Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2015 Iittps://arcliive.org/details/b21495361_0001 ]S1E :NOSTEi\, ISTA QU^ INVENIMDS, DIXEBIS : INSITA SUNT NOBIS OMNIUM ARTIUM SEMINA, MAGISTEEQUE EX OCGULTO DEUS PRODUCIT INGENIA. HOMANI GENERIS PROGRESSUS, EX COMMUNI OMNIUM LABORS ORTUS, UNIUSCUJUSQUE INDUSTRIE DEBET ESSE FINIS: HOC ADJUVANDO, DEI OPT : MAX : VOLUNTATEM EXSEQUIMUR. LONDON: PRINTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, PRINTERS TO TUS, BOVA.L COMMISSION, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS, bo700 frtflt fijiitiitinii nf tiff Wuxh nf %km\t^ nf all Malmm, 1851. OFFICIAL DESCRIPTIYE AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. JiY THREE VOLUMES. ^ ( VOL. I indp:x and introductory. Section L—RAW MATERIALS, Classes 1 to 4. Section IL-MACHINERY, Classes 5 to 10. LONDON: SnCER BROTHEllS, WHOLESALE STATIONERS; W. CLOWES AND SONS, PRINTERS; CONTRACTOBS TO THE ROTAL COMMISSION, 29 NEW BRIDGE STREET, BLACKFRIAKS, AND AT THE EXHIBITION BUILDING. Coll. Call f ^ b ( - 160 Perhaps no statement connected with the appearance of this work is calculated to create more surprise than that the greater portion of it was actually in type prior to the first of May. Its condition at that period may be thus described. The manuscript accounts of the articles of a large number of the Exhibitors had been compiled, set up in type, and subsequently condensed, annotated, and revised, and required but a little more attention to fit them for publication. In addition, a large proportion of the illustrations were completed and fit for printing. But at that moment, what was the condition of the Exhi- bition Building itself ? Only on the morning of the first of May were tickets affixed to a few articles in a few Classes, and the position of many Exhibitors, even on the British side, was not finally determined. This arose out of the efforts made to obtain a strictly classified arrangement of articles on this side. Many articles placed in the hurry of preparation in the space allotted to one Class were improperly thus placed, and required to be removed to other Classes, and a large number of explanations were found to have been received from Exhibitors who had ultimately not been able to send in their goods in time. Whilst many Classes were arranged rapidly, others remained, owing to peculiar difficulties, in a state of great incompletion, and incessant alterations of the numbers and position of the Exhibitors were necessary before they could be con- sidered perfect. During this time, which is to be reckoned by weeks rather than days, the number of additional manuscripts received from Exhibitors, who had neglected sending them in until long after the opening of the Exhibition, was immense, and the adjustment of the additional matter thus created was in itself a difficulty not to be easily subdued. While an amount of order—surprising in its extent, though imperfect in the degree requisite for the publication of a work so costly in its preparation as the present—reigned on the British side of the Building, the state of that devoted to other nations could scarcely be entitled to that term until a month subsequent to the day of opening. Many foreign states had not sent in their catalogues, and the arrangement of their productions was very imperfect. The peculiar nature of the Catalogue, also, as a work produced by many thousand authors, naturally brought upon it, through the medium of the small Catalogue, the corrections of a large number of those whose manuscripts formed its foundation, in addition to those rendered necessary, in order to obtain some degree of uniformity in the literary composition. The combination of the elements of disorder thus presented has never before arisen to oppose the publication of any work in this or other times ; and its effect upon its preparation is only to be estimated by those who have watched its progress, and are familiar with the complicated arrangements necessarily preceding the production of any printed book containing illustrations. The great extent of the Catalogue rendered the disturbance of any of its parts absolutely fatal to its publication in a reasonable time, and even in a moderate condition of accuracy. In the midst of all these adverse circumstances an attempt was made to publish it as speedily as possible after the opening of the Exhibition ; but this attempt was rendered fruitless in consequence of the ceaseless accessions of additional matter, and of the alterations of position in that already set up. Under these circumstances the Contractors, anxious to produce so extensive a work in as perfect a condition as possible, resolved, at considerable loss to them- selves, to delay its appearance until every alteration of importance had been made in the arrangement of the Building and by Exhibitors themselves. In this state it is now published, and is intended to serve as a lasting memorial of the splendid collection of which it professes to be the exponent. When its magnitude is considered, and due regard had to the great difficulties inseparable from the production of an illustrated book of this kind, it must be acknowledged that the period occupied in its publication has been comparatively brief and its prepa- ration rapid. The due appearance of the smaller Catalogue, on the first of May,—in itself, perhaps, one of the most remarkable instances of rapid tjrpographical exe- cution ever accomplished,—is also an indication of the substantive pre-existence of the present work before that date, since the smaller Catalogue is only a very condensed summary of the present, and was derived from the material forming the illustrated edition. The difficulties attending the publication, even of that work, may be gathered from the fact, that only three days before it appeared was the order of succession and temporary arrangement of the Exhibitors in the Building determined on; and in that short interval, and before its publication, their arrangement in the Catalogue had much of it to be made. For an account of the method adopted in the preparation of this Catalogue reference should be made to another page. It is, however, due to those whose valued assistance has added so much to the permanent interest which will attach to this work to state, that there are several portions which could not, by pressure of time, be submitted to the benefit of their revision, and for such, and the general scientific accuracy of the work, the subscriber to this notice must be considered alone accountable. That the following pages are to be considered free from technical and scientific inaccuracies could scarcely be expected; but much care and labour have been expended to give them, as far as possible, this character. The consideration just named may also render expedient, if not necessary, a simple statement of the part fulfilled by the writer in connection with this work. The production of the general plan of the book, its development, after sanction by the Executive Committee, and literary construction out of the crude material obtained after compilation from the manuscripts of Exhibitors—^this material resulting from the official instructions given for the compilation of the Catalogue, and the term compilation including, in this case, merely the rough preparation of Exhibitors' manuscripts for setting up in type, the resulting matter being consequently in a very imperfect state—mth the general literary and scien- tific superintendence and management of the work—these have formed the occupation of the writer in connection with it, and for these he may be held responsible. As the result of the combined labours of the scientific annotators and of the writer, and after having received official sanction and revision on the part of the Executive by the officer appointed, this Catalogue is now put forth. The constant effi3rt of the writer has been to prepare a work of permanent value and enduring interest. May it be shown in the issue that the labour bestowed upon it has not been in vain. At the period when this work makes its appearance in a complete state, the Exhibition is about to close. The first function of a Descriptive Catalogue can therefore scarcely be fulfilled ere the great spectacle it illustrates will pass away. To those wonders of Art and Industry which man, taught by God, has been by Him enabled to accomplish, it will prove a guide but for a brief period. But its more permanently valuable offices then commence ; and it may be reasonably Vlll hoped that, as a record of the most varied and wonderful collection of objects ever beheld, and as a book of reference to the philosopher, merchant, and manufac- turer, it will constantly prove both interesting and instructive to the reader. It is probable that, with the return of the Exhibitors and of the articles to the numerous localities abroad whence they were derived, copies of this Catalogue will be sent, and taken also, and that these pages will be read in many lands long after the Exhibition shall have become matter of history. May they be found, on examination, to contain nothing which is not in harmony with the spirit of the motto on the title-page; and, while descriptive of the successful labours of man, may it not have been forgotten that the glory and praise are due to God alone. Robert Ellis. Chelsea, 1851. GENERAL CONTENTS. tJalnmi JfM. Page List of Illustrations xi List of Local Committees (and Secretaries) of the United Kingdom which returned Ex- hibitors and Subscriptions to the General Fund xxiv Table for facilitating reference from the Indexes to the Catalogue . . , xxvii Alphabetical and Classified Index of Articles Exhibited xxxiii Index of Exhibitors and others, whose Names appear in the Catalogue cxviii Historical Introduction, illustrating the Rise of the Exhibition, its Progress and Completion 1 Directory 36 List of Jurors 44 Construction of the Exhibition Bmlding, with the Mechanical Applications employed . . 49 Scientific Revision and Preparation of the Catalogue 82 Annotators of the Catalogue 88 Classification of Subjects in the Thirty Classes into which the Exhibition is divided . » . 89 UNITED KINGDOM.—Classes 1 to 10. Articles exhibited by Her Majesty the Queen, His Royal Highness Prince Albert, and His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, in the Four Sections of the Exhibition Page 111 Sect. L—Raw Materials :—Classes 1 to 4. Objects outside the Building 113 1. Mining and Mineral Products 119 2. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products « . 184 3. Substances used as Food 200 4. Vegetable and Animal Substances used in Manufactures. • 194* Page Sect. II.—Machinery:—Classes 5 to 10. 5. Machines for direct use, including Carriages, Railway and Marine Mechanism . . . 209 6. Manufacturing Machines and Tools , . . 262 7. Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Building Contrivances 308 8. Naval Architecture, Military Engineering, Guns, Weapons, &c 333 9. Agricultiu-al and Horticultural Machines and Implements 364 10. Philosophical, Musical, Horological, and Surgical Instruments 404 UNITED KINGDOM.—Classes 11 to 30. Sect. III.—Manufactures:—Classes 11 to 29. 11. Cotton 12 & 15. Woollen and Worsted 13. Silk and Velvet 14. Flax and Hemp 16. Leather, Saddlery and Harness, Boots and Shoes, Skins, Fur, and Hair .... 17. Paper, Printing, and Bookbinding . . , 18. Woven, Felted, and Laid Fabrics, Dyed and Printed (including Designs) 19. Tapestry, Carpets, Floor-Cloths, Lace and Embroidery , 20. Articles of Clothing for immediate, personal, or domestic use 21. Cutlery, Edge and Hand Tools .... 22. General Hardware, including Locks and Grates 23. Works in Precious Metals, Jewellery, &c. . Page 479 485 503 509 517 536 553 559 575 590 594 671 Page 24. Glass 697 25. China, Porcelain, Earthenware, &c. . , . 709 26. Furniture, Upholstery, Paper Hangings, Decorative Ceilings, Papier Mache, and Japanned Goods 729 27. Manufactures in Mineral Substances, for Building or Decorations 763 28. Manufactures from Animal and Vegetable Substances, not being Woven or Felted . 778 29. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Small Wares 789 Sect. IV.—Fine Arts:—Class 30. 30. Sculpture, Models, and Plastic Art, Mosaics, Enamels, &c. Miscellaneous objects of interest placed in the Main Avenue of the Building, not classified . b 819 84^ BEITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. British Possessions in Asia :— East Indies Ceylon British Possessions in Europe:— Channel Islands .... Malta Gibraltar Ionian Islands British Possessions in Africa:— South Africa Western Africa . . • • Gold Coast and Ashantee. . St. Helena Mauritius British Possessions in America:— Canada ....... New Brunswick .... Nova Scotia Newfoundland Page 857 937 939 943 947 947 949 952 955 955 956 957 969 970 971 British Possessions in America Bermudas Jamaica Barbadoes Trinidad -continued. Page 971 971 971 972 Antigua 975 St. Vincent Bahamas Grenada Montserrat St. Kitt's British Guiana Falkland Islands British Possessions in Australasia :— Eastern Archipelago .... New South Wales South Australia Van Diemen's Land .... New Zealand ...... 975 975 976 976 976 976 987 988 991 992 1000 FOKEIGN STATES. Page Austria 1005 States of the German ZoUverein: — Prussia, Baden, and other States of Northern Germany 1047 a. Prussia 1047 6. Grand Duchy of Baden, Southern parts of the West Provinces of Prussia and Electoral Hesse 1068 c. Prussia and Lithuania 1075 d. Prussia, Electoral Hesse, Lippe . . . 1075 e. Prussia, Saxon Grand Duchy and Duchies, Brunswick, Anhalt, and Thuringian Principalities • 1087 Bavaria 1098 Saxony 1104 Wurtemburg 1114 Frankfort-on-the-Maine 1121 Hesse-Darmstadt 1125 Luxemburg 1130 Nassau 1131 North Germany :— Hanover 1133 Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1134 Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1134 Nuremburg 1135 Oldenburg 1135 Hanse Towns :— Hamburg 1136 Lubeck 1140 Page The Netherlands 1142 Belgium 1150 France 1168 Algiers 1259 Switzerland 1264 Papal States ...1285 Tuscany 1289 Sardinia 1302 Portugal 1306 Madeira 1319 Spain 1320 Sweden and Norway 1348 Denmark ............ 1355 Russia ., 1361 Turkey 1385 Greece 1400 Egypt 1408 Tunis 1412 China 1418 Persia ............. 1426 Society Islands ,1428 St. Domingo 1428 Brazil 1429 Bolivia 1429 Chili 1429 New Granada . , 1430 Mexico 1430 United States 1431 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Engraved Title-page, drawn by J. Tenniel, R.A., engraved by Mr. Jackson. Geograpbical View of the Great Exhibition of 1851, showing at one view the relative and territorial distribution of the various localities from whence the raw materials and manufactures contributed to the Exhibition have been severally supplied. By Aitgustus Petermann, F.R.G.S. Thirty-one Engravings illustrative of the Construction of the Building. View of the Interior of the Building from the South Entrance - -- -- -- - page 57 View of the Exterior of the Building from the North-west Angle -------- 67 Coloured Lithographic Plan of the Building - -- -- -- -- -- - 111 Name of Exhibitor. Class. i.>0. Page. Her Majesty - - - Ill TTaI' IVTq 1 AQ!"f'TT ^ _ _ jnci iyxdjtJoUV — — — TTpt* (Vie* 1 PQ'f'Ar —.•>.— XitJl iTXdjjcouV — — — H. R. H, Prince Albert - — — ji.xt.xi. Jrrmce AiDeii; — XI.XV.XI. JTllUCc xi-iUeilj ~ Hunt, Robert — — — I. 1 oy> xtogers, jdj., x.ij.o. - Ditto - - - - Ansted, D. T., F.R.S. - — — 166 (Buccleuch, His Grace the | t Duke of, - - - f 509 1 7^; X < D Spence, Peter — — -> II. 1 Qft i oO Bentley, John F. - III. 4 201 Penn, J., & Son V. 8 211 Ditto - - - - 212 Joyce, William 20 213 MclSTaught, William 22 Garrett, William Elliot 35 214 Maudsley, Sons, & Field 38 215 Ditto _ - - - 216 Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - 217 Ditto - - - - Ditto _ - - - Clayton & Shuttleworth 39 218 FitzMaurice, Hon. W. E. 57 219 Morrell, G. - - - Phillips, William H. - Erskine, Daniel 82 221 92 222 100 Frith, T. & J. - - 119 224 Hurry, H. C. - - - 122 Merry weather, M. - 401 226 Ditto - - - - 227 Shand & Mason 410 228 James, J., & Co. - 411 Ditto - - - - Bank Quay Foundry Co. 412 229 Ditto - - - - Fairbairn, W., & Sons - 417 231 Warner, J., & Sons 424 2.33 h 2 Description of Illustrations. Table of gold and silver electro-plate ------ Compartments of electro-deposit table-top - - - _ - Table-top in silver - Shield presented by the King of Prussia to H. R. H. the Prince of) Wales - -- -- -- -- -- -I Theseus and the Amazons --------- Portion of a slab for a table -------- Mineral map of the United Kingdom ------ Improved blasting cartridge - -- -- -- - Diagram of a section and plan of a shaft ------ Coal-fields of Europe, and of the United States and British North) America - Ground plan, elevation, and sections of furnace, chimneys. &c. - Crystals of sulphate of iron - -- -- -- - Nutt's beehives - Patent marine trunk engines - -- -- -- - Marine oscillating engines --------- Pendulous high-pressure engine, side and front elevation - Patent double cylinder steam-engine Steam pump, front and end elevation ------ Patent feathering screw propeller, in action and out of gear - Double cylinder marine engines, end and side elevation Direct acting oscillating cylinder steam-engines, end and side) elevation - Double piston-rod engines, for shallow-river navigation, end and) side elevation - Marine beam steam-engine, end and side elevation Annular cylinder marine engines, end and side elevation - Horizontal direct-acting marine engines for screw propulsion, end) elevation and plan - Oscillating engine A new method of converting rectilinear into rotatory motion - Rotatory engine, front elevation and section - - - - - Fire annihilator, entire and in section ------ Balance valves, &c., in section -------- Hollow furnace-bars and fire-bars ------- Model, showing improvements in lubricating - - _ - _ Carriage fire-engine - -- -- -- -- - Cabinet fire-engine - -- -- -- -- - Improved Brigade fire-engine - -- -- -- - Patent weighing crane ---------- Small patent weighing machine -------- Hydraulic press, employed in raising the Britannia Bridge - The press shown in operation, and end elevation - - - - Patent tubular crane, side and back view - - - - - Overshot water-wheel ---- ------ Description of Illustrations. Name of Exhibitor. Class. No. Patent steam travelling crane, end and side elevation - - - High-pressure fire-engine - -- -- -- -- Ornamental fountain ---------- Patent vulcanized India-rubber water-taps ----- Patent coupling for railway waggons Hydraulic lifting jack- -- -- -- -- Improved lifting screw-jack - -- -- -- - Crampton's patent express engine The Cornwall" express narrow-gauge engine - _ _ _ Locomotive double-boiler tank-engine, side and half-end elevation Improved covered railway waggons, end elevation _ _ - Improved covered railway waggons, side elevation _ - - Locomotive tank engine - Locomotive engine - -- -- -- -- - Cross section of patent permanent way for railways - _ _ Patent traversing machine --------- Patent traversing machine, side elevation and plan - _ - Dunn's patent turn-tables, sections and plan - - - _ - Patent charcoal tire for railway wheels and rails and patent axle Automatic apparatus for mail trains, ground plan - - - Elevation of the same ---------- Patent turn-table for railways -------- Triform railway signal - Machine for ascertaining and recording the weight of goods Improved lever weighing machine ------- Dial weighing machine - Improved engine counter - Portable weighing machine - -- -- -- - Bale weighing machine - Elevation of office and railway weigh bridge - - - _ - Internal construction of weigh bridge Platform weighing machine - -- -- -- - Improved sociable - Patent park phaeton - -- -- -- -- - Improved patent wheel, elevation and side view - - - - Section of globular nave - -- -- -- -- Low-bodied dog cart - - The Amempton" carriage, closed - The same carriage, open, as a barouche ------ Improved pony carriage - Patentdioropha," or two-headed carriage - - - _ - Improved carriage for invalids -------- Perspective view, showing Messrs. Hibbert & Piatt's cotton nia-l chines (lap and carding machine), and Messrs. Hicks and Son's high-pressure steam-engine and driving-gear - - - - ) Perspective view, showing Messrs. Hibbert and Piatt's cotton] machinery (power-looms, throstles, and mules), and Messrs. , Hicks and Son's steam-engine and driving gear - - - - J Carding engine - Patent slubbing and roving frame and collars - - - - Modern power loom - Old power loom - -- -- - - -- -- Patent self-acting mule ____ _____ Models of patent sizing and waxping machine _ _ _ _ A large Jacquard loom __---_-__ Patent spinning frame ------_ ___ Improved heald machine __-----_- Sample of healds --__-__--__ Sewing machine _-___-__-.-- Flax seeding machine -___---__ _ Metal disc, for scutching flax - -- -- -- - Front elevation of rotatory disc scutching mill - _ _ _ Improved flax-breaking machine, side and front elevation - Improved holders, for flax-heckling ------- Double cylinder heckling machine, side elevation _ - _ _ Double cylinder heckling machine, end elevation _ - - - Patent double action Jacquard loom ______ Applegath's printing machine _--_____ Printing machine _-__-_----_ Embossing press ----------- Improved galley press ---------- Plough-cutting machine - -- -- -- -- Numerical printing machine - -- -- -- - Patent registering compass --------- M'Nicholl & Vernon - Smith, R., & Son - - Roe, Freeman Lambert & Son Thornton, J., & Sons - Ditto - Ditto - f L. and N. W. Railway] [ Company - - - J Ditto - Wilson, E. B., & Co. - Henson, Henry H. - Ditto - - _ _ Kitson, & Co. - - - Hawthorn, R. & W. Hoby, James W.- Dunn, T. - - - Ormerod, R,, & Son Ditto - _ _ - Thorneycrofc, G.B,, & Co. Dicker, John - - _ Ditto - _ - _ Greenway, Charles Hoy, Joseph - - - Morris, William - Nicholl, W., Lewis & Co. Ditto - - - - Richmond, John - Craig, John - - - Ditto- - - - Pooley, Henry Ditto _ - - _ Ditto - - _ _ Booker, E., & Sons Cook, Rowley, & Co. - Crosskill, Edmund Ditto - _ _ _ Fowler & Fry _ - - Kesterton, E. - Ditto - - - - Mason, W. Henry - Rock & Son - - - Willoughby, Solomon - Hibbert & Piatt - - Ditto _ - _ _ Mason, J, - - - Ditto _ - - - Harrison, J. _ Ditto - - _ - Macindoe, G. Park Hornby & Kenworthy - Taylor & Son - _ - Sutclifi'e, R. - - - Judkins, C. Fiot Ditto - - - - Ditto - _ _ Robinson, RicTiard - Plummer, Robert - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - _ Ditto _ - _ - Ditto - - - _ Ditto _ _ _ - Barlow, Alfi-ed Ingram, Herbert - Cowper, Edward, F.R.S. Jarrett, Grifiith - - Harrild & Sons Ditto - _ - - Ditto - - _ - Napier, D., & Sou - 434 449 462 478« 490 512 513 526 532 534 536 614 618 624 636 674 698 710 764 770 775 776 784 809 816 826 843 894 910 956 992 10 18 24 20 23 42 52 54 74 82 122 134 154 157 158 Description of Illustrations. Hydro-electric machine ------- Patent valve, for fluids _______ Patent riveting machine, side elevation - - - - Plan of the same --------- Self-acting foot-lathe - -- -- -- - Self-acting duplex lathe ------- Self-acting duplex railway vrheel turning lathe Self-acting planing machine ------ Self-acting universal shaping and planing machine Self-acting slotting and shaping machine - - - - . Self-acting vertical drilling and boring machine - Self-acting radial diilling and boring machine Punching and shearing machine ______ Self-acting vheel-cutting and dividing machine Self-acting bolt head and nut-shaping machine Patent screwing apparatus ------- Powerful self-acting planing machine - - - - Steam liveting machine -------- Hydi-aulic press - . Two-horse oscillating steam-engine Patent forging machine ------- Coining-press - -- -- -- -- Patent mould-making machine, side and front elevation Patent tile-machine - -- -- -- -- Patent tenoning machine -------- Forms for rubbing surfaces Grinding mill for vegetable substances - - - _ . Mill for mineral substances Patent coffee-roasting appai'atus ------ Steam sugar-cane crushing mill ------ Hydraulic seed presses ________ I\Iill to grind bai'k - -- -- -- -- Centrifugal washing and ch-ying machine (for hand power) - Centrifugal washing and diying machine (for steam power) Machine for roasting coffee ------- Patent refrigerator - -- -- -- -- Patent soda-water machine ------- Double soda-water machine ------- Diving di'ess and helmet -------- Brunei's wi'ought-iron bridge over the "Wye - - _ . Improved compasses - Block of union paving --------- Straight-gi'ooved blocks, parallel and continuous - Straight-gi'ooved blocks, pai'allel and discontinuous Zig-zag gi'ooved planks - -- -- -- - Equilateral perforated blocks ------- Cii'culai' perforated blocks -------- Hexagonal perforated blocks ------- Smoke removal plan - -- -- -- -- Patent effluvia ti^ps - -- -- -- -- Universal telegi'aphic lighthouse ------ Assimilation of railway gauges Views of the gi-eat suspension bridge at Kieff - - _ _ Suspension aqueduct over the Calder - - - - - Cast-iron bridge over the Aire Catadioptric apparatus - -- -- -- - Improved revolving apparatus for a light vessel - - > Patent marine signals "Wind guard for chimney tops ------- Porters patent anchor - Registered marine signal lamp ------- Bow, stern, and transverse sections of H, M. S. Queen" - Lightning conductors for ships Xew propeller for steam vessels Duplex rudder and screw propeller ------ Ornamented presentation cimeter Xew officers' infantry helmet India-rubber air-gtm - -- -- -- -- Patent safety gim - -- -- -- -- Watei-proof gim - -- -- -- -- - Working model of a twin-stem steam-ship - - _ _ Model of H.M. steam-ship ''Medea" - - - _ _ Two-horse portable steam-engine; end elevation - _ _ Registered steam cooking apparatus for fanners - _ _ Chaff-engine ----------- Name of Exhibitor. "Watson, Henry Ditto - Fairbaim, W,, & Sons - Ditto - ^Miitworth & Co. - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Sharp, Brothers Gai'forth, W. J., & J. - Hick, B., & Son - - Ditto - Rvder, W. - - - Maudslav, Sons, & Field StewaiVD. Y., & Co. - Hart, James - - - FurnesS;, William - Schiele, C. - - - Crosskill, William - Ditto - Dakin & Co. - Robinson and Russell - Blundell, Spence, & Co, Huxhams & Bro-RTi Manlove, Alliott, & Co. - Ditto - Law, W. - - - - Lawrence, James - Tyler, Hayward. & Co, - Tylor & Son -' - Siebe, Augustus Finch & Willey - Beimingham, Thamas - Woods, F, F, - - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Devey, George Lowe, Alice, & Co, Wells, George - - - Smith, B. - Yignoles, Chaiies - Leather, John "W, - Ditto - Wilkins & Letourneau - Ditto - Rettie, Robert Green, Isaac - - - Honiball, James - Gilbert, Edwai^d The Admiralty Hai-ris, Sir W. Snow Pern-ice, Lieut. R. E. - Carpenter, Capt. E, J. - Wilkinson & Son - Landon & Morland Shaw. J. - Forsyth & Co.- Erskine, James Sturdee, A. B. - - Hudson, J., jun. - Stanlev, W. Proctor Ditto - Ditto - Qass. No. Page. VI, 165 285 200 286 287 — 201 — 288 289 — — — — — — — 290 — — — — — 291 — 204 — — 208 293 — 218 293 — — — 222 — 294 228 — 238 296 — 308 297 — 401 298 — 402 — — 404 299 — 408 300 — 418 — — 420 302 — 446 303 — 454 304 — — — 460 — — — 604 306 605 606 307 VII. 1 309 9- 310 — 13 42 313 — — — — 314 — — — — — — — — — 54 — — — 315 — 62 316 — 82 318 — 96 319 — 105 321 — 107 322 — — 323 157 326 —- — 327 — 159 328 — 186 329 VIII. 95 339 — 120 340 — 146 344 — 150 345 — 173 347 — 194 350 — 200 351 — 204 352 254 357 — 256 257 337 362 338 363 IX. 1 365 Description of Illustrations. Name of Exhibitor. Class. No. Page. 9S A Qfi7 o < ODo ■* ( oby Do Q7A DO •J 1 I / o S!9 C5^ 83 91 373 Q9 y 4 109a 375 123a 376 127 377 128 y7Q — 379 380 135 381 MM 382 000 138 140 384 385 142 385 000 151 QQQ 000 — 154 389 156 180 390 — 391 182 392 217 394 233 QQK OVO 393 237 396 240 397 241 397 242 398 — 248a 399 255a 400 256 274 401 Improved draining plougli and windlass - Six-horse portable steam-engine Hui'dle-making machine - - - Gorse-cutting and bruising machine Brick, tile, and pipe making machine Broad-cast sowing machine _ _ _ Sheep-dipping apparatus - ^ - Improved chaff-engine - * - Crushing and grinding mill _ _ _ Chaff-cutting machine - - - - - Instrument for fumigating plants Temple beehive ------ Enamelled stable fittings - - - - Locomotive steam-plough - - - - Union mill for splitting and bruising seeds Chaff-cutting and oat-bi-uising machine - Four-horse power portable steam-engine - Four-horse power thrashing machine Patent horse-gear for the same - - - Iron thrashing machine - - _ _ Cam chaff-cutter ------ Universal crushing mill _ _ _ - Iron two-wheel plough - _ _ _ Clod-crusher ------- Norwegian harrow ----- One-horse cart ------ Pair-horse waggon - - - - _ Liquid manure cart - - - - _ Steam-engine, fixible or portable Beating machine ------ Archimedean root-washer - - - - Seed-cleaner and separator _ - - Wrought-iron skim ----- Expanding horse-hoe ----- Wrought-iron gates and posts - - - Wrought-iron hurdles _ - _ _ Seeding drill Turnip drill ------- Patent horse-shoe _ - - _ _ Patent thrashing-machine - - - - Portable steam-engine - _ - - Patent iron harrows Patent wrought-iron plough - - - Chaff-engine ------- Drain-pipe and tile-machine _ - _ Improved Taylor's horse-drag rake - Four-horse bolting thrashing-machine Agricultural chimney filter drain Patent tank cleaner - - - - _ Patent water-engine ----- Howard's, J. K., plough - - - - Howard's, J. A., plough - - - - Patent corn-mill ------ Four-horse portable steam-engine - Steam-boiler feeding apparatus - - - Crushing-mill Broad share and subsoil plough Patent seed-drill ------ Patent manure-drill ----- Patent drill-machine - - - - - Six-horse power portable steam-engiue - Patent corn-dressing machine - - - Patent double-acting turnip-cutter - Patent iron plough ----- Patent iron harrows ----- Thrashing machine ----- Manure-sowing machine - - _ - Six-horse power portable steam-engine - Agricultural mill _ - _ - - Thrashing machine - _ _ - _ Ornamental conservatory - - _ - Patent rotatory garden pump - - - Patent chaff-cutter - - _ - - Patent grass-cutter - _ - - _ Fowler, John, jun. Burrell, Charles Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Clayton, Henry Watt, James - - - Bigg, Thomas - - - Gillett, John - - - Woods, James - - - Comes, James Brown, David S. Pettit, Wyatt J. - - Cottam & Hallen - Usher, James - - - Wedlake, Mary, & Co. - Ditto - - - - Barrett, Exall & Andrews Ditto - - _ - Ditto - - _ - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Crosskill, W. - - - Ditto _ - - _ Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Gillam, John - - - Hill, E., & Co. - - Ditto - - - - Ditto _ - - - Ditto - - - - Garrett & Son Ditto - - - - Ditto - - _ - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Williams, W. - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - _ - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Blyth, P. J. - - - Sadler, W. J. - - - Deane, Dray, & Deane Ditto - - - _ Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - _ _ Turner, E. R. - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Bentall, Edward H. Hornsby, R., & Son Ditto - - _ _ Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - _ Ditto - - - - Key & Mitchell - - Howard T. & F. - - Ditto - - _ _ Holmes & Sons Ditto - - _ - (Clayton, Shuttleworth, \ [ & Co. - - - - J Clayton, & Co. Ditto - - - - Weeks, J., & Co. - Siebe, A.- Smith, J. - - - Ferrabee, J., & Sons XV Description of Illustrations. Cottage, obseryatory, and other beehives - - - - The " Royal Alfred/'and other hives _ - - - - Muun's bar and frame beehives Black marble timepiece - -- -- -- - Imitation oak timepiece - -- -- -- - Marine chronometer - -- -- -- -- The Polyhorion" or many-hour clock - - - - - Improved compensating balance ------ New calibre for watches - -- -- -- - Plan of an escapement - -- -- -- - Pendukim with micrometrical adjustment - - - - Astronomical and meteorological clock - - - - - Exeter clock ----------- Patent electro-magnetic clock (numerous illustrations) Self-registering magnetometer ------- Self-registering barometer -------- Self-registering thermometer ------- Atmospheric recorder --------- Sectional working of the same ------- Lawson's thermometer stand ------- Improved barometer - -- -- -- -- Gilbert's tooth extractor - -- -- -- - Artificial hand - -- -- -- -- - Large organ with modern improvements - - - - - Mechanical figure - -- -- -- -- Terrestrial globe ---------- Planetarium ----------- Electro-galvanic machine - -- -- -- - Solid eye-piece - -- -- -- -- - Registered helicographs - -- -- -- - Typhodeictor or storm-pointer ------- Patent power-engine - -- -- -- -- Patent meter - -- -- -- -- - Planometer - -- -- -- -- -- Dial weighing and measuring machine - - - - - Table weighing machine - -- -- -- - Magnetic balance ---------- Steam gauge ----------- Vacuum gauge - -- -- -- -- - Registered typograph --------- Fox's magnetic dip and intensity instrument - - - - Fox's miners' theodolite - -- -- -- - An electrophorous - -- -- -- -- Rain gauge - -- -- -- -- -- Index mouthpiece - -- -- -- -- Electric telegraph - -- -- -- -- Electric telegi^aph instruments for hotels - - _ - Similar instruments for pviblic companies - - _ _ Domestic telegraphs - -- -- -- -- Patent electric telegraph, with and without cover - - - Magneto-electric machine - -- -- -- - Copying electric telegraph -------- Copper-covered glass apparatus for chemical purposes - Improved sounding-board for pianoforte - - - - - Registered pianoforte --------- Registered cottage pianoforte ------- Twin semi-cottage pianoforte, front and side views Elizabethan new patent grand oblique pianoforte - - - Violin, after M. Savart's description - _ _ - - Silver flute - -- -- -- -- -- Finger-board for enharmonic organ (front view and profile) An organ, in the Tudor style ------- Pedestal planisphere - -- -- -- -- Invalid couch - -- -- -- -- - Apparatus for applying medicated vapour - - - - Limar globe Improved pianoforte - -- -- -- -- A salmometer - -- -- -- -- - Ornamental clock-case - -- -- -- - Diopti-ic revolving light-house Silk trophy ----------- Banner of silk, grown in England by the late Mrs. Whitby Racing whip, with emblematic design - - - - - Patent elastic waist boots -------- Name of Exhibitor. Milton, John - Ditto - - - Adams, Thomas Ditto - - - Delolme, Henry Tanner, AVilliam - Pennington, J. Frodsham, C.- Hall, G. F. - - Ditto - _ - Ditto - - - Brutton, Charles - Shepherd, Charles - Brooke, Charles Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Dollond, George - Ditto - Ditto - Dobbie, William - Matthews, William Little, Major - Willis, Henry - - Dunin, Count - Newton, W., & Son Ditto - Home, & Co. - Reade, Rev. J. B. - Penrose, Francis C. Lloyd, Lieut.-Col. - Brown, S. Ditto - - - Sang, John Siebe, A.- Young & Son - Fox, R. W. - - Baker, Henry - Ditto - - - Hughes, William - Wilton, William - Ditto - Phillips, John, F.R.S. Ditto - - - "V^Tiishaw, Francis - Alexander, W. R. S. E. Reid, William Ditto - - - Ditto - - Henley, W. T. Ditto - - - Bakewell, F. C. - Edwards, J. B. , Cadby, C. - - Brinsmead, J., - Allison, R. -- -- Jones, J. C. Erard, P. 0. - Spurgin, Thomas - Card, William Robson, T. J. F. - Walker, J. W. Mollison, J. - - Chapman, T. - Downing, C. T., M.D. Readhouse, C. Oetzmann & Plumb Mudie, David - Walker, John - Chance, Brothers, & C< Keith & Co. - Houldsworth, J., & C( Swaine & Adeney - Taylor & Bowley - Class. Xo. Page. - IX. 290 402 - — 291 — - •— — 403 - X. 14 408 409 - — 19 - — 28 411 - — 53 412 - — 57 414 - — 60 415 - - — — ■—• 4J6 96 418 - 128 419 144 423 - — — 424 - — — 425 - - — — 145 ■— 427 — - ■—■ 166 430 _ — 181 - — 196 431 - — 209 432 - — 210 433 - — 212 434 - — 220 — - —• 254a 436 - — 318 443 - — 322 444 - — 335 447 - — 338 448 - — 358 450 - — 366 — - — 377 451 396 — - — 401 — - — 402 453 411 454 - — 419 _ — ■426 455 - - — — 427 — — — - - —■ — — 428 — 457 - - — — — 433 — 459 - — 438 461 - — 471 464 - •— 474 465 - — 480 466 - — 481 — - — 496 467 - — 542 470 - — 546 471 - — 559 472. - — 561 474 - — 585 475 - — 601c 476 - — 634 478 - — 677 *469- - — 683 *470 683a *471 — 697 *472 0. 742 *477 XIII. oUo 0. 64 507, XVI. 92 523 181 526 Description of Illustrations. Name of Exhibitor, Class. Royal Bible, the top, back, and front as reflected in a mirror - Commemorative shield of the Great Exhibition - - - - Specimen of antique binding - -- -- -- - Specimen of antique binding - -- -- -- - Envelope folding-machine --------- Heraldic table-cloth - -- -- -- -- - State bed - - -- -- - Axminster carpet for Her Majesty's drawing-room, Windsor Castle Crimson satin eider-down quilt, with white satin border Patent guard razor - -- -- -- -- - Ornamental wire flower-table - -- -- -- - Ornamental iron bedstead --------- Patent iron bedstead - -- -- -- -- - Ornamental cast-iron vase --------- Registered conducting leaf-stove Interior of the same, showing the conducting leaves - - - Improved Oxford range - - - -- -- -- Pyro-pneumatic stove-grate - -- -- -- - Louis Quatorze drawing room stove-grate _ - _ - - Chased or-molu fender - -- -- -- -- Ornamented fire-dogs ---------- Fish-carver and fork - -- -- -- -- - Fire-lump stoves (front views and vertical sections) - - - Nautilus register-stove - -- -- -- -- Ridgway & Co.'s cabinet water-closet ------ Hydrostatic syphon water-purifier ------- Victoria night-light - -- -- -- -- - Gold ever-pointed pencil-case, with various, combinations - Ornamental gas-bracket - -- -- -- -- Electro-plated snuffer-tray --------- Electro-plated decanter-stand - -- -- -- - Electro-plated tea-urn - -- -- -- -- Electro-plated tea-kettle and stand ------- Electro-plated cake-basket --------- Electro-plated candlestick --------- Metallic bedstead - -- -- -- -- - Four-post brass bedstead in the renaissance style - - - - Metallic bedstead ----------- Two ornamental cots in brass - -- -- -- - Gas chandelier with parian figures (style of Francis I.) - Bronzed gas chandelier, with ornamental enamel shades Sherwood range - -- -- -- -- -- Dr. Arnott's oblong bronzed corrugated stove - - _ - Dr. Arnott's circular bronzed corrugated stove - - - - Dr. Arnott's chimney valves - -- -- -- - Enamelled copper bath - -- -- -- -- Ornamental tea-urn - -- -- -- -- - Copper coal-scuttle - -- -- -- -- - Radiating stove-grate ---------- Portable cooking stove - -- -- -- -- Patent dry gas-meter ---------- Gas cooking range - -- -- -- -- - Gas broiler - -- -- -- -- -- - Patent diamond table lamp - -- -- -- - Pearl hanging lamp - -- -- -- -- - Patent diamond sideboard or reading-lamp - - - - - Patent diamond table-lamp - -- -- -- - Patent star night-light - -- -- -- -- Patent reflector for gas-lights - -- -- -- - Improved oil lamp, with reservoir below the light - - - Patent distress signal-lamps - -- -- -- - Improved ship's hearth - -- -- -- -- Ornamental bracket - -- -- -- -- - Patent vulcanized valve-cocks - -- -- -- - Economic lamp - -- -- -- -- -- Registered mangle - -- -- -- -- - New elastic pressure mangle - -- -- -- - Patent rotatory knife-cleaning machine ------ Transverse section of the same -------- Perpendicular section of the same - ------ Aerating machine for soda-water ------- Freezing-machine - -- -- -- -- - Rotatory knife-cleaner - -- -- -- -- Fountain and park-gates in cast iron ------ Specimen of ornamental structure in cast-iron _ - - - Messrs, Leighton - Ditto - - - - Gould, J. - - - Westley, Josiah Hill, E., & De la Rue, T Underwood, W. Faudel & Phillips - - "Watson, Bell, and Co. - Heal & Son - Stewart, C, & Co. Reynolds, John Tonkin, James Cowley & James - Handyside, Andrew Keene, W. Ditto - - . Benham & Sons Pierce, William Ditto - - . Ditto - - . Ditto - - . Deakin & Co. - Deane, Dray, & Deane Burton, W. S. - ■ Stokes, J. C. - - • Bird, A. - - - . Ditto - - Sheldon, J. - - • Potts, William - ■ Sturges, R. F. - • Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto - - . Peyton and Harlow Winfleld, R. W. - • Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Wakefield, F. - - Edwards, F. - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Tylor & Son - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Gray, J., & Son - Rigby, Peter - Shears & Son - Strode, William Ditto - - - , Clark & Restell - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - Ditto - - - - Rettie, M., & Sons Goodbehere, G. T. Hale, T., & Co. - - Lambert, T. - - - Ditto - - - - Tindall, E. 0. D. L. - Stutterd, J. - - - Kent, G. - - - _ Ditto - - - - Ditto - - _ - Masters, Thomas - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Coalbrook Dale Company Ditto - - - _ XXVIII. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XXI. XXII. Description of Illustrations. Name of Exhibitor. Class. Bronzed flower-pot stand - -- -- -- - Serpent-handled vase and base ------- Ornamental vase and base -------- Patent holdfast, and fire-resisting safe ----- Ornamental Gothic lantern Antique bronze candelabrum ------- Patent Admiralty regulation lights ------ Steam-vessel with regulation lights ------ Patent detector lock and key ------- Gothic lock and key - -- -- -- -- Patent fireproof safe - -- -- -- -- Koh-i-noor " diamond case ------- Patent penholder ---------- Patent Collinge hinges - -- -- -- - Irish railway signal-post - -- -- -- - Portable domestic vapour-bath ------- Patent check indicator - -- -- -- - Vase in silver, emblematical of the great Exhibition - Antique vase - -- -- -- -- - Safety chain brooches --------- Ornamental brooch - -- -- -- -- Ornamental plateau - -- -- -- -- Etruscan tea-urn ---------- Ornamental venison dish - -- -- -- - Ornamental candelabrum - -- -- -- - Antique candelabrum --------- Registered toast-rack --------- Electro-plated cofiee and tea-pot, cream-ewer, and sugar-basin Blue diamond medallion, surrounded by brilliants Equestrian statuette - -- -- -- -- Infantry statuette - -- -- -- -- Silver-gilt knife and spoon -------- Tweeddale testimonial, in silver ------ Ornament in silver, designed for flowers or lights - - - Bouquet of brilliants --------- The Hartlepool testimonial ------- The Montefiore testimonial ------- The EUenborough plate - -- -- -- - The EUenborough testimonial (Plate 1.) The EUenborough testimonial (Plate 2.) Jewellery, opals, and brilliants ------- Emperor of Russia's ewer, with fruit-basket and sugar-basket Enamelled and silver flagons, vase, Group of articles in silver - Group, '' The Well in the Desert " Group in silver, '*The entry of Queen Elizabeth on horseback | into Kenilworth Castle" - - Ebony mlaid silver table - - - Spoons and fork (new design) - Ijouis Quatorze silver inkstand - Cut crystal fountain - - - - Specimens of engravings on glass Anglo-Venetian gilt and frosted glass Bridal tea-service and tray Glass furnace.—Ground plan , , Elevation , , Section of elevation Window composed of national emblems One of the windows of the Royal Commission room Ino and the Infant Bacchus - - - Statuette, the Prodigal's Return - _ - _ Statuette, Rebecca ------- Porcelain table service ------ Tea and coffee service ------ Dessert service - -- -- -- - Porcelain fountain ------- Pottery sanitary vessels Ornamental candlestick ------ Portrait vase --------- Bacchanalian vase ------- Oi-namental vase -------- Portrait vase --------- Illuminated Gothic font ------ Coalbrook Dale Compa'ny Ditto - _ - - Ditto - Milner & Son - - - Hulett, David - Ditto - - - - Miller & Sons - - - Ditto - Chubb & Son - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Windle & Blyth - - Thrupp, H. J. Boake, J. F. - - - Culverwell, Wm. - Warner, J., & Sons Elkington, Mason, & Co. Payne & Sons - - - Ellis, H., & Son - - Rettie, M., & Sons Wilkinson, T., & Co. - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Collis, G. R. - - - Roberts & Hall Broadhead & Atkins Hope, H. T., M.P. Phillips, Brothers - Ditto - - - - Adams, G. W. - - Hunt & Roskell - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - _ - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Garrard & Co. Angell, George Smith, Nicholson, & Co. Ditto - - - _ Hancock, C. F. Ditto - - - _ Attenborough, R. - Dodd, P. George - Osier, F., & C. - - Green, J. G. - Apsley Pellatt & Co. - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Ditto - - - - Ditto - St. Helen's Crown Glass' Company - - - Royal Patent Decorative Glass Works Copeland, W. T. - - Ditto - - - _ Ditto - - - - Ridgway, J,, & Co. Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Meigh, C, & Sons - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Ditto - - - - Ditto - 1 672 4 673 12 674 24 675 32 676 — 677 — 34 — — 40 679 43 DOU 73 682 87 O ( OO-l 88 685 97 — — 686 — — — 98 — 688 690 110 691 112 692 113 122 694 20 700 32 701 33 702 703 704 66 706 83 707 2 711 5 714 717 10 720 721 Description of Illustrations. Ornamental clock Ornamental centre-piece^ on pillar, with embossed vine border Improved ship's furniture -------- Carved sideboard of mahogany in the Italian style Dressing-case, inkstand, and jewel-case - - - - - Expanding circular dining-table ______ Slate top billiard-table - An ornamental carved cabinet in walnut-wood and ebony - Ornamental papier mach^ fire-screen _____ Irish bog-yew occasional table and timepiece - _ _ _ Irish bog-yew teapoy --------- Irish bog-yew omnium and statuette - _ _ _ _ Irish bog-yew flre-acreens -------- Irish bog-yew arm-chair - -- -- -- - Irish bog-yew garde-vin, or wine-cooler - - - _ - Carved music temple --------- Ornamental and inlaid bagatelle table - - _ _ _ Ornamental work-table ________ Carved cabinet of walnut wood _______ Winged and carved mahogany wardrobe _____ Cabinet made for Her Majesty _______ Carved and ornamental sideboard ______ Circular table, supported by swans ---_-_ Circular table, supported by storks ------ Or-namental candelabrum - -- -- -- - Expanding plateau _________ Carved and engraved jewel-casket and stand - - - - Hanging mirror and bracket-table ------ Mirror in carved frame, and carved table _ _ _ _ An easy chair, in papier machd _______ Papier mache toilet-table and glass ------ Geometrical Ottoman couch ------- Papier mache chess-table - -- -- -- - Carved sideboard, in walnut-tree wood _ - _ _ _ Ditto ditto --------- Invalid couch (reclining position) ______ Ditto (sitting position) _______ Carved oak cabinet - ___-_ ___ Patent screw movement for dining-tables _ _ _ _ Patent cog-wheel movement for dining-tables _ _ _ A sideboard, ornamented with appropriate emblems Ornamental chimney-piece ------- Commercial writing-desk - -- -- -- - Patent reading-stand ---- ----- Specimens of paper hangings _--____ Specimen of paper-hanging ------- Specimens of block-printed paper-hangings _ _ _ _ Specimen of paper-hanging _______ Looking-glass and console-table ______ Table intended for President of French Republic _ _ - Group of pedestals, vases, candelabra, &c. Serpentine obelisk - -- -- -- -- Font and vase in serpentine ------- Sculptured baptismal font in Caen stone _ _ _ _ Slate filters and wine cooler ------- Prince Albert's model houses _______ Sections of the hollow bricks of the model structure - Chemical pottery wares - -- -- -- - Octagonal alms-basin --___-___ Oriental towers in vegetable ivory ______ Specimens of the vegetable ivory nut - - - - - Halkett's India-rubber cloak-boat ------ Medi83val dressing-case - -- -- -- - Ornamental dressing-case ________ Or-molu jcM'^el cabinet _______^ Patent acolyte - ______ _ ^_, Specimen of F. W. Rowney's typo-chromatic printing Book-cover - Shaksperian shield _-_______, Patent relievo leather panel ________ Royal cradle, carved in Turkey boxwood _ _ _ _ . Specimen of carving in wood ________ Group of fruit, flowers, &c., carved out af stolid lime-tree - Name of Exhibitor. Meigh, C, & Sons - - Hilditch & Hopwood - Taylor & Sons Johnstone & Jeanes Asprey, C. Johnstone and Jeanes - Thm^ston & Co. - - Freeman, W. & C. - - Spiers & Son - - _ Jones, A. J. - Ditto - Ditto _ - - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Mechi, J. J. - - - Ditto - _ - _ Stevens, John Greig, E., and Son Holland & Sons Trollope, G., & Sons - Morant, G. J. - Ditto _ - - _ Webb, John - Johnstone & Jeanes Wertheimer, S. Clark, S.. B. - - - Lecand, S. - - - Jennens & Betteridge - Clay, Henry, and Co. Sowerby and Castle Clay, Henry, &_Co. Poole and Macgillivray - Hunter, W., J. R., & E. Minter, George Ditto _ _ - _ jHarrison's Wood Carving! \ Company - - - J Hawkins, S. - Ditto _ - - _ Jackson and Graham Thomas, J. Waller, F. - - - Warren, Thomas - Woollams, W. & Co. - Townsend & Parker Ditto - Turner, H., & Co. - - McLean, C. Orsi & Armani Pearce, William Organ, J. _ _ _ Ditto _ - - _ Margetts and Eyles Stirling, Thomas - I Society for Improving the Condition of Labouring [ Classes, Green & Co. - Wippell, J., jun. - Taylor, Benjamin - Ditto _ _ - - Matthews, Samuel - Leuchars, W. - _ _ Mechi, J. J. - Asprey, C. - - - Jones, Rev, W. H. Ro\vney, G, and Co. Wyatt, M. Digby - - Leighton, John Leake, Fred. - _ _ Rogers, W. G.—The Queen Wallis, T. W. - - - Ditto _ - - - XXV. XXIX. XXVI. 91 120 124 125 10 47 81 44 45 50 95 3 30 59 63 a 74 I — 771. 773 774 775 776 779 781 783 791 793 796 820 822 823 824 825 Description of Illustrations, of Exhibitor. The Taunton vase The Kenilworth buffet - - - Panels and centre compartment of the Kenilworth buffet - Gladiatorial table - -- - - -- -- - Ornamented Bible Brien Boru's harp (model) --------- Specimen of heraldic decoration, in glass mosaic - - - - Specimen in glass mosaic - -- -- -- -- Model of a house, in card-board, built in the Tudor style - Group of Mexican figures - -- -- -- -- Statuette of Osceola - -- -- -- -- - Physiognomical scale ---------- Bacchanalian vase in serpentine marble ------ Group in serpentine marble - -- -- -- - Small table, from original designs ------- Statue of "VMiittington - -- -- -- -- H.R.H. the Prince of Wales as a young shepherd - - - - H.R.H, the Princess Royal as a gleaner ------ A gToup.—The Murder of the Innocents - - _ - - - A group of children and animals ------- The Babes in the Wood - -- -- -- -- Model of a statue of Saher de Quincey, Earl of Winchester, 1215 Greek hunter and dog - -- -- - -- Statue of Shakspeare ---------- Youth at a Stream - -- -- -- -- - Group in marble.—Theseus and the Amazons - - - . - Eldon and Stowell group - -- -- -- -- Model for a statue of Hampden ------- Statue of Dante's Beatrice --------- Great pearl, cat's eye, and handle of Murat's sword - _ - The Fairy Queen (Titania) - -- -- -- - Ariel - -- -- -- -- -- -- The Mourners - The archangel Mchael, halving subdued Satan _ _ - - An altar-screen—specimen of machine-carving in wood Model of the docks and town of Liverpool - - - - _ Puck - -- -- -- -- -- -- Hereford Cathedral spandril - -- -- -- - Fountain, suitable for a market-place Acis and Galatea fountain --------- Statue of Rosamond - -- -- -- -- - Equestrian statue of Her Majesty the Queen - - - _ - Sleeping Child and Dog - -- -- -- -- Perry, W. - - - Cookes & Sons Ditto - - - - Fletcher, J. - - - Xisbet & Co. - - - Ball, Rob., LL.D. Stevens, George Henry - Stevens, George H. Harrison, Wm. Montanari, N. Ditto - - - - Hopley, Edward - Norchi, E. - - - Ditto - - - - Wilkinson, Sir G. - - Carew, J, E. - Thomvcroft, T. & Mary Ditto - - - - Adams, G. G. - Jones, J. E. - Bell, John - Westmacott, J. S. Yarborough, Lord - Bell, John - - - Folev, J, H., A.R,A. - H.RIH. Prince Albert - Eldon, Earl of - - Foley, J. H., A.R.A. - Hancock, J.- Hope, A. J. B, - - Lough, J. G. - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Jordan;, — _ - _ Liverpool Local Committee Lough, J. G. - Potter, T. - - - Seeley, John - - - Thomas, J. Ditto - - - - Thorny croft, T. & Mary Weekes, H» - Class. No. 101 110 111 116 157 158 158 180 224 296 309 319 10 34 37 40 72 74 80 BRITISH COLOTsIES AND DEPEISTDENCIES. Description of Illustrations. Name of Exhibitor, Name of Place. No. Page. Battle-axes, deer-skin shield, and other arms Trophy of Indian arms ------- India - - - 911 Ditto - 912 Ditto - - 91:3 Ditto ditto ______ Ditto - - Ditto ditto ______ Ditto - Brass, copper, and earthenware vessels, for domestic] Ditto 919 Inlaid vessels and works in gold and silver filigree - Ditto - - Carved chair, in Bombay blackwood - - - - Ditto - - 921 Ditto - Indian royal bedstead, with silk velvet covering, a-nd \ Baboo Denartiin Sing, of) Ditto - - Benares -- - J Ditto - Ditto Sideboard, of native design and carving - - - Ditto - Sofa, of native d&sign and execution - _ - - Ditto Ditto - 924- Her Majesty the Queen Ditto - - 929 Ivory howdah, with elephant trappings complete, in i Ditto - - - - Ditto - Carved sideboard, representing King John signing) Feuvre, G. C, Le - - Channel Islands -r 20 941 Description of Illustrations. Name of Exhibitor. Name of Place. No. Decesare, P. P. Malta - - _ 27 Stone vase Ditto - - - - Ditto - Ditto - _ - - Ditto - - — Stone vase Ditto - - - - Ditto Vase, ornamented with satyrs and flowers - - - Testa, S. - - - - Ditto 30 Ditto - Ditto - - Hilton, J. & W. - - Canada 123 (Central Commission, \ Montreal - - / Ditto 1 71 ^ Ditto - Ditto - - 80 ( M'Lean & Wright - - Ditto - - 178 Perry, G. J. - - - Ditto - - 181 FOEEIGN STATES. Description of Illustrations. Ornamental bronzed street lamp - - - - - Ornamental furniture, made of iron tubes - - - An ornamental table, cast in zinc, with candlesticks, &c A lady's inlaid toilet table ______ Specimens of ornamental glass - - - - - A group of ornamental glass vases, &c _ _ _ Specimens of ornamental glass vases, &c. - - - State bed ---------- Carved sideboard - -- -- -- - Carved and ornamental sofa and chair - - - - Carved tables and chair ------- Carved and ornamental arm-chaiwi - - - - Specimens of carved chairs ------ Sofa and table --------- Gothic bookcase, in carved oak, presented to Her Majesty by the Emperor of Austria - - - An inlaid table - -- -- -- - Carved bookcase - -- -- -- - Picture-stand - -- -- -- - - Vase designed by B. di Bernardis - - - - - Sculptured flower-stand - - - - - - - Prie-Dieu altar, in Gothic style - - - - _ Sculptured marble mantelpieces - - - - - Painted window - -- -- -- - A veiled vestal --------- Group of anglers - -- -- -- - Vacuum boiling apparatus ------ Ornamented cast-iron fountain ----- Specimens of ornamental glass, with various decora- tions ---------- Specimens of porcelain ------- Specimens of porcelain ------- Vase and epergne in porcelain - _ _ - - Fountain in terra-cotta ------- Gothic vase and pedestal ------ Boy with a swan - -- -- -- - Athenian vase, with figures ------ Colossal group in zinc and bronze, representing an Amazon attacked by a tiger Specimens of earthenware, in various shapes and colours, decorated ------- An assortment of jewellery ------ Specimens of jewellery of various designs - - - Specimens of various articles of jewellery - - - Set of chessmen and board, in silver and gold, orna mented with precious stones, &c. - Casket in silver, with a coral tree, &c. Flower, in brilliants, rubies, &c. - - - - Stove in the form of a knight in armour - - - A garden table top, in bronze _ _ _ _ - Name of Exhibitor. Salm, Prince - - - Kitschelt, A. - Ditto - - - - Moschini, P. - Hofmann, W. - - - (Hofmann, W., & Meyr's \ Nephews Hofmann, W., Leistler & Son Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - - - - Thonet, M. - - - Becker & Kronik - Afh, Fried. - Polt, Anton - _ - Bottinelli, G. - - - Bertini, G. - - - Monti, E, _ _ - Ditto - - - - Heckmann, C. Lelimann, A. F. - Schaffgotsch, Count Eoyal Porcelain Manu- factory - - - Ditto - _ - - Ditto - _ _ - March, E, - Ditto - - - - Geiss, M. - Eoyal Iron Foundry Kiss, Professor Villeroy and Boch - Backes, J. F,, & Co. - Ditto - - - - Backes, J. F., & Co. - V/eishaupt, C. M., & Sons Weishaupt & Sons - Hauhck, F. G. - - Baume, D. (IStolberg Wernigerode, 1 \ Le Comte - - /' Name of Place. No. Austria Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Prussia Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - Ditto - Ditto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - 430 434 636} 590 590 \ 595/ 590 633 641 643 646 650 726 737 746 52 197 208 213 240 267 271 279 361 411 412 413 760 779 Description of Illustrations. Gothic vase - - - - - Carved ivory goblet, with scriptural device Table ornament, emblematical of the civilization of | mankind - / Porcelain jug and tankard ------ Carved ivory goblet, with relievos from the ''Lay of) the Mebelungen " A goblet of ivory, carved with bacchanalian figures 1 and arabesques - -_-----) Goblet in plaster of Paris, with subject,—''Loving) and living on the Rhine"- - - - - -J Colossal lion - -- -- -- -- Colossal group of lions ------- King and Queen of the Bohemians _ - - - Printing-machine - -- -- -- - A bell of bronze A large vase in porcelain, with a smaller one, from) Berlin _---------) Chemical apparatus -------- Ornamental bird-cage and flower-stand - - _ Groups of stuffed animals,—Boar-baiting and stag-) hunt - Porcelain stove - -- -- -- - Alabaster crystal fountain ------ An ivory cup and porcelain vase - - - - - Hull of a barque, side view ------ Stag-horn furniture -------- Ornamental sideboard of rosewood - - - - Writing bureau, inlaid with harthorn and ivory work Sugar-cane mill - -- -- -- - Two large candelabra and flower-vase in cut crystal - Ornamental marble mantelpiece - - - - - Carved oak cabinet - - A sculptured group in oak - - - ^ - - Specimen of wood carving ------ Plaster statue—Cain ------- Marble statuettes—The Happy Child, and Unhappy') Child - -- -_-____J Colossal equestrian statue in plaster—Godfrey del Bouillon - -- -- _- __] Plaster group—The Lion in Love - - - _ - Machine for counting, numbering, and labelling Ready-reckoning machine ------ Statue of Eve and her children - - - - _ Seguier's mint-balance -------- Delicate balance - -- -- -- - Electric-light regulator ------- Microscope and regulator combined - - _ _ Church organ, Gothic style ------ Colossal group in plaster : Archangel Michael con-) queror of Satan - An improved double turbine ------ Double turbine, sectional elevation - - - _ Ditto, sectional elevation of working arrangement Stained window-glass ------- Carved ivory goblet -------- Tiara and brooches of brilliants and pearls belonging \ to the Queen of Spain - _ - - _ j Bouquets of brilliants and jewels, belonging to the\ Queen of Spain - Ornamental sword and dagger - - _ _ _ Specimen of ornamental binding and crucifix Cellini cup - Vase in oxidized silver, representing the battle of the) Amazons - - Machine for performing arithmetical calculations Tubular bricks --------- Grand carved pianoforte ------- A four-wheeled carriage, called '^ Town Berline" An ornamental fan -------- Group, in plaster, of the child, the dog, and serpent Ditto ---------- Ornamental metallic bedsteads - - - - _ Name of Exhibitor. Stolberg, Le Comte Schulz, L. W. - - - Wagner, J., &,Son - Royal Porcelain Manu- I factory, Nymphenburg Frank, C. - - .. Hagen, M. - - - Knoll, C. - - - - Miller, F. _ - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Reiclienbach, C. Gruhl, F. - - - Royal Porcelain Manufac- tory, Dresden - Wolff, F. A. - - - Rau & Co. - - - Ploucqviet, H. Hoffman & Son Tacchis & Co. - Heyl, C. W. - - - Bufe & Son - - - Rampendahl, H. F. C. - Adikes, J. D. - - - Rampendahl, H. F. C. - Vlissingen & Co. - Regout, P. - - - Leclercq, A. - - - Beerndert, A. - Geerts, M. C. - - - Ditto - - - - Jehotte, L. - - - Simonis, M. - - - Ditto - - - - Geefs, G. _ _ - Baranowski, J. J. - Ditto - - - - De Bay, M. - - - Deleuil, L. J. - Ditto - - _ - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ducroquet, P. A. - Duseigneur, J. B. - Fromont & Son Fromont & Son Ditto - - - . Lafaye, P. - - - Lautz, M. _ - - Lemonnier, — - Ditto - - - . Marrel Brothers Marrel Brothers Marrel Brothers Marrell Brothers - Thomas, C. X. - ■ Borie Brothers Erard, P. - - - Dunaine, J, A. Duvelleroy, P. Lechesne, A. J. B. - Ditto - - - . Leonard, M. C. Name of Place. No. Page. Prussia - - 779 1093 Ditto - - 811 1095 Ditto - 840 1096 Bavaria G4 1101 Ditto - - 75 — Ditto - - 83 1102 Ditto - 88 — Ditto - - 90 — JJitto - - Ditto - - Ditto - - 102 1103 Saxony 37 1106 Ditto - - 174 1112 Wurtemburg - 13 1116 Ditto 72 1118 Ditto 107 1120 Frankfort — — 16 1123 Ditto 21 Hesse Darmstadt 75 1129 Hamb urgh — — 9 1136 Ditto - 60 1138 Ditto 67 1139 Ditto 70 The Netherlands 75 1146 Ditto - - 99 1148 Belgium 425 1164 Ditto 439 Ditto - - 450 1165 Ditto - - Ditto 463 Ditto 464 1166 Ditto - — — Ditto 466 France and Algiers 15 1171 Ditto 1172 Ditto - - 45 1173 Ditto - - 160 1179 JJlttO - - 1180 Ditto Ditto Ditto 173 1182 Ditto 187 1183 Ditto - - 220 1184 Ditto - - 1185 Ditto - — 1186 Ditto - - 284 1190 Ditto 295 1191 Ditto - - 304 ■— Ditto - - — — Ditto 331 1193 Ditto Ditto Ditto - — — Ditto 390 1196 Ditto 417 1198 Ditto 497 1201 Ditto - 490 1202 Ditto - 495 1203 Ditto - 573 1205 Ditto - - Ditto - 589 1206 Description of Illustiations. Moderator lamp - -- -- -- - Paper-mill, with Messrs. Varrall, Middleton, and Elwell's continuous paper machines _ _ _ An improved portable weighing apparatus - - - New steelyard --- ------ A novel apparatus for weighing - - - - - Pattern of a shawl - -- -- -- - Punches for cutting out gloves ----- Carved ivory clock -------- Silver vase, with figures ------- Specimens of fenders and fire implements - - - Oil-colour painting of flowers and fruits - _ - Bronze iron fountain, with figures of tritons Indicators for steam-boilers ------ Oi^namental mantelpiece, with mirror - - - - Table and vase in Sevres porcelain - _ - - Sevres porcelain vases, various designs _ _ _ Sevres china vases - -- -- -- - Group of Sevres china articles - - - - - Two vases of Sevres china ------ Letter-weight and rose-water dish, by Wagner - Apparatus for aerated waters ------ Bronze vase - -- -- -- -- Group of articles and statuettes in bronze - - - Chased cup and salver, by Le Brun - - - _ Table centre-piece, accompanied with four crystal cups, &C. - Vase in silver, with ornaments in relief - - _ A theodolite - -- -- -- -- Toilet-table, the property of the Duchess of Parma - Silver chased ornament ------- Swords presented to Generals Cavaignac and Chan-] garnier, and a hunting-knife - _ - - J Carved ivory tankard ------- An ivory statue—Leda and Swan - - - - - Carved bookcase - Diagram representing an Artesian boring - - - Patent iron plough -------- Gold watch, enamelled and jewelled - - - - Embossed drinking cup ------- Lady's mechanical escritoire ------ Watches, ornamented and enamelled - - - _ Circular inlaid table-top Marble statue of Glycera ------ Cameo, ''Jupiter overcoming the Titans " - Organ with contra-basso amisone - - - - - Stove in terra cotta -------- Carved casket --------- Inlaid table-top - - - Ditto - - - - - - - - Alabaster vase. Etrurian style - - - - - An inlaid table-top -------- An inlaid slab for a table ------ Ditto ---------- Elowers and stand of cast bronze - - - - - Carved ivory statue—Prometheus chained - - _ Tabernacle, silver gilt, inlaid vnih precious stones - Specimen of decorated and inlaid arms _ - _ An enamelled and gilt dagger and case, and serpent-) form sword ---------( An ornamental dagger and case, and stirrups Straight sword, of extraordinary temper and flexi- j bility, with a metallic scabbard in the form of a \ serpent ----------j Inlaid secretaire - -- -- -- - Harp-guitar and stand ------- Octagonal table of inlaid wood - - - - - Statue of a shepherd, by M. Molin - - - - Specimen of carving in wood by the peasantry (PI. 1.) Specimen of carving in wood by the peasantry (PI. 2.) Lady's writing-table and chair _ - - - - Statue of Cupid - Ivory jewel-casket - -- -- -- - Name of Exhibitor. idleton, &| True, C. - / Varrall, Middleton, \ Elwell Beranger & Co Ditto - - - - Beranger & Co. Hart week, E. - Jouvin, M. X. - - Matifat, C. S. - - - ^ Ditto - Pieron, L. Saint Jean, M. - - Andre, J. P. V. - - Bourdon, E.- Luce, P. N. - - - I Sevres National Manu- \ factory _ _ _ Ditto - - _ - Ditto - _ - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - _ Rudolphi, M. - Savaresse, P. - Vittoz, _ - - - Ditto - Durand, F. - - - Ditto - _ - - Ditto - - - _ Froment, G. - - - Froment-Meurice - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - _ - Ditto - - - - Ditto - _ - _ Krieger & Co. - Laue, F. - Gisin, J. - Mercier, S. - - - Fries, H. - - - - Wettli, M. L. - - - Patek & Co. - - - Moglia, Cavaliere L. Leyland, Capt. Manley, General - Ducci Brothers Cantagalli, L. - Barbetti, A. - Ragnini, E. - Ditto - Cherici & Sons Buoninsegni Brothers - Delia Valle Bi-others Ditto - - - - Papi, C. - - - - Vieira, M. J. - Moratilla, D. F, - Zuluage, A. - - - Royal Ordnance, Toledo Ditto - - - - Ysasi, D. M. de Medina, D. M. Gallegos, D. J. Perez, — - - - Hillman, A. - Thesen, J. P. - - - Ditto - - _ - Hansen, M, - Bissen, H. W. - - Klingrey, C. G. - - Name of Place. No. Page. France and Algiers 703 1212 Ditto 717 1214 Ditto - - 761 1216 Ditto - 1217 Ditto - 761 1217 Ditto - - 867 1221 Ditto - - 893 1222 Ditto - - 923 1224 Ditto - - Ditto - - 957 1225 UlbbO — — 1 99" Ditto 1053 1229 Ditto 1108 1231 Ditto 1132 1240 Ditto 1369 1241 Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto - - — — Ditto - 1465 1246 JJll/uO — — 1177 1 94.7 Ditto 1250 Ditto 1530 Ditto 1595 1253 lyiblO " — JJlhhO — — Ditto 1609 1254 Ditto 1720 1258 Ditto Ditto — ■— Ditto Ditto Ditto 1741 1259 Switzerland - - 65 1270 Ditto 72 1271 Ditto 96 1273 Ditto 221 1280 Ditto 237 1281 Ditto 274 1284 Rome — — — 20 1286 Ditto 16 Ditto 32a 1287 Tuscany — — 71 1296 Ditto 88 1297 Ditto 91 1298 Ditto 104 Ditto Ditto 116 1299 Ditto - - Ditto 120 1300 Ditto - - — Portugal — — 122 Ditto - 1234 1318 Spain - - - 261 1345 Ditto - - 264a 1346 Ditto - - 266 1346 Ditto Ditto 267 . Ditto 270) Ditto 272 [ — Ditto 271a Sweden & Norway 31 1351 Ditto - - 44 1352 Denmark 25 1357 Ditto - - 38 1358 Ditto - - 34 Description of Illustrations. Hunter and panther ------- Model of a patent electro-magnetic engine - - - Candelabrum and jasper vase ~ ~ ~. ' Rosewood cabinet^ ornamented witli porcelain - Inlaid jewel table - -- -- -- - Specimen of wood mosaic (Plate 1.) - Specimen of wood mosaic (Plate 2.) Great vase in porcelain and jasper vase _ - - Porcelain table top -------- Great vase in porcelain ------- Ebony casket, ornamented with precious stones Jewellery, biilliants and rubies - - - - - Fireplace in malachite and or-molu _ - _ - Large vases of malachite ------ Ornamental time-piece, in malachite - - - - Large vase in malachite ------- Chair and table, part of a sviite of furniture in mala- chite ---------- Vase in malachite - -- -- -- - Figures in silver and malachite _ - - _ _ Square bordered vase of grey violet jasper - - _ Model of Warwick vase, in beaten copper - - - Model of doors - -- -- -- - Four medalhons, commemorative of the wars of 1812-14 Droshki, for one person ------- Figures of Russian peasantry in silver - - - - Clock and stand, design representing the ascent of the first balloon -------- Large candelabrum, in or-molu - - - - - Bronze candelabrum, with twelve solar lamps - Goblet, vase, and bell, of gold and silver - - - Specimens of articles of gold and silver plate Candelabrum and two groups, in silver _ _ - Articles in gold and silver plate - - - - - Silver ornament, the pine tree - - - - _ Vase and flagons, in gold and silver plate - - - Tiara, brooches, &c., of brilliants _ _ _ _ Ornamented hookahs Palicar dress, embroidered in gold - - _ _ Cross, carved in wood ------- Cross, carved in wood (obverse) - - - - - Specimen of wood carving, after the old Byzantine style AVater jugs and bottles of Kench earth - - _ Ornamented and embroidered Tunisian saddle - Domestic implements of Tunis - - - - _ A carved and inlaid door ------ Specimens of Tunisian jewellery - - - - - Arab tent, weapons, implements, &c. - Carved Chinese table ------- Chandelier - -- -- -- -- Patent centripetal spring chair - - - - _ Dunn's patent caloric engine ------ Model of the floating church at Philadelphia A light carriage, called the " Gazelle" - - - - Cabinet of Maryland products - - _ _ - India-rubber life-boat ------- India-rubber pontoon ------- Name of Exbibitor, Manu-1 Prichau, M. J. Hjorth, Soren Krumbigel - - - Gambs, — _ _ . r Imperial Polishing Ma \ nufactory - - - Miller, George, jun. Ditto - - J Imperial China \ factory Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - ("Imperial Polishing Ma- \ nufactory - - - Bolin & Ian - - - Demidofif, Messrs. - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - Ditto - - - - I Imperial Polishing Ma- \ nufactory of Kolyvan. Heke, D. - - - - Tolstoy, Count Ditto - - - - Jakoleff Brothers - Sazikofl", Ignace Chopin, — - - - Ditto - - - - Shtange & Verfel - Sazikoff, Ignace Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - _ Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Kaemmerer & Zeftigen - Saris & Rengos Triandaphylos, Rev. A. Ditto _ - - - Ditto - - - - The Egyptian Government The Bey of Tunis - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Ditto - - - - Bowman, W. - - - Cornelius & Co. American Chair Company Erricsson, J. - Dennington, C. L. - Watson, G. W. - - Maryland Committee Goodyear, C. - Ditto - - - Na.niG of Place. No. Page. Denmarjs — ~ 39 Ditto 47 1360 Russia - - - 287 1376 Ditto - - 297 — Ditto - - 298 — Ditto - - 299 Ditto - - — — Ditto - - 318 — Ditto Ditto - Ditto 298 — Ditto - - 322 1377 JLViLLO — — Ditto Ditto - - — Ditto - - — Ditto - - — Ditto - 323 Ditto 1379 Ditto 327 1380 Ditto - - 329 1381 Ul{j\iO — — 328 Ditto Ditto 344 1382 Ditto 366 1383 Ditto 365 ■— Ditto - Ditto 370 1384 Ditto 366 Ditto Ditto - Ditto 366 Ditto Ditto , Ditto 376 Turkey & Egypt - 366 1399 Gi'eece - - - 56 1406 Ditto 59 1407 Ditto Ditto Egypt - - - 347 1411 Tunis - - - 43 1414 Ditto 51 1415 Ditto 59 Ditto 83 1417 Ditto 82 China - - - 24 1424 United States - 46 1436 Ditto 85 1438 Ditto 146 1445 Ditto - - 356 1457 Ditto - - 361 1458 Ditto - - 371 1459 Ditto - - 378 1460 Ditto - - A List of the Local Committees and Names of Secretaries of the United Kingdom, which returned Exhibitors and Subscriptions to the General Fund up to the period of the opening of the Exhibition. ^Corrected to 29th September, 185L] Secretary of Committee. Amount paid to Commission. Places. Approximatr N limber ol' Exliibitora. Secretary of Committee. A mount paid to Commission. £. s. d. Brentwood . • Brido'enorth . . 