146 3,779 3,291 7,070 18-89 20-64 19-67 14-95 25 424 318 284 393 731 1,015 745 3,678 3,049 6,727 22-69 22-85 22-76 20-93 26 466 386 224 265 374 450 661 3,055 2,466 5,521 14-36 13-54 13-98 16-00 27 257 303 213 315 492 451 552 2,321 1,826 4,147 13-55 13-16 13-38 11-64 28 389 278 184 220 311 392 492 2,330 1,817 4,147 15-12 13-61 14-42 13-24 29 607 566 330 419 718 774 952 4,502 3,803 8,305 16-82 16-33 16-59 12-03 30 363 330 328 445 552 436 729 3,127 2,678 5,805 16-33 15-23 15-81 14-32 31 141 82 94 114 143 150 191 988 797 1,785 12-45 12-06 12-27 8-64 32 20,801 17,423 17,249 34,936 56,868 49,203 40,825 187,659 167,620 355,279 19-73 21-01 20-32 20-72 DEATHS REGISTERED from BOWEL COMPLAINTS in the 1 2 3 4 5 Number. Districts. Circles of Registration. Villages. January. February. March. 1 April. May. Number in each district. JN o. Irom wmcn deaths from bowel complaints were reported. Number in each district. iN o. trom wmcn deaths from bowel complaints were reported. DELHI DIVISION. 1 Delhi . ... 15 15 743 230 31 33 38 36 52 2 Gurgaon ... ... 15 14 1,239 207 41 48 51 50 43 3 Karn&l ... 14 14 868 138 54 54 53 47 41 HISSAR DIVISION. • 4 Hissar ... ... 13 12 715 138 25 12 13 28 26 5 Rohtak ... ... 11 9 498 50 20 16 16 28 22 6 Sirsa ... 13 11 626 102 17 11 23 19 25 UMBALLA DIVISION. 7 Umballa... ... 20 20 2,225 496 83 70 73 74 86 8 Ludhidna ... 10 10 851 244 33 25 26 42 55 9 Simla ... 4 4 238 62 8 7 5 11 4 JULLUNDUR DIVISION. • 10 Jullundur ... 9 9 1,233 116 33 17 16 16 37 11 Hoshiarpur ... 14 14 2,178 615 52 39 61 63 89 12 Kangra ... 15 15 704 351 123 113 98 82 131 AMRITSAR DIVISION. 13 Amritsar ... 10 10 1,078 209 49 37 41 42 53 14 Gurddspur ••• 17 17 2,302 480 60 33 33 45 57 15 Sidlkot ... * • » 13 13 2,315 324 49 34 18 35 68 LAHORE DIVISION. 16 Lahore ... ... • • • 21 20 1,672 259 6S 33 45 38 34 17 Gujrdnwala • • • 9 9 1,177 225 36 23 17 31 40 18 Ferozepore ... 15 14 1,276 56 24 22 25 30 24 RAWALPINDI DIVISION. 19 Rawalpindi ... ... ... 18 18 1,725 372 154 113 104 77 75 20 Jhelum ... ... 13 13 1,042 2S4 83 64 61 70 62 21 Gujrat ... ... 9 9 1,416 161 26 22 26 39 29 22 Shahpur ... ... 15 15 632 154 37 47 34 28 38 MOOLTAN DIVISION. 23 Mooltan ... ... 14 13 1,233 96 31 23 30 36 20 24 Jhang ... 13 13 976 164 14 9 16 24 34 25 Montgomery ... 18 17 1,518 140 18 10 8 18 18 26 Muzaffargarh • • • 13 12 534 54 14 6 10 12 6 DERAJAT DIVISION. 27 Dera Ismail Khan ... ... 19 17 772 62 18 18 14 29 19 28 Dera Ghdzi Khan ... 17 12 422 23 5 4 7 5 5 29 Bannu ... 13 13 553 105 25 19 2S 13 21 PESHAWAR DIVISION. 30 Peshawar ... ... 