1 Branfoot,J.H.,M.D. Jones, William . £. 6 21 s. 11 1 d. 0 0 / Cattley, Rev. S. R. 24-353 17 9 Bridgwater 5 Smith, Rich., jun. 23 16 0 Wire, D. W. . . 500 0 0 Bridport . . 2 ColfoXj Thomas . 50 0 0 Drew, Geo. Henrv) 6031 10 Brighton . . . 25 Clarke, Somers . 150 0 0 I 2 Bristol . . . 52 Wilkson, John Maund, Benjamin 650 0 0 1082 7 10 Bromsgrove . . 2 Clark, George . 55 19 5 Buckingham . . 3 Nelson, G. . . 20 0 0 Rudge, Rev. Edw. Wylde, W. H. . 100 0 0 Burnley . . « 1 Heelis, John . • 78 3 7 Burton-on-Trent . 1 Richardson, John ■ 113 3 0 James, Edward W. Hopwood, C. H. 205 4 0 Bury St, Edmunds 8 Holmes, J. H. , 20 0 0 Bury (Lancashire) 2 Norris, W. H. . 66 11 6 Nicholls, John W. 180 0 0 Buxton . , , 2 Bright, Selim . 6 15 11 Glaishier, James Roberts, Alfred J. 38 1 4 Camborne. . 1 Bickford, T. S. . 37 5 6 Paxon, William . 25 0 0 Budge, J. H. Morris, John . 299 13 0 Cambridge Univers. Babington,C,, M.A. 132 2 0 Gre<enwell, W. E. 500 0 0 Cambridce Town . 8 Gotobed, H. . 176 0 0 Bain, W. P. . . 65 8 6 Harris, H. H. Coleman, Edward Canterbury • . 3 Aris, John . . Taylor, Robert • 619 2 6 Cardiff . . . 8 Bird, Hugh . 96 0 0 Gibson, William Carlisle . , . 10 Nanson, John 200 0 0 Sturmy, Herbert . 340 8 0 Chatham . Limbert, B. T. . 62 14 10 Humphreys, John. 155 12 2 Cheadle . . . 3 Cattlow, John , V Graham, Geo. H.. 2U0 0 0 Cheltenham . . 9 Gwinnett, W. H. . 100 0 0 Chelmsford , • 8 Meggy, Geoi'ge . 83 14 0 Reid, W. L. . . 190 0 0 Chancellor, Fredk, Bartlett, A. D. . 9 2 6 Cheshunt . . • 3 Chaplin, J. B. . 8 0 0 Wingate, John • 41 16 0 Chester . . 10 Maddock, J. F. . 62 10 0 Macdonald, John ■ 15 0 0 Chesterfield « . 8 Roberts, John . Bamford, John . 1 11 0 Chichester. . , 6 Mason, W. H. 98 2 2 Leaman, T. L. Hmit 7 0 0 Chippenham . . 3 Wharry, James Alexander Thomas 20 0 0 Whitfield, W.. . Gartside, Henry « Cockermouth • 3 Benson Robert 11 3 0 Coggeshall . . 3 Clemance, J. A, • 21 0 0 Barker, James . Colchester • • 13 Hay ward, Robert. 60 0 0 Austin, G. B. 45 14 0 Colne • • • • 2 Hartley, H. W. . 20 0 0 Monkhouse, J. C.. 11 11 0 Congleton. Latham, John • 24 18 0 Newman, Edward 132 0 0 Cork .... 22 Feath, G. C. . 50 0 0 Cotton, Richard W. oO 15 0 Coventry ... 24 Skidmore, F. A. . 112 0 0 Millar, John May Crayford (Kent) • 13 2 0 Shebbeare, J. C. . 126 14 0 Crewkerne • • 17 Pearce, Joseph 10 0 0 Tunstall, Jas., M.D. 200 0 0 Cricklade ... 1 Lovell, James , Akerman, William Cupar, , Duncan, W. . . 18 10 0 Jubb, Samuel« , 133 11 6 Pulley, Henry, jun. MacAdam, J., jun. 115 13 2 Dalkeith . . . 1 Mitchell, Alex. 6 3 6 300 0 0 Darlington • 9 Humble, Stephen . 50 0 0 Ingle, Thomas , 60 0 0 Mason, George Weatherhead, R. B. 22 2 0 Deal .... 2 Peaks, Thomas • 5 17 0 Crust, Thomas • 93 3 6 Derby, ... 37 Stevens, Henry J. 250 0 0 Carter, Charles . 10 0 0 Every, Fred, S. Waylen, George * Tardrew, Henry • 0 15 0 Devizes ... 6 13 4 6 Passavant, P., jun. 152 10 0 Devonport . . 5 Norman. Alfred . 40 0 0 Marshal], W. P. . 500 0 0 Woollcombe, T. Giassock, John L. Doncaster . . 3 Mason, T. B. 123 13 0 Simpson, Thomas Dorchester • • 3 Stone, J. . . . 14 14 0 Clark, W. J. D. . 650 0 0 Dorking . . 83 18 6 Bray, R. . . . 35 18 0 Dover . • . 6 Bass, T. B, . . 70 0 0 French, Gilbert J. 664 11 4 Stilwell, J. Bontoft, James A. 26 10 5 Driffield, Great . 1 Conyers, E, D. , 35 0 0 Merrick, W. . 31 2 6 Dublin . . . 197 Porter, W. H, . Tee, Samuel L. . 1100 0 0 Fry, William Taylor, George Dudley . . . 6 Blackwell, John , 246 0 0 Cunnington, A. . 8 7 8 Dumbarton Mitchell, R. G. . 80 0 0 Graham, John,M.D. 13 3 5 Dumfries, Burgh . 140 0 0 70 4 0 Dunbar . • , 1 Shed, James . 11 9 8 Places. Metropolis. City of London Do. Ladies Westminster Do. Ladies Society of Arts Brentford , Chelsea • Chiswick Finsbury Greenwich . Hammersmith Hampstead . Kensington . Marylebone . Poplar . . South London Southwark . Tower Hamlets Woolwich . Aberdeen . Abingdon . Alloa . Arbroath .■ . Ashborne . Ashburton Ashford . Ashton-under-Lyne Bakewell . . Banbury . Barnard Castle . Barnsley . . . Barnstaple Basingstoke . Bath .... Batley (Yorkshire) Bedford . . . Belfast . . . Belper . . . Berwick-on-Tweed Beverley . Bideford . Billericay Bingley (Yorkshire) Birmingham . Bishops Stortford. Blackburn. . • Bodmin . Bolton (Lancashire) Boston . . , Bradford (Wilts) . Bradford (Yorksh.) Braintree • Brampton. Brecon . 2697 7 12 2 16 3 2 45 10 10 53 2 4 9 2 230 1 1 'laces. Dundee Dunfermline . Dunmow . Dunstable, Durham . Edinburgh Egham Elgin . . . Exeter . Exraouth . • Falkirk . . Falmouth & Penr Farnham . Farringdon Fleetwood. Folkestone • Frome. Galashiels . Glaso-Qw . Glastonbury . GlossoiD . Gloucester Godalming . Gosport . Grantham. Gravesend . Great Grimsby- Greenock . Guernsey , . Guildford. . Haddington . Haliflix . . Hartlepool . Harwich . Hastings . Hawick . Helston . Hemel Hempstead Henley . . Hereford . Hertford . . Hitchin • Hong Kong Honiton . Horncastle Huddersfield . Hull ... Huntingdon . Ilfracombe Ipswich . Isle of Man, Dougl SS3 Secretary of Committee. 1 2 3 137 6 29 1 6 23 5 1 12 126 14 31 Milne, George Monro, W. C. Kilgour, Alexander Morris, F. J. . . Osborn, Joseph . Forster, J. H. Tod, James . . Duff, Patrick . . Brutton, Charles . Adams, H. C.. . Gentleman, Patrick Rundell, W. W. . Nicholls, Benj. • Crowder, G. , Knapp, —• Stewart, J. Brockman, R. T, . Walters, Geo., jun. Haldane, Robert . Johnson, William, Liddell, Andrew Strang, J., LL.D. Clark, J. . . . Ball, John Fryer, K. H. . . King, William Wilkinson, Josiah Ekin, Thomas Sharland, George . Daubeney, N. H. . Hill, Ninian, M.D. Macnaughtan, P, Clugas, Thomas . Le Lievre, Peter Haydon, S. . . Roughead, D. . Carter, Richard . Crosley, Frank Brown, William Belk, Thomas Chapman, Edward Rock, James, jun. Wilson, James Hill, Frederick . Stallon, Samuel . Cooper, Samuel . Johnson, Richard. Longmore, P. . Goodwin, Samuel Devenish, Samuel Weir, George . » Greenwood, Fred. Shaw, Joseph Laycock, J. C. Jacobs, Bethel Frost, Ho]-ace Toms, J. , Notcutt, S. A. Amount paid to Comnnssion. i-. s. ,7 a. 1 A A A 0 133 1 0 10 0 0 11 6 9 150 0 0 300 0 0 83 17 0 91 1 A A 4 QA A U A U 17 15 0 o o K o 1 1 30 0 0 A A 2 16 9 Q O Q O 1 A oo D n U Oi 1 1 A U 60 0 0 2400 0 0 20 0 0 Zo 0 A 91 16 0 23 1 6 41 13 4 59 8 0 17 16 0 77 8 0 100 0 0 271 19 6 87 A u 0 14 17 0 608 10 3 35 0 0 80 0 0 19 19 5 19 10 0 21 0 0 72 6 6 33 9 2 19 5 8 131 5 5 6 0 0 12 11 6 850 0 0 227 12 6 50 2 6 7 4 8 200 0 0 42 11 8 Places. § -2 Isle of Wight Newpoi't . Ryde . Cowes . Ventnor • Jedburgh . Jersey . • Keighley (Yorksh Kendall , Keswick . Kidderminster Kilmarnock , King's Lynn . Kirkcaldy. Knaresborouo-h Lancaster Launceston . Leamington . Leeds , Leek . . Leicester . Lewes. Lichfield . . Limerick . Lincoln Liskeard . Liverpool . Llanelly , Louth (Lincoln) Luton Macclesfield . Maidenhead . Maidstone Malmsbury . Manchester . ]\Iargate . Market Weighton Marlborough . Marlow (Great) Matlock . Melksham Melrose . Merthyr Tydvil Middlesboro' . Montrose . , Newark , Newbury . Newcastle (Stafford) Newcastle-on-Tyne Newnham (Glo'ster) Newport (Monm.) Newport Pagnell . Northallerton Northampton . . Norwich . , Secretary of Committee. 5 12 5 1 2 134 10 38 6 4 12 3 3 63 9 2 1 6 1 21 191 2 7 7 1 2 V 9 8 76 1 10 1 2 16 35 Eldridge, James . Hearn,^J. H. . . Eldridge, T. W. . Manning, J. 0. . Burt, John . . Laing, — , , Hilson, George, jun. Le Quesne, Chas.. Evans, George E. Spencer, Geoige , Hudson, T. D. Gandy, (Jerard Hall, Joseph . Hallen, Thomas . Wilson, James Brown, Alexander Sang, William , Powell, S., jun. . Oliver, J. S. Dunn, W.. . . Gurney, Charles . Hanbury, John B. Wilson, Thomas . Kitson, James Cawood, Martin Stone, S, . . , Wheeler, S. H. Lower, M. A. Lomax, T. G. Boyse, John . Mason, R. Jago, James . Grantham, John Thomas, John Ingoldby, C. . Austin, C. Higginbotham, S Smith, James Moncton, John Chubb, R. Fleming, Hugh Caveler, William Leighton, Robert V/illiams, SirE.,Bt. Ward, W. Lakin Newnes, Rev. Mi Phillip, J. L. . Erskine, James Wolrige, John C Gilkes, Edgar Fallowes, William Myers, G. C. . Burnaby, F. F. A Roake, J. W. . Tomkinson, W. Watson, Joseph Burnett, Thomas Wintle, James Latch, Thomas Bull, ^Y. B. . Jefferson, W. T. Rands, G., jun. Leman, R. Willett, Homy Amount paid to Commission. s. d. 59 8 85 0 25 0 60 15 5 8 13 6 250 0 0 1 A K o o 110 10 0 9n zu Id A 226 7 6 44 10 0 56 0 0 68 10 3 19 4 6 / O 1 9 1 u 1 7 Q O n u OO 9 Z A 1 nnn A V A k) 91 K O A V A U A U 100 0 0 99 ZZ 10 (> o OO 1 9 J Z A U 10 0 0 500 0 0 126 9 3 28 5 3 150 A 0 49 12 8 74 4 6 13 A V 7 /I AAA 4UUU A U A oo DZ 3 1 O A 0 1 K 10 A 4 6 Q O Q y y 20 11 0 10 3 2 205 14 4 45 0 0 56 18 0 52 0 0 50 0 0 32 14 0 446 16 0 79 19 3 60 0 0 5 6 0 24 0 0 55 0 0 400 0 0 Places a o 2 £ ts 111 Secretary Amount paid Places, oximate nber of ibitors. Secretary Amount paid of Committee. to Commission. of Committee. to Commission. £. s. d. Stirling £. s. d. is[ottin*^'liciiTi • • 60 Enfield, William . 200 0 0 .. . 10 Boyd, A. . . . , 83 14 I Rawson, George Morrison, P. G. Butler, Rev. W. J. Stockport . Stockton . 4 11 Vaughan, John Crosby, John 400 70 0 0 0 0 Odiham (Hants) . Seymour, J. G., ., 18 10 6 Stonehouse Laing, Joseph Oldham . Radcliffe, Henry . 75 0 0 (Ply-| 1 j Rodd, Richard . 0 0 Oswestry • • • - 5 22 10 0 mouth) iMann, J, P. . . Oxford , . . 27 Walker,Rev.R,,M.A. 150 0 0 Stourbridge 17 Gibson, G. W. . 50 0 0 Spiers, R. J. Stroud 13 Freston, W. A. . 92 16 0 Plowman, Joseph Sunderland Candlish, John . 150 0 0 Paisley . 31 Martin and Hodge 126 8 0 Snowball, William Pateley Bridge Vivian, Henry A. 12 0 0 Swansea . 19 Francis, G. G. . 105 0 0 Penzance . ... 4 Pearce, Richard . Swindon . ; : 8 0 0 Perth . . . 19 Reid, Archibald » 40 0 0 Greig, William Tarn worth 2 Thompson, J. . 41 18 6 Peterborough • 1 Ruddle, James . 18 17 5 Taunton . 13 White, Eales 55 2 6 Waite, Robert Tavistock 3 Luxton, R. 30 12 7 Plymouth • • . 8 Arthur, Oswald.C. 110 12 0 Vosper, A. S. M. Pocklincton . • Hornby, T. . . 4 11 6 Tewkesbury Thomas, Joshua . 20 18 0 Poole . ° . . . . 7 Welch, M. K. 30 0 0 Torrington 1 9 0 Portland . 10 0 6 Totnes 3 Seaman, Henry . 17 12 10 Portsmouth . 9 Deacon, Hemy Howard, John 326 12 6 Tring . . Truro 25 Faithful, Henry . Simmons, G. N. . 2 15 0 Preston , . . 4 Cartwright, S. • 256 12 7 Trowbridge 41 3 6 Tunbridge Wells . 3 Ramsgate . . • Reading • • • 4 17 Burgess, George . Loveiov. George . 30 70 0 0 0 0 Uttoxeter , Bladon, Thomas . oU A U A U Redruth . . . 12 Peters, John L. , Wakefield. 12 Witham, James . 279 5 6 Reigate . • • 9 Martin, Peter. 36 9 0 Walsall . 10 Newman, John W. 39 10 6 Retford (East) 3 Phillips, William . Waltham Abbey . 3 Jessop, Laveton • 24 0 0 Richmond (Yorksh.) 3 Cooke, Leonard 84 6 6 Wareham. 10 Filliter, Freeland . 22 0 0 Ripon . • • . 4 Nicholson, R. W.. ' 15 0 0 Fike, J. <- Rochester Prall, R. . . . 1 0 8 Warrington 7 Marsh, John F. 150 0 0 Romsey (Hants) , 1 Daman, W. • . 16 13 10 Warwick . 7 Tibbits, James • 60 0 0 Rotherham » . 8 Barras, John . . 40 0 0 Waterford 3 Nevins, Hugh N. . Rugbv . • . 6 Highton, Rev. H. . 16 16 2 Wellington (Salop) 1 Benson, J. . . 70 0 0 Runcorn . 1 Simpson, John * 22 14 6 Wellington(S omers) 2 White, Fred. . . - Rye .... 1 Dawes, E. N. , . Wells . . • 1 Davies, Robert . 38 15 8 Wentworth 5 0 0 Saffron Walden . 5 Spurgen, Thomas • 20 6 0 Wexford . 12 Dillon, Rev. E. . Salisbury • • , 2 Lee L. Charles . Moody, J. J. P. . 70 19 0 Whitby . 17 Cramp, W. H. 46 16 8 Scarborough • . Selbv . ^-iKiuy .... 5 29 0 0 Belchei", Henry '"^ Lowther, George . 18 16 0 Whitehaven 6 Armistead, R. . 106 10 0 Standei'ing, Thos. Wigan 4 Acton Thomas . Bailey, Charles 160 0 0 Selkirk • . . 2 Rodger, Peter . 24 0 0 Winchester 2 90 0 0 Settle .... 4 Robinson, W. . 4 0 0 Windsor . 6 Voules, C. S. . 300 0 0 Wildman, John Wii'ksworth 2 Whittaker, James 15 0 0 Sheerness , . 4 Keddell, J. T. 21 10 0 Wisbeach . 10 62 13 6 Sheffield . . . 158 Plimsoll, Samuel . 500 0 0 Witham . 3 Walford, S., jun. . Shrewsbury • , 13 Pidgeon, Henry . 282 0 0 Wolverhampi on , 35 Walker, Thomas , 200 0 0 Sidmouth ... Radford, George . 7 2 0 Wolverton 1 Allen, J. G. . . 6 0 0 Slough ... 38 15 0 Worcester. 20 Webb, Edward 206 4 2 Southampton . . 13 Deacon, C. E. • 369 2 2 Purchas, Samuel Southport, . . Lewis, Richard 5 18 0 Wo)-kington 5 Armstrong, George 6 11 5 South Molton Pearse, James 13 18 6 Worthing . Tribe, W. F. . . Foxwell, W. Guise 30 Q n u Riccard, R. M. Wotton-under-Edge 2 .26 10 0 South Shields ■ 8 Elliott, Robinson . 20 0 0 Stevenson, Alex. Yarmouth, Great. 10 Palmer, C. J. 30 7 0 Spalding ... 6 Watkinson, Henry Yeovil 10 Batten, John, jun.. 66 3 3 Stafford . 3 Turnock, James . 30 0 0 York . . I o MunbVj Joseph . 103 6 3 Staffordshire Pot-) teries . . / 46 Battam, Thomas . 249 15 6 Sundry Subscrip-j Stamford . 7 French, William . 10 15 0 tions not included). 307 18 7 St. Albans . . 7 Langley, Aid. 50 0 0 elsewhere St. Austell 17 Drew, J. H. . . 15 0 9 St. Neots . . 1 Wilkinson, J. 11 10 6 Total S146 ' 37,208 3 10 TABLE FOR FACILITATING REFERENCE FROM THE INDEXES TO THE CATALOGUE, Shewing the Class, Colony, or Foreign Country, mid Exhibitors' Number, on each page. UNITED KINGDOM.—Classes Nos. 1 to 30. No. OF Class. Exhibitors' lto5 113 6-19 114 20-37 115 38 - 53 116 54 - 71 117 75 - 104 118 1-8 1 on 9-11 iZl 12 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 36 37 - 47 •io - DO 56 - 61 107 62 - 68 1 OQ by - < 0 1 OQ < 9 - 91 1 'iC\ 1OU 92 - 101 1 r»o 1 An 1 ^10 Tin 1oQ » ioo 129 - 131 io4: 131a - 137 ioo 138 - 154 lob 155 - 163 137 164 - 176 1 Q Q icSo 177 - 187 ioy ioo - 198 140 199 - 210 141 211 - 224 142 225 - 242 143 243 - 258 144 259 - 267 145 268 - 273 146 ^/4 - 404 14/ 405 - 411 i4o 412 - 415 149 416-427 150 428 - 430 159 431 - 437 161 437 - 443 162 444 - 458 164 459 - 468 165 469 - 481 166 482 - 483 167 484 168 485 -487 172 488 - 495 173 496 - 504 174 505 - 509 175 510 - 516 176 517 - 534 177 1-7 185 7a 186 7-11 187 14 - 21 189 22 -33 190 34-42 191 43-48 192 49 - 59 193 60 - 68 194 69 - 77 195 78-90 196 91 - 102 197 103 - 111 198 112 - 126 199 No. OF Class. Exhibitors' Numbers. Page. lto4 200 5 - 13 201 14 -31 202 32 -48 203 49 -70 204 71 -91 205 92 - 115 206 116 - 122 207 123 - 138 208 loy 1 (JO - Ibz 193* 1 -6 195* 7 -24 196* 25 - 43 197* 44 -49 198* 51 -64 199* 65 -77 200* 78 - 103 201* 104 - 105 202* 106 -114 203* 115 - 126 204* 125a - 135 205* 136 206* 137 - 139 207* , 1 -4 210 5 - 8 211 10 - 14 212 16 -22 213 24 -35 214 37 -38 215 39 -46 218 48 -57 219 58 - 70 220 76 - 82 221 88 - 100 222 101 - 116 223 118 - 129 224 130 -201 225 202 -401 226 402 -410 • 227 411 - 412 228 413 -417 230 418 231 420 -424 232 425 -434 233 436 -449 234 450 -478 235 480 -490 236 501 - 509 237 510 - 513 238 514 -532 239 534 -541 240 543 241 550 - 564 242 566 -609 243 610 -618 244 624 245 628 -640 246 655 -674 248 681 - 691 249 692 - 706 250 707 - 756 251 758 -776 252 777 - 784 253 801 - 804 254 805 - 824 255 826 - 858 256 860 -894 257 895 -926 258 No. OF Class. Class V.—contd. Exhibitors' Numbers. Pago. 928to956 259 958 - 992 260 993 - 1000 261 1 263 2 - 10 268 14 - 24 270 25 - 29 271 30 -44 273 45 - 54 274 55 - 74 275 75 277 77 278 78 -92 279 94 - 122 280 124 - 134 282 135 - 151 283 152 - 157 284 158 - 165 285 166 -200 286 201 287 202 -206 291 207 - 218 292 219 - 220 293 221 - 228 294 230 - 308 295 310 - 400 297 401 - 404 298 405 - 408 299 410 - 424 301 426 - 441 302 442 - 454 303 455 - 460 304 462 - 604 305 605 - 606 306 608 - 631 307 1 - 6 309 7 - 13 310 14 - 28 311 29 - 31 312 32 -42 313 43 - 52 314 53 -56 315 57 - 70 316 71 - 82 31 7 84 - 96 318 97 - 99 319 100 320 101 - 107 321 109 - 114 323 115 - 134 324 137 - 148 325 150 - 157 326 158 - 175 328 176 - 192 329 193 -205 330 206 -334 331 1 - 15 oot 35 -59 336 60 - 71 337 72 -92 338 93 - 110 339 111 -127 340 128 341 129 - 136 342 136 - 143 343 144 - 149 344 150 345 151 - 161 346 Outside the Building. (Vol. I.) Class I. - (Vol. I.) Class HI. - (Vol. I.) Class H. - (Vol. I.) Class IV. - (Vol. I.) Class V. - (Vol. 1.) Class VI. - (Vol. I.) Class VH. (Vol, I.) Class VIII. No. OF Class. Exhiliit-ors' Numbers. Page. 162 to 173 347 174 - 188 348 189 - 194 349 195 - 200 350 201 - 211 O02 212 - 224 OOO 225 - 2oo 004: 238a - 245 OOJ 24b - 2d2 356 253 - 257 o.) / 258 - 284 358 285 - 302 359 303-317 360 317A-335 361 336 - 337 362 338 - 353 363 1-13 365 15 - 2&A OOD 28b - 37 367 38 - 41a 368 42 - 49 369 50 - 63 370 65 - 78 o71 80 - 86 372 87 - 93 373 94 - 108 374 109 - 123 375 12<>A - 1^7 OiO 128 oil 129 - 135 ooU 136 - 140 383 141 - 142 385 143 - 150 00/ 151 388 152-180 389 181 - 182 391 TOO Tt n f> 183 - 193 392 195 - 215a 393 216 - 230 394 o o o o o o 232 - 2oo 0 Jo 234 - 239 cjyb 240 - 241 397 242 - 246 398 248 -255a 399 256 - 266 400 267 -290 401 291 402 1-4 406 6-9 407 10 - 16 408 17-19 409 20 - 31 410 32 - 40 411 41 - 53 412 54 - 55 413 56 - 57 414 60 415 62 - 67 416 68 - 87 417 90-113 418 115 - 128 419 129 - 144 422 145 426 14"6 - 161 429 162 - 188 430 189 - 202 431 204 - 210 433 212 - 220 434 233 » 254 435 254a - 263 436 264 - 270 437 271 - 285 438 286 - 290 439 29lA- 296 440 297 441 298 - 309 442 No. OF Class. Exhibitors' Niimhers. Page. 317 to 320 443 322 444 323 - 335 446 336 - 340 448 341 - 357 449 358 - 376 450 377 - 396 451 399 - 402 452 403 - 406 453 407 - 419 454 420 - 426 455 427 456 428 457 429 - 430 458 432 - 433 459 434 - 437 460 438 - 440 461 441 - 453 462 454 _ 459 463 460 - 474 464 475 - 480 465 481 - 486 466 487 - 503 467 504 - 520 468 522 - 531 469 532 - 546 470 547 _ 556 471 557 - 559 472 560 - 573 473 574 - 577 474 578 - 596 475 597 - 619 476 620 - 631 477 631a - 634 478 635 - 655 465* 656 - 664 466* 664a - 672a 467* 673 - 677 468* 677a - 682 469* 683 - 684a 470* 685 - 688 471* 689 - 700 472* 702 - 711 473* 712 - 730 474H 732 - 741 475* 743 477* 1 - 14 480 15-44 481 46 -60 482 61 - 65 483 1-15 486 16 - 47 487 48 - 80 488 81 - 109 489 110 - 129 490 130 - 139 491 140 - 146 492 147 - 165 493 165a - 178 494 179 - 201 495 202 - 222 496 223 - 247 497 248 - 266 498 267 - 281 499 282 - 304 500 305 - 469 501 470 - 501 502 1 -3 503 5-24 504 25-43 505 44-64 506 65 - 80 507 1 - 18 510 19-36 511 37 - 53 512 No, OF Clas Exhibitors' Numbers. Page. 54 to 67 513 68 - 73 514 74 - 91 515 92 - 96 516 1 - 19 518 20 - 46 519 47 - 60 520 61 - 78 521 79 - 92 522 93 - 114 523 115 - 151 524 152 - 181 525 182 - 207 526 208 - 248 02 / 249 - 283 528 284 - 301 529 301a 530 302 - 327 534 328 -335 535 1 - 22 537 23 - 25 538 26 -41 539 42 -48 ■ 540 49 - 76 541 77 - 94 543 96 - 121 544 123 - 140 545 141 - 154 546 155 - 169 0-1/ 170 - 175 548 176 - 1 R7 — 10/ 549 188 - 198 550 199 -202 551 203 -212 552 1 - 26 554 27 - 38 555 39 - 56a 556 57 - 74 557 76 -94 558 1 - 3 559 4 - 28 560 29 - 55 561 56 - 72 .562 74 - 90 563 94 - 128 564 129 - 158 565 159 - 190 566 191 - 213 567 213a - 241 568 242 - 263 569 264 -299 570 301 - 325 571 327 - 355 572 356 - 390 573 391 -403 574 1 - 2 575 3 - 8 576 9 - 16 577 16a - 35 578 38 - 46 579 46a -61 580 62 -80 581 81 -91 582 92 - Ill 583 112 - 128 584 128a - 146 585 147 - 168 586 168a - 188 587 189 -205 588 206 -217 589 1 -4 591 5 -24 592 25 -39 593 40 -49 594 Class Vlll.-cont Class X.—cont. Class IX. (Vol. 1.) Class X. - (Vol. I.) Class XI. - (Vol. 11.) Classes XII.XV. (Vol. 11.) Class XIII. (Vol. n.) Class XIV. (Vol. IL) Class XIV -conf. Class XVI. (Vol. II.) Class XVII. (Vol. 11.) Class XVIII. (Vol. II.) Class XIX. (Vol. II.) Class XX. (Vol. 11.) Class XXI. (Vol. II.) XXIX No. OF Class, Exhibitors' Numbers. Rige. 1 to 30 596 31 - 45 597 46 - 60a 598 62 - 64 599 65 - 84 600 85 - 94 601 95 - 98 602 99 - 106 603 106a - 107 604 108 - 110 605 110a - 115 606 116 - 127 607 128 - 139 608 140 - 149 609 150 - 159 610 160 - 172 611 173 - 182 612 183 - 186 613 187 - 193 614 194 - 204 615 204a - 211 616 212 - 223 617 224 - 235 618 236 - 241 619 242 - 249 620 250 - 255 621 256 - 263 622 264 - 270 623 271 - 282 624 283 - 286 625 287 - 292 626 293 - 300 627 301 - 309 628 310 - 316 629 317 - 323 630 324 - 330 631 331 - 336 632 337 - 341 633 342 - 345 634 346 - 349 635 350 - 354 636 355 - 360 637 361 - 370 638 371 - 373 639 374 - 384 640 386 - 389 641 390 - 401 642 402 - 411 643 412 - 438 644 438a - 443 645 444 - 446 646 447 - 451 647 452 - 481 648 482 - 486 649 487 - 495 650 496 - 523 651 524 - 534 652 535 - 545 653 546 - 553 654 554 - 560 655 563 - 592 656 594 - 611 657 612 - 637 658 638 - 641 659 642 - 643 661 644 - 645 662 646 663 647 - 658 664 659 - 672 665 673 - 688 666 690 - 696 667 697 - 705 668 754 - 798 669 799 - 810 670 No. OF Class. Exhibitors' Numi)er.s. 1 671 2 to 11 673 12 - 14 674 15 - 25 675 26 - 32 676 33 - 34 677 35 - 37 678 38 - 42 679 43 - 51 680 52 - 65 681 66 - 79 682 80 - 86 683 87 - 88 684 89 - 94 685 95 - 97 686 98 688 99 689 100 - 105 690 106 - 111 691 112 - 113 692 115 - 119 693 120 - 131 694 140 695 1-12 698 13 - 19 699 20 - 22 700 23 - 33 701 34-40 704 41 - 63 705 64-78 706 79 - 100 707 1 709 2 711 3-5 714 5a - 6 717 7-9 719 10 720 11 - 14 722 15 - 20 723 21-26 724 27 - 38 725 39 - 46 726 47 - 53 727 54 - 60 - 728 1-10 730 11-23 731 24 - 48 732 49 - 67 733 69 - 76 734 77-78 735 79 - 85 739 87 - 110 740 111 - 124 741 125 - 132 742 133 - 143 743 144 - 159 744 160 - 164 745 165 - 177 746 178 - 180 747 181 - 187 748 188 - 192 749 193 - 198 750 199 - 211 7 Dl 211A - 215 752 217 -237 753 238 - 255 754 256 - 275 755 276 -287 756 288 -313 757 314-345 758 Page. No. OF Class. Exliibitors' Numbers. Page. 348 to401 759 402 - 528 760 529 - 534 761 535 - 536 762 1 - 17 764 18 - 33 765 35 - 45 766 46 - 63 767 65 -75 768 76 -85 769 86 - 89 770 90 -97 771 98 - 112 772 113 - 120 773 121 - 124 774 125 775 126 - 132 776 140 - 145 177 3 -21 779 22 - 51 780 53 - 76 782 77 - 85 783 85a - 102 784 103 - 125 785 126 - 158 786 159 - 188 787 191 - 201 788 1 - 3 789 4 -32 790 33 - 50 791 51 - 68 793 69 - 95 795 96 - 114 796 115 - 140 797 141 - 155 798 156 - 171 799 172 - 197 800 198 - 225 801 226 -267 802 270 803 272 - 290 816 291 -305 SI 7 305a - 320 818 1 - 3 820 5 - 22b 821 23 -48 822 49 - 65 823 66 - 76 824 77 - 89 825 90 - 109 826 110 - Ill 827 lllA - 123 828 124 - 147 829 148 - 166 830 167 - 189 831 190 - 215 832 216 - 224 833 225 -232 834 232A -241 835 242 -250 836 251 - 268 837 269 -288 838 289 - 300 839 301 -316 840 317 -335 841 336 -361 842 362 -367 843 1 - 14 843 15 -47 844 48 - 72 845 73 - 86 846 Class XXII. (Vol. II.) Class XXIII. (Vol. II.) Class XXIV. (Vol. II.) Class XXV. (Vol. II.) Class XXVI. (Vol. II.) Class XXVI.- contiiiaed. Class XXVII. (Vol. II.) Class XXVIII. (Vol. II.) Class XXIX. (Vol. II.) Class XXX. (Vol. II.) Sculpture (Vol. U.) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COLONIES AND FOREIGN STATES. Name of Place. Algiers - (Vol, in.) Antigua (VoL n.) Austria - (Vol. m.) Bahamas - (Vol. II.) Barbadoes (Vol. II.) Bavaria - (Vol. IIL) Belgium - (Vol. IIL) Exhibitors' Numbers. Page. ItolO 1259 — lO 1260 19 - 45 1261 46 - 66 1262 67 - 73 1263 975 ]^ - 4 1006 5 - 19 1007 20 — oo 1008 39 - 58 1009 59 _ 72 1010 73 - 80 1011 81 - 98 1012 99 - 7 99 1013 122a 1014 141 - 1 fi7 - ID / 1015 168 -182 1016 183 - 1 QQ 1017 200 - 232 1018 233 zoo 1019 266 - 9Rfi 1020 287 _ 907 — t 1021 298 - ^99 1022 324 - 340 1023 341 - ^fii 001 1024 362 1025 363 0/0 1028 376 - 399 1029 400 — tUo 1030 409 1031 435 - 443 1032 444 -483 1033 484 -517 1034 518 - 557 1035 558 -587 1036 588 -601 1037 602 - 619 1038 620 -633 1039 634 -647 1040 648 -666 1041 667 -696 1042 696a - 726 1043 728 - 748 1044 975 971 1 -7 1098 8 -29 1099 30 -59 1100 60 -78 1101 79 -97 1102 98 - 102 1103 — D 1150 _ 0± — ^ij. 1151 25 — OO 1152 — / 0 1153 7Q / y -114. — lit 1154 — loy 1155 140 - 167 1156 168 - 206 1157 207 -242 1158 243 - 279 1159 280 -311 1160 312 -342 1161 343 -373 1162 374 -407 1163 408 -440 1164 441 -463 1165 464 -498 1166 499 -512 1167 Name of Place. Bermudas - (VoL 11.) Bolivia - (Vol. in.) Brazil - (Vol. IIL) British Guiana - (Vol. 11.) Canada (Vol. II.) Ceylon (Vol. II.) Channel Islands (Vol. II.) Chili (Vol. IIL) China (Vol. III.) Denmark (Vol. IIL) Eastern Archipelago (Vol. IL) Egypt (Vol. ni.) Falkland Islands (Vol. II.) France - (Vol. m.) Exhibitors' Nnmbers. Page. 971 1429 1429 Itoll 977 12 - 24 978 25 -45 979 46 - 59a 980 60 - 77 981 78 - 86a 982 87 -98a 983 99 - 115a 984 116 - 119 985 120 - 148b 986 149 - 164a 987 1 9o8 2 - 18a 961 19 - 54 962 55 - 80 963 81 964 82 - 121 965 123 - 147 966 148 - 178 967 179 -341 968 346 -355 969 937 1 939 2 -6 940 y - 22 941 23 - 33 942 34 - 49 943 1429 1 - J, 1418 3 1419 4 -6 1420 7 - 10 1421 11 - 16 1422 17 - 18 1423 19 -32 1424 33 -38 1425 1 — t 1355 e 90 1356 91 ^ 1 — 00 1357 _ ^8 — 00 1358 39 -47 1359 48 - 53 1360 988 1 - 18 1408 19 - 183 1409 184 -336 1410 337 - 391 1411 987 1 -7 1169 8 - 15 1170 16 -33 1172 34 - 53 1173 54 -69 1174 70 -94 1175 95 - 114 1176 115 - 135 1177 Name of Place. France—continued. Exhibitors' Numbers. Pa trp 136 to 160 1178 lb i 1 7C - 1 / b 1181 1 *7'7 lit -182 1182 100 0 1 A 1183 91 1 .■ill OOA 1184 99n A - zoo 1187 - 252 1188 070 - z /z 1189 97^ - zy4: 1190 9Q QAQ 1191 ouy QOC — ozb 1192 ^197 0/1 i - 04:0 1193 oVd - 374 1194 0/0 — OC54 1195 000 QOl - oy 1 1196 oy4 All -411 1197 Al 0 A 00 — 4zz 1198 A9 1 A i i — 444 1199 Ala -4/0 1200 A7q PiA 1 - DU4 1201 DUO - olo 1203 f^l Q 01 y - DDI 1204 - .Doi 1205 ^89 AAA - bUU 1206 601 - bZb 1207 627 — b4z 1208 DtO bb4 1209 DUO fi8a bo!5 1211 uoy 7n7 1212 708 70fi - / zb 1213 797 7/( 0 — / 4z 1215 7d 1216 7fi9 / DZ 777 -ill 1217 778 - 798 1218 7(10 / yy - 821 1219 - 849 1220 fir, A - 880 1221 881 - 893 1222 an A sy-i -915 1223 y lb - 933 1224 yo4: - 964 1225 ybD - 995 1226 996 - 1022 1227 1023 - 1047 1228 iU4o - 1079 1229 1 nan lUoU - 1106 1230 11 n7 - 1114 1231 i 11D -1143 1232 ^ 1 i A 1 144: - 1172 1233 1 1 7Q - 1194 1234 nyjj - 1214 1235 1 D - 1239 1236 1241 - 1268 1237 1269 - 1295 1238 1296 - 1328 1239 1329 - 1349 1240 1350 - 1369 1241 1370 - 1389 1242 1390 - 1413 1243 1414 - 1434 1244 1435 - 1462 1245 1463 - 1476 1246 - 1485 1247 14ob - 1514 1248 1515 - 1525 1249 1526 - 1548 1250 1549 - 1568 1251 1569 - 1586 1252 1587 - 1606 12.53 1607 - - 1619 1254 1620 - - 1644 1255 1645 - - 1670 1256 1671 - - 1703 1257 1704- -1724 1258 1725 - -1741 1259 Name of Pj.ace. Fra-nkfort - (Vol. III.) Greece - (Vol. III.) Grenada - (Vol. II.) Gibraltar - (Vol. II.) Gold Coast (Vol. II.) Hamburgh (Vol. III.) Hanover (Vol. III.) Hesse Darmstadt (Vol. III.) India (Vol. II.) Ionian Islands - (Vol. II.) Jamaica - (Vol. II.) LUBECK - (Vol. III.) Luxembourg - (Vol. III.) Madeira (Vol. III.) Malta (Vol. 11.) Mauritius - (Vol. n.) Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Vol. III.) I Exhibitors' Numbers. lto8 9-24 25 -33 1 -3 4-7 8 - 15 16-23 24-39 40-50 51-57 58-62 1 -9 10-45 46 - 64 65-98 99 - 123 1 - 5 6-13 14-32 33 - 59 60 - 86 I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. to XIII. X V. XV. XVI. XVII.to XX, XXI. XXII. XXIII XXIV. to XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. 1-2 3-6 1 -4 5-11 24 29 34 1121 1122 1124 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 976 947 955 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1133 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 860 869 870 876 907 908 909 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 921 922 926 947 948 971 1140 1141 1130 1319 944 945 946 956 1134 Name of Place. (Vol. III.) Mexico - (Vol. III.) Mont ser rat (Vol. U.) Nassau - (Vol. III.) Netherlands (Vol. III.) iVew BrunswicJi (Vol. 11.) Newfoundland - (Vol. 11.) New Granada (Vol. III.) New South Wales (Vol, II.) New Zealand - (Vol. II.) Nova Scotia (Vol. IL) Nuremburg - (Vol. III.) Oldeneurgh - (Vol. III.) Papal States (Vol. IIL) Persia - (Vol. III.) Portugal (Vol. III.) Prussia, &c. (Vol. III.) Exhibitors' Exhibitors' Numbers. Page. Name of Place. Numbers. Page. t^ERIN - 1134 continued. 202 to 210 211 -227 228 - 249 1059 1060 1061 1430 250 - 267 268 -272 1063 1064 - 976 273 - 284 285 - 305 306 - 310a 1065 1066 1067 1 1131 311 - 319 1068 2-13 1132 320 - 331 332 - 356 1069 1070 1-8 1142 357 - 380 1071 9-29 1143 381 - 403 1072 30 - 48 1144 404 _ 415 1073 49 - 70 1145 416 - 432 1074 / 1 — 01 too — %0 i lU / 0 82 - 89 1147 452 - 458 1076 90 - 105 1148 459 - 468 1077 106 - 114 1149 469 - 485 1078 1-27 969 486 - 509 510 - 534 1079 1080 28-29 970 535 - 556 1081 971 557 - 580 1082 581 - 598 599 - 622 1083 1084 1430 623 - 642 1085 643 - 662 663 - 682 1086 1087 1 - 13 15 -25 989 990 683 - 694 695 - 712 713 - 735 1088 1089 1090 1 -3 4-24 25 - 40 1000 1001 1002 736 - 759 760 - 768 769 - 780 781 - 809 1091 1092 1093 1094 - 970 810 - 839 840 - 867 868 - 897 1095 1096 1097 - 1135 Russia - _ _ 1-4 1362 (Vol. III.) 5-6 1363 1135 7-9 1364 - 10 - 14 15 -21 1365 1366 1 - 14 1285 22 - 43 1367 15 - 24 1286 44 - 72 1368 25-48 1287 73 - 106 1369 49 - 57 1288 107 - 141 1370 1 -4 5-10 1426 1427 142 - 162 163 - 187 188 - 225 1371 1372 1373 1 -3 4-28 29 - 82 83 - 136 137 - 273 274 - 358 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 226 - 256 257 - 286 287 - 320 321 - 323 325 - 326 327 328 - 334 1374 1375 1376 1377 1379 1380 1381 359 - 445a 446 - 551 552 - 637 638 - 855 1312 1313 1314 1315 335 - 349 350 - 365 366 - 376 1382 1383 1384 856 - 1022 1316 Sardinia 1-11 1302 1022A-1126 1317 (Vol. III.) 12-38 1303 1126A-1299 1318 39 - 68 1304 1-2 1047 69 -97 1305 3-18 1048 Saxony - - - 1-5 1104 19 - 35 1049 (Vol. III.) 6 - 23 1105 36 - 57 1050 24 - 45 1106 58 - 76 1052 46 - 64 1107 77 - 89 1053 65 - 89 1108 90 - 114 1054 90 - 112 1109 115 - 136 1055 113 - 140 1110 137 - 153 1056 141 - 165 1111 154-180 1057 166 - 179 1112 181 - 201 1058 180 ~188 1113 * In India the articles are distinguished by the numbers of the Catalogue only. Exhibitors' t/xlu bitors' PsAME OF 1 LACE. Is umbers. age. Name of Place. Numbers. Page. Society Islands - _ _ 1428 Sweden and 32 to 45 1352 (Vol. II.) Norway—conic?. 46 - 79 1353 80-117 1354 South Africa - lto8 499 (Vol. II.) 10-45 950 Switzerland 1 - 6 1265 46 -47 951 (Vol. Ill) 7 - 15 1266 48-60 952 16 -23 1267 24 - 36 1268 South Australia - 991 37 - 52 1269 (Vol. II.) 53 - 68 1270 69 - 78 1271 Spain - - - 1 -6 1322 79 - 95 1272 (Vol. III.) 7 1323 96 - 112 1273 8-11 1325 113 - 135 1274 12 1326 136 - 152 1275 13 - 15 1327 153 - 156 1276 16 - 17 1328 157 - 179 1277 18-20 1329 180 - 191 1278 21 -30 1330 192 - 208 1279 31 - 45 1331 209 - 224 1280 46 - 54 1332 225 - 241 1281 55 - 79 1333 242 -257 1282 80 - 98 1334 258 - 277 1283 99 - 115 1335 116 - 127b 1336 Trinidad - - - - 972 128 - 148 1337 (Vol. II.) 149 - 157 1338 158 - 176 1339 Tunis - - - 1 -9 1412 177 - 186 1340 (Vol. II.) 10-40 1413 187 - 193 1341 41 - 49 1414 194-215 1342 50 - 79 1415 216 -228 1343 80 - 189 1416 229 - 249 a 1344 249u - 263 1345 Turkey - - - 1385 264 - 275a 1346 (Vol. ni.) 276 - 300 1347 Tuscany - - - 1 - 10 1290 St. Domingo - _ 1428 (Vol. III.) 11 - 18 1291 (Vol. III.) 19 -20 1292 21 -34 1293 St. Helena - 955 35-49 1294 (Vol. II.) 50 - 71 1295 72 - 78 1296 y / D / y — oo 190 7 (Vol. II.) 89 - 115 1298 116 - 119 1299 St. Vincent _ 975 120 - 127 1300 (Vol. II.) 128 1301 Sweden and 1 1348 United States - 1 -17 1433 Norway. 2-7 1349 (Vol. III.) 18-37 1434 (Vol. III.) 8-24 IS-^O 38-49 1435 25 - 31 1351 50-54 1436 Name of Pi-ace. United States- contiaued. Van Diemen's Land (Vol. IL) Wurtemburg (Vol. III.) Western Africa (Vol. II.) Exhibitors' Numbers. Page 55 to 73 14:0 / 74 -90 1438 91 - 101 1439 102 - 115 1440 116 - 140 1441 141 - 146 1442 147 - 156 1446 157 - 166 1447 167 - 176b 1448 177 -201 1449 202 -225 1450 227 -243 1451 244 -277 1452 278 -308 1453 309 - 325 1454 326 -344 1455 345 -356 1456 357 -361 362 -365 1458 366 -374 1459 375 -381 1460 382 -417 1461 418 -440 1462 441 - 469 1463 470 - 4". 3 1464 494 - 504 1465 505 - 529 1466 530 - 548 1467 549 - 580 1468 582 - 599 1469 1 - 9 992 10 -65 993 66 - 130 994 131 - 186 995 187 -226 996 227 -289 QQ7 290 -330 yy o 331 - 348 t< y y 349 -350 1 Ann 1 - 11 1114 12 - 33 1115 34 -64 1117 65 - 78 1118 79 - 105 1119 106 - 110 1120 1 - 5 952 5 a 953 5 b - 19 954 20 -24 955 ALPHABETICAL AND CLASSIFIED LIST OF ARTICLES DESCRIBED IN THE CATALOGUE. Memorandum.—Persons consulting this Index will find that the articles contained therein are arranged according-to a principle by which the whole of a series of the same species are grouped together as far as practicable. E,v. gr.—Under *' Magnesia" will be found " Magnesia, Bi-carbonate of," " Magnesia, Sulphate of," and so on. Under "Railways" will be found " Railway Axles," "Railway Bars," &c. &c. The references following each Article distinguish—1. The Class in the United Kingdom, the Colony, or Foreign Country in wliich the same will be found, and Name of Exhibitor ; and 2. The number in the Catalogue borne by the entry to which the same is prefixed. Absynthium—Sardinia, Saluce, 10. Accident Detector—v. Angus, 716. Accordions—Austria, Reinisch, 163. Steinkellner, 164. Zollverein (1), Wagner and Co., 701. (3), Zimmerman, 24. Accordion-Stand—x. Faulkner, 530. Account Books—xvii. Cowan & Sons, 101. Harris & Galabin, 373. Knight, 86. Rock & Co., 108. Roy- ston & Brown, 205. Waterlow & Sons, 46. China, Copland. France, Gaymard and. Gerault, 518. United States, Herrick, 502. M'Adams, 482. Sibell & Mott, 339. See also Ledgers. Accoutrements, Military—See Military Accoutrements. Accumulator—v. Armstrong, 44. Acetic Acuy—Austria, Wagenmann & Co., 19. Acolyte (Patent Safety Candle-Cap)—xxix. Jones, 95. Aconite and its Preparations—ii. Hopkins & Wil- liams, 41, Morson & Son, 106. India, ii. Spain, Tabala, 129. Acorns—Spain, 93, 115. ^lodian—Zollverein (1), Baltzer, 82. j^OLiAN Pitchpipes—X. Greaves, 503. -^Eolian Violin Mute—x. Greaves, 503. -Colophon—X. Storer, 529. Aerating Machines—See Soda- Water Machines. Vases, Syphon (for Aerated Waters). Aerial Currents Regulator—xxii. Edwards, 241. Aerial Machines (Models)—x. Brown, 713. Graham, 233. Plummer,716. 8^dd, 30]~See a\so Balloons, Sfc. Aerial Tinting—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Concanen, 2. Agates—I. Dyer, 10. Gelling, 139. Tolan, 22. xxiii. Morel & Co., 117. Caiiada, Logan, 1. India, i. Zollverein (1), Eifler & Co., 891. Gorlitz, 890. Keller & Co., 888. W^ild & Robinson, 889. Agave Fibre—Barhadoes. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Agon, The Game of—xxix. Peacock, 193. Agra Marble (inlaid)—xxvii. Stewart, 33. Agricultural Implements — ix. 1 to 279. xxi. Wal- dron & Sons, 17. xxil. Rutterley, 240. Hutton, 166. Keep & Watkin, 76. Slagg, 158. Waldron & Sons, 17, 185. Austria, Horsky, 123. Magui, 126. Prince Lobkowitz's Agricultural Implement Manufactory, 124. Riesi- Stailburg, Baron, 125. Belgium, Claes, 163. Delstanehe, 510. D'Omalius, 171. Romedenne, 165. Scheidweiler, 164. Train, 167. Canada, Glassford, 89. Skinner & M'Culloch, 88, 90. Ceylon. Denmark, Andersen, 15. Egypt, 169-174. France, Batailler, 412. Bodin, 426. Jerome, Brothers, 549. Lebert, 569. Mittelette, 1661. Moysen, 467. Schneider & Legrand, lOOl. Vachon & Co., 705. India, vi. ix. Netherlands, Cazaux, 89. Hesselink, 66. Jenken, 74. Fort^igal, 632. Switzerland, Chollet, 70. United States, Allen & Co., 97. Emory & Co., 148. Gates, 423. Gating, 162. Hussey, 65. McCormick, 73. Smith, 86. Wells, 107. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein (1), Sprengel & Co., 67. StoUe, 65. (6), Hesse-Darmstadt Board of Agriculture, 13. See also Barley Aveler. Carts and Waggons. Chaff- cutting Machines. Churns. Cidtivator. Drill Grub- bers. Drill Ploughs. Drills. Fanning-mill. Farm Buildings. Gorse-cutting, Sfc, Machine. Grass and Hay-cutting Machines. Grubbers. Harrows. Hay- making Machines. Hay and Straw-cutting Machines, liquid Manure Machines. Mowing and Reaping Ma- chines. Oil-cake Mill. Ploughs. Scarifiers. Scythes. Seed-dibbling, Sfc, Machines. Shearing Machines. Steam-Engines, Agricultural. Subsoil Pulverisers. Ihrashing Machines. Turnip-cutting Machines. Uley Cultivators. Winnowing Machines. Agricultural Models—Austria, Carniolian Agricultural Society, 127. United States, Bryant, 171. Mix and Gardinier, 96. Air Conductor—vii. Cochrane, 158. Air Guns. See Guns, ^c. Air Pontoons—United States, Armstrong, 219. Air Pumps and Engines—v. Parsey, 591, x. Bryan, 408. Heywood, 404. Newman, 674. Orchard, 161. Varley, 257. Yeates, 332. Denmark, Nissen, 20. Frarice, Breton, Brothers, 1113. Air-tight Bed Chair—xxviii. Hancock, 83, Air-tight Bottles—v. Stocker, 422. Air-tight Jar—xxii. Hampden, 612. Air-tight Taps—xxiv. Shephard, 8. Aire Cast-Iron Bridge (Model)—vii. Leather, 107 (Main Avenue, West). Airish Mow (for the preservation of corn in rainy seasons)— IX. Jones, 52. Alabaster (Stalactite or Stalagmite) and Alabaster Articles — Cundy, page 848. I. Monteiro, 150. Whittaker, 53. xxvii. Hall, J. & T., 37, 38. Egyjot, 1-5. Greece, Greek Government, 49. India, I. Tuscany, Cherici & Sons, 109. De Larderel, 24. Fon- tina, 122. Zollverein (1), Finsch, 211. Alabaster Fountain—Zollverein (5), Tacchis & Co., 21. Alabaster Paintings—Switzerland, Schoeck, 251. Alabaster Tazza.—Rome, Tommaso della Moda, 19 (Main Avenue, East). [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] d Alarm Guns—VIII. Can-on, 251. Naylor, 199. .See also Alarum Guns. Alarum Bedsteads—x. Jones, 656. xxii. Savage, 56. Alarum Bells—xxii. Lea, 665. Belgium, Van Hecke, 480. Alarum Guns—ix. Gillett, 78. Warren, 257. See also Alarm Guns. Alarums (for Clocks, &c.)—x. Baker, 396. xxiii. Martin, Baskett, & Martin, 2. France, Pierret, 350. Alarums (for Houses, &c.)—viii. Carte, 29. x. Darnell, 383. XXII. Cooke, 579. ALBERT, H.R.H. PRINCE, Equestrian Statue of, Wyatt, page 853. Electrotype Bust of, Elkington & Co., page 848, Portrait of, in Sevres China, Main Avenue, East, 97. Bust of, in zinc, I. Vieille Mon- tague Mining Company, 437. Portrait of, woven in silk, XIII. Cross, 32. Statuette of, in silver, xxill. Zimmerman, 80. Portrait of, on jewel-case, xxx. (Fine Art Court) 352. Design for monument to, Bennett, •268. Albert Street, Mile End, New Town, Model of dwell- ings of Artizans at, vil. Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes, 172. Albumen—Austria, Engelmann, 22. Albumen of Blood—France, Boyer & Co., 71. Albumen from Eggs—France, Aleon, 1538. Albums—Belgium, Parent, 278. France, Godefroy, 1722. Pilout, 681. Switzerland, Spalinger, 253. Zollverein (1), Gebhardt, 248. Leisegang, 149. Beisser, 748. Schoening, 154. (2), Blschotf & Co., 98. Alcohol—France, Lefebvre, Brothers, 579. Maire & Co., 317. Portugal, 515. Alhambra, The (Piece of the Wall of)—Spain, Ysasi, 284, Alimentary Preserves—France, Appert, 751. Carnet. Saussiere, 791. Chatelain & Basset, 797. Chevet, 121. Cloet, 456. Cuvillier, 469. Du Liscolt & Son, 1328. Dupas, 1204. Dnrand, 1596. Feyeux, 209. Gillet, 521. Gremailly, 246. Groult, 530. Guihery, Deslandelles, &Co., 1262. Houssard, 1626. Levraud, 594. Maguin, 1337. Masson, 1348. Nove, 1372. Peneau, 950. Philippe & Canaud, 958, 'Rudel & Son, 992. Rouchier & Son, 994. Seyeux, 1486. Sigaut, 1487. Thorel, 1041. Vidal, 727. Canada, Brunsden & Co., 17. Lubeck, Carstens, 2. Netherlands, Janssen, 19. Russia, EjofF, 80. Tunis, 89, 90, 154, 157, 158. Zollverein (1), Farthmann, 16. Weill, 20. See also Amazone. Provisions, Preserved. Alkali—St. Helena, Agricultural Society, 2. Alkali Salt—ii. Ward & Co., 54 Alkaloid Beeerine—ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Alloys—i. Jordan, 487. Stirling, 428. Almanacks—vii. Holland 132. xvii. Hume, 186. Almond Oil—iv. Brotheron & Co., 23. Portugal, 487-489. Aloe (manufactured specimens of)—Gibraltar. Aloe-Fibre Stuffing (for Furniture) — Belgium, Hau- sens-Hap, 257. Aloes and its Preparations—ii. Lamplough, 71. Smith, T. & H., 94. Ceylon. Aloes Thread Cloak—Algeria, Bernardon, 8. Alpaca Fabrics—xii. & xv. Bliss, 270. Craven & Harrop, 153. Dalby, 152. Firth & Sons, 37. Mil- iigan & Son, 140. Salt, 139. Schwann & Co., 141. Senior^ 476. Walker h Sons, 87. Belgium, Decock, 221. Alpine Plants—Zollverein (1), Heckel, 430. Altar Furniture—xxvi. French, 110. Ponsonby, 199. Pratt, 196. See also Ecclesiastical Furniture. Altar-pieces (Painting, Sculpture, &c.)—xxvi. Carter, 185. Thomas, 277. Altar Screen, Chairs, &c.—Jordan, page 851. Alto-relievos—France, Kirstein, 281. Alum and its Preparations—ii. Copner, 118. Hurlet & Campsie Alum Company, 13. Moberley, 17 (Main Avenue, West). Pattinson, 18 (Main Avenue, West). Spence, 7. Wilson, 6 (Main Avenue, West). Austria, HochheyQx, 14. Miesbacb, 1. Egypt, France, Bouxwiller Mines Joint Stock Co., 376. India, i. Rome, Pellegrini, 27. Sneider, 3, Russia, Itchegloff, 336. Schlippe, 27. Spain, Mauraudy, 40. Turkey. Tuscany, 5. Volterra Salt Manufactory, 2. United States, Davidson, 561. Van Diemen's Land, Bicheno, 294. Zollverein (1), Bleibtreu, 313. Harkort, 876. Piussian Chemical Manufactory, 683. Schwemsal Alum Works, 463. Amadou—Zollverein (1), Becker, Sapp, & Co. 471. Amazon, The (Group in zinc)—Zollverein (1), Kiss, 279 (Main Avenue, East). Amazone, or Essence of Meat—iii. Warriner & Soyer. 21. Russia, Schetverikotl", 187. Amber—xxix. Fletcher, 244. Zollverein {\), Hoffmann, C. W., 439. Hoffmann, G. F. 440. Mannheimer, 438. Hoy, 441. Tessler, C. L. 41. Tessler, D, F., 40. Amber, Oil of—ii. Godfrey & Cooke, 92. Amber Ornaments—Turkey. Zollverein (1), Jantzen, 205. Winlerfeld, 204, Amber, Salt of—Godfrey & Cooke, 92. Ambergris—ii. Godfrey & Cooke, 92. Ambulance, Medico-Chirurgical—x. Veitch, 6. Ammonia—II. Godfrey & Cooke, 92. xxii. Holliday, 448. Moberley, 17. Ammonia, Benzoate of—ii. Hopkins & Williams, 41. Ammonia, Carbonate of—xxii. Holliday, 448. Ammonia, Hydrochlorate of—India, ii. Ammonia, Muriate of—ii. Brown & Co., 7c. xxii. Holliday, 448. Ammonia, Sulphate of—ii. Brown & Co., 7c. Wilson, 6. XXII. Holliday, 448. France, Digeon, 1590. Anatomical Figures and Models—x. Gordon, 639. Highley, 727. Simpson, 624. Towne, 625. i^m?ice, Auzoux, 13. Carteaux & Chaillou, 792, Man- tois, 602. Zollverein (2), Fleischman, 71. Anchors — Western End, North Enclosure (Outside), Rodger, 55. Longridge & Co., 57. Brown, Lenox, & Co., 58. VIII. Allen, 292. Bowen, 325. Brown, Lenox, & Co., 61. Exall, 3. Hely, 14. Honiball, 95. Inglefield, 99. Longrid-e & Co., 333. Rodger, 336. Smale, 94. Wood «& Co., 102. xxn. Wood, Brothers, 75, See also OaUes. Chain-cables. Anchors. Machines for raising—viii. Robinson, 100. See also Capstans. Ancient Writings (fac-similes of)—xvii. Harrison, 202. Anemometers—Adcock, 364. x, Gowland, 27. Belgium, De Hennault, 183. Zollverein (1), Kruger, 69. Anglemeter—X. Cox, 347. Angola Cloth—xii. & xv. Harris & Fison, 145. Blidgley, Brothers, 99. Scott & Wright, 1. Anhydrous Steam-engine—v. Hay craft, 151. Animal Black—Belgium, Seghers, 110. Verstraeten, 108. Annunciator, Jackson's—United Stales,'Bvooks, l-ll. Antimony and Antimony Ore—i. Hallett, 481. Liskeard Committee, 513. ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Austria, Geissberger, 11. Szolleny, 12. Szego, 10. India, I. Portugal, Perseveranca, 14. Spain, The Inspector of Mines at Saragossa, 11. Tuscany, Mejean, 15. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein { 1), Maegdesprung Works, 682. Anti-Sargassian Conservative Paint—ii. Peacock, 73. Antwerp (Plan of)—Belgium, Valerius-Jouan, 452. Anvils—xxn. Armitage, M. & H., 150. Sanderson, 226. Stirk, 74. Warden, 368. Aperitive Fountain—ix. Read, 89. Apiaries. See Beehives. Apparel. See Wearing Apparel. Appenzell Mountains (Model in relief)—Switzerland, Schoell, 252. Appold*s Self-regulating Friction Break—v. Botten, 429. Aquatic Velocimeter—United States, St. John, 534. Arab Tents—Tunis, 82. Arabesque Decoration—xxvi. M'Lachlan, 337. Siniih, 341, Spain, Contreras, 283. Arbela, Battle of (copper embossed tableau)—Austria, Szeiitpeetiij, 729. Arbutus-wood Ornaments—xxiii. Connell, 16. Archil—See Orchil. Archimedean Agricultural Machine—ix. Murphy, 38b. Archimedean Screws (for raising fluids, &c.)—v. Beere, 467. Belgium, Van Burkhoven, 502. Architectural Models, &c.—xxvi. Bielefeld, 157. Jack- son & Sons, 5. Jones & Co,, 336. Norwood, 314. Pugin, 529. xxvii. Keene, 10. Stevens & Sons, 24. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Clarke, 342a. Coulton, 342. Day, 161a. Gorriuge, 164. Herwitz, 347. Nicholl, 272. Potter, page 8.r2. Smith, 211, 213. Talbot, 349. Austria, Montanari, 738. Belgium, Joostens, 457. Bi'itish Guiana, Barkly, 81. Ceylon. France, Flacheron-Hayard, 836. Travers, 1044. India, xxx. Oldenhurgh, Casseboh, 1. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Sorzano. Tuscany, Ducci, 82. Mazzetti, 115. United States, Basham, 315. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 327. Zollverein (1), Boesche, 785. Kruse, 277. See also Church Architecture. Church Windows. House Deco- rations. Mouldings. Argentiferous Galena. See Lead, Sulphuret of. Argilla Knobs—United States, Dean, Amos, & Co., 101. Argol—South Africa, De Villiers, 2. Arm-holder for Guns—Tunis, 58. Arm-pad (for Tailors)—xxviii. Collings, 120. Armatures—X. Joule, 4-10. Arming Press (for Bookbinders)—vi. Sherwin, Cope, & Co., 104. Arminius, Prince of the Cheruskers, Statue of—Zoll- verein (1), Cauer, 431 (Main Avenue, East). Armorial Bearings (Designs of)—xxvi. Clarke, 127. See also Heraldic Engraving, Armour—India, viii. Army Clothing—Zollverein (1), Mentzel, 94. See also Military Accoutrements. Regimental Trousers. Aromatic Vinegar—i^rawce, Brunier, Lenormand, & ('o., 75. Arrowroot—III. Brown & Poison, 123. Miller, 127. St. Etienne, 138. Bermudas, Gray. British Guiana, Garnett, 31 & 32. Ceylon. China, East India Company. India, iii. Jersey and Guernsey, Martin, 26. Montserrat. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T., 25. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Weston, 1. Arrows—See Bows and Arrows. Arsenic and Arsenical Compounds—i. Garland, 488. Jenkins, 502. Pattinson & Cain, 497. it. Jenkins, 43. Austria, Volderauer, 13. China. France, Briere, 438. India, ii. Zollverein (1), Guettler, 6. Arsenic, Instrument for testing—x. Morton, 285. Artesian Well Boring Apparatus—vi. Beart, 301. Artificial Flowers—/See Flowers, Artificial. Flowers, Wax. Artificial Fuel. See Fuel, Artificial. Steam Fuel. Artists' Tools, Materials, &c.—ii. Winsor & Newton, 28. XVII. Bowden, 63. xxvi. Boadella, 193. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Harvey, 31. Hopley, 296. Rowriey &Co., 3. Wolff & Son, 129. -France, Fontana, 205. Leblond, 1301. See also Brushes, Artists'. Canvas for Fainting. Colours, Artists'. Crayons. Drawing Instruments. Lay Figures. Zollverein (1), Karchar, 877. Asbestus—Canada, Logan, 1. Ashlar Stone—i. Thorne, 475. Asphalte—Eastern End (Outside), i. Seyssel Asphalte Co., 229. (7cmac?a, Logan, 1. France, Dufour, 485. Henning, 1. New Brunswick, Gould. Portugal, Goulard, 25. Sub- serra, 23. Borne, Pasquali, 2. Spain, Inspector of the Soria Mines, 28. Asphalte Roofing Felt—vii. Croggon & Co., 110. Assay Balances—x. De Grave & Co., 333. Assaying Materials and Process—i. Mathison, 479. Pattinson, 480. Astronomical Instruments—x. Bateman, 187. Brake 354. Elliott & Sons, 320. Reade, 254a (Main Ave- nue, West). Ross, 254 (Main Avenue, West). France, Vedy, 719. Zollverein (1), Tiede, 78 (2), Ertel, Trangott, & Sons, 25. See also Astroramas. Chronoglohium. Clocks, Astro- nomical. Clocks, Geographical. Eclipse Indicators. Lunarians. Periphans, Planispheres. Sextants. Tele- scopes. Uranium. Astroramas—x. Matthews, 193. Atlases—xvii. Wyld, 175. Atmopyres—xxii. Edwards, 241. Atmospheric Propeller—v. Kccleshall, 132. Atmospheric Recorder (for registering changes in the atmosphere)—x. Dollond, 145. AuTOCHRONoGRAPHS—X. Thomson, SO. Autographic Presses—vi. Waterlow & Sons, 164. AuTOPHON—X. Dawson, 554. Autumnal Leaves—United States, De Bonneville, 210. Maxwell, 384. Olmsted, 359. Williams, 213. Aviary—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Zuccani, 348. Axes—yS'ee Tools {Carpenters', ^c.) Axles and Axletrees—v, Beecroft, Butler, & Co., 646. Collinge & Co., 817. Drabble & Co., 842. Gibson, 848. Greenway, 698. Raworth, 913. Squire & Co., 706. Thornton & Sons, 490. xxii. Eykyn & Millichap, 309. Hutton, 166. Lucas & Son, 204a. Williams. 280. Denmark, Smed, 29. France, Rastouin, 1727. Netherlands, Soeders, 81. United States, Billings & Ambrose, 34. Hyde, 582. See also Railway Axles. Azimuth Compasses—See Compasses, Azimuth. Azure and Mineral Blues—Belgium, Wouvermans, 35. Baby Jumper—xxix. Rogers & Co., 100. Backgammon Boards—xvi. Woodman, 42. India, xxix. Badges, &c., of Knighthood—viii. Firmin & Sons, 211. XX. Firmin & Sons, 161. Bael Tree Wine—ii. Pound, 108. Bagatelle Board—xxvi. Wilson & Sons, 293. Bagpipes—New South Wales, Clinch, 5. Baize—Netherlands, Vreede & Co., 33. Spain, Moreno, Brothers, 253d. Zollverein (3), Lehmann, 107. Baked Clay Ornaments—France, Garnaud, 233. Ballasting Vessels (method of)—viii. Slmldham, 172. Pugh, 353. Ball-Cocks and Taps—xxii. Common, 630. Murray, 793. See also Valves, Cistern. Balloons and Parachutes—vii. Brown, 202. x. Bell, 715. Luutley, 237. Mason, 714. See also Aerial Machines. Ballot Box—France, Baranowski, 15. Balsams—ii. The London Druggists, 117. Turkey. Bamboos—Labuan, <^c., Hammond & Co., 2. Bandages. See Trusses, Bandages, <^c. Bank Cheque Paper—ii. Nissen & Parker, 36. xvii. Saunders, 36. Bank Notes, Copies of—xvii. Caffry. 167. Sweden, Broling, 114. Bank-Note Numbering Machine—vi. Waterlow & Sons, 164. Bank-Note Papers—xvii. Saunders, 36. Bank-Note Printing-machine—vi. Schlesinger & Co., 168. Bannisters. See Stair Balustrades. Barges (Model)—viii. Holl & Co., 166. Searle & Sons, 169 (Main Avenue, West). Barilla—See Potash. Barilla Plant—Spain, 45. Barium, Chloride of—ii. Robertson, 81. Bark, Articles made of—Canada, Campbell, 176. Cen- tral Commission, 171. Rocheleau, 175. St. Vincent, Bullock. Sweden, Bjorckman, 103. Turkey, Bark Cloth—India, xiv. Labuan, 8,-c., Woolley, 3. Bark Solution—Van Diemen's Land, Button, 22. Barks—II. The London Druggists, 117. iv. Gillman, 44. British Guiana, Outridge, 62. Stutchbury, 59-61, 63, 65, 66, d2 South Africa, Thalwitzer, 27. New Zealand, McVay, 5. i?«ssia, N.N., 88. St. Vincent, Bullock. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Van Diemen's Land, Button, 23, Denison,Slr W. T., 71, 72, 74-76. Milligan, 39. Rees, 314. See also Oak Bark. Tanners'Bark-yrinding Mill. Willow Bark. Barley—See Corn. Barley Aveler—ix. Holmes & Sons, 241. Barley Awner—ix. Ransomes & May, 124. Barley Chumper—ix. Guiding, 45a. Barley Hummellers—ix, Barrett, Exall, & Andrews, 128. Cooch, 43a, 53. M'Cartney & Drummond, 248. Barometers—ix. Brown, 91. x. Abraham, 140. Baker, 396. Brooke, 144. Brown, 676. Bursill, 673. Casello&Co., 157a. Chadburn, Brothers, 259. Dixey, 271. Bobbie, 166. Gray & Keen, 138. Griffiths, 331. Grimoldi, 159. Harris & Son, 149. Moyle, 710, Negretti & Zambra, 1 60a. Newman, 674. Orchard, 161. Pace, 117. Phillips, 411, Pizzala, 162. Ross, 157, Somalvico& Co., 681a. Tremlett, 163. Yeates, 332. Barometers, Aneroid—x. Moreau, 326. Rush, 137. Barometer Clocks—See Clocks, Barometer. Barrel Organs—See Organs, 8fc. Barrels—-See Casks. Barricade Mobile—v. Rock, 952. Barricarri—British Guiana, Manget, 121. Barytes—I. Potter, 87. Canada, Logan, 1. Barytes, Carbonate of—i. Beamish, 112. Cairns, 63. Cumming, 157. Pennock, 218. Barytes, Nitrate of—Portugal, Serzedello & Co., 61. Sardinia, Albain, Brothers, 7. Barytes, Sulphate of—i. Riddell, Sir J. M., 53. Robertson, 81. Zollverein (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1, Baskets and Basket Work—xx. Capper & Son, 45, XXVI. Greverie, 255, xxviii. Adamson, 156. Bode, 103. Cannings, 159. Dunlop, 155. Franks, 128. Indi<^ent Blind School, 100. King, 41. Potts, 104. Smith, 172. Toplis & Sons, 154. Williams, 102. xxix. Warrell, 32, Algeria, Saad Ben Bartha, 63. British Guiana, Dennis, 140. Outridge, 148b-153. Cetjlon. Egypt, 255, 257, 277, 344, 346, 353, 357-360. France, Debray, 139. India, xxviii. xxix. Luheck, Breyer, 10. ilfa?<n^t?js, Balkfield & Co., 5. Grey, Countess, 1. Rea- der, 7. Royal Society of Natural History of Mauritius, 4. Netherlands, Landkroon, 67. New Zealand, 38. St. John's College, 7. St. Vincent, Bullock. Trinidad, Lord Harris. United States, Mellichamp, 1 77a. Van Diemen's Land, Symonds, 246-253, 274-278. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. Hutton, J. F., 21. Hut- ton & Sons, 6. Jamieson, 22. Townsend, 11. Trot- ter, 5. Weston, 1. Zollverein (1), Koerner, 246. (6), Gick, 57. Bas-Reliefs—XXX. (Fine Art Court) Caldwell, 33. Ed- wards, 67. Leighton, 59. Russel,206. xxx. (Sculpture Court) Adams, 48. Farmer, 31. Gibson, 64. Kirk, 46. Miller, 38, 49, 66-68. Thornycroft, 65. Austria, Szentpeetrij, 729. China. Denmark, Jerichan, 39. France, Huber, 879. Greece, Vitalis, 60, 61. Russia, Verkovzolf, 368. Switzerland, Schneider, 102. Tuscany, Barbetti, 77. Zollverein (5), Von Kr«ss, 32. Bassoons—x. Ward, 527. France, Buffet, 442. Zollverein (4), Helwert, 24. (8), Heckel, 8. Bath Abbey Church (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Hoare, 168. Bath Freestone (Articles in)—xxvii. Newman, 60. Vaughan, 20. Bath-Heater (Gas)—xxii. Warriner, 248. Baths—xxii. Azulay, 597. Benham & Sons, 98. Bray, 500. Culverwell, 754. Dale, 500. Gilbert, 494. Gillespie & Son, 493. Hardwicke, 496. Loseby, 796. Machell, 639. Mather, 504. Moggridge, 495. Muss, 498. Shoolbred & Co., 66. Tylor & Son, 401. Walton & Co., 69. Wilson, 490. xxv. Finch, 38. XXVIII. Winterborn, 168. France, Charbonnier, 115. Bathing-Machine (for Ladies)—viii. Holbrook, 9. Bats—^ee Cricket Bats. Beaded Articles—xxix. Schrader, 319. Beads (Various)—India, i. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Beam ant) Cutting Machine—France, Chalej^er, 111. Beams and Scales—See Weights and Measures. Bean-mills—IX. De Porquet, 202. Grant & Co., 267. Samueison, 185. Beans and Peas—iii. Croughton, 92. Fordham, 94. Raynbird, 73. Strange, 83. Canada, Boa, 39. Brien, 44. Fisher, 43. Fournier, 45. Jones, 41. Limoges, 40. La Mere, 42. New Brunswick, Hutchison, 25. Porter, 27. Searle, 21. Wyse, 22. Portugal Boa, 378. Caesar, 373. Carvac, 367, Hen- riques 364. Proenca, 371. Silva, 370. Spain, Gil, 25. Bean-Sowing Machine—ix. Ponton, 104. Bearers for Beams (in Buildings)—vii. Perkes & Co., 162. Beaver Cloth—xii. & xv. Hagues & Co., 25. Wheeler, 271. Belgium, Pirenne & Duesberg, 199. Beberine, Sulphate of—ii. Macfarlan & Co., 107. See also Alkaloid Beberine. Bed-Feathers, Down, &c.—iv. Blyth & Co., 60. Dundee Local Committee, 63. Heal & Sous, 59. Nightingale, 57. xxvi. Board, 240. Gilbert & Co., 130a. Russia, Lapshin, 145. See also Fider Down. Flocks {for Bedding'). Bed-Furniture—xii. & xv, Schofield, 125. See also Bedsteads and Furniture. Bed-Joints—xxii. Burrows, 576. Bed-Qdilts—XI. Barlow, 35. Myerscough & Co., 39. Spencer & Son, 52. xix. Fryer, 237. Richmond Lunatic Asylum, 249. Risdon, 276, Roberts, 365. XX. Standon, 213. xxvi. Board, 240. France, Debbeld & Co., 1173. Turkey. United States, Col man, 71. Spalding, 313. See also Fider-Down Quilts. Bed-Sacking—xiv. Dundee Local Committee, 63. Mor- rison & Hurn, 49. Wall, E. & T., 70. Bed-Sacking, Metallic—xxii. Chambers, 807. Beds, Equipoise—vii. Brown, Sir S., 334. Beds, Mechanical—France, Kissel, 554. Beds, Portable—xxvi. Pratt, 403. United States, Browne & Co., 334. Bedsteads, Alarum—x. Jones, 656. xxii. Savage, 56. Bedsteads and Furniture—xix. Faudel & Phillips, 165. xxii. JefTcoate, 755. xxvl Cawley, 225. Dow- biggin & Co. 404. Durley & Co. 169. Fox, 168. Mummery, 292. Rogers & Dear, 264. Smee & Son, 174. Wakeling & Sons, 194. Canada, Morris, 114. Fravice, Mail lard, 1338. India, xxvi. United States, Batjeman, 552. Duuton, 195. See also Rheioclines. Sofa Bedsteads. Bedsteads, Metallic—xxii. Cottam, 59. Cowley & James, 62. Hill & Co., 65. Johnson, 67. Mapple- beck & Lowe, 370. Perkes & Co., 64. Peyton & Har- low, 371, Smith, 57. Tonkin, 58. Tylor & Pace, 63. Winfield, 373. xxvi. Cunning, 165a. Lyon, 30. Robinson, 263. /ra«ce, Dupont, 180. Gandillat & Co., 230. Laude, 897. Leonard, 589. Sardinia, Granzini, 55, Spai7i, Miguel, 260, Sanchez Pescador & Miguel, 259. Bedsteads, Portable—xxii. Blair, 409. Bedsteads for Ships—xxvi. Brown, 140. See also Sofa Bed. Bed-tick Stuffs—xiv. Canter, 36. Carter, Brothers, 36, Fletcher, 36. Haftersley & Cu., 36. Haxwurth & Carnley, 36. Jackson & Matthewman, 36. Lockhart & Sons, 57. Pigott & Newton, 36. Wemyss, 58. Belgium, Felhouen-Coucke, 481. Bed-Warmer—XXII. Farrar, 627. Beehives—IX. Briggs, 103. Golding, 45. Hayes, 208a. Jones, 269. Keene, 193. Marriott, 243, Milton, 291. Neighbour & Son, 290. Pettit, 92. Phillips, 72a. Ponder, 146. Rowbottom, 262b. Sholl, 120. Wood, 90. XXVIII, Ramsey, 12. France, De Beauvoys, 47. Paix de Beauvoy, 941. United States, Sholl, 538. Zollverein (I), Bruckisch, 66. See also Bees (^Instru- ment for securing Swarms). Beehive Ventilator—ix. Instance, 100. Beer—ii. Truman & Hanbury, 91. Turkey. Zollverein (I), Christiani, 15. Beer Engines—v. Stocker S. & G., 422. xxii. Warner & Sons, 798. Beer and Spirit Preservers—xxii. Green & Co., 532. Bees (at work in Glass Hives)—ix. Milton, 291. Bees (Instrument for securing Swarms)—ix, Nunn, J. P. & E. B., 218. See also Beehives. Bees' Wax—Canada, Parisault, 129. South Africa, Lindenberg, 45. Ceylon. China. France, Laugier, 1640. India, iv. Poriw^aZ, Bretes, 622. Carvalho, 623, 624. De Ficalbo, 618, 619, Van JDiemens Land, Milligan, 273. Rout, 293. Beethoven, Louis Von, Statue of (Bronze)—Zollverein (1), Blaeser, 310. Beetles—ii. The London Druggists, 117. Beet-Root Rasping Machine—ix. White, 181. Beet-Root Sugar—xxix. Wright, 250, Austria, Lobkowitz, Prince, 58. Lurisch-Moennich, Count, 59. Neuwall's Manufactory, 56. Richter & Co., 57. Robert & Co., 55. Tlumacz Manufactory, 60. France, Dubreuille & Co., 480. Serret, Hamoir, & Co., 1465. Russia, Koukell Jasmopolsky, 335. Sangoushko, Prin- cess, 78. Zollverein (1), Behm, 685. Brumme & Co., 687. Hennige & Wiese, 691, Von Sanden, 14. Belgium, Statistics of—Belgium, Lesigne, 279. Bells, Cattle — Austria, Blumauer, 474. Tomaschitz, 475. Switzerland, Schopfer, 218. Bells, Church, &c.—Main Avenue, West (from Montreal). I. Stirling, 428 (Main Avenue, East), v. Drury, 758. X. Broadbent, 122. xxii. Hodges, 519, Mears, C. & G,, 684 (Main Avenue, West). Murphy, 683 (Main Avenue, West). Taylor & Sons, 682 (South Transept). Warner & Sons, 798 (North Transept). Canada, Molson, 154. France, Bollee, 1093. Hildebrand, 540. Netherlands, Petit & Fritsen, 78. Zollverein (3), Gruhl, 37 (Main Avenue, East). See also Hand-hells. Bells, Electric—x. Brett, J. & J. W., 429, Bells, Musical Clock—xxii. Hale, T. & Co., 486, Bells, Musical Hand—x. Drury, 506. xxii. Warner & Sons, 798. Bell-hanging and Furniture—xxii. Bryden & Sons, 44. France, Petithomme, 954. See also Bell-Ropes. Bell-Metal—I. Stirling, 428. India, i. Bell-Rock Lighthouse (Model of)—vii. Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses, 99. Bell-Ropes—xxviii. Woodhead, 191. Portugal, 1155-1157, Zollverein (1), Zeisig, 225. Bell-Ropes (Church)—xiv. Day, 55. Bell Telegraph—C/?wYec^ States, Howland, 486, Bellows—XVI. Allin, 35, xxii, Allday, 253. Linley & Sons, 41. Onions, 249. Taylor, 251. See also Blast Fans. Belts, Surgical—x. Lawrence & Co., 722. Bentinck, Lord G. (Design for Monument to)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Milnes, 184. Benzoic Acid—ii. Fowler, 55. India, ii. Berlin Royal Arsenal (Model)—Zollverein (1), Seeling, Berlin Wool Work—xii. & xv. Quitzow & Co., 178. XIX. Barnard, 94, Bloomfield, 187. Burton, 118. Butcher, 256. Evenden, 162. Gardner, 174. Hayter, 198. Heyn, 178. Kiddell, 221, Kingsbury, 225. Macdonald, 242. Osborn, 260, Russell, 285. Sib- thovpe, 299. Smith, 304. Slurmy, 90. Szaffeld, 398, Tarin, 310, Taylor, 312. Whitwell & Co,, 345. Williams, Lady, 349, Wilson, 350. xx. Miles, 89. XXVI. Azulay, 64. Berlin Wool and Worsted Yarns—xii, & xv. Burgess & Co., 243. Austria, Voslau Worsted Yarn Spinning Co., 198. Berry Wax—South Africa, Lindenberg, 45, Bibles—xvii. British & Foreign Bible Society, 201. Belgium, Briard, 277. Netherlands, Euschede & Sons, 109. United States, Starr, 88. Zollverein (1), Badeker, 832. Graf, 746. Billiard Cloths—xii. & xv. Fenton, 69. Palling, 213. Billiard Cues—France, Jeannin, 1275. Billiard Tables — xxvi. Burroughes & Watts, 4, Ra- muz, 152. Thurston & Co., 17. Austria, Knill, 632. France, Bouhardet, 1106. Forton, Duponqeau & Co., 1228. Fouqueau, 1230. Sauraux, 367. Binding—See Bookbinding. Binnacles, Ships'—viii. Browning, 103. Helmsley, 106. Jenkins, 111. MacDonald, 329. Taylor, 105. See also Compasses, Mariners'. Bird-Cages — xxiL Fox, 35. Kain, 45. Vere, 31. XXVIII. Whitaker, 137. xxix. Hall, 242. Quin, 230. Hamburgh, Buss, 111. Heine, 51. Lehrmann, 47. Richter, 50. Schultz, 48. Zollverein (1), Gaertner, 193. See also Aviary. Birds' Nests (Edible, &c.)—India, iv. Birds, Stuffed—Fa?i JDiemen's Land, Bonney, 281. Ince, 349. Western Africa, Sutherland, Duchess of, 16. Biscuit-making Machine—vi, Barrett & Co., 410. Biscuits (Ship and other)—iii. St. Etienne, 138. xxix. Roland, 104, Canada, Fitts, 135, Robb, 126. Stewart, 134, Van Diemens Land, Brock, 54, 55. Milligan, 53. France, Violette, 1528. Por^M^a/, Wheelhouse, 529. Bismuth—ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Bismuth, Oxide—ii. Godfrey & Cooke, 92. Bits and Bridles—See Saddlery and Harness. Bitumen, Mosaic—Zollverein (4), Seeger, 78. Bituminous Shale—i. Bituminous Shale Company, 221. Bituminous Substances, Apparatus for generating heat from—VII. English Patent Camphine Company, 133. Black Lead—i. Nicholson, 504a. ii. Blundell & Co., 48. Canada, Harwood, 167. Spain, Malaga Mines, Inspector of, 19. Van JDiemen's Land, Walker, 195. Black Lead Pencils — i. Banks & Co., 69. Reev^es & Sons, 66. Woltr & Sons, 68. xxix. Burch & Son, 69. Morell, 248. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Reeves & Sons, 7. Zollverein (2), Birkmann, 79. Faber, 81, Rehbach, 82. See also Pencils. Black Lead Pencils (Materials for) — i. Adair, 67. Brockedon, 65. Brookman & Langdon, 64. Blacking and Boot Varnish—ii. Mason & Son, 22. IV. Coovey, 70. xvi. Carr, 322. Everett & Co., 39. XXIX. Alcock & Co., 272. Cockerill, 2b 1. France, Hebert, 869. Sardinia, Bourgoin, 75, United States, Baker, 401. Steere, 290. Turner, 425. Van Diemens Land, Ward, 186. Blankets—XII. & xv. Burnley & Sons, 490. Clay & Sons, 136. Crabtree, 55. Early, E., 269. Early, J., & Co., 268. Fox & Co., 7. Firth & h'ons, 37. Hagues & Co., 25. Neill & Sons, 263. Nicolls, 261. Robin- son, 54. Schwann, 115. Thornton & Co., 32, Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. Haractas, Tribe, 56. Si Ahmed-el-Hachemi, 48. Austria, Matschuko, 201, Maurer, 200. Canada, Gamble, 139. Paterson, G., 115. Patterson, J., 146. South Africa, Thalwitzer, 27. France, Albinet, 400. Buffault & Truchon, 1120. Guy- on, 1264. Guyotin-Lorsignol, 253. Pepin-Viellard, 1675. Netherlands, Hoogeboom & Son, 37. Scheltema, 38. Wyk, Brothers, & Co., 36. Zaalberg & Son, 34. Zuurdeeg & Son, 35. Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Central Committee, 2. Portugal, 715. Corsino, 809. Lafaurie & Co., 810-813. Tunis, 1-5, 7-9, 11, 80. Tuscany, Franceschini, 62. United States, Parker, Wilder, & Co., 407. Zollverein (1), Haan & Sons, 366. Blankets, Cotton—Belgium, De Behault du Carmois, 191. Malta, Villa, Fratelli, 5. Blankets, Horse—See Horse Clothing. Blast Fans for Furnaces, &c.—i. Kennedy, 304. See also Bellows. Blast Furnaces—i. James, 413a. Watney, 276. United States, Baron, Brothers, 370. Perkins, 541. Blasting Cartridges—i. Copeland, 520. Bleaching Powder—n. Kane, 53. Bleeding, Instruments for—x. Ross, 666. See also Cupping Instruments. Blende and Calamine—i. Grey, 50G. Rowe, 492. Blind, Apparatus for teaching the—x. Hughes, 410. Tolputt, 382. xvii. Etlinburgh Blind School, 170. Gall, 171. Hushes, 20. Society for Teaching the Blind (Regent's Park), 198. Stidolph, 19. Watts, 164. France, Foucault, 220, Laas d'Agneu, 1238, 1635. United States, Eisenbrandt, 480. Howe, 439. Starr, 88. Thompson, 26, Zollverein (5), Barthell, 5 (2), Fehr & Eisenring, 54, See also Ink for the Blind. Blind, Manufactures by the (Various)—xviii. Glas- gow Blinil Asylum, 56a. United States, New York Blind Institute, ] 12. See also Baskets and Basket-work. Netted Work. Blind, Needle-threader for the—xxix. Adams, 33. Blind-Rollers—See Window-Blind Hollers. Blocks for Building—vii. Asser, 5. Blocks, Ships'—viii Betteley, 63. Brown, Lenox, & Co., 61. Chapman, 121, Esdailes & Co., 126. Ferguson, C. A. & T., 184. Canada, Clarke, 165. Hamburgh, Friedrichsen, 8. Blood Juice—Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T., 287. Blotting Roller—vii. Nunn, 187. Blowing Machines—v. Lloyd, 300. France, Enfer, 830. Blowpipes—x. Braham, 289. Ibbetson, 459. Blue Diamonds—xxiii. Hope, 73. Blue Lias—See Limestone. Blues (for Dyeing, &c.)—See Azure and Mineral Bhes, Cobalt Blue. Indian Blue. Indigo. Pastel, Ultra- marine. Blues (for Laundresses)—iv. Coovey, 70. Boat-Plugs—v. Stevens, 136. Boat Propellers—v. Ferguson, 78, Reed, 91. Boat Reels, Sheets, &c.—viii. Beadon, 90. Johnson, 328, Boats, Gutta Percha—viii. Hubbard, 180. Boats, Ships', River, &c.—viii. Bayley, 352. Biifen, 179. Jarrett, 319. Leftwich, 27. Monteagle, Lord, 317. Noulton & Co., 178. Searle & Sons, 169. Wentzel], 167. Bermudas, Canada, Central Commission, 171. Ceylon. China, Haedmon. India, vili. Eastern Archipelago, 8fc.—Hammond & Co., 2. Netherlands, Vollenhoven, 93. New Brunswick—Grey, the Dowager I.ady, 1. Turkey. United States—Capers, 174. Francis, 533. Goddard,537. Van Diemen's Land—Milligan, 279. See also Canoes, Fishing-boats. Life-boats. Punts. Yawls. Wild-fowl shooting, ^c. Boats, Ships' (Method of launching)—viii. Baird, 74. Etrick, 327. Bobbin Ladder (for Vessels)—vii. Hopkinson, 104. Bobbin Machine—France, Vigouroux, 728. Bobbin-making Machines—vi. McNaught, W., 25. Bobbin-net-lace Machinery—vi. Birkin, 91. Sewell, 92. Bobbins (Cotton, &c.)—vi. Mather, 16. xxix. Brown & Son, 237. Bodkins—VI. Morrall, 240. Bog—See Peat. Bog-Wood Furniture, Carving, &c.—xix. Irish Work Society, 77, xxvi. Bell, 212. Jones, 78. xxix, Austin, 36. xxx, (Fine Art Court) Jones, 70. Kehoe, 90, Boilers, Copper—v. 129. France, Gervais, 520. Boilers, Steam—v. Carrett, 35. Erskine, 100. Fossick & Hackworth, 10. Galloway, W. & J., 124. VII. Crog- gon & Co., 110. Sampson, 137. IX. Blackball, 33. xxiL Kerslake, 92. Prideaux, 239. United States. Stevens & Co., 475. Boiler Cleanser—v. Scott, 154. Boiler Explosions (Safety apparatus in case of)—France, Galy Cazalot, 1239. Boiler-Felt (for preventing radiation of heat^—vii. Crog- gon & Co., 110. Boiler-Plates, Fusible—v. Whitney, 69. Boiler Pumps—v, Broughton, 447. Bolt and Nut-making Machines—vi. Shanks, 210. Williams, 234, Bolt Rifle, Austria, 113. Bolting Apparatus—France, Hennecart, 1266. Bolts for Gates, &c.—vii. Wilson, 188. xxii. Bamber & Son, 681. France, Dervaux Lefebvre, 145. Bombazines—xiii. Pui^h, 2, Bone Black—France, Tordeux, 699. Bone Carving—Zollverein (]), Bergmann^ 268. Bone Dust—i. Ramsay, 44. Bones, Human (Specimen of)—Nova Scotia.^ Central Com- mittee, 2. Bonnets, Beaver, Felt, &c.—xx, Pearson, 126a. Austria, Muck, 354. Bonnets, Highland—xx. Darling, 131. Bonnets, Straw—xx. Allan, 13. Bethel, Ware, & Co., 76. Cooper, J. J. & G., 172a. Elliott, 172, Field & Sons, 10. Muirs & Co., 173, 215. Spurden & Co., 14. Vyse & Sons, 11. Welch & Sons, 12. Woodhouse & Co., 15. Russia, Lott, 272. Switzerland, Isler & Otto, 213. Tuscany, Nannucci, 67. Vyse & Sons, 66. Zollverein (1), D'Heureuse, 244. SeesUso Straw Plait, ^c. Bonnets (Various)—xx, Ashton, 171. Corah & Sons, 208. Gwatkin, 87, Harris & Sons, 198. Laurence, 158. Long, 16a. Price & Harvey, 9, Ruttens, 147a. United States, Milward & Son, 93. Zollverein (3), Stoelzel & Son, 66. See also Feather Bonnets. Bonnet Tops and Crowns—xx. Johnston, J, & G., 143. Bookbinders'Press—VI. Whittaker, 140, Bookbinders' Tools—vi. Sherwin, Cope, & Co., 104. XXII. Briggs, 145, Hamburgh, Berend, 145. United States, Thompson, 224. Bookbinding—xvii. Barrett & Co., 196. Batten, 59. Bone & Son, 62. Budden, 97. Churton, 67. Clark, 134. Clark & Davidson, 135. Clarke, 68. Cleaver, 207. Cocks & Co., 123. Cundall & Addey, 106. De la Rue &Co., 76. Evans, 8. Gould, 143. Leighton, J. & J., 24. Leighton, J. & R,, 158. Lewis, 163. Macnair, 117. Macomie & Co,, 26. Neil, 91. Orr & Co., 109. Rains, 162. Remnant & Co., 5. Riviere, 89. Sapsford, 35. Stirling, 118. Tarrant, 43. Westley, J., 48. Westleys & Co., 111. Wodderspoon, 159. Wright, 139. xxx. (Fine Art Court), Corns, 36. Leake, 63a. Wilson, 55. Austria, Strasny, 377. France, Dauthuille, 1171. Houdaille, 1270. Lebrun, 906, Lortic, 1651. Simier, 693. Weber, 739. Hamburgh, Mieoici, 114. India, xvii. Malta, Fenech, 6. Netherlands, Regeer, 112. Sweden, Beck, 104. United States, Bradley & Co., 473. Brady, D'Avignon, & Lester, 142 Gasset, 420. Hobart & Robins, 399. Lippincott, Grambo, & Co., 57. Putnam, 122. Walker & Co., 123. Van Diemen's Land—Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land, 345. Bookbinding in Silver, (ancient mode of)—xxiii. Skid- more & Son, 129. Bookbinding Machine— United States, Starr, 88. Bookbinding (Materials for)—xvii. Atkinson, 56. Bing- ley, 61. Clements, 71. Cussons & Co., 69. Newbery, J. & R., 148. xviil. Wilson, 17. xxvi. Newbery, J. & R., 313. Russia, Dolgoroucky, Prince, 355. 'Eoo^MA.-KS.— United States. Winship, 354. Books—xvii. Religious Tract Society, 154. Belgium, Briard, 277. Egypt, 248, 374. France, Bailliere, 406, Bance, 446. Bouchard-Huzard, 775. Desrosiers, 817, Firmin-Didot, Brothers, 212. Garach, 232. Gaume & Co., 843. Gide & Baudry, 23B. Gruel, 857. Maitre, 318. Niedree, 665. Paguerre, 940. Pion, Brothers, 1395. Rame, 1418. Renouard, Jules, & Co., 352, Schoenenberger, 371. Texier, 1034. Hamburgh, Moller, 22. Netherlands, Zweesa.a.Ydt, 111. New South Wales, Callaghan, 4. Mitchell, 5. Portugal, Monteiro, 125-2. Borne, Dees, 50. Sardinia, Cbirio & MIna, 89. United States, Beach, 592. Lippincott, Grambo, & Co., 57. Putnam, 122. Roy, 373. Stanton Blind Institute, 270. Van Biemeri's Land, Dowling, 331-333. Milligan, 197. Rolwegan, 196. Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land, 345. .^o/foemn, (1), Badeker, 832. Schoening, 154, Vieweg & Son, 822. Vogel, 671. (3), Brockhaus, 178. See also Bibles. Typographical Works. Books Illustrated and Illuminated—xvii. Mackenzie, 94. Parker, 120. Pickering, 140. Wiseman, 103. Wright, 139. Belgium, Muquardt, 473. France, Barbat, 1067. Langlois & Leclerq, 289. Mame & Co., 321. Borne, Bees, 50. United States, Brady, 380. Zollverein (I), Graf, 746. (5), Schmerber, 30. Wester- man, 749. Book-Cases—XXVI. Doveston, 122. Jackson & Graham, 261. Wills & Bartlett, 160. Austria, Leistler, 633. India, XXVI. Zollverein (1), Spinn and Menke, 838. Book-clasps and Mountings—xxii. Biddle, 297. Book Titles (Illuminated)—vi. Nelson, 120. Book Trays (Carved)—xxvi. Barrie, 104. Boot Blocking Machine—vt. Mansell, 502. Boot and Shoe Lasts—xvi. Bowler, 236. Garner, 312. Lewin, 165. Scott, 228. xxviii. Vv^heatley, 109. XXIX. Bvisen, 257. Belgium, Staiuier, 428. Canada, Wardle, 104. Van Diemen's Land, W\\\g2iW, See also Boot Trees. Boot and Shoe Machine—vi. Wait, 504. Boots and Shoes—xvi. Allen & Son, 149. Allin, 327. Athenaeum Boot and Shoe Warehouse (Norwich), 1 37. Atloff, 131. Barker, 188. Barraclough, 148. Baxter, 156. Beam & .Telfs, 118. Beckett, 220. Berrall & Son, 115. Bird, 189. Bossard, 294. Bridges, 219. Brotchie, 200. Burgess, 155. Buttei worth & Co., 240. Clapham, 9. Clark, 154. Clarke, 191. Cowling, 142. Creak, 141. Cremer & Co., 198. Crow, 196. Currie, 215. Desmond, 171. Dodge, 160. Dodson, 182a. Doe, 145. Dowie, 180 (Main Avenue, West). Essex, 326. Faulkner, 216. Geary, 235. Gilbert & Co., 179. (Main Avenue, West). Godfrey & Hancock, 168. Goodeve, 176. Gordon, 212. Graham, 122. Groom, 121. Giundy,227. Gundry, 173. Guppv, 177. Hall & Co., 164. Hall, J. S., 163. Hall, R., 182. Hartley, 166. Heath, 195. Hefford. & Eacer, 150. Henson, 133. Hickson & Sons, 192 (Main Avenue, West). Hoby, 202. Hodges, 184. Hook, 114. Hubert, 194. Hudson, 151. Hutchings, 124. Langdale, 222. Line & Co., 120. Lloyd, li7. McDougalL 331. M'Doivall, 170. McGibbon, 147. March, 174. Marsden, 316, Mar- shall,241. Mather, 139. Medwin & Co , 162. Mitchell, 213. Moore, 119. Nelson, 324. Newcome, 323. New- man, 146. Norman, 201. Parker, J., 242. Parker & Sons, 116. Pattison, 186. Peal, 197. Peplow, 157. Pettit & Son, 134a. Phipps, 319. Pollett, 2!0. Ramsbottom, 127. Ridley, 204. Robarts, 128. Robert, 224. Robotham, 199. Salter, 209. Saunders, 135. Schaller, 203. Smith, 237. Stanley, 208. Tal- lerman, 70. Taylor & Bowley, 181 (Main Avenue, West). Thomas & Son, 211. Thompson, 130. Walker, 206. Wallace, 132. Walsh, 207. Wildsmith, 190. Wilshin, 205. Winter, 178. Wright, 152. xx. Atloff, 32. Hall, 4. Longdon & Sons, 168. Norman, 167. Ridley, 165. Smith, 119. Worsley, 334. XXVIII. Hall, 184. Jones, 122. Austria, Christil, 327. Frank, 328. Friedl, 332. Helia, 331. Hermanstadt Shoemakers' Association, 330. Kunerth, 333, Langder, 329. Belgium, Cabu-Fevrier, 263. Vandenbos Poelman, 274. Vanderoost, 427. Van Troostenberghe, 264. Canada, Barbeau, 110. DangerKeld, HI. Montreal Central Commission, 112. Ondagahout, 172. China, Hewett & Co. Lindsay. Denmark, Petersen, 11. LJg^jpt, 261-265. France, Bredif, Brothers, 73. Bvidard, 1115. Crucifix, 133. Deschamps, 1185. Dufosse, 1201. Dufosse, sen, 1200. Guillot, 534. Jacobs & Dupuis, 886. Lefebvre, 578. Massez, 1347. Meier, 1352. Poirier, 1398. Rapp, 974. Thierry, 391. Viault-Este, 725. Hamburgh, Hensel, 40. Kinol, 39. Magdalinski, 38. Sablberg, 36. Schoost, 37. Irdia, xxix. Jersey and Guernsey, Manuel, 48. Netherlands, Rooyackers & Son, 52. Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Central Committee, 2. Russia, Barshaghan, 312. Miller, 234. Nijni-Nov- gorod Peasants, 314. Popinoflf, 310. Shouvaloff& Son, 241. Starikoff, 313. Sardinia, Gullia, 52. Sweden, Stubecke, 112. Switzerland, Dietiker, 211. Tunis, 12, 87. Turkey. United States, Addington, 471. Breed & Co., 411. Church & Chittenden, 382. Fogg & Burbank, 410. Frisbie, 136. Hayvvard Rubber Co., 294. Jetfers, 116. New Brunswick India Rubber Company, 560. Ro- binson & Co., 429. Van Diemen's Land, Flegg, 271. Sly, 329. Ward, 183. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein (1), Adolphi, 172. Andresen, 177. Buchner, 735. Gottschalk, 753. Langethal, 740. Mohr, 186a, MuUer, 183. Pfeiffer, 184. Schuetzendorff, 399. Wie- gand, 745. (2), Frank, 53. (6), Schumacher& Son, 47. Werner, 48, (7), Wemmer, 7, See also Wooden Shoes. Boot-trees—XVI. Cant, 169. Garner, 230, 312. Lomas & Eves, 125, Belgium, Stainier, 428. Uiiited States, Upfield, 470. See also Boot and Shoe Lasts. Borax—ii. Howards & Kent, 11, Lidia,!!. Boring Machines and Tools (for mining and other purposes)—i. Gowans, 132. Netherlands, Sondermeyer, 72. Switzerland, Laue, 65. Botanical Gardens, Regent's Park (Model) — vii. Turner, 7. Botanical Specibiens — Loddiges & Sons, page 851. 11. Kent, 90. m. Lawson'& Son, 105. iv. King, 2. Rock, 5, Tilley, 5a. x. Ward, 664 (North Transept). China, Berncastle. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Spai7i, 117. Zollverein (1), Heckel, 430. Bottles, Glass—xxiv. Aire & Calder Bottle Co., 6, XXVII. Westwood and Moore, 113. France, Audelle & Co., 1540. De Poilly & Co., 1396. Deviolaine, Brothers, 1187. Leroy Soyer, 1320. Van Leempoel, De Colnet, & Co., 714. Hamburgh, Wright 57. Zollverein (1), Wagner, 414. Bottles (for Antimony)—Egypt, 275. Bottling AND Corking Apparatus—vi. Masterman, J. & T„ 621. Tylor & Son, 606. viii. Hely, 13. xxvi. Kendall, 246. France, Montebello,651. Jersey and Guernsey,VLaxxh,2S. Bowls, Pair of—xxix. Massey, 190. Bows AND Arrows—xxix. Beaney, 130. Buchanan, 175. Hore, 151. Jacobs, 183. Muir, 150. British Guiana, Arnolt, 142, 145a. South Africa, Thalwitzer, 27. India, viii. Switzerland, Kapp, 66. Western Africa, M'William. Trotter, 5. Boxes (for Lace, &c.)—xx. Oliver, 88. Bracelets (Designs for)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Farren, 12. See also Jewellery. Brackets—xxviii. Rogers 179. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wright, 98. Branch-Pipes, Flexible—Canada, Ferguson^ 164. Brandy—Zollverein (6), Sichel, 84. Brass Foundry and other Ware (various)—xxii. Hale & Co., 486. Hands, 263. Harcourt, W. & J. 257. Haywood & Son, 647. Home, 275. Kimberley, 362. Lea, W. & J. 665. Malins & Son, 261. Marian, 363. Osmond, 658. Simcox & Co. 321. Tonks & Son, 361. Whitfield, 356. Winfield, 373. Woods 33. Woohlridge, 347. xxvi. Bibling, 11. Austria, Haller, 462. Belgium, Chaudoir, 377. De Rosee, 365. i^rance. Carle, 1132. Poulat, 965. Tlioumin, 696. India,xxii. Siceden,J)a.h\hom,71. Djurson,70. Turkey, Zollverein (1), Kissing & Mollraann, 647. See also Lacquered Ware. Brass Lettering on Glass—xxix. Fletcher, 240. See also Metallic Letters, Bkass, Perforated—xxii.Walker, 29. Brass Solder—xxii. Bolton, 353. Bread-cutting Machines—xxii. Green, 570. Switzerland, Boelstler, 60. Zollvereiu (4), Boelstler, 110. Bread-making Machine—vii. Pratt, 1J5. France, Moucbot, 1667. Bread Platters—xxviii. Smith J., 22. Breakwaters (Models)—VII. Hooper, 196. Hurwood, 31. Remington, G.W. & J. 70. Rettie, 159. Smith, 165. Taylor, 215. India, vii. See also Goodwin Sands. Plymouth Breakwater. Brewery (Model of)—vi. Tizzard, 630. Bricks—i. Fisher, 119. King, 115. Roake, 60. xxii. King, 407. XXV. Bowers, 13. xxvii. Ambrose, 128. Beswick, 106. Fordham & Son, 118. Haddou & Co., 114. Laurie, 100. Lovelace, Earl of, 87. Lufit, 111. Rufford, 89. Sealy, 130. Workman, 116. Austria, Miesbach, 610. Canada, Logan, 1. India, i. Portugal, 275-293. Tunis, 168. Zollverein (1), Milch, 9. See also Fire Bricks. Float- ing Bricks. Bricks, Glazed—xxv. Finch, 38. Bricks, Hollow—ix. Grimsley, 136. Roberts, 226. xxv. Ridgway & Co., 5. xxvii. Betts, 22. Brick Earth—I. Fisher, 119. King, 115. Brick and Tile Machines—v. Greatorex, 415. vi. Beart,301. Bradley & Co., 310. Hart, 308. ix. Grims- ley, 136. Jones, 133. Whitehead, 239. Belgium, Kessels, 127. France, Borie Brothers, 417. United States, Adams, 570. Cochran, l4l. See also Drain Tile and Pipe Machines. Brick Window Frames—xxvii. Key, 126. Bridge Girders (Model)—vii. Todd, 52. Bridges, Foot (Models)—vii. Williams, 109. Bridges, Portable—vii. Lowe, 33. Belgium, De Pauw, 485, Bridges, Railway, &c. (Models)—Salter, page 851. vii. Byne, 36. Freeman 177. Leather, 107. McKirdy, 4. Perkes & Co., 162. Rennie, 98. Sadler, 61. ix. Sawney, 31. Spurgin, 76. Belgium, Van Esschen, 137. Canada, Lewis, 244. India, vii. New South Wales, Shields, 18. Netherlands, Conrad, 90. United States, New York Iron Bridge Company, 147, 511 (Main Avenue, East). Van JDiemens Land, Blackburn & Thomson, 343. Thomson, 344. See also Suspension Bridges. Tim- ber Viaduct. Brien Boroihme's Harp (Model of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Ball, 157. Brighton Chain Pier (Model)—vii. Brown, Sir S., 334. Bristles — Belgium, Hausens-Hap, 257. Somze-Mahy, 265. India, iv, Bussia, Erchoff, 339. Koriakin & Moujlkoff, 134. Se- menoflf&Faleyeff, Brothers, 135. Zolotoreff, 136. Zollverein (1), Foese, S13. Hucke, 697. Britannia Bridge (Model)—vii. Clark, 106 (Main Avenue, West). Britannia Metal Goods—xxiii. Broadhead & Atkins, 43. Dixon & Sons, 38. Owen & Levick, 41. British Metropolitan Necropolis (Model) — xxx. (Fine Art Court) Willson, 304. Brocades—XI. Owtram & Co., 62. xii. & xv. Blake- ley, 285. Kay & Co., 186. Grosvenor, 52. xiiL Duthoit, 12. Austria, G'mxn, 257. Kostner, 264. Lemann &Son, 265. jKwssia, Kolokolnikoff, 203. Sapognikoff,"372. India,XY. Sitoff, Brothers, 202,323. Tuscany, Riva & Mallei, 63. Brocatelle for Curtains, &c.—xiii. Stillwell &Son, 7. XXVI. Grace, 530. Brobielia Fibre—TVmc/ac/, Lord Harris. Bronze Colours and Powders—ZoZZyemn (2), Benda, 1, 9. Birkner & Hartman, 2. Brandeis, 3. Fuchs & Sons, 4. Haenle, 47. Lepper, 6. Meier, 3b. Rau, 13. Stober, 16. Stoebers & Son, 7, 16. Bronze Frames—France, Carre, 445. Bronze M^dai^s—Sardinia, Cavigioli, 87. Switzerland, Bovey Brothers, 276. Bronze Wares—C/iwia, Reeves. France, Delacour, 1582. Fetu, 1601. Henry, 1622. Levy, Brothers, 595, Robin, 1447. Villemsens, 1707. Zollverein (4), Erhardt & Sons, 63. Bronzes—Wyatt, page 853. Coalbrook Dale Company, XXII. 641. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Gardie, 261. Hat- field, 135. Hawkins, 132. Peachey, 320. Richardson, 133. Austria, Berg, 579. Gasser, 703. Belgium, Brichaut, 498. Jacquet, 461. Lecherf, 479. China, Barinj^^, Brothers. Hewett & Co. Lindsay. France, Barbadienne & Co., 1709, 1723. Bonnassiex, 64. Boulonnois, 433. Boyer, 70. Brocot, 441. Buignier, 1124. Cain, 1129. Cordier, 460. De Braux-D'Anglure, 779. Eck & Duraud, 1 211. Fratin, 1235. Gillot, 849. Grignon, 1617. Laureau, 293. Lerolles, Brothers, 1318. Lombard, 913. Mattifat, 923. Mene, 630. Miroy, Brothers, 646. Morisot, 931. Paillard, 1713. Pradier, 1407. Saye, 1691. Susse, Brothers, 1023. Vittoz, 1530. Weygaud, 740. Hanover, Bernstorflf & Eichvvede, 8. Netherlands, Lurasco, Brothers, 100. Russia, Krumbigel, 287. <Spaw, Nauri, 281. Sweden, Bergstrom, 68. Tuscany, Castoli, 106. Dupre, 105. Zollverein (1), Bernhard Afinger, 309. Blaeser, 310. Einsiedel, 762. Fadderjohn, 294. Fischer, 296. Fleischmann, 763. Franz, 293. Fribel, 289 (Main Avenue, East). Fruh, 298. Kalide, 285 (Main Avenue, East). Kessler, 299 (Main Avenue, East). Kiss, 279 (Main Avenue, East). Konarzewski, 300. Moeller, 292. Muller, 90, 287 (Main Avenue, East). Wild & Robinson, 889. (2), Grenanth, Brothers, 95. Miller, 90. Brooch-Fastekers and Protectors—XXIII. Gowland, 69. Restall, 63. Tucker, 10. Wisedill, 65. Brooches (Highland)—xx. Macdougall, 83. Brooms—See Brushes and Brooms. Brown Colour (from the Smut of Corn)—ii. Parrott, 46. Brushes, Artists' and Painters'—xxviii. Child, 61. Frinneby, 181. Nash, 68. Rigby, 58. Smith, 55a. Austria, Lang, 349. France, Pitet, 959. Presbourg, 689. Brushes, Plate, &c.—xxviii, Dow, 29. Jackson, 21. Brushes, Shoe, &c.—xxviii. Hastings, 3. Brushes, Toilet—xvi. Burgess, 244. xxviii. Baker, 84. Child, 61. Coate & Co., 51. Gosnell & Co., 55. Hamilton, 177. Hawkins, 200, Hawley, J. & T., 161. Low & Co., 30. Rc3S & Sous, 64. Titterton, 53. Truefitt, 65. Austria, Pattak, 350. Ritter, 696. Belgium, Loncke-Haeze, 430. France, Laurengot, 1296. Paillete, \.377. United States, Clinton, 190. Zollverein (4), Klein, 80. (5), Ehr, 25. Brushes and Brooms (Various, including Clothes and other Brushes, Floor and other Brooms)—xxil. Aston, 367. xxvm. Cook, 34. Hinde, 196. Slape, 67. Austria, Pattak, 350. Belgium, Loncke-Haeze, 430. Somze, J., 268. Somze- Mahy, 265. Canada, Brainerd, 83. Nelson, & Co. 84. W^heeler, 167. France, Dufour, 174. Fauquier-Lemaitre, 502. Lau- rengot, 1296. Paillete, 1377. Netherlands, Dirks, 29. Sardinia, Fino, 77. Montu & Co., 78, Sweden, Carhson, 110. United States, Barnard, 17, Clinton, 190. Eaton, 28. Henry, 508. Moore, 149. Rowe, 326. Sanderson, 504a. Taply, Brothers, 520. Tew,320F. Warner & Co., 431. Van Diemen's Land, Rout, 173. Zollverein (1), Engeler & Son, 242. (4), Klein, 80. (5), Ehr, 25. See also Bristles. Brushes, Artists' and Painters'. Brushes, Toilet. Feather Brooms. Buckingham Palace, Model of a Fire-place in— VII, Quincey, 146. Buckles—France, Mathieu, 617. Buckskins—Austria, Brunn Trade Union, 213, Steffens, 232. Zollverein (1), Merkelbach & Son, 351. Mailer, 352. Offermann, 350. Ofiiffers & Ax, 667. Sauerbier, 353. Scheibler, 354. (3), Bernard, 121. Hueffer, 111. Kirsten, il3. Lehmann, 107. Mueller & Co., 115. Speiigler, 117. Zschille & Co., 119. (7), Godscbaux, Brotliers, 1. Bugles—vni. Shaw, 254. x. McNeill, 512. Buhl Work—xxvi. Boadella, 193. Eaile, 130. See also Marquetrie. Building Materials—i. 152, 154. Hill, 200. Liskeard Committee, 167. St. Austell Committee, 166. xxxvii. Pym, 145. Bunions, Apparatus for the Cure of—x. Lauagan, 728. BuRNETTiZED 'liMBER, Canvas, &c.—IV. Buniet, Sir VV., 7. Burnham Lighthouse (Model)—xxix. Fletcher, 244. Burnishing Stones (for Plate, &c.)—xxix. Chamber- laii), 231. France, Degardiii, 1174. Bute, The late Marquis of. Statue of, Thomas, page 853. Butter—Fgijpt, 03. France, Dinaut & Huette, 1190. Oudin, 1376. Western Africa, M.^\V\\\\dim. Weston, 1. S'eealso Churns. Butter Prints and Boards—ix. Jolly, 69. Butter Tubs—ix. Jolly, 69. Eyijpt, 361. Button Fastenings—xxiii, Harding & Co., 74. Buttons, Horn—xxii. Ingram, 304, Wells, 290. xxix. Wright, 250. Austria, Kratschsmanii, 697. Zollvereinil), Teischke, 253. Wescher & Strasmann, 634 Buttons, Leather—xvi. Hidden, 313. Judge, 41. Buttons, Metal (Military, Naval, &c.)—viii. Firmin & Sons, 211. Jenners & Co., 201. xx. Firmin & Sons, 161. Woodhouse, 180. xxil. Cnatwiu & Sons, 286. Elliott & Sons, 302. Hammonds & Co., 282. Hardman & Co., 284. Knowles, 289. Pigott & Co., 281. Smith &Co., 295. Twigg, G. & W., 279. France, Parreyron, 1386a. Russia, Buch, 289. Switzerland, Scheitlin, 217. Zollverein (1), Caron, 655. Greef & Son, 653. Hosterey, 648. Ritzel, 639. Turk, 636, Button, Metal, Machinery—vi. Jaquin, 68. See also Dies. Buttons, Mother of Pearl, &c.—xx. Harding, 211. XXII. Banks, 287. Brisband, 364. Smith, Kemp, & Co., 295. Wheeler, 799. Austria, Arrer, 665. Metzner, 698. Zollverein (1), Tritschke, 258. Buttons, Screw—France, Redelix, 1424. Buttons, Self-adjusting—xxii. Lee, 693. Buttons, Silk, Stuff, &c.—xiii. Stubbs, 43. Weston & Son. 46. J'rance, Dabaret-Tampe, 152. Martin, 613. Mornleux, 1362. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Greeflf, Bredt, & Co., 590. Grelich & Greiff, 537. Langenbeck & Martini, 576. Trapp- mann & Spitz, 564. Weyerbusch, 570. Zollverein (3), Hillmann, 160. Muehlenderlein, 157. Oehnig & Schmidt, 154. Uhlig's Widow & Junker, 155. (6), Schmidt, 58. Buttons, Wire—xxix. Fisher, 220. Cabbage Oil--Belgium, Debbaust, 92. Cabin Furniture (Ship's)—VIII. King, 19. xxvi. Tay- lor & Sons, 9. See also Tables for Ships' Cabins. CABINT2TS & Cabinet Work—xxiii. Sheffield School of Design, 39. xxvi. Arrowsmith, H. & A., 385. Bamp- ton, 125. Belleaby, 145. Cheek, 46. Doveston, 122. English, 57. Foothorape & Co., 132. Halbeard & Wellings, 131. Hanson & Sons, 197. Harrison's Wood Carvinsr Co., 222. Havball, 344. Herbert, 67. Howard & Son, 238. King, 113. Medcalf, 80. Smee & Son, 174. Tanner, 65. Toms & Luscombe, 178. xxviii. Ha)^den, 132. xxix. Burch & Son, 309. Hine,47. Hodge, 313. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Freeman, 100. Ingram, 321. Algeria, Cailliez, 13. Converso, 21. Austria, Klauner, 642. Belgium, Demanet, 402. South Africa, Woodman, 26. Cei/lon, Kitchen. China. France, Jeauselme, ]216. Laurent, 564. Tahan, 1556. Hamburgh, Aspern, 88. Mehne, 81. Lubeck, Roeper, 11. New South Wales, Burchett, 3. Russia, Gambs, 297. Sardinia, Griva, 65. Martinotti, 62. Switzerland, Vogel, 226. Wettli, 237. Tuscany, Barbetti, 74. United States, State of Maryland, 371. Van Diemen's Land, Hamilton, 8. Zollverein (1), Bauer, 223. Baumann, 224. Dreusike, 24.^. Hag^en, 770. Hilgers, 659. Pallenberg, 421. Richt, 229. Schievelbein, 237. (2), Barth, Brothers, 67. Fortuer, 69. Cables, Ships"—vii. Brown, Sir S., 334. Belgium, Goens, 237. See also Chain Cables. Caffeine—ii. Spencer, 31. Cages—See Aviary. Bird-Cages. Cairngorm Stones—i. Jamieson, 25- xxiii. Weighton & Son, 22. Cake-breaking Machines (ftn- Cattle and Manure)—ix. Hornsby & Son, 2^3. Stanley, 1. Calabashes—British G«a*a;2a, Outiidge, 148b-153. West- ern Africa, Jamieson, 5b. Trinidad, Lord Han is. Western Africa, Jamieson, 5b, 22. M'William. Trot- ter, 5. Calamine—India, i. Zollverein (1), Hagen, 322. Malapane Royal Prussian Iron Works, 2. Calcareous Grit — Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T., 272. Calcined Straw—iv. Crowcher, 3a. Calculating Machines—x. Wertheimer, 387. France, Clair, 1151. Delabaume, 1581. Hamann, 861. Maurel, Jaget, & Co., 621. Thomas, 390. Russia. Staffel, 148. Switzerland, Schilt, 59. Calder Suspension Aqueduct (Model)—vii. Leather, 107 (Main Avenue, West). Calicoes—xi. Glover & Dunn, 50. Belgium,'De Bast, 189. Deweweirne, 293. Idiers, 287. Verhulst & Co., 289. Voortman, 294. France, Denis, 161. Gros-Odier-Roman & Co., 248, Hartmann & Sons, 256, Japius & Son, 274. Ours- camp Society, 379. Portugal, Scotch Linen Trade, 701-704. Russia, Rabeneck, 173. Sardinia, Annecy & Pont, 34,^ Switzerland, Greuter & Rieterj Brothers, 123. Hermann, 194. Sulzer, 187. United States, Globe Print Company, 31. Paige & Co., 436. Zollverein (1), Bockmiihl, Schieper, & Hecker, 606. Danneberg & Son, 710. Ehrenberg & Richter, 750. Hagen Turkey Red Dyeing Company, 602. Lupp & Son, 605. Nauen, Loewe, & Co., 93. Roliis & Co., 345. Westhoff, Brothers, 599. (3), Becker & Schraps, 84. Calico for Bookbinding. See Bookbinding, Materials for. Calico, &c.. Printing (Illustrations and Specimens of)— II. Johnson, 60. xviii. Andrews & Co., 5. Ashworth, 87. Bayley & Craven, 34. Benecke & Co., 42. Black & Co., 51. Bramley, 84. Burd & Sons, 26, Collins, 86. Dalgleish & Co., 27. Ewing & Co., 57. Hargreaves & Co.. 38. Hoyle & Sons, 36. McCallum, 64. Mercer, 48. Nelson & Co., 29. Potter & Co., 30. Sale, 39. Salis & Co., 41. Simpson & Co., 47. Strines Printing Company, 28. Swanick & Co., 35. Waterhouse, 72. France, Feltrappe, 1600. India, xvm. See also Colours {for Calico-Printing, ^'c). Printed Fabrics {Designs for). Calico Printing Machinery—vi. Dalton, 4. JMather, 16. XXVIII. Clayton, 96. Californian Gold, Specimens of—i. Marriott, 530 (Main Avenue, East). Calligraphy (Specimens of)—xvii. Caflfry, 167. Gard- ner, 199. Wilson, 178. ^ws^/'i'a, Greiner, 374a. Schutz, 375. Denmark, Scholer, 37. France, Berliner, 52. United States, Dunlop, 483. Stanton, 367. Zollverein (1), Heinrigs, 857. Calotype Apparatus—x. Bingham, 302. Home & Co., 220. Calotype Process (Illustrations of) —x. Colls, R. & L., 303. Field & Son, 250. Henneman & Co., 297. Owen, 670. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Buckle, 301 (Main Avenue, West). Harmer, 298. Hill, 300. Jersey and Guernsey, Collie, 22. Camalose (Picture-frame made of)—Mexico, the Mexican Commissioners, Cambrics—XI. Mair & Co., 59. xii. & xv. Salamons & Sons, 305. XIV. Bell & Co., 6. Holden & Co., L Richardson & Co., 21. Sadler, 30. Austria, Leifenberger, 186, 187. Belgium, Dommer, 233. Egypt, 179. 185. France, Bouiiace & Sons, 32. Godard & Bontemps, 240. Guvnet & Becquet, 254. Legrand, 1313. Meslivier & Hamoir, 636. Russia, Charlovetz, 374. Prokhoroff Brothers, 349. Switzerland, Raschle & Co., 168. Zollverein (1), Weslermann & Sons, 544. (3), Glaesor, 63. Cambridge Assize Courts (Model)—vii. Salter, 220 (Main Avenue VVest). Camels'Hair—i2«ss«V<, JJashkirs Tribe, 133, 200. Tunis, 190. TurTcey. Camels' Hair Cloth—Russia, Dourassoff, 197. Noguisk Tartars, 196. Turkey, Cameos and Cameo Embossing—xxiii. Paravagna & Casella, 84. xxv. Wedgwood & Sons, 6. xxix. Thom]ison, 209. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Brett, .')2. Nichols, 251. Whiting, 123. Wood, 209. Belgium, Juliu, 383. China. Denmark, Petersen, 35. Conradsen, 36. France, Dafrique, 1575. Netherlands, Dionisy, 106. Rome, Deas, 49. Manley, Gen., 32a. Savalini, 24. Camera Obscura (Photographic and other)—x. Abraham & Co., 263. Ross, 254 (Main Avenue, West). Varley & Son, 257. Willats, T. & R., 265. France, Mayer, Brotliers, 623. United States, Harrison, 223. Camomile Flowers—iii. Carleton, 3. Camphine—XXII. Salt and Lloyd, 343. ('amphine Lamps—Zollverein (6), Reis & Co., 49. Camphor and its Preparations—ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Murray, Sir J., 87. China. France, Conrad, 1156. Camwood By-e—Western Africa, M'^William. Canal Boat Weighing Machine—v. Pooley, 784. Canal Lift or Hydro-pneumatic Elevator—v. Lead- better, 650. VII. W^att, 20. Candelabra—xxiii. Hunt & Roskell, 97 (Main Avenue, West). Mayer, 14. Smith, Nicholson, & Co., 110. XXIV. Pellatt&Co.,33. xxvi. Nutchey, 258. Wills & Bartlett, 160. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Romoli, 351. Stevens, 158. Austria, Hollenbach, 581. Salm, Prince, 430 (Main Avenue, East). China. France, Marchand, 607. Susse, Brothers, 1023. Hamburgh, Schultz, 112. India, xxvi. Russia, Chopin, 365. Krumbigel, 287. Sazlkoff, 356. Shtange and Vezfel, 370. Sweden, Bergstrom, 68. Candelabrum (Design for)—Austria, Bougiovanni, 741. Candle Cap—xxix. Jones, 95. Candle Mould Frame—vi. Biertumpfel, 506. Candles, Bitumen—i, Gowans, 132, Candles, Mineral—xxix. Mitchell, 94. Candles, Wax, Tallow, Composite, Stearine, &c.— II. Humfrey, 78. iv. Barclay & Son, 24. Freeman, 25. Price's Patent Co., 83. xxvi. Tucker & Co., 536, XXIX. Brien, 90. Dixon, 91. Hale, 99. Morrell, 92. Austria, Czekelius, 45. Hermannstadt Stearine Candle Company, 42. Pfitzner & Beckers, 41. Vienna Stearine Candle (Apollo Candle) Company, 39. Stearine Candle (Milly Candle) Company, 40. Belgium, Delstanche, 433. Quannone, 431. Vancam- penhoudt, 436. Canada, Matthewson & Son, 329. China, East India Company. Denmark, Holmblad, 27. Egypt, 260. France, Delacretaz & Co., 158. De Milly, 644. Don- neaud & Co., 478. Dumortier & Co., 1593. Jaillon & Co., 273. Masse, 1346. Netherlands, Brandon, 70. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, Carvalho, 1212. Russia, Aftan, 306. Manufacturing Company, 363. Matisen & Co., 305. Nilson & Junker, 308. Pitan- sier, 307. Sapelkin, 309. Sardinia, Guise, 23. Ross & Co., 6. Spain, Bert, 245, 246. Sweden and Norway, Hierta & Michaelson, 99. Johansson, 17, 98. Lamm, 18. United States, Emory, 18. Macy & Sons, 306. Van Diemen's Land, Murray, 40. Zollverein (1), Motard, 262. (4), Reuss, 99. also Spermaceti. Stearine. Candlesticks—XXII. Blews & Sons, 349. Sweden, Mol- lenborg, 66. Cane-top Cutter—ix. Ransomes & May. 12L Cannel Coal—See Coal, Anthracite. Cannon (Models, &c.)—vill. Ferguson, 184. Fitzmaurlce, 283. Gardner, 2fcO. Haughter, 295. Lillvwhite, 273. Munro, 282. Tvlden, 275. x. Webster, 671a. xxn. Daniell, 607. Hird&Co.,85. Belgium, Doutrewe, 149. Royal Cannon Foundry, 142. Canada, Bar tram, 162. France, Delvigne, 473. India, vill. Spain, Onate Ordnance Office, 262 (Main Avenue, East). Seville Cannon Foundry, 263 (Main Avenue, East). Sweden, Baron WahrendortI', 52. Bergquist, 80. Zollverein (i), Krupp, 677. Cannon Locks—iv. Evans, 9a. Portugal, Bobone, 643, 644. Canoes—New Brunswick, Grey, the Dowager Lady, 1. United States, Capers, 174. See Boats, Ships, <^-c. Canterbury Pilgrims (Carving in Oak)—xxviii. Hal- liday, 157. Cantharides—II. Burt, 85. Turkey. Cantharidine—II. Burt, 85. Smith, T. & H. 94. Canvas—VIII. Margary, 87. xiv. Anderson, 86. Bridport Local Committee, 73. Dundee Local Committee, 63. Fraser, 79. Hayward & Sons, 44. Jameson & Co., 60. Plummer, 78. Ramsey & Co., 85. Belgium, Kums, 468. India, xi. XIV. Netherlands, Tlieunissen, 39. Portugal, 670. Janqueria Manufactory, 655, 656. Torres Novas Company, 658-660. Spain, Manufactory of Isabel II., 193. Switzerland, Heiniger, 124. Zollverein (6), Bingman, 85. See also Sail-cloth. Canvas for Embroidery—xix. Hall, 185. Zollverein (1), Mengen, 581. Canvas for Painting—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Robert- son & Co., 6. Belgium, Van Nuffel and Coveliers, 225. France, Haro, 866. Zollverein (2), Schutzmann, 40. (3), Einenkel 165.' Caoutchouc, and Manufactures thereof—i. Turner, 223. IV. Granville & Co., 116. viii. Hodges, 269. ix. Burgess & Key, 237. xx. Joid^ert, 40. xxil. Sparks, 430. XXVIII. Bunn & Co., 77. Hancock, 83. Hodges, 72. Horsey, 188. Mackintosh & Co., 76. Mathews, 81. Nickels & Co., 78. Sanders, 73. British Guiana, Out ridge, 47 and 48. France, Briquet & Perrier, 1116. Ducourtioux, 1199. Grosmann & Wagner, 856. Huet, 270. Leblond, 297. Rabourdin, 1416. Vie, 726. India, IV. Eastern Archipelago. Hammond & Co., 2. Netherlands, Rooyackers & Son, 52. Russia, Lerkhe, 311. Switzerland, Piece, 233. Uiited States, Day, 308. Goodyear, 378. Goodyear Rubber Co., 295, Hayward Rubber Co., 294. Moul- ton, 534. Ross, 584. Zollverein (1), Hoeltring & Hoeffken, 662. Romj)!er, 781. See also Gutta Percha. Waterproof Fabrics. Cape Town (Model oq~Cape of Good Hope, Foord, 30. Capers—Portugal, 452, Caps, Men's—See Hats and Caps. Caps (Travelling)—xx. Braund, 66. Haley, 124. Cap Peaks (Leather)—xx. Garrard, R. & J., 61. Capsicums—British G-uiana, Shier, 21-24. Stutchbury, 25. Portugal, 445. Spain, Manso, 133. Capstans, Ships'—viii. Salter, 116 France, Batbotin & Legoff. 1083. Capsules for Bottles—xxvi. Kendal, 246. France, Dupre, 493. Capsules ()F Copaiba—Portugal, Norberto, 517. Sardinia, Scola, 16. Capsules, Medicinal—Lebuby, 302. Cardboard Cutting and Printing Machine—vi. Church and Goddard, 135. Cardboard Models (Architectural, &c.)—Salter, page 851. Wyatt and Brandon, page 854. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Spiers & Sun, 361. Swain, 176. Carding—Portugal^ Loureiro, 617. Carding Comes'(Cast Steel)—i^mwce, Rajvuenet, 1417. Carding Engines—vi. Mason, 46. Parr, Curtis, & Madelev, 6. Cards (for Cotton and Wool Carding)—vi. Rigge & Co., 63. Belgium, Fetu & Co., 129. France, Coppin, 128. Scrive, Brothers. 1005. Whltaker & Co., 741. United States, Bryant, 184. Zollvercin (1), Uhlhorn, 475. Cards (Paper)—Belgium, Glenisson & Vangenecbten, 286. France, Bondon, 63. Breante, 36. Miroude, Brothers, 645. Card-setting Machines—vi. Crabtree, 3. France, Papavoine & Chatel, 339. Cardwire—United States, Washburn & Co., 421. Carmine—II. Godfrey and Cooke, 92. Marshall, G8. Austria, Petz, 28. Eussia, Tchuplatolf, 315. Voloskoff, A., 317. Volos- koff, M., 316. Carpenters' Tools—(See Tools, Carpenters', ^c). Carpets—xii. & xv. Schwann, 115. Wilson & Son, 468. XIX. Bright & Co., 115, 401. Brinton & Sons, 110. Brown & Co., 114. (Cardinal & Co., 321. Cole & Son, 132. Crossley & Sons, 142. Dove & Co., 155. Dowbiggen & Co., 156. George, 175. Gilbert, 176. Gregory & Co., 182. Hailing & Co., 212. Harris & Co., 192 Henderson & Co., 200. Henderson & Widnell, 201. Hindley & Sons, 206. Holmes. 208. Hum])hries, 210. Jackson & Graham, 390. Kiteley, 226. Lapworth, 232. McFarlane, Brothers, 243. Monkhouse & Son, 251. Morant, J. 291. Morton & Sons, 252. Newcomb & Jones, 257. Newton & Co., 258. Sewell, Evans, & Co., 288. Sheridan, 294. Shirer, 296. Simcox, 302. Temple- ton & Co., 315. Turbeville & Co., 318. Watson, Bell & Co., 337. Waugh & Son, 339. White, Son & Co., 343. Whitwell & Co., 345. Woodward, 354. Woodward & Co., 355. Wright & Co., 358. xxvi. Grace, 530. Jackson & Graham, 261a. Morant, 164. Algeria, Delegate of Algiers, 58. Haractas Tribe, 56. Si Ahmed-el-Hachemi, 48. Austria, Dierzers, Heirs of, 244. Fusinata, 390. Belgium, Fretigny, 342. Royal Carpet Manufactory, 297. Verdure, 296.' Weinknecht, 259. Cawac?a, Barber, 140. Gamble, 139. Denmark, Warming, 7. Egypt, 249. France, Braquenie & Co., 435. Flaissier, Brothers, 204. Gobelins Manufactory, 136^. Laroque &. Jaquemet, 901. Lecun & Co., 1306. Queru & Co., 1415. Salland- rouze de Lamornaix, 1468. Hamburgh, Appel, 119. India, xix. Netherlands, Alphen, 41. Henkensfeldt, 42. Kroonen- burg, 43. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Persia, Copeland. Watson, Bell & Co. Portugal, Daupias & Co., 895-898. Eussia, Baba-Iman-Verdi-Ogli, 264. Kerbalay-Khooda- Aghaii-Ogli, 263. Switzerland, Hermann, 194. Zuppinger, 209. Tunis, 19, 20. Turkey. United States, Lawrence & Co., 409. Zollvercin (1), Beckh, Brothers, 174. Dinslinger, 175. Grossmann, 752. Lipke, 165. Osten, 150. Parey, 169. (3), Beck & Heynig, 148, 149. (5), Vaconius, 15. See also Druggets. Felt Carpeting. Carpets (Worked by hand)—xix. Barclav, 389. Cham- bers, 126. Coveney, Mrs., 139. Ladies of Great Britain, 379. xx. Macdougall, 83. Austria, Thomp- son, 747. Eussia, Shechtel, 357. Carpets (Designs for)—xix. George, 381. Lawson, 235a, 325. Waugh & Son, 339. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Lawson, 357. Somerset House School of Design, 10. France, Chel)eaux, 1146. Grandbarbe, 244. Carpet Cleaning (Process of)—xxvi. Arrowsmitb, H. & A., 385. Carpet Loom (at work)—xix. Jackson & Graham, 390 (North Transept). Carpet Shuttles—xxix. Quin, 230. Carpet Strainer—xxvi. Woodman, 73. Carriages (\'arious, including Models)—v. Anderson, 801. Andrews, J., 803. Andrews, R., 802. Bascombe, 804. Bishop, 805. Black & Co., 806. Booker & Sons, 809. Bowler, 756. Briggs & Co., 811. Brown, Marshall, & Co., 812. Brown, Owen, & Co., 813. Browne, 314. Cable, 808. Chand & Munro, 819. Coates & Blizard, 815. Cook, Rowley, & Co., 816. Corben & Sons, 818. Cousins & Son, 820. Croall & Co., 824. Crosskill, 826. Davies, 828. DutReld & Co., 844. Fowler & Fry, 843. Fuller, G. & T., 845. Greville, 836. Hadley, 8G0. Hallmarke & Co., 852. riarvpy, 946. Hill & Stone, 970. Holmes & Co., 872. Hooper, 874. Home, 880. Hutton & Son, 884. Kent, 892. Kesterton, 894. Kinder & Wheeler, 895, Kings, 896. Mason, 910. Middleton, W. & C, 914-916. Mitchell, 918. MuUiner, F., S22. Mulliner, H.,923. Newhara, 926. Nurse «& Co., 932. Otlbrd, 934. Peters & Sons, 938. Quan & Sons, 940. Rigby & Lee, 947. Robinson & Co., 950. Rock & Son, 956, Saunders, 9.)8. Shanks, 962. Silk & Brown, 968. Swain, 976. Thomson, 978. Thorn, W. & F., 979. Thrupp, 982. Tilbury, 984. Vezev, R. & E., 988. Walker & Gilder, 989. Ward, 990. Wyburn, Meller, and Turner, 996. Austria, Knierim, 107. Laurenzi, 108. Belgium, Deman, 116. Jones, Brothers, 118. Van Aken, 121. Van Aken & Son, 122. Canada, Laurin, ISO. McLean & Wright, 178. O'Meara, M., 179. Ceylon. Deyimark, EUer, 5'6. France, Arnoux, 1542. Belvalette, Brothers, 50. De- longueil, 1585. Dumaine, 490. Dupasquler, 1205. Hayot, 258. Moussard, 657. Hamburgh, Croissan & Lautenstein, 7. Didia, V. Eussia, Babounoff, 345. Jakoleft', Brothers, 344. Tou- liakofF, Brothers, 346. Sardinia, Bertinetti, 61. Sweden, Wegelin, 53. United States, Artman, 174a. Gould & Co., 93. Rid- dle, 466. Watson, 53, 361. Vfood & Tomiinson, 396. Zollverein (1), Friedrich, 49. Mengelbier, 340. (6), Dick & Kirschten, 17. See also Omnibuses. Eailvcay Carriages. Wheels, Carriage, 4'C- Carriages, Hand—xxviii. Hodges, 72. See also In- valid Wheel Chairs. Carriage Axles—See Axles ^ Axletrees. Eailway Axles. Carriage Fittings (Metal)—xxii. Holden, 348. See also Coach Ironmongery. Carriage Jacks—V. Fuljames, 993. Carriage Retarder—v. Shut!', 971. Carriage Rugs—xvi. Essex, 326. Robinson, 7. xxviii. Armstrong, 43. Carriage Springs—v. Rock, J., jun. 952. Sweden, Wegelin, 53. Carriage Time-Pieces—xxiii. Ellis & Son, 12. Carriage Upholstery (Lace Trimmings, &c.) — v. Dart & Son, 849. Harding & Co., 864. Huttlv, 882. Paternoster, 936. xii. & xv. Fry & Co., 267. ' Lup- ton& Co., 33. XIII. Keith «& Co., 1. xix. Onion, 56. Zollverein (1), Schaertf, 118. Carriage Wheels, See Wheels, Carriage. Carthame Oil—Egypt, 55. Cartonpierre (Works in)—xxvi. Jackson & Sons, 5. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Brown, 264. France, Cruchet, 810. Li'chesne, Brothers, 574. Zollrerein (1), Gropius, 226. (2), Mayer, 70. Cartridge Cases—xxii. Tarian, 544. Cartridges—viii. Cavers & Lane, 286 a. Eley, W. & C, 225. Joyce & Co., 277. Carts and Waggons (for Agricultural and other Pur- poses)— V. Brotherhood, 502. Crosskill, 826. ix. Ball, 132. Barker, 230. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 128. Beddon, Capt., 208b. Braby & Sons, 24. Busbv, 15. Chard & Munro, 235. Crosskill, 135. Crowle'y & Sons, 96. Digges La Touche, 263. Forbes, 269a. Fowler & Fry, 28b, Glover, 121. Harding, 13. Harveys & Tait, 16. Kingswell, 25b. Law, 91. Maynard & Son, 122. Race, 44. Ransomes & BLiy, 124. Robertson, 26. Smith & Son, 234. Squires, 144. Swan, 80. xxix. Spratt, 121. India, ix. Carvers' Tools — xxi. Addis, J. B., 23. Addis, S. J., 11. Mathieson, 32. Howartb, 181. Zollverein (4), Boelsterll & Co., 55. Weber, 84. Carving Machine—Jordan, page 851. Belgium, Wy- nants, 472. Carvings, Ivory—See Ivory Carving. Carvings, Stone—See Stone Carving. Carvings, Wood—See Wood Carvings. Cash Bo^^b—Austria, Beitl, 438. Wagner, 437. Cashbieres (including Cashmere Wool)—xil. & XV. Al- bert, H. R. H. Prince, 500 (Main Avenue, West). Cow- gill, Jessop & Co., 122. Learoyd, 89. Mason & Co., 303. Schofield, A., 474. Schofield, J., 125. Thornton & Co., 32. Austria, Posseit, 223. Schmitt, 238. Schoell, 226. Seidel, 228. Prance, Bietry & Son, 356. Croco, 809. Fean-Bechard, 198. RandoiufT, 973. Rosset & Normand, 1453. Thierry-Mieg, 1506. India,XY. Portugal, S05. Russia, Goutchkotr, 189. Matvieff, 367. Prokhoroflf, Brothers, 349. Tchuriloff, 188. Volner, 190. United States, Vasselboro Manufacturing Comp., 324. Zollverein (I), Boehme, 362. Bruegmann & Co., 363. Hilger, Brothers, 874. Grafe & Neviardt, 591. Zam- bona, 359. Cashmeres, Waterproof—xxviii. Tallerman, 70. Casks—vi. Barlow, 613. Laurence, 604. Wild, 8. XXVIII. Mac Gregor, 146. xxix. Brindley, 210. Warner, 9. Belgium, Van Loy, 508. irawce, Herviot, 1708. See a\so Vats. Cask-tilting Frame—ix. Beddon, 208 b. Caskets—xxvi. Du Cane, 535. xxviii. Tate, 162. Tus- cany, Marchetti, 121. (See also Jewel Cases. Cassava Juice—British Guiana, Bee, 29. Stutchbury, 28, 30. Cassava-sifter—British Guiana, Bee, 134. Cassava-squeezer—British Guiana, Shier, 133. Cassia—Egypt, 19. Cassimeres ur Kerseymeres—xii. & xv. Brook & Son, 487. Brown & Forster, 9. Peters, 220. Schofield, 474. Shepherd, W. B. &G., 485. Walker & Sons, 79. Austria, Steffens, 232. France, Machet-Marote, 596. Nazet, 660. United States, Lawrence, Stone & Co., 464. Skinner & Co., 450. Zollverein (1) , Elbers, 348. Menzerath, 356. Pauli & Buohholz, 368. Cassinets—Switzerland, Ernst, 149. Zollverein (3), Boettiger, 108. Burkhart, 109. CoUel, 110. Hueffer, lU. Kaufmann & Son, 114. Kirs- ten, 113. Matthess, 118. Casting Pots (for Brass, Gold, Silver, &c.)—i. An- stey, 118. Castor Otl~Egypt, 24, 71. Russia, Mikirticheflf, 73. Sardinia, Girardi, 5. Castoreine—II. Lamplough, 71. Castors (for Furniture)—v. Greenway, 698. France, Roux & Co., 995, See also Brass Foundry. Catamarans—See Life-Boats. Catawba Wine—United States, Buchanan, 12. Cor- near, 13. Duhme, 15. Longworth, 199. Schumans, 204. Yeatman, 11. Catch-key Lock—vii. Cochrane, 158. Catechu—Zollverein (1), Krimmellbein & Bredt, 457. Catenary Water-Wheel (Model)—v. Wight, 480. Cattle Medicines—See Veterinary Medicines. Cattle Slaughtering Instrument—x. Titterton, 727a. Cattle-weighing Gauges—x. Tree & Co., 324. Ceiling Decorations — xxvi. Bay I. Bielefeld, 25. Croughton, 21. Hervieu, 20. Jackson & Sons, 19. School of Design, 23, i24. Thomas, 22. Bay M. Calli & Cotti, 24. Jackson & Graham, 23. Jackson &Sons, 22. Trollope & Son, 21. Bay P. Jones & Co. (late Robson & Jones), 15. Lithgow & Purdie, 1. Austria. Montanari, 738. Ceiling Laths—Belgium, Lioen, 138. Cement (Pooloo's Chinese, &c.)—ii. Mason, 77. xxii. Nixey, 640. Cement, Roman, Portland, &c. (with illustrations of their application)—Western end, South Enclosure (Out- side), Greaves, 7. Rubins & Co., 5. Towler, 27. White & Sons, 10. i. Dyer, 131b. Fahie, 30. Greaves, 99. MacAnaspie, P. & J., 131 A. Monkland Iron & Steel Company, 426. Piper, T. & W., 130a. Randall, 275. Sweetman, 40. Thome, 475. White & Sons, 130, 130a. ii. Nixey, 112. xxvii. Francis & Sons, 47. Griffiths & Strong, 67. Robins & Co., 103. Stevens & Sons, 24. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Pulham, 216. France, Regny & Co., 1427. New Zealand, Smith, 19. Zollverein (1), Eisner & Co., 4. See also Chalk Cement. Dolomite. Gypsum. Hydraulic Cement. Cenotaph (of Granite)—France, Poillen, Brothers, 962. Censers—CAiwa, Sichart & Co. See also Ecclesiastical Furniture. Centripetal Punch and Gauge—x. Park, 337. Chacoes and Helmets (Military)—xx. Buckmaster & Co., 1. Canada, Alio, 81. Morris, 334. Chaff-cutting Machines^ix. Alcock, 27. Barret & Co., 128. Bland, 205. Comes, 83. Cottam & Hallen, 109a. Crosskill, 135. Deane & Co., 180. Domax, 275. Ferrabee & Sons, 274. Garrett & Sons, 142. Gillett, 78. Gray & Sons, 150. Lomax, 275. Marychurch, 93. Richmond & Chandler, 137. Samuelson, 185. Smith, A., 256. Smith & Son, 234. Smith, W., 276. Stanley, 1. Wedlake & Co., 127. Williams, 157. Austria, Pammer, 445. Belgium, Delstanehe, 510. Zollverein (1), Stolle, 65, See also Hay and Straw Cutting Machines. Chain Cables — i. Beecroft, Butler, & Co., 415. vii. Brown, Lenox & Co., 61. Brown, Sir S., 334. Parkes, 108. VIII. Hawks, Crawshay & Co., 86. Wood & Co., 102. XXII. Wood, Brothers, 75. Chain Cable Welding Machine—Jersey and Guernsey, Sarchet, 32. Chains—vii. Hawks, Crawshay & Co., 86. Austria, Kurg, 465. France, Dervaux Lefebvre, 145. India, i. Chains for Pits—viii. Brown, Lenox & Co., 61. Parkes, 108. XXII. Edge, 51. Chains, Wood—xxviii. McClintock, 20. Chairs—xix. Tennison, 313. xxvi. Aspinwall & Son, 213. Billamore, 230. Dawes, 135. Earp, 13, Eng- land, 7, 528. Evans, 224. Herbert, 67. Hindley & Co., 266. Jackson & Graham, 261. Jordans, 384. Lambert, 35. Meakin, 148. Scholey, Misses, 142. Spurrier, 76. Tomasini, 176. xxviii. Criper, 101. Belgium, Qo\h, A\7. Dosin, 429. Judo, 420. Camc/a, Allan, 121. Dunn, 119. Hilton, 123. Red- head, 120. Reed & Co., 115 a. South Africa, Adderley, 57. France, Balny, 1066. ' Descartes, 815. Durand, 1207. Faure, 1219. Jeanselme, 1276. Verge, 722. Pin- sonnet, 1392. Hamburgh, Krugjer, 80. Geseller, 68. Heymann, 78. India, xxvi. Sardinia, Cuglierero, 67. Canepa, 74. Tuscany, Bonaiuti & Sons, 81. Falcini, Brothers, 84. United States, American Chair Company, 85. Angustus, 515. Commiford& Co., 129,495. Elias,515. Ragan, 590. Tuph, 333. Zollverein (1), Becker, 232. Walker & Son, 782. See also Rocking Chairs. Chairs, appendage to (to hold Gloves, &c.)—xxvi. Allan, 87. Chairs, Carved—xxvi. Brittan, 220. Budge, 219. Carmichael, 114. CoUmson, 90. Curran & Sons, 215, Findley, 146. Gillow & Co., 186. Hunter, W.J. R. & E. 202. Le Mercier, 181. Martin, 406. Hut- chinson, 22. Shacklock, 29. Chairs, Invalid—v. Tunstall & Williams, IGOO. Ward, 997. XXVI. North, 259. Ward, 279. Portugal, Royal Military Arsenal, 1119. S'eealso Chairs, Spinal Curvature. Invalid Beds, Chairs, Sfc. In- valid Wheel Chairs. Chairs, Portable—xxvi. Lovegrove, 23. Chairs, Reclining—xxvi. Hancock, 239. United States, Ragan, 193. Chairs, Rustic—North Transept, xxvi. Cooper, 291. Earp, 13. GrigL', 401. Hudson, 34. Molloy, 81. Chairs, Spinal Curvature—x. Seltzer, 726. Chairs, Suspensory—xxvi. Brown, J. M. & T., 15. Chalk—i. 39. Jurkey. Chalk Cement—Zollverein (4), Leube, Brothers, 5. Chamois Hunting (Relief MoAeY)Switzerland, Meze- ner, 247. Champagne Bottles—xxiv. Wood, 16. Champagne Capsules—xxvi. Kendall, 246. Champagne Clarifier—jPmwce, Canneaux & Sons, 1130. Chandeliers (Metal, Glass, &c.)—xxii. Bailey & Sons, 805. Faraday & Son, 444. Hale, T. & Co., 486. Hill, 355. Hughes, 461. Hulett, 643, Leaver, 583. Lloyd & Summerfield, 700a. Lockerby & Stephenson, 439. Martin & Gray, 332. Messenger & Sons, 340. Potts, 323. Sedgwick & Taylor, 644. Winfield, 373. XXIV. Pellatt & Co., 33. xxviii. Kinjr, 41. Austria, Brose, 580. Salm, Prince, 430 (Main Avenue, East). France, Carrier-RoujTe, 1135. Sweden, Bergstrora, 68. Zollverein (1), Hermann, 435. Charactograph—x. Chadburn, Brothers, 259. Charcoal—I. Azulay, 224. Cahill, 222. Rogers, 240. Denmark, Owen, 44. France, Lapeyriere, 1710. Popelin-Ducarre, 1404. Violette, 1528. Mecklenburg-Schweriii, Meyer, 6. Netherlands, Smits, 20. Portugal, Pmto Basto, 629,630. Bussia, DemidofF, 21, 120. Spain, The Director of S. Pedro De Araya Factory, 12. Trinidad, Warner, 9. Zollverein (1), Waechter, 434. Charcoal Filters—France, Ducommun, 482. Charlotte, Princess, the late (Velvet Carpet made for the Marriage of)—xix. Sirncox, 302, Electrotype Plaster Statue of—Belgium, Michiels, 385. Charts (Undesciibed)—Hamburgh, Gerbers, 21. Charts (to assist memory, &c.)—xvii. Bell, 203. Strangevvays, 204, United States, Ringgold, 598. Willard, 536, (Genealogical) xxx. Hepple, 366. Char-volant (Carnage drawn by Kites)—x. Gilbert, 234. Chatelaines—xxi, Durham, 46. xxiii. Thornhill, 49. Durham, 58. Cheese Presses — ix. Carson, 110. Harkes, 23. Rodenhm-st, W. & J., 61. Stokes, 255, Chemical Balances for Analysis — x. Dover, 344. Marriott, 341. Oertling, 334. Sweden, Bei-gstrom, 8b. Chemical Drawings—xxx, (Fine Art Court) Hamer, 118. Chemical Matches—Sardinia, Albani, Brothers, 7. Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus—x. Ct)fFey & Smith, 454. Griffin & Co., 457. Knight & Sons, 453. Statham, 456. xxv. Minton, 1. Austria, Batka, 135. Jerak, 134. France, Bonnet, 1096. Briet, 439. Grosse, Brothers, 529. Fouche, 216. Leperdriel, 307. Machly, 915. Ozouf, 670. Quennessen, 1683. Tuscany, Nardi, Brothers, 70. Zollverein (1), Arnoldi, 778. Gressler, 854. HofFmann & Eberhardt, 8S. (5), Albert, 23. Luhme, 83. March, 240. Seel, 483. Chemical Preparations (Various)—i. Longmaid, 441. Smith, 499. ii. Bullock, 34. Button, 3. Daven- port, 111. Davy, Mackmurdo & Co., 62. Fox & Barrington, 44. May & Baker, 14. Squire, 93. Watts, 103. XXIX. Fisher & Co., 22. Austria, Braun, 21. Wagenmann & Co., 19. Belgium, Cappellemans, 37. Soeiete de FlorefFe, 38. jPrawce, Bataille, 42. Bobee & Lemire, 1092. Coignet & Son, 1153. Cowmerie & Co., 462. De Cavaillon, 109. Digeon, 1590. Drouin & Brossier, 169. Grandval, 1255 Kuhlmann, Brothers, 555. Lalande & Chevallier, 1288. Patoux, Drion & Co., 674. Poisat& Co., 1399. Pommier, 1400. India, ii. Jersey and Guernsey, Arnold, 33. Nova Scotia, Central Cummlttee, 2. Russia, Hirshmann & Co., 26. Sardinia, Bonjean, 12. Calloud, 11. Spain, Santo, 242. United States, Penfield & Camp, 296, Power & Weightman, 262. Wetherill, Brothers, 43. Zollverein (1), Kunheim, 13. Marquart, 327, Mat- thes & Weber, 464. Pauli, 328. Prussian Chemical Manufactory, 683. Schuer & Kohring, 843. Schwem- sal Alum Works, 463. Stohmann & Wustenfeld, 460. Wesenfeld & Co., 461. (5), Zimmer, 3 (6), Oehler, 8, Chepstow^ Railway Bridge (Model) — vii. Finch & Willey, 9 (Main Avenue, West). Cherry-stone, Carved, Tuscany, Romoli, 120, Chess Boards and Men—-xxv. Wedgwood & Sons, 6. XXVI. Nunn & Sons, 165. xxviii. Fentum, 48. xxx. (Fine Art Court)—Laing, 240. Austria, Wien, 578. Belgium, Branden, 511. Bermudas, Jackson, 2. China, Copland. India, xxvi. New South Wales, Burchett, 3. ZoZ/yem"ra (1), Scharf, 776. Schrader, 777. Weishaupt and Sons, 412. (3) Jahn, 34. Chess Tables—xi. Lincoln & Bennett, 57. xxiiii. Eady 109. XXVI. Jennens & Bettridge, 187. Nunn & Sons, 165. Rose, 28. Webb, 171. xxvii. Vokine, 30, Whishaw, 61. Wilson, 11. Wood ruffe, 77. Chest Expanders (Elastic)—x. Binyon, 610. xxix. Clive, 54. Chest Protectors—x. Cook & Williams, 685, Chicory—m. Saunders & Gatchill, 144. France, Lervilles, 591. Netherlands, Heuveldop, 16, Russia, Sovokm, 69. Zollverein (1), Bleibken, 686. Salomon & Co. 692. (6), Zahn & Volbrecht, 12. See also Pastel. Chicory-cutter—ix. Ransom.es and May, 124. Chiffonieres—XXVI. Clay & Co., 189. Gillow & Co. 186, Hindley & Co. 266. Newton, 97. Spurrier, 76. Trapnell & Son, 312a. Canada, Reed & Meakins, 115a. India, xxvi. Childbed Linen—xix. Smith, Anderson & Co., 82. Chimney Filter-drain—ix, Sadler, 156. Chimney Guards—vii. Bramhall, 129. Chimney Pieces (Stone, Metal, &c.)—Brine & Sharp, page 847. xxii. Coalbrook Dale Co., 641, Glenton & Chapman, 238. Pierce, 107. Jobson & Co., 106. Robertson & Co., 802. xxvi. Moxon, 252. Thomas, 276. Wurme & Lumsden, 19. xxvii. Bovey, 4. Brendon, 3. Coates, 19. Frewer, 5. Lomax, 81. London Marble and Stone Working Co., 17. Mirror Marble Co., 18. xxix. Stirling, 315. Austria, Benzoni, 725. Bottinelli, 726. MotelH, 728. Belgium, Du Bois & Co., 360. Leclercq, 424. France, Aubanel, 1055. Desanges, 1184. Dupuis, 184. Lebrun, 572. Luce, 1332. Maiza, 608. Seguin, 692. Zollverein (1), Egells, 200. Porzelt & Harperath, 317. Chimney Pieces (Machine for Constructing)—vii. Vaughan, 139. Chimney Pots -vii. Oliver, 65. xxii. Cowper, 23. Green, 42. Jersey and Guernsey—White, 12. See also Wind Guards. Chimney Screens—Hamburgh, Albrecht, 59. Switzerland, Hallmeyer-Appenzeller, 246. Chimney-sweeping Machines—vii. Dorr, 57, Every 120. Neale, 12L Taylor, 194. Teagle, 217, xxii. Bentley, 606. xxix. Barrett & Son, 308. Zollverein (3), Rickborn, 14. Chimney Ventilating Apparatus—vii. Beeston, 191. Friarson, 203. Hearder, 205. Hill, 68. Oliver, 65. Stafford, 189. xxii. Hart & Sons, 636. Chimneys, Towers, &c. (Machine for Constructing)—vii. Bain, 34. China—See Earthenware and China. Porcelain Ware. Pottery. China (Designs for)—xviii. Heaviside, 91. China, Imitation—xxvi. Gushlow, 37. China Clay—Belgium, Gaiffier, 14. Tombelle, 12, See also Pottery Clay. China Grass—iv. Hives & Atkinson, 45. Marshall & Co., hb. Wright & Co., 42. China Grass Fabrics—xiv. Wilford & Sons, 42. Chinidine—Zollverein (5), Zimmer, 3. Chintzes—XII. & xv. Littler, 282. xviii. Hindley and Sons, 15. M'Alpin & Co., 14. Mansbendel, 88. Nelson & Co., 29. Swainson, 21. xxvi. Grace, 530. India, xi. Russia, Czarevsk Chintz Manufactory, 178. Lutch, 179. Mayer & Zindell, 177. Prokhoroff, Brothers, 349. Suntzerland, Hurlimaiu), 125. Chiragon, The, or Hand-guide for Blind or Tre- mulous Writers—XVII. Stidolph, 19. Chisels. See Tools {Carpenters', Sfc.) C hittle.—Ilexico. Chlorine—iv. Piesse, 129. Chloroform—ii. Duncan & Co., 104. Squire, 93. ZoUverein (1), Marquart, 327. Prussian Chemical Manufactory, G83. Chocolate—III. Fry & Son, 31. Gentile, 108. Le- baigue, 29. Monteiro, 34. Moore, 139. Paris Cho- colate Companj^, 30. St. Etienne, 138. White, 32. France, Choquart, 1149. De Sandoval & Co., 365. Feyeux, 209. Louit, Brothers, and Co., 316, Menier & Co., 925. Perron, 343. Turpin, 1046. Watrelot- Delespaul, 738. Netherlands, Deyl Leendert & Son, 10. Spain, Huesca, 178. Switzerland, Suchard, 2. ZoUverein (1), Gross, 17. Wittekop & Co., 695. (3), Jordan and Timaens, 6. See also Cocoa. Chocolate Apparatus—vi. Gatti and Bulla, 450. Chopping Machines—xxii. Price, 397. France, Mareschal, 330. See also Lump Sugar Chop- ping Machi?ies. Sausage Choppers. Chopsticks — China, Berncastle. Choregraphical Apparatus—ZoUverein (6), Baron Klein, 80. Christian Memorials,&c. (Models)—xxvii. Laurie, 101. Chromatype Pictures (Mr. R. Hunt's)—x. Henneman & Malone, 297. Chrome—India, i. Sweden and Norway, Hoe, 8. Chromic Acid—ii. Hopkin and Williams, 41. Chromo-Lithography (Specimens of)—xxvi. Richard- son, 207b. XXX. (Fine Art Court), Day and Son, 80. Dicksee, 271. Hanhart, M. & N., 64. Ward & Co., 43. Russia, Dregger, 362. United States, Duval, 52. Chronoglobium and Planetarium—Austria, Ziber- mayr, 132, Chronographers—France, Rieussec, 1685. Chronometers, Marine—x. Aubert and Klaftenberger, 52a. Barraud and Lund, 34. Bennett, 1. Biockbank and Atkins, 40. Connell, 11. Dellome, 19 Dent, 55. Frodsham, 57. Button, 7. Jackson, W. H. and S., 32. Lowry, 10. Olorenshaw & Co., 3, Pennington, 53. Philcox, 22. Vieyeres and Repingon, 91. France, Huard, Brothers, 266. Lefebvre, 577. Redier, 1425. ZoUverein (1), Richard, 342. Tiede, 78. Chronometers (Pocket and other)—x. Barraud & Lund, 34. Gowland, 27. Holl, 13. Button, 7. Lowry, 10. Parkinson and Frodsham, 35. Walker, 697. xxiii. Hunt and Roskell, 97. Lester and Sons, 27. Martin and Co., 2. Phillips, Brothers, 87. Austria, Marenzeller, 166. Denmark, Jurgensens, 17. France, Leroy & Son, 1186. Detouche and Houdin, 1589. Laumain, 292. Lefebvre, 577. Monet, 1664. Vissiere, 733. Sweden, Kulberg, 116. Switzerland, Andermars, 22. Brandt, 10. Courvoisier, 34, Favre, 23. Golay-Lereche, 92. Grandjean, 8. Lecoultre, "25. Mercier, 96. Atermod, Brothers, r5. Patek, 99.' Retor, 101. Chronometers, Railway—x. Wishaw, 419. Chucks (for Lathes). See Lathes. Church Architecture—v. Swain, 976, xxx. (Fine Art Court) Johnston, 19. Church Windows (Designs for, &c.)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Stocker, 270. Belgium, Pluys, 491. France, Thibaud-Dallet, 1501. See also Fainted Win- dows. Stained Glass Windows. Churns—V. Whitelaw, 58. viii. Williams, 332. ix. Amos, 66a. Burgess & Key, 237. Deane and Co., 180. Digges La Touche, 263. Drummond, 88. Jolly, 69. Robinson & Son. 139a. Samuelson, 185. Smith and Co., 2G6. T^therleigh, 212. Wil- kinson, 220. Belgium, Duchene, 166. Canada, W^eese, 85. France, Lavoisy, 1299. United States, Dalphin, 493. Tillinghast, 27. Van Diemen's Land, Jennings, 236. Cider—Canada, Penner, 132. Cider Presses—ix. Harkes, 23. White, 181. xxii. Garton and Co , 483. Cigarettes, Russia, Protassoff, 334. Spain, Fernandez, 127b. The Central Factory of To- bacco, Philippine Islands, 248. Cigar-holders—Austria, Alba, 664. Astrath, 666. Beisiegel, 667. Floge, 670. Friedrich, 671. Grun- hut. A., 672 Grunhut, J., 673. Gruuhut, W., 674. Litschke, 678. Nagl, 680. Pfregner, 682. Sievers, 683. Cigar-making Machine—vi. Adorno, 448. CiGARiLLAS—III. Buckland and Topliss, 48. Cigars—III. Benson, 39. Cohen & Orr, 49. Goodes, G. and S., 50. Jonas, Brothers, 42. Jones and Co., 43. Sales & Co., 47. Algeria, Andre, 1. Oxeda and Aqui, 40. South Africa, Moss, 36. India, iii. Portugal, Royal Tobacco & Snuff Company, 1196- 1209. Gomez, 126a. Gonzalez, 126b. Manilla Factory, 24S. Partagas & Co., 251. Russia, Protassoff, 334. Spain, Gon.ez, Alvaric, 126a. Gonzales Carvajal, 126b. The Central Factory of Tobacco, Philippine Islands,248. ZoUverein (1), Carstanjen, 468. Rocholl, 467. See also Cigarettes. Cigarillas. Tobacco. CiMOLiTE—Greece, The Greek Government, 16. Cinchonie—II. Morson and Son, 106. CiNCHONlNE—II. Howards & Kent, 11. Cinder-sifters—xxii. Blshopp, 591. Kent, 553. Cinnabar—i. Forbes, 522. India, ii. ZoUverein (1), Du Bois, 7. Lucas, 8, Cinnamon—Ceylon, Parlett& Co. India, iii. Circus Models—Spain, Mata Aguilera, 289. Cisterns, Enamelled—xxii. Kenrick & Sons, 360a. Cisterns, Self-Cleaning—vii. Lowe, 145. Citric Acid—ii. Copner, 118. Howards & Kent, 11. Huskisson, W. & H., 86. Sardinia, Acquarone, 84. Clarified Fats—iv. Ewen, 30. Clarionets—Koenig & Pask, 504. Austria, Hell, 152. Belgium, Mahillon, 175. Canada, M'Pherson, 183. France, Butlet, 442. Breton, 1555. Switzerland, Felchlin, 80. Zo/fc<?mw (1), LampferhoflP, 485. (2), Boehm, 23. (3), Herold, 19. Schuster, 23. (6), Klein, 23. Seidel, 26. (8), Heckel, 8. Clay (undescribed) i. 39, 96. Fahie, 30. Nicholson, 504a. Ross, 51. III. Strange, 83. xxvii. Ambrose, 128. Sealy, 130. British Guiana, Bee, 5. India, 1. Turkey. See also Ripe Clay Pottery Clay. Clay (Articles in)—Panormo, page 850. xxvii. Bran- nam, 131. Singer & Co., 88. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Christie, 188. India, xxx. Netherlands, Martin, 63. See also Baked Clay Ornaments. Clay Pipes—France, Dumeril & Co., 176. Fiolet, 211. Clay-screening Machine (for making bricks, pipes, &c.) —IX. Harkes, 23. Claystone—I. Rock, 50. Clinometers (for showing list and trim of ships)—viii. Berthon, 104. Clocks, Astronomical—x. Dent, 55. Frodsham, 57. Hall, 60. Parkinson & Frodsham, 35. Payne & Co., 73. Denmark, Funch, 16. France, Delvart, 179. Gannery, 516. Netherlands, Holiwu, 86. Kaiser, 84. Switzerland, Dubois, 9. Zolverein (1), Thiede, 78. Clocks, Barometer—x. Bryson & Sons, 154, 665. Clocks, Centrifugal—x. Gerard, 109. Clocks, Electric and Electro-Magnetic—x. Bain, 434. Gowland, 27. Shepherd, 128, (and South Transept). Webster, 17. Hamburgh, Brocking, 11. United States, Bond & Son, 463. Clocks, Geographical—x. Radford, 119. Stoker, 204. ' Austria, Ratzeiihoier, 167. France, Pierret, 350. Clocks, Hydraulic—See Hydraulic Clock. Clocks, Marine—x. Gerard, 109. Clocks, Musical—x. Churchill, 99. Marchand, 71. Zollverein (1), Spiegelhalter, 879. Clocks, Polyhorion—x. Tanner, 28. Clocks, Tell-tale—x. Newington, 20. Smith & Sons, 129. France, Arera, 752. See also Alarums {for Clocks, .|c.) Clocks, Timepieces, &c.—x. 105. Adams, 14. Allls, 87. Bell, 679. Bennett, G. W., 49. Bennett, J., ]. Briscall, 95a. Broadbent, 122. Brutton, 96. Cole, 31. Dell, Brothers, 100. Edwards, J., 104. Edwards, J. T., 103. Elisha, 39, Frodsham, 57. Gerard, 109. Gowland, 27. Harvey, 47. Howell, James & Co., 16. Hutton, 7. Jackson, W. H. & S., 32. Kaiser, 66. Lamb, 42. Lovejoy, 158. M'Dowall, 68. Mapple, 69. Moore & Son, 33. Pace, 117. Parkinson & Frodsham, 35. Payne & Co., 73. Rix, 74. Robinson, 37. Smith & Son, 129. Taffinder, 54. Taylor, 127a. Thornelowe, 43. Trotman, 698. Walker, 697. Walter, 41. Webster, 17. Yates, 9. Young. 131. XXII. Clark & Restell, 446. xxiil Walker, 93. Austria, Anderwalt, 170a. Kralik, 169. Schubert, 168. Zelisko, 170. France, Arrera, 752. Bally, 408. Chavin, 450. Gillot, 849. Gourdin, 525. Leon-Clement & Bourgeois, 306. LeroUes Brothers, 1318. Leroux, 309. Leroy and Son, 1186. Mallat, 1340. Matifat, 923. Moser, 653. Pescheloche-Vavin, 344. Potonie, 964, 1401. Redier, 1425. Reydor & Colin, 984. Susse Brothers, 1023. Wagner, 736. Weygand, 740. Hamburgh, Nieberg, 10. Jersey and Guernsey, Feltham, 8. Netherlands, Eder, 88. Russia, Chopin, 365. Sweden, Lmderoth, 86, Switzerland, Perret, 18. Vuillemuieur, 12. United States, Hollowav, 114. Rogers & Co., 532. 5 perry, 345. Zollverein (1), Baltzer, 82. Guerlin, 68. Seemann, 75. (4), Haller, 16. Holch, 18. Stoss, 19. Clocks, Timepieces, &c. (Designs for)—xxx. (Fine Art Couit) Tliomas, 236. See also Clock Cases. Clocks, Travelling—^M5^r^■a, Liszt, 165. France, Bailly-Comte & Son, 407. Bechot, 48. Leroy 6 Son, 1186. Moser, 653. Switzerland, Borel, 19, Girard^ 30. Leuba, 91. Zollverein (1), Thiemke, 72, Clocks, Turret—x. Bell, 679. Bennett,!. Blaylock, 92. Dent, 55 (Main Avenue, West). Roberts, 130. Smith & Sons, 129. Femnark, Kyhl, 51. Jersey ^ Guernsey, White, 12. Clock Cases—x. Drury, 56. xvn. Macomie & Co., 27. See also Clocks, Timepieces, 4'c. {Designs for). Clock Dials —i^rance, Dorey, 479. See also Dial Illu- minating Apparatus. Clock and Watch Works -- France, H uard Brothers, 266. Jcipy Brothers, 275. Marti, 611. Clock-winder—X. Mapple, 69. Clod Crushers—ix. Bennet, 75. Cambridge, 238. Crosskill, 135. Gibson, 129. Pearce,77. Starkey, 43. Clogs—XVI. Carron, 325. Cloth Papers (for pressing and finishing Woollen Cloth)— XVII. Hamer, 84. Cloths.—See Woollen Fabrics. Clothes (systems for cutting out)—xx. Griffin, 117. See also Tailor's Measuring Apparatus. Cloughs, Self-acting—VII. Gates, 10. Clover & Trefoil Seed, Engine for Drawing—ix. Maynard, 109. Clumber House (Model) xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bain- bridge, 163. Clyster Irrigator—-France, Bilker, 62. Coaches.—See Carriages. Coach Ironmongery.—v. Gibson, 848. xxii. Ward & Payne, 196. Warden, 368. See also Carriage Fittings {Metal). Coachsmiths' Tools—South Wales, Devitt & Muore. jO. Coal—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Abercarn Coal Company, 49. Bagnall & Gesson, 53. liarrow,41. Brymbo Company, 47. Cameron's Coalbrouk Steam Coal Company, 39. Davis, 43. Fitzwilliam, Earl, 48. Gilmour & Co., 50. Haines & Sons, 40. Ince Hall Coal Company, 38. Neath Abbey Coal Com- pany, 44. Oakeley, 34. Price, T. P. & D., 45. Round, 36. I. Abercarn & Gwythen Collieries Company, 430. Atkinson, 261. Barrow, 255. Butler, 247. Butterley & Co., 400. Cadell, 217. Clarke, Executors of, 266, Cowi)er, 61. Day and Twibell, 262. Ebbw Vale Company, 412. Farnley Company, 406, Field, Coopers & Faulds, 263. Frith & Co., 264. Ince Hall Coal & Cannel Com])any, 268. Llangennech Coal Company, 259. Mitchell, 270. Monklaud Iron & Steel Company, 426. Moore, 208. Nixon & Co., 267. O'Byrne, 248. Pease, 122. Rock, 50. Rogers, 241, Russell, 271. Turner, 223, Wylam's Patent Fuel Company, 252. xxil. Bowling Iron Company, 83, Bird & Co,, 85. Barbadoes. Belgium, Boubier Charbonnage, 29. Chatelineau Four- neaux et Cliarboiniages, 27. Couillet Fourneaux et Mines, 120. Delcourt, 30. Dianet, 31. Pelit&Co., 13. Pire et Violetto Charboimages, 34. Pont de Loup Charbonnages, 28. D'Oignie Coal-mines, 32. Romsee, 506. Suermond, 505. China, Ansted,Prof., 38. France, Berai d & Co. 51. India, i. Labuan, Sfc, Woolley, 3. New Brunswick, Gould, 3. New South Wales, Australian Agricultural Company, 19. New Zealand, 38, 39. Connell, 10. Greenwood, 9. Waikato Coal Committee, 22. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, [..acerda, 19, Spain, Asturias Mines, Inspector of, 15. De Araya's Factory, 12. Palen Mines, Inspector of, 27. Pedroso Iron Compan}'^, 24. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 28. Turkey. Tuscany, Caillou, Maillau & Co., 19. United States, Detmold, 66. Van Diemen's Land, Douglas River Company. Zollverein (1), Haniel, 455. Saelzer & Nenack United Coal-mines, 450. (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines. Coal, Anthracite (Cannel or Stone Coal)—Western Elnd, South Enclosure (Outside), Buckingham, 35. James & Aubrey, 37. Jones, Sells, & Co., 42. Neath Abbey Coal Company, 44. I. Bagot. 214. Bideford An- thracite Mining Company, 242. Buckingham, 254. Butler, 2-17. Fahie, 30. Ince Hall Company, 268. Jones, Sells & Co., 258, Morgan & Sons, 272. Ram^ say, 269. Russell & Son, 249. Wandesford, 111. Watney, 276. Western Gas Light Company, 260. xxvii. Cowan & Co., 112. Portugal, Oporto Co., 17. See also Furnaces for Burning Anthracite Coal. Coal, Anthracite, Articles in—xxvii. Albert, H.R.H. Prince, 140. Ramsay, 90. United States, Patterson, 478. Peale, 74. Coal, Artificial—Western End, South Enclosure (Out- side), Buckingham, 35. Coal-Drop (for loading ships)—v. Durham, Earl, 999. Coal-mines (Models)—i. Cawley, 403. Hunter, 219. Wales, 431, vi, Bradley & Co,, 310, Coal-mine Machinery—I. Baugh & Co., 401, Mills, 418. Powell, 253. SutcliflPe, 413. Wood, 432. vi. Waring, 305. See a\so Chains for Pits. Coal-mine Tools — i. Abercarn & Gwythen Collieries Company, 430. Coal-mine Ventilation (Models and Plans)—i. Brun- ton, 404. VII. Martin, 25. x. Weight, 450. Coal Plants, Diagram of a Group of, i. Ansted, Prof., 241. Coal-Scales (for ships)—xxii. Stanley, 238. CoAL-ScuTTLES, Vases, &c. — VII. Quincey, 146. xxii. Fearncomhe, 160a. Shoolbred & Co., 66. Soutter, 354. Walton & Co., 69. xxvi. Rogers & Dear, 264. Coat (made from the fleece in 13^ hours)—xx. Newbury Lucal Committee, 166. See also Wearing Ajyparel. Cobalt-Blue—Canada, Logan, 1. i^ranct?, Peyroulx, 1676. ZoWwrem (1), Graff, 592. (3), Schneeberg Royal Saxou Cobali and Nickel Woiks, 9. Zollverein (1), Graff, 592. (3), Schneeberg Royal Saxon Cobalt and Nickel Works, 9. Cobalt Ores—i. Barrett, 511. Blee, 512. Spain, Granada Mines, Inspector of, 16. Sweden and Norway, Tunaberg Cobalt Works, 9. Zollcerein (1), Gratf, 592. COBOURG Cloths—xii. & xv. Behrens, 180. Clapham, 158. Dal by, 152. Eckroyd & Son, 130a. Horsfall & Co., 174. Peaae & Co., 184. Peel & Co., 164. Rand & Sons, 173. Roger8,142. Scbwann & Co., 141. Cochineal—iv. Jewesbury & Co., 66. Sadler, 76. Algeria, Hardy, 28. Madeira, Read, 1. Spain, 136. Alcaide, 151. Bereuguer, 192a. Cruz, 149, 201. Meron, 150. Cocks or Taps—v. Little, 476. vi. Cox, 608. Lang- lands, 336. XXII. Barlow, 462. Davis, 536. Hall, 172. Lambert, 534. Masters, 634. xxiv. Shephard, 8. Wood & Perkes, 7. Belgium, Peree, 375. See also Air-tight Taps. Ball Cocks and Taps. Hermetic Taps. Spirit Taps. Valves, Cistern. Cocks for Kitchen Boilers—vii. Holland, 132. xxii. Holland, 602. Cocks for Steam Boilers—v. Little, 476, Siebe, 440. VII, Bain, 34. xxii. Lambert, 534. Cocoa—III. Benham, 38. Fry & Son, 31. Grut, 36. Shinton, 33. Wbite, 32. JVew Granada, 1. Grut, 2. Trinidad, Lord Harris. See also Chocolate. Cocoa, Extract of—hi. Budd, 37. Cocoa-fat—Trinidad, Lord Harris. Cocoa-nuts— Ceylon. Mauritius, Ro)al Society of Natural Histor}^, 4. Cocoa-nut Fibre (includinir Mat tin}? and other Articles made therefrom)—iv. Barsham, 56. xiv. Morrison & Hurn, 49. Yeates, 56. xxvili. Bevin^ton&A1 orris, 38. Bristol Blind School, 30. Treloar,39. Wildey&Co., 40. Cocoa-nut Oil—Mauritius, Mellon, 6, Royal Society of Natural History, Mauritius, 4. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Cocoa-nut Shells, Carved—India, xxviii. Cod-Liver Ointment—ii. Dickson & Co. 79. Cod and Skate Liver Oil—ii. Bell, 116. Dickson & Co., 79. Lawrence, 56. Linklater, 82. Owen, 83, Robertson, 81. Newfoundland, Stabb. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, Norberto, 599. United States, Simes, 60. Coffee—III. Moore, 139. Snowden, 28. British Guiana—Bee, 17 & 18. Kennedy, 16a & 16b. Netscher, 16. Ceylon, France, Tourneur, 1509. St.Helena,Md^n\\?.,''6. Massans^ 1. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. Portugal, 446-451. Society Islands, Queen Pomare, 5. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T. Western Africa, Weston, 1. Coffee, Essence of—Lane, 35. Coffee Extractor, Zollverein (2), Jacob, 78. Coffee Filterers—xxii. Loysel, 488. Sears, 620. Coffee Leaves (Prepared)—hi. Gardner, 142. Coffee Mills—vi. Fieldhouse & Co., 443. Muir, 206. Egypt, 153. Coffee Pots—xxii. Lane, 794. Shoolbred & Co. 66. Warner & Sons, 798. Zollverein (1), Leick, 436. Coffee, Refining Powder for—xxix. Wood, 285. Coffee Roasting Apparatus—vi. Dakin & Co., 408. Law, 460. xxii. Collier & Co., 100. Keith, 601. Orpwood, 552. France, Vandenbroucke, 711. Coffee Works and Apparatus, (Model)—Ce^/Zon, Clerihew. Coffer-dam—vii. Teasdel, 44. Coffin, Air-Exhausted—CT'mW States, Tuckerman, 229. Coffin Furniture—xxii. Cooksey, 320. Hickmann & Clive, 271. Coffins, Slate—xxvii, Ekins, 13. Cognac Oil—Zollverein (5), Busch, 2. Cog-Wheels for Machinery—Zollverein (7), Metz & Co., 0. Coinage (designs for)—Canada, Duncan, 351. Coining Presses—vi. Maudslay & Co., 228. India, v. Zollverein (1), Uhlhorn, 476. Coins—x. Hamilton, 733. Switzerland, Schuchmann, 264. See also Medals, Coins, Sfc. United States, Miles, 489. Coir Fibre (and articles made thereof)—Ceylon. India, xiv. United States, Mills, 489. Coke—I. Butler, 247. Corv, W. & W., jun., 265. Farnley & Co., 406. Pease, 122. Ramsay, 269. Spain, Palen Mines, Inspector of, 27. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 10-14. United States, Detmold, 66. Zollverein (1), Stinnes, 448. (8), Rossler, 4. Cold Cream—ii. Pound, 108. Collieries (Models)—See Coal Mines. Cologne (Designs for a Bridge over the Rhine at)—vii. Moorsom, 178. Russell, 78. CoLOQUiNTO—Egypt, 22. Colour Extractor Apparatus—vi. Bourra, 610. Colour Printing—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Baxter, 115. Cundal and Addey, 112. Dicks, 68. Kronheim, 40. See also Chromo-Lithography. Coloured Glass—See Stained Glass. Colours (for Calico Printing, &c.)—ii. Dentith & Co., 8. XXV. Emerv, 57. Colours (for China and Pottery)—ii. Dentith & Co., 8. Colours, Combination of (Device)—xxx. (Fine Art. Court) Oliver, 16. Colours (for Painting, &c.)—ii. Bell & Co., 66. Blun- dell&Co., 48. Ellam& Co., 58. Humfrey, 78. iv. Burch, 77. Smiths, 65. Austria, Bigaglia, 34. Kinzleberger & Co., 27. Kutzer & Lehrer, 24. Setzer, 23. Belgium, Ougree Charbonnages et Fournaux, 40. China. France, Lange, 1291. Viard, 1521. Ceylon. Netherlands, Diederichs Brothers, 6. Diiura & Ver- stoeven, 5. Sardinia, Bo, 19, Spain, Zabala, 240. Tuscany, Mussini, 26. Ridolfi, 25. Zollverein (1), Diesel & Co., 824, 882. Heyl & Co., 44. Sclnvarzenfells Electoral JManutactory, 465. (2), Sattler, 14. (4), Abt, 7. Siegle, 6. Comb-cutting Machine—vi. Staight & Sons, 455. Belgium, Van Mierlo, 133. Comb-makers' Ware, Sweden, Schuldheis, 105 Combs, Metallic—XXII.21. Deakin, 157. Marshall, 197. Belgium, Houtthave, 130. Combs, Tortoiseshell, Ivory, &c.—xxii. Armstrontr, 580. XXVIII. Crummack, 18. Gosnell & Co., ^55. Stevenson, J, & J,, 152, China, Hewett & Co, Austria, Hermannstadt Trades Union, 696a. jprajzce, Fauvelle Delaberre, 202. Massue, 615. Noel, 666. Poinsignon, 1397. Trancart, 393. Hamburgh, Umlaut?; 85, India, xxix. Van Diemen's Land, Anderson, 198, Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Commercial and Banking Tables—United States, Bartlett, 30. Commodes—xxvi. Dowbiggin & Co., 404. Pratt, 196. Compasses, Azimuth—x- Cameron, 356. (^richton, 452. EUiotr & Sons, 320. Denmark, Weilbach, 21. Compasses, Drawing—vii. Bermingham, 13, x. Barton, 708. Lawrence, 115. Penrose, 318. i?e/^mm, Gerard, 182. De Hennault, 183. Lambert, 185. Sweden and Norway, Littman, 15. Viberg, 14. CoBiPASSES, Mariners'—vi. Napier & Son, 158. vii. Brown, Sir S., 334. vill. Soulby, 110. West, 109. X. 692. Dent, 55. Hughes, 691. xxii. Howarth, 181. China, Lindsay. Denmark, Weilbach, 21. United States, St. John, 95. ^ee also Binnacles, Ships'. Compasses, Prismatic—x. Green, 446, Yeates, 332. Compasses, Solar—United States, Burt, 187. Composing Frames—France, Claye, 798. Composing Machine—Denmark, Sorensen, 13. Compositors' Page-marker — Belgium, Mackintosh, 471, Compressed Air, Application of, to prevent Vessels sinking—VII. Watt. 20. Compressed Air, Motive power by—v. Fell, 438. Concentrated Milk—France, De Li^nac, 9'22. Ou- din & Co., 1375. See also Lactine. Milk, Es- sence of. Concertinas—X. Case, 545. Chidley, 544. Wheat- stone & Co., 526. Austria, Reinisch, 163. Steinkellner, 164. Concrete—I. Smith, 177. White & Sons, 130. Confectioners'Moulds—XXII. Biggs, 453. xxix. Leale & Albrecht, 108. Denmark, Meyer, 43. Confectioners'Ornaments—XXIX. Farrell, 120. Rem- mie, 167, Wilken, 110. See also Wedding-Cake Ornaments. Confectionery—XXIX. Begg, 109. Graham, Lemon, & Co., 103. Gunter, 112. Huntley & Palmer, 107. Lucas, 110. Schooling-, 114. Warrick, Brothers, 115. Wotherspoon & Co., 106. Canada, Fletcher, ]36, France, Aucler, 1059. Durand & Co., 1206. Oudard & Co., 1374, Jersey and Guernsey, Pope, 43. Spain, Martinez, 179. Zollverein (4), Baur, Brothers, 87. Goll, Brothers, 88. Roth, 89. Troeglen, 91. Conflagration, Model of a—v. Selte, 452. CoNGREVE Matches—See Lucifer Matches. CoNiFERA Supporter (For Cypresses, Arbor-vitse, &c.)