19 19 730 80 33 26 21 29 17 31 Hazara ... ... ... • • « 15 11 1,013 57 11 18 12 14 27 32 Kohat • • • 12 11 469 45 22 9 I 10 8 2 Total for the Province ... • • • 446 423 34,973 6,099 1,297 1,015 1,033 1,119 1,260 FORM No. X DISTRICTS of the PUNJAB during each month of the year 1881. 6 7 8 9 | June. 1 ■ July. August. September. October. November. December. Total. Total ratio of deaths per 1,000 of population. Mean ratio per 1,000 for previous 5 years. Number. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. 41 49 45 59 S7 69 71 358 253 611 1T0 0-89 1-00 2-43 1 43 54 63 158 93 99 73 441 375 816 1T9 115 1-17 3-04 2 57 55 52 64 52 63 68 374 286 660 1T3 1-02 1-08 1-86 3 30 27 61 60 50 37 18 220 157 377 0'82 072 078 0 96 4 19 18 23 42 40 27 25 167 129 296 0-57 053 0-55 1-04 5 17 23 28 18 20 9 16 131 95 226 1T2 1-01 1 *07 1-25 6 92 91 89 127 150 143 143 758 463 1,221 1-38 101 1-21 2-18 7 25 29 48 69 77 54 36 307 212 519 096 0-80 0 89 1-53 8 12 15 9 5 9 8 2 59 36 95 2-67 374 2-83 3 36 9 20 28 47 77 64 87 43 261 224 485 061 0-63 0 62 102 10 59 56 74 135 196 108 64 551 445 996 109 1-02 1-06 2-85 11 149 100 69 93 112 98 90 709 549 1,258 1-80 1-57 1-69 274 12 59 46 79 162 313 294 182 834 523 1,357 179 1-42 163 1-65 13 33 40 49 103 182 120 84 475 364 839 0 95 0-90 0 92 1-57 14 30 41 80 196 118 81 81 499 332 831 093 073 0'83 1-02 15 54 48 73 74 66 71 79 480 203 683 1-12 0-58 0-88 101 16 47 21 41 57 39 32 33 263 154 417 0-86 0-63 076 090 17 39 68 34 49 39 40 24 266 152 418 091 0-63 078 o 00 18 74 93 88 128 143 103 131 790 493 1,283 2-10 1-53 1-83 1-32 19 50 95 73 90 138 78 95 561 398 959 2-12 1'68 1-91 1-61 20 24 24 39 53 65 39 34 282 138 420 0-85 0-48 068 0-85 21 35 37 49 36 27 42 37 265 182 447 1-35 1-05 1-21 D47 22 18 23 32 40 49 41 42 233 152 385 0-92 073 0-84 0'95 23 22 9 16 22 20 20 21 133 94 227 0 69 061 0 65 0 50 24 24 14 9 11 11 19 24 118 66 184 0-59 041 0-51 0-47 25 9 2 6 11 11 24 9 84 36 120 0'52 0 27 041 0 29 26 18 23 14 20 23 23 19 150 88 238 070 0-48 060 061 27 11 3 4 5 11 9 6 43 32 75 0 25 0-23 0 24 060 28 22 26 24 26 25 22 22 157 116 273 102 0-87 095 1-20 29 25 24 13 25 24 37 32 216 90 306 0-81 0 39 061 091 30 21 17 13 5 8 5 11 113 49 162 0-59 0-28 0 44 0-94 31 7 9 5 5 3 12 5 71 26 97 0-89 039 067 0 64 32 1,186 1,208 1,339 2,025 2,265 1,914 1,620 10,369 6,912 17,281 D09 0-87 099 1-45 * ♦ ' *. \ > • 2 I i J • * : 1 i:• • ' 4 i / i : > . \ : , r v > ; ■i : > i • . » - vJ. * ‘ * 4 4 m » . *- «*• T‘ * . ■ a *■ k - jr y : AO ■*. Cl > IS ' ? . • ^ ' i . % .: . * JCa h o r c: t \ PRINTED AT THE ALEERT TRESS, i » 1882.