— IX. Seward, 51. Conservatories—See Greenhouses. Cooking Apparatus—ix. Gill & Ward, 62. Hodg-es & Sons, 116. Thompson, 248b. xxii. Andrews, 379. Argall, J. & W., 404. Bentley, 606. Brown & Red- path, 477. Callam, 479. Cornell, 245. Edwards, 241. Evans & Co., 103. Flavel, 38. Frost, 393. Garton & Jarvis, 483. Goddard, 380. Keed, 378. Kepp & Co., 489. Longden & Co., 105. Mapple- beck & Lowe, 370. Rickets, 433. Seares, 620. Tozer, 390. Wakefield, 381. Austria, Albrecht, Archduke, 431. Bartelmus, Brothers, & Bernhardi, 432. Pleischl, 433. France, Andreoleti, W. C, 10. See also Gas-Cooking, Sfc, Apparatus. Steam-Cooking Apparatus. Cooking Apparatus (fur Ships)—xxii. Goodbehere, 481. Wallace & Son, 413. Cooking Stoves—xxii. Righy, 411. Wakefield, 38]. Canada, Cheney, 151. Cooking Utensils—iv. Dufaville, 125. xxii. Bray, 500. Kent, 396. Simonite, 270. Belgium, De Rose, Baron, 365. France, Boucher & Co., 776. Budy, 783. Hamburgh, Thiel, 123. India, xxii. Russia, Imperial Mining Works (Poland), 288. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Zollverein (3), Lattermann & Sons, 27, Cooling Apparatus—xxii. Masters, 634. See also Freezing Machines. Coopers' Tools—Canada, Shaw, 149. CooPERY Articles—xxviii. Springfield, 138. Canada, Bailey, 86, Dodd, 87. See also Casks. Churns. Copal Varnish—Belgium, Reusens, ICO. Coping—vii. Beadon, 51. Copper—i. Berger, 439, 518 (Main Avenue, West). Gra- ham, 517. Low, 489. Royal Dublin Society of Ire- land, 508. Swansea Committee, 473. Austria, Upper Hungarian Mining Association, 3. Vienna Imperial Mines, 2. Canada, Montreal Mining Company, 10. China. Netherlands, Bosch, 82. New South Wales, Mitchell, 5. New Zealand, Taylor> 11. Fussia, Perm Imperial Copper Works, 6. Bogoslovsky Copper Works, 1. Pashkoff, 23, 24. Spain, Asturias Mines, Inspector of, 15. Ibarra, 26. Rio Tinto Mines, Director of, 8. Fernandez, 25, Sweden and Norway, Roraas Copper Works, 37. Tunis, 33, 34. Turkey. Tuscany, Hall, Brothers, 12. United States, Feutchwanger, 469. Zollverein (I), Mansfeld Combined Mining Works, 850. Copper, Acetate of—France, Maire & Co., 317. Copper, Carbonate of—South Australia, Graham & Co., 3. Copper Decorations, Stamped— France, Marsaux & Legrand, 332. Copper Mining, Smelting, &c., Machinery and Tools—I. Bankart & Sons, 429. Duchy of Corn- wall, 452. Richards, 441a. Taylor, 434, 450. Copper Ores—i. Barratt, 511. Bennett & Co., 450. Berger, 439. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 7, 442. Collett, 458. Devon Great Consol Copper Mining Company, 453. Dublin Royal Society, 515. Fahie 30, Lean, 445. Mining Company for Ireland, 507. Murchison, 521 A. Muschamp, 514. Puckey, 446, Redruth Local Committee, 443. Seccombe, 454. Swansea Committee, 473. Taylor, 434. Tennant, 516. Thorne, 475. Welborne, 470. Algeria, Mouzaie Mines, 18. Belgium, De Rasse, 33. Canada, Montreal Mining Company, 10. India, i. New Zealand, Lewis, 13. Murchison, 2. Reeve, 12. Russia, Bogoslovsk Copj^er Works, 1. St. Domingo, Schomburgk, Sir R. South Australia, South Australian Company, I. Barossa Range Mming Company, 2. Joseph, 10. Spain, Almeria Mines, inspector of, 13, Rio Tinto Mines, Director of, 8. Santander Mines, Inspector of, 9. Saragossa Mines, Inspector of, 11. Tuscany, Volterra Salt Manufactory, 2. United States, Ward, 408. Zollverein (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1. Copper Ores, Statistics of Sales—i. Polkinghorne, 460. Copper Oxide—South Australia, Graham & Hallett, 3, Copper, processes for obtaining —Zollverein (1), Mansfeld Combined Mining Works, 850. Copper-Plate Engraving (Specimen of) — Sardinia, xMantaut, 53, Copper-Plate Press—VI. Greig, D. & J., 114. Copper-Plate Printing ■— xxx. (Fine Art Court) Whiting, 123. Austria, Raltich, 29. France, Beard, 759. Copper Plates (for Engraving) — xxii. Hughes & Kimber, 609, Pinder & Suns, 574. See also Engra- ving Plates. Copper, &c., Salts of—ii. Tennants & Co., 7. Copper, Sulphate of—i. Tennants & Co., 71. ii, Copner, 118, Hatmel & Ellis, 10 (Main Avenue, West), Pontifex & Wood, 1, France, Digeon, 1590. India, Ti. Portugal, Hirsch, 68. Leal, 66, 67. Sardinia, Selopis, Brothers, 4. Copper, Sulphubet of—South Australia, Barossa Range Mining Company, 2. Spain, Granada Mines, Inspector of, 16. Copper Tubes—France, Groult & Co., 531. Copper Vases—Russia, Demidotf, 324, Copper Wares—xxii. Terry &, Son, 691 a. Tylor & Son, 401. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. Turkey. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein (4), Wagnt^r, 61. Copperas, Crystals of—ii. Buckley, Trustees of the late, 4. Copperas Tor Green Vitriol)—ii. Dick & Co., 7d. Hall, 40. Lindsay, 16. Copying Machines and Presses—v. Dunn, 618. vi, Mordan & Co., 205. Muir, 206. Pope & Co., 148. Waterlow & Sons, 164. vii. Plowman, 121. Wehh, 156. Wedgewood, 475, xxii. Baker, 19. Pierce, 18. Price, 397. Ruthven, 20. Canada, Perry, 157. France, Poirier, 963. CoQuiLLO Oil—Mexico. Corahs—See Handkerchiefs, Silk. Coral and Coral Ornaments—xxiii. Paravagna & Cased a, 84. Algeria, La Calle Fisheries, 41. Cape of Good Hope, Maitland Mines, I. Turkey. Tuscany, Reffaelli & Son, 69. Cordage—See Ropes, Cordage, Sfc. Cork (Raw and Manufactured)—iv. French, 127. Peet, [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] e 132. XVII. Lloyd, 25. xxviii. Bass, 124. Es- daile & Margrave, 125. French & Butler, 126. Algeria, Wood and Forest Commission, 47. France, Duprat & Co., 492. Portugal, 514. Spain, Gerona, 189. Guinarr, 188. Cork, articles executed in—Zo/^yerem (1), Gerliardt, 839. Cork Carvings—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bury, 23. O'Byrn, 257. Oldenhurgh, Cassebohm, 1. Cork Hats—xxviii. Clarkson, 197. Corks, Mechanical—France, Journial, 553. Corkscrews—viii. Richards & Co., 240. xxi. Bradford, R. & Co., 3. xxii. Haynes, 584. Jones & Sons, 277. Unwin, 178. Corn (includinjr Grain of all Kinds)—in. Albert, H.R.H. Prince, 107. Asprey, 93. Bexley, Lord, 100. Ca- hill, 90a. Cousens, 88. Croughton, 92. Fordham, 94. Fox, 90. Gibbs & Co., 104. Gibson, 102. II- lingworth, 115. Irwin, 99. Jones, 106. Juson, 95. Keene, 98. Kendall, 75. Levy, 120. McKillican, 114. Maund,79. Milne, 85. Payne,82. Raynbird, H. L., 74. Raynbird, R. H., 73. Sadler, 103a. Shep- pard, 70. Stevens, 91. Sutton & Sons, 112. Tay- lor & Son, 77. Truro Local Committee, 71. Walker, 86. Watt, 110. Webb, 72. Wellsman, 78. Wrench, J., & Sons, SO. Algeria, Chuflfart, 17, Dupre de St. Maur, 23. Jean- tet, 29. Lepelletier, 33. Marchal, 36. Austria, Carniolian Agricultural Society, 70. Belgium, Beheyt, 76. Colle, 61. Coosemans, 56, Delbaere, 66. De Mulder, 57. De Mathelieu, 58. D'HoUanders, 51. D'Huart de ViUemont, 48, Herinck, 43. Legras, 47. Merchx, 496. Mertens, Baron, 55. Miuten, 54. Peemans, 50. Peers, 75. Perdicus, 53. Stobbelaers, 60. Vanden Elst, 45. Vanden Porre, 44. Van Ophen, 49. Verheyden, 46. Vyvens, 59. Willems, 77. British Guiana, Netscher, 8-11. Canada, Allan, 28. Boa, 46. Desjardins, 30, 47. Drummond, 32. Graham, 34, Laurent, 31. Logan, 27, 57, Muir, 37, Provincial Agricultural Associa- tion, 33, 35, Shaw, 56, Tittemore, 36. Watts, 38. Weese, 29. South Africa, Barn, 46. Rutherfoord, 23. Volsteedt, 6. Ceylon. JDenmark, Benzon, 45. Puggaard & Co., 1. Voight, 46. Egypt, 52, 68, 70, 73, 84, 85, 87-94, 101. France, Bazin, 1073. Crespel-Delisse, 465. Mabire, 1334. India, in. Jersey a?id Guernsey, Le Couteur, 2. Malta, Pulis, 4. Montserrat. Netherlands, Vis, 7. New Brunswick, Blackville, 14. Brophy, 19. Chal- mers, 29. Goodfellow, 28. McDermot, 18, Wyse, 15, 17, 22. New South Wales, Hallett, H. C & M., 5. Moses, 4. New Zealand, 38. Low and Mo*ion, 24. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, 297-329, 331-39 ]. ^«ssta,Bagner, 39. Bistrom, 46. Bobrinsky, Count, 56. Caucasus, Agricultural Society of, 58. Cossacks of the Azoff Sea, 37. Dokhtouroff, 35. Ershoff; 60. Gooriel, Prince, 61. Hirshmann, 34, 114. Horticulture, School of, 41. KarkhofF, 45. Khalil-Beck-SaphieflF, 57. Klepatsky, 35, Koucheleffj Count, 32. Loshkareff' 33, MatveiefF, 40. Morozoff, 38. Ounkovsky, 54. Pavlotr, 333. PousanofiP, 59. Ratshinsky, 49. Rekke, 48. Ropp, Baron, 47. Safonoff, 55. Selivanuff, 52. Shabelsky, 42. TreskofF, 43. Vielhorsky, Count, 44. Vladimirsky, 50. Zilfoogar Beck & Iskander Beck Ogli, 51. South Australia, Heath & Burrow, 9. ^pai«, 56,59, 60, 63,72, 79, 82,86,87, 91, 92, 96, 130. Badillo, 57. Barrientos, 83. Becerril, 71. Benito, 78, Casado, 85, Castellon, Corporation of, 76, Cea, 64. Colom, 74. De Cordoba, 69. Enriquez, 73. Gil, 95. Ghioves, 70. Guzman, 58. Macorra, 65. Medina del Campo, Pedrosa, & Gomeznarro, 66. Monfort, 88. Nunno, 62. Penafiel, 77. Piedrola, 84. Pinan, 61. Portilla, 291, 294. Salido, 75. Ternero, 68. Torres, 67. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Jimis, 60-67, 69-72, 102-105. Turkey. Tuscany, Brocchi, 27. Paoletti, 29. Pastorelli, 35. Sloane, 28. United States, Bell, 103. Dix, '139. Heath, 6. Hecker & Brother, 114. Horry, 320e. Hotchkiss, 342. Jewett, 499. Kirtland, 84. Lathrop, 299. Newton, 387. New York State Agricultural Society, 83. Remsburgh, 317.' Ohio State Board of Agri- culture, 24. Thompson, 238. Van Diemen's Land, Brown & Co., <I5, 46. Denison, Sir W. T., 26, 28, 35, 38. Harper, 185, Lipscombe, 42, McPherson & Francis, 350, McNaughten, 41, 43. Marshall, 36, 37. Patterson, 48. Tooth, 47. Walker, 44, 49. Zollverein (1), Lissa Corporation of Millers, 35. (2), Erich, 19. Hammerschmidt, 18. (6), Hesse Darm- stadt Board of Agriculture, 13. See also Flour. Corn-drying Machine—ix. Vivian, 227. Corn and Grain Cleaning and Dressing Machines— VI. Hicks & Son, 218. IX. Brown & Archbold, 250. Caborn. 200. Garrett & Sons, 142. Grounsell, 148. Holmes & Sons, 241. Hornsby & Son, 233. Robin- son, 126. Rowley, 87. Royce, 58. Smith, 276. Spiller & Taylor, 64, 64a. White, 181. Belgium, Danneau, 507. Delstanche, 510. Corn and Grain Grinding and Crushing Mills—vi. Fairbairn & Co., 421. Huxhams & Brown, 446. ix. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 128. Bendell, 32. Clay- ton & Shuttleworth, 242. Crosskill, 135, Deane, Dray & Deane, 180, Gillett, 78. Garrett & Sons, 142, Hart, 72. Hayes, 117. Rausomes & May, 124. Richmond & Chandler, 137. Samuelson, 185. Smith, 256. Smith & Co., 266. Turner, 182. Wedlake 8c Co., 127. White, 181. Woods, 82. France, Mauzaize, 924. Mesmer, Son & Co., 635. See also Grinding and Crushing Mills. Millstones. Corn-lift—v. Armstrong, 44. Corn Mills—vi. Corcoran & Co., 416. Fairbairn, 403. Westrup, 442. ix. Howard, J. & F., 240. Corn and Seed Meters—ix. Gingell, 25c. xxviii. MacGregor, 146. Corn Stacks and Stack Levels—ix. Jennlson, 70. Corn Whisps and Dusters—Canada, Brainerd, 82. Nelson & Butters, 84. Cornelian Engraving—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Gif- ford, 280. CoRNET-A-PiSTONS—x. Glsbome, 507. Jordan, 523. Mac- farlane, 673. Gates, 520. Pace & Sons, 517. Canada, M'Pherson, 183. France, Besson, 424. Gaubot, 844, Zollverein (3), Glier & Son, 20. (6), Mueller, 24. Cornwall Mining Map—i. Hunt, 524. Cornwall and Swansea—Statistics of Sales of Cop- per—I. Polkinghorne, 460. Corrugated Galvanized Iron—i. 216. Corsets. See Stays and Corsets. Corundum-Stone—ii. Ellam, Jones & Co., 58. Cottages, Labourers', &c. (Models)—v. Greatorex, 415. VII. Holmes, 176. ix. Kiliott,41. Griiusle)^, 136. xxvii. Albert, ILR.H, Prince (at the Cavaliy Barracks, opposite the Exhibition). Allen, 68. Griffiths & Strong, 67. Society for improving the condition of the labouring classes, 124. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bardwell, 175. Bond, 28. Evans, 202. Sillett, 26. Cotton Fabrics (Various)—xi. Allen, 65. Cross, 41. Glover & Dunn, 50. Horrockses, Miller & Co., 60. King, R. & W. 23. Owtram & Co., 62. Paterson & Co., 11. Sudworth, 42. Thackeray & Sons, 27. Walker, 46. xil. & xv. Behrens, 180. Dalby, 152. Firth & Sons, 37. Pearson, 239. Wilson, 138. XIV. Walton & Co., 38. XX. Carver & Gilbert, 98. Algeria, Cox & Co., 68. Delegate of Algiers, 58. Austria, Ehinger, 181. Friedrich, 182. Lang, 185. Leitenberger, E., 186. Leitenberger, F., 187. Oss- berger's Successor, 189. Wolfrum, 301. Belgium, Canfyn, 190. De Cuyper, 192. Petit Noel, Lerouge, & Co., 246-250. Satire, 483. Schelstraete, 251. Servaes, 295. Scrvais, 291. \'anderberghe, 252. Ceylon. China, Hewett & Co. Lindsay. Denmark, Wulff & Sous, 5. IJgi/pt, 175, 178,180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 297. France, Blech, Steinbach, & Maatz, 29. Bouchard, 1103. Delamoriniere & Co., 1583. Dubar-Deles- paul, 148. Duranton, 494. Hartnaan & Sons, 256. Ourscamp Society, 379. Patriau, 1380. Scamps, 1479. Schlumberger & Co. 1481. Schwartz & Hu- iruenin, 1003. Soins & Sen, 381. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. India, xi. Malta, Bonavia, 3. Pulis, 4. Schembri, 3. Villa, Fratelli, 5. Portugal, Barboza, 682, 683. Da Luz, 775, 776. ~ Daufrias & Co , 856-865. Lisbon Weaving Co., 684- 700. Pinto & Co., 770-774, 777-786. Faissia, Molkehanoff, 373. Popoff, 174. Sweden and Norway, 26. Switzerland, A.xiAQXQiyg,\\\. Bovet & Co., 35. Brei- tenstein, 117. Hunziker & Co., 166. Lauterberg, 129. Rikli, 133. Vaucher & Co., 36. Zelkr, 144. Tunis, 10. Turkey. Tuscany, Padreddii, 60. United States, Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 2. Char- leston Factory, 175a. Delanoe, 545. Fox & Polhe- mus, 352. Graniteville Factory, 175. Kimbal, 457. Lonsdale Co., 35. Sayle, Merriam, & Brewer, 406. Western Africa, 24. Foister & Smith, 2. Hutton, J. F., 21. Hutton & Sons, 6. King, 7. McWilliam. Rothery, 4. Townsend, 11. Weston, 1. Zollverein (1), Bodemer & Co., 820. Cramer, 610. Croon, Brothers, 609. Dahlheim, 814. Funke, 587. Lambert & May, 579. Neuhaus, 577. Seipermann & Mnhlau, 676. Stephan & Co., 159. Voelkel & Co., 91. Vogel & earner, 711. (2), Lienhart, 43. (3) , Beck, 65. Becker & Schraps, 84. Boehler & Son, 56. Hetzer & Son, 64. Heynig & Co., 57. (4) , Kolb & Schule, 28. Zais, 48. (5), Meyer & Schwartze, 8. See also Mixed Fabrics. Cotton Gins—India, vi. United States, Bates, Hyde, & Co., 440. See also Cali- coes. Cambrics. Chintzes. Cotton-opening, Sfc. Ma- chines. Damasks (^Cotton, Sfc). Doeskins (^Cottoji). Dyed Cotton Velvets. Dyed Cotton Yarns and Cloth. Ginghams. Cotton Machinery—v. Squire & Co., 706. vi. Crichton, 36, Hibbert, Piatt & Sons, 1. Higgins & Sons, 14. Leach, 7. Ryder, 222. SutclifFe, 42. India, vi. See a\so Bobbins (Cotton, SfC.'). Carding Engines. Roving Frames. Spindles. Spinning Wheels and Machinery. Warping Machinery. Cotton Manufacture, Illustrations of—xi. Bailly, 53. Glover & Dunn, 50. Cotton Opening and Cleansing Machines—vi. Cal- vert, 27. Crichton & Co., 36. Hibbert, Piatt & Sons, 1. See also Cotton Gins. Cotton Plant, wild, Canada, Ashton, 355. Cotton, Raw—iv. Royle, 107. xi. Brook & Brothers, 24. Algeria, Benes, 6, Chuffart, 17. Dupre de St. Maur, 23. Grima, 26. Haloche, 27. Morin, 39. Pelissier, 42. Reverchon, 44. Barbadoes. British Guiana, Bee, 74, 75,76. Blair, 71, 72. Netscher, 73. Ridgway, 163. Ross, 76a, 768. South Africa, Bazley, 30b. Botanic Garden, 10. Manuel, 11. Ceylon. China, Shanghae, H. M.'s Consul at. Egypt, 106, 134, 151. India, iv. Malta, Pulis, 4. Schembri, 3. New South Wales, Dudgeon & Co., 4. Portugal, 539, 540. Nogueira, 538. Eussia, Abdom-za-Maran-Ogli, 94. Djidjivadze, Prince, 95. St. Helena, Agricultural Society, 2. Society Islands, Queen Pomare. Spain, Villars, 162. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkey. TJnited States, Almy, Patterson, & Co., 454. Bagby, 329, Bond, 37. Hampton, 172b. Holmes, 316. Jones, J. R., 172a. Jones, J. V., 172. Lak, 330. M'Leod, 172e. Merriweather, 164. Mitchell, 179. Morgan, 288. Nailor, 178. Pope, 32. Seabrook, 172f, 320d. Truesdale & Co., 494. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. We.>ton, 1. Cotton Seed—iii. Burn, (»8. Western Africa, Weston, 1. Cotton Waste—ii. Duncan, 76. Cotton Yarn, Twist, &c,—xi. Dixon & Sons, 19. Greenhalgh & Sons, 28. Houldsworth & Co. 54. Oswald, Stevenson & Co., 10, Waters & Co., 43. XII. & XV. Black & Wingate, 204. ^z<s^na, Chiachich, 171. Dierziers, 176a. Grillmayer, 172. Grohmann, 178. Hirschell & Minerbi, 173. Lenssen, 173a. Perger, 174. Pordenone Cotton Mill and Dyeing Establishment, 175. Richter, 176. Bri- tish Guiana, Ries, 137. France, Cox & Co., 392. Hofer & Co., 875. Motte, Bossut & Co., 654. Picquot, 389. Vantroyen & Mallet, 715. Switzerland, Billeter, 147. Blum, 114. Buchler & Sons, 120. Clais, 121. Imhoof, 126. Leumann, Bro- thers, 130. Rieter, 132. Schmid, 136. Schwarz, 137. Springer, 138. Winkler, 142. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Brinck, 607. Hagen Turkey Red Dye- ing Comjiany, 602. Neuhoff, 603. Sartoeins & Co., 611. Schoeller, 608. Wiedemann & Co., 488. Wolff, 600. (3), Bodemer, 40. Heymann 39. Pansa & Hauschild, 42. Strauss, 38. Otto, 47. Court Costume—xx. Phillpotts, 18. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Mitchell, 124, 356. Court Plumes—See Feathers, Plumes, Sfc. CousoBRODEUR—i^ra?2ce, Mat^nin, 1654. Cow Bells—See Bells, Cattle. Cow Hair—xxix. Wright, 250. Cradles, Cots, &c.—xx. Capper & Son, 45. xxii. Reid, 543. XXVI. Dixcee, 16. Jennens & Bettridge, 187. xxviii. Tarbutt, 185. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Her Majesty the Queen, 353. Cranes—v. Allan, 711. Fairbairn & Sons, 417. Fox, Henderson, & Co., 404. James & Co., 411. McNicoll & Vernon, 434. Slight, 765. Stothert, Rayno, & Pitt, 403, Warren, 558. vii. Bremner, 95. Spurgin, 76. IX, Deane, Dray, & Deane, 180. Slight, 42. Netherlands, Entlioven, 76. See also Fireplace Crane. Hydraulic Crane. Steam Cranes. Cranks . FOR Steam-Engines, &c. — v. Judge, 130. Squire & Co. 706. Crape—xii. & xv. Bottomley, l8l. xiii. Courtauld & Co., 34. Grout & Co., 36. Pulling, 53. Egypt, 215, 318. France, Brunet & Co., 1120. Montessuy & Chomer, 1360. Thevenet, Raffin & Roux, 1500. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Funke, 587. Crayon Boards, Coloured—xvii. Turahull, J. L. & J. 45. Crayon Painting—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Kearney, 5. Crayons—Zollverein (2), Rehbach, 82. Cream of Tartar—Austria, Weber, 18. Sardinia, Castagneto, 76. Spain, Bescanzas, 239. Creosote—II. Morson & Son, 106. Zollverein (5), Broenner, 1. (6), Oehler, 8. Cribbage-board—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wilson, 200. Cricket Bats, &c.^—xxix. Caldecourt, 199. Clapshaw, 186. Clements, 189. Dark, M.. & Sons, 197. Dark, R., 198. Duke & Son, 191. Llllywhite & Sons, 196. Med way, 195. Page, K. & W., 194. Crochet IMeedles—xxii. Hardy, 146. Crochet Work—xix. C onstable, 134. Copeland, 136. Cross, 141. Danby,C. &T.,71. Faudel & Phillips, 165. Fryer, 237. Irish Work Society, 77. Lock- wood, 240. Padwick, 251. Pearse, 266. Riego de la Branchardiere, 17. Sutton, 308. Waterhouse, E. & M., 336. Woolcock, 356. Wratislaw, 357. Ionian Islands, Mavroianni, 2. Madeira, Read, 1. Zollverein (6), Moerschel, Winzenried & Co., 28. Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Seal, 218. Crown Glass—xxiv. Chance & Co., 22. Hartley &Co., 100 (Main Avenue, East). Crucibles—I. Ruel, 435. xxv. Juleff, J. & J., 30. Michell, 29a. Belgium, Puissant, 356. France, Deyeux, 476. United States, Atwood, 426. Crumb Cloths and Stair Carpeting—xiv. Beveridge, 29. e 2 Crystallography (Models illustrative of),—i. Leeson, 8. Crystals—I. Devonshire, Duke of, 14, 531. Mitchell, 9. Tennant, 14. xxill. Emanuel, 119. xxiv. Richard- son, W. H. B. & J., 14. irajzce, Bertand, 1549, Lambert, 1638. See a\so Bock Crystals. Cudbear—II. Marshall, 68. iv. Smith & Son, 68. Culinary Utensils.—See Cooking Utensils. Cultivator, Self-adjusting—ix. Bendall, 32. See also Uley Cultivators. Cupping Instruments—x. Pratt, 635. Switzerland, lunod, 106. Curd-mill—ix. Stokes, 255. Curling Stones—i. Cassels, 26. Kay, 27. Currant-dressing Machint: - VI. Weatherley, 441. Curriers' Tools—xxii. Briggs, 145. Curry-combs—J.usfna, Koller, 466. United States, Gardner, 304. Curry-powder, Chutnee, &c.—hi. Payne & Son, 22, Curtain Rods—France, Dupes & Co,, 1594. See also Brass Foundry, Sfc. Curtains—Austria, Volkmann, 190. . France, Caslel, 83. Daudville, 156. Hamburgh, Heiser, 26. Muckenheim & Alpers, 27. Verheim, 28. Zollverein (4), Van Zwerger & Co., 52. Cushions, Needle Work, &c.—xix. Jones,219. Kiddle. 384. XXVI. Blott, 18. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. Forbes, 8, Button, 21. King, 7. Custard Povtder—iii. Edwards, 134, Cutlery—I. Solly & Co., 410. x. Philp & Whicker, 641. Weedon, 640. XXI. Beach, 48. Blofeld & Co., 4. Bradford, R. & W., 3. Bradford, S., 2S, Colgan & Son, 25, Deane & Co., 6. Durham, 46, Grad- well, 40, Hilliard & Co., 33. Loy, 15, Mathews, 181. Mechi, 12. Morton, J, & G,, 7, Mosely &Son, 13. Offord, 28. Sharpe, J. & R., 10. Thornhil), 2. Yeates, 19. xxii, Algor, 118. Barge, 144, Bashaw, 143. Blake & Parkin, 193. Brookes & Son, UOa. Burrows, 222, Clavton, 142. Ellin & Co., 120. Kllis, 156. Eyre & Co., 203. Hague, 226a. Hargreaves & Co., 116. Hiuclitfe, 224. Holmes, 130, Hutton, 166. Ibbot- son & Co., 191. Jones, 136. Ledger, 155. Leon, 225. Makin, 112. Mappin & Brothers, 139. Marsh & Co., 162. Marshall, 197. Mottram & Hawkins, 691. New- bould & Baildon, 133 a. Nicholson, 137. Nowill & Sons, 149. Oliver, 12L Parkin & Marshal], !19. Rodgers & Sons, 690 (Main Avenue, West). Sayuor & Sons, 198. Sellers, 147. Turner & Co., 117. Unwin & Rogers, 159. Unwin, W., 178, Whittles & Froggart, 693. Willoughby, 173, Wilson & Son, 195. Winks & Son, 134. Wostenholm, 125. xxiii. IJiggins, 115, Austria, Alsterberger, 503, Bauer, 504. Bley, 505. Breshmaier, 506. Bubenitsch, 507. Daucher, 508. Dernberger, 509. Dietzl, 510. Doppler, 511. Fors- ter, 512. Freukner, 513. Frohlich, C, 514. Frohlich, J., 515. Grunwald, 516. Haindl, 517. Helm, 518. Hol^r, 519. Kaltenmark, 520. Kerbler, 521. Krana- wetter, 522, Licbtl, 523, Lieder, 521, Loschen- kohl, C, 525, Loschenkolil, J., 526. Maderboeck, 527, Miller, 528, Mitter, J., 530. Mitter, J. sen., 529, Moser, A„ 531, 532, Moser, C, 533. Moser, F., 534. Moser, G., 535. Moser, J., 536, 537. Os- terberger, 538, Pessl, 544, Pfusterschmidt, 546, Pichler, 539, 545. Pillss, 541. Pilss, C, 540. Pilss, G., 542. Pilss, M., 543. Rapp, 547. Reid- ler, J., 550. Reidler, L., 551. Ressl, J., 548. Ressl, M., 549. Rosier, 552. Rupprecht, 553. Salz- wimmer, 554. Schindler, 555. Schwinghammer, 556. Stierhofer, 557. Stierl, 558. Stuckhart, 559. Voith, 560. Wacter, 561. Weichselbaumer, J., 562. Weiclisel- baumer, M., 563. Teyfelmeyer, 564. Belgium, Mounoyer, 352. ■ South Africa, Moravian Missionary Station at Gena- dendal, 44, Ceylon. France, Charriere, 1145, Guerre, 858, Lanne, 1641, Picault, 348. Renodier & Son, 982. Roissard, 1450. Tabourdeau, 1496. India, i, xxi. Jersey and Guernsey, Carmalt, 18. Ionian Islands, Ward, 6. Nova Scotia, Acadian Iron Mining Association, 1. Archibald, 2. Russia, lakvleflf, 286. Sweden and Norway, Heljestrand, 11. Lundqvist, 11. Oesterberg, 11. Stille, 12 a. Svalling, 11. Turkey. United States, Lawrence. 517. Pooley, 225. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein (I), Boecker, 633. Coppel, 628. Hasen- clever & Sons, 631. Henkels, 187. Hilgers & Sons, 631. Hoeller, 637. Linder, 629. Luckhaus & Co., 631. Post, J, D, 615, Post & Sons, 616, Schmolz & Co,, 673, Schulz, 880, Schwarte, 640, Thomas, 671. (3), Krumbholz & Trinks, 30. Levy, 31. (4). Dittmar, Brothers, 57, Cyanide Powder—Zollverein (1), Krimmelbein & Bredt, 457, Cyanotype and Chrysotype Pictures (Sir J, HerscheTs) —X, Henneman & Malone, 297. Cyclops Steel Works, Sheffield, (Model of)—xxii. Johnson, Cammill, & Co., 109, Cutting Machine—vi, Harrild & Son, 157. Cypress Tree—China, Standish & Noble. Daggers—France, Vilpelle, 1523, Russia, Bazalay, 164. Oste-Selim-Molla-Noori-Ogli, 165. Spain, Toledo Royal Ordnance, 266. Turkey. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. McWilliam. Zollverein (1), Schulz, 880. Daguerreotype Apparatus—x. Beauford, 406, Claudet, 296, Field & Son, 250. Home & Co., 220. France, Mayer, Brothers, 623. Zollverein (1), Schneider, 203, (5), Albert, 7. -.Seealso Calotype Apparatus. Camera Ohscura. Daguerreotype (or Photographic) Pictures—x. Beard, 292. Bingham, 302. Claudet, 296. Griffiths and Le Beau, 404. Kilburn, 294. Mayall, 291. Paine, 295. Rippinghara, 304. Tyre, Brothers, 299. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Craddock, 227. Laroche, 252. Voigtlander & Co., 254. Austria, Vogel, 739, 740. France, Bayard, 414. Gouin, 241. Le Grav, 5S5. Maucomble, 620. Plagniol, 1679. SabatierJ 1467. Saugrin, 690. Thierry, 1038. Hamburgh, Kobnke, 103. United States,'Q\a.<\N,\^7. Brainard, 599. Evans, 105. Fontain & Porter, 550. Gavit, 125. Harrison, 223. Lawrence, 151. Mayall, 491. Mead & Brothers, 109. Pratt & Co., 264. Root, 42. Whip])le, 451. White- hurst, J., 525. Whitehurst, J. H., 377. Zollverein (4), Von MinutoH, 191. See also Calotype Process. Chromatype Pictures. Cyanotype and Chrysotype Pictures. Dairy Utensils—vi. See also Butter Prints and Boards. Butter Tubs. Cheese Presses. Churns. Curd Mills. Milk Pails. Milk Strainers. Dam for River Operations (Model)—vii. Green, 17. Damask Looms—vi. Henning, 43. Damasks (Cotton, and Cotton and Woollen)—Switzer- land, Blumer & Jennv, 116. Zollverein (2), Braun, 39, (3), Heynig & Co. 57. Hoesel & Co. 86. Lohse, 85. Roehrig & Albrecht, 87. Seyflert & Breyer, 88. Damasks (Linen)—xiv. Brown & Sons, 17. Canter, 36. Capper & Son, 95. Carter, Brothers, 36. Corry & Co., 24. Coulson, 92. Crawford & Lindsays, 13. Devas & Co., 34. Fletcher, 36. Hattersley & Co., 36. Haxworth & Carnley, 36, Houghton, 50, Hunt & Son, 28. Jackson and Mattiiewman, 36. Kinnis, 26. Pegler, 43. Pigott & Newton, 36. Richardson & Co. 7. Austria, Von Harrach, 285. Simonetta, 291. Belgium, Dujardin, 217. France, Grassot & Co., 526,1257. Netherlands, Galle, 47. Geffen, 46. Ven, 44. Voort, 45. Zollverein (\), Mueller, 5^1. Urban, 724. Westermann & Sons, 544. Wiedenmann, 669. (2), Trendels & Son, 41. (3), Beyer & Co., 51. Lieske & Haebler, 52. Proelss & Sons, 54. Waentig & Sons, 53, (4), Faber, 33. (6), Lohn, 29. Sturth, 30. Damasks (Silk, Satin, and Velvet)—xii. &xv. Hoadley & Pridie, 128. Shepard & Perfect, 131. xiii. Boyd, 13. .Campbell & Co., 31. Grosvenor. 52. Sewell & Co. 19. Stillwell &Son, 7. Swan and Edgar, 11. Wright, 54. Austria, Giani, 257. China, Lindsay. Shea. France, Adolphe, 1. Lapeyre, 1292. Portugal, Jurge, 965-967. liussia, Kondrasheff, 353. Matvieflf, 367. Sardinia, Chichizola & Co., 39. Spain, Orduna, 214. Sweden, Almgren, 89. Folcker & Son. 88. Zollverein (1), Lucius & Co., 729. Wiegand, 734. (3), jBehr & Schubert, 50. Hoesel & Co. 86. Lohse, 85. Roehrig & Albrecht, 87. Seyffert & Breyer, 88. Thuemer & Toeper, 90. Damasks (Worsted and Woollen)—xii. & xv. Akroyd & Son, 130. Brown, 129. Craven & Harrop, 153. Hoadley & Pridie, 128. Holdsworth & Co., 166. Mc Crea, 135. Ripley & Son, 148. Shepard & Perfect, 131. Ward, 134. Russia, Favar, 195. Damp (Composition for preserving against) — Belgium, Coldters, 41. Damp Detectors—x. Green, 446. Damp Walls, Felt for—vii. Croggon & Co., 110. Date Dials (for Counting-houses)—xxii. Shoolbred & Co., 66. Bates—Egi/pt, 27-36, 54, 60, 132, 133, 167. Tunis, 78,' 79, 112, 134. Decanters—XXIV. Davis & Co., 15. Gatchell, 12. Jones & Sons, 11. Molhieaux & Co., 13. xxv. Sharpus & Cullum, 41. See also Glass Ware, Decimal Scales—Portugal, Pinto Basto, 631. Decoctions AND Infusions—II. Austin, 114. Bass, 95. Decorations (Undescribed)—xxvi. Bonnar & Carfrae, 108. Cameron, 93. Goodison, 201. Spain, Yraburo, 275. See also House Decorations. Dental Instruments—x. Finzi, 602. Goddard, 636. Harnett, 684. Harrington, 721. Jack, 678. Wood, 643. United States, Clievalier, 120. See also Electric Gal- vanic Apparatus. Dentist's Chair—x. Matthews, 181. Dentistry (Articles of, including Artificial Teeth,)—x. Ash & Sons, 578. Dinsdale, 718. Finzi, 602. Ghnmes, 574. Harnett, 684. Harrington, 721. Horne, 575. Laurie, 576. Miles, 601. Morrison, 189. Nolan, 558. Parks, 413a. Perkins, 581. Ransom, 584. Robinson, 582. Rose, 719, Sinclair & Hockley, 329. Truman, 720. Waite, 441. W^att, 717. xxiii. Mor- timer, 57. Austria, Edler You Wursh, 52. Canada, Dickinson, 193. Rahu, 19a. Jersey and Guernsey, De le Conde, 7a. Spain, Leon, 274. Switzerland, Schneider, 102. United States, Alcock, 220. Ambler & Averv, 214, 291. Avery, 76. Barlow, 350. Brown, 216. Browne, 419. Buckingham, 63. Hawes, 153. Hichcock, 518. Hunter, 9. Jones, White, & M'Curdy, 33. Phila- delphia, 558. Reynolds, 61. Wardle, 47. Zollverein (1), Kunst, 70. Deodorizing Chambers—ix. Rogers, 183. Defvrator—France, Risler & Son, 1438. Derbyshire Spar—i. Potter & Co., 87. Derrick Cranes—v. Fox, Henderson & Co., 404. Designs (Undescribed)—xviii. Gann, 94. Hunt, 90. Sand- way, 93. Desks—See Writing Desks. Dewranoe's Patent Metal—v. Squire & Co. 706. Dextrine—Austria, Engelmann, 22. Diagraphs and Pantographs—i^mrtce, Gavard, 235. Dial Illuminating Apparatus—x. Blaylock, 92. Dial Plates f Barometer)—x. Rush, 137. Dials, Sun—x. Evans, 106. Green, 446, Lawrence, 115. Mauritius, Balkeld & Co, 5. Natural History Society, 4. Netherland, Uhlman, 85. Dials, Sun (Portable)—x. Parkes & Son, 671, Diamond Balances—x. De Grave & Co., 333. Diamonds—XXIII. " Koh-i-Noor," Her Majesty the Queen, 140 (Main Avenue, East). Hope, 73. India, (Durria-i-Noor, or Sea of Light), xxili. See also Precious Stones. Diapers—XIV. Beveridge, 29. Canter, 36. Carter, Bro- thers, 36. Clibborn & Co., 20. Fletcher, 36. Haf- tersley & Co., 36, Haxworth & Caridey, 36. Hibbert 39. Jackson and Matthewman, 36. Pigott & Newton, 36. Netherlands, Geften, 46. Zollverein (1), Dierig, 92. (3), Brandstetter, 55. Diastimeter—Zollverein, (4) Kinzelbach, 26. Dibbling Machines—See Seed-Dihhling, Sfc, Machines. Dies (Medal, Button, &c,) — xvii. Puiches & Co., 33. XXII. Lingard, 264. Nash, 310, xxx. (Fine Art Court) Sounes, 359. Sardinia, Lendy, 60. See a}so Button, Metal, Machinery, Digging Machine (Model)—ix. Parsons, 112. Dimity—XI, Cook, 38. Martin & Son, 37. Zollverein (1), Neuhaus, 577. Dinant Cake—Belgium, Clavereau, 69, Dinting Vale Viaduct (Model)—vii. Jee, 222 (Main Avenue, West). Salter, page 851. Dipleidoscope—X. Dent, 55. Direction-Labels—XVI. Evans & Son, 18, Disinfecting Fluids—iv. Burnet, Sir W., 7. See also Deodorizing Chambers. Disinfecting Powder—ii. Collins, 109, Dissolving Views—x. Horne & Co., 220. Distances (Instruments for ascertaining and measuring)— X, Bridges, 339. Elliott & Sons, 320. Distiller or Rectifier's recording Close Safe—vi. Dawson, 612. Distilled Waters—xxix. Taylor & Co., 5. Distilling Apparatus—France, Andreoletti, lu. Lein- ster, 1716. MecJdenbui-g-Schicerin^ Stolzenherg, 1. Distributor—vi. Lawrence, 604. Diurnal'Reflectors—France, Troupeau, 1703. Dividing Machine—x. Best, 330, Diving Apparatus—v. Deane, 426, vii. Heinke, 53. Siebe, 1. Diving Bells—viii. Bell, 14. Dock-Gate Caissoons—viii. Ditchbnrn, 30. Doeskins (Woollen)—xii. & xv. Brook & Son, 487. Cooper, D. & J., 42. Scott & Wright, 1. Wheeler, 271. Austria, Biedermann & Co., 206. Binder, 207. Gaes Cloth Manufacturing Company, 209. Illek, 216, Namie^t Cloth Manufacturing Company, 220. Posselt, 223. Schoell,226. New South Wales, Rayner, A. & G., 22. Russia, Moes& Co. 192, United States, Withered & Co., 529. Dog-Kennels—xxviii. Toplis & Sons, 154. DoLFOR Church (Model)—v ii.Newnham, 170. Dolls—Zollverein (2), Neubronner, 97. Dolomite (for Cement)—i. Sweetman, 40. Canada, Logan, 1. Wilson, 2. Domestic Implements—Tunis, 51,52. See a\so Cookirz Utensils. Doors (Models)—vi. Williams, 234. vii. Beadon, 51. Smith, II 9a. xxii. Greenfield, 676a. xxvii. Emery, 141. I Doors, Swing—xxii. M'Clure, 568. Door Fastenings—x. Elisha, 39. xxii. Greenfield, 676a. Knigljt, 587. British Guiana, Steele, 154, 155b. France, Credrue, 134. Rebert, 975. Jersey and Guernsey, White, 12, Door Furniture (Porcelain)—xxv. Meyer, T. J. & J. 9. Door Mats—.See Mats. Matting. Door Plates, Knobs, &c.—xxviii. Smith, 22. xxix. Lucas, 277. France, Corderant, 1157. Trelon, W^eldon & W^eil, 700. Door Slides (for excluding draughts)—vii. Wilson, 113, 188. VIII. Beadon, 90. xxn. Gidney, 556. Door Spbings—xxii. Hampden, 612. Savage, 56. Doubling Machine (for lace thread)—vi. Gardner & Bazley, 87. Down—Russia, Ladighin, 283. Pophoff, 144. See also Bed Feathers, Down, Sfc, Eider-down. Drags and other Apparatus for saving Life from Drowning—viii. Cleare, 311. Royal Humane Society, 15. ix. W^hitfield, 68. See also Ice-Boats. Drain-Tile and Pipe Machines—ix. Brodie, 93. Clayton, 47. Cottam & Hallen, 109a. Dean, 4. Sci-agg, 228. Whitehead, 239. Williams. 15L xxii. Prideaux, 239, See also Brick and Tile Machines. Drain-Tiles and Pipes—Western End, North Enclosure, (Outside), Doulton & Co. 64. Ferguson, Miller, & Co., 66. Francis & Sons, 71. I. Cooper, 129a. Fa- hie, 30, 129. Methven & Sons, 126. Pease, 122. ix. Enniskillen, Earl of, 232. Grimsley, 136. France, Thibault Boilesve, 1502. Drain Traps—See Sewer Traps. Draining Machine (Model)—ix. Gregory, 17 a. Draining Tools—ix. Cottam & Hallen, 1U9a. Saunders, 269b. x. Cox, 347. Denton, 317. xxii. Skeltons, 220. See also Land Presser. Dramming Apparatus (Silk machinery)—vi. Davenport, 80. Draught Boards—See Chess Boards. Drawbridge, Portable (Model)—vii. Lavancky, 84. Drawing Boards—xvii. Turnbull, J. L. & J., 45. Drawing Books—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Brown, 34. Drawing Instruments—x. Dobson, 323. Elliott & Sons, 320. Mussia, Imperial Ijorsk Works, 169, Sweden and Norway, Littman, 15. Viberg, 14. Zollverein (1), Nie'tzchmann & Vaccaiii, 706. Drawing Models—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Green & Fahey, 8. Sharp, 20. Drawing Regulator—United States, Hayden, 386. Drawing, Roving, and Spinning Frames—vi. Higgins & Sons, 14. Parr «& Co., 6. See also Moving Frames. Spinning Wheels and Machines. Drawings (Various)—vi. Bennett, 215. vii. Martin, 25. X. Peterman, 711. xvii. Anderson, 200. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Place, 267. Falkland Islands, Whittington. Zabuan, Sfc, Grey, the Countess, 1, New South Wales, M'Arthur, 13. See also Chemical Drawings. Pen and Ink Drawings. jRice-Paper Drawings. Dress Fasteners (Steel)—xxii. Aston, 283. Dressing-cases—x. Smith & Son, 31. xvl Brindley, 21. Hardy, 131. Nowill & Sons, 149. xxii. Fearncomhe, 169a. XXIII. Stock en, 81, 200. xxvi. Page, 229. XXIX. Best, 37. Edwards, 89. Mechi,45. Strudwick, 42. France, Aucoe, 1052. Zollverein (I'), Schreiber, 783. Dressing-case Fittings—xxii. Brookes, 171. Dressing Machines—ix. De Porquet, 202. See also Corn Cleaning and Dressing Machines. Dried Fruits—See Fruits (Dried and Preserved}* Drill Grubbers—ix. Gray & Sons, 150. Wilkie & Co., 21. Drill Ploughs (for Green Crops)—ix„ France, 73. See also Drills. Drilling Machines (for Iron-work)—vi. Hick & Son, 218. Parr & Co., 6. Whitworth & Co., 201. Wil- liams, 234. Drills—IX. Crosskill, 135. Garrett & Sons, 142. Groun- sell, 148. Hornsby & Son, 233, See also Drill Ploughs. Seed-Dihhling, Sfc, Machines. Drip-Stone—Van Diemen's Zand, Denison, Sir W. T., 80. Driving Belts (for Machinery)—xvi. Lupton, 3. xxviii. Curtis, Brothers, 194. Driving - Wheel (for Railway Engines)—v. Warren, 1001. Drowning Persons, Apparatus for the Recovery OF—VIII. Cleare, 311. See also Drags, Sfc. Ice-Boats. Life Belts and Buoi/s. Life-Boats, Bafts, Sfc. Druggets—Austria, Ta'rller, 202. France, Boyer, Lacour, Brotiiers, & Co., 35. Drugs (undescribed)—ii. The London Druggists, 117. Turkey. United States, Haskell, Merrit & Buel, 340. Zollverein Q), 120a. See also Chemical Preparations. Medical Herbs and Drugs, Drums—X. Ward, 527. Hamburgh, De Rode, 16. India, x. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Townsend, 11. Zollverein (2), Knocke, 100. (4), Rexr, 25. Dry Dock (Model)—vil Giles, 71. Drying Oil—ii. Blundell & Co., 48. Duelling Pistols—See Guns, Sfc. Dumpy Levels—-S'ee Levels, Surveyors', ^c. Dundee Triumphal Arch (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Rochead, 232. Durham, Earl of, Monument to (Model)—vii. Green 3. Durria-i-Noor, or Sea of Light (a Diamond)—7y2c?m, XXIII. Dyed Cotton. Velvets—xviii. Andrews & Co., 43. Cussons & Co., 55. Stirling & Sons, 56. Dyed Cotton Yarn antd Cloth—xi. Lowthian & Parker, 22, xviii. Cairns, 49a. Greenwood & Co., 46. Steiner & Co., 37. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1, Dyed Feathers—xvi. Adcock & Co. 323 a (Main Ave- nue, West). Dyed Furs—xvi. Bevington & Morris, 332. Dyed Goods (Various)—xii. & xv. Armitage & Co., 146. Holdsworth, 165a. Holroyd & Co. 163. Ripley & Son, 148. Schofield & Co., 3. Smith, 163. xviii. Johnson, 20. Dyed Hair—xviii. Hitch, 59. xxviii. Ross & Sons, 64. Dyed Leather—iv. Smith & Son, 68. Dyed Silk & Satin—xi. Daily & Co., 64. xviii. ^ Jourdain, 61. Lelievre, 60. Reynolds & Svn, 63. Russia, Hadji-babi-Kelbalay-Oossein-Ogli, 53, 142. Dyed Wool and Woollen Cloth—xii. & xv. Bateson & Co., 39. Pawson & Co., 40. xviii. Chabot, 62. Hitch, 59. Dyed Worsted—iv. Robinson & Co., 72. xviii. Walshaw & Sons, 58. Dyeing and Scouring (Specimens of)—France, Griffon, 1258. Dyeing Stuffs—i. Jenkins, 502, it. Kurtz & Schmersahl, 9. Dentith & Co., 8. Lee, 69. Lindsay, 16. Tennants & Co., 7., IV. Burch, 77. xx. Macdougail, 83. Harris, S. & H., 117. Belgium, Vloebergs, 36. Ceylon. China, East India Company. jprance, Bataille, 42. Michel, 640. Mottet, 932. Steiner, 383. India, iv. Netherlands, Smits, 20. New Zealand, CoUinson, 3. Bussia, 89. Spain, Glshert, \ 31. Huelva, 136. Saragossa Agricul- tural Board, 148, Turkey. Zollverei7i {\), Gvaene, 43. Weis, 684. See a\ao Cochi- neal. Colour Extractor Apparatus. Dynamographs—Austria, Vienna Polytechnic Institute, 130. France, Clair, 1151. Tailfer & Co., 386, 1026. Dynamostater—Netherlands, Cazaux, 89. Dynanometers—IX. Bentall, 217. See also Electro-Dyna- nometers. Ear Trumpets—x. Rein, 629. Early-calling Machine—x. Smith, 359. See also Ala- rum Bedsteads. Alarums (for Clocks, Sfc). Earth-Borer—Netherlands, Sondermeyer, 72. See also Boring Machines, Sfc. Earthenware and China—xxv. Allen, 40. Anderson & Bettany, 16. Rowers, 13. Brameld, 43. Brown, T. & M. L., 45. Chamberlain & Co., 44. Clement- son, 8. Coke & Edge, 21. Copeland, 2, Daniel, A. B. & R. P. 23. Deakin, 18. Dudson, 56. Edwards & Sons, 37. Fell & Co., 28. Finch, 38. Glover & Colclough, 25. Green, 50. Hilditch & Hopwood, 17. Juleff, J. & J., 30. Kennedy, 4. Keys & Mountford, 14. Lockett, 55. Lowe, 39. Mason, 3. Meigh & Sons, 10. Meyer, T. J. & J., 9. Bliles, 32. Minton &Co., 1. Pratt & Co., 22. Sharp & Co., 36. Sharpus &Cullum, 41. Simpson, 33. Till & Son, 20. xxvil. Porter, 66. ^iisfna, Hardmuth, 621. Minitzek, 624. Ceylon. China, Baring, Brothers. Braine. Hewett & Co. Reeves. Sichart & Co. Denmark, Polmager, 24. Egypt, 345, 347. jpmnce, Alluand, 1051. Avisseau, 1543. Barre-Russin, 20. Boyer, 1554. De Boissimon, 427. Gorsas & Perier, 1253. Lecoq & Rieder, 1304. Mayer & Co., 1656. Morel, Brothers, 1734. Nast, 659. Ponyat,1 087. Provaiicher, 970. Ricroch & Co., 986. Ruaud, 1463. Sevres National Manufactoiy, 1369. Hamburgh, Hatisa, 58. India, xxv. Malta, Decesare, 27. Netherlands, Dtaaisma, 68. Portugal, Pinto, Basto & Co., 1110, 1111. Bussia, St. Petersburgh Imperial Cliina Manufactory, 318. Spain, Ysasi, 51. Tunis, 139-148. Turkey. Tuscany, Giuori, Marquis, 72, Van Diemens Land, Tibbs, 234. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. McWilllam. Zollverein (1), Altmann, 215. Conta & Boehme, 815. Frankeiiberj?, 216. Jannarsch, 821. Mattschas, 217. Paetsch & Hintze, 218. Sfrahl, 206. (3), Adler, 175. Saxon Royal Manufactory, 174. (4), Uechtritz & Faist, 68. See also Porcelain Ware. Pottery. Pottery Clay. Stone Ware. Earthenware Cornices—xxv. Bowes, 13. Earthenware Glazing, Composition for—xxv. Wbal- ley, 27. Earths—S'ee Soils and Earths. East Pool (Copper) Mine (Sectional Model of)—i. Richard, 44 1a. Eau-de-Cologne—XXIX. Farina, 21. Zollverein (1), Farina, 426, 858. Herstatt & Co. 427. Martin, 425. Spendeck & Co., 424. Zonoli, 858. Eau-de-Cologne (IJritisli)—xxix. Stevenson, 23. Eau-de-Cologne Fountain—Austria, Farina, 748. Eaves-Gutters—vii. Beadon, 51. Ebbw Vale Iron-Works (Maps and Models illustrative of)—I. Ebbw Vale Company, 412, Ebony—See Timher. Woods. Eccentric Tumbler—v. Beecroft, Butler, & Co., 646. P^CCLESIASTICAL FuRNITURE, DECORATIONS, &C.—XXVI. French, 110. Hardmari & Co., 532. Ponsonby, 199. Pratt, 196. Pugin, 529. Wynne & Lumsden, 19. xxvm. Wippel, 10. Austria, Krickl, 263. Pieninberger, 359. Belgium, Dussaert, 407. Van Halle, 303. India, xxii. See also Altar Furniture. Lecterns. Pulpits. Eclipse Indicators—x. Murdoch, 202. Economic Geology (Specimens o^)—United States, Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 24. Effluvia Traps—v. Jackson, 682. vii. Lowe & Co., 62. XXII. Duley, 89. See also Sewer Traps. Egg-Beater—XXII, Lorkin, 692. xxv. Loi-kin, 52. Egg-Boiler—viii, Inskip, 227. Egg-Shell Carvings, &c.—xxix, Bessent, 293. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Jacot, 2l0. Eider Down—iv. Heal & Sons, 59. Eussia,Semer\o^8c Faleyeff, Brothers, 247, -S'eealso Down. EiDER-DowN Quilts—IV. Heal & Sons, 59. Nightingale and Co., 57. XIX. Heal & Son, 396. Elder Pith (Models in)—xxx, (Fine Art Court) Clifford, 222, Cossens, 25. Limeuse, 179. Eldon and Stowell Group—Eldon, Earl of, page 848. Electric Clocks—See Clocks, Electric. Electric Copying Telegraph—x. Bakewell, 433, Electric Galvanic Apparatus (for use in Dental Surgery)—X. Waite, 441. Electric Locomotives—i^ra?ice, Breton, Brothers, 1113. Electric Printing Telegraphs—x. Brett, J. & J. W., 429. United States, Smead, 237. Electric Telegraphs & Apparatus—x. Alexander, 426. Allan, 201. Bain, 434. Brett, 422, British Electric Telegraph Com}iany, 432. Bering, 436. French, 435. Henley, 428. McNair & Co., 421. Mapple, 126. Reid, 427. Walker, 430. Wishaw, 419. xxii, Tupper & Carr, 550. xxiv. Aire & Calder Bottle Company, 6. Hanover, Lohdefink, 4. United States, Dodge, 566, . Zollverein (1), Siemens & Halske, 252a, 3!0a. (3), Stoehrer, 15. Electric Telegraphs (Comic)—x. Smith, 424. Electrical Machines and Apparatus—x.Harrison, 464, France, Duchenne, 171, See also Galvano-Electric Machines. Thermo-Electric Battery. Electrical Machines, Gutta Percha,—x. Westmore- land, 444. Electro-Dynanomkters (for measuring Galvanic Currents) —Zollverein (3), Leyser 16. Electro-Gilding (Specimens of)—xxii, Cartwright & Hirons, 250. Prime & Son, 342. Sturges, 341. Winton & Sons, 268. xxill, Broadhead & Atkins, 43. Elkington, Mason & Co., 1. (Main Avenue, West), Ell(ington, 92, 93, 94. Gough, 33. Harrison, 37. Hawkesworth & Co-, 35. Morley, 67. Roberts & Hall, 40. Robinson, 96. Sharp, 120. Smith & Co., 110, Wilkl.ison & Co., 32. France, Thouret, 1702. Zollverein (1), Mohring, 275. Electro-Magnetic Alarum—x. Nichols, 414. Electro-Magnetic Engines—v. Stanton, 661, x. Cress- well, 417. Hardy, 85. Harrison, C. W. & J. A. 420. Watkins & Hill, 659. Denmarh, Hjorth, 47. Electro-Magnetic Machines and Apparatus — x. Dunn, 689a. Henley, 428. Joule, 440. Simons, 663. Nova Scotia, Archibald, 2. Zollverein (2), Zweibriicken Mechanical School, ',V2. Electro-Plating and Gilding Apparatus—vi. Lyons, 203. Electrophorus—X. Phillips, 411. Electro-Stereotype Plate (for Printing)—xvii. Mulr, 174. Electrotypes (including Specimens of Electrotyping)— X, Hamilton, 733, 742. Newbury, 460. Palmer, 451. XVII. Barrett & Co,, 196. Figgins, V. & J., 124. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Ibbetson, 323. Pring, 256. Westwood, 292, Zollverein (1), Sussmann, 305. Winkelmann, 282. C3), Buettner, 187. Elephants' Teeth and Tusks—South Africa, Buchanan & Law, 53. Bush, 60. Deane and Johnson, 19. Egt/pt, 115. India, iv. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6, Elephant Trappings—India, xvi, Elizabeth, Queen (Statue of )—xxiii. Morel & Co.,117, Elliptograph (Wilson's)—xxii. Hird & Co,, 85. Elster, &c,. Viaducts (Models)—Zollverein (3), Dres- den Royal Direction of Railways, 26. Embossed Articles—i^ra^zce, Desjardins-Lieux, 1588. Netherlands, Grebe, 102. Embossing Irons—xxii. Lee, 693a, Embossing Presses — vi. CoUett, 155. Harris, 151. Jarrett, 154, Muir, 206, United States, Dick, 79. Embroidery and Embroidered Goods (Silk, Muslin, &c.)—XI. Mair & Company, 59. xil. & XV. Baird, 290. Bottomley, 181, Brown & Forster, 9. Burgess & Co,, 243. Clark, 169. Forbes & Hutchison, 291. Salomons & Sons, 305. Smith & Whyte, 459. Tetley, 172, WhitehiU & Co,, 287. xiii, Houlds- worth & Co., 64. Mason, 35. Xiv. Brown, 2. Duflferin's, Lord, School, Belfast, 3. Henning, 16. Pellmg, 4. Rogers & Co., 32. xix. Blackburn, 103. Brooks, 113. Brown & Co., 57. Brown, S, R. & T. 58. Cangort School of Charity, 227. Dalrymple, 377, Daniel and Cossins, 145. Davidson, 148. Ditl, 152. Evans, 161. Foster & Co., 306. Harris, Brothers, 193. Hatch, 202. Howell & Co., 5. Irish Work Society, 77. Jackson, 84. Jones, 138. King, 224. Lambert, 229. Lanchenick, 230. Mallalieu, 244. Mee, 51. Melton, 250. Moore, Mrs., 47a. Mowland, 228. O'Donnell, 53. Oliver, 259. Palmer, E., 262. Palmer, R,, 400. Purcell, 88. Rogers, 111. Roome, 283. Sistersof Mercy, 213a. Stirling, 86. Sutherland, 309. Tawton, 391. Washbonrne, 335. West, 374. Wheler, 238. Whitney, 347. xx, Moore, 47. Oddy, 121. Wheeler & Ablett, 22. xxvi. Scholey, Misses, 142. Algeria, Baruch Toledano, 59, Austria, Benkowitz, 389. Boss!, 386. Laporta, 387. Meuil, Heirs of, 383. Rolz, 384, Belgium, Belloni-Ance, 319. Berenharts & Co. 334. Dartevelle and Mouuoury, 329, Dujardin, 317, Jacq- main, 459. Paternostre, 331. Roy, 301. Sweveghem, Embroidery Workshop of, 323. Vander Kelen, 313, Weil-Meyer & Co. 336. Canada, De Montenac, 163. Dunn, 119. Henderson, 174. Henderson, H., 145. Chi7ia, Baring, Brothers. Hewett & Co. Lindsay. Rawson. Egijpt, 220, 283, 235-287, 319, 322, 323, 331. France, Audiat, 1545. Berr & Co., 54. Bietry & Son, 356. Couchonnal & Co., IIGO. Delaroche-Daigiement, 267. Debbeld, Pelleiin & Co., 1173. Felix, 503. Guy- net & Becquet, 254, Hooper, Carroz, & Salouiier, 1623. Hubert, 268. Quern & Co., 1415. Seib, 1009. Hamburgh, Gersou, 32. Key, 30. Scheie, 3L India, xv. xix. Ionian Islands, Mavroianni, 2. Seaton, Lord, 5. Jersey and Guernseij, McDonald, 29. Luhe'ck, Spiegel & Co. 8._ Stolle, 9. ilfh/to, Azzopardi, 20. Dimech, 21. Enriquez, 9, Grech, 17. Lagrestiz, 18. Naudi, 8. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Yerber, 10. Netherlands, Otto, 55. Persia, Araman. Russia,^ Hadgi-Aga-Baba, 269. Ooste, 194. Sardinia, Crocco, Brothers, 50. Stefani, 86. Tessada, 49. Spain, 235, 238. Gilard, 237. Hammond & Co., 236. Sweden and Noricay, Almgren, 30. Hamreii, 28, Horn, 29. Litigrenj 96. Switzerland, AXdex 8£,yieYQY,\0d. Alther, 110. Baen- ziger, 188. Depierre, Brothers, 189. Ehrenzeller, 191. Eugster, Brothers, 190. Fisch, Brothers, 192. Holder- egger, 195. Koellreutter, 196. Pauly, 199. Schoch, Schiess & Son, 202. Staeheli-Wild, 208. Sutter, 203. Tanner, B., 204. Tanner, J. U., 205. Tanner & Koller, 206, Waldburger & Langenegger, 207. Zaehner & Schiess, 143. Turkey. United States, Borgnis, 487. Getsinger, 320. Haight, 385. Van Diemens Land,^m-ge?,s, 109, 110. Western Africa, M'WilHam. Zollverein (1), Grossmann, 752. Koenig, 163. Parey, 169. Pintus, 135, Schleuss, 160. Sommerfeld, 173. Stieff & Harrass, 161. Weissflog, 720. (2), Graetzsch, 51. Mayer, 52. Praetsch, 51. (3), Boeliler & Son, 56. Foer.ster, 68. Hietel, 168b. Koester & Uhlmann, 70. Krause & Co., 58. Mammen & Co., 59. Meiuhold & StolFregen, 61. Schmidt & Co., 60. Schnorr & Stein- baeuser, 62. Schreiber, 71. Schubert, 156. Stoelzel & Son, 66. Teubner, 150a. (4), Neuburger & Sons, 49. Van Zwerger, Detfner & Weiss, 52. (6), Kern, 45. Dulcius, 72. See'a},so BerlinWoolWork. Crochet Work. Knitted Work. Needle Work. Netted Work. Embroidery (Gold and Silver)—xii. & xv. Bottomley, 181. Forbes and Hutchison, 291. xix. Abraham, 76. Barrett & Conney, 76. Ditl, 152. Hanson, 188. Harrison, 85- Jancowski, 48. Lambert & Brown, 83, Newton & Co., 258. Rodgers & Son, 280. ' xx. SoLimon, 86. Walsh & Co., 109. xxiii. Hancock, 112. xxviii. Rousseau, 116. Algeria, Judas Moha, 30. Austria, Bauhofer, 388, Belgium, Paternoster, 331. China, Thoms. Egypt, 218,220, 221, 313-317, 329, 330. France, Vaugeois & Truchy, 718. India, xv., xix. Ionian Islands, Seaton, Lord. Persia, Araman. Thompson. Russia, Popinoff; 310. Shikhonin, 275, 276. Spain, Gilart, 237. Tunis, 41, 42, 83, 93, 94. T'urkey. Tuscany, VnxXsiUU, 10 L Zollverein (1), Alberfi, 751. Kausche, 794, Sommerfeld, 173. (2), Brentano, Pellouz & Co., 36 Embroidery Patterns and Designs—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Belfast Government School of Design, 338. Zollverein (1), Gluer, 176. Grunthal, 166. Neie, 168. Rudloff Brothers, 170. Seiffert & Co., 162. Todt, 171. EjMERALD, Crystal—(the property of the Duke of Devon- shire) I. Tennant, 14. Emeralds—See Precious Stones. Emery—ii. Ellam & Co., 58. France, Rojon, 358. Greece, 20. Emery Cloth—xxix* Barsham & Co., 213. Rogers, R. &H., 215. Emery Grinders—France, Dubus, 481. Emigrant's House (Model)—vii. Why took, 156. Emigrants' Kitchens—xxii. Rigby, 411. Enamels and Enamel Painting—xxiii. Buss, 79. Ed- wards, 78. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bell, 249. Bone, 238. Chesters, 246. Doe, 253. Essex, 241, Ether- ington, 234. Haslem, 237. China, Shea. Sichart & Co. France, Baudouin, 44. Boquet, 1098. Sevres National Manufacture, 1369. Sturm, 384. Switzerland, Bautte, 236. Chenevard, 240. Dufaux, 249. Hess, 241. Lombard, 245. United States, Savery, 55. Zollverein (1), Juenger, 409. (3), Walther, 1 77. Enamelled Glass—xxiv. Baillie, 61. Enamelled Mangers, &c.—xxii. Hood, 1. Enamelled Slate—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bingley, 226, Enamelled Ware (Various)—x. Barlinj;, 90. xxii. Clark, 657. Hampden, 612. Hood, 1. Kenrick & Sons, 360a. Encaustic Paintings—xxvi. Foster, 33. Austria, Baggatti-Valseichi, 616. Tuscany, Ridolfi, 25. ■ Encaustic Tiles—i. Quillam and Creer, 151. xxv. Min- ton & Co. 1. xxviL Allen, 68, Engine Counter (applicable also to Turnstiles and Bridges)—v. Richmond, 775. Engine Turning, on Glass—xxiv. Long, 86. Engineering Inventions (Undesciibed)—vii. Williams, 109. England (Models of portions of)—Main Avenue, West, Carrington, 90. Engraved Razor & Knife Handles—xxii. Map pins, 180. Engravers' Tools—xxii. Howarth, 181. Sellers, 147. Taylor, 129. France, Clicquot, 1563. Reynard, 978. Engraving, Brass Foundry—xxii. Haywood & Son, 647. Engraving & Carving Machines—France, Barrere, 40. Engraving and Chasing on Metal (Fac-similes of)— xxx. (Fine Art Court) Skinner, 362. Engraving by Clockwork — xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bishop, 278. Engraving FOR Earthenware Patterns—xxv. Serjeant & Pepper, 19. Sherwin, 51. Engraving on Glass—xxiv. Danby, 88. Belgium, Deville-Thiry, 445. Engraving on Marble—xxvii. Bird, 83. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Rayner, 47. Engraving by Machinery (Specimens of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cliabot, 239. Luntley & Co., 214. Engraving on Pewter—xvii. Cocks, R. & Co., 123. Engraving-Plates—xxii. Hughes &; Kimber, 609. Fin- der & Sons, 574. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Sellers, 295. See also Steel Plates for Engravers. Engravings—xvii, Ma'nchin & Morel, 128. Royston & Brown, 205. Austria, Arneth, 368. Dinkier, 735. France, Blaize, 1089. Chardon & Son, 116. Gaspard, 1610. Hulot, 882. Perot, 951. Petitcoh'n, 953. Sardinia, Scotto, 9L Zollverein (3), Jahn, 183. (6), Felsing, 73. See also Copper-Plate Engraving. Line Engravings. Lithogra- phic Drawing, Engraving, Sfc. Wood Engraving. Engravings, Fac-Similes of (Process for producing)— xxx. (Fine Art Court) Russell, 230. Engravings and Writings (Restoration of, after being damaged)—ii. Clifford, 26. Envelopes—XVII. Dudman, 137. Ralph, 142. Spiers & Son, 208. Belgium, Tardif, 281. Zollverein (1), Maennel, 828. Ruhl & Son, 597. Envelope Cases—xxvi. Stocken, 200. India, xxix. Envelope-making Machines—vi. Redmond, 128. Water- low & Sons, 164. XVII. De la Rue & Co., 76. Epithems for Medical & Surgical Purposes—iv. Markwick, 114. Epsom Salts—See Magnesia, Sulphate of. Escritoires—xxvi. Levien, 203. S'eealso Writing Desks, Essences, Culinary^—xxix. Galbraith, 17. Essences (Various and undescribed)—France, Collas, 801. Hugues and Son, 881. Tunis, 83. See also Perfumes. Essential Oii.s—Portugal, Seal, 497-500. Etchings—Belgium, Magnee, 440. Etching-Ground Copper Rollers (Method of applying) —VI. Foster, 202. Euxesis (for Shaving without Soap)—xxix. Lloyd, 6. Excavator for Railways or Canals (Model)—vi. Ran- somes & May, 146. Excelsior Soap—United States, St. John, 510. Exhibition OF 1851 (Carving in Commemoration of)— Belgium, Vandermeersche, 458. Model of the Building, XXIV. Cogan, 26. Extracts—ii. Trix, 125. Eyes, Artificial — x. Fuller, 592. Grossmlth, 555. Halford, 604. Whitebouse, 280. Austria, Schvvefel, 608. Netherlands, Hess, 108. United States, Gray, 302. Falkland, Lord, Statue of (Model)—Bell, page 847. Fancy Stuffs—Austria, Furst, 2y6. Portugal, Corneiio, 937, 938, 940, 947. Martins, 939. Pimentel, 935. Zollverein (3), Thuemer & Toeper, 90. Fancy Wares and Work—xiii. Penfold, 59. xvii. Tronheim & Co,, 181. Austria, Habenicht, 376. Johne & Thiele, 379. Renel 378. Canada, Campbell, 176. Henderson, 174. Rocheleau, 175. China, Copland. Rawson. France, Baselj% 411. Chaverondier, 453. Colletta- Lefebvre, 458. Cornillon, 95. Mercier, 1354. Moulaid, 655. India, xxix. Malta, Falson, 25. Russia, Flerovsky, 320. Loukutin & Son, 319. Tiirkey. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. McWilliam. Towns- end, 13. Zollverein (1), Gebbardt, 248. Koppe, 143. Krebs, 260. Mossner, 251. Scbmerbauch, 264. Scbreiber, 783. Sommer, 390. (3), Feistel & Son, 171. Rock- bausen, 172. Vogel, 89. Ziegler & Haussmann, 92. (4), Kieser & Co., 81. Scbmidt, 83. Weeber & Co., 86. Witticb, Kemmel, & Co., 82. (5), Gouda, 26. Koebler, 27. Wohlfarth, 28. (6), Moench & Co., 66. Fanning Mill—United States, Grant, 82. Fan Paintings—Spain, Mitjana. 287. Pascual y Abad, 286. FAm—British Guiana, Holmes, 130-132. Canada, Henderson, 174. Rocbeleau, 175. Ceylon. China, Braiiie. Hewett & Co. Egypt, 349. France, Doucet & Petit, 149. Duvelleroy, 495. Felix, 199. India, xxix. Spain, Mitjana, 287. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Fardeh—Egypt, 10. Farina—iii. Miller, 127. Stenbouse, 154. Farm Buildings (Models)—ix. Bland, 205. Elliott, 41. Morevvood & Rogers, 152a. Tebbutt, 196. Thornton, 211. Tyson, 215a. Wilmot,170. xxix, Mechi, 45. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Baxter, 334. Buiman, 228a. Chancellor, 331. Farm Machine-House and Machinery (Model)—ix. Barrett, Exall, & Andrews, J 28. Farming Implements—See Agricultural Implements. Fat-Boiling Furnace—vi. Gilbertson, 508. Fat-Cutting Machine—ix. Smith & Son, 234. Feather Bonnets—xxix. Harding, 166. Feather Brooms—France, Henoc, 261. Feather Flowers—-See Flowers, Artificial. Feathers, Plumes, &c.—xvi. Ad cock & Co., 323a (Main Avenue, West), xx. Poore, 169. Toilet, 154. xxvi. Gilbert & Co., 130. xxix. Foster & Co., 74. Stur- geon, 53. Sugden & Co., 62. South Africa, Rutherfoord, 23. Schmieterloew, 42. France, L'Huillier, 1325. Lodde, 1329. India, iv. xvi. Netherlands, HAse, 3\. Turkey. United States, Pratt, 102. Van Diemen's Land, Gunn, 153. 5ee also Bed Feathers. Ostrich Feathers. Feather Tissues—France, Badin, 1063. Feet, Artificial—France, De Beaufort, 46. Felspar—L 31. Fahie, 30. Felt—viL Croggon & Co., 110. M'Neill & Co., 142. XXII. Pope, 566. xxix. Esdaile, 278. Pope, 76. Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. Austria, Bayer, 351. Muck, 354. France, Budin-Signez, 78. Lambert & Son, 1289. Russia, Bardoff'sky, 265. Turkey. Tuscany, Cini, Brothers, 65. Zollverein (3), Mueble, 167. Felt Carpeting—xix.VictoriaFelt Carpet Company, 327. Turkey. Fencing Implements—vm. Cox, 208. xxii. Kuper, 32. Fenugru—Egypt, 46- Ferns, Glass Cases for—x. Ward, 664 (North Transept). Ferule for Generators—France, Ilurtrel & Co., 884. Field Drains (Model)—ix. Thornton, 211. See also Drain Tiles and Pipes. Figure-Heads (Ships')—viii. Brooker, 181. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Hall, 317. File-cutting Macwike—Russia, Mentcbinsky, 151. Files and Rasps — xxii. Brooksbank, 103. Carr & Riley, 108. Cocker & Son, 115. Johnson, Cammill & Co., 109a. Jowitt & Co., 187a. Kirk & Warren, 161. Marriott & Atkinson, 160. Pinder & Sons, 574. Sheffield Journeymen File-makers, 138. Algeria, Ain Morka Mines Co., 19. Austria, Beyer, 495. Fischer, 501a. Lechner, 496. Nussbaumer, 497. Preitler, 498. Ricbel, 499. Sonn- liethner, 500. Unzeitig, 501. Vater, 502. Denmark, Naylor, 22. France, Alcan & Locatelli, 4. Froely, 218. Proutat & Co., 969. Taborin, 1024. Talabot & Co., 1027. India, i. Spain, Ibarra, 256a. Sweden and Norway, Haglund, 11. Oeberg & Co., 11. Rudberg, 11. Thunberg, 11. Zollverein (1), Bleckmann, 623. Huth, Fried, & Co., 632. Lohmann, 630. Mannesmann, 617, Pickbardt, 619. Reinsbagen,622. Schmidt, 646. Filigree-Work (Silver and Gilt, &c.)—xxii. Allen, 293. xxiii. Loenstark, 62. France, Roucou, 1689. India, xxiii. Ionian Islands, Mavroianni, 2. Woodford, Lady, 1. Malta, Critein, 24. Falson, 25. Portelli, 23. Sardinia, Bennati, 59. Loleo, 58. Sweden, Folcker, 67. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Loewenson, 437. FiLTERCOCKS—VIII. Beadon, 90. Filters—'WesternEnd, South En closure (Outside),Stru1hers, 16. I. Stirling, 209. V. Fell, 438. Slack, 423. vi. Beart, 301. vil. Askew, 48. Forster, 26 (Main Avenue, West). xxil. Dawbee & Dumbleton, 499, Green & Co., 532. Murray, 793. Wenham Lake Ice Com- pany, 600. XXV. Lipscomhe & Co., 54. xxvii. Hunt, 109, Lipscombe, 49. xxix. Fletcher, 244. Stir- ling, 315. Warner, 9, France, Bernard, 420. Noel, 936, Van Diemen's Zand, Denison Sir W. T., 80. ^ee also Cliarcoal Filters. Filtering Pump—v. Cheavin, 448. Finger Basins—See Glass. Finger Plates—xxii. Hart & Sons, 636. See also Brass Foundry, S^c. Fir-cones & Fir-nuts—Tuscany, Ridolfi, Marquis, 30. Fire Alarm—x. Mapple, 126. Fire Annihilator—v. Phillips, 92. x. Weare, 386. Fire-A RMS—See Guns, Sfc. Fire-bars, Hollow—v. Firth, T. & J., 119. Fire-Boxes (for Locomotive and other Furnaces)—xxii. Frith, 96a. Fire-Bricks—I. Pease, 122. Russell, 271. Seacombe, 454. Belgium, Smal Werpin, 398, Russia, Barnavulsk Imperial Works, 4. Koussinsk Iron Works, 9. Portugal, Bastos, 279. Spain, Aulencia Co., 53. Lugo Mines, Inspector of, 18. See also Fire- Clay Goods. Fire-Clay—I. King & Co., 91. Moiikland Iron and Steel Company, 426. Moore, 408. Nicolls, 89. Pease, 122, Phillips, 101. Belgium, Boucher, 399. Pastor-Bertrand & Co., 395. Temsonnet and Dartet, 394. Zollverein (I), Von Mulmann, 319. (2), Wagner & Co., 99. Fire-Clay Goods—Western End, North Enclosure (Out- side), Ferguson, Miller & Co., 66. Ramsay, 70. XXVII. Cowan & Co., 112. Ferguson, Miller, & Co. 93. Grangemouth Coal Company, 99. Potter, 115. Ramsay, 110. Ruffbrd, 89. Sprot, M. & T, 98. >See also Fire-Bricks. Fire-Engines—V. Baddeley, 409. Berriedale, Lord, 405. Fire Aiinihilator Co., 92a. Fletcher, 444. Merry- weather, 40L Read, 90, Sliand & Mason, 410 (South Transept). Smith & Son, 449. Warner & Sons, 424. VII. Geary, 2. ix. Cramp, 160. Siebe, 255a. Canada, Perry, 181. Denmark, Dirksen, 40. France, Flaud, 507. Hamburgh, Reynold, 6. United States, Cincinnati Fire Company, 206. See also Garden Engines. Hose for Fire-Engines. FiRE-EscAPES—V. Merryvveather, 401, vil. Bavliss, 131. Daniel, 182. Dunn, 204. Ell, 94. Hooke, 80. Jackson, 201. Jackson & Clay, 75, Hendy, 184. Hopkinson, 104. Mudge, 190. Nicholson, 40. Oliver, 65, Srucky, 193. Theobald, 147. Tipler, 92. Tuckey, 101. Welhy, 148. Webster, 185. viii. Bovven, 325. Brown, 169a. Dufton, 326. Purser, 28. Walters, 34. x. Webster, 671 A. xiv. Morrison & Hurn, 49. xxii. 308. Hampden, 612. Nixey, 640. xxvi. Dixcee, 16. xxviii. Baker, 84. Winter- born, 168. Belgium, Jouvne, 123. United States, Baron, 353. FiRE-ExTiNGUiSHERS—V. Macbay, 586. vii. Bain, 197. Bergin, 183. Rettie. 159. xxvill. Winterborn, 168. See also Fire-Annihilators. Hydrant, or Fire Cock. Fire-Extinguishers (for Ships)—xxii. Riddle, 637. New South Wales, Bland, 17. Fire-Irons—See Hardware. Firemen's Helmets, Tools, &c.—v. Merryvveather, 401. Fireplace Crane (for Farm Kitchen)—ix, Harveys & Tait, 16. Fire-plugs—v. Sumption, 445. Fireproof Door—vii. Boydell, 56. Fireproof Flooring or Roofing—vii. Fox & Barrett, 166. Fireproof Safes—xxii. Baker, 509. Barnwell & Son, 678, Chubb & Sons, 646. Lead beater, 506. Milner & Son, 642. Tann & Sons, 507. Whitfield, 356. Williams, 280. Netherlands, Giesbers, 62. United States, Herring, 124. Zollverein (1), Sommermeyer & Co., 802. See also Safes {Wrought-Iron). Fire-Pumps—v. Shand & Mason, 410. Fire Revivers—i. Parsons, 232. Fire-Screens—xxii, Gregory, 99. xxvi. Warrack, 102. Wetherell, 236. Austria, Becker, 643. Netherlands, Zeegers, 96. FiSH-HooKS—xxii. Bartleet & Sons, 329. Hemming, 331. James, 317, Fishing Boats—viii. Simmons, 124. xxix. Falmouth & Penryn Local Committee, 185. Fishing Nets, Tackle, &c.—iv. Trent, 41. v. Day & Millward, 772. vill. Pearce, 330. xill. Mason, 35. XIV. Bridport Local Committee, 73. Falmouth Com- mittee, 57a. TuU, 69. XXII. Alcock, 367a. xxix. Ainge & Aldred, 180. Alfred, 179. Allies, ir)7. An- derson, 224. Banim, 160. Bazin, 178. Bernard, 177. Davidson, G. & W., 158. Farlow, C, 176. Farlow, J. K., 181. Flynn, 156. Gould, 31, 171. Harmer, 168. Haywood, 38. Jones, 182. Kelly & Son, 159. Lambert, 188. Lascelles, 123. Linton, 142. Little & Co., 174. M'Nair, 162. Morley, 165. Nicholas, 154. Parkins, 152. Northumberland Patent Twine, Rope, & Net Company, 155. Pearce, 173, 311. Pulman, 163. Ratteray & Thompson, 206. Richards, 118. Rowell, 153. Ustonson & Peters, 172, British Guiana, Stutchbury, 138, 139. Ceylon. France, Bertraud & Co. 59. Jersey and Guernsey, Dorey, 37. New'Zealand, 39.' Moore, 37. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. St. Kitts. St. Vincent, Bullock. Flags, Ensigns, &c.—viii. Edgington, 302. Hawkes & Co., 212. xill. Houldsworth & Co., 64. xiv. Morri- son & Hurn, 49. XIX. Flower, 164. Shedden, 293. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Whaite, 340. Belgium, Melotte, 302. Hamburgh, Meinke, 120. Zollverein (3), Hietel, 168b. Flagstones—See Paving-stones. Flannel—XI. Mair, Son, & Co, 59. xii. & xv. Bamford, 237. Clay & Sons, 136, Hotham & Whiting, 44. Kelsall & Bartlemore, 486. Leach & Sons, 5. Lloyd & Co., 254. Middlebrook, 74. Nicholls, 261. Samp- son, 215. Schofield & Co., 3, 125. Smith & Sons, 235. Swaisland, 283. Tweedale & Sons, 4. Wilks, 6. xviii. Mair & Co., 63a. xx. Peart & Dosseter, 5. Austria, Hermannsladt Clothmakers' Association, 214. Belgium, De Heselle, 203. Janssens, 193. France^ Boyer & Lacour Brothers, 35. Chatelain & Foron, 86. Netherlands, Vreede & Co., 33. United States, .lohnson, Sewall, & Co., 441. Zollverein (1), Damsch & Muensers, 715. Dietrich & Son, 807. Merten, 502. Scheibler, 354. (3), Glafey & Neubarth, 105. Lehmann, 107. (4), Schill & Wagner, 30. Flasks (Drinking)—xxii. Dixon & Sons, 797. Western Africa, Jaraieson, 22. Netherlands, Nerin, Bogel, & Co., 80. Flax—li. Picciotto, 33. iv, Adams, 49. Cater, Nelson, & Co., 46. Claussen, 105. Donlan, 43. Gillman, 44. Hives & Atkinson, 45. Mason, 54. Picciotto, 53. Royal Belfast Flax Improvement Society, 106. Sectional Committee on Vegetable Kingdom, 40. Trent, 41. xil. «& xv. Quitzow, Schlesinger, & Co., 178. XIV. Bridport Local Committee. 73. Jameson & Co., 60. Sadler & Co., 18. Austria, Hermannstadt Ropemakers' Association, 277. Petrax, 289. Schouberg Linen Yarn Spinning-mill, 95a. Ullersdorf Flax-Raiting Establishment, 96. Belgium, De Boe, 98. Degraeve, 90. Desmedt & Co., 104, Ghent Liniere Company, 230. Haese, 115. Laviolette, 96, Leclercq, 88. Roels & Co., 83. Van Ackere, 215. Van Bogaert, 107. Van Hoey, 106. Van Weill, 114. Verbeek, 113. Vercruysse, 213. Canada, Bastien, 70, China, Lindsay, Rawson, Egypt, 105, 107,108, France, Dumortier, 177. Joubert, Bonnaire, & Co., 552. Lailler, 559. Rouxel, 362. India, iv. Netherlands, Swaab, 50. New Zealand, 38, 39. Caradus, 25. Collinson, 3. King, 26. Robertson, 4. Smith, 19. Tyrrel, 1. Tyrrel, J., 28. Whytlaw & Son, 34. Portugal, 533, 534, 653. Russia, n. n. 105, 106, 107. Alexandrovsk Imperial Manufactory, 19. Ardamatsky, Brothers, 99. Arda- matsky, J. & T. 97. Babarikin, 96. Hirshmann, 34, 114. Karpovitch, 31, 101. Melnikoff, 111, Milo- kroshetchnoi, 110. Vaniukoff, 113, Zakharoff, 108. Simin, 91, 155, 158. Heras, 161. Pinan, 159. Val- goma, 98. Sweden and Norway, 21. Turkey. United States, Dix, 139, Ferguson, 574. Van Diemen's Land, Dixon, 19. Lipscombe, 174. .ZoZZuerem (1), Bruenger, 559. Elmendorff, 470, Freiherr Von Luetwitz, 42. Hornig, 722. Koenigs & Buecklers, 552. Mevissen, 557, Ollerdissen, 551. Rufin, 34, (3), Gaetzschmann, 3, Sommer, 1. Watteyne, 2. See also Hemp. Toiv. Flax Coats, Waterproof—vi. Brown, 56. Flax Manufactures (Various)—iv. Gillman, 44. vi. Brown, 56. Belgium, Ameye-Berte, 209. See also Linen Fabrics (various). Sail-Cloth. Sheeting. Flax Seed—Canada, Desjardins, 58. New Zealand, Smith, 19. Flax Straw—vi. Robinson, 54. Flax Yarns—xii. &xv. Quitzow, Schlesinger & Co., 178. XIV. Eraser, 79. Jameson & Co., 60. China, Rawson. France, Landernau Linen Co., 1019. Zollverein (1), Elmendorf, 470. Heepen Spinning School, 546. (3) Sommer, I. Flax Tools and Machinery—vi. Higgins & Sons, 14. Lawson & Sons, 75. Nimmo & Son, 37. Plummer, 74. Robinson, 54. Taylor, E. 72. Taylor, J. 51. IX. McPherson, 258. xxii. Worrall & Co., 164. Belgium, Lantheere, 486. France, Malo, Dickson & Co., 320. Harding-Cocker, 864. Zollverein (4), Schoettle,12. Flaxman (Bust of)—XXVI, Bielefeld, 157. Flint Glass—xxiv. Pellatt & Co., 33. United States, Brooklyn Flint Glass Company, 113. Flints—Egypt, 166. Portugal, 294. Flints, Polished—i. Powell, 2. Floating Bricks—Tuscan]/, Sauti, 20. Floating Church (Model of)—United States, Denning- ton, 356. Floating Docks (Model)—vii. Brown, Sir S., 334. Floats of Paddle-Wheei.s, Instrument for Feather- ing—v. Smith, 141. Flocks (for Bedding)—xii. & xv. Grist, 208. Flocking Machine (for decorating walls)—xxvi. Hol- land, 407. Flcetina (Musical Instrument)—x. Henrys & Co., 508. Floodgates — vii. Bermingham, 13. See also Dock Caissoons. Floorcloth—xii. & xv. Thomson, 229. xiv. Dundee Local Committee, 63, xix. Barnes, 95. Downing, G, & J, H., 157, Franklin, 169. Hare & Co,, 190, Harvey & Knight, 196, James, 215, Nairn, 253, Rolls & Son, 281. Smith & Baber, 371. Wells, 341. i^rance, Seib, 1009. Lidia, xix. See sdso Oilcloth. Flooring Boards and Deck Planking Cleaking-off Tool—vi. Thomson, 430. Floors (Designs for Ornamental)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Smith, 31a. See also Inlaid Flooring. Par- quelerie Flouring. Floss Yarns (various kinds)—xii. & xv. Johnson, 112. Flour—III, Buck & Son, 162. Chitty, 159. Fitch, 160. Hamilton, 6a. Kidd & Podger, 150. Marriage, 152, Smith, 161, 163. Algeria, Chapel, 16. Laya & Co. 32, Austria, Fiume Privileged Steam Flour-mill, 63. Haw- ranck, 65. Jordan & Barber, 68. Nowotny, 66, Smichow Steam Flour-mill, 64. Thun, Count, 67. Vienna Steam Flour-mill Company, 62. Canada, Caniff, F. & T., 53. Frenholm, 52. Linghan, 49. Simpson & Co., 48. Tailey, V. P,, 50. South Africa, Prince & Co., 34. Sutherland, 30a, Trutor, 8. Ceylon. France, Cabanes & Rambie, 1126, Darblav, 1576. Feyeux, 209. Leblanc, 297. Lebleis, 570. ' Lidia, III. Labuan, Sfc, Hammond & Co., 2. Netherlands, Voorst Dirke & Son, 14. New South Wales, Dunbar, 6. Hallett & Sons, 5. New Zealand, 31. Low & Motion, 24. Portugal, 330, Miissia, Golovanoff, 64. Manin, 65. Rousanoff, 66. Sapojnikoflf, 67. Spain, 86. Fernandez Vitores, 90. Turkey. United States, Atlantic Dock Mills, New York, 126. Catlin, 250. Fincli, 300. Harmon, 158. Hecker & Brother, 114. Hill & Son, 157. Hillyer, 343. Hotch- kiss&Prescott, 154. Leach, 155. Leech, 159. Merri- weather, 164. Raymond & Schuyler, 128. Smith, 22. Stafford, 29. Van Diemen's Land, Clayton, 50. M'Naughten, 52. Walker, 51. Zollverein (1), Wittekop & Co,, 695. (6), Meyer and Lindt, 10. See also Oat Flour. Oatmeal and Wheat- meal. Flour-dressing Machines—vi. Ashby, 470. Bedford, 426. Blackmore, 428. Coombe & Co,, 444, Cor- coran & Co,, 416. Hunt, 422. Shore, 438. Sniller 436. ^ ' Flour Extractor—C/mVet^ States, Learned & Reynolds, 38. Flour-mills and Machinery. See Com and Grain Grinding and Crushing Mills. Flower-Baskets—xxvi, Brittan, 220. Flower-makers' Tools—France, Redelix, 976, Flower-Pots. See Garden Pots and Stands. ' Flower-Stands—XXII. Hughes, 461. Massey & Co,, 416. xxvL Nutchey, 258. Puxley, 39. Reynolds, 262. xxvm. Grngeon, 97. Scaling, 9. xxx, (Fine Art Court) Massey & Co., 140a. Austria, Afh, 646. Franzony, 647. Melzer, 648. See also Garden Pots and Stands. Flower Supporters—ix. Roberts, 226. Flowers, Artificial—xix. Bradbee, 72. Vischi, 47. XXIX. Arthur, 58. Blackmore, 125. Fisher, SO. Foster & Co., 74. Gatti, A. & G. 73. Hool, 87. Jackson, 59. Maguire, 71. Perry, 60. Randolph, 66. Riddiford, 69, Slaughan, 64, Sugden & Co., 62. xxx. (Fine Axi Court) Foots, 208a. Austria, Buerger, 700. Schlater, 701. Brazil, Adamson, 1. Major, 4. France, Breteau, 1112. Chagot, 1139. Constantin, 94. Flurimond, 1224. Funslenhofi*, 492a. Gaudet Du Fresiie, 842. Grandjean, 243, Lacombe, 557. Mallet & BaiUy, 1740. Perrot, Petit & Co,, 952. Royer, 1462. Tilman, 698. Hamburgh, Olshardsen, 90. India, xvi. Jamaica, Nash. Malta, Gerada & Daughters, 32. Madeira, Read, 1. Por^w^a/, Marques, 1299. Ruball, 1152, 1153. Rus- sell, 1298. Sweden and Norway, Furstenhoff, 27. Zollverein (4), Lindauer, 101. Viehhaeuser. 103, Flowers, Dried—XXIX, Walker, 319. Flowers, Gelatine—France, Pitoux, 960. Flowers, Ornamental—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Ilasse, 259. Flowers Cut in Vegetables—iv. Pursey, 4. xxix. Pursey, 67. Flowers, Wax (including Wax Fruit and Vegetables) —XXIX, Chisholme, 78, Dorvell, 77. Down, 56. Ewart, 75. Fielder, 86. Galton, 93. Harrison, 304, Hoskings, 72. Jones, 82. Mmtorn & Co,, 70. Skill, 84. Stanton, 88, Strickland, 63. Temple, 61. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Lumsden, 125. Makepeace, 185. Peake, 144. Bahamas, Barnet. Barhadoes, Ehoell, 2, Reade, 1. France, Paroissien, 945. Jersey and Guernsey, Stafford, 49. Mexico. Zollverein (1), Schmidt, 831. (4), Riess, 90. (6), Birnstill, 71. (8), Beesten, 12, See also Wax for Modelling Flowers. Fluid Camphor and Magnesia—ii, Murray, Sir J, 87. Fluor Spar (Articles in)—xxvii. Bright, 80. HalJ, J. & T., 37, 38. Vallance, 40. Flutes—X. Card, 546. Potter, 538. Rudall, Rose & Co,, 536. Siccama, 535. Ward, 527. Denmark, Selboe, 31. France, Breton, 1555. Buffet, 442. Clare Godefroy, 454. Tulon, 398. India, x. Switzerland, Felchlin, 80. United States, Pfaff, 526. Zollverein (1), LampferhofF, 485. (2), Boehm, 23, (3), Gher. 21, CO), Seidel, 26. Fly Presses (for Cutting Steel)—vi. Mansel, 502. Fly Presses (for Embossing). See Embossing Presses. Fog or Alarm Signals—viii. Robertson, lb. Scouller, 113. United States, Wilder, 388. Folio Frame—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Vokins, J. & W. 46. Folding Doors, Bolt for—xxii. Knight, 587. FoLLETT, Sir William, Statue of—Main Avenue, West, Behnes, 57. Fonts—Peyman, page 850. xxvii, Bovey, 4. Margotts & Eyles, 91. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Castle, 314, Fonts (Designs for)—xxx. (Fine Ait Court) Driver, 269. Maling, 154. Footballs—xxix. Gilbert, 187. Foot Gauges—x. Hay, 376. Force Pumps—See Pumps, Lift and Force. Forges— Ceylon. Forges, Portable—v, Napier, 301. ix. Deane, Dray & Co., 180. XXII. AUday, 253. Linley & Sons, 41. Onions, 249. Forges, Portable (Steam)—vi. Campbell, 246. Forging Machine—vi. Ryder, 222. Fortification (Models and Plans)—viii. Fergusson, 276, Staines, 268. Fossils (including Fossil Wood)—Western End, South Enclosure, (Outside), Cruttwell & Co,, 52. L 1, 52. Bewick, 423. Paine, 36. Powell, 202. Randall, 275. Tennant, 14. Webb, 12, Antigua^ Grey, The Countess, 1. India, i. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2, Tuscany, Santi, 20. Van JJiemen's Land, McLachlan. Fountains—Eastern End (Outside), Legler, 103. Seeley, page 852. Thomas, page 853. v. Roe, 462 (North Transept), vii. Forster, 26. James, 19 (Mam Ave- nue, West). Trotman, 155. X. Lipscombe & Co., 703. XXII. Coalbrook Dale Co., 641, (and North Transept, 48) Farrar,627. Haudyside, 82. Stewart, 46. xxiv. Binns, 34. Osier, F. & C, 20 (Transept), xxv. Lipscombe & Co. 54, xxvii. Lipscombe & Co., 49. Austria, Farina, 748. France, Andre, 1053 (Main Avenue, East). Lechesne, Brothers, 574. Switzerland, Leemann, 258. Zollverein (I), March, 240 (Main Avenue, East). Fountains, Portable—v. Lipscomlie, 679. xxv. 61. Fov^LiNG-PiECES—See Guns, Pistols, ^c. Fractures, Apparatus for—x. Blackwell, 734. Gowiiig, 736. Salt & Son, 628. Thomson, 590. Fraud Preventor (for indicating the number of People enterinfr Vehicles, &c.)—v. Olliffe, 771. Frederic William 111. of Prussia (Cast of part of the Pedestal of the Monument of)— Zollverein (1), Drake, 273 (Main Avenue, East). Free-Labour Phoduce, and the Produce of Cuba, Brazil, &c. (Undescribed)—III. Wbeeler, 27a. Freestone—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Dove, 23. I. 173. Gumming, 195. Haigh, 173. Price, 184. Williams, 191. JVova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. See also Bath Freestone. French Horns—x. Callcott, 547. Fresco Painting—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Mills, 329. West, 326. Fresnel's Dioptric Apparatus ^—vii. Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses, 99. xxiv. Chance & Co., 60. Fresnel's Undulating Plain TModel of)—Zollverein (1), Engel, 274. Fretwork—xxviii. Taylor, C. & A., 113. Fretwork Cuttings—xxviii. Faulding, 91. Friezes (Irish and other)—xii. & xv. Allen, 259. Daly, 264. Didon, 258. Ellis & Co., 70. Macdona, 260. Murphy, 262. NeiU & Sons, 263. Nicolls, 261. Willaus, Brothers, & Co., 257. Frill Machine—Zollverein (1), Doerflfsl, 54, Fringe, Machine for Twisting—xii. & xv. Sampson, 215. Fringes, Braid, &c.—xi. Waters & Co., 43. xiii, Allen & Holmes, 50, xix. Arthur, 69, Burch, 75, Evans & Co,, 74. Foot & Sons, 68, Yokes, 329. XXIX, Standnng& Brother, 239. Westhead & Co., 275 Denmark, Holzapfel, 41. Egypt, 211, 214, 221, 223. Turkey. Zollverein (3), Bach & Son, 158. Haenel, Brothers, 153, Helweg, 159, Fruits (Dried and Preserved)—ii. The London Druggists, 117. Ill, Batty & Feast, 116, Clemens, 56, Copland, Barnes, & Co., 11. Faulkner, K. & C, 54. Fortnum, Mason & Co. 55. Webb, 72. Jjarbadoes. British Guiana, Duggin, 26. Purtron, 15, 15b. South Africa, Bayley, 5. Clarence, 54. Volsteedt, 35. China, Hewett & Co. France, Aubert & Noel, 403. Maille & Segond, 1339. Oudard & Boucherot, 1374, Kousseau, 360. Greece, Inglessis, 7. Londos, 6. Perotis, 8. Ionian Islands, Mavroianni, 2. Portugal, 401, 439. Mussia, Nikitin, 68. Sardinia, Romanengo, 82. Spain, 81, 82, 92. Alvargonzales, 177. Albear, 100. Arambarri, 101, 103.' Cordova Agricultural Board, 99, Enriquez, 106, Malaga Agricultural Board, 94, Mont- fort, 88. Olmo, 107. Tu7iis, 76, 84. Turkey. United States, Louderback, 7, Stephen><, 392. Van Diemen's Land, Dixon, 20, Smith, 238-241. Zollverein (1), Haberlaud, 689. (4), Brenning, 8, Ficker, 10. Schmidt, 9, See fCi^o Dates. Fruit Stones, Carved (with a Penknife) — Zollverein (Octagon Eoom), Coburg-Gotha, Count Ernest of, 836, Fruit, Wax—See Flowers, Wax. Fuel, Artificial (or Patent)—i. Azulay, 224. Bankart & Sons, 429. Bideford Anthracite Mining Company, 242, Evans, 227. Great Peat-working Company of Ireland, 231. Lyon & Co,, 226. Parsons, 232. Patent Fuel Company, 230. France, Moreau, 326. See also Steam Fuel. Fullers Earth — i. Cawley, 47. Gawkroger & Hynam, 48. South Africa, Calf, 55. Spain, Malaga Mines, Inspector of, 19. Turkey. Zollverein (8), Nassau Government J^ngineers of Mines, 1. Fulling-mill (Model)—United States, Read, 212. Fumigating Apparatus (for Plants)—vii. Boulanger 198. IX. Brown, 91. xxii, English, 572. Fumigating Pastiles—xxix. Tidmarsh, 111. Fumigators (for A'apour Baths)—vii. Boulanger, 198. Funeral Carriage—v, Shilliheer, 964. Funeral Pall (Design for)—xix, M'Carten, 246. Funnel (for Marine Boilers)—v, Taplin, 5. Funnel Pipe {YBelgium, Lund, 476. Funnels (Buttle)—xxii, Marsden, 531. Furnace Bars—v. Firth, 119. ix. Weeks & Co,, 248a. Austria, Worm, 137. Furnace Bellows. See Bellows, Blast Fans for Fur- naces. Furnaces, Blast. See Blast Furnaces. Furnaces for burning Anthracite Coal—i. Watney, 276. V. Williams, 63. Furnaces for boiling Fat—vi, Gilbertson, 508. Furnaces, Smoke-consuming—v. Clay, 68. xxii. Map- plebeck & Lowe, 370. Pope, 566, Furnaces (for Steam Engines)—v. Newcombe, 205. Furniture (Various)—xvii, Isaac, 165, xxvi, 60. Bant- ing, W. & T,, 166, Grace, 530. Eyles, 50. Foot- horape & Co., 132. Greig & Son, 159. Grubb, 25. Herbert, 67. Hindley & Co., 266. Holland & Sons, 161, Isaacs & Campbell, 241. Jackson & Graham, 261. Johnson & Jeanes, 10. Miles, 115. Morant, 164. Pratt, 196, Hamuz, 152. Snell & Co. 170. Spurrier, 76. Toms & Luscombe, 178. Trollope & Sous, 162. Wilkinson, W. & C., 184. Wills & Bartlett, 160. xxviii. Thome & Co,, 86, XXIX. Austin, 217. xxx, (Fine Art Court) Cookes & Sons, 110, Austria, Lechner, 634. Leistler &; Son, 633. Men- tasti,635. Moschini, 636, Palhueber, 637, Rosani, F, G., 639. Rosani, P., 640. Thonet, 641. Belgium, Barthelemi, 429. Bruno, 411. Delevoye, 421. DeRaedt, 418. Hooghstoel, 422. Jehin, 410. Judo, 420, Marin, 414. Massardo, 415. Misson, A., 413. Misson, E. & L., 412. Roule, 419. Canada, Central Commission, 301. Hilton, J. & W., 123. Reed & Co., 115a. China, Astell & Go, Baring, Brothers. Bowman. Braine. Hewett & Co, Rowson, C, Rowson, T. S. Shea. Denmark, Hasen, 25. Nielsen, 26. France, Balny, 1066. Beaufils, 1074. Bellange, 1077. Berliner, 52. Cardonnier & Co., 1159. Gremer, 1573. Danbet & Dumaret, 1579. Descartes, 815. Dulud, 1202, Durand, 1207. Duval, 474. Faure, 1219, Florauge, 1223. Fourdinois, 1231. Grade. 1254. Jfanselme, 889, 1276. JoUy-Leclerc, 890. Krieger & Co., 1283, Lechesne, Brothers, 574. Lefebvre, Son & Co. 907. Lombard, 913, Mercier, 927, Pretot, 1410. Ringuet-Leprince, 1437. Ri- vart & Andrieux, 1439. Van Yalthoveu, 1516. Hamburgh, Adikes, 67, Brueuing, 63, Engels, 65. Faulwasser, 71. Hagen, 64. Heymann, 78. Koll, 82, Kopke, 77. Loose, G. L., 74, Loose, J. R,, 75. Rampendahl, 70. Sengle, 66. Thiele, 109. Werner & Piglhein, 79. India, xxvi. Jersey and Guernsey, Stead, 21. Le Feuvre, 20 Madeira, Read, 1, Neio Zealand, l^ucas & Co., 40, Portugal, Futcher, 1116-1119. Capello, 64, Griva, 65. Descaizi, 72. Speich, 71. Spain, Medina, 270. Tuscany, Barbetti, 74, 80. Sweden, Bohman, 57. Durnrath, 60. Edberg, 61. Malmqvist, 59. Sjoblam, 63. Stenstrom, 58. Van Diemen''s Land, Brown, 14. Pierson, 9. Zollverein (1), Fleischmann, 763. Hoffmeister & Co., 773. Kramer, 610. Knettner, 236. (4), Wirth, 70. See alao Beds. Bedsteads. Bedsteads, Metallic. Cabi- nets, Sfc. Chairs. Chairs, Carved. Chiffonieres. Cradles, Cots, Sec. Curtains. Escritoires. Iron Fur- niture. Sofas. Tables. Furniture (Desij^ns for)—France, Zipelius & Fuchs,1738. Furniture Ornaments—France, Lemaire, 1315. Furniture Stuffs—xi. Crocker, J. & A., 61. xii. & xv. Reynolds, 266. xiii. Houldsworth &Co., 64. xviii. Nelson & Co., 29. xxvi. Crace, 530. Turner & Co., 320. Turkey. Sweden, Meyerson, 90. Zollverein (1), Danneberjjj it Son, 710. See also Tissues for Furniture. Window Curtains. Furs and Skins (Main Avenue, West)—Nicholay & Son, Hudson's Bay Company, and others (xvi. 301). XVI. Eevington& Morris, 332. Booth, 112. Clap- ham, 9. Clarke & Sons, 307. Dick, 311. Drake, 306. Ellis, 305. Hudson's Bay Company, 301. Ince, 309. Lnige & Co., 328. Lutge & Parsons, 310. Meyer, S. & M., 304. Nicholay & Son, 301a. Robinson, 7. Samson, 303. Smith & Sons, 310a. Winsor & Son, 14. Austria, Geyer, 346. Hermannstadt Associated Furriers, 347. Belgium, Weinknecht, 259. Canada, Henderson, 107. South Africa, Yi\Ackhnx\\, 18. Bridges, 21. Cluppini & Co., 22. Hanbury, E., 20. Hanbury, E. J., 28. India, iv. x\ i. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Eussia, Abass-Bak, 244. Abdool Mahomet-Ogli, 243. Ali-Mehmet, 246. Ekaterinoslaff; Peasants of, 230. Mabomet-Ogli, 245. Nijni Novgorod, Merchants, &c. 225. -Spam, Delgarih, ?31. Sweden, Forsell, 109. Gulda, 108. Switzerland, Meyer & Ammann, 176. Tunis, 92. Turkey. United States, Mawson, Brothers, 87. Tricker, 577. _ Van Diemen's Zand, Barnard, 143. Denison, Sir W. T., 176. Rout, 187. Zollverein (1), Koenig, 139. Langner, 833. Pintus, 135. Schutze, 884. (b^, Dunmich, 79. Fustic—Trinidad, Lord Harr.'s. Fuzes for Blasting, &c —i. Bickford, Smith, & Davev, 4-24. Brunton, 519. xxix. Bell, 101. Zollverein (3), Schmidt & Co., 11. Gaiters (Cloth and Leather)—xx. Smith & Gibbs, 71. Wheeler & Ablett, 22. Galena—See Lead, Sulphuret of. Gallic Acid~ii. Mactarlan & Co., 107. Morson & Son, 106. Smith, T. & H. 94. Sardinia, Girod & Co., 8. Zollverein (1), Schoenebeck Royal Chemical Manufac- tory, 683. Galloons, &c.—xiii. Booth and Pyke, 63. Russia, Albertzoom, 284. Galvanic Batteries and Machines—x. Meinig, 437. Gore, 690. Home & Co., 220. Ritterbandt, 730. France, Lemolt, 303. See also Walking Sticks, Electro- Galvanic. Galvanized Iron—xxii. Topper & Carr, 550. France Paris, 1379. See nUo Wire Netting, Galvanized. Galvanized Iron, Corrugated—i. 216. Galvanized Tinned Iron—i. Morewood & Rogers, 436. IX. Morewood & Rogers, 152a. xxii. Morewood & Rogers, 610. Galvano-Arsenical Apparatus—x. Morton, 678. Galvano-Electric Machines—X. Chadburn, 259. Galvanography (Specimens of)—Zollverein (2), Hanf- staengl, 85. Galvanometer—X. Gogerty, 407. Home & Co 220 Loot, 696. Galvano-plastic Articles —jpmnce, Leftvre, 1648 Zollverein (3). Buethner, 1 87a. Galvano-typic PhATBS—Switzerland, Stoetzner & Co., Gamboge—India, ii. Gambroons—Austria, Witschell & Reinisch, 293. Game Registers—viii. Ntedham, W. & J. 218. Gardens, &c. (Models and Plans of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) M'Hardy, 325. Belgium, Rosseel, 449. VanhuUe, 453. Garden Engines, &c.—v. Merryweather, 401. Shand & Mason, 410. Warner & Sons, 424. ix. Crump, 160. Jones, 123b. Read, 89. Siebe, 255a. Weir, 123. XXIL Tylor & Son, 401. Garden KmYBS—Austria, Bubenitsch, 507. Dernberger, 509. Garden Labels (Enamelled and Metallic)—ix. Smith, 219. Restell, 208. Garden Light or Skylight—vii. Nixon, 174. ix. Nixon, 161. Garden Pots and Stands (Clay and Earthenwaie)— Western end, North Enclosure, (Outside), Pliillips, 63. IX. Roberts, 226. xxv. Kay, 31. Wedgwood & Sons, 6. Wood, 34. xxvi. Martin, 254. See also Garden Seats (^Earthenware). Garden Rocking-horse—xxix. Lucas, 127. Garden Seats (Earthenware, Oak, &c.)—ix. Holmes, 90a. xxii. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641 (Main Avenue, West), xxv. Meyer, T. J. & J., 9. Dimmock, 12. XXVI. Alexander, 99. xxvii, Blackburn, 21. See also Chairs, Fustic. Garden Tools—See Horticultural Implements. Gas Apparatus—vii. Allen, 122. Booth, 134. Thomp- son, 112. Young, 171. XXII. Leslie, 101. Love, 382. France, Pauwels, 342. Gas Cooking and Warming Apparatus—vii. Lamb, 206. XXII. Edwards, 241. Grant, 431. Hedlev, 577. Hulett, 643. Love, 382. Tozer, 389. Warri- ner, 248. Gas Fittings (including Burners, &c.)—vii. Allen, 122. XXII. Biddell, 438. Cowley & James, 62. Debaufer, 445. Grant, 431. Haldane & Rae, 432. Messen- gers & Sons, 340. Sarson, 470. W hitehouse & Co., 667. Wilkes, 266. xxiv. Vizetelly & Branston, 29. Austria, Salm, Prince, 430. France, Dumas, 486. Pauwels, 1382. Parisot, 1673. Gas-Meters—I. Glover, 438. v. Squire & Co., 706. VII. West & Gregson, 21. XXII. Bolt & Allen, 422. Botten, 426. Cochrane, 434. Edge, 441. Hulett, 643. Paddon & Ford, 424. Roper, 437. Ryan, 436. Shears & Sons, 438. France, Pauwels, 1382. Gas, Portable—Spain, Golferichs, 247. Gas Retorts (Iron Clay)—xxvii. Cowan & Co., 112. Hickman, 107. Potter, 115. Ramsey, 110. Gas-Soot Consumer—v. Judge, 130. Gaseous and Aerial Currents Regulator—xxii. Edwards, 241. Gaseous Waters Apparatus — See Soda-Water Ma- chines. Gassing-machine—(For singeing loose fibre from lace, &c.)—VI. Burton & Fames, 96. Gates for Parks. Railway Crossings, &c.—vii. Ad- cock, 192. IX. Hill & Co., 140. Uphill, 277. xxii. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641 (North Transept), 49. Collin-e & Co., 573. Cottam & Hallen, 698 (South Transept). King, 5. United States, V»^oolman, 198. GaUFFERING-MACHINES—XXII. Huiihes, 581. Gaufre Iron Door—Sardinia, Ropolo, 54. Gauges—viii. Somalvico & Co., 681a. France, Vasse De St. Ouen, 716. See also Cattle- weighing Gauges. Centripetal Punch and Gauge. Foot Gauges. Pressure Gauges. Rain Gauges. Square-cutting Gauge. Steam-Boiler Water Gauge. Steam and Vacuum 'Gauges. Tide Gauges. Timber Gauges. Gauntlets (Military)—xvi. Geary, 235. Gauzes—xiii. Brocklehurst & Sons, 38. Peufold, 59. China, H ewett & Co. France, Grolleau & Deville, 1618. Vatin & Co., 1704. Russia, Rochefort, 176, 191, 199, 208. Switzerland, Forster, 193. Turkey. See also Lace. Muslins. Ribbons. Gelatine—III. Glass, 141. iv. Dufaville, 125. Mul- ler,125A. Nimmo & Co., 122. Swinborne&Co., 119. jpmnce, Coignet & Son, 1153. Bouasse, Lebel & Co., 774, 1102. Castelle, 107. D'Enfert, Brothers, 496. Grenet, 247. Herve, Brothers, 1624. Humbert & Co., 1272. Lecleicq, 1302. Riess, 355. Royer, 1461. Netherlands, Oemen, 8. Portugal, Norberto, 625, 626. Switzerland, Lendenmann, 56. Gelatine Soup—xxix. Wright, 250. Gem Painting on Glass—xxvi. Lane, 128. Geography, Indicator for Teaching—x. Malloch, 208. Geological Specimens—i. Highley, 98. Canada, Logan, 1, France, Eloffe, 1597. Jersey and Guernsey, White, 1. Neiu Zealand, Collinson, 3. Smith, 14, Taylor, 11. Mussia, Koussinyk Iron Works, 9. Perm Imperial C'>[)- per Works, 6. Poland Imperial Mming Works^ 15. Satkinsk Iron Works, 17, South Australia, Joseph, 7. See also Minerals, Sfc. Spain, Keene, 300. Geometrical Instruments—x. Matthias, 395. Yates, 378. Austria, Rocchetti, 136. See also Mathematical Instru- ments. Geometrical Models—ZoUverein (6), Schroeder, 77. Geometrical Staircases—vii. Banks, 55. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Seager, 13. George I. of Bohemia, Statue of — ZoUverein (2), MiiUer, 90. George Town and Demerara, Diagrams showing the Temperature at—British Guiana, 157, 157a. German Silver Austria, Poiger, 461. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Meyne, 5. ZoUverein (1), Nottebohin & Co., 635. (8), Isabellen Hutte Smelting Works, 3. German Christmas Tree—Cremer,3W. H., 854. Gilding (Illustrations of)—xxvi. Baxter, 380. Vinn, 278. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Vinn, 205. Watson, 130. Austria, Behr, 645. Polt, 650. France, Mazarin, 626. ZoUverein (1), Bonge, 222. (4), Heller, 77. Mansis, 301. MuUer, 227. Gilding, Washable—xxvi. Furse, 369. Gingerbread Nuts—xxix. Hubbard, 113. Ginghams—XI, Anderson, D. & J., 16. Anderson, J, & A., 7. Dixon & Sons, 19, Fyle & Son, IS, Henry & Sons, 13. Lethem & Co., 9. Lowthian & Parker, 22. M'Bride & Co,, 6, M'Gihbon, 20. O Conuel, 31. Paterson & Co., 11. Pearson & Co., 21. Pullar & Sons, 4. Walker, J. & R., 3. India, xi. Switzerland, Anderegg, 111. Boesch & Sons, 115. HuT)ziker & Co., 166. Mettler & Son, 197. Raschle ^& Co., 168. United States, Uppham, Appleton & Co., 403. ZoUverein (2), Jansen & Luehdorf, 56. Girandole (Antique)—xxvi. Ponsonby, 199. Girders, Bridge—vii. Todd, 52. Girders for Roofs — Eussia, Votinsk Imperial Iron Works, 156, Glass Chimney-pieces—xxiv, Forrest & Bromley, 42. Glass-cutting (Illustrationsof)—xxiv. Ohlson, 10. Perry & Co., 36, Glass Decorations—xxiv. Barnes, 49, Glass Engraving—Belgium, Deville-Thiry, 445. Glass Fountains—xxiv. Binns, 34. Osier, F, & C, 20 (Transept), xxvii, Lipscorabe & Co,, 49, Glass-house (Models of). Melting-pots and Tools— I. King & Co., 91. Squires & Sons, 117. xxiv. Hart- ley & Co., 100 (Main Avenue, East). Sinclair, 50, XXVII, Harper & Moore, 119, Glass Letters—xxiv. Shove & Co,, 24. Glass-makers' Sand—See Sand (for Glass-making'). Glass Ornaments— Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. Glass Panelling—xxiv. Ballantine & Allan, 78. xxvi. Davies, 129, Hurv/utz, 335, Glass, perforated (for Ventilation, &c.)—xxiv. Lock- liead, 23. Swinburne, 4. See also Ventilators, Window. Glass Pipes, Tubing, &c.—i. Mayo & Co. 18, x, Ed- wards, 438. XXIV. Coathupes & Co., 47. Powell & Sons, 31. Shephard, 8. Swinburne, 4, Glass Sash Bars, &c.—xxii. Jones, 230. Glass Shade-cutting Machine—vi, Claudet& Hough- ton, 3U6. Glass Silvering (Processes, & Articles in)—xxiv. Kidd 3. Swinburne, 4. Varnish, 27. Glass Tiles—Zo/^yerem (I), Rohrig, 768. Glass Verandahs (Portable, for Flowers)—xxiv. Cogan. 26. Glass Ware (Various) —xxii. Edwards, 345. xxiii. Lambert & Rawliugs, 102. Martin & Co., 2, xxiv. Bacchus & Sons, 19. Binns, 34. Chance /k; Co., 22. Claudet & Houghton, 25. Coathupes h- Co., 47. Cogan, 26. Coune, 28. Davis & Co., 15, Gatchell, 12, Green, 32. Hancock & Co., 46. Harris & Son, 21. Hetley & Co., 2. Jones & Sons, 11. Lloyd & Summerfiehi, 18. Molineaux & Co., 13. Naylor, 30. Osier, F. & C, 20. Pellatt & Co., 33. Perry & Co., 36. Pettit, 55. Powf-11 & Sons, 31. Richaidson, W. & J., 14, Sanderson & Son, 9, Shephard, 8. Varnish, 27. Vizetelly & Branston, 29. Webb, 17, Wood, 16. XXV. Brown, T. & M. L., 45. Copeland, 2. xxvi. Braun & Co., 172. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Donalds & Co., 41. Austria, Buquoy, 584. Czermak, 585. Franke, 602. Grohmann, 586. Harrach, 587. Hegenbarth, 588. Helmich, 589, Hofraan, 590. Hoitinger, 589a. Janke, Brothers, 591. Kittl's Heirs, 592. Konig, 596, Kuchinka, 593. Lotz & Gerstner, 594. Mevr's Nephews, 595. Pelikan, 597. Pfeiflfer & Co, 606. Spietschka, 609. Vivat, 598. Zahn, 599. Belgium, Brodier, 386. Capellemans, 37, 387. Dierckx, 391. Prison. 392. Zoude & Co., 388. France, Chartier, 85. De Poilly & Co. 1396. Jouhan- neaud & Dubois, 1630. Lacarriere, 1284. Maes Poussielgue-Rusand, 1405. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. Hamburgh, Bohm, 97. India, xxiv. Netherlands, Regout, 99. Portugal, Alfonso, 1023-1043. Russia, Ralivsky, 293. Turkey. United States, Chapman, 68. ZoUverein (1), Conta & Boehme, 815. Finsch, 211. Goebel, 808. Hutschenreuther & Sons, 805. Metzer & Luhme, 212, Schaffgotsch, Count, 208, Solms, Count, 210. Von Minutoli, 191. (2), Reinsch, 63. (5), Tacchis & Co., 21. Vogelsang & Sons, 22. See also Bottles, Glass. Decanters. Flint Glass. Optical Glasses. Picture Frames, Glass. Window Glass. Glass, Window—See Crown Glass. Flint Glass. Painted Glass. Painted Windows. Plate Glass. Sheet Glass. Stained Glass. Stained Glass Win- dows. Window Glass. Glauberite—Spain, Burgos Mines, Inspector of, 35. Glaziers' Diamonds—vi. Radclitl'e, 328. Hamburgh, Hildebrand, 2. Glazing for Greenhouses—xxvii. Kent, 122. Globes—X. Adorno, 218. Bentley, 213. Edkins & Son, 207. Fletcher, 200. Johnston, W. & A. K., 198. Kewton & Son, 212. Richards, 188. Stoker, 20L XVII. Wyld, 175. Austria, Riedl, 131. Zibermaj'r, 132. Belgium, Browne, 490. France, Grosselin, 249. ZoUverein (1), Kummer, 194. (2), Klinger, 29. Glove Boxes—ZoUverein (1), Blankenstein, 842. Glove Clasps—France, Lepine, 910. Glove MAKING Machines and Tools—France, Brun, 37. Jouvin, 893. Jouvin & Doyon, 1279. Gloves, Cloth, Thread, Silk, &c*,—xx. Biggs & Sons, 205. Dent & Co,, 78. Firkins J. & C, 163, Foster & Co., 2, Fownes, Brothers, 82. Galloway & Harris, 93. Harris & Sons, 198. Longdon & Sons, 168. Mac- duugall, 83. Morley, I. & R., 101. Musson, R. & J., 97. Pitman, 187. Redgrave, 16-1. Saxton, 90. Ward & Co., 195. Wheeler & Ablett, 22. Wood, 137. France, Dussol, 150, Heyler, 539. Lauret, Brothers, 903, Tailbouis, Verdier & Co., 1025, Malta, Azzopardl, 20. Russia, Lafont, 270, 277. Sweden, Isoz, 197. Turkey. Van JDienmi's Land, Queen's Orphan Schools, 138. Zollverein (3), United Merchant Manufacturers, 72-83. (6) , Moerschel, Winzenfried & Co., 28. Gloves, Cloth for—xii. & xv. Allen, 225. Hooper cStCo., 210. Norton, 126. Gloves, Flesh—x. Lawrence & Co., 722. Gloves, Leather—xx, Corry, J. & J. 190. Dicks, 184. Firkins, J. & C 163. Foster & Co. 2. Money, 189. Whitby, 186. Wingrave & Sons, 16. Austria, Jaquemar, 335. Prague Glovers' Association, 336. Belgium, Hegle, 348. Denmark, Mattat & Sons, 10. Thomsen, 9. France, Bran, 37. Chosson & Co. 1150. Houbigant, 1627. Jouvin & Doyon, 1279, Lecocq Preville, 1303. Tambour-Ledoyen, 388. Texier, 1033. Netherlands, Kaiser, 51. Portugal, Baron, 1154. Jlussia, Benno-Niveta, 273, ' Spain, Vilardet & Callejas, 258, Sweden, Isoz, 107. Zollverein (1), Lehmann, 138. Plessner, 179. Schnei- der, 185. Wahlen & Schmidt, 401. Wolter, 180. (7) , Luxembourg Ganterie Frangaise, 4. See also Skins {for Gloves'). Glue—IV. Abbott & Wright, 121. Groves, 131. MuUer, 125a. Nimmo & Co. 122. Swinborne & Co. 119. Tucker, 124. Watt & Son, 120. ^eZ£/i«m, Bihet, 93. Briers, 99. Hansotte-Delloye, 94. Jobart, 89. Canada, McFarlane, 124. Denmark, Holmblad, 27. France, Coignet & Son, 1153. Estivant, Brothers, 1214, Herve, Brothers, 1624. Luheck, Behrens, 3. Netherlands, Oemen, 8. Roosegaarde, 21. Portugal, Da Foiicua, 627. Piexoto, 628. Van Diemen's Land, Button, 21. Hart, 162. Zollverein (1), Feigenspahn, 688. Loosen, 336. Lo- renz, 37. See also Marine Glue. Gluten—III. Jones & Co., 128. St. Etienne, 138. France—Vezon, Brothers, 1520. Gneiss—I. Riddell, Sir J. M., Bart., 55. Goats" Hair—i^wssia, Abramoff, 131. Cossack Women, 198. Tunis, 181. Goats-Hair Shawls—Russia, Bondarevsky, Prascovia, Olga, &c. 358. A Cossack's Wife, 282. GoBERTANGE Stones—Belgium, Beernaert, 439. Godfrey of Bouillon (Equestrian Statue oi)~Belgium, Simonis, 464 (Main Avenue, East), Gold and Gold-Ore—i. Brucciani, 486. Marriott, 530 (Main Avenue, East). Canada, Chaudiere Mining Co, 12. Logan, 1. Chili, Schneider & Co. 1. India, I. New South Wales, Hallett & Sons, 5. Pussia, Demi doff, 21, 120. Turkey. United States, Hobson, 277. Walbridge, 186. Western Africa, Swanzy, 23. Gold-beaters' Skin—iv. Puckridge, 108. x. Puckridge, 609. Marshall, 104. Van Diemens Land, Hood, 166. Goldbeating Machines—France, Buttier, 1101. United States, Vine & Ashmead, 196. Gold-Leaf (including Silver-Leaf)—i. Bennet, 498. Pimm & Co. 478. xxill. Marshall, 104. France, Favrel, 1-220. Turkey. United States, Abbey & Son, 54. Asmead & Harlburt, 535. Van Diemen's Land, Hood, 165. Gold Manufacture (Processes of)—xxiii. Emaimel, 119, Gold Ore, Specimens of, from California—i. Marriott. 530 (Main Avenue, East). Gold Ores (Machines for Washing)—Russia, Demidoff, 153. Gold Pens—vi. Mordan & Co. 205. Wiley & Co. 325. XXIII. Mosley & Co. 107. Nicoll, 21. United States, Reed, 484. Stimpson, 461. Gold Plates (Engraved)—Switzerland, Grandjean, 46. Kundert, 45. Gold Plating—France, Brunier, 76. Gold-reviving Fluid—France, Rosselet, 1452. Gold Sand—Spain, The Inspector of the Granada Mines, 16. Gold and Silver Lace—xix. Harding & Co., 189. Belgium, Noel, 332. i^m/zce. Guillemot, Brothers, 251. Puzin, 1414. Russia, Startchikoff, 321. ZoZZ;;em'« (2),Troeltsch & Hauselmann, 59. (6), Anselm, 59. Gold and Silver Stuffs—Netherlands, Travaglino, 48. Portugal, Carvalho, 909-917. Lima, 905. Russia, Sapognikoti; 372. Turkey. Zollverein (1),Kiou'mg, 851. Gold and Silver Ware—xxii. Bell, 232. Guest. J. 8c W. 524. Wiley & Co. 325. xxiii. Abbott, 66. Adams, 88. Angell, G. 103. Angel], J. 111. Attenbo- rough, 113. Barling, 85. Bennett, 18. Broadhead & Atkins, 43. Collis, 34. Connell, 16. Dixon & Sons, 38. Dodd, 122. Donne & Sons, 127. Eaton, 52. Ellis & Son, 12. Emanuel, 119. Forrest, 108. For- ster, 77. Garrard, R. & S. 98. Gass, S. H. & D. 83. Greenwell, 7. Hancock, 112, Harvey & Co., 92. Havvkesworth, Eyre, & Co. 35. Higgins, 115. Hilliard & Thomason, 29. Hunt & Roskell, 97. Keith, 121. Lambert and Rawlings, 102. Lester & Sons, 27. Lias & Son, 126. Loewenstark, 62. Mar- rian, 31. Marshall & Sons, 23. Martin, Baskett & Co., 2. Mason, 128. Mayer, 14. Mills, 56. Morel &Co. 117. Mosley & Co. 107. Padley, Parkin, & Co. 42. Payne & Sons, 4. Piiillips, Brothers, 87. Reid&Sons, 3. Sharp, 120. Skid more & Son, 129. Smily, 94. Smith, Nicholson, & Co. 110. Spurrier, 28. Thompson, 25. W^ertheimer, 130. Wid- dovvson & Veale, 100. Wilkinson & Co. 44. Wood- bridge, 53. XXVI. Hardman & Co., 532. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Donalds, W. J. & C. 41. Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. Austria, Baecher, 575a. Friedrich, 729a. Ratzersdorfer, 577. Belgium, Verberckt, 470. Canada, Savage, 340. Ceylon, Grey, the Countess. China, Walkinshaw. Egypt, 369, 375, 378-380, .382, 385-387. France, Christofle & Co. 1562. Durand, 1595. Fray, 512. Froment, 1720. Gueyton, 1619. Marrel, Bro- thers, 331, Odiot, 1671. Gold Coast Sf Ashantee, Forster & Smith, I. Hamburgh, Brahmfeld & Gutrup. 54. Lidia, xxiii. Ionian Islands, Seaton, Lord, 5. Woodford, Lady, 1. Malta, Cretien, 24. Falson, 25. Netherlcmds, Grehe, 102. Kempen, 101. Lucardie, 103, Portugal, De Franca, 1022c. Rodrigiies, 1022a. Russia, 274, 291. Koshluif, 369. Varhovzoff, 368. Sardinia, Montefiori, 57. Sweden and Norway, Folcker, 67. Palmgren, 49, 68. Tostrup, 46. Switzerland, Dubois, 43. Dutertre, 219. Fries, 221. Golay, 220- Steche & Bonnet, 276. Tunis, 83. Turkey. United States, Bateman, 587. Brown, 134. Simpson, 565. Wright, 589. Zollverein (1), Jacobi, 787. Schneider, 203. Strahl, 206. Wagner & Son, 840. Weishaupt & Sons, 412. (2), Grenanth, Brothers, 95. Zeiler, 93. (3), Strube & Son, 33. (4), Groeber, 66. Gold, Silver, and Coloured Tissues—xxvi. Newbery, J. & R. 313. Golf Balls—xxix. Gourlay, 192. Goloshes—xxviii. Hall, 190. Denmark, Petersen, 11. United States, New Brunswick India Rubber Co., 560. Gongs—China, Flewett & Co. Turkey. GomoMKTEK—Zollverein (4), Kinzelbach, 20, Goodhall, Dr., Statue of—Weekes, page 853. Goodwin Sands (Model of Breakwater and Lighthouse for), —VII. King, 160. Goring BY Bulls, Invention toprevent—xxix. Mitchell, 274. GoRSE Cutting and Bruising Machines—ix. Bennett, 75. Burrell, 37. Wedlake & Co., 127. White, 181. Gothic Door—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Emery, 345. Gothic W^indow (Undescribed)—Zollverein (4), Staib & Wasserott, 69. Grain—See Com. Graining and Flatting (Specimens of)—ii. Fawcett, 29. IV. Enderson, 16. xxvi. Artliur, 303. See also Wood, Painting on. Granite—Western End, North Enclosure (Outside), Husken, 75. i. 193. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 7, Clark, 190. Ciimming, 195. Falmouth & Penryn Local Committee, 163. Freeman, W. & J., 160. Jamieson, 25. Maxwell, 134. Riddell, Sir J. M., 55. Ross, 51. Rossmore, Lord, 142. Sim, 137. Sparks, 154. Canada, Logan, 1. Wilson, 2. France, Colin, 1564. Jerseti and Guernsey, Clugas, 25. Portugal, Bonnet, 89, 103-105. Sweden and Norway, Kullgrin, 118 (Eastern End, Out- side). Turkey. Van Diemens Zand, Milligan, 256, 257. Granite Columns, Obelisks, &c.—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Freeman, VV. &J., 14. Western End, North linclosure (Outside), Cheesewring Granite Co., 54. Hosken, 75. Eastern End, Kullgrin, 100. XXVII. M'Donald & Leslie, 74. Pearce, 75. Wright, 43. Granite (Small Articles in)—i. Hutchison, 161. Jamie- son, 25. XXIII. Ellis & Son, 12. Grasses—iii. Gibbs & Co., 104. Turkey. New Zealand, Moore, 37. Grasses', British, Treatise on—xvii. Binns & Goodwin, 14. Grass Cloth—China, Hewett & Co. Lindsay. Rawson. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. Western Africa, Forster & Smith, 2. Button, J. F., 21. Hutton & Sons, 6. Straith, 1 8. Grass Fibre—British Guiana, De Burton, 80, 81. Dug- gin, 79. Grass and Hay Cutting Machines—ix. Shanks & Son, 67. ■ Ferrabee & Sons, 274. Grates—xxii. 111. Coalbrook Dale Co,, 641. Featham & Co., 686. Deane, A., 392. Gorton, 374. Gray & Son, 405. Hoole & Co.,140. Leslie, 101. Nicholson, 87. Robertson & Co., 802. Stewart & Smith, 102. See also Kitchen Ranges. Stoves. Grattan, Henry, The late (Statue of)—xxvii. Mont- eagle, Lord, 72. Gravy Dishes—xxii. Gray, 615. Ctrease—IV. Rose, 27. Great Britain, Steam Ship, Means used for raising (Models)—VII. Biemner, 95, Greek Slave, The (Statue by H, Powers) — United States, Grant, 522 (Main Avenue, East). Greek Theatre (Model of)—Zollverein (1), Stetter, 304. Greenhouses,Conservatories, &c.-—Western End,North Enclosure (Outside), Dench, 61. Kent, 62. ix. Toby & Son, 210. Weeks & Co., 248a. (North Transept.) xxii. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641. (Main Avenue, West.) Gldney, 556. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Frewer, 219. See a.ho Glazing for Greenhouses. Greenhouses, Portable—x. Ward, 664. United States, MacWeeney, 365. Green Peas—i?«ssia,Khokholkoff& Co. 63. MlagkkofF,62. Green Stone—I. Graham, 517. Sparks, 154. New Zealand, Moore, 37. Van Dienien's Land, Milligan, 342. Green Vitrol—-S'ee Copperas. Grenades—Russia, Imperial Nijne Issetsk Iron Works, 159. Grey, Earl, The late, J\Ionument to (Model)—vii. Green, 3. Grinding and Crushing Mills (for Minerals, Grain, Seeds, Drugs, &c.)—vi. Crosskill, 404. Hall, 472. Savage, 458. ix. Crosskill, 135. xxil. Whitmee & Ciiapman, 242, See also Corn and Grain Grinding and Crushing Mills. Hydraidic Seed-Presses. 7an- ners' Bark-grinding Mill. Grinding Machines—France, Hermann, 873. Hack, 541. Grindstones—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Bedford & Co. 24. Dove, 23. Haywood, 22. i. Meinig, 8L ix. Deane, Dray & Co., 180. India, xxix. New Brunswick. Portugal, 295, 296. United States, Lombard & Hall, 428. See also Hones. Millstones. Whetstones. Grist-BULLS—See Corn and Grain, Sfc. Mills. Gritstone—i. Devonshire, Duke of, and Capt. Eddy, 496. Groats (Prepared)—iii. Styles, 157. Grooving Machine—United States, Woodbury, 443. Grubbers (or Cultivators)—ix. Cowan, 124b, Digges La Touche, 263. Drummond & Sons, 49. France, 73. GuALDA Dyts.—Spain, Gisbert, 137. Guano—I. Gill, 38. South Africa—De Pass, 50. Searight, 37. United States, Dix, 139. Van Diemen's Zand, Milligan, 255. Gueridon, a.—France, Comolera Madame, 1741. Guipure—Belgium, Establishment of St. Joseph, 322. Guitars—x. Church, 514. Dobrowolski, 524. Panormo, 525. Austria, Bittner, 144. France, Husson & Co. 885. India, x. Zollverein (1), Rhumann, 90. (3), Glier & Son, 20. Klemm, 18. GuiTARRA Harp A—Spain, Gallegos, 272. Gum-Paste Figures—xxx. (Fine Art Court). Wood, 174. Gums—ii. Jennings, 99. London Druggists, 117. Picciotto, 33. III. Colman, 117. Tucker, 121. iv. Convey, 70. Gillman, 44. Halliday & Co., 73. Rea, 116. Austria, Engelmann, 22. British Guiana, Duggin, 49. Outridge, 51. Cei/lon, Pieris. Egypt, 20, 120, 121. France, Augan, 12. India, iv. Eastern Archipelago, Sfc, Hammond & Co. 2. New Zealand, Brown, 16. Portugal, 458. Sardinia, Saluce, lO. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkey. Van Diemens Zand, Milligan, 81, 254. Milligan & Hull, 288. Quinn, 94. Smith, 296. Western Africa, Weston, 1. Gun Barrels—viii. Godtiard, 235. Hart, 245. Robin- son, 214. Wilkinson & Son, 200. Belgium, Amand, 368. Moncheur, 366. Russia, Ismael-Abdool-Rugtiel-Ogli, 160. Zollverein (1), Anschutz, 698. Gun Carriages—viii. Ferguson, 84. Ferguson, C. A.. & T., 184. Mumford, 144. Munro, 282. Russia, Poland Mining Works, 147, 155. Yotkinsk Im- perial Iron Works, 156. Gun Elevator—Beadon, 90. Gun Furniture—viii. Beattie, 216. Gun Implements—viii. Baylis & Son, 251 a. Gun Locks—viii. Baker, 263. Rippingille, 258. Belgium, Ledent, 148. Tunis, 83. Gun Metal—i. Stirling, 428. Gunpowder—II. Tulloch, 21. Tunis, 91. Guns, Inlayingand Engraving on—viii. Shorman, 266. Guns, Pistols, &c., (including Rifles, Muskets, Blunder- busses, &c.)—viiL Beattie, 216. Beckwith, 220. Bentley & Son, 221. Boss, 219. Brazier, J. & R., 206. Brookes & Son, 246. Bull, 239. Cherrett, 297. Cooper & Co., 241. Davidson, 238. Davis, 253. Deane & Co., 223. Deane, G. & J., 223a. Egg, 232. Erskine, 257. Fairman, 233. Fletcher, 255. Forsyth & Co., 256. Gibbs, 215. Goddard, 235. Golden & Son, 264. Golding, 228. Grainger, 278. Greener, 59. Hart, 245. Haswell, 259. Hoskins, 252. King, 281. Lang, 226. Manton & Son, 217. Moore & Grey, 209. Mortimer, 267. Needham,'260. Needham, W. & J., 218. Osborne, 234. Parker & Co., 22L Parsons, 279. Potts, 207. Powell & Son, 249. Reilly, 237. Richards & Co., 240. Rigby, W. & J., 236. Shaw, 254. Squires, 287. Townsend, 243. Trulock & Son, 222. Watkins & Hill, 238a. Webster, 265. Yeomans & Son, 231. x. Webster, 671a. Whiton, 250. Witton & Co., 203. Woodfield, 229. Woodward, 230. xxii. Oliver, 121. Ashfield, 78, 260. Boyd, 77, 259. ^wsVrta, Kehlner"s Nephew, 116. Kirner, 121. Lebeda, 114. Meyer & Co., 112. Micheloni, 119. Nowak, 115. Perger, 111. Schamal, 118. Schoeiihuber, 113. Belgium, Ancion & Co., 143. Bernimolin & Brothers, 150. Dehousse, 153. Doutrewe, 149. Falisse & Rapmann, 154. Henrard, 140. Jansen, 139. Lar- dinois, 151. Lepage, 145. Malherbe, 147. Montigny & Fusnot, 158. Plomdeur, 146. Renkin, 503. Renkin, Brothers, 141. Thonet, 144. Tinlot, 152. Tourey, 155. Canada, Ashfield, 161, Boyd, 160, Ceijlon. Denmark, Jessen, 14. France, Berger, 418. Beringer, 1546. Bernard, 1547, Bertonnet, 58. Caron, 1133. Cusson, Pourchier, & Rossignol, 468, Devisme, 166, Duclos, 1712. Flo- belt, 215. Fontenau, 509. Gastimie - Renette, 1611. Gauvain,1612. Goddet, 1251. Houllier, 1628. Jacque- marf, Brothers, 272. Lagrege, 1724. Lefraucheux, 1308. Mathleu,618. Morel, Brothers, 1734. Moutier le Page, 1364. Peigne, 947. Prelat, 1681. Ronch- ard-Slauve, 1451. Hanover, Tanner, 3. India, viii. Jersey and Guernsey, Jouhaud, 19. Lubeck, Fischer, 5. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Schmidt, 2. Persia, Major. Portugal, Roval Military Arsenal, 635-640. Pussia, Shah-Wedi-Ogli, 166. Spain, Aretio, 269. Garate, 270a. Ibaizabal, 268. Placencia Royal Ordnance, 265. Ziiluaga, '264a. Sweden and Norway, Hagstrom, 79. Hook's Iron Works, 78. Kongsberf Manufactory, 40. Switzerland, Destraz, 71. Fischer, 265. Jeannet, 5. Peter, 67. Saurbrey, 68. Vannod, 69. Turkey. United States, Allen, 236. Anthony, 585. Colt, 321. Palmer, 347. Pecare & Smith, 307. Robbins & Lawrence, 328. ZoZWem (1), Blancke, 801. Brecht, 699. Gehrmann, 60. Gleichauf, 8^7. Grzvbowski, 63. Hanau, 700. Kehl, 64. Konig & Sons, 701. Ludlich, 61. Fistor, 481. Pokorny, 79. Sauberbrey, 702. Sauer & Son, 479. Schaller, 478. Schilling, 855. Spangenberg, Sauer, & Sturm, 477. Teuteuberg, 678. Weiland, 388. (2), Heinlein, 20. Huckenreuter, 21. (3), Thueri- gen, 32. (4), Obemdorf Royal Gun Manufactory, 15. (5), Weber & Schultheis, 6. (6), Dickore, 18. See also Cartridges. Percussion Caps. Shot Sf Bullets. Stanchion Guns. Steam Gun. War-Engine. Wild Fowl Shooting, Guns, Sfc.,for. Gun-shot Distance Measurer—Switzerland, Zeigler, 108. Gun-Stocks— Van Diemen's Land, Robinson, 90. Gun Waddings—viii. Fairman, 233. Joyce & Co., 277. Symington, 286. Walker & Co., 284. Walker, R., 242. XII. & XV. Wilkinson, 51. xvii. Hamer, 84. GUTTA PeRCHA, and ARTICLES MADE THEREOF—VI. Gutta Percha Company, 424. x. VVishaw, 419. xix. O'Donnell, 53. xx. Helps, 168a. xxii. Tasker, 221. Thompson, 808. xxvi. Gatta Percha Company, 21. Thorn & Co., 1. xxviii. Burm & Co., 77. Gutta Percha Company, 85. Hancock, 90. Walker, 87. xxix. Iliff, 253. Moorson, 253. Austria, Dinzel, 348. Canada, Wheeler, 353. India, iv. Eastern. Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. Turkey. See also Boats, Gutta Percha. Electrical Machines, Gutta Percha. Gutta Percha Horse-shoeing—xxviii. Hewens, 195. Gymnastic Apparatus—x. Chaplin, 570. Gypsum—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Rays- dale 4. I. 131c. Blyth & Jacobs, 131. Canada, Logan, 1. Eabuan, 8fc.. Hammond & Co., 2. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 50, 166, 169-171. Gypsum (Articles in)—xxvii. Hall, J. & T., 37, 38. Tunis, 13. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Noe, 418. Hackles—See Flax Tools and Machinery. Haematite—i. Ainsworth, 422. Dickenson, 407. Drew, 449. Ulverston Mining Company, 420. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 24. Hair (Artificial) —XVI. Lay cock & Sons, 330. xxviii. Ross & Sons, 64. Truetitt, 65. xxix. Rimmel, 3. Hamburgh,Ve^\^^x,\^. Tunis, 182. Turkey. United States, Wisdom, Russel, & Whitman, 205. Zollverein (S), Goetze, 169. See also Dyed Hair. Wigs. Hair-Brushes—See Brushes, Toilet. Hair-Cloth-XVI. Laycock & Sons, 330. Webb, 243. Hair, Cow—xxix. W right, 250. HAir-dressers' Figures—France, Allix, 6. Hair Dyes—iv. Barker & Co., 62. xvi. Leathart, 317. XXVIII. Truefitt, 62. Russia, Belitcheff', 330. Hair Fancy-work and Ornaments—xxiii. Bakewell, 70. Clea],59. Forrer, 99. Gass, S. H. & D., 83. Hans- sen & Co., 124. Hermann, 90. Lee, 71. Townley, 125. Wall, 5. XXVIII. Green. 60. School for the Indigent Blind, 100. xxix. Adair, 307. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Gray, 293. Austria, Franke, 602. Denmark, Lange, 42. France, Lemonnier & Co., 909. Hamburgh, Gomperiz, 33. Madeira, Read, 1. Netherlands, Lefebre, 107. United States, Bourgard, 309. Phalon, 390. Zollverein (1), Seel, 657. Hair-Powder—iii. Jones & Co., 128. Austria, Ritter, 696. Hair Sieves—Tunis, 137. Hair Springs—Switzerland, Lutz, 94. Hair, Vegetable—Algeria, Averseng & Co., 3. Hair-working Machine—vi. Thompson, 503. Halters (Horses')—xiv. Wall, E. & T,, 70. Hammocks—British Guiana, Barkly, 125, 128, 129. Rose, 136. Stutchbury, 126, 127. Hampden, Statue of (Model)—Page 848. Hand-Bells—v. Warner & Sons, 424. Handkerchiefs (Cambric, Cotton, and others)—xi. Thom- son & Son, 15. XII. &XV. Black & Wingate, 204. Webber & Hairs, 277. xiv. Dufl'erin's, Lord, School, Belfast, 3. Richardson, J. & T., & Co., 21. xviii. Mair & Co., 13. China, Baring, Brothers. Egypt, 319, 322, 323, 328, 331. France, Lazare & Lacroix, 905. Ionian Isles, Fitzroy, Lord C., 4. Portugal, Da Luz, 756-760. Motter, Weyhe, ^ Co., 748-755. Russia, Rabeneck, 173. Switzerland, Baenziger, 112. Greuter & Rister, Bro- thers, 123. Hunziker & Co., 166. Mueller, 160. Schiesser, 134. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Bauch, 793. Funke, 587. Kirstein, 120. Prentzel, 129. (4), Kohlor, 46. Handkerchiefs (Silk)—xi. Mair, Son, & Co., 59. xvin. Baker & Co., 2. Foster & Co., 16. Kerr & Co., 54. Keymer, J., 12. Walford, 19. Welch & Co., 7. Wilkinson, 8. xix. Bennock & Co., 394. Algeria, Casteiran, 15. Austria, Laporta, 387. Liebig, 241. Mayer, Brothers, 266. Robz, 384. Siebert, 271. Spanraft, 273. Belgium, Verreyt, 290. China, Hewett & Co. France, Chambon, 112. Depoully, 1586, Lazare & Lacroix, 905. Meures & Candin, 1357. Nourry, Brothers, & Meynard, 1670. Paul, 676. Greece, Nuns of St. Constantine, 54. Hamburgh, Bahr & Co., 122. Lade, 23. Ionian Islands, Mavroianni, 2. Seaton, Lord, 5. Portugal, Carneiro, 960-962. Martin, 957. Russia, Jiaf-Ogli, 207. Sardinia, Anuecy & Pont, 34. Switzerland, Baenziger, Kolp, & Co., 156. Schmid, Brothers, 269. Tanner, 205. W^alty, Brothers, 141. Tunis, 10. United States, Pierce, 248a. Updegraff, 546. Zollverein (1), Simons, 514. Handkerchiefs (Designs for)—France, Preinsler, 1409. Hand-Loom Fabrics (Cotton, Wool, Silk)—France, Tri- cot, Brothers, 396. Hand-Mills (ibr grinding Flour)—vi. Adams, S.& C, 429. Egypt, 155. France, Bouchon, 431. Hand-mule Cotton Machinery—vi. Mason, 10. Hand-power Machine—v. Gunn, 754. Handley, H. (M.P.), Testimonial to the Memory of (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Mabey, 141. Hands, Artificial—x. Bursill, 673a. Little, 196. Harbour of Refuge on the East Coast of Ireland (Model)—VII. Bruff, 49. Hardware (various)—xxii. Bailey & Sons, 805, Blews & Sons, 349. Burton, 247. Carpenter & Tildesley, 655. Chambers, 807. Fearncombe, 160a. Featham & Co., 686. Glenton & Chapman, 238. Gorton, 374. Gray & Son, 262. Hale & Co., 486. Hardy, 146. Harper & Sons, 96. Harrison, 555. Holgate, 450. Hoole & Co., 140. Mappins, 180. Mapplebecke & Lowe, 370. Moore & Co., 274. Moreton & Langley, 669. Morten, 104. Newbold & Owen, 133. Pender & Sons, 574, Price, 397. Robertson, Carr & Co., 802. Rowley, 278. Shenstone&Mills, 273. Shoolbred & Co. 66. Simonite, 270. Steer & Webster, 124. Stirk, 666. Tarin, 544. Taylor, 359. Terrv & Son, 691a. Turner &Co.,174. Walton, 701. Wright, 177. xxix. Mitchell. 138. Wantless, 266. Austria, Hauser, 482. [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] France, Bricard & Gauthier, 437. Coulaux& Co., 129, Devvaux-Lefebvro, 145. Goldenberg & Co., 851, 1737. .Jacquemavl Brothers, 272. Laury, 568. Morel, Brothers, 1734. Pieron, 957. ^(m&/</y/, Classen, 110. Flsersheim, .'^2. Meyer, 55. Schultze & Schemany, 49. India, xxii. Nova Scotia, Archibald. 2. Russia, Jakvleff, 286. Zollnerein (1), Basse & Fischer, 664. Boecker, 633. Cljristian, 624, Fiuike & Hueck, 652, Hasenclever & Sons, 631. Hilo:ers & Sons, 631. Hnth, Fried & Co. 632. Lucas & Co., 650. Luckhaus & Co., 631. Pie^ler, 765, Schmidt, 651, (3), HolTman, 36. (4), Deffner, 71. See a\so Ironmoiigerij. IronWares. Ja- panned Wares. Harmoniums—x. Wheatstone & Co., 526. Belgium, Verhasselt, 179. Zollverein (3), Zimmermarin, 24-. France, Debain, 1172. Tremaux, 394, Harness, &c.—See Saddlery and Harness. Harpoon Gun and Apparatus—viii. Murray, 438. See also Whale-Guns. Harpoons—XXII. Thomas, 358, Harps.—x. Bray, 531. Jones, 532, Ventura, !8. France, Domeny, 477. Erard, 497. Harrows—ix. Barker, 230. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 128. Campbell, 17. Carson, 110. Coleman, 216. Comins, 143. Crosskill,l 35. Digges La Touche, 263. Garrett & Sons, 142. Grant & Co., 267. Williams, 151, India. Zollverein iY),'Kn&r\em\m(\, 795. Sprengel & Co., 67. Hassocks—xix. Hope, 209. Hat-Bands, &c.—xiii. Boothe & Pyke, 63. Wilson, 56. Hat-making (Materials for)—xiii, Walters & Son, 9. Wilson & Co., 10. XX. Dietrich, 56. Simmonds & Woodman, 105. Hat Manufacture (Illustrations of)—vi. Gaimes, San- ders, & Nichol, 57, 58, xx. Christy & Co., 35. Stainburn & Baugh, 58. Hats and Caps—viii. Allen &Co., 202, xi. Lincoln & Bennett, 57. XX. Ashmead & Tyler, 53. Ashton & Sons, 52. Barber, 57. Barford, 170, Deeston, 162a. Berni & Melliard, 103. Bethel, Ware & Co., 76. Braun, 64a. Braund, 66. Cairington, S, & T., 126. Clemes & Sons, 156. Dando, Sons & Co., 50. Darling, 131. Davies, 216. Dietrich, 56. Elliott & Cooper, 172. Eveleigh & S ai, 104. Felix & Co., 5Ia. Gaimes, Sanders, & Nichol, 57, 58. Garrard, R. & J., 61. Gregory, Cubitt & Co., 8. Johnson & Co,, 48. Laugliland, 144, Lees, 127 a. Long, 16a. Mason, 157. Melton, 54. Middlebrook, 123. Mollady & Sons, 125. Ritchie, 145. Smith & Co., 55. Thomp- son & Co., 192. Tress & Co., 102. White, 51. Zox, 59. xxviil. Clarkson, 197. Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. Austria, Hubsch, 3.')2. Krise, 353. Muck, 354. Srba, 355. Belgium, Anchiaux, 344. .lacquot, 347. Lievain, 351, Van Nieuvenborj)-, Brothers, 343. Brazil, Mornay, 3. Soiith Africa, Deane & Johnson, 19. France, Badin, 1063. Baton & Son, 1069. Chenard, Brothers, 87. Coupin, 1162. Donat & Co., 1193. Duchene, 1198. Ernoux, 498. Lambert & Son, 1289, Lejeune, 1314. Hamburgh, Caken, 34. Cohn, 42. Cinjar, 35, Hanover, Wagner, 7. India, xv, xxviii. , New Zealand, St. John's C;)llege, 7. Portugal, Borges, 973-977. Kirsh, 985, 986. Roxo, 978-984. Russia, Fitzner, 271. Spain, Belmonte, 256. Sweden, Ericsson & Co., 106. Switzerland., Jeanneret, 38. Tunis, 10. Turheij. ■ United States, Genin, 232. Leary & Co., 130. Oak- ford, 45. Western Africa, Matson, 9. Zollverein (1), Freystadt, Brothers, 178. Israel, 754, Leimkueler, 398. Roessler, 397. Rups, 613. Schmidt & Sons, 7d6. Seldis, 181. Vassel & Co., 186. (6), Schuchard, 19, See also Plushes {for Hats, Sfc). Hats, Straw, &c.—xx. Cooper, K J. & G., 172a. Elliott, 172. Austria, Faller, Fritscheller & Co., 656. British Guiana, Barkly, 76. Ca«at/a, Commissioners, 339. Malta, Villa, Fratelli, 5. Spain, Settier, 272a. New South Wales, Webster, 23. Van Diemens Land, Symonds, 274-278. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. Hutton & Sons, 6. McWilliam. Zollverein (1), Faller & Co., 419. Hautboys—See Oboes. Hay—Belgium, Vanden Abeele, 52. Hay Cart (Model)—xxix. Spratt, 121, Haymaking Machines—ix. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 12S. Grant & Co., 267. Smith & Co., 234. VVedlake & Co., 127. Hay and Straw Cutting Machines—ix. Rodenhurst, W. & J., 61. Smith, A. & W. & Co., 266. See also Chaff-cutting Machines. Hay-Racks (for Sheep)—ix. Upfill, 277. Hay-Rakes (Horse). See Rahes, Horse. Hay-Saffron—ii. Keating, 102. Heald-making Machines—VI. Jndkins, 52. Hearth and other Rugs—xvi. Clapham, 9. Clark C. & J., 48. Dick, 311. Poland & Co., 302. Robinson, 7. Rood & Co., 49. XIX. Beavis, 395, Bottom, 106. Brinton and Sons, 110. Eustace, R. & J., lOO. Fortune, 168. Lawson, 235a, 325. M'FarUine, Brothers, 243. xxviil. School for the Indigent Blind, 100. See also Carpets. Carriage Rugs. Hearth Rugs (Designs for)—xix. Hanson, 188. Heating Apparatus—France, Pimont, 1391. See also Atmopyres. Gas Cooking and Warming Apparatus. Hot-air Apparatus. Hot-water Apparatus. Hedges (Models)—ix. Jennison, 70. Heidelberg Castle (Model)—Oldenburg, Cassebohrn,!. Heliographic Prints—i^rrtTJce, Blanquart, 1551. Helmets—See Military Accoutrements. Hemming-machines—France, Senechal, 373. Hemp (including manufactures thereof)—xiv. Bridp;;)! Local Committee, 73. Jameson & Co., 60. xxviii. Bevington & Morris, 38. Treloar, 39. Woodheaci, 191. Austria, Birnbaum, 95. Hermannstadt Ropemakcrs* Association, 277. Jager, 278. Parscb, Brothers, 279. Bahamas, Thompson. Belgium, Gilta, 105. Van Bogaert, 107. Van Riet, 103. Verhelst, 102. Canada, Grice, 71. South Africa, Watermeyer, 17. China. Egypt, 152. France, Joubert-Bonnaire & Co., 552. Laine-Laroclie & I^lax,286. Leclerc, Brothers, 576. India, iv. Portugal, Palmella, Duke of, 530-532. Rome, Centre Chamber of Commerce, 9. Minghetti, 10. Russia, Filemonoff, 103. Krashenenerof?', iUO. Milni- koti-Gloushkoff, 212. Milnikoli'-Gloushkoff, M., 214. Milnikoff-Gloushkoti; P., 213. Volkhonsky, Prince, 109. Spain, 154, 155, 157, 158. Calderon, 152. Castellon Corporation, 153, 194. Diez de Ribera, 172. Rip- alda, Count, 163. Turhey. United States, Dix, 139. White, 397. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Zollverein'{\), Burbach, Brothers, 799. Doebel, 517. Hauch, 792. Kisker, 553. Krieg, 886*. Verein, 790. (2), Braun, 39. See also Flax. Oakum. Rope and Cordage. String and Twine. Tow. Hemp-dressing Machines—United States, Williams, 14. Hemp Palm—China, East India Company. Henbane, Extract of—ii. Tustian, 97. Heraldic Engraving—xxiii. Matthews, 95. See also Armorial Bearings. Herbarium—United States, Chase, 99. Herbs and Roots—ii. McCuUoch, 96. Hereford Cathedral (Lectern for) — Main Avenue, West, Potter, 63. FIermetic Taps—France, Frinault, 1608. Hides—See Leather and Hides. Hide-rolling Machine- -v. Newcombe, 205. Highland Dresses and Ornaments—xx. Macdongall, 83. xxiii. Marshall & Sons, 23. Meyer & Mortimer, 47. Highland Games (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) An- derson, 189. HiNAi, OR Indian Vase — Society Islands, Queeu Po- mare, 4. Hinges (Various)—xxii. Barnard & Bishop, 34. Col- linge & Co., 573. Gerish, 652. Gollop, 651. Has- 1am, 421. Tlirupp, 676. Whitley, 656. Hoes—IX. Dufour & Co., 124a. Spurgin, 259. Warren, 257. Hoes, Horse-ix. Barker, 230. Bentall, 217. Busby, 15. Comiiis, 143. Crosskill, 135. Crowley & Sods, 96. Garrett & Sons, 142. Gray & Sons, 150. Harkes, 23. SamueJsoi., 185. Smith, 270. Wedlake & Co , 127. Hoes, Turnip—ix. Grounsell, 148. ~ Hoisting-machines—V. Greatoiex, 415. Holy-Water Vessels—See Ecclesiastical Furniture. HoMCEOPATHic Medicine Cases—XVI. Allen, 36. Hone-Stones and Hones—i. Ross, 51. Scrampton, 82. Solomon, 81. Thorne, 475. Belgium, Guillaume, 1. Lamberty, 3. Offergeld, 4. Otte, 2. India, i. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 30. Van Diemen's Land, Milligan, 79. Honey and Honeycomb—iii. Bentley, 4. Doubleday, 2. Button, 6. Fortnum, Mason, & Co., 55. Kitchener, 5. Ligl'ton, 1. Weatherley, 27. Austria, Carniolian Agricultural Society, 70. British Guiana, Bee, 12-1. Canada, Lynam, 131. South Africa, Joubert, 52. Paardeberg, 7. Ceylon. Egypt, 56, 59, 6], 62. France, Chailloux & O)., 155S. Laugier, 1640. Greece, Eubosa, Bishop of, 14. Tsitzembakos, 13. India, II. Madeira, Read, 1. Portugal, 593-598. Sardinia, Guiso, 23. Spain, Aha.(\, IS 1. Benjumea, 185, 189 A. Centenera, 184. Colnienero, 182. Escudero, 183. Huelva, 139c. Labat, 105. Molina, ISO. Tunis, 155,163. Turkey. Van Diemen's Laud, Fenton, 330. Rout, 291, See also Beeswax. Honey (Apparatus for obtaining)—III. Kitchener, 5. See also Beehives. Honeycombs, Artificial—France, Damainville, 153. Honna-Leaves—Tunis, «5. Hookahs—India, xxv. xxviii. Hooks and Kyes—xxii. Hard.nan & Iliffe, 284. Woods, 33. France, Hue, 269. Hops—I. Paine, 36. m. Ashburnham, 60. Attfield, 61. Golding, 63. Masters, 65. Paine, 62. Richardson & Sons, 59. Austria, Schoefel, 99. Von Wallis, 93. Belgium, Degryse, 63. De Quidt, 64. Lava, 500. Van M err is, 65. Canada, Penner, 65. Smith, 64. New Zealand, 39. Van Diemens Land, Smith, 78. Zollverein (6), Stein & Schroeder, 81. Hop-Bagging Machines—ix. Elliott, 144a. Plenty, J. &E„272. Wheeler, 216a. Woodbourne, 76. Hop Fungus—in. Plomley, 64. Hop Separating Machines—xxii. Collins, 88 Hop Tallies—X. Richardson, 264. Horn (Articles in)—Turkey. Zollverein (8), Montag, 11. See also Horn Carvings. Horn Carvings—Switzerland, Ueltschi, 256. Horn Paintings—Hamburgh, Comides, 101. Horn, Stained (to imitate tortoiseshell)—xviii. Hitch, 59 I Hornblende—I. Liskeard Committee, 513. [ Horns (Animal)—Canada, Tiiompson, 99. I iSow^A 4/nm, Bridges, 21. Hanbury, 28. Meeser, 16. Watson, 58. Ceylon. Egypt, 113. 114, 117-119, 124, 125. India, iv. Turkey. United States, Goddard, 537. Horns (Musical Instruments)—See Trumpets and Horns. , Horse-boxes, Railway—ix. Lydes, 141. Horse & Cattle Medicines—See Veterinary Medicines. Horse-Clothing—xii. & xv. Gandy, 216. Hagues & Co., 25. Whitvvorth & Son, 56.' Wilson, J.''& W., 245. XIV. Morrison & Horn, 49. Austria, Maurer, 200. Canada, Gamble, 139. Horse-Hair—IV. Blyth, Hamilton, & Blyth, 60. i?e/^/t«mi!, Hausens-Hap, 257, Kistemaeckers, 270. Somze- Mahy, 2^')5. Hamburgh, Meyer, 105. Netherlands, Catz & Co., 30. Russia, Bezroukavnikoff-Sokolofi; 248. Ivanoff, 259. Jadenoflsky, 340. Switzerland, Hurter & Buholzer, 231. Roth, 53. Van Diemens Land, Roat, 242. Zollverein (1), Fudickar, 596. Horsehair Clothes-lines—xiv. Wall, E. & T., 70. Horsehair Lace—Switzerland, Sulzberger & Akermann, 234. Horsehair Textures—xiv. Wall, E. & T., 70. Belgium, Kistemaeckers, 270. France, Delacour, 472. Zollverein (1), Mengen, 581. Horse-power Machines (Undescribed)—France, Ponyer, 967. United States, Eddy & Co., 523. Horse-Shoes—v. Holmes & Co., 872. xxii. Chopping &Co., 11. Cook, 16. Fogarthy, 13. Guv, 4. Hill- man, 15. Holmes, 12. Miles, 9. Plomley, 17. Stevens, 7. Whitehead, 10. Woodin, 8. Zollverein (2), Gradman, 55. Horse-Shoes (Temporary)—x. MacMahon, 601 d. Horse-shoeing, Gutta Percha—xxviii. Hewens, 195. Horse-shoeing Tools—ix. Barrett, Exall, & Andrews, 128. Horse-skin Cloak—Russia, Khirghis, 278. Horses' Teeth, Instrument tor operating on—x. Gowing, 645, 736. Horse-Wheel~v. Warner & Sons, 424. Horticultural Implements—ix. Bates, 186. Ebbs, 56a. Sanders, 269b. Smith, 222. VVinton, 259a. XXII. Brookes & Son, 110a. Kyre & Co., 203. Marsden & Co., 169. Skeltons, 220. Sorby & Sons, 204. Thomas, 358. Thornhill, 2. Austria, Lobkovvitz, Prince, 454. Belgium, he Djcte, 161. i'>a?ice, Arnheiter, 753. India, ix. Switzerland, Choi let, 70. Tuscany, Marreti, 66a. United'States, Allen & Co., 97. Zollverein (1), Scheller & Weber, 663. See also Agri- cultural Implements. Flower-Stands. Garden En- gines. Garden Pots and Stands. Scythes. Hose for P^ire-Engines—v. Merry weather, 401. Shand & Mason, 410. ix. Burgess & Key, 237. Hosiery—xii. & xv. Burgess & Co., 243. Dicksons & Laings, 234. Garvie & Bias, 227. Reid & Son, 481. Standeu & Co., 281. xix. Hollins, 30. Irish Work Society, 77. XX, Allan & Soily, 100. Angrave, Bro- thers, 202, Baines, 200. Barnes, T. & G., 27. Beale & Latchmore, 204. Biddle, 207. Biggs & Sons, 205. Billson & Hames, 201. Bradshaw, 39. Brie & Co., 24. Cartwright & Warners, 196. Carver & Gilbert, 98. Corah & Sons, 208, Farrange, 176, Foster, Porter, & Co., 2. Fry, 193. Furlev, 94. Glenny, 37, Hadden & Sons, 134. Holland & Co., 194. Hollins, 96. Homan & Co., 17. Hudson, 199. Hurst & Sons, 99. Johnston, 128a. Kaye & Co., 140. Laing, 133. Lart & Son, 81. Morlev, I. & R., 101, Muir & Co., 146, Neville & Co., 7, 20. Paterson, 19, 129. Peart & Dosseter, 5. Pope & Plante, 6. Roy, 136. Sandland & Crane, 38. Shaw, 91. Taylor, 3. Taylor & Beales, 197. Thompson & Co., 'l92. Thresher & Glenny, 79. Thurman & Co., 92. Ward & Sons, 203. Ward, Strut, & Co., 195. Weather- head, 33. Welch & Co., 212. Wheeler, 206. Wheel- ler & Ablett, 22. Whitehead & Son, 139. Willner, 44a. Wilson & Son, 183. Austria, Budinsky, 393. France, Cochois & Colin, 124. Esprit & Noye, 499. Lauret, Brothers, 903. Milon, 930. Trotte, 701. New South Wales, Morrison, 25. Portugal, Jorge, 96S. Loureiro, 727. Parreira, 1169, 1170. Russia, Narimoff, 193. South Australia, Webster, 3. Switzerland, Bally & Co., 210. Frey, 212. Tiirkei/. United States, Brown, 110. Peck, 2'48. Van Diemen's Land, Queen s Orplian Schools, 138-141 Zollverein (1), Kohlstadt, 400. Krocker & Son, 755. Schopper, C. F., 758. Schopper, F., 757. Weben- dorfer, Brothers, 759. Zimmerman & Son, 718. (3), / 2 Unired Merchant Manufacturers, 72-83. (4), Hils, Haas, & Co., 53. Rehm, 54. Hosiery Looms—France, Berthelot, 422. HosiKRY Yarns—XI. HoUius & Co., 1, 36. xii. & xv. Fox, Brothers, & Co., 7. Hospital (Model of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Merrett, Ml. Hot-Air Apparatus—v. Green, 53. United States, Perkins, 472. Hot-Air Ovens—United States, Rodriguez, 485. Hot-Water Apparatus—v. Hill, 94. ix. Pannell, 2i'4. Weeks & Co., 248a. XXII. Dale, 50L Garton & Jarvis, 483. Tozer, 390. xxix. Frost, 34. United States, Perkins, 541. Houses (Moilels of)—i. George, 213. vii. McLacblan, 181. Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of tlie Industrious Classes, 172. xxix. Lascelles, 123. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Harrison, 180. Pearse, 32. British Guiana, BaMey, 135. Colling, 162. India, Yii. See also Cottages, Lahourers\ House Decorations (Designs for)—xviii. Glover, 92. xxvi. Home, 32. Moxon, 252. Turner & Co., 320, xxx. (Fine Art Court), Papworth, W. & J. W„ 22a. Howdahs—State Howdahs and Palanquins presented to Her Majesty. India, and page 847. Howitzers—See Cannon, Spc. HuDDERSFiELD V^iADUCT (Model)—VII. Roebuck, 30. Human and Animal Blood—France, Brocchieri, 74. See also Albumen of Blood. Hummelling-machines—IX. Garrett & Sons, 142. See also Barleij-Hummellers. Hunting Knives—S'ee Cutlery. Hunting and Shooting Bags'and Nets—ZoUverein (1), Zeschke, 259. Hurdle or Gate-making Machines—ix. Burridl, 37, Hyacinth Glasses and Supports—xxii. Tye, 314. Hydrant, or Fire-Cock—xxii. Guest & Chrimes, 524. United States, Bartholomew, 335. Hydraulic Battery—x. Brett, 422. Hydraulic Cement—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Towler, 27. Canada, Logan, 1. Netherlands, Maas, 4. Portugal, 116. Hydraulic Cj^ock—France, Tiffereau, 1042. Hydraulic Crane—v. Armstrong, 44. Scott, 98. Hydraulic Engines—v. Shalders, 402. Shaw, 113. Hydraulic Foot-mvarwer—France, Viguier, 729. Hydraulic Lamp—x. Taylor, 672. Hydraulic Locomotive—v. Erskine, 100. Hydraulic Machines—v. Armstrong, 44, Scott, 98. France, De Caligny, 101. Fontaine, 1227. Leclerc, 299. Moison, 1358. Jersei/ and Gaernse'/, Seignuret, 3. Hydraulic Tresses—v. Bank Quay Foundry Company, 412. Greatorex, 415. Jackson, 682. Hydraulic Ram—v. Easton & Amos, 408. Roe, 462. United States, Gatchel, 468. Hydraulic Valves and Seats—v. Carnell & Hoskinff, 201. Hydrochloric Acid Sardinia, Selopis, Brothers, 4. Hydro-Elkctric Machines-VI. Watson, 165. Sweden, Bergstrom, 85. ZoUverein (2), Ozann, 87. Hydro Extractor—France, Bezault & Co. 425. Hydrographic Engravings—Fm«cp, Collin, 126. Hydrographic Instruments—Fm?zce, Keller, 280. Hydrometers—x. Acland, 368. Baker, 396. Durham 668. Griffin & Co., 457. Nmin, 371. France, Arrera, 752. United Slates, Eakins, 256. ZoUverein (4), Kinzelback, 26. See also Spirit Meters. Water Meters. Hydrometers (Scales for making)—x. Acland, 368. Hydro-Pneumatic Apparatus—x. Statham,456. Hydro-Pneumatic Elevators—vii. Watt, 20. Hydro-Pneumatic Engine—v. Jenkins, 88. Hydro-Pneumatic Lift for Canal Locks—v. Led- hitter, 650. vii. Watt, 20. Hydro-Pneumatic Ship Lift—vii. Watt, 20. Hydrostatic Balances, &c.—x. De Grave, Short, & Fanner, 333. Hydrostatic Presses & Apparatus—v. Burgess, 471. Firth, 472. vl Cottam & Hallen, 221. viii. Gale, 79. Hygrometers—x. Negretti & Zambra, 160a. Newman, 674. Hymn for all Nations—(in thirty languages) xvii. Brettell, 169. Ice-Boats (for Saving Life from Drowning)—viii. Royal Humane Society, 15. IcE-Box—XXII. Keith, 601. Ice-Cream Freezer—United States, Fryer, 372. IcE-MAKiNG Machines—France, Fumet, 513. United States, Asher, 355, 372. Ice-Plane—XXII. Keith, 601. Ice Safes—Keith, 601. Wenham Lake Ice Company, 600. Illuminated Designs, Missals, &c.—xvii. Hood, 157. xxx, (Fine Art Court) Beeson, 111a. China, Boileau. France, De Bastard, 1717. Illustrated Books—See Books, Illustrated. Impulsoria—V. Crestadora, 557. Incense—Trinidad, Lord Harris. Inclines, mode of assisting Carriages up and down—v. Snowden, 588. Incubation (Models of)—x. Dinsdale, 718. India Paper (Substitute for)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Leith, 114. India-rubber Manufactures—See Caoutchouc. Indian Blue—ii. Estcourt, 64. Indian Curiosities, &c.—Her Majesty the Queen, page 847. British Guiana, Barkly, 135. Colling, 162. Canada, Indians of Lorette, 177. India, xxx. JVova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. United States, Davis, 563. Indian Ink—China, Copland. Reeves, J. Reeves, J. R. ZoUverein (1), Diesel & Co., 882. Indicating Levels (Engineers")—x. Blyth, 367. Ca- meron, 356. Indigo—n. Marshall, 68. iii. Colman, 117. iv. Coovey^ 70. _ Austria, Fiala, 25. China. East India Company. Fgijpt, 79. India, iv. Tunis, 15-17. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. ZoUverein (1), Krimmelbein & Bredt, 457. Infusion Apparatus—ii. Squire, 93, Infusions, Medicinal. See Decoctions and Infusions. Inhaber Eines, Patent and other Fabrics—xxviii. Fors- ter, 178. Inks—xvii. Galbraith, 179. Hawthorne, 7. Lines & Co., 168. Lovejoy, 176. Peckerd, 110. Stokes, 80. Todd, 119. XXIX. E(le& Co., 18. Galbraith, 17. Austria, Halla & Co., 54. France, Larenaudiere, 1294. Hanover, Hostmann, 2. India, xxix. Sardinia, Bo, 19. Tunis, 81. United States, Maynard & Noyes, 445. ZoUverein (2), Sammet, 50. Ink for the Blind—xvii. Edinburgh School for the Blind, 170, Ink-Bottles—XVII. Isaac, 165. Ink-Lithography (Specimens of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Leiu'hton, 59. Ink, Marking—ii. Pouting, 25. xvii. Swann, 155. Ink-Powder—xvii. Todd, 119. Ink, Printers'—xvii. Parsons & Co., 31. Inkstands—VI. Mordan & Co., 205. Cole, 31. xxii. Ed- wards, 345. XXIII. Cartwright & Hiron, 30. Mayer, 14. Mortimer, 13. xxiv. Wood & Perkes, 7. xxvi. England, 528. Howell & Co., 190a. North, 257. Lxxvii, Rowlands, 63. xxviii. Mallandain & Co., IU8 XXIX. Strudwick, 42. Turkey. Ionian Islands, Ward, 6. Inlaid Flooring—xxvi. Cowell & Co., 526. Austria, Leistler, 663. Russia, Miller, 299. See also Parqueterie Flooring. Inlaid Woods (Imitation of)—xxvi. Davis, 329. Fon- nereau, 40. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bonnar & Carfrae, 344. Inlaid Work—xxviii. Peters & Son, 131. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Carrick 93. Millbank, 99. Sutton, 105. Ceylon, Kitchin. Hamburgh, Faulwasser, 71. Loosp, C. L., 74. Loose, J. R., 75. Rampendahl, 70. Wenier & Pigllieiii, 79. Sardinia, Bertinetti, Gl. Capello, 64. Spain, Medina, 270. Perez, 271 A. Sweden, Dumiath, 60. Tuscany, Mazzetti, 90. Polli, 85. Van Diemens Land, M'Naughten, 192. Zollverein (1), Praetoiius, 853. See also Buhl Work. Mosaic Work. Insects, Collections of—New Zealand, Moore, 37. Van Diemens Land, Cox, 280. Zollverein (A), Noerdliuger, 11. Insects, Fumigating Apparatus for Killing — vii. Boulaijger, 198. IX. Brown, 91. xxii. Euglisli, 572. See also Vermin Destroyer. Instruction Tables—Jersey and Guernsey, Messervy, 11. White, 12. Instrumental Performers (Instruments for giving strength, &c., to the fingers of)—x. Andrews, 551. E(iwards & Son, 516. Intaglios—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Butters, 290. War- ner, 275. Wilson, 315. Intaglios, (Mode of taking Impressions from)—xvii. Hyde & Co., 21. Invalid Bed Carriages—v. Willougliby, 992. xxvi. Ridge, 8. Invalid Beds, Chairs, &c.—x. Chapman & Alderman, 601c. Gray, 724. Greenhow, 630. Lee, 614. Weiss & Son, 631. XXII. Jeffcoat, 755. Savage, 56. Tippen, 412. xxvi. Gilbert & Co., 130. Minter, 211. Town- shend, 2A. See also Chairs, Invalid. Invalid Wheel-Chairs—v. Dawson, 830. Heath, 868. Jordan, 888. Newnham, 928. Ward, 997. Iodine—II. Bullock & Co. 37. Howards & Kent, 11. Huskisson, J. W. & H., 86. Ward, 89. Ward & Co., 54. Watt, 32. France, Cournerie & Co., 462. Zollverein (1), Prussian Chemical Manufactory, 683. Ipecacuanha—ii. Lam plough, 71. Iridium—I. Johnson & Matthey, 477. Irish Gold and Silver—x. Donegan, 52. Irish Jewellery—xxii. Waterhouse, G. & S., 20. West & Son, 15. xxiii. Bennett, 18. Connell,lu. Mos- ley, 17. xxviii. Grillith, 192. Iron (Various)—i. Butterley Iron Co., 400. Crutwell & Co., 402. Solly & Co., 410. ii. Howards & Kent, 11. V. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641. xxil. Johnson & Co., 109. Solly, 258. Whitehouse & Co., 667. Austria, Schwarzenburg, Prince, 417. Thurn, Count, 419. Topper, 411. CanacZa, Ferrier, 5. France, Festugiere & Co., 1721. Gallicher & Co., 229. Masrat, 920, Nova Scotia, Acadian Iron Mining Association, 1. Ar- chibald, 2. i?wssia, Perm Imperial Copper Works, 6. Votkinsk Iron Works, 13. Sardinia, Grange, 1. Spain, Cerain, 1. Giro, 23. Pedro De Araya's Factory, Director of, 12. Tm^s, 31, 33, 34. Turkey. United States, Adirondac Manufacturing Co., 344. Darling, 191. Farrington, 286. Zollverein (2), Gienanlh, Brothers, 95. Iron Abutments and Tension Rods on Piers—vii. Mor- rell, 59. Iron, Bar—i. Bird & Co., 411. v. Coalbrook Dale Com- pany, 641. Eastwood & Frost, 672. vii. Royal Scottish Society of Arts, 29. xxii. Fisher & Bramall, 206. Perry, 61. Austria, Andrassy, Count, 415. Bouquoi, Count, 414. Lindheim, 422. Zois, 405. France, Lapeyriere, 1710. India, i. Sweden and Norway, Flood, 7. Lagerhjelm, I. Tres- chow, 36. Zollverein (8), Lassen, 2. Iron, Bloom of—xxii. Bateman, 84. India, i. Sweden and Norway, Lagerhjelm, 1. Iron, Cast — i. Stirling, 428. Austria, Vienna Depot of the Imperial Iron Mines and Iron Works, 403. Belgium. Vommex\iei\ Fourneaux, 6. France, Morel, Brothers, 1666. Moul Brotliers, 1734. Mussia, Kamensk Iron Works, 8. Satkinsk Iron Works, 17. Spain, Pedroso Iron Company, 24. Tuscany, Follonica Royal Foundry, 73. Zollverein (1), Vorster, 446. (8), Lossen, 2. See also Iron Castings. Iron, Cast, Testing-machine—vi. Stewart & Co. 238. Iron Castings — i. Wingerworth Iron Company, 416. V. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641. vii. Clark, 8. xxii. Bramah & Co., 653. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641 (Main Avenue, West). Gidney, 556. Handyside, 82 (Main Avenue, West, 85). xxx. (Fine Art Court) Baily & Sons, 308. Sherwood Iron Works, 138. Austria, Fischer, 421. Kitschelt, 434. Salm, Prince, 430 (Main Avenue, East). Belgium, De Latour, 363. Moncheur, 366. France, Andre, 1053. Dietrich & Son, 188. Muehl- Wahl & Co., 934. New Zealand, Bourne, 35. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Zollverein (1), Berlin Royal Prussian Iron Foundry, 271 (Main Avenue, East). Drake, 273 (Main Avenue, East). Jacobi, 833. Malapane Royal Prussian Iron Works, 2. Schlegelmilch, 643. Iron, Chemical Preparations of—ii. Huskisson, J. W. & H., 86. Iron, Chromate of—India, i. Sweden and Norway, Garmann, 38. Iron, Fagotted—xxii. Warden, 368. Iron Flooring—United States, Lawrence, 516. Iron-Founding (Instrument for illuminating moulds in), X. Jordan, 285. Iron Furniture—France, Gandillot & Co., 230. Trouchon, 1512. Iron Joists and Rafters (New method of joining to wood, &c.)—VII. Boydell, 56. Iron Lifting-Crabs—ix. Barrett, Exall, & Andrews, 128. Iron Ochre—Canada, Duberger, 21, La Barre, 17. Caron, 19. Hall, 18. Kelly, 22. Logan, 1. Seer, 16. Turkey. Iron Ores — Western End, South Enclosure "(Outside), Round, 136. I. Ainsworth, 422. Atkinson, 261. • Blackwell, 427. Cumming, 195. Drew, 449. Fal- mouth & Penryn Local Committee, 163. Harrison & Co., 405. Montague, 421. Moore, 408. Ross, 51. Russell, 271. Schneider, 409. Sweetman, 40. Tay- lor, 448. Thomas, 419. Thorne, 475. Ulverston Mining Company, 420. Welborne, J. W., 470. Well- borne, W. 447. Wingerworth Iron Company, 416. XXII. Bowlhig Iron Company, 83. Perry, 61. Algeria, Beauregard, 4. Egger, Count, 401, 402. Austria, Rauscher & Co. 403. Belgium, Benoit, 369. De Hanseh, 23. Perard & Mineur, 18. Canada, Di(jkson, 3. Ferrier, 5. Lancaster, 6. Logan, 1. Marcotte, 8. Morhi, 9. Proulx, 7. Wilson, 2. South Africa, Greig, 56. Maitland Mines, 1. Greece, 11. India, I. New Brunswick, Hutchison, 10. New Zealand, Purchas, 23. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Fussia, Alexaudrovsk Imperial Cannon Foundry, 2. Spain, Almeria Mines, Inspector of, 13. Amor, 22. Sweden and Norway, Grekasar Blast Furnace, 3. Helle- fors Iron Works, 4. Lovenskiold, 35. Motala Works, 6. Noiberg & Sather, 102. Osterby Iron Works, 6. Retlig, 2. U.ldeholm's Co. 117. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkey. Tuscany, Volterra Salt Manufactory, 2. United States, Anderson & Co. 281. Cocke, 271. James & Chapman, 181. Lee, 332. Missouri Iron Mountain Com]mny, 163. Patteson, 278. Rousseau, 314. Sims, 267. Swedish Iron Manufacturing Com- pany, 320c. Van Diemens Land, Little, 310. MlUigan, 263, 266, 267, 306. Zollverein (1), Bennighauss, 679. Dresler, 449. Ham- block, 454. (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1. Iron, (^xide of—United States, Barton, 228. Iron, Pig—I. Ainsworth, 422. Bird & Co., 411. Mon- tague, 421. Schneider, 409. Wingerworth Iron Company, 416. xxii. Fisher & Bramall, 206. Hird &Co. 85. Perry, 61. Aiislria, Fi:.lier, 420. Kussuch, 4UG, Pilleisee Impeiial Sineltiu'^ Works, 407. Radmeister Community, 400. Zuis, 4U:.. Behjiiim, Behr, 20. Cjckeril, 119. Canada, Marmora Iron Company, 4. India, I. Hussia, Koushvinsk Iron Works, 5. Verkhne-Tourinsk Ironworks, 12. Su-eden and AWwai/,Li\^^evh]e\n], 1. United Slates, Detmold, 06. Hopkins, 192. Morris, Jones, & Co., 44. Zolloereia ( l ), Lolie Steel-works, 324. Lohmann, 630. Mae^^desprung Works, 6S2. (8), Lassen, 2. Iron, Phosphate of—ii. Greenish, 124. Canada, Lan- caster, 6. Jkon, Eolled—V. Eastwood & Frost, 672. Mersey Iron Company, 649. Iron-rolling Machines—vii. Dobson, 114. Zollverein (1), Krupp, 649. Iron Roofing—vii. Allen, 151. Turner, 7. xxii. Tuijper & Carr, 550. Iron Safes—ZoZZyereiH (1), Arnheim, 189. Kolescb, 196. See also Fire-proof Safes. Iron, Salts of—ii. Hemingway, 24, Iron-Sand—New Zealand, Collinson, 3. Smith, 14. Van JDiemen's Land, Abbot, 290. Iron, Sheet and Plate—i. Phillips, Smitli, & Co., 500. XXII. Perry, 61, Belgium, Delloye, 376, Orban & Son, 372. Remade, Perard, & Son, 371. Canada, Cheney, 155. Hussia, Khamounitsky Iron Works, 20. Nijiie-Issetsk Works, 16. Nijne-Tourinsk Iron Works, 10. Vsevo- lossky, 330a. United States, Morrell, Stewart, & Co., 202. Iron Ships and Vessels (Contrivance Tor construction of) —VII. Sadler, 61. Iron Stampings—xxii. Griffiths, 254. Iron, Sulphate of—i. Samuel, 489a. ii. Bankart, 49. iSuckley, 4. Wilson, 6. Austria, Hochberger, 14. China. France, Bouxwilier Mines Company, 376. -Dupre, 183. Portugal, Algoza, 63. Hirsch, 64. Leal, 65. Sardinia, Selopis, Brothers, 4. Iron Wares (generally)—i. Biddulph, 417. Wingerworth Iron Company, 416. xxi. Isicholson, 87. xxil. Clark & Co., 657. France, Camion-Pierron, 790. Ducel, 824, Karcber & Westerman, 1632. Martin, 614. India, xxii. Portugal, Bacheley, 1015-1020. Spam, Zuluaga, 264. Sweden and Norway, Bolinder, 56. Hallenius & Co., 11. Motala Works, 6. Spangberg & Co. 1 L ; United States, Perkins, 54 i. Zollverein (1), Assmann, 406, ■ Einsiedel, 762. Kissing & Mollmann, 647. Lehmann, 197. Schlegelmilch, 643. (6), Seebass, 50, Iron Wares, Glazed—xxii. Smallman & Co., 2. Iron Wire (Co])pered)—xxii. Cornforth, 322. Iron-wire Netting—S'ee Wire Netting, Sfc. I RON-WIRE Rope—See Wire Hope. Iron, Wrought (inclmling articles made thereof)—i. Wiugerwortti Iron Company, 416. vii. Nasmyth, 169. xxii. Ilardman & Co., 700. Illrd & Co., 85. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Crook, 57, Austria, Fnrstenburg, Prince, 412. Belgium, Cliimay, Prince of, 370. Couillet Mines et Char- bonages, 120. India, I. it2/ssm, Safkinsk Iron Works, 17. Verkhne-Baranlchinsk Iron Works, 11. Zollverein (1), Gleiwifz Eoyal Prussian Smelting Works and Iron Foundry, 1. Iron, Wrought, Table of Weights of — v. Richard- son, 648. Ironmongery (Various)—xxii. Cope & Collinson, 255 White, 200. France, Cugnot, 99. Dandoy, Mai Hard, Lucq & Co., 491. Jacquemait, Brothers, 272. Japy, Brotliers, 275. Morel, Brothers, 1666. See also Hardware. Ironstone—l. Bewick, 423. Brodie, 54. Butferley Iron Co., 400. Ebbw Vale Co., 412. Farnley Co., 406. Monkland Iron and Steel Co., 426. Page, 425. xxii. Fisher & Bramall, 206. Bird & Co., 85. Austria, Von Christalnigg's Mining Co., 404. Van Diemens Land, Milligan, 264. Western Africa, Weston, 1, Zollverein (1), Benningliauss, 679, Ironstone Mines (at Dowlais, South Wales), Section of— I. Dickinson, 414, Irrigating Machines—ix. Burcham, 25b. Wier, 123. Bentley, 606. Belgium, Debaune, 131. Isinglass—iv. Dawson & Morris, 118. Simpson & Co., 117. Swinborne & Co., 119. British Guiana, Morison and Knox, 123. France, Faussemagne, 1599. India, iv. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. it«sst£/, Mariiuanolf, 81. Nikito, 338. Turkey. Italian Paste—Portugal, 520, 527. Sardinia, Guel6, 94. Ivory—iv. Fauntleroy & Sons, 135. Belgium, Seghers, 110. South Africa, Deane & Johnson, 19. Ceylon. Turkey. See also Elephants Teeth and Tusks. Vegetable Ivory. Ivory (British) — xxviii. Brown, 49. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Gear, 245. Ivory Black (for Printers, &c.)—xvii. Calm, 65. Zollverein (6), Michel & Morell, 16. Ivory Carving and Turning—iv. Straight, 109. Tebbitt, 111. VI. HoltzapiM & Co., 232. xxviii. Hemphill, 158. Johnson, 15. Maunder, 28. Smith, 95. William, 163. XXIX. Straij^ht & Sons, 252. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cheverton, 194. Jordan, 208. Lucas, 306. Solomons, 69. Stirling, 186. Tobin, 171. Austria, Dreher, 6ti8. Ketterl, 668a. Ceylon. China, Baring, Brothers. Hammond & Co. Hewett & Co. Rawson, Sichart & Co. Denmark, Klingsey, 34. France, Lautz, 295. Tellier, 389. Wolf, 744. Hamburgh, Meyer, 86. Rampendahl, 98, Zuber, 107. India, xxviii. Persia, Thompson. Portugal, Mularinho, 1236. Vieira, 1234, 1235. Sweden, Danckwart, 48. Tuscany, Bigotti, 78. United States, Fenn, 111. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Zollverein (1), Fischer, 28!. Schulz, J., 880. Schulz, L. W., 811, Schulz, W„ 881. (2), Frank, 75, Ha- gen,38, Lang, 77, (3), Kietz, 185a. (4), Stoll, 85. (6), Friedrich, 74. Heyl, 75. (8), Geismar & Co., 13. See also Turning in Wood, Sfc. Ivory-cutting Machine—vi. Straight & Sons, 455. Ivory, Paintings on—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Newton, Sir \V., 250. Ivory, Statuettes in Imitation of—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Franchi, 190. Ivory Veneer—United States, Pratt & Co., 567. Jaconets—Austria, Leitenberger, E., 186. Leitenberger, F., 187. Belgium, Verhulst & Co., 213. Switzerland, Stuvzen\ie^ei-Nei', 139. Zellweger, 145. Jacquard Looms and Machinery—vi. Barlow, 82. De Fontahie Moreau, 30. M'Kenzie, 39, Taylor & Son, 23. XI. Walmesley, 51. xii. & xv. Atkinson & Co, 25t' (Main Avenue, West). Austria, Gamha, Heirs of, 109. France, Ackiin, 399. Maitni, 323. Pussia, Alexandrovsk Imperial Manufactory, 149. Zollverein (I), Bonardel, Brothers, 53. Winter, 56. Jalap-root—ii Keatitig-, 102. James's, St., Church, Louth (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Ashton, 152. Japanned Slate—xxvi. Steed man, 346. Japanned Wares—xxii. Fearncombe, 160a. Perry, 60a. Terry & Son, eyiA. xxvi, Eiome, 188. Scroxton, 271. British Guiana, Hopkinson, 159, China, Hewett & Co. Denmark, Meyer, 6. France, Delignon, 1180. Sardinia, Batico, 79. Zollverein (1), Meyer & Wried, 764. Stobwasser & C 199. (4), Ran & Co., 72. See also Lacquered Wares. Jardinier—Pugin, North Transept. Jars—Egypt, 342. Jasper—i'. Courtown, Lord, 143. India, i. Turkey. Jasper Vases—itJissm, Ekaterinburg Imperial Poiihhing Manufactory, 326. Kolyvan Imperial Polisliaig Manu'actor} , 327. Jaw-Lever (for administering Medicine to Cattle)—x. MacMahon, 60Id. Jelly Moulds—See Confectioners Moulds. Jenner, Dr. (Model for a Statue of—Marshall, page S50. Jersey, Model representing Her Majesty landing at, in 1846—Jersey and Guernseij, Saunders, 23. Jet and Jet Ornaments—i. Slater & Wright, 11. viii. Slater & Wiight, 312. XXIII. Greenbury, 8. xxix. Fletcher, 244. Spain, 33. Van Diemen's Land, Millieran, 324, Jewel-boxes—VI. Mordan & Co., 205. xxiii. H. M. The Queen, 140. xxvi. Foothorape & Co., 132. Levien, 203. Zollcerein (I), Kullrich, 58. Wallack, 767. ^ Jewel-Engravers' Models—France, Perot, 1385. Jewellery—XXII. Balleny, 299. Goude & Bolaiid, 294. Gueht, J. i<c W., 524. Parker & Acott, 298. Sheldon, 292. Walters & Stone, 296. xxiii. Bake- well, 70. Campbell, 76. Ellis & Son, 12. Forrer, 99. Gass, S. H.& D., 83. Harding, 1 I. Hilliard & Thom- ason, 29. Hunt & Roskell, 97. Lester & Sons, 27. Martin & Co., 2. Maver, 14. Mott, 116. Nash, 86, Phillips, Brothers, 87. Rittie & Sons, 24. Row- lands, C. & W., 118. Stone & Son, 123. Wather- &ton & Brogdeii, lOo. Wheeler, G. & M., 91. Woliff; 68. Zimmernrian, G. & S., 80. Austria, Grohmann, 576. Spietschka, 609. Belgium, Hubert, 482. Prins, 382. Canada, Leggatt, 341. i^mnce, Bouillette, Hyvelifl& Co., 1107. Bruneau, 1119. Dafrique, 1575. t ayolle, 197. Felix, 199. Henne- quiii, 1623. Henri, 871. Houdaille, 1270. Latellia & Payen, 1643. Lemonnier, 304. Montignat-, 489. Ochs, 658. Payen, 1674. Fichard, 1388. Plichon, 684. Rouvenat, 1460, Rudolplii, 1465. Savard, 1476. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. India, xxiii. Ionian Islands, Se-iton, Lord, 5. Woodford, Lad}^, 1. Malta, Cretien, 24. Falson, 25. Netherlands, l^ovci^m, Sauerbier, 114. Portugal, Mamede, 1022. Sousa, 1021. Russia, Aga-Melik-Mahomet, 290. Spain, Moratil la, 261. Tunis, 83. Turkeij. Tuscanij, 18. Western Africa, 5aLm\e'so\\,'l-l. Towusend, 11. Zollverein (1), Backes & Co., 411. Dv-varaune & Son, 280. l]aulick,413. Hoeller,637. Keller & Co., 888. Schwartz, 202. Steinhaeuer & Bier, 410. Tessler,41. (5), Goldschraidt, 20. (6), Schreger, 51. See also Bracelets. Coral, Sfc. Gold and Silver Ware. Irish Jewellery. Jet and Jet Ornaments. Precious Stones. Jews' Harps—Austria, Grabuer, 469. Schwarz, C., 470. Schwarz, F., jun., 472. Schwarz, F., sen., 471. Schwarz, I., 473. John's, St=, Church, Paddington (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Fowler, 142. Johnstown Castle, Wexford (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Morgan, 215. Joiners' Tools—See Tools {Carpenters\ ^c). Joinery and Cabinet-making Machines—vi. Gilbert, 447. Jordan's Machine Carving (Specimens of)—page 851. Jujube Fruit—ii Pound, 108. Jujube Wood—Tt^iis, 35. Jute—XIV. Dagnall & Co., 89. Dundee Local Comniit- te-', 63. Jameson &; Co. 60. India^ iv. xiv. Kaleidescopes—X. Saunders & Son, 205. Kalmuck Yaskics—Zollverein (1), Lambert & Son, 604. Kaolin Earth—India, i. Karman—British Guiana, Bonyun, 50. Keelsons, Wrought-Iron (for wood-built Ships)—viii Pilkin:,non, 176. Kelp, and its products—ii. Bullock & Co., 37. Ward 89. Watt, 32. Kerbies (Red Dye) -G^reece, Petropoulos, 5. Kerseymeres—See Cassimeres. Kettles—See Tea Kettles. Keys—See Locks, Sfc. Kieff Suspension Bridge, Russia (Model) — vii. Vignoles, 105 (Main Avenue, West). Kitchen Ranges, &f. — xxii. Benham & Sons, 98. Bentley, 606. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641. Crook, 244. Deane& Co., 186. Elhs, 86. Haistead & Sons, 93. Kenndi-d & Co., 804. Sherwiu, 243. Steele, VV. & P., 60. TindaU,542. Wakefield, 381. Wordsworth, 360. Sweden, Bolinder, 56. See also Grates. Stoves. Kitchen Ranges, Porcelain (Adapted to a gas fire)— XXII. Edwards, 241. Strode, 443. Kites. See Char- Volant. Kneading Machines—France, Bolaud, 428. Sec also Breadmaking Much ines. Kneejoint Extensor—x. Eagland, 567. Knife-cleaning Machines—xxii. Cunningham, 626. Kent, 553. Masters, 634. Price, 397. Knighthood, Badges of. See Badges, Sfc, of Knight- hood. Knitted Work (various)—xi. Ratcliff'e, 34. xii. & xv. Standen & Co., 281. xix. A blind peison, 214. Bayues, 97. Bernaid, 372. Burton, 117. Caulfield, 125. Conerding, 146. Cunlitle, 144. Dawson, 149. Hallowell, Mrs., 270. Hardy, 147. Hollovvay, 207. Kettlevvell, 223. Lerwick Local Committee, 213. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Blind Asylum, 284. Richmond Lunatic Asylum, 249. Sewell & Co., 288. Thwaives, 317. Turner, 322. xx. Beaufort, 156a. Farrange, 176. Hathaway, 160. Laughiand, 144. Linklater, 174. Mackenzie, 142. M'Crae, 218. Roy, 136. Shreeve, 46a. Webb, 138. Wesiminster, Marchioness of, 217. XXVIII. Indigent Blind School, 100. Austria, Schreier, 390a. France, Foulquie & Co., 1603. Jersey and Guernsey, Bertrams, 41. Brohier, 13. De Faje, 14. Dunlevie, 3a. Guernsey Cottagers, 38. Mane, 16. Vibert, 15. Malta, Conservatorio of San Giuseppe, 22. Van Diemen's Land, Queen's Orphan Schools, 139-142. Western Africa, McWilliam. Zollverein (4), Robeck, 50. Knitting Machines—vi. Whitworth & Co., 201. United States, Eastman, 338. Knitting-Pins—Morrall, 240. Knives and Forks—See Cutlery. Knox's, John, House, Edinburgh (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Weir, 151. "Koh-i-Noor" (Diamond) — xxiii. Her Majesty the Queen, 140 (Main Avenue, East). Kousso (a Drug)—li. Keathrg, 102. Kreosote—See Creosote. Label-printing Machine—vi. Marriott, 116. Labour Machine (for Prisons)—v. Botten, 429. Labbadorite—Canada, Clausen, 13. Lac-dye—II. Mars-hall, 68. iv. Jewesbury & Co., 66 Rea, 116. India, iv. Lace—XIX. Adams & Sons, 21. Ayers, 388. Ball & Co., 19. Biddle, 1. Birkiu, 20. Cardwell, C. & T., 122. Clark, 18. Clarke, EHza, 129. Clarke, Esther, 130. Crick, 140. Digges, 234. Fisher & Robinson, 2. Forrest & Sons, 45. Frewin, 170. Gard, 16. Gill, 386. Gould, J. & F., 14. Greasiey & Co., 34. Groucock & Co., 3. Herbert & Co., 28. Heymann & Alexander, 25. Hill, 203. Hollins, 30. Howell, James, & Co., 5. Hurst, 211. Irish Work Society, 77. Johnson, G. k C, 216, 316. Kettlewell, 223. Kightley, 123. Ladies' Industrial Society, 213. Lambert & Burt, 4. Laugher & Couzens, 10. Lee, 241. Lester, 236. Macarthur & Co., 60. M'Farlane & Porter, 63. Mackellar & Hampson, 231. Maclean, 248. MacQuarie, Fisher, & Co., 65. Mallet & Barton, 29. Moore, 31. Nerinck, Soeurs, 8. Patent Utrecht Company, 265. Phillips, 272. Price, 373. Pullan, 12. Reckless & Hickling, 32. Rose' 50. Sun, 301. Stergmann & Co., 41. Tawel, I3! Tizard, Brothers, 274. Treadwin, 55. Upliill, 323. Urling, 15. V'iccars, 235. d ickers, 33, Vincent, 328. Weedun, F., 6. Weedon, F. P., 11. W^ntlock & BiUiald, 27. XX. Capper & Co., 45. Hollins, 96. ^i<sfrm, Grohmann, 382. Meml, Heirs of, 383. Schlick, 385. Belgium, Atelier de Notre Dame, Brussels, 304. Beck & Son, 324. Belloni-Ance, 319. Beernaert& De Cuypere, 326. Bousson De Vlieglieer, 328. Dartevelle & Mounoury, 329. Delehaye, 305. De- blauwe-Peel, 325. Defienne, 316. DLihajoii-Brunfaut & Co., 314. Everaert, 3il. Haeck,34l. Hammel- rath, 337. Heusschen & Co., 310. Joseph, St., Establishment of, 322. Lemaieur & Co., 3U0. ]\'aeliiens, 308. Pasteyns, 484. Plettinck, 340. RealluT, 309. Robyt, 311. Soenen, 338. Sioc- quart, Brothers, 307. ToUenaers, 330, Van Haelen, 299. Van Halle, 303. Van Kiel, 333. Van Loo, 339. Van Straelen, 327. Vanderhaegen, 312. Vandersmuissen, 315. Washer, 318. Ceijlon. Denmark, WulfF & Sons, 5. France, Aubry, Brothers, 1544. Chaverotulier, 453. Collet, 93. Delcambre, 1584. Docagne, 1718. Dopter, 1194. Julien, 279. Lefebvre, 1646. Mallet Brothers, 599. Randon, 1684. Robert-Faure, 1442. Seguiu, 1008. Van Eckout & Co. 713. Videcoq & Simon, 1706. Violard, 731. Lidia, XY.K.IX. Madeira, Read, 1. Malta, CamiUeii, E. 14. Camilleri, F. 16. Casha, 12. Dimech, 21. Gozo, 11. Gravagna, 7. Naudi, 8. Polilo, 13. Schembri, 10. Vella Paolo & Co. 15. Portugal, 1255-1293. Futssia, Rochefort, 176, 191, 199, 208. Sardinia, Bayno, 48. Tessada, 49. Spain, Fister, 221, 222. Margarit & Ena, 223. Switzerland, Besson, 40. Perret, 39, 271. Van Diemen's Land, Sharland, 321, ZoZZyerem (3), Doerffel& Sons, 69. Foerster, 68. Hae- nel, 152. Koester & Uhlmann, 70. Priem, 67. Schrei- ber, 71. Stoelzel & Son, 66. Lace (Designs for)—XIX. Smith, 158. Belgium, Polak, 298. Violard, 320. France, Mereaux, 631. Toussaint, 464. Lace-dressing Frame—vi. Hudson & Bottom, 88. Lace, Imitation—xiv. Adams, 12. xix. Rolph, 282. Belgium, Atelier de Notre Dame, 304. Van Haelen, 299. Lace Manufacture, Paintings illustrating—vi. Fussell, 95. Lace Papers—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Mossman, 204. France, Devrange, 11S8. Lace Trimmings—xix. Cardwell, C. & T., 122. Kightley, 123. Spain, Mir, Brothers, 276. Lace-weaving Machine—France, Foucher, 837. Lacquered Ware—Belgium, Giron, 408. China, Barin^^, Brothers. Hewett & Co. Rawson. Shea. India, xxviil. Sweden, Dahll)om, 71. Halt- man, 81. Turkeij. See also Japanned Wares. Lactine (Artificial Milk)—iii. Piesse, 129. See also Concentrated Milk. Ladders—VII. Ell, 94. Spurgin, 76. ix. Starkey, 43. Belgium, Lambert, 185. also Librari/ Ladders. Ladies' Dresses (New Material for, undescribed)—xix. Ncwcomh & Jones, 257. Laiogo3IE—Austria, Engelmann, 22. Lake^—II. Godfrey & Couke, 92. Lampblack—Zollverein (6), Michel & Morell, 16. Oehler, 8. Lamp-burners—France, Grison, 1260. Zollverein, (3) Hoffmann, 36. Lamp-Oil—See Oils. Lamp Reflectors, Glass—xxiv. Tarin, 51. Lamp-Screens—Austria, Ojipenheimer, 70 1a. Lamp-VVicks—XXII. Blight, 458. Lamps, Carriage— xxii. Black, 464. Dugard, W. & H. 350. Hawkins, 474. Hetht rington & Co., 351. Lowe, J. & H., 346, 803. Messenger & Sons, 340. Miller & Sons, 645. See also Itailway Carriage Lamps. Lamps, Electric Table—x. Allman, 458. Lamps and Lanterns, Ships'—viii. Macdonald, 329. XXII. Blews & Sons, 349. Brown & Hedpath, 477. TRAMPS, Marine Signal—xxii. Gilb-nt, 120. Rettie & Sons, 449. Lamps, Railway Carriage—xxii. Holden, 348. Saund- ers, 455. Smiths & Co., 452. Squire, 451. Lamps, Safety, or Davy—i. Wales, 431. x. Newman, 674. xxii. Baker & Co., 319. xxix. Purdon, 39. Belgium, Eloin, 11. Museler, 24. France, Chuard, 123. Lamps and Lanterns (Various)—vii. Quincey, 14f3. Rettie, 159. x. Newcomb, 672a. Boake, 697. Bright, 458. XXII. Chllds, 459. Clark & Restell, 446. Deane & Co., 186. Evans & Co. 103. Hodges & Sons, 487. Lambert, 534. Lloyd & Summerfield, 700a. Miller & Sons, 645. Naylor, 638. Nibbs, 472. Pal- mer & Co., 447. Salt & Lloyd, 343. Strode, 443. Warner & Sons, 798. Young, 442. xxiv. Webb, 17. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cuff, 312. Egijpt, 34t). France, Bourgogne, 1553. Delignon, 1180. Duval & Paris, 151. Gagneau, Brothers, 227. Hadrot, 255. Lefel)vre & Co. 580. Neuburger, 662. True, 703. India, xxii. Ionian Islands, Ward, 6. Sweden, Djur- son, 70. United States, Cornelius & Co. 46. Western Africa, Forbes, 8. Zollverein (I), Piegler, 765. Pokorny, 79. Stobwasser &Co. 199. Stubgen & Kleeman, 766. Zobel, 190. (5).^Tacchis & Co., 21, See also Camphine Lamps. Gas Lamps. Singeing Lamps. Lamps, Ornaments for—xxii. Hill, 355. Lana Fruit and Bye—British Guiana, Kock, 55a, 55b. Land-measuring Chains—xxii. Gorrie, 41. Land-presser for Fen Land—ix. Chenery, 56. Landscape (Model of)—xxx. (Fhie Art Court) Crlbb, 146. Lantern of Demosthenes, Athens (Model)—xxviii. Minns, 99. Lanterns. See Lamps and Lanterns. Lanterns, Dioptric—vii. Northern Lighthouse Commis- sioners, 99. X. Abraham & Co. 263. Lanterns, Horological—x. Cole, 31. Lanterns, Magic—See Phantasmagoria. Lanterns, Trinoptric—x. Abraham & Co. 263. Lanterns, Weather—xxii. JSibbs, 472. Lanyard Plates fob Ships—viii. Rigmaiden, 291. Lapis Lazuli, Articles in—xxiii. Morel & Co., 117. Pome, Jones, 48. Lapping Machine—United States, Campbell, 553. Lard—xxix. MacKean, 28. Belgium, Touche, 434. Lard Oil—xxix. MacKean, 28. United States, Emory, 18. Frank, 19. Holbrook & Stan- ley, 208. Mears, 562. Shearman, 572. Whipple, 579. Lasts, Shoe, &c.—See Boot and Shoe Lasts. Latches, Door—See Locks, Sfc. Lathes (Slide, Screw-cutting, and other) and Tools connected therewith—VI. Church, 244. Dalgetv, 226. Fades & Son, 224, Holtzapliel & Co., 232. Mason, 10. Muir, 206. Parr, Curtis & Madeley, 6, 213. Sandford & Co., 223. Sharp, Brothers, 204. Shepherd & Co., 220. Smith & Co., 230. Victory, 67. Whitworth & Co., 201. Williams, 234. xxL Buck, 18. Mathieson, 32. Howarth, 18. xxvm. Peel, 175. Hamburgh, Kohn, 17. Switzerland, Krbran, 4. Zollverein (1), Hamann, 58. Laundry, Domestic (in one machine)—xxii, Nunn, 703. Laundry Irons, Apparatus for Heating—xxii. Jefl- coat, 755. Lavender, Oil of—xxix. Short, 129. Law, Clerical, and Civic Gowns—xx. Price, 68. Lawn—XIV, Malcolm, 22. France, Bleriot & Lemaitre, 30. Boniface & Sons, 32. Godard & Bontemps, 240. Legrand, 1313. Mestivier & Hamoir, 636. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, Bronze Bust of—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Peachey, 320. Lay Figures—X. De Dunin,'2l0. Austria, Borrini, 734. Lead, Acetate of—ii. Melincrythen Chemical Co., 2. France, Mai re & Co. 317. Lead, Carbonate of—i. Dyer, 62. Wallace & Cooper, 5!0, Walton, 85. ii. Russell & Robertson, 59. India, li. Portugal, Narzivellia, 71. Spain, Zamora Mines (!ns])ector of), 20. Lead, Chromate of—ii. Russell & Robertson, 59. Portugal, Leal, 73. Lead and Lead Manufactures (Generally)—i. Buc- cleuch, Duke of, 509. Royal Society of Ireland (Dublin), 508, Sopwith, 484. Truro Local Com- mittee, 467. II. Huskissun, J. W. & H., 86, xxii. Hanson, 6 16. Belgium, Blyberg Mines et Fonderies, 22. Vedrin Societe, 17. Spain, Almeria Mines, Inspector of, 13. Asturias Mines, Inspector of, 15, Livares Mines, Director of, 5. Lugo Mines, Inspector of, 18. Zaniora Mines, In- spector of, 20. Tunis, 26-30, 32, 45. Turkei/. Tuscany, Metallurgic Society, 14. Vegni, 13. Volterra Salt 'Manufactory, 2. Zollverein (1), Brasseur & Co. 314. Bredt & Co. 315. Cossack, 825. Eschvveiler Mines et Fonderies, 318. Harkort, 876. Lambinon, Uliich & Co. 451. Maeg- desprung Works, 682. Lead-mine Machinery—i. Buccleuch, Duke of, 509. Lead, Nitrate of—ii. Hatmel & Ellis, 10. Portugal, Serzedello & Co., 72. Zollverein (1), Kunheim, 13. Lead Ores (including Silver-Lead Ores) — i. Arkansas Mining Co., Bird, 457a. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 7. Byers, 494. Coates, 492a. Davies & Taylor, 523. Erskine,532. Fahie, 30. Harrison, 491. Mining Co. for Ireland, 507. Murchison, 521. Offlahertie, 521. Pattinson & Cain, 497. Rowe, 492. Royal Society of Ireland (Dublin), 508. Sopwith, 484. Thorne, 475. Walton, 85. Canada, Logan, 1. South Africa, iVIaitland Mines, 1. France, Cavelan & Co. 1131. India, I. Portugal, 1295. Spain, Linares Lead-mining Association, 14. Sweden and Norway, Guldsmedshyttan Mines, 16. Uinted States, Ubr'ici, 239. Zollverein (1), Meinerzhagen & Kreuser, 316. (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1. Lead, Oxidized—Zollverein (1), Brasseur and Co., 314. Lead Pencils—See Black-lead Pencils. Lead, &c. Pipes, Joint for connecting without Soldering—'XXII. Jennings, 810. Lead, Red Dichromate of—ii. Russell & Robertson, 59. Lead, Sheet and Pipe—i. Byers, 494. Royal Society of Ireland (Dublin), 508. Morewood & Rogers, 436. Austria, Eggar, 435. Lead, Spun—France, Poulet, 1680. Lead, Sugar of—ii. Melincrylban Chemical Co., 2. Russia, Sauin, 28. Zollverein^(]), Augustin, 826. Kunheim, 13. Lead, Sulphuret of (or Galena)—i. Gumming, 493. Riddell, Sir J. M., 55. Belgium, Blyberg Mines, 22. Vedrin, Societe de, 17. India, i. New South Wales, Mitchell, 5. Portugal, Nazareth, 13. Spain, Linares Mines, Director of, 5. Tarragona and Gerona Mines, Inspectors of, 2. Van Diemen's Land, De Little, 309. MilHgan, 311. Lead, White Oxi-Chloride of—ii. Bell 12. Blun- dell, Spence & Co., 48. Leaf Metals—Zollverein (2), Gerstendorffer, 10. Kub- ler, 11. Lepper, 6. Linz, 5. See also Gold Leaf. Leather and Hides—xvi. Bevington & Sons, 1. Bossard, 294. Boutchier, Mortimer & Co., 293. Buse, 4. Corry, J. & J,, 314. Cousins & Greatrix, 283. Deed, 10. Dixon & Whiting, 290. East & Son, 34. Evans & Son, 18. Garry, 26. George, C, 32. George, J., 289. Glover, J. & T. 19. Heintze, 29. Hemsworth & Lindsey, 20. Hogarty Brothers, 13. Holmes, 16. Jackson, 288. Kelsey, 266. Lambert & Son, 63. Lutwyche & George, 53. Nicholls, 5. Oastler & Palmer,' 286. Pullman, 285. Randall & Dicks, 284. Read, 47. Rheam, 15. Southey & Co., 51. Squire, 2. Stokill, ]7. Tombs, 297. Wilson & Co., 11. Wood, W. & S,, 25, XX. Whitby, 186. ' Austria, Emhanser, 344. Hermannstadt Leather-cut- ters'Association, 345. Messener, 321. Pollak, 322. Portschest, 337. Seykora,324. Suess, 325. Wolfe, 326! Belgium, Bauchau de Bare, 262. Boone, 488. Bouvy, 266. Deweweirne, 293. Dubois, 469. Dusauchoit, 272. Fasbender, 260. Hesnault & Brother, 273'. Houdin & Lambert, 253. Jorez & Son, 306. Lom- baer, 261. Massou, 267. Mouthny, 11 7. Taillet, 254. Tiberghien, 493. Van Alleynnes, 271. Weber, 258. Brazil, De Morn ay, 3. Canada, Alios, 94. McLean & Co., 95. Murray, 96. Teongathasea, 97. Tetn, 1 09. Tourangean, 98. South Africa, Bridges, 21. Cluappini & Co., 22. Mossos, 41. Schmieterloew, 42. Ceylon. Denmark, Topp. 3. Egypt, 127, 232-242, 247, 268-271. France, Barraude, 756. Bayvet, Brothers, & Co., 415. Berthiot, 57. Brison, 781. Brun, 37. Budin, 77. Carriere, Brothers, 106. Corniquel, 461. Coulbois, 1569. Courte])ee-Duchesnay, 806. Couitois, 808, 1571. David, 812. Deadde, 813. Delisle & Co., 1181. Despreaux, 164. Dezaux-Lacour, 167. Du- buis & Son, 170. Dulud, 1202. Dumont, 488. Du- port, 182. Durand, 1208. Emmerich & Goerger, 1212. Estivant, Brothers, 1214. Felix, 503. Fieux & Co., 210. Fortier-Beaulieu, 510. Gauthier, 1244. Giraud, Brothers, 850. Goube-Pheracie, 852. Giaerlin, 1261. Guillot, 534. Herrenschmidt, 538. Houette & Co. 1271. Jouvin, 893. Jouvin & Doyon, 1279. Laroque & Jaquemet, 901. Laudron, Brothers, 1639. Laydet, 296. Legal, 583. Leven & Son, 1323, Lo- lagnier, 1330. Maniguet, 1341. Manson, 917. Massemin, 1345. Merlant, 634. Nyset & Co., 1373. Paillart, Brothers, 348. Pelterean, 677, 949. Prin & Son, 1411. Reulos, 1434. Robant, 988. Rouget, Son&Co. 1456. Simon, 1697. Soucin-Corbet, 1698. Suser, 1022. Trouve-Cutivel & Co., 702. Ventujol & Chassang, 1384. Vincent, 1527. Gold Coast and Ashantee, F^orster & Smith, 1. Greece, Calotas, 55. Ilamhurgh, Wamosy, 19. Hanover, Friedrich, 10. India, iv., XYi. Luheck, Beckmann, 4. Behrens, 3. Brunswig, 7. Netherlands, BnyiQ\vQ^, '11. Kok, 23. Roosegaarde, 21. New South Wales, Watson & Co., 16. NewZealand, 39. McVay 5. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Por^H^^aZ, 1124-1 124b. Barreto, 1123b. Bello, 1123d, 1126. Bratts, 11 25a-1125c. Bretess, 1122a. Da Silva, 1123c. Fialho, 1122, 1 123, 1125. Fragata, 1126b. Monteiro, 1123a. Russia, Abass-Bak, 244. Bakhroustriu & Sons, 240. Boudelin, 238. Dolgoroucky, Prince, 356. Gribanofl", 237. Jolovitzin, 236. Koteloft", 239. Koussoflf & Sons, 224. Litke, 226. Mav, 227. Ozerov, 228. Podsos- soflf, 229. Satournin, 233. ShouvalotV & Son, 231. Skvi.rzoff, 232, 235. Sardinia, Durio, Brothers, 46. Spain, Roig, 249b. Vignaux, 249a. Switzerland, Gissiger, 171. Hauser, 172. Imhof & Sons, 173. Kappeler, 174. Mercier, 175. Meyer & Ammann, 176. Mueller & Co., 177. Raichlen, 178. Ressegueire, 179. Raymond, jun., 170. Schalch, 180, Spengler, Isl. Tunis, 12, 21, 35, 83, 92. Turkey. United States, Crawford, 51. Gamble & Brothers, 165. Vail Diemen's Land, Button, 135. Reeves, 11. Regan, 184. Rout, 187. Western Africa—Jamieson, 22. Trotter, 5. Zollverein (1), Adolphi, 172. Bardfeld, 188. Berres, 385. Buschmann, 386. Encke, 736. Federer, Bro- thers, 38]. Grammersbach, Brothers, 860. Grutz- macher & Sons, 142. Harkort,874. Heintze & Freuden- berg, 382. Kramer & Baldamus, 737. Leudersdoflf, 387'. Lietzmann, 182. Mecklinghaus & Wix, 672. Obercouz, 383. Ranniger & Sons, 741. Scheibe, 742. Selenka, 800. Weber, 384. (2), Escherich, 48. Mayer, 46. (3), Kunze, 5. (4), Bantlin, 37. Eckhardt, 38. (5), Roth, 9. Roth & Sons, 10. Rupp & Bechstein, 11. (6),Doerr&Reinhard,33. Hellmann, 34. Heyl, 32. Ihm, Boehm & Pfaltz, 31. Mayer, 35. Mayer, Michel & Deninger, 36. Minoprio & Hohwiesner, 37. (7), Ganterie, Frangais, 4. See also Buckskins. Dyed Leather. Leather Articles (Various)—xix. O'Donnell, 53. xxvi. Burton, 77. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Esquilant, 103, Austria, Einhauser, 344. Hermannstadt Leather-cutters' Association, 345. Gold Coast and Ashantee. India, xvi. Jersey and Guernsey, Ellis, 44. Portugal, .Royal Military Arsenal, 1126. Van Diemen's Land, Davies, 178, 179. Denison, Sir W. T., 188. Sharland, 175. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Jamieson, 22. M'n illiam. Trotter, 5, Zollverein (1), Scheibe, 719, Scheller & Weber, 663. Schulz, 593. Stab, 228. (4), Reichhold, 39. Schenck & Co. 40. (G), Beige, Brothers, (30. Klein, 64. Luet- tringhaus, 65. Naenny, 67. Seeling & Becker, 69. Leather Clothing—XVI. Vincent, 153. Leather Cloths—xii. & xv. Lock^vood & Keighley, 104. Leather, Dved—iv. Smith & Son, 66. J.EATHER-MAKING •SlACUlSi-.BY—X. NeWCOml), 072a. Leather, Stained (iu Imitutiun of Wood)—xvii. Evans, 8. Leather Tapestry Hangings—xxx. (Fnie Art Court) T^eake, 63a. Lei^'ES (Impressions of)—xxix. Stirling, 57. I;1XTErns for Churches—Potter, page »52. xxviii. Lee, 35. Ledgers—xvii. Thomas & Sons, 44. Williams, 53. France, Neraudeau, 66 L United States, M'Adams, 482. See also Account Books. Leeches, Mechanical—x Kidston & Co., 646. Mouil- liard, 95. Russia, Rosinsky, 342. Leeds Industrial Training School—(Model) xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cotton, 177. Leg liEST-X. Woodhonse, 731. Woodman, 281. Legs, Artiiicial—x. Bo^singham, 723. lirunton, 596. Evans, 274a. Fuller, 592. Grossmith, 565. Heath, 351. Masters, 559. Robinson, 617. Swithenbank, 571. See ix\so Wooden Leys. Leiocome—Russia, Schlippe, 27. Lemonade—XXIX. Govver, 102. Lemons, Essence of—Spain, Canales, 242a. Lenses—X. Braham, 289. Caliaghan, 268. Chadburn, Brothers, 259. Sharp, 308. Hyams, 278. Lentils—in. Guillerez, 103. -Egypt, 96, 98. Letter-Boxes (Cor Street-Doors)—xxii. Bradnack, 575. Green, 570. Letter-Clips — xvii. Schlesinger & Co., 38. Wedge- wood, 47. Letter-Copying Presses. See Copying-Machines. Letter Engraving—Switzerland, Patton, 44. Letterpress Printing—See Printing. Lettuce-Oil—ir^yp^, 53. Levels, Surveyors', &c.—ix. Rlckman, 278. Weir, 123. X. Chadburn, Brothers, 259, Elliott & Sons, 320. Watkins & Hill, 659. Austria^ Vienna Polytechnic Institute, 13(K Belgium, De Hennault, 183. Netherlands, Becker, 83. Sweden and Norway, Littman, 15. ZoUverein (1), Liittig, 81. (6), Huch, 22. See also Dumpy Levels. Draining Levels. Indicating Levels. Road Levels. Spirit Levels. Lever-Bridge Church, Bolton (Model)—vii. Willock & Co., 223 (Main Avenue, West), page 853. Lever-Wheel Plates (Carriage)—v. Saunders, 958. Library LADDBKS—Netherlands, Horrix, Brothers, 97. Libussa, Queen of the Bohemians (Statue of)—Zo/Z- verein (2), MuUer, 90. Lichen and its Products—ii. Wood & Bedford, 47. Life-Belts, Buoys, &c.—vni, Ayckbourn, 23. Carte, 29. Clayton, 1. Hely, 13. Hitt, 296. Hoi brook, 9. Laurie, 195. Lavars, 31. Lee, lO. Light, 5. Reekes, 6. Taylor, 197. Vickers, 8. xx. Bain, 70. Caulcher, 112. Zox, 59. xxii. Reekes, 400. xxviii. Walker, 87. xxix. Cox, 68. Life-Boats, Rafts, &c.—Western End,y^Noith Enclosure (Outside), iktenian, 59 (Eastern End), v. Angus, 716 Vll. Bremner, 95. Martin, 25. Rettie 159. viii. Acheson, 47. Allan, 51. Anderson, .)., 187. An- derson, R., 190. Ayckbourn, 23. Bateman, 335. Beadon, 90. Bell, 14, 157. Berthon, 1U4. Bonney, 49. Bremner, 83. Clark, 91. Clarkson, 2. Corryton, 82. Croid, 301. Druery, 322. Dyne, 60. Erskine, 45'. Fawcelt, 62. Forster, J. & T. 168. Gale, H. 79 Gale, G. II. 323. Harland, 324. Hatt, 16. Ilaugh- ter, 295. Hawks, 136a. Hawksworth, 53. Hely, 13. Hodson, 50. Holbrook, 9. Husband, 151. Laurie, 195. Light, 5. Man by, 22. Mason, 81. Milburn, 138. National Institution for Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, 309. Nortliumberland Life-boat Committee, 136. Plenty,J. &E. P. 137. Reed, 54. Rei^l, 54a. Rhind, 290. Richardson, 46. Robinson, 100. Slater & Wright, 312. Sparke, 17. Sparrow, 313. Spencer, 11. Swallow, 308. Taylor, 197, 215. Tredwen, 55. Truscott, 289. Wenlzell, 1G7. White, T. .1. & K., 3t;A. Wilson, 299. xxviii. Godfrey, 183. Jersey and Guernsey, Brake, 45. Goodridge, 39. Grellier, 7. See also Shipwreck Apparatus. Life Preservers—Lidia, xxviii. Life Protector—vh. Jeffrey, 14. Lift-Pumps. See Pumps, Lift and Force. Lifting-Crabs—IX. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 128. Lifting Jacks—v. Bayman, 485. Ciallowav, W. & J. 124. Gladstone & Co, 488. Haley, 486. Thornton & Sons, 490. See also Screw Lifting Jacks. Traversing Jacks. Lighthouses and Lighthouse Apparatus (Models, &c.)—VII. Gandell,35. Maplin, 164. Northern Light- houses Commissioners, 99. Stevenson, 100. Wells, 82, Wilkins, 157 (Main Avenue, West), vii. Brown,Sir S., 334. XXIV. Chance & Co., 22 (and Main Avenue, West, 60). France, Saget, 364, 1468. Jersey and Guernsey, Chevalier, 6. Lightning Conductors—xxii. Kuper, 32. United States, Spratt, 5. Lightning Conductors (for Shipping)—vm. Harris, Sir W. S., 150. Lignite—India, i. New Zealand, Hargreaves, 8. Portugal, Roque, 18, 19. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 27. ZoUverein (6), Salzhausen Salt & Lignite Works, 3. Limbs, Artificial—x. Atkinson, 605. Belgium, Champagne, 187. See also Arms, Artificial. Eyes, Artificial. Hands, Artificial. Legs, Artificial. Noses, Artificial. Wooden Legs. Lime—I. Dann, 56. Greaves, 210. France, Agomha.rd, 2. Regny & Co., 1427. Portugal, Machado, 54-56. Spain, Prats, 48. Tu7iis, 38, 91. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Lime, Acetate of—France, Maire & Co., 317. Lime, Carbonate of—i. Walton, 85. Lime, Chloride of—Austria, Wagenmann & Co., 19. Portugal, Hirsch & Co., 77. ZoUverein (1), Wesenfeld & Co., 461. Lime, Phosphate of—Canada, Wilson, 2. Westeim Africa, M'William. Lime, Sulphate of—ii. Austin, 114. Spain, Cuesta,49A. Lime, Superphosphate of—i. Ramsay, 44. ii. Austin, 114. Limes—British Guiana, Netscher, 18. Limestone—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Greaves, 7. Raynes & Co. 25. Towler, 27. I. 6, 156. Bell, 189. Gumming, 157. Fahie, 30. Len- taigne, 5. Moore, 408. Smith, 177. Sparks, 154. Sweetman, 40. Taylor, 201. Walton, 85. Canada, Logan, 1. India, i. New Zealand, Brov/n, 18. Purchas, 23. Portugal, Bomiet, 107. Russia, Alexandrovsky Imperial Cannon Foundry, 2. Bar- navulsk IiTiperial Works, 4. Kamensk Iron Works, 8, Tunis, 168. Turkey. United States, Penuiman, 249. Van Diemens Land, Blchens, 326, 327. Denison, Sir W. T., 270. Milligan, 260-262, 325. Line Engravings—See Engravings. Linen Fabrics (Various)—xii. & xv. Allen, 259. Baumann & Wunch, 206. Bird, 223. Leadbetfer & Co., 205. XIV. Anderson, 86. Bennett & Adams, 11. Canter, 36. Capper & Son, 95. Carson, 14. Carter, Brothers, 36. Dundee Local Committee, 63. Emshall, 40. Fletcher, 36. Hattersley & Co. 36. Haxworth & Carnley, 36. Henniug, 16. Jackson & Matthewson, 36. Jeffrey, 59. Kirk & Sons, 10. Leadbetter & Co., 9. Leeming, 41. M'Murray & Co., 25. Malcombe, 22. Pegler, 43. Pigott & Newton, 36. Pinkerton, J. &R., 15. Richardson & Co., 23. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, 7. Sadler, 30, 91. Sadler & Co., 18. Walton & Co., 38. Wilford & Sons, 42. Wilks, 31. Austria, Haupt, 286. Hielton, 275. ^Milan Benevolent Society's Establishment, 2:^3. Peldrian's Heirs, 288. Siegl & Co., 290. Yonvviller & Co., 292. Witschell & Co., 293. Belgium, Ameye-Berte, 209. Bernard, Saint, House of Correction, 226. Bongaerts, 229. ;Catteaiix, 245. Decock, 221. Devout;aix, 239. Des Medt, 232. Dob- belaei e, 2U8. Donmer, 233. Hai tog, Bi ol hers, 224. Moernian, 231. Parmeiiter, 222. Seivais, 291. I'lii- ban-Accou, 220. Thilau, 292. Van Ackeie, 215. Van Oosi, 219. Vercruysse, 213. Canada, Foitier, 141. China, Hewitt & Co. Ravvson. Egypt, 226, 306-309, 311, 312, 338. France, Ruiiiface & Sons, 32. Doucet & Duclerc, 147. Mestivier & Hamoir, 636. Scrive, Brothers & Dauser, 1006. Hanover, Schultze, 6. Madeira, Read, ]. Portugal, Barboza, 682. Torres Novas Company, 6G1- 665, 667-669. 675, 677. J?/^ssia,Dombrowitch,355. Julenius,221, Konovnizin, 220. Spain, Castellon Corporation, 194. Isabel JI., Maimiac- tory of, 193. Sweden and Norway, 23. Switzerland, Haag & Sons, 164. Hunziker & Co., 166. Roethlisberger & Sons, 169. Tunis, 10, 18. Turkey. United States, Mills & Co., 444. Zollverein (I), Bolenius & Nolte, 562. Brockmann, 539. Bruenger, 559. Delius, 560. Delius & Sons, 548. Gante & Sons, 563. Heidsick, 555. Klopper, 489. Kramsta & Sons, 128. Kioenig, Wilhelm, & Sons, 556, Landwehrmann, Brothers. 550. Riniann & Geisler, 124. Schnell & Sons, 558. Schraidt & Co., 732. Seyler, 121. Tschorn & Biirgeo, 130. Velhagen, 540. Websky & Son, 122. Wessel, 542. Westermann, 543. Westermann & Sons, 544. (4), Lang, 34. Seemann, 36. See also Cambrics. Da- masks {Linen). Diapers. Flax. Ginghams. Hemp. Linen Sheeting. Linen Twists. Linen Yarn. Table Cloths {Linen, ^c). Linen Presses—xxii. Tindall, 542. Zollverein (1), Kuttner, 236. Linen Sheeting—xiv. Crawf'onl & Lindsays, 13. Curr & Co., 88. Nicol & Co., 87. Sadler & Co., 18. Portugal, 672-674, 676, 678. Torres Novas Co., 666. Linen and Silk (mixed fabrics)—xiv. Beveridge, 29. Hunt & Son, 28. See also Mixed Fabrics. Linen Twists—France, Soins & Son, 381. Portugal, 654. Linen-Washing Machines—See Viashing, Drying, and L'oning Machines. Linen Yarns—Austria, Peldrian's Heirs, 288. Petrak, J. 289. France, Duranton, 494. Hanover, Schultze, 6. Zollverein (1), Bolenius & Nolte, 562. (4),Urach Ma- nufactory of Linen Yarn, 35. Linens, Woollen Cloths, &c. (Ornaments for deco- rating)—XVII. Mansell, 27. Lines, Clothes—See Horse-hair Clothes-lines. Hopes, Cordage, 8fc, Lining and Relief Copying-machine (Specimens) — Zollverein (1), Wagner, 155. Linseed Presses—vi. Blundel & Co., 420. xvi. Ben- son, 12. Linseed and Linseed-Oil and Cake—hi. McGarry & Sons, 132. Peterson, 66. iv. Penney, 64. Spur, 58. Austria, Steinbock, 183. Belgium, Vandestraeten, 84. Vercauteren, 82. Ver- cruysse, Brothers, 91. Hamburgh, Petersen, 5, Lidia, iv. Lubeck, Platzman, 1. Netherlands, Oemen, 8. Calvi, 22. Sardinia, Girardi, Brothers, 5. Spain, 170. United States, Lee & Co., 530. Zollverein, Waechter, 434. See also Cake-breaking Machines. Bape-seed and Rape-seed Oil, Sfc. Linsey-Wolsey Fabrics—XII. & xv. Byers & Son, 232. Clav & Sons, 136. Garvie & Dias, 227. Green, 92. Locke, 15. Mills, 253. Pliillips, 222. Roberts, 460. Renwick, T. & A., 233. Lint—ii. Oyler, 113. Lint-Machine—vi. Searle, 65. Lion, Bavarian—ZoZ/t-emVi (1), Miiller, 90 (Main Avenue, East). Liqueurs—XXIX. Taylor & Co., 5. Turkey. Liquid-Manure Machines—viii. Truscott, 2S9. ix. Reeves, T. R. & J. 108. See a,ho Pumps, Liquid Manure. Liquid Metre—v. Keith, 466. Tebav, 436. xxii. Keith, 601. Liquids, Apparatus for cooling or warming—xxii. Hewitt, 395. >See also Ice-Machines. Liquorice—Egypt, 50. Greece, Congos, 57, Spain, Saragossa, Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 12Sa, Litharge—I. Byers, 494. India, ii. Lithographic Drawing, Engraving, and Printing (Specimens of)—xxvi. Richardson, 207. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Cox, 248. Duelin, 58. Graf, 76. Hull- mandel & Walton, 71. Martin & Hood, 85. Slan- didge & Co., 37. Underwood, 77. Austria, Bermann, 370. Neumann, 373. Rauh, 369. Belgium, Avanzo, 446. Daveluy, 448. Canada, Meyer, 190. France, Cousin, 1572. Dupont, 181, Engelmann & Giaf, 192, Gillot, 522. Guesnu, 859. Koppelin, 894. Schmantz, 370. Tudof, 397. Ha7nburgh, Kal)ler, 117. New Zealand, Moore, 37. Portugal, 1238-1251. Lopes, 1254. UnitedStates,Bvsidy&Co.,\42. Browning,557. D'Avig- non, 132. Pease, 230. Pratt, 102. Sowrell, 448. Zollverein (1), Winkvelmann & Sons, 306. See also Chromo-Lithography, Lithographic Music Printing—xxx, (Fine Art Court) Chappell & Co., 66. Lithographic Presses—vi. Greig, D. & J. 114. Mc dure & Co., 160. Straker, 142. Underwood, 103. France, Brisset, 440. Lacroix & Son, 283. Switzerland, Ledoux, 58. Lithographic Stones—Western end, South Enclosure (outside), Raynes & Co., 25. i. Brodie, 54. Canada, Logan, 1. France, Chapot & Pelon, 448. Marn & Co., 1732. Marx & Co., 1343. Greece, The Greek Government, 24. India, i. Portugal, De'ydnte, 110-115. See also Limestone. LiTHOPONY (Specimens of)—France, Du Tremblay, 395. LiTHOTYPES—Canada, Matthews, C., 188. Liverpool Baths and Wash-houses (Drawings)—v. Pooley, 784. Liverpool Docks, &c. (Model)—Liverpool Local Com- mittee, page 851. Liverpool, Specimens of imports into (Undescribed) —xxix. Liverpool Local Committee, 270. Llama Cloth— LoCKMAKiNG (Illustrations of the art of)—xxil. Aubin, 663. Locks,'&c. (Various)—xxii. Barnwell &Son, 678. Barron & Son, 695. Bigford, 650. Boobbver, 680. Bramah & Co., 653. Bryden & Sons, 44.' Carpenter & Til- deslev, 655. Cartwriglit, 661. Chubb & Sons, 646. Clark & Restel], 446. Cotterill, 307. Downs, 675. Featham & Co., 686. Fon.s, De La, 800. Foster, 650. Gerish, 6:>2, Gibbons, 654. Harley, 660. Havwood & Son, 647. Horton, 674. Huffer, 649. Lewis, 673. Lingard,264. LongfieUl, 503. Marr, 510. Mavo & Bates, 648. Mitchell, 672. Parkes, 659. Pearce, 671. Taylor, 622. Tucker, 668a. Walters. B. & P., 670. Windle & Blvthe, 668. Wisson, 679. Wolverson, 276. Yates, 664. Egypt, 168. France, Cugnot, 99. Fayet-Baron, 1221. Granger, 1734. Grangoir, 1256. Hue, 269, Paublan, 946. Portugal, 652. Sardinia, JiaLihie, 56. .Spaz/z, Callejo, 257. Sweden and Norway, Halienius & Co., 11. Hedlund, 11. Lundberg, li. Ulander, 11. Tuscany, Cioni, 104. United' States, Adams & Co. 462. Arrowsmith, 138. Day & Newell, 298. Hanley, 375. Knight, 576, McGregor & Lee, 20. Tuckerman, 333. Western Africa, Miller, 10. Zollverein {\), Bleckmann,623. Post, 615. Schmidt, 651. (5), Raab, 18. See ii\so Door-fasteners. r.ocKS, Wooden—British Guiana, Steele, 154, 154b. Locksmiths' Tools—Zollverein (1), Asbeck & Co., 615. Locomotive Axle and Connecting Rod—v. Squire & Co., 706, Locomotive-Engine Driving Wheels—v. Warren 558, 1001. LocojioTivE Engines, Railway (Including Models)— V. Adams, 51U. Crauiptoii, 508. Dodds & Son, 64. Elliott, 702. Engdand, 509. Erskine, 100. Fairbairn, 522, 732. Fossick & Hackwoith, 10. Great Western Railway Company, 506. Harvey, 692. Hawthorn, R. & W., 536. Hemmingway, 574. Hinitt, 714. Kitson, Thompson & Co., 53-1. Lam- bert & Son, 47S. Lester, 700. London and North- western Railway Company, 512, 513. Stanton, 661. Wilson, C, 697. Wilson & Co. 526. vii. Ren- czyiiski, 27. XXII. Johnson, Cammill & Co., 109. Belgium, Cockerill, 119. Marcinelle et Couillet, Societe Auonyme, 120. Canada, Rodier, 346. France, Cail & Co., 1557. Netherlands, Maitland, 92. Tiificanji, Pelosi, 56. United States, Pinkus. 504. Locomotive Engine Safety Apparatus—i^m^jce, Le- thuillier-Pinel, 312- LocoMOTiVE Machinery (for Inclines from or to Wharfs) —V. Barber-Beaumont, 752. Locomotive Regulator, Spindle Joint for — vi. Schiele, 402. Locomotive Steam-Carriage for Common Roads— V. Bevan, 105. Locomotive Strap—Fmnce, Blanchet, Brothers, 768. Logs, Ships'—viii. Beithon, 104. Jersey and Guernsey—Alleond, 27. LoGyyooB—Trinidad, Lord Harris. London (Model of), with designs for Railways in the Streets—V. Macbay, 586, London Bridge (Model)—vii. Townley, 39. LoNGCLOTHS—See Cotton Fabrics- Longitude (Instrument to find the)—X. Macdonald, 357. Looking-Glasses, Mirrors, &o. (including Chimney and Pier Glasses)—xxvi. British Plate Glass Com- pany, 408 (Main Avenue, West). Chapman, 191. Crawford, 96. Donne, 193. Gardner, 231. Herring & Sons, 205. McCullum & Hodson, 136. McLean, 386 (Main Aveuue, West). Ponsonb}^, 199, Rogers, 195. Squire, 273. Whitcombe, 211a. Austria, Abele, 582. Ratzersderfer, 577. Viehofen, Mirror Manufactory, 583. China, Hewett & Co. i^mnce, Berlioz & Co. 53. Chamouillet, 1142. Ledreney, 1307. Luce, 1332. Paillard, 671. Hamburgh, Huebener & Pohle, 61. Korlan, 62. Ram- pendahl, 60. Russia, Ameloung & Son, 296. Tuscany, Serafino, 123. ZoUverein (1), Fleischmann, 763. Heinricb, 771. (2), Hechinger, 60. Heilbronn, 61. (6), Buettner, 53. Looking-Glass Frames—xxvi. Bielefeld, 157. xxviii. Thorn & Co., 86. France, Hardouin, 865. Jersey and Guernsey, Ellis, 44. Sardinia, Martinotti, 63. Looms (including Models)—vi. Brown, 56. Cross, 64. Kenning, 43. Smith, 22. xix. Jackson & Graham, 390 (North Transept). Belgium, Jouvne, 123. Ceylon. France, Jacquin, 546. Mercier & Co. 632. Iiidia, VI. Western Africa, Forbes, 8. See also Hand Looms. Jacquard Looms. Power Looms. Silk Looms. Stocking Looms. Lord Mayors State Barge (Model)—viii. Seaile & Sons, 169 (Main Avenue, West). Lord Mayor's State Coach (Model) — xxx. (Fine Art Court) Jibb, 14. Lozenges—XXIX. Lucas, Brothers, 316. Lozenges, Digestive — Austria, Prince Lobkowitz's Mines, 53. Lubricators—V. Hasketb, 206. Hurry, 122, Lucifer-Match Boxes—France, LelVan^ois, 301, 582. Lucifer Matches—xxix. Bell Sc Black, 243. Austria, De Majo, 50. Furtb, 46, HoHmann, 49. Pollak, 47. Prescl)el, 48. Zollverein (4), Kuhn, 102. Sutoriuo, 100. Ludlow Castle (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Gill, 145. Lump-Sugar Chopping-machines—xxii. Symes, 23. LuxVARiANS—X. Paxon, 191. Perigal, 693. Lustres—Hanover, BernstorlT & Eichwede, 8. Zolloerein (5), Junge & Walther, 17. Luxor Obelisk (Model)—ZoUverein (I), Sussmann, 305. Macaroni, Verjiicelli, &c.—in. Gentile, 108. Levy, 120. Portugal, 519, 528. Sardinia, De Barbieri, 63. Guelfi, 94. Valdettaro, 81. Mace (with Samples of the Meal)—ill. M'Cullum, 133. India, in. Labuan, Sfc, Hammond & Co., 2. Machine Cards—U)iited States, Earle &Co., 456. Machine Mouldings—States, Chatain, 337. Fay & Co., 293. Roddis, 571. Macready Testimonial—xxiii. Smith, Nicholson & Co., no. Madder and Madder Root—Algeria, Dupre de St. Maur, 23. Montigny, 38. Piglia, 43. jpmrace, Avignon Chamber of Commerce, 1049, Sengen- wald, 1010. Greece, Malandrinus, 3, Phdlippos, 4. India, iv. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Scharenberg, 3. Russia, BabaiefF, 86. Kerim Raghim Ogli, 87. Spain, 86, 138, 141, 142. Marcos, 147. Matezauz, 140, 144. Semovilla, 143. Tuscany, Pastorelli, 35. ZoUverein (1), Weiss, 684. Magic Lantern. See Phantasmagoria. Magna Charta, on vellum, ornamented with shields— xxx. Partridge, 333. Magnesia—ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Austria, Pruice of Lobkowitz' Mines, 53, India,!.. United States, Husband, 49. Magnesia, Bicarbonate of—ii. Murray, Sir J„ 87. Magnesia, Carbonate of—ii. Murray, Sir J., 87. Greece, Greek Government, 21. India, I. Sardinia, Rossi & Schiapparelli, 6. Magnesia, Citrate of—ii. Kmg, 84. Magnesia Lozenges—Austria, Lobkowitz, Prince of, 53. Magnesia, Sulphate of—ii. Copner, 118. Moberlev, 17. France, Mabipert, 319. Jersey and Guernsey, Goulil, 34. Van Diemen's Land, Smith, 295. Magnesian Minerals ANT) Chemicals—ii. Dinneford & Co., 51, Canada, Logan, 1. Magnetic Dip and Intensity Instruments—x, Brooke, 144. Wilton, 402. Magnetic Iron and Iron Ore—India, i. Hussia, Goroblagodatsk luiperial Iron Works, 7. Magnetic Toys—ZoUverein (2), Issmayer, 25. Magnetized Balances—x. Fox, 377. Magneto-Electric Machines—See Electro-Magnetic Machines. Magnetometers (Self-Registering)—x. Brooke, 144. Magnets—X. Chadburn, Brothers, 259. Hearder, 439. Henley, 428. Rundell, 438a. xxi. Stubs, 39. XXII. Shaw and Son, 216. Netherlands, Logeman, 87. &ealso Compasses,Mariners'. Mahogany—iv. Fauntleroy & Sons, 135 (Main Avenue, West). GiUow & Co., 15, St. Domingo, Schomburgk, Sir R. Malachite—I. Hall, T. & J., 146. China, Ansted, Prof. 38. Russia, Boiioslovsk Copper Works, 1. Perm Imperial Copper Works, 6, South Australia, Graham and Hallett, 3. ZoUverein (I), Weishaupt & Sons, 412. Malt—III. Wright, 107. New Zealand, Hooper & Co., 39. Malt, Crystallized—hi, Poole, 146. Malt-drying Machines—vi. Corco: an and Co,, 4 ] 6, ix. Abbott, 55, Manchester, Plan of the Town—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Adshead, 328. Illustration of Sewering, Paving, &c. at—vii, Naylor, 81. Mandolines—S'M;U2:erZawc?, Metert & Co., 97. Mandrils—VI. Hick & Sun, 218. Manganese and Manganese Ore—i. Fahie, 30, Sweet- man, 40. Williams & Sons, 505. ll, Kane, 53. Canada, Logan, 1. France, Cavelan & Co., 113!. Hamhujyfi, Meyer, 1. India, i. New Zealand, McLeod 30, McRae, 8. Van Diemen's Land, Milligan, 268, Zo//wrem (1), Biegel, 311, Harkort, 874, (6), Briel & Co,, 4, Rosenberg & Co., 2. (S), Nassau Go- vernment EnL'ineers of Mines, 1. Mangles—IX. Wilkinson, 220. xxii. Baker & Co., 547. Dannatt, 43. Moreton, 554. Strutterd, 545. Tiiidall, 542. Wilkinson, 540. J\Ian-help for Painting Ships, &c.—vii. Williams, 128. Man, Isle of, Life Boats—viii. Faweett, G2. MAmocA—Portugal, liatallui, 541, 542. Manna—Van Diemens Land, Bunney, 289, Mannitb—II. Picciotto, 33. Mannite, Crystallized—II. Smith, T. & H. 94. Manometers—France, Galy Cazalot, 1239. Mantel-pieces.—See Chimney-pieces. Manufactory (Model of) —xxx. (Fine Art Court) Nor- ton, 316. Manufactures (Various Designs for)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wvatt, 30. Graves, 322. Harvey, 119. France, De Lisle, 1455. Galimard, 228. Jaret, 888. Meynier, 638. Ra^iot, 971. Rouget de Lisle, 1455. Manure Machine—7Ve^AerZan(/s, Stam, 73. Manures—I. Blyth & Jacob?, 131. Evans, 227. Gill, 38. Harris, 42. Ipswich Museum Committee, 35. Lance, 37. Nesbitt, 46. Ramsay, A. 44. Ramsay, G. H., 269. Teschemacher, 41. II. Moberley, 17. ix. Blackhall, 33. Daniell, 265. Belgium, Bortier, 95, Denmark, Owen, 44. France, Fouche le Pelletier, 1229. Rancher, 1422. Zolloerein (1), Waechter, 434, .See also Guano. Manuscripts (of the 15th century)—i^mMce, Lundy, 914. Maps (Various)—i. Knipe, 529. x. Adorno, 218. Clap- ham, 712. Denton, 317. Sandt^rson, 160. xvii. Candy, 66. Cruchley, 74. Hughes, 4. National Society, 211. Orr & Co., 109. HufF & Co., 193. Saundeison, 37. Tapperell & Innes, 191. Whitehead, 192. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wishaw, 232a. Austria, Cerri, 364. Mditary Geographical Institute, 363. Kayser, 368a. MuUer, 372. Raffelsperger, 365. jBeZ^i/^m, Vandernnaelen, 437. Egypt, ] 26. France, Bnueikeiler & Co., I(i72. Cosciuul, 804. Ma- brun, 1653. New South Wales, Mitchell, 5. New Zealand, Moore, 37. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. United States, Bidwell, 477. Colton, 310. Cowper- thwaite & Co., 360. Disturnell, 215. Lawrence, 521. Sherman & Smith, 143. Siebert, 505. ZoUverein (1), Heymann, 290. Schiopp, Simon, & Co., 303. StoUe, Dr., 895. Trautwein, 158. (3), Royal Saxon Military Plan Office, 184. (6), Jonghaus & Venator, 6. See also Atlases. Globes. Maps, Ordnance—i. Tennant, 159. viii. Ordnance Survey Departments, 128. Maps in Relief—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Staveley, 263. France, Gnas D'Agnen, 1238, 1635. Switzerland, Schneiter,42. ZoUverein (1), Dickert, 432. Marbles (Specimens of)—Western End, South Enclo- sure (Ontside), Franklin, 28. i. 155. Bell, 189. Clark, 190. Cumming, 195. Fahie,3i). Gelling, 139. Hall, J. &T., 146. 'Howard, 29. Lentaigne, 138. Manderson, 148. Quillam & Creer, 151. Tayler,201. Whittaker, 53. xxvii. Franklin, 73. Porter, 66. Pulham, 108. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Conte, 140. £eZc/iim?, Fallon Pirn, 10. Canad'a, Logan, L i^m?ice, CaffbI t, 444. Cohn, 1564. Derville & Co., 162. Seguin, 1693. Greece, 2-3-39, 43-45, 47, 49. Cleanthes, 40-42. Hy- mettus Monastery, Prior of, 48. India, I. Portugal, 120-231. Spain.30,32. AlmeriaMines, Inspector of, 13. Asiurias Mines, Inspector of, 15. Cordova, Mining Inspector of, Spain, 29. Granada Mines, Inspector of, 16. Madrid RovalLibrary,31. Santosy l)iaz,34. Tuscany, Frecliani, C. 16. United States, M'Kenzie, 569. Pierce, 248a. VanDiemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T,, 337. Strutt, 232. ZoUverein (I), Laverdure, 845. Meyern-Hohenberg, 892. Riibeland Ducal Foundry Inspection, 780. (8), Diez Marble Manufactory, 5. See also Purbeck Marble. Marble Columns, Slabs, and other Works—i. Cham- pernowne, 158, page 848. Colles, 140. Franklin, 144. XXVI. Hunter, W. J. R. & K., 202. xxvii. Bird, 83. Comming, 64. Hall, J. & T., 37, 38. Hoban, 58. Lomas, 81. London Marble & Stone Company, 17. Monteagle, Lord, 72. Oldfield & Co., 76. Royal Dublin Society, 71. Rnmley, 59. Stuint,55. Turner, 82, Vallance. 40. xxx. (Fine Ait Cours) Simmons, 126. Belgium, Desmanet de Biesme, Visct., 16. Guislaiii 423. Leclerq, 425. South Africa, Wells, 59. i^m/zce, Simon, 1016. India, i. xxvii. Portugal, Bonnet, 258. De Figueiredo, 2-18, 249, 252-257. Dejeant, 232-217, 250, 251, 258-274. Thomar, Count, 1223. Borne, 37. Tunis, 95. Tuscany, Fontina, 122. Guidotti, 92. Matl'ei, Of. Nobili, 91. Royal Technological Institute, 98. ZoUverein (1), Cantian, 235 (Main Avenue, East). De- visse, 837. Meyern, 892. Marble, application of, to Miniature Painting- - xxx. (Fine Art Couit) Carrick, 2-i2. Marble, Artificial—xxvi. Tiiylur & Sons, 9, xxvii. Ransom & Parsons, 97. Austria, Behr, 645. Sardinia, Spanna & Co., 88. Spain, The Apolytomene Company, 55a. Marble, Imitation (Vaiious)—xxvi. Arthur, 303. Coomber, 307. Hanbury, 41. Hopkins, 234. Pur- kiss & Son, 315. Sewell, C & F., 340. Smith, C, 341. Smith, G. F., 141. Southall & Co., 342. xxvil. Bradley, 35. Buckley, 44. lies, C. & C, 28. Kershaw, 1. Moore, 25. Nicol & Allen, 69. Oliver, 41. Read, 32. Wilson, 14. xxx. (Fine Art Court), Williams, 82. Fra?ice, Bisiaux, 767. Evrot, 190. Letillois, 1322. Marble Painting on Glass—xxiv. Davies, G., 37. Davies, L,, 38. Kiddle, 39. xxvi. Holland & Sons, 62a., 407. Lee, 43, 402. M'Lachlan, 337. Wallace, 2. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Lee, 341. Marble Pastes for Mosaics—xxvii. Skinner & Whal- ley, 121. Marble, Prepared (to resist Grease, &c.)—xxvii. Page 26. Marble and Stone Working Machinery, &c.—ix. Rndd, 157. Marine Engines. See Steam-Engines, Marine. Marine Glue—viii. JellVry & Co., 188. Marine Plants—iv. Holt, 128. Marine Productions—Bermudas, Jackson, 2. Marking Ink—See Ink, Marking. Marl. Turkey. United States, Braxton, 269. Marquees—See Tents and Marquees. Marqueterie—xxvi. Bailes, 20S. Boadella, 193. Bruns- wick, 180. Gillow & Co., 186a. Watson, 175. Wood, 105. Marqueterie, Imitation—France, Pichot, 349. Mary's, St., Church, Whitechapel (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Evans, 202. Masks—Austria, Serafino, Palatini, & Co., 702. Masonic Jewels—xxiii. Loenstark, 62. Masons' Tools—i. Mitchell, 461. Mast Clamps—viii. Beadon, 90. Masting-Shears—VIII. Hughes, 318. Masts (Ships')—viii. Burgess, 123. Dempster, 17-1, Ferguson, C. A. &T., 184. Shuldham, 172. Bermudas. Matches—II. Dixon, Son, & Co., 126. Match-boxes—See Lucifer-Match Boxes. Mathematical Instruments—x. Adorno, 218, Ashe, 194. Braham, 289. Cameron, 356. Gerard, 109. Graham, 355. Haggard, 328. Hardy, 348. Miller, 361, Parkes & Son, 671. Penrose, 318. Rookts, J. & A., 340. Ross, 342. Williams, 352. Yates, 378. xxx. (Fine Art Conn), Rowuey & Co., 3. Belgium, Groetaeres, 156. France, Buron, 443. Desborde?, 15S7. Gnidicelli & Delabarre, 1614. Lemselgne, 1728. Molteni & Siegler, 649. Jersey and Guernsey, Le Moyne, 5. Switzerland, Gisi, 85. Homel-E^ser, 81. Kern, 88. United States, Fisher, 263. ZoUverein 0), Luttig, 81. (2), Riefler, 34. See a\^o Geometrical Instruments. Mathematical Telegraph—United States, Fuller, 490. Matico (Drug)—II. Keating, 102. Mat Machine (for wiping Shoes)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Deacock, 72. Mats—XIV. Dagnall&Co., 89. Wall, E. & T., 70. xvi. Robinson, 7. xxviii. Armstrong, 43. Bevington & Morris, 38. Cauley, 193. /«c/ta, xxviii. Netherlands, Cr^W-2:-). Portugal, Feirira, 1114. Souza, 1112. Bussla, Ivanoff, 267. Levasheff, 266. Schultz, 268. . Societ>/ Islands, Queen Pomare, L Tunis, 178-180,18L Western Africa, Furster & Smith, 2. Trotter, 5. Wt'ston, I. Maple Svgar—Canada, Bales, 67. Fisher, 69. Mont- real Commission, 66. Parker, 68. Nova Scolia, Central Committee, 2. United States, Barnes, 246. Dean, 245. Dix, 139. Matting—xxviii. Robinson & Co, 42. Alqeria, Beni Snous Tribe, 67. Cei/lon. China. Hewett & Co. Egj/pt, 128. ^ New Zealand, Collinson, 3. Moore, 37. Portugal, Ferreira, 1112-1115, See also Cocoa-nut Fibre, Sec, Mattrasses—IV. Nightingale & Co. 57. xii. & xv. Grist, 208. xxVi. Bacon, 218. Johnston & Co., 7.3. United States, Kittendire, 253. Mattrass Com-evls—Belgium, Felhoen-C>)ucke, 481. Measures. See Corn or Seed Meters. Weights 8^ Measures. Measuring Apparatus (for Tailors)—-x. Thompson, 363, XX, Caitanach, 135a. Jones, 149. Robinson, 149a. Smart, 135. United States, Oliver, 593. Measuring Machines—vi. Whitworth & Co. 201. Tuscanij, Gonnella, 57. Meat-Cutter—United States, Perry, 72. See also Saus- age Choppers. Meat, Essence of—iii. Warriner & Soyer, 21. Meat Preserver—xxii. Hockin, 592. Meat Screen—xxii. Andrewes, 379. Meats, Preserved—<See Provisions, Preserved. Mechanical Drawings from Sculpture — France, Lhoest, 912. Mechanical Figures—Fmwce, Mallat, 1340. See also Lai/ Figures. Milliners' Dolls. Mechanical Inventions (Undescribed) Specimens of— United States, Godwm, 217. Mechanical Pictures—xxvi. Grii^fi^, 401. Mechanical Purchases—xxviii. Hodges, 72. Mechanical Syllabicator—xvii. Banner, 60. Meconic Acid—II. Mot son & Son, 106, Medallions—XXIII. Holt, 106. Austria, Petrowits, 730. Pome, 39. Russia, Count Tolstoy, 328. Tuscany, Giusti, 117, Medals—viii. National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, 309. xxil. Allen & Moore, 300, . Ottley, 306. Piijott & Co. 2S1. xxx, (Fine Art (Jourt) A(hims, 281. Woodhouse, 289a. Wyon, L. C. 286. Wyon, W. 284, Austria, Fraener, 732, Zappharelli, 733. Belgium, Hart, 441. Jehotte, 447. Wiener, 442. Canada, Whieler, 353, Denmarh, C>)nradsen, 36, Petersen, 35. Jiussia, Tolstoy, Connt, 328. United States, Gevelot, 189. Zo/Zyerem (1), Fischer, 281. PfeufFer, 286. >See also Coins. Medals, Coins, &c., Fac-similes of—xxviii. Peel, 175. Medical Cloth (backed with India Rubber)—xii. &xv. Wilkinson, 51, Medical Herbs & Drugs (Various)—n. The London Dnifr^rists, 117. Austria, Batka, 100. British Guiana, Dnggin, 70. Ca/?arfa, Fletcher, 127. Macculloch, 72. South Africa, Jeppe, 4, Scheuble & Co. 48. Thal- witzer, 3. Spain, US, 119, 120,122,123,125. Bartolome, 126. Durango v Trigo, 127. Palencia, 121. Pardo y Bar- tolmi, 116. Saragossa Academy of Mechcine & Sur- gery, 128\, Tunis, 136. See also Chemicals. Drugs. Medical Walking-Staff (containing Instruments, iMedicine, &c,)—x. Gray, 104a. Medicated Bands (for the Cure of Rheumatism)—x. Coles, 660, Austria, Bachrich, 45a. Medicine Chests—xxix, Lucas, 49. Medico-Chirurgical Ambulance—x, Veitch, 6. Medico-Galvanic Apparatus—x. Hoarder, 439. MEDiiEVAL Objects (Undescribed) — Zollvet'ein (5), Schwerber, 30. See also Ecclesiastical Furniture. Meerschaum—Greece, 23, Turhey. Meerschau3I Pipes—xxiii. luderwick, 56. xxix. Bar- ling & Sons, 305. Austria, Ali>a, 664. Beisiegel, 667. Grunhut, A. 672. Grunhut, J. 673, Grunhut, W. 674, Zeitl^r, 6S7. Spain, 42.\, Zollverein (1), Ziegler, Brothers, 7S4. Melodiu3I Organs—France, Alexandre & Son, 1719. Melophones—Fm/ice, Pellerin, 1383. Melting & Distilling (New Mode of)—xxii. Defries, 482. Mercury—I. Forbes, 522, ii, Howards & Kent, 11. Mercury, Biniodide of—il Hopkms & Williams, 41. Mercury, Bisulphuret of—Portugal, Serzedello & Co. 80. Mercury, Chemical Preparations of—ii. Huskisson, J. W, & H. 86. Austria, Brosche, 20. Mercury, Oxide oy—Portugal, Seal, 78. Merino Fabrics (Various)—xi. Henry & Sons, 13. xii. & XV. Brewin & Whetstone, 242, Clongh, 151, Craven & Son, 149. Day & Son, 113. Hudson & Bouslield, 21. Mason & Co. 303. R .gers, 497, SchoHeld, A,, 474. Schwann, Kell, & Co. 141, Belgium, Wood, 492, France, Bahuet, 17. Barbeaux Lecuyer, 19. Bonchez-Po- thier, 34, Ciillet, 82, Dauphinot-Perard, 471, David- Labbez & Co. 138. Fournival & Co, :221. Galland, 989. Gesson-Mazille, 223. Gigot & Boisotau, 224. Girot de I'Ain, 1249. Lamort, 896. Lemaitre, 1316. Lessieux & Son, 1321. Leveit, Brothers, 1324. Lucas, Brothers, 1331. Maquet, 604. Maque'-Hrrmel, 603. Marcelle, 605. Oudm-Cormy, 669. Petit-Ciement, 679. Ragot-Mayens, 972. Rambouillet National Sheepfold, 1080. Requillart, Rousseli, & Chocqneel, 1433. Robert-Boile.ui, 31. Robert-Guerin, 1411. Robert-Mathieu, 1443. Rousselet & Barounet, 1459. Santret «& Son, 1473. Vaucher-Picare, 710. Veissiere, 720. Russia, Vo\i\Qx',V^Q. SwitzerUnd, Mueller, Pluess, & Co, 151, Ziegler, 146. Zollvern.i (1), Rothschild, 28. See also Cashmeres. Cohourg Cloths. Orleans Cloth. Paramatta Cloths. Merino Wool—iv. Dorrien, 81. Russia, n.n., 12 >. Zollverein {}'), Kiipfer, 29. Oberburggraf Von Bruuneck, 45. Metal (Anti-friction)—xxii. Bolt & Allen, 422. Metal Articles (Various)—xvii. Cundy & Addey, 106. XXII. Allen & Moore, 300. See also Hardware. Metal Blinds—xxvi. Burt, 390. Metal Castings (Undescribed)—xxii. Stocker, 414. Metal «& Flock combined—xxvi. Williams & Co., 321 Metal Gauges—x. Hayward, E. L. & W., 298, Metal Model—i. Ibbetson, 486a. Metal, Perforated—xxii. Tylor & Pace, 63. See r.Lo Blinds, Perforated. Metals and their Alloys (Varioiis)—i. Jordan, 487. Metals, Malleability of (lihistrations of)—xxiii. Marshall, 104. Metals (Rolled) -xxii, Everift & Son, 352, Metallic Clay, Articles in—xxvii, Haywood, H.&R. 127. Metallic Cloths & Gauzes -iTa?jcg, Roswag & Son, 1688. Switzerland, Graeser & Schweizer, 216, Metallic Colouring, N ew Mode of—xxx, (Fine Ai t Court) Gould, 247. Metallic Cord —xxix, Ritchie, 259. See also Wire Rope. Metallic Lava Pavement—xxvii. Orsi & Armani, 36, Metallic Letters (for fixing on Ghss)—xx. Wood- house, 180. xxx, (Fine Art C airt) Humphreys, 231a. See also Brass Lettering. Metallic Paste or Cement (for preventing Damp in Walls)—V, Cheavin, 448. Metallic PocKETBOOKS—xvii. Clark & Davidson, 135, Penny, 32, Metallic Roofing. See Iron Roofing. Metallic Shield—x, Jones, 652. iVlETALLic Sponges—Fmjzce, Ciienot, 119. Metrograph—X. Hardy, 348. Metronomes—X. Greaves, 503. Scholefield, 148. See also Norma Viriums. Metropolitan Cattle and Carcase Market, Abat- toir, &c. (Model)—VII. Dvmliill, 90, MiCROGRAPHic Instruments—France, Nachet, 1370. Micrometer—Zollverein (1), Nobert, 77. Microscope, Illustrations of the Uses of the—x. Leonard, 306. Microscopes—X. Abraham & Co. 2r»3. Chadhum, Brothers, 259. Jackson, E. & W. 258. Ladd, 291 A. Pillischer, 269. Ross, 254 (Main Avenue, West). Shadbolt, 677a. Sweden ^ Norway, Littman, 15. United States, Hazart, 16. Zollverein (I), Ausfeld, 704. (2), Merz & Sons, 30. Microscopes, Achromatic, &c.—x. Field & Son, 250. Kin.,^, 287. PiUischtr, 2(i9. Pritchard, 248. Smith & Beck, 253. Microscopes, Oxy-Hydrogen—x. Home & Co., 220. Ibbetson, 459. Microscope Tables—x. Smith & Beck, 253. Microscopic Objects—x. Hett, 249. Hudson, 256. Poulton,252. Stark, 284. Topping, 667. France, Bourgogne, 434. Microscopic Objects, Cabinet for—x. Smith & Beck, 253. Mildew—Egypt, 21. Mildew Otl—Egypt, 39. Mileometer—X. Webster, 671 a. Military Accoutrements — viii. Bevington, 213. Hawkes & Co., 212. Landon & Co., 201. xvi. Geary, 235. xix. Hanson, 188. xx. Buckn:aster, 1. Lyons, 67. Middlebrooke, 123. Canada, Morris. 334. India, viii. Netherlands, Heynsberger, 102a. Sardinia, Gandolti, 95. Zollverein (1). Mentzel, 94, (6), Maury, 21. See also Chacoes Sf Helmets. Regimental Trowsers. Swords. Military Accoutrements (Brass Mountings for)—viii. Firmin & Sons, 211. xx. Woodhouse, 180. Military Cloak Coat (Design for)—viii. Powell, 210. Military Plans, Models. &c.—viii. Moulin, 272. Belgium, Neyt, 157. New Zealand, Balneavis. Milk, Consolidated or Solidified—in Fadeuilhe, 140. Belgium, Fontame, 67. France, Martin de Lignac, 922. See also Concentrated Milk. Lactine. Milk, Essence of—hi. Moore, 139. Milk Pails, Tubs, &c.—ix. Jolly, 69. xxii. Walton & Co. 69. Switzerland, Fnessler, 229. Milk Strainer—ix. Jolly, 69. Millboards—XVII. Spicer, Brothers, 42. See also Card- hoard. Milliners' Dolls—/Va?zce, Danjard, 136. Millinery. See Bonnets, Straw. Bonnets (various). Wearing Apparel. Mills (Undescribed)—Fmwce, Moussillac, 933. United States, Ross, 213. Mills, Corn-crushing and Grinding. See Corn- grinding, ^c. Mills. Millstone Dressing Machine—v. Parsons, 642. Millstones—I. Corcoran & Co. 416. Sparks, 154. vi. Hughes & Sons, 459. Huxhams & Brown, 446. Toms & Co. 457. Belgium, Morunont, 9. St. Hubert, 8. Ca/2a(/a, Logan, 1. France, Gaillard, 226. Gueuvin-B iuchon & Co. 532. Montcharmont, 650. Petit, Son, & Co. 345. Rib)', 985. Roger, 1448. Theil, 1035! Thibault Boilesve, 1502. TouaiUon, 1508. Greece, 18. Tunis, 167. Zollverein (1), Landau, 321. Michels, 871. Millstones, Apparatus for supplying Air to the Surface of—vi. Hurwood, 414. Milton, Royal Terrace Pier at (Model of)—vii. Redman, Mine Shaft Machinery (for ascending & descending) —I. Blee, 459. White & Grant,471. v. Begg, 407. Fourdrinier, 406. Belgium, Vander Hecht, 475. Mineral Blue. See Azure. Minerals and Mineral Ores (Various andUndescribed) —1.32,34. BrymboCo.,274. Burr, T. W. & G. 495. Olive, 277. Deering, 121. Howard, 29. I(swicb M useum Committee, 35. Lance 37. Mitchei' 45. Randall, 275. Rowlandson, 490. Smith, 499. Sop- with, and a Committee of Mining Agents, 483. Tai- ling, 33. Taylor, 474. Tennant, 14. Wallace & Cooper, 510. xxvii. 29. Algeria, Algiers Mines Commission, 45. Bonn Mines Commission, 46. Austria, Batka, 9. Christalnigg's, Count von, Mining Company, 4U4. Egger, Count, 401, 402. Hochbei- ger, 14. Keiigyel, 8. Kochmeister, 5. Kossuch, 406. Pillersee & Zennbac.h Smelting Works, 407. Radmeister Community, 400. Rauscher & Co. 403. Sapy, 6. Szumrak, 4. Lpper Hungarian Mining Association, 3. Vienna Imperial Mines, 2, 408. Zemberg Mine, 7. Zois, 405. Canada, Logan, 1. Wilson, 2. Ceylon. Falkland Islands, Whittington, France, Basin, 758. India, i. Madeira, Read, 1, New Brunswick, Fraser, 9. McCully, 11, New SouthWales, Dudgeon & Co., 11. New Zeala7id,o8. Portugal, 1-17, 20-27, 58-60, 82-102, 106-109, 119. Russia, 22. Alexandrovsk Imperial Cannon Foundry, 2. Barnaoulsk Imperial Works, 4. Bogoslovsk Copper Works, 20. Kamensk Iron Works, 8. Sardinia, Grange, 1. South Australia, Graham & Co., 3. Joseph, 7, South Australian Company, I. Spain, 3. Almeria Mines, Inspector of, 13. Asturias Mines, Inspector of, 15. Barcelona Mines, Inspector of, 2. Cerain, 1. Granada Mines, Inspector of, 16. Guipuzcoa Mines, Inspector of, 4. La Mancha Mines, Inspector of, 6. Leon Mines, Inspector of, 1 7. Linares Lead Mining Association, 14, Linares Mines, Direc- tor of, 5. Lugo Mines, Suh-Inspector of, 18. Mii- laga Mines, Ins})ector of, 19. Marte Mining Com- pany, 10. Murcia Mines, Inspector of, 7. Pt-dro De Araya's Factory, 12. Rio Tinto Mines, Director of, 8. Santander Mines, Inspector of, 9. Saragossa Mines, Inspector of, 11. Zamora Mines, Inspector of, 20. Sweden and Norway, Flood, 7. Grekasar Blast Fur- nace, 3. Hellefor's Iron Works, 4. Legerhjehn, 1. Osterby Iron Works, 5, Rettig, 2. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 26, Tunis, 25, Tuscany, Volterra Salt Manufactor\', 2. United States, Cocke, 271, Coliy^r, 289. Faber, 279. Faker, 280. Feutrhwanger, 469. Maupin, 2fc5, New Jersey Mining Company, 166. Tourev, 160. Zollverein (1). Biegel, 311. Bischop and Rhodium, 312. Brasseur & Co., 314. Bredt & C-)., 315. Cosack, 825. Drt-feler, 449. Eschweiler Muu s tt Fond^ ries, 318. Felthauss, 666. Ha^en, 322, Hamblock, 454. Koningshuette, Royal Works at, 3. Ulrich & Co., 451. Malapane Royal Prussian Iron Works, 2. Mein- erzhagen & Kreuser, 316. (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1. See also Copper Ores. Iron Ores. Zinc Ore. Mineral Oils—ii. Young, 7. Trinidad, Lord Han is, 10-14. Zollverein (1), Wii smann & Co., 334. Mineral Faints—i. Thome, 475. ii. Blundell, Sj eiKe & Co., 48. Coulson, Jukes, & Co., 72. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. United States, Mott, 81. Mineral Washing Cases—See Ore Washing Cases. Mineral Waters (natural and artificial)—i. Ellis, lo. II. Godson, 50, Schilling & Sutton, 52. Sfruve & Co., 52a. Canada, Mann, 324. Sardinia, Domenget, 96. Tunis, 152, 153. See also Soda Water. Soda Water Machines. Miniature Frames—France, Carre, 445. Martens, 610. Miniature Painting—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Tenuent, 273. France, De Bastard, 1717. Zollverein (4), Holder, 106. Mining Machinery and Implements—i. Hosking, 472. VI. Wasley, 412. India, \i. See also Boring Ma- chines and Tools. Chains for Pits. Coal-mine Ma- chinery. Fuzes for Blasting. Lead-mine Machinery. Parachute for Mines. Pumps, Mining. Mixing Ventilating Apparatus—vii. Rettie, Belgium, CouiUet Mines, France, Ueiiu, 627. Mint, Essence of—HI. Mirrors. See Lookinq-glasses. Miscellaneous Articles (Undescribed)—xxviii. Can- nings, ISfj. Missals, Wo^ik^—Belgium, Haniq, 2S5. Wesmael-Legros, ■i8'2. Mixed Fabrics (Cotton, Silk, Wool. &c.)—xii. & xv. But- tomley & Sons, 165. Clabburn & Son, 284. Clap- ham, Day & Son, 113. Drummond, 150. Kcro'yd & Son, 130. Ellis, 70. Foster & Son, 143. Fowler & Co., 309. Gregory, Brothers, 182. Jebb & Sons, 82. Jowett & Co., 144. Mason & Co., 303. MiUigan & Son, 140. Peace & Co., 91. Pease, Heaton & Co., 60. Pugh, 306. Sayce & Co., 307. Schofield, Brown & C')., 3. Thornton & Co., 32. Tremel & Co., 147. Welch & Co., 304. Willey, Nephew & Co., 310. Woodhouse, 71. xiv, Beve- ridge, 2D. xviii. Andrews, Sons »& Gee, 5. Ban- Tierman & Sons, 33. Crocker J. & A., 11. Inglis & Wakefield, 4. Kesselmeyer & C'>. 44. Ramsey & Co. 32. Samuels & Co., 31. Thomson, Brothers, 25. Woodcroft & Co., 45. xix. Ladies' Industrial Society, 213. xx. Macdougall, 83. Austria, Furst, 296. Kroitzsch, 297. Tial, 307. Westhauster, 308. France, Bonte, 33. Mollet-Warme, Brothers, 648. Velin, Brothers, 721. Vigoroux, 728. India, xv. Switzerland, Borel, Boyer & Co., 37. Mueller, Pluess & Ci)., 151. Naef, 131. Turkey. Zollverein (1), B.iuer & Furbringer, 723. Bodemer, 726. Boeddinghaus & Co., 572. Cohn & Hermann, 104. Cohn&Co. 137. Diergardt, 509. Kauff.nann, 123. Lorentz, 588. Neuhaus, 577. Pferdmenges, Brothers, 574. PlVrdmenges & Kleinjung, 573. Ptirffers «fe Ax, 667. Pintus, 135. Rurmann & Meckel, 580. Scheibler, 3.')4. Sussmann & Wiesenthal, 132. ZoU- mann & Steigerthal, 566. (2), Steinhaeuser, 44. Tren- dels & Son, 41. (3), Dietrich & StratiT, 103. Graefe & Son, 102. Lehmann,107. Richter, 104. Trinks, 98. See also Linen &(• Silk mixed Fabrics. Mohair, Mohair Cloth, &c.—xii. & xv. Baughan, Brothers, 183. Gill & Bishop, 77. Haggas & Sons, 155. Huth & Fischer, 123. Lambert, 30. Milligan & Son, 140. Salt, 139. Smith & Son, 29. Stowell &Sugden.496. Townend, Brothers, 162. Walker & Co. 23. Walker & Sons, 87. Wheeler, 271. xiii. Browett, W. & H., 80. Turkey. Zollverein (3), Haenel, Brothers, 153. Mohair Manufactures, Illustrations of—xii. & xv. MiUigan & Son, 140. Molasses—jBnY{s/i Guiana, Shier, 27. Molasses, &c., Centrifugal Apparatus for—vi. Na- pier & Son, 158. Rutch & Finzee, 405. Molasses Spirit—Fm;ice, Francois-Gregoire, 511. Gregoire, 1739. Moleskin Manufacture, Illustrations of—xi. Barnes, 40. See Aho Cotton Manufactures. Monument to H.R.H. Prince Albert, Design for — xxx. Bennett, 268, Monument, Gothic—Mather, page 850. Purdy, page 852. Monument of London (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Smith, 167. Monumental Brasses, &c.—Archer, page 847. Gould, page 849. Ross, page 852. Waller & Co., page, S'lS. Moon, Maps and Models of the—x. Blunt, 372. Nasmyth, 688. Readliouse, 677. Mooring Chains—viii. Parkes, 108. See also Chain Cables. Screw Moorings. MoQUETTE—Fm/ice, Requillart.Roussel&Chocqueel, 1433. Moravian Settlements, Labrador (Models of Dwell- ings, &c., at)—XXIX. MiUaliou 289. Moreens—XII. & xv. Ciaven & Hanop, 153. Salt, 139. Morphia—ii. Macfarlan & Co., 107. Morson & Son, 106. India, II. Mortising and Boring Machine— United States,Oi'\s, 23. Mosaic Work —xxvii. Bright, 80. Ti)mlinson, 79. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Crichton, 229. Wyatt, 30. .^z/,sirta, Bigaglia, 600. Grdger, 631. Speluzzi, 638a. Belgium, Couvert & Lucas, 404. De Keyn, Brothers, 406. Leclerc, 425. France, Bos^), 773. Chretin, 1561, Laurent-Frangois, 1297. Marcelin, 606. Theret, 1499. Portugal, Bonnet, 258. P.ome, 25, 32c, 36, 39. Barberi, 15. Boschetti, 17. Moglia, 20, 21. Peter's, St., Royal Manufactory, 2 L Rinaldl (Main Avenue, East;. Rocchigiani, 22.' Russia, Peterhoff Imperial Polishing Manutactoiy, 298. Spain. Jimenez, 285. Tuscany, Bianchini, 113. Buonnisegni, Brothers, 112. Delia Valle, Brothers, 114. Romoli, 118, 119. Zollverein (1), Kielman & Von Minutoji, 847. March, 240. Moosbrugger & Kobhe, 428. Praetorius, 853. Schievelbein, 237. Trebbe, 33. Wiegandt, 415. (7), Booh, 5. See dl^o Marble Pastes for Mosaic. Pave- ment, Mosaic. Mosaic Cloth Work—xii. & xv. Braysham, 463. Mosaic, Imitation—xxx. (Fine Art Cou:t) Albert, His Royal Highness Prince, 350. ^o?7ie, Marchesi & Co., 13. Mosses—ii. The London Druggists, 117. iv. Holt, 128. Rock, 5. New Zealand. Vi'i, United States, Ddvidson, 561. Miller, 559. also Lichens. Mother-of-Pearl—xxii. Banks, 287. Mother-of-Pearl Articles—xxii. Brisband, 364, Austria, Schwarz, 684, China, Copland, Hewett & Co. Shea. Egypt, 272, 273. Hamburgh, Eckert, 84. Turkey. See also Buttons, Mother of Pearl. Motion, New Method of Transmitting—x. Good, 146. Motive Power (Model of convertible Wind, Water, or Steam power)—v. F'ltf, 118. Mouldings (Picture-Frame, Ceiling, Cornice, &c.)^—xxvi. Bielefeld, 157. Vigeis, 382. White & Parlby, 6. WooUams & Co., 210. xxviii. Blizard, 127. France, Archambault, 401. A'incent, 1525. Moulding Machine—vi. Furness, 401. Moulding Tools—xxviii. Blizard, 127. Canada, Wallace, 147. Mounts, &,c., for Drawings, &c.—xiii. Burke, 57. xvii. Kirby, 23. XXVI. Burke, 361. Mouth-Bag for Horses—ix. Low, 264. Mowing and Reaping Machines—ix. Bates, 190. Beck- ford & Gosling, 60. Biakie, 89a. Fairless, 155. Garrett & Sons, 142. Mackay, 81. Trotter, 145, France, Brother Eustate, 193. United States, M'Cormick, 73, Mules (Cotton, &c.. Spinning)—vi. Mason, 46. Parr, Curtis, & Madeley, 6. Higgins & Sons, 14. MuLTUM in Uno (forming Loo, Bagatelle, &c. Table)— XXVI. Jennens & Bettridge, 187 (Main Avenue, West). MuNDics—See Pyrites. MuNJEET (Dye)—XI. Sandeman, 2. Muriatic Acid—Denmark, Owen, 44. Zollverein (1), Mathes & Weber, 464. Mushroom Spawn—iii. Grace, 58a. Music—xvii. Baxter, 209. Brettell, 169. Cocks, R,, & Co. 123. Fromefield School, 172. Wesley, 169. Austria, Mechetti, 371. MuUer, 372, France, Brandus & Co,, 1111. Roussel, 361. Tauten- stein & Cordel, 1029. Hamburgh, Schuberdh & Co., 102. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Zollverein (1), Korner, 747. Music, Diagrams for Teaching—x. Oakey, 675, See also Transparent Music. Music Engraving, Plates for—France, Dumerey, 487. Music (New System of)—xvii. Davis, l83. Music Printing—XVII. Armstrong, 77. Novello, 127. Sinclair & Co., 92. xxx. (Fine Art Court) JuUien & Co., 63. Hamburgh, Schultze, 46. Music-Stands — X. Besant, 369. xxvi. Evans, 224. McCuUum & Hodson, 136. Riddett, 49, Musical Bells—x. Drury, 506. xxii. Warner & Sons, 798. Musical Boxes—^Jts^na, Rzebitschek, 162. Switzerland, J)u Commun Girod, 77. Gay & Louprin, 83. Jaccard, Brothers, 27. Jaques & Son, 33. Le- coultre, Brothers, 90. Lecoultre & Son, 32. Metert & Langdorf, 97. Paillard, 26. Musical Composing Stick—France, Bescher, 60. Musical Game—x. Prince, 522. Musical Instruments (Various)—x. Anelli,511. Koenig & Pask, 504. Kohler, 540. Austria, Hell, 152. Huther, 149. Kiendl, 148. Pelitti, 161. Riedl's Widow, 153. Rott, A. H., 158. Rott, J., 159. Stehle, 154. Stohr, 160. Theisz, 152a, Uhlmann, 155. Ziegler, 156. Belgium, Mahillon, 175. Canada, McPherson, 183. C}ii7ia, Hewett & Co. France, Besson, 424. Courtois, 463, 1163. Debani, 1172, Derazey, 814. Gaubot, 844. Labbaye, 556. Roth, 993. Savaresse, 997. Sax & Co., 1726, Triebert, 1510. Villeroi, 15-22. VuiUaume, 735. India, JL. MzZ^ct, Tonna, 1. Turkey. Tuscany, Yon- tina, A,, 122. Western Africa, M'William. Matson, 9. Zollverein (1) Sommen, 893. (3), Herold, 19. Klemm, 18. Schuster, L. 22. Schuster, M., 23. (6), Klein, 23. See also Accordions, Bassoons, Clarionets, Cornet-a- Pistons, Drums, Flutes, Guitars, Harmonicas, Har- moniums, Harps, Oboes, Ophicleides, Organs, Piano- fortes, Trombones, Trumpets and Horns, Violins, Violoncellos. Musical Instrument Htrjsgs—Austria, Callegari, 150. Indri, 151. Belgium, Ijacvaix, 499. jpmnce, Bernardel, 421. Combes, 459. Savaresse, 997. Zollverein (1), Reichel, Brothers, 442. Musk, Artificial—ii. Godfrey & Cooke, 92. Musk Root—ii. Savory & Moore, 115 Muskets—See Guns, Sfc. Muslins—xi. Anderson, J. & A., 7. Auld & Co., 5. Cook. W. W. & J., 38. Crocker, J. & A., 61. Davidson, W. & J., 17. Finlayson & Co., 8. Henry & Sons, 13. Johnson & Nepliew, 55, Le- thern, Blyth & Lethern, 9. Mair & Co., 59, Owtram & Co., 62. Rogers, Lowett, Holy land & Co., 58. Symington & Co., 14. Young & Co., 12. xiii. Grout & Co., 36. XIV. Holden & Co., 1. xviii. Devas & Co., 6, Austria, Leitenberger, E., 186. Leiteuberger, F,, 187, France, Berr & Co., 54, DolKus, Mieg & Co., 1191, Ferouelle & Rolbmd, 200, Hartmann & Sons, 256, Jourddin, 1631, Matagrin, Stoltz & Co., 616, India, xi. Eussia, Charlovetz, 374. Rochefort, 176, 191, 199, 20S, Switzerland, Baenziger, 112. Fehr, 122. Forster, 193. Imhoof, Brunner & Co,, 127, Nef, 198, Schlaepfer, 135. Schlaepper, Schlatter & Co., 201. Vonweller, 140. Turkey. See also Gassing-Machines. Lawns. Muslins (Designs for)—xvm, Cadnnan, 74. Percival, 73. Roberts, 81, Whittaker, 76, Muslins, Sewed—xix. Brown, 64, Connaught Schools, Glasgow, 61. MacdonaUl, D. & J. & Co., 65. McFarlane & Porter, 63, Park & Thomson, 59, Robertson & Sons, 62. Muslin Trimmings—xii. & xv. Salomons & Sons, 305, Mustard—III, Colman, 117, Dewar, 119, McGarry & Sons, 132, France, Grey, 527, Louit, Brothers, & Co,, 316, Spain, Cordova Agricultural Board, 99. Ujiited States, M'Alister & Tannehill, 3G2, McCulloch, 70, i Mustard Seed—Cape of Good Hope, Jeppe, 4, Egypt, 51, Portugal, Fonte Boa, Viscoimt, 518. t Mylitta Australis—Van Diemen's Land, Dunn, 190. Lowes, 191, Myrrh—ii. Lamplough, 71, Myrrhine aids to the Digestive Organs—ii, Lta, 105, Nails—XXII, Partrum & Co., 25, Cornforth, 322. Keep & Watkins, 76. Manly, 313, Reynolds, 31 5, Austria, Egger, Count, 402, Ernst, 457, Falent 458, Sanderl, 459. Vingert, 460, Weidl, 461. Belgium, Couillet Mines & Charbonages, 120, De Bavay, 361, Fauconier, 380, Drion, 353, Lefebvre & Co.,354. Limelette, 381, Macquinay, Brothers and Nephew, 378. Mallet, 407, Sevrin, 367, Sieron, 358. Canada, Holland & Dunn, 152. France, Morel, Brothers, 1666. Sirot, 1017. JVova Scotia, Archibald, 2. Eussia, Zeitler, 343. Sweden and Norway, Godgard Forges, 13. United States, Field, 455. Morris, Jones, & Co., 44. Swedish Iron Manufacturing Company, 320c. Zollverein (3), Wolf, 29. Nail-making Machine, France, Frey, 1607. Nankeens—xi. Major & Gill, 49, China, Hewett & Co. Malta, Dimech, 21. Naphtha—Turkey. Zollverein (6), Oehler, 8, Naphtha, Apparatus for producing—xxii. Pope, 566. Naphthaline—II, Evans, 5, Spencer, 31, Wilson, 6. Napoleon, Statues, &c,, of—France, Seguin, 1693, Eussia, Imperial Alexandrovsk Cannon Foundry, 285. National Gallery, Design for—xxx. Bury, 349, Natron—Egypt, 11, 16, 17, Nautical Apparatus (Various)—viii. Wood, 102, See also Binnacles. Ships' Compasses. Mariners' Logs. Ships Eudders. Ships^ Sounding-Leads. Nautical Models—i. Vieille Montagne Mining Company, 437. VII. Morton S, & H., 24, viii. Admiralty, 145, 146 (North Transept). Aldebert, 152. Allan, 85, Azulay, 39. Bailey, 64. Baillie, 70. Bilbe & Co., 141. Brown, Sir S., 334. Browne, 158. Cole- grave, 142, Deans, 40. Downs, 133. Ellis, 129. Enderby, 162. Grantham, 93. Gray, 160. Green, 131. Hal], 73. Harvey, 150, Hedley, 307, Hen- derson, 306. Hodgson, 316, Horn, 161, Howe, 132. Inglefield, 99. Laing, 315. Lamport, 134. Lap- thorne, 170. Maclaren, 139. Moore, 35. Penrice, 173, Rose, 164, Royal Thames Yacht Club, 294, Russell, 127. Simons, 33. Smith, H., 165, 279. •Smith, T. W., 305. Stevenson, 304. Tovell, 37. Turn- bull, E. 154, Turnbull, R, 153. Weld, 186, White, J., 36, White, T., jun., 52, White, T, J, & R., 36a, Wigram, Money & Sons, 56, xxx, (Fine Art (3ourt) Brooker, 109, Brazil, Cox, 2, China, Haemond, Hamburgh, Bute & Son, 9, India, viii, Labuan, Sfc, Hammond & Co., 2. United States, Boole, 312. Darfon, 449. Griffith, 226. Pook, 446. See also Boats. Figure-Heads (Ships'). Fishing-Boats. Steam- Vessels. Naval Architecture (Diagrams, &c., illustrative of) — VIII. Allan, 85. Brown, 334. Hall, 73, White, 52. Scamp, 298, Sloggett, 32, Smith, 125, United States, Grifilth, 226, Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Articles presented to Her Majesty by—India. Nectandria Radiaei, or Green-heart Bark—ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Needle-making Machinery—vi, Morrall, 240, Needles—vi. Morrall, 240. xxii, Bartleet & Sons, 329. Boulton & Son, 330, Chambers, 297, Cocker & Sons, 115,234. Goodman, 335. James, 295, 317, Morrall, 333, Worrall & Co., 164, xxix. Kirby, Beard & Co., 96. Austria, Strunz, 477. Barbadoes. France, Tacliy & Co., 1497. Zollverein (1), Beissel & Son, 407. Schleicher, 405, Needlework—xix. Bat-^s, 375, Brayshaw, 382. Davies, 49. Faudel & Phillii)s, 165. Harttree, K. & G., 195. Hayes, 330. Helleconner, 199, Hill & Co,, 204. Lee, 255. M'Darmid, 247, Phillips, 271, Picktborn, 273, Read & Humphreys, 275, Robinson, 278. Shaken, M,, F., & E,, 289, Tennison, 313. Ward, 334, XX. Smith, 29, Standish, 106. Standon, 213, Belgium, Plettinck, 340, Van Loo, 339. China, Rawson, France, Billicoq, 26, Helbronner, 260. Hamburgh, Appel, 119, Hartog, 115, Severin, 118, Persia, Thomson, Sweden and Airway, Alner, 42. Sivitzerland, Baenziger, ls8, Schiess, 2U0, United States, Ge\^\u^rev,2>2d.^ Goldmg, 320a, Leask, 108, See also Embroidery {Silh, Muslin, Sfc). Tatting. Netted Work—xix, Wilson, 112, xxviii. School for the Indigent Blind, 100, France, Blancher, 27, Western Africa, Trotter, 5, Netting (for Fruit-Trees, &c,)—ix, Farlow, 321, Hall, [OfFiciAi. Illustrated Catalogue.] 9 158. XIV. Morrison & Hum, 49. xix. Hal], 185. XXVIII. Woodhead. 191. Netting-Machines—C/;^i7ec/ States, M'Mulleii, 64. Newcastle and North Shields Railway, Model of Arch on the—vii. Green, 3. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Railway Station, KooF (Model)—VII. Dohson, 114. Newcastle-upon-Tyne County Courts, &c. (Models)— XXX. (Fine Art Court) Grainger, 165. Newcastle-upon-Tyne High Level Bridge (Draw- ings)—A'll. Green, 3. Hawks, Crawsliay, & Co., 86. Newspapers (i)ublislied in New York) — United States, lieacl). Brothers, 544. Dawson, 543, New York (Views ol)—United States, Bacbman, 391. New Zealand, Views, &c. of—New Zealand, Moore, 37. Niagara, Falls of (Model)—United States, Catlin, 531; page 847. Nibelungenlied Heroes (Slatues) — Austria, Salm, Prince, 430. Nicholas, St., Church, Hamburgh (Model)—vii. Scott, 22 (Main Avenue, West). Nickel—Spain, Lugo Mines, Sub-Inspector of, 18. Ma- laga Mines, Inspector of, 19. Zollverein (8), Isabellen Hutte Smelting Works, 3. Nickel Ore—i. Goodhale & Reeves, 476. Spain, Lugo Mines, Sub-Inspector of, 18. Night Dials—vii, Trotman, 155. Night Lights—xxii. Bird, 267. Nineveh Marbles (Models of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Layard, 78. Nipple-Shields—x. Jones, 652. Nitre—Portugal, Serzedello & Co., 42. Spain, Elias, 39. Paulo y Bartolini, 44. Nitric Acid—Sardinia, Selopis, Brothers, 4. India, ii. Nitric Acid, Crystals of—ii. Pontifex & Wood, 1. NoCTOGRAPHS (for the Blind)—xvii. Wedgwood, 47. France, Couteux, 805. NoRE Viaduct, Kilkenny (Model)—vii. Moorsom, 178. Norma Viriums, or Musical Accentuators—x. Simp- son, 532. See also Metronomes. Northumberland and Durham Coal-fields (Maps and Plans illustrative of)—i. Coal-Trade of Northumber- land and Durham, 273. Noses, Artificial—x. Fuller, 592. Whitehouse, 280, NoYEAu, Crystallized—Sardinia, Saluce, 10. NuTGALLS—xvn. Hawthome, 7. India, iv. NuT-OiL—Spawi, 166. Nuts (Various)—British Guiana, Duggin, 20. Portugal, 392-400. Spain, 97, 110. Labat, 104. Malaga Board of Agri- culture, 94, Reus Board of Trade, 109. Tarragona Board of Agriculture, 114. Valgoma, 98. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 107, 108. Turheij. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Oak--rx\\v.-Belgium, Stabbe & Bacye, 97. See aXso Barks. Oakum—ii«s,sia, Ardamatsky, Brothers, 99. Kazalett, 102. Sabinin, 116. Oars for Boats—viii. Pearson, 65. New South Wales, Bogue, 2. Turkey. United States, Page, 92. Oat-Flour—III. Smith, 161. Russia, Davidolf, 332. Oatmeal and Wheatmeal—hi. McCann, 153. Buck & Son, 162. Canada, Richer, 55. Squair, 51. Trenholm, 54. United States, Clark, 234. Oboes (or Hautboys)—De?wHa?7{, Selboe, 31. France, Buffet, 442. Zollverein (2), Boehm, 23. Ochres (Yellow and other)—i. Gore, 128a, Jenkins & Beer, 92. Sweetman, 40. Canada, Logan, 1. France, Gautier, I -215. India, i. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 17-20, 31. Van Dicmen's Zand, Denison, Sir W. T., 335, 336. Milligan, 265. Odometer (for measuring distances)—x. Payne & Co., 73. Odoriferous Lighters (for igniting Tapers, Lamps, &c.)—XXIX. Sandell, 97. Office Index and Tablet Memento—x. Dyer, 379. Oil for Painting—ii. Blundell & Co., 48. Belgium, Vandestraeten, 84. Oil-cake Mills, Crushers, &c.—ix. Barrett, Exall, & Andrews, 128. Bennet, 75. Halstead & Sons, 106. Maynard, 109. Nicholson, 50. Ransomes & May, 124, Samuelson, 185. Wedlake & Co., 127. United States, Bullock, 145. See also Linseed-Presses. Oilcloth—xiv. Grimshawe & Wilkinson, 52. xviii. Clarke, 23. Austria, Pfenniberger, 359. Belgium, Jorez&Son, 306. Van Nuffel & Coveliers, 225. Canada, Laflamme, 116, 122. France, Le Crosnier, 1305. United States, Albro & Hoyt, 183. Woodcock, 135. Zollverein {l), Burchardt & Sons, 164. Lehmann, 167. (3), Goehring & Boehme, 164. Quast, 162, Roeller & Huste, 161. Teubner & Co., 163. Zollverein (6), Ihm, 46. See also Floor Cloth. OiL-CoLOUR Printing—See Colour Printing. Oil-Painting on Velvet—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Yeo, 260. Oil-Presses—See Linseed-Presses. Oil-testing Machines—v. Whytehead, 101. vi. Muir, 206. Oils, Expressed and Essential—ii. London Druggists, 117. IV. Barker & Co., 62. Ceylon, Parlett & Co. Pieris. See also Lavender, Oil of. Peppermint, Oil of Oils, Medicinal—/wc^ia, ii. iv. See also Castor Oil. Oils, Processes of extracting, from the refuse Soapsuds of Woollens, &c.—iv. Bauweus, 26. Oils (Various)—li. Breary, 80. iv. Freeman, 25. Hillas, 28. Miller & Sons, 29. xxix. Langdale, 55. Algeria, Curtet, 22. Belgium, Claude, 85. Robyns, 487. Vandestraeten, 84. British Guiana, Stutchbury, 52, 53. South Africa, Clarence, 4. Jeppe, 4. Kunhardt & Co., 14. Schmieterloew, 12. Ceylon. China, East India Company. Denmark, Owen, 44. Egypt, 39, 53, 5.% 102, 129-131, 390. JVance, Geminy, 1613. Jolly, 276. Moreau, 325. De Ruolz, 1466. India, iv. New South Wales, Gibbs, 24. Leon, 20. New Zealand, Smith, 29. Sardinia, Girardi, Brothers, 5. South Australia, Webster, 3. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 187, 188. Turkey. Van Diemen's Land, Brown & Co., 283, 285. Gunn & Milligan, 282. Lowes, 286. Hart, 163, 164. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Zollverein {l), Romer, 337. Schramm, 806. See also Olive Oil. Oleic Acid—Belgium, Vancampenhoudt & Co,, 436. Oleine (For Watches and Fine Machinery)—ii. Brearey, 80. Godfrey & Cooke, 92. Belgium, Bisse, 87. Olive-Jar (¥.d^:i\\en)~Portugal, 1098 (Main Avenue, East). Olive Oil—iv. Brotherton & Co., 23. Algeria, Borde, 9. Curtet, 22. Maffre, 35. Mercurin, 37. Ionian Islands, Mavroianni, 3. New South Wales, Hallett & Sons, 5. Portugal, 460-486. Sardinia, Mesnia, 31. Simone Maucu, 15. Spain, 164, 165, 171. Diez de Ribera, 172. Fernandez, 169. Montesinos, 167. Sobradiel, Count of, 174. Valen- cia Board of Agriculture, 173. Zayas, 168. Turkey. Tuscany, Orsetti, 31. Pacini, 33. Ruschi, Brothers, 32. Saracini, 34. Olives—Algeria, Julien, 31. Egypt, 57, 58. Portugal, 440-444. *S>jr)a{?2, Carabe, 112. Cordova Agricultural Board, 99, Lesaca, 113. Marquez, 108. Zambrano, 111. Tunis, 68, 156, 159-161. Omnibuses (including Models)—v. Cook & Co., 816. Kinross & Co., 898. Lewis, 902. Menzies, 912. Parsons, 807. Rock & Gower, 954. Wheatley, 810. Omnibus Passenger Register—x. Webster, 671 a. Omnibus Ventilator—v. Stevens, 136. Opera Glasses—x. Dixev, 271. Elliott & Sons, 320. Pillischer, 269. Solom'on, 286. Whitehouse, 280. France, Plagniol, 1679. Prudent, 1412. Ophicleides- X. Jordan, 523. Belgium, Mahillon, 175. i France, Besson, 424. Courtois, 1163. Gaubot, 844. Zollverein (2), Pfaff, 35. Opium—ii. Howards & Kent, IL Lamplough, 71. Algeria, Frederic, 25. Hardy, 28. Egypt, 23. France, Aubergier, 754. India, ii., iii. Optic Square—x. Yeates, 332. Optical Instruments (Various)—x. Heath, 351. Gard- ner, 365. Goddard, 274. Hyams, 278. Jordan, 285. XXIV. Chance & Co., 22. Powell & Sous, 31. France, Bernard, 762. Beyerle, 765. Buron, 443. Chevalier, 1729. Dillenseger & Patry, 168. Duboscq- S()leil, 1197. Jamin, 548. Lebrun, 298, 571. Molteni & Siegler, 649. Schiertz, 999. Bussia, Pick, 170. Spain, Oppelt, 271. Switzerland, Daguet, 75. Jaccard, 104. Zollverein (1), Busch, 89. (2), Eisenmenger, 24. Merz & Sons, 30. See d^m Lenses. Opera Glasses. Specta- cles. Telescope Glasses. Telescopes. Orange-Wine—Sardinia, Garrissini, 9. Orchil—II. Marshall, 68, iv. Smith & Son, 68. Austria. Heinzen, 28. France, Mottet, 932. Zollverein (1), Krimmbelbein & Co , 457. Orchilla-aveed—ii. Hatmel& Ellis, 10. Cape of Good Hope, Watermeyer, 51. JVew Zealand, Smith, 19, Portugal, 505-509. Orders of Knighthood (in Enamel and. Silver)—viii. Firmin & Sons, 211. xx. Firmin & Sons, 161. Ordnance. See Cannon. Ordnance Survey Instruments—x. Hall, 4. Orb Washing-cases and Machines—i. Hunt, 482. VI. Brunton, 304, Hunt, 207. Demidoff, 153. Organ-pipes, &c,—x. l^oome, 548. Van Diemen's Land, Valentine, 182. Organs (Clmrch, Cabinet, and other)—x. Bishop, 553. Bryceson, 735. Brutton, 9G. Forster & Andrews, 562. Gray & Daviscn, 555. Hill & Co., 556. Holditch, 557. Robson, 559. Walker, 561. Willis, 209. France, Alexandre & Son, 1719. Ducroquet, 173 (Main Avenue, East). Fourneaux, 1605. Herz, 1268. Jaulin, 1274. Martin, 1711. Muller, 1365. Tuscany, Ducci, 58. Zollverein (1), Korner, 747. Schultze, 707. Organs, Barrel (for Travelling)—France, Husson, 885. Muller, 1365. Organzine—France, Dumaine, 175. Dyedier, 1580. Farjon, 1217. Jourdain, 1631. Menet, 1657. Mourgue & Bousquet. 1363. Verdet & Co. 1519. Russia, Rebroff, 143, Sardinia, Imperatori, Brothers. 38. Orleans Cloth—xii> & xv. Eckroyd &Son, 130a. Green & Sons, 65. Haggas & Son, 155. Kershaw, S. & H. 161. Milner & Co. 168. Shuttleworth, 156. Simon, sutler & Co. 163. Wall, Cockshot & Wall, 159. Belgium, Decock, 221. Zollverein (1), Friedheim & Sons, 109. Or-Molu articles—xxiiL Warriner, 60. xxiv. Green, 32. XXVI. Toms & Luscombe, 178, Wertheimer, 177. United States, Hooper & Co. 459. Or-Molu, Imitation of—xxiii. Rawlings, 54. xxvi. Follit, 364. Lithgow & Purdie, 106. Newnham, 365. XXX, (Fine Art Coun) Vinn, 205, Ornamental Work (Undescribed)—xiii. Greenshields, 58. Ornaments for Interior Decorations—xxvi. Tillins 111. ^' Ornithological Specimens—viii. Hubbard, 180, ix. Milton, 291. xxix. Bartlett, 291, Dennis, 161. Gaidner, 223, Gordon, 202, Hancock, 320. Lead- beater, 221. Sjtencer, 222. Walford, 2U7. Williams, 219. Withers, 292. xxx. (Fine Art Court) 27. Belgium, Brenta, 435, British Guiana, Ridgway, 160, 161. Orreries—X. Facy, 195. ' Newton & Son, 212. Plant, 215. Jersey and Guernsey, Le Feuvre, 10. Orthorachidic Instruments' (for Deformity of the Spine) — X. Caplin, 570, 570a. Orthocuord—Denmark, Moller, 32. OrthopedicAL Apparatus, 8cc.~France, Pillant & Co., 351. Spain, Cort y Marti, 273. Ossetian Cloth -i?//ssirt, Cacki Shvillj-, 183, Osteotom (Surgical Instrument)—x. Hess, 648. Switzerland, Wermuth, 107. OsTRACiDE (or Oyster-opener)—x. Brown & Son, 627. Ostrich Eggs—South Africa, Trutor, 8. Egypt, 276. Ostrich Feathers—xxix. Foster & Co. 74. South Africa, Rutherfoord, 23. Tunis, 92. Turkey. Ostrich Skins—Timis, 180. Otto of Roses—ii. Bell, 116. Lidia, iv. Tunis, 83. Ottomans—xxvi. Ag^^io, 83. Everest, 27. Sandeman, 173. Sowerby & Castle, 192. xxix. Aggio, 312. OusE River Railway Bridge (at Selby)—vii. Walker & Burgess, 221 (Main Avenue, West). Ovens—XXII. Powell, 372. Shave, 90. China, Reeves. France, Lespina.sse, 311, United States, Perkins, 541. Zollverein (1), Kaesen, 408. Ovens, Gas—xxii. Edwards, 241. Warriner, 248. Ovens, Portable—Powell, 95. Oxalic Acid—Schlippe, 27. Portugal, Hirsh & Co. 503. Oxford, Martyrs' Memorial at—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Day, 161a. Spiers & Son, 361. OxYDiZED Silver, Table of—Main Avenue, East, Wag- ner, 1200. Oyster Shells—So^^/j Africa, Calp, 55. Packing-machine—VI. Marriott, 116. Padding and Wadding—xii. & xv. Wilkinson, 51, Paddle-Wheels, Boxes, &c. (including Models)—v. Flynn, 125- Jones, 156. Pym, 160. Terrett, 126, Wilding, 60. vii. Askew, 48. Spurghi, 76. Wilson, 97. VIII, Flynn, 183. Long, 175. Mathews, 119. Mumford, 144. Poole, 77. Pym, 321, x. Adcock, 364. Paddle-Wheels, Instrument for feathering the Float of—^v. Smith, 141. Paddle-Wheels, Instrument for registering speed OF—XXIL McKenzie, 418. Paging and Numbering Machine—vi. Schlesinger & Co. 168. Paints—iv, Bruce, 74, Rose, 27. British Guiana, Ontridge, 55c. France, De Ruolz, 1466. Zuber & Co. 1536. JSetherlands, Bleekrode, 1. See also Colours. Paint, Fire-proof—United States, Blake, 233. Houston, 554. Paint-mills—?7ni^e(i States, Harris, 512. Painted Glass—xxiv, Cliance & Co. 60. Davies, G., 37. Davies, W., 38. Gibbs, 75. Painted Windows—xxiv. Bland, 80. Chance & Co., 60. Ciaudet & Houghton, 25, Gaunt, 68, Gibson, 72. Toms, 71. xxvi. Elardman & Co., 532. Austria, Bertini, 737 (Main Avenue, East). France, Lasson, 565. Lawrent, Gsell, & Co. 294. Mare- chal & Guynon, 329. Hamburgh, Bostelmann, 99. Zollverein (2), Kellner, 86. Painting on Glass—xxiv. Jackson, E. & W. H. 77. Kiddle, 39, Newsham, 79. Powell & Son, 31. Price, 43. XXVI. M'Lachlan, 337. xxx, (Fine Art Court) Pike, 336. Austria, Geyling, 736, China, Hewett & Co, Sichart & Co. France, Lafaye, 284. Thevenot, 1036. Hamburgh, Rosing, 100. Zollverein (1), Burckhardt, Brothers, 810. Zebger, 308. (4) Wetzel, 109. See also Painted Windows. Painting on Marble—xxvi. Horsfall, 56. Painting on Tiles—xxvii, Dupper, 51. Painting, Encaustic—/S'ee Encaustic Paintings. Painting, House-decorative—xxvi. Calvert, 82. Hol- land, 407. Painting in imitation of Marble—See Marble, Imita- tion. Painting in imitation of Wood—xxvi. Carson, 109. Coomber, 307. Davis, 143. Gai thwaite, 48. Holland, 407. Sewell, C & F., 340. Smith, 141. xxvii. Kershaw, 1. Painting, TSew Style of—xxx. (Fine Art Court) King, 113. 9 2 Paintings (Oil and other)—vi. Fussell, 95. xx. New- bury Local Committee, 166. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Miller, 1. China, Baring, Brothers. Hewett & Co. Reeves. France, Bowrgery, 778. Maresse, 1355. India, xxx. Eastern Archipelago, Hanrinnonil & Co. 2. Home, 40-47. United States, JeflVey, 150. ZoZZi-em« (1), Jacob, 786, Stockmami & Co. 788. See also Miniature Paintings. Paintings pkoduced by Chemical Action—Zollverein (1), Range, 3U2. Palanquins—Stale and other Palanquins presented to Her Majesty. India, v. Palladium—i. Johnson & Matthey, 477. Palm Fruit, &c.—Egypt, 38. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Trotter, 5. Palm-House, Kew (Model)~vii. Turner, 7. Palm Oil—iv. Price's Patent Co. 83. Rose, 27. xxix. MacKean, 28. Portugal, 496a. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Weston, 1. Palmatine Candles—Austria, Pfitzner & Beckers, 41. Palmetto Plait—Bermudas, —. Panels and Panel Decorations—xviii. Gauthorp, 70. XIX. Greenwood, 181. xxvi. D'Almaine, 301. Hincii- liff&Co. 310. Pickering, 347. Turner & Co. 320. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cook, 9. SeeoXso Glass Panelling. Panoptic Polyrama—xxix. Bouchet, 124. Panorgues—France, Jaulin, 1274. Pantographs—France, Gavard, 235. Paper—XVII. Cowan & Sons, 101, De la Rue & Co. 76. Dobbs & Co. 79. Hastings & Mellor, 85. Joynson, 42a. Mansell, 27. Spicer, Brothers, 42. Spu-rs & Son, 208. Venables,Wilson,& Tyler, 149. Waterlow & Sons, 46. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Burke, 42. Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. Fletchey, 24. Austria, Eggerth, 361. Smith & Meynier, 360. Belgium, Glenisson & Vangenechten, 286. China, Copland. Denmark, Drewsen & Sons, 4. France, Angrand, 7. Blanchet, Brothers. & Kleber, 1090. Bondon, 63. Breton, Brotliers, & Co. 436. Callaux Belislenoriel De Tinan & Co. 788. Delicourt, 1715. De Sarlay, 1484. Doumerc, 822. Dufour, 483. Genoux, 1714. Germain-Simier, 1246. Gratiot, 854. Guesnu, 250. Houzeau, 878. Lacroix, Brothers, 1636. Lapeyre, Kob, & Co. 1642. Lefevre, 1311. Marion, 609. Mauban & Vincent, 377, 619. Mayer, 624. Meillet & Pichot, 629. Montgolfier, 324. Obry & Co. 334. Odent, 938. Reicl)mann, 1429. Souche Paper- mills Company, 377, 619. Zuber & Co. 1536. India, xvii. Netherlands, Gel & Sons, 61, Portugal, De Tojal, Count, 987A-989. Rome, Miliani, 12. Russia, Aristavkhoff', 359. Fetter & Rabn, 262. Sole- nikotf, 261. Spain, Romany y Miro, 250. Switzerland, Steinlin, 183. Thurneisen, 182. Tuscany, C'nn, Brothers, 68. United States, Belvidere Manufacturing Company, 282, Zollverein (1), Ebart, Brothers, 145, Engelhard & Karth, 417. Fechner, 266. Hoesch & Son, 392. Karcher, 391. Koch, 329. Maniac, 249. Piette, 394, Ruhl & Son, 597, Scliaeller, Otto, & Co. 153. Schuell, 393. Selenka, SUO. (2), Dessaur, 68. Haenle, 47, (3), Fischer, 168. (4), Ranch Brothers, 44. Schaeuffelen, 41, Veiel & Co. 45, (6), Freund, 38, Weber, 43, West, Brothers, 44. See also India Paper. Perforated and Lace Papers. Rice Paper. Btationenj. Paper-Cloth—xvii. Bretnall, 164. China, Shea. Paper-Cutting and Folding Machines—vi. Black, 138. Titcombe, 108. Wilson, 112. See also En- velope-making Machines. Paper-Hangings (Various) — xii. & xv. Cropper, 249. Martin, 249. xviii. Carter, 65. Law, W. & E., 10. XXVI. Archer, 265. Arthur, 303. Ascroft, 304. Barrett, 305. Clarke & Co., 02, Cotterill, Brothers, 149. Crace, 530. Fletcher, E. 84. Fletcher, R. 151. Gaunt & Son, 88. Goddard, 308. Haselden, 95. Helbronner, 123. Heywood & Co., 71. Hinchliflf & Co., 310. Home, 32. Jeflfrey & Co., 326. Law & Sons, 89. Marsden, 527. Newberv, J. & R. 313. Potter, C. H. & E. 74. Richardson, 207. Scott & Co., 300. Simpson, 270. Townsend & Co., 318. Turner & Co., 3i0. Williams & Co., 321. Woolams and Co., 210, 309. Woollams J. & Co., 322. Austria, Spoerlin & Zimmermann, 651. Belgium,'Dev'i^, AQ\. Lefevre, 403. Picard-Masy, 405. China, Hewett & Co. France, Cerceuil, 793. Couder, 1566. Daudrieu, 155. Williams, 742. Hanover, Yienm^, ^. ^i/ssia, Fetter & Rahn, 262. Var- gounin. Brothers, 260, 302, United States, Hart, Montgomery & Co., 260. Howell & Brothers, 48. Sweden, Arondal, 111. Zollverein (1), Arnold, 835. (7), Lamort, 2. Paper-making Machinery—vi. Brewer, C. & W,, 144. Brewer, J. 13-'. Cowan & Sons, 166. Fourdrinier, 100. Lightfoot, 152. Sullivan, 156. Watson, 165. XXII. Makin, 112. i^ra;^ce, Bauchet-Verlinde, 413. Varrall, Middleton & Elwell, 717. Zollverein (1), Wuttig, 151. Paper-ruling Machine—vi. Shaw, 110. Paper-Shades-making Machine—vi. Taylor, 136. Paper Weights (Marble) — Van Diemen's Land, Boyd, 233. Papier-Mache Ware—xxii. Bray, 500. Walton, 701. XXVI. Davies, 129. Gushlow, 37a. Jackson & Sons, 5. Jennens&Bettridge, 187. Spiers cScSon, 70. Welch,150. Austria, Becker and Kronick, 643. Hoffrichter, 644. France, Trouve, 1513. Persia, Abbot. Sweden, Johnson, 64. Zollverein (1), Below, 233. Herford Prison Directors, 721. Hupfer & Walferman, 774. Sommer, 390. (2), Adt, Brothers, 66. Pleisch, 72. (4), Rau & Co., 72. (3), Kindermann, 170. Papier-Mache (Designs for)—xviii. Heaviside, 91. Papyrography—VI. Taylor, 136. xxviii. Barber, 118. Burgess, 119. School for the Indigent Blind, 100. XXIX. Daniel, 170. Herbert, 301. Prideaux, 303. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Hine, 201. Unwin, 22. Jersey and Guernsey, Saunders, 23. Simon, 24. Rome, Livizzana, 14. Sweden and Norway, De Liewen, 32. Parachutes for Mi^-E^—Belgium, Vander Hecht, 475. See also Balloons and Parachutes. Paraffine—II. Young, 7. Paramatta Cloths—xii. & xv. Craven & Harrop, 153. Fowler, Campin & Co., 309. Middleton & Ainsworth, 312. Peel & Co., 164. Belgium, Decock, 221, Parasols. See Umbrellas and Parasols. Parchment—IV. Groves, 131. xvi. Evans & Son, 18. Lever, J. & J. 24. Tomlin, 22. xvii. Saunders, 36. Belgium, Bemand, 478. France, BerthauU, 56. Netherlands, Honig, B. C. & F. 59. Honig & Son, 60. Van Diemen's Land, Button, 172. Zollverein (1), Sondermann, 743, Parian, Articles in—xxv. Boote, T, & R, 11. Hughes, 60, Meigh & Sons, 10, Meyer, T. J, & J., 9, Minton & Co. 1. Rose & Co., 47. Simpson, 33, xxvii. Keene, 10, 27. XXX, (Fine Art Court) Boote, T. & R. 139. Paris White—i. Walker, 120. Park Gates—xxii, Coalbrook Dale Co, 641, (North Transept, 49). Cottam & Hallen, 698 (South Transept). Park Gates, Designs for—xxii. Phillips, 6. Parqueterie Flooring —^z^sfna, Leistler & Son, 633. France, Laurent-Frangois, 1297. Zollverein (1), Beyer & Helntre, 761. Elsholz, 230. (2), Hartmaiui, 73. See also Inlaid Flooring. Parthenon, Athens (Model of the Portico)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Day, 161a. Partitions of Rooms (Model of Partition, to rise from, and sink into the Floor)—vil. Hurst, 66. Pasteboard—^Z^ma, Flechey, 24. Belgium, Dussaert, 407. Henry, 283. France, Beguin, 23. Deuzy, 165. Piques, 1393. Zollverein (1), Biefang, 661. (4), Kaemmerer, 42. Schaeuflfelen, 41. See also Cartonpieri-e. Millboard. Pasteboard Work — France, Bertou, 1084. Cerf & Naxara, 84, Pastel, or Imitation Woad (made from the Chicory Plant)--IV. Saunders & Gatchell, 71. Pastiles—XXIX. Tidmarsh, 111. Patchouly, Essence of—iii. Piesse, 129. Patchwork—XII, & xv. Barnes, 219. xix. Chaplin, 367. Penley, 392. Pathological Illustrations—x. Paxton, 742. Pattern Cards—xii. & xv. Nicholson, 170a. Patterns (Tartan and other) Machine for Inventing—xil. & XV. Stewart, 298. Paul's, St., Cathedral (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) ScoUick, 178. Wilby, 162. (Model of Ball and Cross)—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Kepp & Co., 15. Pavement, Specimensof— (Western End, South Enclosure), Sinclair. Brown, Rusby & Co. Franklin. (Eastern End), Seyssel Asphalte Company. (South or Transept Entrance), Festiniog. vil. Hadley, 91. Pavement, Mosaic, Encaustic, &c.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Wyatt, 30. Pavement, Ornamental—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Pap- worth, 22a. Paving-Stones—Western End, South Enclosure, (Out- side), 17. Brown & Co., 29. Carnegie, 20, Falmouth and Penryn Local Committee, 30. Franklin, 28. Mor- phet, 16. Sharp, 18. Sinclair, 13. i. Carnegie, 198. Dublin Roval Society, 207. Johnstone, 175. Long, 199. Sinclair, 206. vii. Woods, 42. Austria, Cristofoli, 38. Belgium, Soetens, 424. Zamar & Co., 136. China, Ansted, Prof., 38. Tuscany, Giovannini, 99. See also Metallic-Lava Pavement. Paying-machine (for Vessels)—States, Baker, 1. Pearls—Hope, page 849. i. Cowie & Rae, 16. Jamieson, 25. Ceylon. Pearls, Imitation—France, Esfique & Delamare, 1213. Truchy, 1045. Vales, 707. Pearlash—India, i. Pearl Glass Articles—xxvi. Lane, 128. Peas—See Beans and Peas. Green Peas. Peas, Artificial—xxix. Gatti, A. & G., 73a. Pea-Supporter—IX. Stent, 18. Peat and its Products — i. Bagot, 244. Cahill, 222. Cobbold, 228. Evans, 227. Fitzgerald. Rev. 233. Great Peat-working Company of Ireland, 231. Moore, 408. Oxland, 225. Rees,'227. Rogers, 240. iv. Classon, 22. Canada, BoutilHer, 26. ZoUverein (I), Von Mulmann, 319. See also Bog-Wood Furniture, ^c. Pebbles—i. Falmouth & Penryn Local Committee, 88. IV. Rock, 5. Pedometer—x. Payne & Co., 73. Pedomotive or Self-propelling Carriage — v. Dawson, 830. Peel, Sir Robert, The late (Electro Bust of)—Elking- ton & Co. (Bronze Bust of), xxx. (Fine Art Court) Gardie, 261. (Statuettes of), i. Vieille Montagne Mining Company, 437. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Ross, 191. Peel Testimonial, Designs for (Models, &c.)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wilson, 327. Pegs (to hold Papers, &c.)—xxviii. Begent, 110. Pegs, Shoe—^ee Shoe Pegs. Pemettoforo (Machine for carrying heavy Burdens)— Tuscany, Turchini, 55. Pen and Ink Drawings — Por^^^oaZ, Da Silva, 1296, 1297. Godinho, 1253. Pencils—Austria, Hardmuth, 381. France, Gilhext & Co. 238, 847. See also Black-Lead Pencils. Pencils (Ever-pointed)—i. Brockedon, 65. ii. Stevens, 74. XXII. Hague, 226a. Pendulum, New Mode of Suspending (Model)—x. Vul- liamy, 700. Pendulum Regulator—i^m?ice,Moriceau & Cayeux,328. Penholders—XXII. Bidle, 297. Mitchell, J. 339 Mitchell W. 328. Penmanship (Specimens of)—xvii. Caflfry, 167. Gardner, 199. Wilson, 178. xxx. (Fine Art Court), Salt- marsh, 34.')A. Austria, Greiner, 374a. Schutz, 375. France, Berliner, 52. United States, Dunlop, 483. Stanton, 367. Pens, Glass—xxiv. Cogan, 26. United States, Parsh, 588. Pens, Metallic—ii. Stevens, 74. viii. Walker, 242. xxn. Gillott, 324. Hincks & Co., 326. Kell, A. & Co., 327. Knight & Foster, 689, 694. Mitchell, J., 339. Mitchell, W., 328. Myers & Son, 338. Perry & Co., 687. Windle & Blyth, 668. France, Blanzy, Poure & Ci>. 28. See also Gold Pens. Steel Pens, Machine for making. Pepper—ii. London Druggists, 117. Barhadoes. India, iii. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. Portugal, 445a. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Timw, 101, 149. Turkey. Van Biemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T., 27. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Weston,!. Seea\soMatico. Pepper-grinding Mills—vi. Fieldhouse & Co., 443. Peppermint, Crystallized—Sardinia, Saluce, 10. Peppermint, Oil of—xxix. Short, 129. United <S^a^es, Hotchkiss, 156. Percolator—XXIV. Freeman, 48. Percussion Caps—viii. Fairman, 233. Joyce & Co., 277. Walker, R., 242. Walker, S. & Co., 284. Austria, Sellier & Bellott, 122. France, Givelot & Lemaire, 519. ZoUverein (1), Dreyse & CoUenhusch, 638. Percussion-Cap Machinery—Netherlands, Goossens, 77. Perforated Blinds, Zinc—i. Jack, 437a. Perforated and Lace Papers—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Mossman, 204, France, Devrange, 1188. Perforated Plates (for marking Linen)—xvii. White- man, 51. Perfumes and Perfumery—iv. Barker & Co., 62. XXVIII. Gosnell & Co., 55. Ross & Sons, 6^. xxix. Ede & Co., 18. Faiers, 26. Fisher & Co., 22. Gal- braith, 17. Grossmith, 13. Hendrie, 10. Kendall & Co., 25. Low & Co., 30. Payne, 29. Rimmel, 3. Rowland & Sons, 1. Wharry, 27. Algeria, Mercurin, 37. Simouuet, 51. Ceylon, —. Egypt, 135-137. France, Bertou, 1084. Bleuze, 1091. Gelle & Co., 845. Landon & Co., 1290. Leistner, 908. Mero, 1356. Oger, 939. ThoUon, 1701. Tunis, 83. United States, Bash), 36. Hauel, 40. Zo/Zyerem (1), Kendall, 422. Lipp, 658. ^ee also Dis- tilled IVaters. Eau de Cologne. Roses, Otto of. Periphans (for the Study of Astronomy)—x. Baker, 354. Cox, 347. Persian Powder (for destroying Insects)—Russia, n. n. 146. Perspective, Illustrations of—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Herdman, 3-1 3a. Perspective-Drawing Machine—x. Anderson, 403. Perspective Rulers—Austria, Vienna Polytechnic In- stitute, 130. Peruvian Bark, Alkaloids from—ZoUverein (^Q'), Koch, 7. Pestachio Powder—m. Piesse, 129. Peter, St., Statue of (in canopied Niche) — xxvii. Lane and Lewis, 53. Petrifactions (& Petrified Wood)—i. Home, 17. XXVI. Clarke, 179. Egypt, 6. India, i. United States, Davidson, 561. St. Domingo, Schomburgk, Sir R. Petroleum—India, i. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 2, 10-14. Pewter Articles—v. Stocker, S. & G., 422. xxn. Watts & Harton, 557. France, Robert & Co., 1440. India, i. Austria, Hirsche, 436. Phaeton-Hood Lifter—viii. Beadon, 90. Phantasmagoria—x. Carpenter & Westley, 270. Or- chard, 161. United States, Langenheim, 62. Pharmaceutical Apparatus—France, Leperdriel, 307. ZoUverein {\), Arnoldi, 778, Seel, 483. See also Che- mical and Philosophical Apparatus. Surgical Ap- paratus. Pharmaceutical Products—II. 1 to 123. See Chemical Preparations. Phenakisticope—ZoUverein (5), Albert, 23. Philosophical Instruments—Finance, Collott, Brothers, 1155. Delvil,l60. Grosse, Brothers, 529. Laur, 567. Switzerland, Favre, 11. United States Erricsson, 146. See also Astronomical Instruments. Barometers. Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus. Magnetic Dip, ^c, Instruments. Magnets. Mathematical In- struments. Microscopes. Thermometers. Phonetic Short-Hand Printing—xvii. Pitman, 197. Phonicon—Austria, Ceiveny, 157. Phonographic and Phonotyphic Alphabets—xvii. Pitman, 197. Phosphorus—i^rance, Coignet & Son, 1153. Spain, Concha, 49. Zollverein (1), Pauli, 328. Photographic Self-registering Magnetic and Me- teorological Apparatus—X. Brooke, 144. Zollverein (5), Strauch, 33. Photographs and Photographic Apparatus. See also Daguerreotype Apparatus. Daguerreotype (or Photographic) Pictures. Photometers—X. Edge, 702. xxii. Edge, 441. Phrenological Busts (in Miniature)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bally, 173. Physical Instrubients — Zollverein (1), Breithaupt & Sons, 670. See also Philosophical Instruments. Sur- gical Instruments. Pianofortes (including Models) — x. Addison, 487. Aggio, 488. Akerman,490. Allison, 480, 483. Bains- mead, 474. Broadwood & Sons, 518 (Main Avenue, West). Cadby,471. Collard & Collard, 168 (Main Avenue, West). Deacock, 473. Dimoline, 489. En< never & Steedman, 479. Greiner, 468. Harrison, 464a. Harwar, 493a. Holdernesse, 482, Hopkin- son, J. & J., 500. Hund & Son, 486. Hunt, 477a. Jenkins & Son, 484. Jones, 481. Kirkman & Son, 467. Mathews, 550. Metzler,475. Moore & Co., 476. Mott, 498. Oetzmann & Plumb, 683. Peachey, 502. Rolfe & Sons, 472. Smyth & Roberts, 491. Southwell, 469. Stodart & Son, 470. Tootal and Brown, 706. Towns & Packer, 494. WooUey, 493. Wornum, 499. XXVI. Grace, 530. Jennens & Bettridge, 187 (Main Avenue, West), Austria, Deutschmann, 141d. Hoxa, 141e. Pottje, 141A. Schneider, 140 Seuffert, 141b. Vlasky, 141. Belgium, Aerts, 186. Berden, 174. Deflfaux, 188. Jastrzebski, 176. Sternberg, 180. Vogelsangs, 181. Canada, Herbert, 18a. Denmark, Hornung, 30. i^raHce, Aucher, 404. Bord, 1099. Colin, 103. Cropet 131. Debain, 1172. Detir & Co., 475. Domeny, 477. Erard, 497. Franche, 1234. Hardeng,335. Herz, 1268. Kleinjasper, 1633. Mercier, 633. Montal, 1665. Pape, 943. Roller & Blanchet, 1687. Scholtus, 14S2. Soufletto, 1699, 1731. Zelger, 747. Hamburgh, Baumgardten & Hains, 12. Rumms, 14. Schorder, 13. Luheck, Lunau, 6. JVetherlands, Cuijpers, 95. JVova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Russia, Lilitental, 172. Sweden, Rosenwall, 62. Switzerland, Frey, 82. Hueni & Hubert, 87. Kuetzingj 89. Sprechar & Baer, 103. United States, Chickering, 458. Gilbert & Co., 435. Hems, 438. Meyer, 59. Nunns & Clark, 374. Pir- son, 90. ZoZZyemVi (1), Adam, 487. Bessalie, 71. Gerhard, 487. Guricke, 73. Heitemeyer, 486. Klems, 595. Scheel, 668. Westermann & Co., 80. Zeitter & Winkelman, 709. (3), Breitkopf & Haertel, 25. (4), Dieudonne & Bladel, 20. Doerner, 21. Lipp, 22. Schiedmayei' & Sons, 23. (6), Kuehust, 20. Schotts & Sons, 25. Pianoforte Case Bedstead—xxvi. Mummery, 292. Pianoforte Frames, Strings, &c.—x. Erard, 496. Newcomb, 672a. Turnbull, 500a. Austria, VVilhelm,142. France, Fortin-Boutellier, 484. Pianoforte and Harmonium—x. Lnff & Son, 477. Pianoforte-makers' Tools—xxi, Matliieson, 32. PiANO-ViOLiNO—United States, Hale, 533. Pickles and Preserves—in. Batty & Feast, 116. Payne & Son, 22. Van Diemen's Land, Haines, 298-303. Picture Frames—iv. Samuels, 21a. xix. Burton, 117. XXIV. Beningfield, 45. xxvi. Alexander, 99. Burton, 77. Gillow, & Co., 186. Grundy, 121. Hanson & i Sons, 197. Hay, J. & J. 100. Hold, 85. Moxon, 252. Nicoll, 182. Nunn, 228. Ponsonby, 199. Richard- son, C. J., 207. Squire, 273. Thomas, 275. Wallace, 2. Wliitcombe, 211a. Jones, 7. xxix. Rankin & Lear, 302. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Kehoe, 90, Ross & Thomson, 299. Austria, Kolbel, 645a. Pauller, 649. France, Bouguillard, 777. Clerget, 799. Lemercier, 587. Lesecq, 592. Lombard, 913. Saintin, 69 L Servais, 1012. Hamburgh, Kor\a.\v, 63. Mexico. Madeira, Read, 1. Rome, 40-47. Van Diemen's Land, Hood, 126, 127, 129. Marriott, 128. Zollverein (1), Gebauhr, 848. Kersten, 243. (4), Lette- meyer, 75. Vetter and Erno, 74. (6), Wenderlein, 55. See also Miniature Frames. Picture Models—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Barritt, 339. Picture Printing—See Printing in Colours. Picture-supporting Mouldings—xxii. Potts, 323. Pictures and Transparencies (Undescribed)—France, Poget, 1677. Zollverein (1), Trumpelmann, 789. Pier-Glasses. See Looking-Glasses, Piers for Bridges, &c. (Model) — vii. Morrell, 59. Sankey, 32. Pill-making Machines—France, Viel, 1047. Zollverein (1), Pokorny, 79. Pillows, Spring—xxvi. Board, 240. Pinchbeck Rings—Austria, Kranowither, 463. Pins—xxii, Edelsten & Williams, 336, Goodman, 335. xxix. Chambers, 297. James, 295. Kirby, Beard, & Co., 96. Austria, Strunz, 477. i^mnce, Vantillard & Co., 1517. Malta, Falson, 25. Zollverein (1), Reinecker and Co., 404. Pin-Sticking Machine—vi. lies, 61. Pine-Needle Wool (for Wadding)—Zollverein (1), Fa- bian, 95. Pine-Tree Fungus—Canada, Macculloch, 186. Pipe-Clay—I. 127a. Pike, W. & J., 102, Whlteway & Co., 90. India, i. Turkey. Pipe Fittings and Joints—vii. Martin, 25. xxii. Mitchell, 611. Pipes, Cast-iron, Mould-making Machine for—vi. Stewart & Co. 238. Pipes for Drainage, Gas, and Water—vi. Stewart & Co. 238. IX. Craig & Co, 262a. Mapplebeck & Low, 131. X, Wishaw,'419. xxn. Hodges, 519. Kenrick & Sons, 360a. Canada, Ferguson, 164. See also Tubes 8f Tubing. Pipes, Draining, Machines for Making—ix. Clayton, 47. United States, Leroy, 586. See also Brick and Tile Machines. Pipes, Glass. See Glass Pipes, Tubing, Sfc. Pipes for Smoking. See Meerschaums, Smoking Pipes. Tobacco Pipes. Pipes for Warming Buildings by Hot Water—ix. Weeks & Co. 248a. Piques (Printed)—^»s^n"a, Liebisch, 188. Winter, 180. Pistols, See Guns, Sfc. Pistons for Musical Instruments—France, Courtois, 130. Pistons for Steam Engines—v. Thornton & Son, 490. X. Gillett, 79b. Pit-Chains — viii. Brown, Lenox & Co. 61. Parkes, 108. XXII. Edge, 51. Pit-Frames—xxii. Edge, 51. See also Mine-Shaft Ap- paratus. Pitch—Portugal, 459. Trinidad, Liird Harris, 1, 3-8. Turkey. Pith Models —xxx. (Fine Art Court) Clifford, 222. Cossens, 25. Limeuse, 1 79. Plaids, of all kinds—xii. & xv. Brunton & Co. 230. Clapperton, T. & G. 193. Clay &Sons, 136. Cross, 202, Dalrymple, 240. Dicksons & Laings, 234. Dixon, R. & T. 187. Gibson, 132. Halley, 470. Johnston, 274. Lees, R. & G. 192. Morgan & Co. 299. Reid & Son, 481. Renwick, T. & A. 233. Robertson, J. & J. 301, Sanderson, R. & A. 196. Schwann, F. 115. Schwann, Kell & Co. 141, Sime & Co, 195. Sinclair, 467. Tolson & Sons, 116. Watson, J.&A.477. Willaris&Co.257. xx. Wigham&Co.85. Planes—XXI. Ibbotson, 27. King & Co. 5. Canada, Wallace, 147. See also Planing Machines. 'Pi.AN^rARixJM—Switzerland, Masser, 95. United States, Barlow, 69. Planimeters (for calculating Area of Plane Figures) — X. Sang, 338. Switzerland, Goldschmid, 84. Zollverein (I), Ausfeld, 704. Planing-machines —VI. Furness, 401. Sliauks, 210. Sharp, Brothers, 204. Thomson, 430. Whitvvorth & Co. 201. France, Sautreuil, 1474. Zolluerein (1), Moser & Co. 861. Planing-machines (for Metals)—yi. Parr & Co. 6, 213. Planing-machines, Steam Engines for—v. Erskine, 100. Planispheres—X. MoUison, 585. Plantagenet Guard Razors—xxi. Stewart. & Co. 21. Plantain Yibke,—British Gwiana, Davison, 77. Netsclier, 78. India, iv. xiv. Gold Coast Sj- Ashantee. Spain, Vinas, 160. Plantain Fruit—iii. Colquhoun, 13. Plantain Meal—British Guiana, Netscher, 8-11. Davison, 12. Garnett, 13, 14. Planting-Line (Garden)—ix. Padwick, 215. Plants, Closed Cases for the Growth of—x. Ward, 664 (North Transept). Plants, Specimens of—North Transept, Loddiges &Sons. II. Kent, 90. x. Ward, 664 (North Transept). Canada, Ashton, 355. Spain, 117. South Australia, Hallett & Sons, 5, Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkey. See also Botanical Specimens. Plant-Watering Machine—ix. Kennedy, 20Sc. Plaster Casts, Statues, Models, &c. (Various)— Bell, page 847. Forrest, page 849. Leifchild, page 851. Panormo, page 850. Sibson, page 852. xxx. (Fine Art Corat) Brodie, 159. Burns & Palmer, 21. Colley, 121. Fox, 29a. Gushlow, 223. Harmer, 56. Peppercorn, 356. Richardson, 133. Smith, 211. Smith, F. S. 170. xxx. (Sculpture Court) Gallagher, 43. Hughes, 3, Kirk, 25. Lawlor, 22. Summers, 32, Belgium, Follet, 426. Geefs, 451. Denmark, Jerichau, 39 (Main Avenue, East). France, Du Seigneur, 187. Etex, 1215. Imlin, 543. Simon, 1015. Hamburgh, Engelhard, 96. Rome, Trentanove 31. Tuscany, Papi, 116. United States, Chickerinj^, 555. Zo/Zi'em;i (1), Cauer, 431. Drake, 273. Eichler, 272. Franz, 283. Barrel & Lauchhammer, 852. Kalide, 285. Krausz, 879. Sondermann, 288. (2), Foltz, 94. Halbig, 84. Knoll, 88, (3), Rietshel, 185. Plaster of Paris—i. Blyth & Jacobs, 131. White & Sons, 130. See also Cement, Roman, Sfc. Plaster Stone—Egypt, 7. Plasters (Membrane)—x. Puckridge, 609. Plastic Casts (in imitation of metal)—xxviii. Tate, 162. Plastic Earth—Belgium, De Fen are, 15. Plastic Work (Tableau of Rural Fete at Castle Florence), —Zollverein (1), Sonnenberg Association of Manufac- turers, 804, Plate-Glass—XXIV. Chance & Co. 22 (Main Avenue, West). Harley and Co. 100 (Main Avenue, East). Swindon, 4 (North Transept), xxvi, Thames Plate- Glass Works, 399 (Main Avenue, West). Zollverein (1), Hohrig, 768. Willmanns, 209. Plate - Glass Grinding and Polishing Table —vi. Bessemer, 400, Plate, Gold and Silver. -See Gold 8f Silver Ware, Plate-Warmer—XXII. Roper & Son, 399. Plated-Ware—XXII. Clayton, 142. Hardy, 131. Sobey, 685. XXIII. Bradbury & Son, 36. Cartwright & Hiron, 30. Creswick, T. J. & N. 45. Dixon & Sons, 38. Gray, 101. Owen & Levick, 44. Spurrier, 28. XXIV. Pinkerton, 5, Russia, Petz, 292. Switzerland, Baatard, 235. Zollverein (1), Wolff & Erbsloh, 656. (4), Bruckmann & Sons, 65. Rau & Co. 72. Platilles Royales—Zollverein (1), Alberti, Brothers, 23!. Platinum—I. Johnson & Matthey, 477, Playing Cards—xvii. Whitaker, 49. xxx. (Fine Ait Court) Baetens, 212. Austria, Steiger, 374. Belgium, Daveluy, 448. Denmark, Holmblad, 27. France, Blaquiere, 1552. Hulot, 882. Sweden, Huerlin, 113. Zollverein (^5), Wuest, 14. (6), Fromraann, 39. Renter, 40. Schnapper, 42, Playing Cards, Miniature—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Baetens, 212. Ploughs—ix. Abbot, 55. Alcock, 27. Alexander, 198. Armitage & Co. 38a. Ball, 132. Barker, 230. Bar- rett & Co. 128. Bentall, 217. Busby, 15. Clark, 99. Comins, 143. Cottam & Hallen, 109a. Cross- kill, 135. Drummond & Sons, 49. Dufour & Co. 124a. Fenv/ick De Porquet, 202, Garrett & Sons, 142. Grant & Co. 267. Gray & Sons, 150. Halstead & Sons, 106. Harkes, 23. Hayward, 114. Hensman & Co. 149. Howard, J. & F., 240. Jordan, 9lA. Law, 94. Lay cock, 134. Low, 264. Lowcock, 28. Ponton, 104. Ransomes & May, 124. Ritchie, W. & J., 224. Samuelson, 185. Sellar & Son, 85. Sewell&Co. 107. Slight, 42. Smith, 256. Squires, 144. Stuart, 268. Wanen, 257. Wedlake & Co., 127. Williams, 151. WiUoughby D'Eresby, Lord, 195. Wilkie &Co. 21. xxix. Wantless, 266. Austria, Prince Lobkowitz' Agricultural Implement Manufactory, 124. Belgium, Berckmans, 170. Delstanehe, 510. Denis, 160. D'Omalius, 171. Dufour, 159. Odeur, 169. Ro- medenne, 165. Van Made, 168. Verbist, 162. Cana(/a, Fleck, 92. Hulbert, 91. Egypt, 17^. France, Alboy, 3. Andre & Count De Brono-Bronski, 1054. Bazin, 416. Bodin, 426. Bonnet, 1095. Lebert, 569. Pardoux, 341. Seguy, 372. Talbot, Brothers, 1028. India, ix. Netherlands, Jenken, 74. Switzerland, Gisin, 72. United States, Allen & Co. 97. Hall & Spear, 255. Prouty & Mears, 404, 413. Rogers, 258. Starbuck, 91. Thompson, 26. Zollverein (6), Hesse-Darmstadt Board of Agriculture, 13. See also Drill-Ploughs, Dynamostater. Ploughs, Draining—ix. Ferguson, 214. Fowler, 28a. Ploughs, Steam—IX. Usher,123A. Willoughby D'Eresby, Lord, 195. Ploughing, &c., Machine—xxvi. Lyon, 30. Plug for Ships' Boats—viii. Parker, 67. Robinson, 68a. Thompson,"65. Plumbago—South Africa, Calf, 55. India, i. New Brunswick, Gould, 3. United States, Clingman, 358. Richards, 357. Zollverein (2), Kapeller, 28. Plumbago Crucibles—Belgium, Coste, 397. Plum-pudding Stones (for Crucibles, &c.) — Belgium, Marchin Communal Commission, 396. Plushes (for Hats,&c.)—xii. & xv. Baughen, Brothers, 183. xiii. Booth & Pyke, 63. Evans, 60. xx. Ashton & Sons, 52. Taylor & Co., 127. Austria, Schipper, 269. France, Barth, Massing & Plichon, 21. Brisson, Bro- thers, 1117. Courte, 1164. Couturier & Renault, 98. Donat & Co. 1193. Martin & Casimir, 612. Massing, Brothers, 333. Thibert & Adam, 1037. Russia, Lorteff, 204. Sardinia, Guillot & Co. 41. United States, Dumont, 287. Zollverein (1), Andreae, 360. Bachoven & Vollsch- witz, 830. Kauffmann, 117. Lehmann, 136. Meyer, Max, & Co. 133. Oehme, 116. Scheibler & Co. 534. (2), Knorr, 38. Simon, 37. Plymouth Breakwater and Lighthouse (Model)— VII. Stuart, 28 (Main Avenue, West). Pocket Knives—/See Cutlery. Pois Cnjcnii—Egi/pt, 43, 95, 97. Pneumatic Instruments—x. Ladd, 291a. Taylor, 466. Pneumatic Governor (Lariviere'sPatent)—v. Tuck, 200. Pocket-Books—XVII. Schlesinger & Co. 38. Widnall 52. Ionian Islands, Seaton, Lord, 5. Zollverein (1), Sommer, 878. (6), Haas & Co., 62. Pocket Protector—xx. Shinton, 75. Polishes (Harness, &c.)—xxvui. Harris, S. & H., 117. United States, M'Lenau, 252. See also Blacking and Boot Varnish. Polishing Powders—i. Flather & Haden, 80. Polychromatic Decorations (Designs for)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Pullan, 265. Pomegranates—T^/u's, 135. Pontoons—602i7e(/ States, Armstrong, 219. Poplins—XI. Lowthiau & Parker, 22. xii. &xv. Aikinson & Co 25G. Bolingbroke, C. & F., 311. Clabburns & Son, 2S4. Fry & Co. 267. Hindc, E. & F. 313. Jones, 263. Middleton & Ainsvvortb, 312. Pirn & Co. 255. Reynolds, 266. Townend, 175. xiii. Carter & Co. 30. Gregson & Brien, 14. xix. Irish Work Society, 77. Russia, Goutchkolf, 189. Porcelain Friezes-xxvii. Minton, H. & Co. 86. Porcelain Letters — xxv. Earnsbaw & Greaves, 24. Lee, 48. Porcelain Paintings—i^rawce, Nurgat, 1504a. Simonet, 375. Tuscany, Fontina, 122. Zollverein (I), Schade, 680. (2), Schmidt, 92. (3), Backer, 176. Porcelain Paper—France, Bondon, 63. Porcelain Ware—x. Edwards, 438. xxv. Aleock & Co. 7. Bell & Co. 26. Brown, T, & M. L., 45. Clementson, 8. Copeland, 2. Dimmock, 12. Finch, 38. Grainger, 46. Keys & Mountford, 14. Minton &Co. 1. Pindar & Co. 15. Ridgway & Co. 5. Rose &Co. 47. Wedgwood & Sons, 6. xxvi. Gillow & Co. 186. Minton & Co. 531. xxvii. Rufford, 89. Austria, Bagatti, 616. Fischer, C, 617. Fischer, M., 618. Haas, 619. Haidinger, Brothers, 620. Hubner, 622. Kriegel & Co. 623. Nowotny, 625. Portheim, 626. Quast, 627. Vienna Imperial Porcelain Manu- factory, 615. Zascha, 628. Belgium, Cappellemans & Daboust, 393. De Fuisseaux, 400. China, Lindsay. Monteiro. Reeves. Denmark, Copenhagen Royal Porcelain Manufactory, 33. Egypt, 381. JVa?ice, Bapterosses, 409. Bettignies, 1086. Boquet, 1098. Boudon, 432. Colville, 802. De Serionne, Loin & Co. 1483. Foulques, 1602. Gille, 848. Honore, 877. Jacob Petit, 1629. Jacobber,27l. Jolly,277. Lachas- sagne, 1286. Laboche, 1287. Laurent, 563. Peyroulx, 1676. Piedagnel, 1390. Valin, 708. Portugal, Pinto Basto & Co. 1047-1104. Zollverein (1), Berlin Royal Prussian Porcelain Manu- factory, 213. Conta & Boehme, 815. Goebel, 808. Henneberg & Co. 772. Loeff, 192. Tielsch & Co. 219. Ungerer, 241. (2), Kymphenburg Royal Por- celain Manufactory, 64. Porcelain Ware, Raw Materials used in the Ma- nufacture OF—xxv. Minton & Co. 1. China, Kiaing-tiht Cliing's Porcelain Works. France, Denuelle, 1183. Porcelain Ware (Semi, or Chemical)—xxv. Grainger, 46. Porphyry—Wallis, page 853. i. Barry & Barry, 178. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 7. Gumming, 195. Gelling, 139. Falmouth & Penryn Local Committee, 163. Hicks, 164. Jenkins & Stick, 170. Meredith, 141, Nicholls, 162. Rodd, 169. Whitley, 165. Greece, 46. Sweden, Elfdahls Works, 47. Porrographes—France, Recy, 1423. Porte-Monnaies—Zollverein (1), Sommer, 818, C2), Hischolf k Co. 98. Portfolios—xvi. James, 40. xvii. Hood, 157. xxvi. McCullum & Hodson, 13G. Zollverein (2), Bischolf & Co. 98. (6) Klein, Reisser, & Co., 86. Portfolio Brackets and Stands—xvii. Rick man, 194. XXVI. Hindley & Co. 266. Portland Cement—/See Cement, lioman, Sfc. Portmanteaus--See Trunks, Sfc. Portland Vase, Copies, &c. of the—xxv. Boote, T, & R., 11. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Copland, 136. Holmer, 231. Postage stamp Expedient—xvii. Gill, 12. Postage-Stamps—ira^ice, Meillet & Pichot, 629. Potash (Potass, Potassium, or Barilla)—ii. Bullock & Co., 37. Howards & Kent, 11. France, Anthelme, 1541. India, i. Sardinia, Selopis, 4. Spain, 37, 42, 45. Turkey, Tuscany, Riston, 42a. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T., 334. Potash, Acetate of—Portugal, 75. Potash, Bichromate of—ii. Dentith, 8 (Main Avenue, West). India, i. Sweden and Norway, Leeren Manufactory, 39. Potash, Chloride of—ii. Watt, 32. France, Cournerie & Co., 462. Potash, Chromate of—India, i. Potash, Cyanate os—Zollverein (V), Kunheim, 13. Potash, Ferro-cyanide of—ii. Bramwell & Co., 27. Austria, Braun, 21. Potash, Hydro-iodinic—ZoZZuerein (-J), Bonz & Son, 2. Potash, Iodine of—France, Conrad, 1156. Cournerie & Co., 462. Jersey and Guernsey, Arnold, 33, Potash, Muriate of—ii. Ward, J., 89. Ward, Smith, & Co., 54. Austria, Wagenmann & Co., 19. Potash, Nitrate of—ii. Hills, 23. India, i. Spain, Paulo y Bartolini, 44. Potash, Prussiate of—ii, Bramwell & Co., 27, Hur- let & Campsie Alum Company, 13. France, Coignet & Son, 1153. Russia, Brusghin, 29. Schlippe, 27. Zollverein (1), Cochius, 12. Guthell & Co., 459. Krimmelbein & Bredt, 457. Pauli, 328, Prussian Chemical Manufactory, 683. Potash, Sulphate of—ii. Ward, 89. Ward, Smith, & Co., 54. Watt, 32. France, Cournerie & Co., 462. Potash, Tartar oy—Portugal, Ferreira, 33, 34. Garland & Co., 39. Leal, 32. Serzedello & Co., 38. Potato-Flour—III. St. Etienne, 138. Belgium, Blyckaert, 78. Docquir & Parys, 68. Van Bunen, 74. France, Lebleis, 570. Le Paisant, 590. Netherlands, Schoneveld & Westerbaan, 13. Visser & Co,, 15. Russia, Abasheff, 331. Zollverein (1), Eipenschleid, 330. Farthmann, 16. Wahl, 332. Weerth, 333. Welcker, 331. Potato-germ Extractor—ix. Stewart & Co., 213. Potato-Roaster—xxii. Loysell, 488, Potatoes (Preserved)—Canada, Brunsden & Shipton, 128. Russia, Abasheff, 331. Potatoes, Preparations from—Sweden, Lundgren, 100, Potato-Starch—Canada, Brunsden & Shipton, 128. Russia, Yug-ghenson, 72, Zollverein (I), Loburg Manufactory, 694, Paetsch, 18. Uechtritz; 21. (6), Hofmann, 14. Potters' Flint and Colour-mill—vi. Fourdrinier, 100. Pottery (Various)—i. Buller, 128. Methven & Sons, 126. Roake, 60. xxvii. Bowers & Co., 104. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. India, xxv. Sivitzerland, Ziegler-Pellis, 260. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein (1), Villeroy & Boch, 361. See also Earthen- ware and China. Porcelain-ware. P ottery-clay. Stone-ware. Pottery-Clay—i. Browne, 109. Burnett, 106. Ennis- killen. Earl of, 116. Fahie, 129. Fayle & Co., 100. Grimsley, 105. Hodgson, Sir G., 123. Jenkins & Courtne}^, 93, Martyn, 107. Michell, 110. Minton & Co., 97. North Devon Pottery Company, 127. Phillips, 101. Phippard, 113. Pike, W. & J. 102. Pease, 122. Thriscutt, 94, Truscott, 104. Wandes- forde, Hon. C, 111. West of England China, Stone, & Clay Company, 103, Wheeler & Co., 108. White- way & Co., 90. Whitley, 95. China, Ansted, Prof., 38. Egypt, 12. Turkey. Zollverein (8), Leicher, 6. Nassau Government Engi- neers of Mines, 1. Pottery Kilns—xxv. Ridgway, 625, Pottery Printing—xxv. Potts, 49. Pottery Printing-presses—vi. Fourdrinier, 100. Pottery Tissue-paper—vi. Fourdrinier, 100. xvii. Lamb, 147. Poultry-troughs—ix. Wishaw, 59. Powder-barrel—viii. Slater, 78. Powder and Shot Flasks—viii. luskip, 227. xxii. Dixon &Sons, 797. France, Boche, 769. India, viii. See also Shot Belts, Pouches, Sfc. Powder-magazines for Maritime Purposes—viii. Bearfoot, 274. Power-engine Meters—x. Brown, 335. Power-looms (Including Models)—vi. Bullougb, 12. Chalmers, 32. Crichton, 35. Elliott & Hayes, 50. Harrison, 18. Hibberf, Piatt, & Sons, i. Mason, 10. Milligan, 38. Parker & Co., 77. Reed, 85. France, Dorey, 823. Fromage, 219. United States, Lowell Machine-shop, 447. Precious Stones—Hope, page, 849. i. Balleras, Bonitto, & Paris, 4. Macdonald, 20. Majendie, 28, xxil. Goode & Boland, 294. xxin. Garrard, R, & S., 98, Hunt & Roskell, 97. Morel & Co., 117. Phillips, Brothers, 87. Tbistlethwayte, 24. Austria, Lobkowitz, Prince of, 16. Schonborn, Count of, 15. Ceylon. France, Lenrionnier, 304. New Brunswick. India, i. xxiii. New Granada, 1. Balleras, 3. Bonitto, 5. Paris, 4. Turkey. United States, Feutchwanger, 469. Van Diemen's Land, Kemp, 320, Milligan, 316-319, Zollverein (1), Rumann, 10. Weishaupt & Sons, 412. William, 207. (4), Faist & Steinhaeuser, 64.^ See also Diamonds. Emeralds. Pearls. Precious Stones, Imitation—xxiii. Henrys & Co., 131. Austria, Bigaglia, 600. Blaschka & Sons,*601. Pazeit, 603. Pfeiffer, 604, Sander, 607. France, Henri, 871. Savary & Mosbach, 368. Switzerland, Massy, 222. Veret, 223. Zollverein (1), Weber, 325. (6), Wagner, 52. Precipice Climbing Apparatus—viil Hubbard, 180. Preparations from the Torpedo— Tuscany, Prof. Ca- lamia, 69a. Preserved Fruits—>See Fruits, dried and preserved. Preserved Flowers—iv. Stevens, 3, Preserved Pitcher-Plants—iv. Cook, 2a. Preserved Provisions. See Provisions, Preserved. Press (Undescribed)—France, Meurant, Brothers, & Wil- lemin, 1659. Press-papers—xvii. Hamer, 84. Hastings & Mellor, 85. Pressure Gauge—v. Bursal 1, 753. Preston Hall (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Thomas, 235 a. Prince Albert's Mirror—viii. Beadon, 90. Printed Fabrics (Cambrics, Muslin, Linen, Silk, &c.)— XIV. Devon & Co. 34. Tee & Son, 37. xviii. Bradwell & Adams, 40. Gourlie & Sons, 52. xix. Bright & Co., 115. Burch, 115. India, XYiii. Portugal, Miranda & Co., 728-747. United States, Reed, Chadwick, & Dexter, 400. See also Calico Printing. Printed Fabrics (Designsfor)—xviii. Bridges, 79. Cad- man, 74. Fletcher, 69. Green, 70a. Hobbs, 83. Jarvie, 82. Kay, 68. Smith, 89. Waterson, 67. XIX. Harvey, 197. Austria, Hartmann, 742. Pra^ice, Barbe, 1068. Chatel, 118. Didier, 820. Gat- tiker, 841. Henry, 1267. Laroche, 291. Naze, Son, & Co., 625. Picard, 347. Queru & Co. 1415. Trouillier, 466. Walwein, 737. Printers' Counting-machines—x. Greaves, 503. Printers' Frames—xvii. Gallard, 11. Printers' Ink—Zollverein (S), Hardegen, 7. Jagodzinsky, 8. (5), Baldenecker, 12. (6), Petri, 41. Printers' Page Markers—Belgium, Mackintosh, 471. Printers' Rollers—5^<;^^^er/an^/, Lendenmann, 232. Printing, Anastatic—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cowell, 38. Printing Apparatus—vi. Cooke, 118. ^See also Com- posing Frames. Composing Machine. Printing Cases—xxix. Napier, 262. Printing, Chinese—Zo/Zyem";j (1), Beyerhaus, 144. Printing, Colours for—xvii. Caslon & Co., 78. Printing in Colours—xvii. Fisher, 10. Hodson, 166. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Baxter, 115. Cundall & Addey, 112. Dicks, 68. Jones, 54. Kronhein, 40. Melton, 297. Printing, Decorative—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Hum- phreys, 50. ^ Printing, Letter-press (Specimens of )—xvii. Bagster & Sons, 87. Bradbury & Evans, 136. De la Rue & Co., 76. Evans, 113. Harrison & Sons, 212. Leighton, J. & J., 24. Owen, 180. Silverlock, 40. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Harris, 244. Myers, 117. Austria, Vienna Imperial Court and Government Print- ing-Office, 362. Canada, Bureau & Marcotti, 192. i^ra?2ce, Battenherg, 1070. Chardon & Son, 116. Friry & Riga, 1237. Gauthier, 234. Guesnu, 250. Meyer, 637. National Printing-Office, Paris, 544. Silber- mann, 374. India, xvii. Netherlands, Noordendorp, 110. United States, Walker & Co., 123. "Whiting, 556. Zollverein (1), Decker, 148. Engel, 885. Liepmann, 147. iMoester & Kuhn, 156. Wagner, 155. (3), Hirschfeld, 180. Meinhold & Sons, 181. (5), Bauer & Krebs, 13. See also Type. Typography. Printing-machines—vi. Cowper, 134. Hopkinson & Cope, 162. Ingram, 122. Napier & Son, 158. Nel- son, 120. Sherwin & Co., 104. Ullmer, 121. Water- low & Sons, 1 64. China, Astell & Co. Zollverein (2), Reichenbach, 102. See slso Label Printing-Machines. Printing on Metallic Surfaces — xvii. Arliss & Tucker, 55. xxii. Abate, 265. Printing, Music—See Music Printing. Printing, Ornamental—xvii. Gill,'lG0. Ramsay, 187. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wilson, 44. Canada, Starke & Co. 191. Printing, Phonetic Short-hand—xvii. Pitman, 197. Printing Presses and Machines—v. Ransomes & May, 640. vi. Clymer & Dixon, 124. Cobb, 150. Cowslade & Lovejoy, 91. Harrild & Son, 157. See also Type. Printing on Tinfoil—xvii. Arliss and Tucker, 55. Printing Typograph for the Blind—x. Hughes, 401. Printing Type—See Type. Printing, Wood-Cut—xvii. Bradbury & Evans, 136. Folkard, 112. Prints (Undescribed)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Apple, 274. i^mnce, Simon, 1014. Zollverein {!), Engel, 389. Prismatic Colours in Glass (Specimens of)—x. Rich- ardson, 264. Propelling Apparatus (Undescribed)—viii. Corryton, 82. XXII. Marsden, 513. Proving Presses—v. Fox, Henderson, & Co., 404. Provisions, Preserved—in. Brocchiere, 16. Copland, Barnes, & Co., 11. Gamble, 12. Leonard, J. & T. P., 20. Linklater, 24. Moses, H. E. & M., 101. Ritchie &McCall, 15, Smith, 14. Underwood, 23. Whitney, 26. IV. Dufaville, 125. Canada, Nicolson, 326. South Africa, Martin, 40. Schlussler, 39. Hamburgh, Schi\a.u\z, 104. New Brunswick. Fraser, 24. New South Wales, Bogue, 2. Brieans, 2a. Dangar, 7. Dudgeon & Co. 11. Nova Scotia, Central Com- mittee, 2. Pussia, Vsevolodowitch, 338. Spain, 139b. Couti, 139a. Switzerland, Baup, 52. United 'States, Borden, 524. Duffield, 363, 363a. Hough, 507. Smith & Co., 519. Usher, 379. Wadsworth & Sheldon, 348, Van Biemen's Land, Adcock, 6. Lipscombe, 297. See also Alimentary Preserves. Amazone. Prussian Blue—ii. Reade, 3a. France, Souchon, 1491. Pulleys, Antifriction—vii. Coles, 11. Pulp-Strainer (for Paper-making)—See Paper-making Machinery. Pulpits—XXVI. Cooper, 235. Moulin, 163. xxviii. Cooper, 151. Pulpits with Hearing Apparatus for the Deaf—x. Heeps, 615. Pulpits, Portable—xxvi. Melville, 3. Pumice-Stone—Austria, Hardtmuth, 35. Schabas, 36. Bermudas. New Zealand, Meurant, 15. Pump (Model in Glass)—xxiv. Skidmore, 52. Pump for supplying Boilers—v. Broughton, 447. Pumps, Air—See Air-Pnmps. Pumps, Boat—viii. O'Conner, 189. Pumps, Centrifugal—United States, Gwynne, 140. Pumps, Draining—v. Appold, 420. Bessemer, 421. Pumps, Force, Substitute for—x. Plant, 215. Pu3ips, Lift and Force—v. Stacker, S. & G., 422. Warner & Sous, 424. Willison, 1^8. Belgium, Jouvne, 123. Pumps, Liquid Manure—ix. Cottam & Hallen, 109a. Crump, 160. Weir, 123. Pumps, Medical—x. Nunn, 371. Einsle, 127. Pumps, Mining—i. Arthur, 462. Eddy, 463. Pumps, Ships'—v. Bessemer, 421. Gossag'e, 414. viii. Macdonald, 329. Robinson, 100. Wdliams, 332. Pumps (\'arious, including Models)—v. Chines, 475. Dalv, 400. Downtoii, 474. Read, 90. Selfe, 452. Shalders, 402. Smith, R. & Son, 449. Warner & Sons, 424. Whitelaw, 58. vi. Pontifex & Wood, 602. Viil. Dutton, 326. ix. Thompson, 248b. Burgess & Key, 237. Deane, Drav, & Deane, 180. Falrless, 155. Key & Mitchell, 237. x. Einsle, 127. Well- way,465. XVI. Thomas & Son, 211. xxii. Hodges, 519. i?e/9um, Jouvne, 123. Kestemont, 509, China, Lindsay. Denmark, Lunde, 12. France, Nilus, 935. Jersey and Guernsey, White, 12. United States, Baker, 257. Zollverein {\),y^u\-den & Co. 51. See also Archime- dean Screws. Steam Pumps. Pump A^alves—i. Hosking, 466. Punching-machines—VI. Whitworth & Co. 201. viii. Etrick, 327. Punts (for wild-fowl shooting)—viii. Ansel 1, 185. PuRBECK Marble (with articles therein)—Main Avenue, West, Mather, 61. i. Freeman, W. & J., 160. Sparks, 154. Voss, 135. Purchase Blocks—C/?w'^ec? States, Sutton, 430. Purse-making Machine—France, Lanenville, 287. Putty-Stone Ornaments—France, Heiligenthal & Co. 259. Puzzles—xxvi. Azulay, 64. PuzzoLANA— Greece, 22. Pyrites—I. Jenkins, 502. it. Hall, 40. Belgium, Societe de Yedrin, 17. India,!. Sardinia, Selopis, Brothers, 4. Pyrites, Brass—Algeria, Briqueler & Co. 11. Pyrites, Copper—i. Grylls, S., & Redruth Committee, 444. Russia, Bogoslovsk Copper Works, 1. Turkey. Pyrites, Iron—i. Liskeard Committee, 513. ii. Spence, 7. Wilson, 6. Turkey. Pyrites, Sulphur—ii. Kane, 53. Pyro-gallic and Pyro-meconic Acids—ii. Marson, T. & Son, 106. Pyrography (Specimens of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cal- vert, 97. Marshall, 358. Mills, 96. Mitchell, 87. Belgium, Duchastel, 443. Pyroligneous Acid—France, Bataille, 42. Pyroligneous Acid Manufacture Apparatus—vi. Halliday, 617. Pyrometers—Austria, Wurm, 137. United States, Erricsson, 146. Quadrants—&e Sextants, Quadrants, 8fc. Quadrant-Stand—VII. Renczynski, 27. Quadriga (Model of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Wyatt, 183. Quartz—I. Cook, 19. Falmouth & Penryn Local Com- mittee, 88, 163. 01dfield,21. Sweetman, 40. Braid- ley, 23a. Ceylon, Albrecht, Greenhill & Co. China, Ansted, Prof,, 38. France, Bertaud, 1549. Spain, Barcelona Mines, Inspector of, 2. 7\rkey. Tuscany, Frediani, 16. United States, Brown, 283. Quartz-crusher—United States, Wright, 185. Quartz Crystal—i. Duke of Devonshire, 531 (Main Avenue, East). Quassia—British Guiana, Arrindell, 69. QUEEN, Her Majesty The—Equestrian Statue of Her Majesty by Thornycroft, page, 853.—Equestrian Sta- tues of Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert, by Wyatt, page 853.—Portraits on Sevres China of Her Majesty, by Ducluzeau, and of H.R.H. Prince Albert, by Bazenget, after Winterhalter, Main Avenue East, 96, 97.—Statue of Her Majesty, in Zinc, by the Yieille Montague Mining Co., I. 437 (Main Avenue, East).— Busts of tl]e Queen and Prince Albert, in Zinc, i. Yieille Montague Mining Co., 437.—Portrait of Her Majesty, woven in silk, xiii. Cross, 32,—Portrait of Her Majesty in Embroidery, xix. Lambert, 229. —Domestic Groups of Her Majesty and the Prince of Wales, in Ormolu and Bronze, by Bell, xxil. Mes- senger & Sons, 340.—Silver Statuettes of Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert, xxiii. Zimmerman, 80. —Bronze Bust of Her Majesty, after Chantrey, xxx. (Fine Art Court) Hatfield, 135.—Oval Medallion of Her Majesty, produced by a single line of equal thick- ness, xxx, (Fine ArtCourt)Bishop,278.—Jewel-case,de- signed by (iruner, with portraits of Her Majesty.H.R.H. Prince Albert, and the Prince of Wales, after Thorburn, xxili. 140 (Main Avenue, West).—Cradle carved in Turkey Boxwood, hy Rogers, 353.—Wax Figure of Her Majesty, Holding, 217.—Wax Figure of Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert, Trundle, 73.— Portrait of Her Majesty in Needlework, Sweden and Norway, Alner, 42.—Full-length Portrait of Her Ma- jesty, in enamel, after Chalon, Switzerland, Dufaux, 249. Quercus-Cerris, Extract—Zollverein (2), Boerer & Por- zelius, 8. Quicksilver—France, Violette, 1528. Spain, Almeria Mines, Inspector of, 13. Tuscany, 6-11. Volterra Salt Manufactory, 2, Quills—IV. Morrell, 58. xxvi. Gilbert & Co. 130. Ceylon. Oldenburgh, Bramlage, 2. Fussia, Riabzevitch, 360. Quilts—See Bed Quilts. Eider-Down Quilts. Quiltings—Zollverein (4), Weigle, 29. See also Waist- coatings. Quince (Bengal)—ii. Pound, 108. Quinine—ii. Howards & Kent, 11. Spencer, 31. Sardinia, Dufour, 13. Quinine, Sulphate of—Tuscany, Corridi, 22. Zollverein (4), Jobst, 4. Radetzky, Field-Marshal Count (Statue of)—Austria, Prince Salm, 430 (Main Avenue, East). Railways (Models, &c.) — v. Dunn, 998. Perry, 562. VIII. Brown, Sir S., 334. Netherlands, Claasen, 91. Railway Accidents, Plans for preventing. See Railway Collisions Prevention. Railway, Atmospheric (Models)—v. Cunning-ham & Carter, 654. Harlow & Young, 655. Jackson, 703. Railway Axles—i. Beecroft, Butler, & Co. 415. v. Bee- croft, Butler, & Co. 646. Patent Shaft & Axletree Co. 543. Thorueycroft & Co. 636. Zollverein (1), Piepenstock & Co. 472. Railway-Axle Boxes—v. Adams, 510. Parsons, 642. Worsdell & Co. 637. Railway-Axle Forges—v. Worsdell & Co. 637. Railway Bars—v. Cwm Avon Iron Co. 645. Derwent Iron Co. 647. Dodds & Son, 64. Ebbw Vale Co. 638. Railway Breaks—v. Botten, 429. Davies, 828. Dillon, 560. Gray, 694. Handley, 690. Jones, 656. Knox, 514. McNaught, 22, 686. Pizzie, 559. Stoy, 705. Walker, 693. vi. Chalmers, 32. France, Laignel, 1637. Jersey and GMm?se;/, Berland,4. United States, Cochran, 481. Railway Bridges (Models)—See Bridges, Railway, Sfc. Railway Buffers—v. De Bergue, 552. Clarkson, 568. Fossick & Hackworth, 10. vii. Nicholson, 40. XXII. Brown, 235. Railway Carriages (including Models & Plans)—v. Adams, 510. Chabot, 684. Cripps, 576. Green, 704. Haddem, 541. Lester, 700. Macbay, 586, M'Connel, 539. Melling, 708. Tennant, 564. Wil- liams, 530. VII. Coles, 11. Geary, 2. Nicholson, 40. Sankey, 32. Smith, 96. viil. Brown, Sir S. 334. Zollverein (\), Reiffert, 886. Railway Carriage Cushions—France, Voruz, 1533. Eailway Carriage Lamps. See Lamps, Eailway Car- nage. Railway Carriage Springs—V. Adam«, 510. Gibson, 848. Spencer & Son, 555. xxii. Johnson, Cammill, & Co., 109. Railway Cash-Boxes—xxii. Sparks, 430. Railway Chairs—v, Baines, 643. Samuel, 616. Railway Collisions Prevention, &c. (Plans for)—v. Chesshne, 691. Gompertz, 652. Mitchell, 919. x. Mapple, 126. Railway Couplings — v. Jones, 656. Murray, 566. Thornton & Sons, 490. Warren, 558. ~ Railway Crossings, Gates for—v. 'Yonng & Co. 600 (Western Eni!, North Enclosure, Outside, 60). Railway Curves, Instrument for Setting Out—v. Sanderson, 57(>. Railways, Farm—ix. Crosskill, I3r). Railway Gauges (Models)—vii. Smith, 96. Railway Grease—France, Moreau, 1361. Railway Guards' Time-pieces—x. Bennett, 1. Fairer, 36. Tobias & Co. 78. Railway Inclines, Mode of assisting Carriages up and down—V. Snowden, 588. Railway Locomotive Engines. See Locomotive Engines, Railway. Railways, Apparatus for transferring Mail Bags ON—V. Dicker, 674, Railway Permanent Ways (Models, &c.)—v. Barlow, W. H. 602. Barlow, P. W. 601. Cruttwell & Co. 659. Cubitt, 628. Great Western Railway Com- pany, 501. Hoby, 614. Samuel, 616. Railway, Portable (Model)—ix. Steevens, 38. Railway Rails—v. Greaves, 615. Richardson, 651. Austria, Lindheim, 422. New South T^aZes, Shields, 18. Russia, Poland Imperial Mining Works, 15. Railway Siding Stop—v. Beckers, 503. Railway Signal-Lamps—vii. Rettie, 159. viii. Pearce, 330. XXII. Boake, 697. Holgate, 450. Messenger & Sons, 340. Riddle, 637. Smiths & Co. 452. Railway Signals—v. Brotherhood, 502. Cooley, 561. Copling, 668, Cowper, 699. De Fontaine, 610. Hatterslej^, 701. Hoy, 710. Lockver, 582. Lonor, 662. Pearce, 709. Shaw & Co. 728, Stevens, 572. Stevens & Son, 609. Tidmarsh, 707. Watson, 712. VII. Jeffrey, 14. viii. Pearce, 330. x. Allen, 413, XXII. Clark & Resteli, 446. Railavay Sleepers—v. Barlow, 601. Greaves, 615. Lacy, 556. Ransomes & May, 640, Belgium, Marchal, 362. Railway Snow-sweeping Engine—v. Faure, 726. Railway Switches & Crossings—v, Baines, 643, Ken- nard,644. Parsons, 642. Sharp & Co, 728, United States, Cochran, 297. Tyler, 597. Railway Tickets-dating Machine — vi. Church & Goddard, 135. Railway Trains (Models)—v. Jones, 656. Railway Trains, Apparatus for Shipping & Un- shipping—vii. Bouch, 73. Railway Traversing Apparatus—v. Great Western Railway Company, 501. Dunn, 618. Ormerod & Son, 624. Railways, Trenails & Wedges for—v. Ransomes & May, 640. Railway Trucks—v. Ashbury, 739, See also Springs, Railway Truck. Railavay Turn-Tables—v. Allan, 711. Greenway, 698. Leadbetter, 650. Ormerod & Son, 624. Ransomes & May, 640. Railway Turn-Tables, Model of Railway dispensing with—V. Dunn, 998. Railway Waggons—v. Henson, 532. Railway Water-Cranes—v. Ransomes & May, 640. Railway Wheels—v. Banks & Chambers, 666. Beecroft, Butler, & Co. 646. Haddan, 541, Mansell, 715. Sandford, Owen, & Watson, 554. Wharton, 713. VII. Irish Engineering Company, 150. United States, Shattuck, 509. Railway Wheels, Invention to prevent Vibration OF—V. Lipscombe, 670. ter, & Co. 415. V. Beecroft, Butler, & Co., 646. Thorneycroft, 636. Warren, 1001. Worsdell & Co. 637. Railway Whistles—v. Foumess, 581. Roberts, 550. Tabor, 681. Railway Wrappers—xii. & xv. Gaudy, 246, Wilson, J. & W., 245. Rain-Gauges—x. Baker, 396. Newman, 674. Phillips, 411. Raising-machine—xxii. Jackson, 311. RAisms—Spain, Casado, 105. Timis, 107, 109, Rakes, Horse, &c.—ix. Grant & Co. 267. Holmes & Sons, 241. Howard, I. & F. 240. De Porquet, 202. Smith & Son, 234. Ramrods—viii. Brider, 261. See also Guns, Sfc. Ramsgate Hovellers, Model of Lugger used by— VIII. Twyman, 148. Rape-Seed & Rape-Seed Oil & Cake—iii. McGany & Sons, 132. IV. Brotherton & Co. 23. Austria, Malvieux, 102. Netherlands, Dehaan, 9. See also Linseed Sf Linseed- Oil, Sfc. Raspberry Vinegar—Canada, Fletcher, 127. Ratchet-hoisting Machine (Model)—United States, Holmes, 331. Ratans—Lahuan, Sfc, Hammond & Co. 2. Netherlands, Hoop & Co. 24. Razors—XXI. Blackwell, 50. Bradford, R. & W., 3. Stewart & Co. 21, Tuzacks, 22. Wood, 8. xxii. Butcher, W.&S. 192. Elliott, 151. Fenney, 114. Gilbert, Brothers, 123. Hawcroft & Sons, 135. Martin, 132. Webster, 154. Winks & Son, 134. Austria, Bley, 505. Bresilmaier, 506. Rosier, 552. Rvipprecht, 553. Wachter, 561. China, Berncastle. Lndia, i. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Bahrt, 9. Sweden Sf Norway, Stille, 12a, Switzerland, Burkhardt, 270. Lecoultre, 215, 262. Lecoultre, Brothers, 2l4. Hoeller, 637. Zollverein{4:), Dittmar, Brothers, 57. Razor-Guards—x. Heather & Blackwell, 653. xxi. Stewart &Co, 21, Razor-Strops—x, Saunders & Son, 205. xx. Barnes, T. &G.,27. XXI. Cowvan, B.&S. 9. Saunders, G., 34. Stewart & Co,, 21. xxviii. Dewsnap, 199. XXIX. Sacker, 214. Gibraltar, Charrng, 1. Sweden and Norway, Burkhardt, 270. Reading Stands and Tables—xxvi. North, 259. Rid- dett, 49. Warren, 268. Ready-made Linen—xx. Brie & Co., 24. Ford, 36. Hemming, 28. Human & Co., 17. Lennox, 147. Marshall, 25. Miniff'e, 151. Neville & Co., 20. Nicoll, 34. Paterson, 19. Porter, 30. Reid, 23. Scott, 141. Smith, 29. Wheeler & Abletf, 22. White, 159. United States, Forrest, 539. Reaping-machines—See Mowing and Reaping Machines. Reception Seat, with Canopy, &c.. Presented to Her Majesty by the Nawab Nazim of Bengal—India. Reciprocating Engines (Invention for converting into a uniform force the fluctuating force derived from reci- procating Engines) Models—v. Constable, 70. Reclinia, The (for Astronomical purposes)—x. Roper, 197. Record Office (Model of) — xxx. (Fine Art Court), Dighton, 160. Rectilinear Motion (Machine for converting into Curvili- near Motion)—Belgium, Demanet, 178. Red Lead—Austria, Herbert, 32. Zollverein (1), Ohle, 62. Reeds (for Weaving)—vi. De Bergue, 45. Gatenby & Pass, 60. Refractor—Zollverein (2), Merg & Sons, 30, Refrigerators—vi. Askew, 611. Coffey, 615. Hulls, 618. Lawrence, 604. x. Darvell, 389. Regents Park Botanical Gardens (Model) — vii. Turner, 7. Regimental Axe—Portugal, Bobone, 646, Regimental Appointments — See Military Accoutre- ments. Regimental Trousers, Invention for producing a Regulating Screw for Carriages—France, Rastouin, 142L Resin—II. Hayes & Co,, 75. The London DiuggistSjll7. Ceylon, Pieris. India, iv. Mussia, Rudert, 84. Spain, Floies, Calderon & Co., 241. Turhe}/. Van Diemens Zand, Milligan, 292. See also Gums. Respirator Smoking Pipes—xxv. Leitch & Hammond, 59. Reticules—xvi. Blindly, 21. xxvi. Foothorape & Co., 132. _ Retorts—See Crucibles. Gas-Retorts. Reversible Cloth (finished on both sides)—xii. & xv. Hargreave & Masseys, 28. Shaw, Son, & Co., 110. VVrigley, J. & T. C, 117. Revolvers—See Guns, 8fc. Rheioclines (or Sjiring Bedsteads) — xxvi. Cottam, 221. Rheumatic Pitch-plaster—Zollverein (4), Faulhaber & Leube, 43. Rheumatisji, Medicated Bands for the Cure of— X. Coles, 660. Rhodium—i. Johnson & Matthey, 477. Rhododendron Wood—Bussia, Cootais (Government of), 118. Rhubarb—II. Lamplough, 71. Tustian & Usher, 98. Ribbons (Silk, Gauze, &c.)—xiii. Allen & Holmes, 50. Berry, Brothers, 75. Bray & Co., 67. Bvidgett & Co., 49. Brocklehurst & Sons, 38. Caldecott, R. & R., 68. Cope & Co., 70. Cornell & Co., 22. Coven- try Ribbons Committee, 72. Cox, 66. Hart, 76. Howell & Co., 27. Lewis & AUenby, 16. M'Rey, 78. Marshall & Snelgrove, 33. Ratliff; J. & C., 73. Red- may ne & Co., 1a. Robinson, 77. Sharp & Co., 69. Sturdy & Turner, 79. xix. Bennock & Co., 394. Austria, Messat, A., 246. Moering, 247. Pfening- berger, 248. /ra/ice, Balay, 106i. Barrallon & Brossard, 16. Buis- 8011,1125. Colli,ird&Conte, 1154. Couchoud, 1161. De Bajelaire, 18. Douzel & Maussier, 1195. Du- tron, 1209. Gerimon, Son, 242. Larcher, Faure, & Co., 1293. Michelin, 641. Molyn Le>ouef, 1359. Robert-Faure, 1442. Schneider & Legrand, 1002. Tuvee & Co., 704. Vignat, Brothers, 1524. India, xiii. Russia, Lorteff, 204. Spain, Sena, 274a. Switzerland, Ribbon Manufacturers, 152. Tunis, 10. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Andreae, 379. Bruck & Sons, 535. Grote, 538. Heydweller & Sons, 521. Hoeninghaus & Sons, 519. Lingenbrink & Vennemann, 526. Menghuis, Brothers, 530. Pass, 377. Scheibler & Co., 534. Siebel, 513. Zollverein (3), Eisenstuck & Co., 151. Ribbons (Designs ^o{)—France, Braun, 72. Rice—Algeria. Hardy, 28. British Guiana, Duggin, 7. Netscher, 6. Ceijlon. Egi/pt, 40-43, 75, 83, 86. France, Fery, 505. India, in. Lahuan, Sfc, Hammond & Co., 2. Mauritius, Reader. 7. Natural History Society, 4. Sardinia, Blondel, Gaston, & Co., 18. Pallestrini, Bro- thers, 17. Spain, 72. Martinez y Perez, 89. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkeij. United States, llenot,l72c. Merriweather, 164. Ward, 172d. Rice, Machine for Peeling—Belgium, Houyet, 125. Rice Paper—China, Copland. Rice-Paper Drawings—China, Copland. Hammond & Co. Richard Cceur-de-Leon (Statues of)—Western End (Outside) Marochetti. Hamburgh.'Eni^lehaid, 93. Rick Cloths—xiv. Morrison & Hurn, 49. xxix. Fisher, 25. See also Tarpaulins. Rick Ventilator—ix. Gillett, 78. Rifle Mallets (for hot climates)—viii. Brider, 262. Rifles—See Guns, 8fc. Riveting-machines—VI. Fairbairne & Sons, 200. Gar- forth, W. J. & J., 208. Road Levels (for Agricultural purposes)—x. Rickman, 681. Road-measuring ant> Mapping Machine—x. Ad cock, 353. Road-watering Machines—v. Geary, 846. ix. Coode, 154a. Roasting Apparatus—vii. Remington, 175. See also Cooking Apparatus. Rochelle Salts—ii. Pontifex & W^ood, 1. Rock Crystals (including Articles therein)—i. Carter, 3. XXVI. Webi), 171. Ceylon. Spain, Zamora Mines, Inspector of, 20. Zollverein (S), Kuegler, 186. Rock Orchilla—Portugal, Batalha, 509a. Rock Salt—i. Thompson, 72. Worthington, 57. Russia, Obroutchetf, 348. St. Helena, Agricultural Society, 2. Turkey. Rock Stone—Gibraltar i. (from Arctic regions) Snow, 85. Rocket Apparatus—VIII. Corte, 177. Rocking Boat—xxix. Porter, 144. Rocking Chairs—xxvi. Cunning, 165a. Rocking Horses—xxix. Dear, 128. Rolled Iron Plates (used in Marine Engines, &c.)—v. Derwent Iron Company, 647. Roller Blinds—See Window Blinds. Roller-Mill—ix. Stanley, 1. Rollers (for Land). See Clod Crushers. Garden Eollers. Rolling-MACHINES—See Iron-rolling Machines. Roman Cement—See Cement, Roman, 8fc. Roman Missals—^eZ^rum, Hanicq, 285. Wesmael Le- gros, 282. Rood Screens—xxvi. Ringham, 42. Roofing (for Houses, &c.)—v. Tennant, 564. vii. McClelland, 116. Newnham, 170. Willet, 11. Canada, Hall, 18. See also Glass Tiles. Iron Roofing. Slates for Roofs. Tiles for Roofing. Timber Roof. Roots of Agricultural Plants—iii. M'Arthur, 111. Ropes, Cordage, &c.—i. Huggie, Brothers, 300. iv. Trent, 41. viii. Robertson, 18. xiv. Gordon G. & A. 82. Gourock Rope-work Company, 72. Hall & Co., 61. Hawke, 54. Holloway, 74. Huddart, Sir J. & Co., 68. Morrison & Hurn, 49. Smith, 65. Soper, 64. Spyvte & Coopers, 62. Tull, 69. xxviii. Woodhead, 191. Bahamas, Baines & Co. British Guiana, Stutchhury, 70, 126, 127. Canada, Dixon, 170. Henderson, 168. Henderson, H., 291. Ceylon. Egypt, 258, 259, 354-356, 362. France, Bernard, Richoux, & Genest, 61. Joly, 891. Leclerc, Brothers, 576. Leduc, 1645. Louis-Blais, Son, Lftellier, & Co., 315. India, iv. xiv. Netherlands, Beeftingh & Co., 27. Catz, 54. Hoogen, 26. Lafebre, 28. New South Wales, Mitchell, 5. Russia, Kazalett, 223. Spain, 157. Martinez, 156. Switzerland, Beugger, 113, Braendling, Brothers, 119. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkey. Tuscany, Ferrigini, 100. United States, Evans, 474. Van Biemeti's land. Rout, 154-158. Western Africa, M'Wdliam. Trotter, 5. Zollverein (1), Felten & Guilleaume, 380. <See also Bell-Ropes. String and Twine. Wire Rope. Rope (for Paper-making)—xvii. Lamb, 147. Rope-making Machine—vi. Crawhall, 78. RoPE-MANCEUVRiNG APPARATUS (for Ships)—France, Barhotin & LegoflP, 1083. Roses, Confection of—ii. Tustian, 97. Roses, Otto of—See Otto of Roses. Rose Engine Lathe—Hamburgh, Kohn, 17. Rose Engine and Tracing Machine—vi. Mordan & Co., 205. Rosin—See Resin. Rotatory Machinery (Machine for giving motion to)— IX. Nicholls, 20. Roving Frames—vi. Higgins & Sons, 14. Mason, 10. Parr & Co., 6. See also Draiving, Roving, Sfc. Frames. Roving and Spinning Ironstone Porcelain Guides— VI. W^atkins, W. & T., 66. Rowlocks (Boats')—viii. Beadon, 90. Royal Exchange (Models)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Smith, IfiZ. Tite, 182. Rudder Fastenings—viii. Young & Co., 92. Rudders (Ships')—viii. Carpenter, 194. Hall, 156. xxii. Hampden, 612. Portugal, Bicalho, 1294. See also Screw-propelling Rudder. Steering-Wheels and Apparatus. Tillers, Ships'. * Rugs—XVI. Bevington & Morris, 332. Essex, 326. Ince, 309. Lutge & Co., 328. xix. Beavis, 395. Bot- tom, 106. Brinton, 110. Burton, 117. Cox, 220. Crossley & Sons, 142. Eustace, R. & J., 160. For- tune, 168. Harris, 192. Hill, 203. Jackson & Gra- ham, 390 (North Transept). Lawson, 325. Pardoe & C^)., 263. Pickthorne, 273. Sheridan, 294. Simcox, 302. Templeton & Co., 315. xxvi. Jackson & Graham, 261. xxviii. Canley, 193. Austria, Kamner, 199. Matschuko, 201. Maurer, 200. Persia, Abbot. Portugal, Daufrias & Co., 899-904. Mussia, Mahmet-veli-Ogli, 242. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Dinglinger, 175. See also Carriage Rugs. Hearth and other Rugs. Rules, Measures,&c.—x. Best, 330. Elliott & Sons, 320. Tree & Co., 324. xvii. Schlesinger & Co., 38. Austria, Begsteiger, 689. Buchberger, 690. Tober, 691. Egypt, 144. Ruling-machines—See Paper-ruling Machines. Bum—Egypt, 389. Runjeet Singh's Diamond — xxiii. Her Majesty the Queen, 140 (Main Avenue, East). Rush—Portugal, 536, 537. Russia, Emperor of (Equestrian Statue, Bronze)— Zollverein (1), Blaeser, 310. Russian Duck—See Linen Fabrics. Rust- preventive Composition—xxii. Jones & Co., 136, 801. Rutland, Duke of, Statue of.—Davis, page 848. Rye Flour—Russia, Davidoff, 332. Rye Grass—XIV. JSicol & Co., 87. Sabior—Spain, Sempere, 41. Saccharometers—Austria, Brandeis, 133. Sacks and Sacking—xiv. Beale Brown, T., 77. Dun- dee Local Committee, 63. Garland, 84. Grimshawe & Wilkinson, 52. Morrison & Hurn, 49. Nicol & Co. 87. Ramsey & Co. 85. Ceylon. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. Trotter, 5. See also Bed Sacking. Sack-Holder—IX. Cooch, 53. Sacred Harmonic Society, Exeter Hall (Model of the Orchestra)—vii. Sacred Harmonic Society, 38 (Main Avenue, West). Saddlery and Harness — v. Duffield & Co. 844. Holmes & Co. 872. ix. Key and Mitchell, 237, xii. & XV. Gandy, 246. xvi. Asford, W. & G. 64. Ban- ton, C. 56. Bell, 93. Blackwell, S. & R. 78. Blowers, 272. Blythe,90. Bower, 329. Bowmar, 87. Brace, 58. Brown & Son, 65. Bywater, 94. Caistor, 77. Canavan, 101. Charge, 277. Clark, 75. Clarkson, 102. Colegrave, 97. Coleman, 68. Cooper, 50. Cowan, 273. Cox, S. 55. Cox, T. 275. Cuff, 96. Dax, 278. Ducie, Earl, 267. Earnshaw, 107. Garnett, 69. Green, 85. Hawkins, 58. Hicks, 84. Hudson, 60. Hughes, 106. Kirkby, 111. Langdon, 89. Lennan, 6). Mackie &Son, 104. Maiben, 46. Marlow, 54. Middle- more, 67, Moriarty, 95. Musselwhite, 7L Oakley, 270. Passmore^ 79. Pearl, 100. Pee), 66. Pennv, 91. Pim59. Pollock, 279. Ramsey, 74. Rutland, 99. Saunders, 271. Shipley, 82. Skinner, 83. Stoker, 103. Swaine & Adeney, 92. Taylor, 269. Thomas, 76. Tisdale, 88. Vick, 70. Weir, 72. White, 86. W^ilson & Son, 98. xxii. Duguard, W. & H. 350. Flather, 167. Hale, 563. Marples, 218. Ward & Payne, 196. Algeria, Boulanger, 10. Si-El-Bey Ben-Bou-Ras, 50. Austria, Gellinek, 338. Loffler, 339. Weinberger, 280. Zapf, 340. Belgium, GWia-y, 319. Ladoubee, 256, Lambert, 373. Van Molle, 2j5. Vanstraelen, 269. Brazil, Mor- nay, 3. Canada, Bell, 103. Holwell, 101. McGillan & Sulli- van, 105. Morris, 113. Stewart, 333a. Stewart, W. 134. Egypt, 227-231, 251, 267, 365, 370, 372, 373. France, Bencraft, 24. Liegard, 1651. Prax & Lambin, 688. Sarrac, 1471. Hamburgh, Calien, 34. Kruger, 20. India, xvi. Jersey and Guernsey, Le Beir, 36. Scarfe, 17. Netlierlands, Lafeber, 53, Portugal, Figueirado, 1121. Rome, Bianchini, 11. Russia, Babounoff, 345. Cassim-Oussein-Cooli-Ogli, 249. Dada, 250. Djifaroff, 251. Gambartzvomoff, 257. Hassan-Ooste-Neftali-Ogli, 253. Irza-Cocli- Hadji-Cagraman-Ogli, 254. Jukoleff, Brothers, 344. Petit, 258. Raphi-Nuba-Ogli, 255. Roostam, 256. Tabanoff, 252. Spain, Baeches, 258a. Tunis, 36, 42, 43, 83, 93. Turkey. Tuscany, Cern, 103. United States, Adams, 476. Baker, 498. Jennings & Claghorn, 276. Lacey & Phillips, 41. Lloyd, 78. Miles, 266, 444. Searle, 488. Trotman, 207. Van Diemens Land, Wiseman, 133. Western Africa, Brown, 3. Zollverein (1), Lange, 739. Mueller, 201. Reinecke, 594. (2), Griess, 45. (3), Haussman, 173b. Pappe- ritz, 173. (See also Curry Combs, Saddle Rugs, Linen—xiv. Tee & Son, 37, Saddlers' Ironmongery—xxii. Lowe, J. &; H., 346. Safes (Wrought-Iron)—xxii. Longfield, 503. Netlierlands, Pilger, 52a. See also Fire-prooj Safes. Strong Boxes and Safes. Safety Bolt—France, Boeringer & Co., 770. Safety Boxes (Ibr collecting money)—xxii. Fisher, 508. Safety Cot—vii. Williams, 128. Safety Doors—xxii. Ridley & Edser, 621. Safety Pockets—xx. Grosjean, 60. Hurley, 73. Safety Lamps—See Lamps {Safety or Davy). Safflower—IV. Long & Reynolds, 75. Russia, Kvaviloff, 90. Safflower Carmine—Zollverein (1), Krimmelbein & Bredt, 457. Safflower Extract—Zollverein (I), Jaeger, 469. Saffron—ii. Spurgin, 38. Algeria, De Lutzow, 34. Montigny, 38. China. Egypt, 100. France, Chailloux, Lepage, & Pochon, 1558. Russia, Ayvazoff, 91. Spain, 92. Cabello, 139. Tunis, 14. Sago—III. St. Etienne, 138. Ceylon. India, iii. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. Sailcloth—iv. Donlan, 43. xiv. Bremner, 74a. Dixon & Longstaff, 75. Duncan & Co., 80. Gourock Rope- work Company, 72. Harford, 71. Huddart, Sir J. & Co. 68. MM'eownan & Co. 96. Moore, 67. Poole, J. &C.46. Renny &Co., 81. Row, 45. Salmond, 83. Austria, Butschek & Graff, 281. Chiachic, 282. Belgium, Ameye-Berte, 209. Bosteels-Geerinck, 238. Haagens, 228. Van Overloop, 236. Wilford, 211. Egypt, 183, 250. France, Landernau Linen Joint-Stock Company, 1019. Malo, Dickson & Co., 320. Hanover, Hansen, 5. Malta, Bonavia, 2. Russia, Belibin, 217. Bistrom, 215. Bruzghin, 216. Zotoff, Brothers, 218. Spain, Cartagena Royal Arsenal, 191. Castells, 190. Escudero and Azara, 192. Zollverein (1), Kisker, 553. See also Canvas. Sails for Ships (Models, &c.)—viii. Addison & Co., 192. Geordeson, 42. Trail, 191. Sails for open Boats, Treatise on—viii. Orr, 75. Sail-Hooks—XXII. Boulton & Son, 330. St. Michael and the Dragon (Colossal Group in Plaster)—France, Du Seigneur, 187 (Main Avenue, East). Sal-Ammoniac—II. Hills, 23. Zollverein (1), Pauli, 328. (6), Oehler, 8. Sale Ornaments—China, Reeves. Saline Ashes—British Guiana, De Patron, 29a. Saline Products—Fm??ce, Prat & Agard, 1682. Salinometer X. Mudie, 6«3a. Salt—I. Hill, 58. Longmaid, 441. ii. Bell, 116. Cheshire, 30. iii. Noak, VV. & J. 118. Algeria, Bedel, 5. Austria, Gallicia Imperial Salt Works, 17. India, I. Portugal, Correa De Samora, 43, 44-48. St. Ube's Salt Works, 45. Bussia, Barnavulsk Imperial Works, 4. St.Helena, Agricultural Society of St. Helena. Spain, Anaiia Salt Works, 36. Maisterra, 43. 7\(nis, 165. Tuscany, Volterra Salt Manufactory, 2. Van J)iemen's Land, Strahan, 17. Zollverein (1), Artern Royal Salt Works, 681. Duerren- l)erg Royal Saltery, 856. Prussian Chemical Manu- fcictory, 683. Prussian Salt Works, 445. Schoenebeck Royal Salt Works, 834. (6), Salshausen Salt & Lignite Works, 3. Theodorshalle Salt Works, 5. Salt, Chemical Preparations of — Zollverein (1), Prussian Chemical Manufactory, 683. Salt Water Distillation—France, Leroux-Mainguet, 447. See also Sea-Water Regenerators. Saltpetre—ii. Richardson, Brothers, & Co. 19, Egijpt, 13. India, i. & ii. Tunis, 46. Turkey. Sandals— Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Sands for Castings—i. CoUinson, 75. Moore, 408. Wansdesforde, 111. Wilson, Sir T. M., 49. Sands for Glass-making—i. 127a. Claxton, 73. Lee, 125. Morrison, 77. Phippard, 113. Smedlev, 124. Squire, J. & W. 74. United States, Gray & Co., 405. Sands (Various)—i. Fahie, 30. Falmouth & Penryn Local Committee, 88, 163. Howard, 29. Long, 78. Nichol- son, 504a. Relf, 76. Rock, 50. Rouse & Whitley, 79. Svveetman, 40. Whittaker, 53. ii. Austin, 114. British Guiana, Bee, 5. Duggin, 3 & 4. Pollard, 1 & 2. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 23, Sandstone—i. Bewick, 423. Freeman, 172. Jennings, 194. Sparks, 154. Walsh (Executors of), 183. Taylor, 201, Canada, Boudoin & Lebere, 15, Ferrier, 5, Logan 1, New Zealand, 39. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 16, 21, 22. Zollverein (1), Koenig, 323. Sandstone Carving—xxx, (Fine Art Court) Montefiore, SirM.B., 161. Sardines—Algeria, Verrier, 57, France, Caillo & Prin, 100. Camus, 789. Sarsaparilla and its Preparations—ii. Bell, 116. Hattersley, 110, Keating, 102, Portugal, 516, Spain, Academy of Medicine & Surgery, 128A, Alvarez, 118. Trimrfac?, Lord Harris. United States, Andrews, 540. Howe, 497, Sarsenet—XIII. Clark, 20. Sardinia, Annecy & Pont, 34. Sashes and Sash-Frames — ;See Windows, Sfc. Sash-Fasteners—S'ee Window Fastenings. Sash-Lines—XIV. Wall, E, & T,, 70. xxii. Kuper, 32, XXVI, Austin, 391. Sash and Roof Bar-cutting Machines—v. Coalbrook Dale Company, 641. vi. Birch, 406. Satins—XIII. Campbell & Co., 31. Carter & Co., 30, Ro- binson, J. & R. & Co., 5, Robinson, J. & W. & Co. 24. Austria, Blaha & Rosenberger,251. Mayer, Brothers. 266. j5fiZ(/ZHW<,D'Hout,206. C/n"m, Baring, Brotiiers. Lindsay. i^ra?ice, Bacot «& Son, 10G2, Barrallon & Brossard, 16. Bonnet & Co., 1097. Bouchard, 1103. Gindre]247, Meckel & Co., 870. Joly, 892. Kunzer, 883. Pin- Bayard, 682. Randoing, 973. Portugal, Barboza, 959. Carmiers, 926. Joirge, 928-932. Pimentel, 927. Eussia, Zalaghin, 209. Sardinia, Chichizola & Co., 39. Molinari, 43. Switzerland, Bischoff, 157. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Hermes & Woltlers, 520. Jacobs & Bering, 524. Kaibel, 525. Krauhaus & Kauertz, 527. Kupfer&Steinhauser,528. Peltzer, 518. Schildknecht, 131. (3), Behr & Schubert, 50. Kaufmann &Co., 1 u' Shroeer, 120. Zschille & Co. 119. See also Silk Fabrics. Satin-de-laine—Belgium, Pirenne & Duesberg, 199. Piron, 200. Zollverein (1), Siegfried & Waldthausen, 862. Satinette—xiii. Le Mare & Sons, 2J. Canada, M'Kay & Co. 144. Satin^vood—See Woods. Sauces—XXVI. Blott, 18. xxix. Cocks, E., 286, Cocks & Co., 317. Easterling, 282. Harvey, 169. NichoUs, 164. Payne, 29. See also Pickles and Preserves. Sausage Choppers—vi. Perry, 501. Sawing (Specimens of)—xxviii. Sandy &; Powell, 112. Turnbull, 98. "Sawing-Bench (Models, &c.)—VI. Barker, 417. Sawing-machines—VI, Barker, 417, Prosser & Hadley, 456. United States, Tuckerman, 117, Wright, 77. Saw-mills Machinery—United States, Hotchkiss, 94, Saws (Various)—XXI. Buck, 18. Hill, 47. Weatherly, 1. XXII. Atkin & Son, 365, Carr & Riley, 108, Cocker & Son, 115, Hall, 172, Ibbotson, R., 2U9, Ibbotson & Co. 191. Peace, 233, Slack & Co. 208, S^jear & Jackson, 113. Tasker, 205. Taylor, Brothers, 211. Turner & Co. 117. Austria, Brunner, 574, Hamburgh, Hunten, 44. India, I. Zollverein (1), Bleckmann, 623. Brand, 620. Felde, 625. Post, 615. Schon, 402. Ullrich, 403. Saws, Machine for setting the Teeth of — vi. Vaughan, 242. Saxe Cobourg Gotha ; Tableau representing Fete held at Castle Florence—Zollverein (1), 804. Scaffolding for Building Purposes (Model of)—vii. Nicholson, 40. Scagliola—See Marble, Artificial. ScAGLiOLA (Works in) — xxvii. Dolan, 45. Tuscany^ Romoli, 118, 119. Scales and Weights—See Weights and Measures. Scarfs—See Shawls. Scarifiers (for Agricultural Purposes)—ix. Beart, 34. Carson, 110. Coleman, 216. Hill & Co., 140. Ran- somes & May, 124, Smith & Son, 234, Thompson, 105. Wedlake & Co., 127. Scent-Bottles—viii. King, 281. Scent Fountains—xxix. Rimmel, 3. Austria, Farina, 748, Scented Waters—Tunis, 53-57. See also Perfumes and Perfumery. Schools, Models for the Use of—xvii. National So- ciety for the Education of the Poor, 211. xxix. Cow- per, 245. School Desks—United States, Shattuck, 412. School Stationery—xvii. Hey wood, 83. Shean, 177. Tait, 185. XXIX. Dutton & Co., 287. New South Wales, Mitchell, 5. See also Instruction Tables. Scientific Instruments—i^mnce. Fro men t, 1609, Zollverein (1), Liittig, 81. See also Chemical and Philo- sophical Apparatus. Mathematical Instruments. Phi- losophical Instruments. Scissors—XXI, Beach, 48, xxii. Cousins & Sons, 165. Gibbins & Sons, 194. Higginbotham, G. & W., 188. Newbold & Owen, 133. Unwin, 178. White- ley, 126. Wilkinson, T. & G., 175. Austria, Kaltenmark, 520. Mitter, 530. Rosier, 552. Stierl, 558. Nova Scotia, Arcliibald, 2. Portugal, Da Silva Cerqueira, 634. Tunis, 137. Turkey. United States, Heinizch, 168, Zollverein (1), Berg, Brothers, 873. Bleckmann, 623. Gerresheim & Neef, 872. Plumacher, 618. Post & Sons, 616. Woeste &Co.,654. See also Cutlery. Shears. Scotch Articles, in wood (painted, &c.) — xxviii. M'Rae & Co. 106, XXix. Smith, W. & A., 205, 280. Scott's, Sir Walter, Monument, Edinburgh (Model) —X. Evans, 106. ScouRiNG-PowDERS—IV. Classon, 22. See also Bleach- ing-Powders. Scrap-books—xviL Cross, 88. Rock & Co., 108. Scraper (Shoe)—xxii. Averne, 303. Screens (of various kinds)—xix. Greene, 180. Stirling, 86. xxvi. Arthur, 303. Bifield, 534. Gore, 144. Hall, 63. Innes, E. & S., 91, Rose, 28. Sewell, 340. Turley, 138. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Earle, 49. China, Copland. Hewett & Co. Sichart & Co, Twi- ning. Hamburgh, Albrecht, 59. Switzerland, Hallmeyer-Appenzeller, 246. Screening-machine—IX, Smith, 4a. Screw and Bed Wrenches—See Wrenches. Screw Friction Clutch—v. Ashby, 202. Screw Jack Loading-machine—France, Mars, 919. Screw Lifting-Jacks—v. Collinge & Co., 482. vi. Williams, 234. See also Lifting Jacks. Screw Moorings—v. Wilson & Co-. 526. Screws, Perforated Flexible (For hanging Pictures) —XXVI. Barker, 147. Screw Propellers (Models, &c.)—v. Hodgson, 143. Keasley, 140. Maudslay, Sons, & Field, 38. Powell, 2. Smith, 3, viii. Admiralty, 145. Carpenter, 194. L.glefield, 99. New South Wales, Mitchell, 5. See also Ship Pro- pellers. Screw Propelling Rudder—viii. Lyons, 86. Screws and Nuts—vi. Scliiele, 402. xxii. Hall, 172. Hawkiiis,318. Henn & Bradley, 316. Patent Pointed Screw Company, 649. Russia, Zeitler, 343. ZoUverein (1), Altenloh, Brinks, & Co., 642. Mannes- mann, 617. Ullenberg & Schintzler, 355. (3), Rech- steiner, 28. Screw Steam-vessels (Models, &c.)—viii. Buckland, 308. Campbell, 147. Mason, 81. Raukine, 351. Screw Stocks, Taps, &c.—vi. Muir, 206. AVhitworth & Co., 201. Screw Winch (for Ships' Rigging, &c.)—viii. Chapman, 121. ScREWiNG-MACHiNES—VI. Glasgow, 219. Whitworth & Co., 201. Sculpture—Adams, page 847. Bailey, page 847. Behnes, page 847. Brucciani, page 847. Davis, page 848. Earle, page 848. Eld on. Earl of, page 848. Elk in g- ton & (^0., page 848. Engel, page 848. Foley, page 848. Hancock, page 849. Hollins, page 849. Legrew, page 851. Lough, page 850. McCarthy, page 851. Maedowell, page 850. Marshall, page 850. Miller, page 850. Milnes, page 850. Peyman, page 850, Physic, page, 850. Stephens, page 853. Thomas, page 853. Walton, page 853. Weekes, page 853. Wood- ington, page 853. Wyatt, page 854. I. Gowans, 132. XXVI. Minter & Co., 155. XXVII. Plows, 34. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Abbott, 53. Barker, 131. Batsford, 262. "Beauclerc, 156. Burnard, 302. Cox, 283. Davis. 65. Evans,202. Franchi, 190. Gar- die, 261. Kaulbach, 316. Norchi, 309. Papera, 17. Pidgley, 225. Watkins, 187. Worrall, 196. Wright, 203. XXX. (Sculpture Court) 28, 55, 85. Adams, 37, 62. Beauclerc, 51, 63. Behnes, 54, 77. Bell, 24, 71, 72. Brown, 1. Campbell, 23. Carew, 9, 10,11, 53. Du- rant, 5, 78. Durham, 75, 76. Earle, 16, 21, 82. Farrell, J., 52. Farrell, T. 18. Foley, 4, 19, 70. Francis, 33. Franks, 60. Hogan, 14. Jennings, 81. Jennings, B., 6. Jones, 40,45, 84. Kirk, 2. Legrew, 8. McDonnell, 30. McDowell,61. Manning, 57. Marshall, 15. Miller, 50. Miller, F. M., 17. Munro, 41. Nelson, 35. Pap- worth, 27. Physick, 47, 69. Ritchie, 29. Sharpe, 20, 26. Smith, 44, 83. Stephens, 36. Taylor, 42. Theed, 13, 59, 79. Thomas, J., 12. Thomas, J. E., 7. Thrupp, 56, 58. Thruppe, E., 39. Wyon, 86. Yar- borough. Earl of, 80. Austria, Cacciatori, 706. Cesari, 731. Cocchi, 707. Croti; 708. Dal Negro, 719. Emanueli, 709. Frac- caroli, 710 (Main Avenue, East). Galli, 711. Gandolfi, 712 (Main Avenue, East). Kaehszmann, 704. Magni, 714. Manfredini, 715. Marches!, 716. Max, 705. Micotti, 717. Monti, 746 (Main Avenue, East). Motelli, 718, 728. Pierotti, 720 (Main Avenue, East). Puttinati, 721. Sangiorgio, 722. Somagni, 723. Strazza, 713. Belgium, De Cuyper, 455 (Main Avenue, East). Fraikin, 465 (Main Avenue, East). Geefs, 466, 466a (Main Avenue, East). Jacquet, 463 (Main Avenue, East), Jehotte, 463 (Main Avenue, East). Marchand, 460, Simonis, 464 (Main Avenue, East), Tuerlinkx, 456 (Main Avenue, East). Van Linden, 512, Denmark, Bissen, 38 (Main Avenue, East). Jerichau, 39 (Main Avenue, East). France,DaLgand, 811, De Bay, 45 (Main Avenue, East). Du Seigneur, 187 (Main Avenue, East), Etex, 1215 (Main Avenue, East). Famin, 833, Farochon, 834. Leche-Leraaire, 586 (Main Avenue, East). Lequesne, (Main Avenue, East). Michel, 1660. Pradier, 1407. Ramus, 1419. Seguin, 1693, Susse, Brothers, 1023. Hamburgh, Kleft, 94, Schiller, 95. Netherlands, Versnel, 105. Rome, Cassin, 32b. (Groups by Benzoni) Leyland, 16 (Main Avenue, East). Gott, 28. Macdonald, 18. Rinaldi, 29 (Main Avenue, East). Sardinia, Frumento, 92. Spain, Biciiaime, 293. Sweden and Norway, Hillmann, 31. Tuscany, Dupre, 105. Freccia, 110. Giovannini, 97. Nencini, 108. Villa, 107. United States, Grant, 522, Powers, 522, 548 (Main Avenue, East), Remers, 254. Stephenson, P., 467 (Main Avenue, East). Stephenson, R., 548 (Main Avenue, East). ZoUverein (1), Bianconi, 295. Bonge, 222. Cauer, 431 (Main Avenue, East). Dietrich, 297. Drake, 273 (Main Avenue, East). Egloffstein, Count, 897. Kalide, 285. Wessely, 849. WoUT, 307. (2), Helbig, 87. Leeb, 89. Miller, 90. (3), Rietschel, 185. (4), Von Hofer, 105 (Main Avenue, East). Wagtier, 108. (5), Kress, 32. Vanni, 31. See also Alto-Relievos. Bas-Reliefs. Bronzes. Plaster Casts. Sculpture Engraving (Specimens)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Chabot, 239. Sculpture by Mechanical Processes—xxviii. Shaw, 164. France, Barbadienne & Co., 17U9. Scuttles (Ships')—vii. Hurwood, 31. viii. Gregory, 69. Hopwood & Co., 68. XXIV. Lockhead, 23. Scythes—ix. Fussel & Co., 197a. Boyd, 199. xxi. Tomlin & Co., 38. xxii. Eyre & Co., 203. Garfitt & Son, 219. Hutton & Newton, 215. Keep&Watkin, 76. Slagg, 158. Staniforth, 214. Waldron & Sons, 185. Wood, Brothers, 75. Austria, Dietrich, Baron, 439. Gatt, 440. Graber, 441. Grauss, 442. Hierzenberger, 443. Offner, Brothers, 444. Pammer, 445. Penz., J., 446. Penz, T., 447. Weinmeister, G., 448, Weinmeister, J., 449. Zeit- linger, J,, 450, Zeitlinger, J. A,, 451. Zimmer- man, 452. France, Talabot & Co., 1027. Russia, Imperial Artinsk Works, 167. United States, Hitchcock, 376. North Wayne Scythe Company, 323. ZoUverein, Post, 615. (4) Haueisen & Son, 58. Scythes, Iron and Steel welded for—xxii. Hutton, 166. Scythe-Stones—ix. Seal, 262. Sea Walls, Apparatus for building, in deep water (Model) —VII. Bremner, 95. Sea-Water Regenerator—v. Fell, 438. See also Salt- Water Distillation. Sea-Weed, with its Preparations—ii. Bullock & Co., 37. Watt, 32. xvii. Ackerman & Co., 1. Sealing-wax—iv. Morrell, 58. Rea, 116. xvii. Cooke & Sons, 73. Hyde & Co., 21. Waterston, 93. Belgium, Zegelaer, 280. India, xvii. Portugal, Lassa, 1151. ZoUverein (^2), Kohn, 49. Sea-Snails— Ceylon. Seals and Dies—xxii. Bid die, 297. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Kitchener, 289. Rundell, 279. India, xxix. Seals, Impressions from—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Long- man, 288. Wyon, 287. Seed Dibbling and Sowing Machines—ix. Dufour & Co., 124a. Eaton, 22. Guest, 3. Haywood, 14. Hensman & Co., 149. Holmes & Sous, 241. Hunter, W. &J., 119. Johnson, 257a. Lampitt, 130. Mar- shall, 35. Newberry, 57. Nicholls, 20. Padwick, 215. Ransomes & May, 124, Revis, 21a. Sheriff, 74. Watt, 63. West, 246. Windsor, 25. France, C!resi)el-Delisse, 465. See also Drill-Grubbers. Drill Ploughs for Green Crops. Drills. Seed Presses—-See Grinding and Crushing Mills. Seeds (Agricultural, Horticultural, and other)—ii. The London Druggists, 117. iii. Gibbs & Co., 104. 111- ingworth, 115. McKillican, 114. Barbadoes. British Guiana, Duggin, 54, 56, 57, 64, 119. Hughes, 74a, 74b. Mauget, 6S, 121. Netscher, 19. Shier, 55, 58, 67, 122. Stutchbury, 63, 65, 66. Canada, Fisher, 59. McGinn, 6L Jeffries, 62. Shep- herd, 63. Ul)ardeau, 60. Eqypt, 51, 67, 72, 74, 76, 78, 81, 109, 110, 122, 123. Malta, Pulis, 4. New Brunswick. Searle, 26. Russia, Felkersam, Baron, 82. Mikirticheif", 73. Tres- coff, 74. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 106, 110. Tnrheii. United States, Bell, 103. ZoUverein (1), Verein, 790. (6), Appel, 15. Seeds (Mode of preparing for sowing)—ix. Keene, 193. Selby Railway Bridge (Model)—vii. Walker & Bur- gess, 224 (Mahi Avenue, West). Self-Calculator—X. Sang, 338. Self-inking Press—Yi. Ullmer, 121. Self-motive Mechanism—France, Bourdaloue, 67. Senna—Egypt, 25. Lidia, ii. Sepulchral Monuments—Main Avenue, West, Cundy, 60. xxvii. Baker, 54. Brown, 52. See also Tombs. Seraphines—x. Snell, 528. Serge—xii. & xv. Clarke, 432. Craven & Harrop, 153. Fox, Brothers, & Co. 7. xiii. Brocklehurst & Sons, 38. Davidson & Co., 47. Serpentcleides—X. Jordan, 523. Serpentine Stone—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Organ, 1. Penzance Serpentine Company, 26. Canada, Logan, 1. Wilson, 2. France^ Colin, 1564, India, i. Portugal, Bonnet, 119. Spain, Granada Mines, Inspector of, 16, Malaga Mines, inspector of, 19. Turkey. Serpentine Stone Articles—xxvii. Organ, 85. Serving Mallets—United States, Batty, 351. Setons, Cotton for—x, Morton, 678a. Sevres China, Portraits of Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert on, after Portraits by Winterhalter — Main Avenue, East, 96, 97. Sewage of London, Model for Removing—v. Stotherf, 403a. Sewage of Towns, Application of, to Agricultural Pur- poses—VII. Martin, 25. Various inventions in con- nexion with—VII. Legras, 93. Sewer Traps—v. Jackson, 682. vii. Lowe k Co. 62. Martin, 25. Pratt, 16. Wilson & Woodfin, 195. xxii. Duley, 89. Thompson, 705. See also Effluvia Traps. Sewing Cotton—xi. Clark, 32. Evans & Co., 33. Hay- thorn, 25. Harris, 29. Marsland & Co. 63. Raworth & Co. 30. XXIX. Danbarn, 228. Sewing-machines—vi. Barlow, 41. Judkins, 52. Ma- ther, 16. France, Magnin, 1654. United States, Bacon, 465. Blodget, 551. Morey, 573. See also Hemming Machines. Sewing and other Thread—xiv. Bridport Local Com- mittee, 73. Fiulavson & Co., 48. Harris & Sons, 76. Holdsworth & Co., 53. Titley & Co., 51. Austria, Hiellen, Sons of the late Elias, 275. Tauber, 276. Belgium, Berthelot & Boute, 216. Catteaux, Brothers, 244. Cooreman, 212. Cumont, 235. Debrabaudere, 218. Demeuleoacre, 223. Eliaert, 234. Ghent Liniere Company, 230. Idiers, 287. Pyn & Van Pelt, 210. Scheppers, 497. France, Cherot & Co., 88. Dautremer & Co., 137. De- lage-Montignac, 141. Fauquet Lemaitre, 201. Franc & Son, and Martelin, 1233. Langevin & Co., 898. Legrand, 1313. Pesel & Meiiuet, 678. Polliart & Carpentier, 686. Roger, Brothers, & Co., 1449. Schwartz, Trapp, & Co., 1004. Scrive, Brothers, IOO7! Verstraete, Brothers, 723. Malta, Pulis, 4. Oldenburg, Sliarnhorst, 3, Portugal, \ IQ7. Da Costa Romao, 1168. De Ficalho, Marquis, 535. Lisbon Weaving Company, 725, 726. Loureiro, 716-720. Spain, Alcala & Son, 213. Ferrer & Co., 206. Martinez, 156. Monfort, 208. Sweden and Norway, 22. Johnsdotter, 33. Switzerland, Kunz, 128. Miescher & Co., 167. Tunis, 87. Turkey. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. ZoUverein (1), Felten & Guilleaume, 380. Mevissen, 557. (3), Mattoch, 43. Trinius & Sons, 45. Sextants, Quadrants, &c.—vin. Soulby, 110. x. Bar- rett, 349. Crichton, 452. Dixev, 271. Heath, 351. Somalvico & Co., 681a. Taylor, 350. Watkins & Hill, 659. Shade (Undescrlbed)—xxvi. Hopkins & Son, 154. Shakspeare, Unfinished Statue of—Bell, page 847. Bust of, XXX. (Fine Art Court), Wilbred, 291. Shakspeare's House (Model of)—xxx, (Fine Art Court) Powell, 148. Shakspeare Jubilee —xxx. (Fine Art Court) Aldred, 235. Shale (or Schist)—i. Bituminous Shale Company, 221. Cow per, 61. II. Spence, 7. Shawl-Boxes—xxviii. Rousseau, 116. Shawl Cloaks—xx. Holmes & Co., 84. Shawl Dresses (Wool and Cotton)—xii. & xv. Rainey, Knock, & Co., 198. Shawls (Various Fabrics)—Jackson, l.xii. and xv. Aber- crombie & Yuill, 292. Albert, H.R.H. Prince, 500 (Main Avenue, West). Archibald, J. & R., 461. Archbald & Sons, 465. Barber^.& Co. 19. Baumaim & Wunch, 206. Blakely, 285. Brunton & Co. 230. Brunton & Nesbit, 462. Burgess, 289. Camp, bell & Co. 201. Clabburn & Son, 284. Clark & Co. 293. Cross, 202. Dick & Sons, 295. Forbes & Hutchison, 291. Fyfe & Co. 197. Gibson & Co. 464. Holmes & Co., 280. Holms, Brothers, 288. Jackson & Banks, 278. Kay & Co. 186. Keith & Co., 279. Kerr, 300. Kerr & Scott, 275. Lawson & Co., 294, Lewis & Allenby, 276. Littler, 282. Morgan & Co. 299. Norton, 126. Oddy, 121. Paton, J. & D., 466, Robertson, J. & J., 301. Rowat, R. T. & J., 302. Roxburgh, J. & A., 296. Sampson, 215, Schwann, 115. Smith & Sons, 235. Swaisland, 283. Towler, Campin & Co. 286, Watson, J. & A., 477. Webber & Hairs, 277. WhitehiU & Co. 287. Wilson, 138. Wingate, Son & Co. 200. xiii. Smith, 51. xviii. McNair & Brand, 50. Mouteith & Co., 49, 53. XIX. Ball & Co., 19. Patent Utrecht Company, 265. Shuldam, 298. xx. Haywood, 148. Holmes & Co. 84. Macdougall, 83. Oddy, 121. Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. ^ifs^na, Berger, 309. Bossi, 239, 386. Brotzmann, 310. Haydter, 311. Kubo & Son, 312. Laporta, 387. Martinek, 313. Mogel, 314. Ramede, 300. Rein- hold, 315, Riss, 316. Schindl, 318. Schmitt (Heirs of) & Co. 238. Spanraft, 273. Wenzel, 319. Zjcisel & Blumel, 320. Belgium, Dietens, 288. Paquet, 335. Stocquart, Bro- thers, 307. China, Hewett & Co. France, Aubry, Brothers, 1544. Berrus, Brotheis, 55. Bertrand, Gayet & Dumontal, 1085. Bietry & Son, 356. Bonfils, Michel, Souvraz & Co. 1094. Cham- bellan & Co. 1140. Chinard, 89. Chocqueel, F., 1148. Chocqueel, L., 90. Damiron & Co. 1167. Delamoriniere, Gonin & Michelet, 1583. Denei- rouse, Glavy & Co. 1182. Duche, 1592. Fourquemin & Godet, 1604. Gaussen & Co. 1241, 1243. Gode- froy, 1232. Grillet & Co. 1259. Herbert & Son, 1621. Lion, Brothers & Co. 1327. Pin-Bayard, 682. Re- peyre, 983. Reynier, Cousins, 353, 1435. Roche & Dime, 990. Thevenet, Raffin & Roux, 1500. Troc- con, 1511. Zadig, 1535. Greece, John, 58. Hamburgh, Windmiiller, 29. India, xii. xv. Ionian Islands, FitzRoy, Lord C, 4. Seaton, Lord, 5. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, Cruz, 756. Da Silva, 955. Daupias, 866-881. Lafaurie & Co., 814-839. Lisbon Company, 707-712. Moreira, 956. Pereira, 713, 714. Russia, Prascovia, &c., 358. A Cossack's Wife, 282. Lafont, 270, 277. Merlin, A. & V., 281. Prokhoroff, Brothers, 349. Rochefort, 176, 191, 199, 208. Switzerland, Anderegg, 111. Baenziger, 112. Cuendet, 159. Mettler & Son, 197. Mueller, 160. Tanner & Koller, 206. Tmis, 7, 9, 10, 80. Turkey. United States, Lawrence, Stone, & Co. 464. Roy, 578. Van Diemen's Land, Queen's Orphan Schools, 142. Western Africa, Faddy, 20. ZoUverein (1), Bauch, F. T., 728. Bauch, J. F., 793. Bockmuehl, 586. Cohn & Co. 137. Eiigelmann & Son, 571. Haarhaus, 567. Kein, 578. Luehdorff & Co. 584. Marx & Weigert, 113. Meixel, 396. Meyer & Engelmanu, 582. Opdenhoff & Hartung, 134. Pluecker, 568. Rurmann & Meckel, 580. Schild- knecht, 131. Simons, 514. Weigert & Co. 115. (2), Gehhart, Brothers, 42. Steinhaeuser, 44. (3), Facilides & Co. 95. Koester & Uhlmann, 70. Sey- ferth & Co. 106. Stoelzel & Son, 66. Shawls (Designs for)—xviii. Hudson, 66. France, Carnet, 105. Hartweck, 867. Herault, 872. Mathieu, 1351. Shearing-machines—vi. Whitworth & Co. 201. ix. Taylor, 139. Belgium, Troupin, 128. France, Schneider & Legrand, 1001. Zolloerein (1), Thomas, 57. Shears (various)—xxi. Toralin & Co. 38. xxii. Hunter, 228. Jowett, 170. Linley, 231. Machon, 168. Matkin, 210. Shearer, 127. Steer & Webster, 124. Wilkinson & Son, 122. Wilkinson, T. & G., 175. United States, Heinizch, 168. Zollverein (1), Blackmann, 623. See also Scissors. Sheathing Metal and Ships' Fastenings — viii. Muntz, 101. XII. & XV. Wilkinson, 51. Sheep-Crib—ix. Eaton, 22. Sheep-dipping Apparatus—ix. Bigg, 65. Rome, 152. Sheep-washing Apparatus—ix. Fyfe, 41a. Sheet Glass—xxiv. Hartley & Co., 100. See also Plate Glass. Sheeting—^See Zznen Sheeting. Sheets for Cotton Carding—Switzerland, Schelllng, 62. Sheffield Ware—5ee Plated Ware. Shell Marl—Canada, Boston, 25. De Lesderniers, 24. Kelly, 22. Yeomens, 23. Shells & Shell-work—^a^amas, Gregory, GoA^ernor. Greig. Nicolls. China, Thorns. France, Hostin, 265. India, xxviii. Jersey and Guernseij, Dobree, 30. Hutchinson, 31. Valpy, 40. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co. 2. Mauritius, Balk field & Co. 5. Rome, Deas, 49. Sardinia, Rondelli, 90. Van Diemen's Land, Milligan, 194. Shell Propeller—C/nzfec? States, Treese, 169. Shield, Presented by the King of Prussia to the Prince of Wales—Main Avenue, East, H.R.H. Prince Albert, 98. Casts taken from the Shield, Zollverein (1), Kr ause, 278. Electrotype Shield, xxx. Johdson, 365. Shipping, Models OT—See Nautical Models. Ship-Propellers—VII. Brown, Sir S., 334. Corryton, 82. Kincaid, 89. ix. Starkey, 43. See also Screw Propellers. Ships' Cabin Tables—viii. King, 19. Ladd, 80. Austria, Reitch, 638. Ships' Cabin Window Apparatus—xxii. Gray, 518. Ship's Deck, Section of—viii. Mason, 81. Ships (Apparatus for preventing Ships from Logging)—viii Spenceley, 117. Ships'^ Cabin Furniture—xxvi. Taylor & Son, 9. Ships' Cargoes, Machine for Discharging—v. Ncvil], 450. ' Ship Fastenings—viii. Husband, 151. Ships' Lanterns. See Lamps and Lanterns, Sec, Ships' Pumps—5ee Pumps, Ships'. Ship Screws—vii. Peile & Co., 77. Ship-Scrubbers—viii. Murray, 38.* Ship's Stove—xxii. Harvey, 440. Ship Sheathing, Felt—vii. Croggon & Co., 110. Ship Trenails—v. Ransomes & May, 640. Ship Ventilators—S'to^es, Emerson, 433. Ships' Yards—Jersey and Guernsey, Marquard, 42. Shipwreck, Apparatus for Saving Life in Case* of— VII. Bain, 197. viii. Carte, 29. Greener, 59. Holtum, 20. Jermngham, 21. Mariners' Friend Society, 310 Oflord, 25. Offord & Bradbeer, 26. Parsey, 88 Jersey and Guernsey, Chevalier, 6. ^-ee also Life-Belts. Life-Boats. Shipwrights' Tools—-See Tools, Shipwrights' Shirtings—XI. Cross, 41. Horrockses, Miller & Co 60 Pearson & Co., 21. ' ' Shirts—^ee Ready-made Linen. Shoemakers' Awls and other Tools — XXII. Baker, 559. Timmins & Sons, 312. Austria, Baclmer, 565. Buchberger, 479. Derfler, 480. Diltsch, 481. Grossaver, A., 567. Cirossaver, F., 568. Kettenhuber, 483. Kolm, 484. Molterer, C, 486, 487. Molterer, G.,488. Molterer, M., 490. Molterer, v., 491. Northhaft, 492. Shoemakers' Trimmings, Sweden, Hanel, 92. Shoe-making Machine—France, Dumerey, 487. Shoe-Pegs—xxviii. Jones, 122. United States, Bretts, 211. 'J'hayer, 422. Shoes. See Boots and Shoes. Shoe-Socks—XVI. Clark, C. & J. 48. Shoe-Stuffs—ZoZZyemw (1), Kretschmann, 738. Macht, 730. Shoe-Tips and Heels—^ws^na, Mitterberger, 467. Shop Blinds, Rotatory—xxvi. Lucas, 397. See also Shutters, Iron Safety. Shop Fittings—Austria, Batka, 629. Shop Fronts (Models)—vii. Harris, 74. McLean, 72. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Beecham, 332, Shop Letters—xxix. Miers, 85. xxx, (Fine Art Court) Thompson, 343. See also Brass Lettering on Glass. Glass Letters. Metallic Letters. Porcelain Letters, Wooden Letters. Shop-Shutter Shoe—xxii. Jennings, 810. Shot Belts, Pouches, &c.—xvi. Jones, 30. Middle- more, 67. Westein Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. See also Powder Sf Shot Flasks. Shot and Bullets—i. Royal Dublin Society of Ireland, 508. Austria, Diez, 122a. Portugal, Da Silva, 991-1014. Barantchinsk Imperial Iron Works, 158. Koush- vinsk Imperial Cast-Iron Works, 157. Shot Tower (Model)—vii. Shield, 79. Shovels, Railway—v. Thornton & Sons, 490. Shower-Baths—See Baths. Shumac—IV. Kitchin, 126a. Shutters '(for Shops & Private Houses)—vii. Askew, 48. Holland, 132. France, Hoen, 264. Shutters, Iron Safety—vii. Bunnett & Co. 152. Horn, 67. Quincey, 146. Side-Arms—-FraJice, Coulaux & Co. 129. Sideboards—xxiii. Sheffield School of Design, 39. xxvi. Bland 112. Caldecott, Messrs., 206. Gillow & Co., 186. Hhidley & Co., 266. Hoyles, 345. Hunter, W. J. R. & E., 202. Jackson & Graham, 261. Le- vien, 203. Palmer, 59. Poole & Macgillivray, 204. Rivett & Sons, 153. Ross, 107. A^ee also Furniture. Sieves—VI. Saddington, S. & W,, 609. Fgypt, 156-161. Tunis, 86, 87. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Van Biemens Land, Symonds, 243-245. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Sieve-bottoms—Austria, Benedig, 356. Globotsching, 357. Locker, 358. Sieve-Hoops—France, Peyron, 955, 1387. Sifting-machine, Archimedean—IX. Service, 122a. Sign Boards—France, Remond, 977. Signals (Undescribed) ~ vii. Rettie, 159. See also Lamps, Marine Signal. Signals, Fog. See Fog Signals. Signals, Hand—xxii. Squire, 451. Signals, Marine—viii. Dempster, 174. Signals, Railway—-See Railway Signals. Signals, Steam-Boat—v. Tidmarsh, 707. Silk, Raw—iv. Dodge, 32. Doxat & Co., 35, Durant, 31. Jaquemot, 37. xiii. Hadwen & Sons, 42. xix. Simpson, 67. ^ o -r> Austria, Canossa, 86. Ouerim, 84. Pare, 85. Ron- chetti, 82. Rossi, 88. Scheibler & Co., 80. Sterner & Sons, 87. Verza, Brothers, 87a. British Guiana, 76a. China, Hammond & Co. Fra^zce, Chambon, 113. Champanhet-Sargeas, 114. Jame & Co., 1273. Lapierre & Son, 561. Roussy, 1420a. India iv. xiii. Ionian Islands, Seaton, Lord. Jersey and Guernsey, Martin, 26, Malta, Pulis, 4 Madeira, Resid,!. Mauritius, Dyi])ou\, 2. Netherlands, Enthoven, 49. Portugal, Garcia, 611. [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] h South Australia, Murray, 6. Grey, Earl, 7. Sweden, Haga Plantation, 95. TurkeiJ. Western Africa, Trottt-r, 5. Silk Down—xxvi. Herring-, 379. Silk Fabrics (Various)—iv. Hands & Leavesle}', 34. Howe & Co. 36, xii. & xv. Behreus, 180. Dalby, 152. Macfarlane, 297. Shultlewortb, & Q)., 489. Wbiteliill & Co., 287. xill. Adshead & C>)., 3!-). Boyd 13. Brocklehurst & Sons, 38. Brooks, 26, Browetf, W. & H„ 80, Burke, 57, Clarke, 20, Critchley & Co. 40. Cross, 32. Davidson & Co. 47. Dear, 37. Graham & Sons, 17, Grout & Co, 36. Hadwen & Sons, 42. Harrop & Co. 62. Hill & Co. 25. Howell & Co. 27. Keith & Co., 1 (and Main Avenue, West), Lewis & Allenbj', 16. Mar- shall & Snelgrove, 33. Pugh, 2. Robinson J. & R. & Co. 5. Robinson, J. & W. & Co. 24. Sanderson & Reid, 3. Seamer, 15. Sewell & Co. 19. Soper, 29. Stone & Kemp, 18. Swan & Edgar, 11. Towler, Campin & Co. 286. Vanner & Son, 4, 28. Wardle Co., 41. Weston & Son, 46. Winkworth & Procters, 65, XVIII, Evans & Co, 1, Jourdain, 6L Le Lievre, 60. Reynolds & Son, 63. Swan & Edgar, 9. xix. Bennock & Co. 394. Mackellar & Hampson, 231. Perry, 268. xx. Carver & Gilbert, 98. Rawiiugs, 188. Algeria, Delegate of Algiers, 58. Casteiran, 15. Chuf- fart, 17. Hardy, 28. Morin, 39. Austria, Backhausen, C. & J. 249. Bader, Brothers, 250, Bugatti, 252. Dorfleuthner, 253, Flemmich, 254. Fries & Zeppezaner, 255. Giani, 257. Gratz Silk- worm-Breeding Association, 73. Gruber & Euzinger, 258. Haas & Sons, 259. Hell, 260. Herzig & Son, 261. Herzog, 76. Kofler, Hermann & Co,, 76a, Hornbostel & Co., 262. Lorenz, 75. Mattiuzzi, 77. Mestrozi, 267. Pappafava, 79. Pari, 85. Querini, G. 84. Kadulovits, Brothers, 74. Reichert, 268. Ron- chetti, 82. Rossi, 88. Salzer, 245, Scheibler & Co, 80. Schopper, 270. Scola, 72. Secchi, 81. Seni- gaglia & Carminati, 78. Sig.nund, 272. Steiner & Sons, 87. Verza, Brothers, 87a. Belgium, Deconinck, 1J2. De Mevins, 86. Depottcr, 111. Metdepenningen, 207. Olivier & Co. 201. China, Astell & Co. Copland. Hewett & Co. Lindsay. Egypt, 198-201, 203, 205-210, 295, 296-298, 300, 305, 325, 339, 384. France, Allburtit, 749. Alcan, 1050. Alcan & Limey, 5. Arduin & Chancel, 8. Ayne, Brothers, 755. Bar- ral, 410. Barrallou & Brossard, 16. Barres, Brothers, 41. Barthelats, 757. Beauvais, 1076. Bel Ion & Co. 1079, Benonville, 760. Bert, 763. Bertrand, 764. Bertrand,Gayet & Duniontat, 1085, Bianchi & Duseig- neur, 1087. Bonnal & Co, 429. Bonnet & Co. 1097. Bonneton, 771. Boudon, 1105. Bourdin, 1730. Bouvard & Lancon, 1110. Bronski, 782. Brunet, Lecomte, Guichard & Co. 1120. Buisson, Robert, & Co. 784. Cabrit & Roux, 81. Carriere, 1136. Causse &Garion, 1137. Chambon, 113, 793a. Champagne & Rougier, 1143. Cliampanhet, 114. Cl lampoiseau 794. Ciiamponet, 793b. Chartron & Sons, 796. Conderc & Soucaret, 96. Darras, 470. Darvien Val- mald & Co. 1169. Delarbre, 1175, 1176. Deleuze 1178. Despreaux, 164, Dumaine, 175. Dussol 150'. Duval, 189. Deydier, 13S0, Evmien & Son'831. Fabregue-Nourry, Barnouin & Co. 832. Farjon 1217 Galimard, E. 515. Galimard, F. 839a. Gibelin & Son, 846, Gindre, 1247. Girodon, 1250. Grolleau & DeviUe, 1618. Guinon, 1263. Herme, 537. Jame Bianchi & Duseigneur, 1273. Laveinhe & Mathieu' 1298. Lapeyre, 1292. Lemire & Son, 1649. Lyons Agricultural Society, 1537. Lyons Chamber of Com- merce, 1141, 1565. Mathevon & Bouvard, 1349. Me- jean, 1353. Menet, 1657, Molines, 647 930a Montessey & Chomer, 1360. Mouigue & Bousquet' 1363. Nogarede, 937. Pature-Lujiin, Seydoux, Seib- Lt & Co. 1381. Ponson, 1403. Pottun, Rambaut & Co. 1402. Pradier, 1406. Regard, Brothers, 1426. Reidon, 1430. Repiquet & Silvent, 1432. Reynier 1435. Ruas & Co. 1464. Sambuc, 1470. Schlum- berger, Gaspard, & Co. 1000. Teissier du Cros 1031 Thomas, Brothers, 1040. Valansot, 1514. Verdet & Co. 1519. Vincent, 1526. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1, Greece, Costantoulachi, 53. Pantazopoulus, 51. Pit- houlis, 52. Ralli, 50. St. Constantine, the Nuns of, 54. India, iv., xiii., xviii. Netherlands, Eyndhoven, 49. Rooyen, 58. Persia, Thompson. Portugal, 856-859, 940-945, 948-950, 1171. Carneiro, 958. Garcez, 611-615. Jorge, 963. Palmella, Duke of, 604-610. Pimentel, 964, Ramos, 954. Rome, Beirette, 6, Filanda-Bracci al Fano, 7. Morti, 5. itzfssza, Hadji Babi-Kelbalay-Oossein-Ogli, 53, 142. Jraf- Ogli, 207. Juditsky, 137. Kherson Peasant "Women, 211. Kondrasheff, 353, Lapfeff, 371. Poliakoff & Zamiatin, 205. Rayko, 140, Rebroff, 139,143. Rier, 1.38. Vikoulin, 141. Zalaghin, 209. Sardinia, Bravo, 24. Casissa & Sons, 27. Chichizola & Co. 39. Defferrari, Brothers, 44. Fermento, 37. Galimberto, 29. Jacquet & Co, 26. Rignon & Co. 30. Sinigaglia, Brothers, 25. Soley, 40. Vertu, Bro- thers, 28. Spain, 196, 203. Alcala & Son, 213. Almansa, 200. Amigo y Saury, 217. Calderon, 220. Castillo, 218. Cruz, 201, Dotres, Gaspar & Co., 215. The Baron of Finestrat, 195. Garcia, 205. Gener, 212. Gonzalez, 198. Margarit, 204. Monfort, 208. Montfort, 202. Orduna, 214. Pryals, 197. Rey & Co., 207. Rey- noso, 211. Roig, 216. Talavera Guilds' Manufac- turing Co., 219. Trenor, 210. Valencia Board of A^rriculture, 209. Sweden and Norway, Casparsson & Schmidt, 24. Meyer- son, 24. Switzerland, Alioth, 154. Boelger, 158. Custer & Schachtler, 148. Fogliardi, 54. Lane, 55. Lotz, 155. Muller, 155. Romain, 155. Ryhiner & Sons, 161. Schmid, Brothers, 269. Sulzer, 186. Vou der Muehl, Brothers, 162, Wegner, loS. Zurich Silk-Stuffs Manufacturers, 153. Tunis, 10. Turkey. Tuscany, Casuccini, 50. Davetti, 46. Delia Ripa, 38. Franceschini, 43. Lambruschini, 36, Lepori, 47. Mordini, 45. Pannilini, 42. Petrucci, 40. Fieri, 41. Poidebard, 39. Ravagli, 48. Rimediotti, 44. Savi, 51. Scoti, Brothers, 37. Zavagli, 49. United States, Ryle, 336. Western Africa, Trotfer, 5. ZoUverein (1), Bovenschen, 536. Duyn, Hipp & Co,, 510. Funke, Boeddinghans & Co., 572. Gabain, 119. Greef, 533. Hermes & Wolffers, 520. Hoddick, 598. Jacobs & Bering, 524. Kaible, 525. Kerkzoff, 512. Kiszewskv, 39. Lucius & Co., 729. Lumm & Ruetten, 531. Meer & Co., 529. Neuhaus, H. T. 522. Neu- haus, L. 577. Peltzer, 518. Rappard & Co., 516, 517. Schmidt & Co., 589. Schroers, 515. Simons, 514. Stork, 511. Weyerbusch, 570. (3), Behr & Schubert, 50. Roehling & Co., 50b. (6), Weintrant, 70. See aXso Brocades. Damasks (Silk, Sfc.J. Dyed Silk. Gauzes. Mixed Fabrics. Organzine. Poplins. Ribbons. Sarsenets. Satins. Waistcoatings. Silk Grass—xiv. Dagnall & Co. 89. Silk Looms & Machinery—vi. Davenport, 80. Frost, 84. Smith, 22. Austria, Scheibler, 80. France, Harding-Cocker, 864. Muzard, 1366. Roeck, 1446. Souheyrand, 1490. Bussia, Gralf", 150. ZoUverein (f), Diepers, 472. Schrodter, 484. Silk, Sewing, Netting, &c.—xiii. Alsop & Co. 48. Bridgett & Co. 49. Brocklehurst & Sons, 38. Brough & Co. 44. Browett, W. & H. 80. Davidson & Co. 47. Hammersley & Bentley, 45. xix. Simpson, 67. Surr & Co. 80. Silk-Spinning—France, De Tillancourt, 697. Silk, Thrown—xi. Walsh & Windley, 26. Silk Trophy —xiii. Keith & Co. 1 (Main Avenue, West). Silk Waste—xiii. Holdforth & Son, 61. Hadwen & Sons, 42. XIX. Cox, Miss A., 220. Silk-worm Gut—Spain, 199. Silk-Worms—^M5iria,Grassi, 83. Hoepfner, 128. Turkey. Silk-worm Spinning Apparatus (Models)—Austria, Hoejjfner, 128. ZoUverein (1), Bolzani 38. Silver—II. Howards & Kent, 11. Canada, Ba,dg\ej,l\. Logan,!. Montreal Mining Com- pany, 10. Chili, 2 (Main Avenue, East). China, Lindsay. Spain, Almeria Mines, Inspector of tlie, 13. Sweden and Norivay, Kongsberg Silver Works, 34, Turkey. Zollverein (1), Eschweiler Mines, 3)8. Silver ' Embossed Chasing—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bremner, 258. Silver Lace—See Gold and Silver Lace. Silver Lead-ores—See Lead Ores. Silver Leaf—See Gold and Silver Leaf. Silver Ore—Canada, Badgley, 11. China, Lindsay. Russia, Barnavulsk Imperial Works, 4. Spain, 3. Sweden and Norway, Guldsmedshyttan Mines, 16. Zollverein (1), Cosack, fi25. Lambinon & Co. 451. Silver Plate—See Gold and Silver Ware. Silver, Processks for obtaining—Zollverein (1), Mans- feld Combined Mining Works, 850. Singeing Horses with Gas (Instrument for)—ix. Crump, 160. Singeing Lamps—xxii. Deakin, 157. Size—II. Davies, 70. Sizing or Dressing Machine—vi. Hornby & Kenworthy, 20. Skates—xxi. Loy, 14. xxii. Brown & Sons, 182. Flatlier, 167. Marsden & Co. 169. Wright, 177. xxix. Pur- don, 39. Sweden, Nystrand, 82. Skates, Summer—xxii. Bradnack, 275. Skerryvore Lighthouse (Model)—vii. The Commis- sioners of Northern Lighthouses, 99. Skins (for Furs, &c.)—See Furs and Skins. Skins for Gloves—Austria, Boulogne, 334. Skins and Hides—;>^ee Leather and Hides. Skipping-Ropes—XIV. Soper, 64. Skylights—VII. Maxwell, 102. Nixon, 174. Slag—Spain, Cerain, 1. Slate—Western Enc), South Enclosure, (Outside), Old Delabole Slate Company, 8. Stirling, 9. Welsh Slate Company, 12, i. 205. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 211. Dawbarn & Co. 208. Delabole Slate Company, 214. Freeman, W. & J., 160. Greaves, 210. Limerick Local Committee, 212. Taylor, 201. Williams, 215. Slate, Enamelled—xxvii. Hall, 42. Magnus, 46. Slate Manufactures—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Old Delabole Slate Company, 8. Struthers, 16, I. Stirling, 209. v. Slack, 423. x. Wishaw, 419. XXVI. Steedman, 346. xxvii. Blackburn, 21. Stir- ling, 120. Slate Painting —xxx, (Fine Art Court) Borrows, 11. I Slate Pavement—South, or Transept Entrance, Festiniog, North Wales. Slate-Pencils—Belgium, Collette-Doucet, 5. United States, Cain, 247. Slates (for Roofs, &c.j—Belgium, Collette-Doucet, 5. Canada, Hall, 18. Logan, 1. Quigley, 20. France, Lariviere Angers Slate Works, 290. Rimogne Slate Works Company, 378, 694. Sardinia, Pianello, 3. Zolesi, 2. Trinidad, Lord Harris. United States, Sims, 274, 275. Zollverein (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1. Slates, Metallic—Zollverein (4), Rometsch, 73. Sledges—Russia, Babounuff 345. Jakoleff Brothers 344. Sweden, Norman, 54. Sleighs—Cofnac?a, Lawrin, 180. McLean & Wright 178. O'Meara, 179. Slide Taps (for Fire-engines)—v. Fletcher, 444. Slide Valves (for Steam-Engines) — v. Atherton I, Roughton, 7. Wheeler, 305. ' Sliding Rule of Involution—Rooker J. and A. 340. Slotting-machines—VI. Sharp, Brothers, 204. Whit- worth & Co., 201. Slubbing and Roving Frames—vi. Mason, 10. Parr & Co., 6. S>MAi.T—Zollverein (1), Horstmann & Co., 462. Smelling-Bottles—France, Maillot, 597. See also Scent- Bottles. Smelling Salts—ii. Hills, 23. Sbielting Furnace (Model)—i. Fresize, 464. Ceylon. Smith's Hearth or Forge (Portable)—vi. Hick & Son, 218. Smiths' Implements—xxii. Keep & Watkin, 76. Wood, Brothers, 75. Smoke-Condenser—VII. Cochrane, 158. Smoke-consuming Furnaces (Jukes' Patent)—v. Sur- mon & Co., 65. Smoke Consumption (Apparatus for effecting)— -vii. Devey, 54. Smoke-Damper—V. Craig, 776. Smoke-Jacks—XXII. Benham & Sons, 98. Crook, 244. Smoking-Pipes—XXV, Leitch and Hammond, 59. Canada, Henderson, 187. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster Smith, 1. Persia, Hudson. Turkey. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. McWilliam. Zollverein (1), Lux, Brothers, 769. See also Hookahs. Meerschaum Pipes. Tobacco Pipes, Sfc. Smoky Chimneys, Apparatus for Curing—vii. Bram- hall, 129. Grisdall, 58. France, Fondet, 50S. Smoothing-Tree (for Kid Leather)—Zollverein (1), We- ber, 744. Smut-machines—vi. Coombe & Co., 444. Millington B. & E., 462. Rankin, R. & J., 466. Snow-Shovels—Canada, Montreal Central Commission, 301. Snuff—in. Lundy Foot & Co., 44. Richardson, Brothers, 52. Taylor, 45. Austria, Vienna Imperial Tobacco Manufactories, 69. Belgiian, Brovellio, 72. Plaideau, 71. Canada, Levey, 130. Portugal, Royal Tobacco and Snuff Company, 1172- 1195. Russia, Protassoff, 334. Spiglazoff, 76. Tunis, 81, 88. Zollverein (1), Carstanjen, 468. (5) Minoprio & Co., 4. (6) Bernard, Brothers, 9. Snuff and Tobacco Boxes—i. Jamieson, 25. xxiii. Baird, 26. McGregor, 46. xxviii. Garrett, 141. XXIX. Stivens & Sons, 35. Austria, flofrichter, 644. China, Shea. France, Mercier, 1658. India, xxviii. Van Diemen's Land, Milligan, 201-203. Zollverein (1), Schulz, 880. (2), Pleisch, 72. (4) Abele & Co. 76. (6), Frank, 61. Soaps (Common, Scented, &c.)—xxviii. Gosnell & Co., 55, Williams & Son, 4. xxix. Carrick, 16. Clea- ver, 20. Cowan & Sons, 19. Dixon, 91. Gibbs, D. & W., 305a. Going, 87a, 201. Grossmith, 13. Hendrie, 10. Kendall & Co., 25. Knight, 8. Low &Co., 30. Mackean, 28. Payne, 29. Pears, A. & F., 24, Taylor & Co. 5. Williams & Son, 4. Yardley & Statham, 2. Algeria, Arnaud, 2. Austria, Chiozza & Son, 43 Hermannstadt Stearine Can- dle Company, 42. Melzer, 44. Richter, 44 a. Belgium, Touche, 434. Canada, Matthewson & Son, 329. South Africa, Smithers, 38. Ceylon. Denmark, Owen, 44. France, Allard & Claye, 750. Arnavon, 402. Bleuze, 1091. Jaillon, Moinier & Co., 273. Millian, 929. Moreau, 1361. Piver, 1678. Roulet, Gilly, & Chapon- niere, 359. Hamburgh, Douglas & Son, 92. Lidia, XXIX. Netherlands, Perselaert & Son, 71. New South Wales, Hallett & Sons, 5. New Zealand, Smith, 6. Nova Scotia, Central Committee. Portugal, Royal Soap Contractors, 1158-1164. Russia,^ Beseke, 303. Nilson & Junker, 308. Stier, 364. Sardinia, Albani, Brothers, 7, Rossi & Schiapparelli, 6. Spain, 275 a. Bert, 245, 246. Giro, 244. Leon y Rico, 243. Tunis, 172-11Q, 189. Turkey. Tuscany, Conti & Son, 23. United States, Bazin, 36. Clawson, 503. Hauel, 40. Hyde, 67. Lord, Lynch & Co., 366. Moore, 564. St. John, 510. Taylor, 292. Van Diemen's Land, Cleburne, 144. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Zollverein (1), Dehmel, 254. Palis, 263. Sarre, 255. Wunder, 250. Soap-Berries (Sapindus)—II. Pound, 108. British Guiana, Ross, 120. Soap-cutting Machine—vi. Muir, 2(J6. Soap, Soft—Kuighr, 8. McKean, 28. Soap-Stone—Canada, Logan, I. Greece, 15. Switzerland, Pedoliu, 49. United States, Cocke, 271. M'Henry, 501. Maryland Soap-Stoue Company, ISO. Soda—ii. Huskisson, 86. Cape of Good Hope, Jeppe, 4. Egypt, 367. India, I. Tarkeij. Soda, Acetate of—France, Maire & Co., 317. Soda, Anhydrous Sulphate of—Belgium, Societe de Floiette, 38. Soda, Bicarbonate of—ii. Pattinson, 18. Stevenson, 20. Soda, Carbonate of—ii. Bower, 42. Cook, 15. Watt, 32. South Africa, Seppe, 49. India, I. ii. Portugal, Hirsch, Brotliers, 51. Serzedello & Co. 50. Spain, Canary Islands, 33. Zollverein (1), Matthes & "Weber, 464. Soda, Preparations from—Zollverein (1), Wesenfeld & Co., 461. Soda Soap—Sardinia, Albain, Brothers, 7. Soda, Stannate o-e—Austria, Braun, 21. Zollverein (1), Krimmelbem & Bredt, 457. Soda, Sulphate of—ii. Bullock & Co. 37. Kane, 53. France, Malapert, 319. India, ii. Spain, Ang-ula, 38. Burgos Mines, Inspector of, 35. Zollverein (1), Matthes & Weber, 464. Soda, Ttnate of—Zollverein (1), Kunheim, 13. Soda-Water—XXIX. Thwaites, A. & R. & Co. 105. See also Vases, Syphon {for Aerated Waters). Soda-Water Machines—vi. Cooper and Bursill, 624. Cox, 608. Tyler & Co., 605. Tylor & Son, 606. XXII. Masters, 634. France, Savaresse, 1477. Sodium, Acetate of—Austria, Wagenmann & Co. 19. Sofa Bed (to prevent sea-sickness)—viii. Brown, 169a. Sofa Bedsteads—xxvi. Bursill, 7a. Ramuz, 152. Ver- rinder, 217. Sofas—XXVI. Bursill, 7. Gillow & Co., 186. Jackson, 242. Canada, Reed & Co., 115a. Soils and Earths (Specimens) — i. 43. Lance, 37. Roake, 60. Rogers, 70. Egypt, 9, 12, 18. Portugal, Marapez, 116. Telim, 117. Rome, Bianconcini, 1. Spain, Almeria Mines, Inspector of, 13. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 33-35. Tunis, 24. Tuscany, 3. See also Brick Earth. Clay. Pottery Clay. Solidified Milk—See Concentrated Milk. Solite Obelisks—xxvii. Beld, 57. Sounding Instruments—£eZ^i««/w, Van Hecke, 480. France, Lecoentre, 300. Mulot & Son, 658. South Shields Cobles (Models)—viii. Alan, 85. South Wales Railway Iron Bridge (Model)—vii. Finch & Willey, 9. Southwater Church, Sussex (Model of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Carruthers, 305. Sowing Machines. See Seed-Dibhling and Sowing Machines. Spades—See Digging Machine. Horticultural Implements. Spain, Her Majesty the Queen of; Articles of jewellery belonging to—France, Lemonnier, 304. Spain, The King of. Iron bust of—Spain, Trubia, Royal Ordnance, 280. Spanners—x. Park, 337. Spectacles, Reading-Glasses, &c.—x. Bayley, 273. Brabam, 289. Bralthwaite, 283. Callaghan, 268. Chadburn, Brothers, 259. Clark, 276. Dixey, 271. Rowley, 290. Solomon, 286. Weaber, 279. White- house, 280. Yeates, 332. xxii. Balleny, 299. Belgium, Latin ie, 184. i^rarace, Berger-Walter, 25. Henri, 262. Plagniol, 1679 Poulot, 966. Zollverein (1), Busch, 89. (2), Eisenmenger, 24. Spectacle-Frames—Zollverein (4), Lenz, 67. Speed Indicator (for Steam-engines or Machines)—v. Yates, 777. Spelf-machine—VI. Smith, 59. Spelt—Belgium, De Heunheuse, 62. Spelter—i. Grey, 506. Spermaceti and Spermaceti Candles—iv. Miller & Sons, 29 (Main Avenue, West), xxix. Ogleby & Co., 139. Sweden and Norway, hdivam, \S. United States, Macy & Sons, 306. Spermaceti Oil—See Oils (various), Sph^ero-Annular Condenser (for Microscopes) — x. Shadbolt, 677a. Spices—ii. London Druggists, 117. iii. London Spice Trade, 53. Barhadoes. Grenada, Grose, 1. India, iii. Lahuan, Sfc, Hammond & Co., 2. Mauritius, Natural History Society, 4. Reader, 7. Trinidad, Lord Harris, 2. Western Africa, Weston, 1. Spike-Machine—United States, Morey, 580. Spinal Curvature Chairs—x. Seltzer, 726. Spinal Curvature, Support for—x. Wood, 737. See also Orthorachidic Instruments. Spindles (For Cotton and Silk Spinning)—vi. Booth & Co., 2. Lewis & Sons, 209. Preston, 5. Ryder, 222. XXII. Lucas & Son, 204a. Portugal, 1222. Spinning-wheels and Machinery—vi. Higgins & Sons, 14. Leach, 7. Macindoe, 24. Parr & Co., 6. Belgium, Societe du Phenix, 134. Goudeaii, 135. Vandevin, 126. France, Stamin & Co., 1021. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. Hamburgh, Boye, 113. India, v. Mecklenburg - Strelitz, Gundlach, 4. Sweden, Ehren- berg, 65. See also Mules (Cotton, Sfc. Spinning). Throstles for Spinning. Spirit-Cases—xxii. Young, 442. Spirit-Levels—v. Judge, 130. x. Dobbs, 346. Liddell, 362. xxii. Bloomer & Phillips, 176. Morrison & Parker, 177. Spirit-Meters—X. Brown, 335. Towns, 327. xxii. McCullum, 523. See also Hydrometers. Spirit-Taps—V. Stocker, S. & G., 422. Spirometers—X. Ewart, 729. Sponges—xxviii. Harris, S. & H., 117. Bahamas, Barnes & Co. Greece, Paulides, 12. Tunis, 73-75, 150, 151. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Winkler, 31. (3), Thieme-Widtmarkter & Pueschel, 4. Spongio-piline—IV. Markwick, 114, Sporting Implements—Austria, Cassel, 478. France, Boche, 769. See also Gunpoivder. Guns, Pistols, Sfc. Shot-Belts, Sfc. Spoons—See Gold and Silver Ware. Plated Ware. Spring-bed—C7m7ec? States, Day, 575. Spring Braces—x. Grossmith, 565. Spring Propeller—v. Clarke & Williams, 965. Spring Seats—United States, American Chair Company, 85. Spring Windows (requiring no lines)—Sweden and Nor- way, Rosenkilde, 45. Springs (Carriage, Cart, &c.)—v. Gibson, 848. Marriot & Atkinson, 160. India, i. Springs for Doors—xxii. Aldridge, 687. Springs, Locomotive-Engine—xxii. Turton & Sons, 190. Springs, Mattrass—xxii. Wakefield, 337. Springs, Railway-Truck—xxii. Marsh & Co., 162. Spur Wheels—v. Jackson, 682. Spurs—xvi. Maxwell & Co., 52. Thomas & Son, 211. Belgium, Giliay, 379. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Square-cutting Gauge—xxii. Robertson, 565. Square for Measuring—x. Purvis, 325. Stack-covering (Various)—xxix. Fisher, 225. Staff of Honour (African)—W. Africa, McWilliam. Stained Glass—xxiv. Baillie, 61. Ballantine & Allan, 78. Holland & Son, 63. Swinburne, 4. Tobey, 81. XXVI. Lee, 43, 402. Austria, Bigaglia, 600. Belgium, Jonet, 389. France, Gerente, 517. Maes, 656. United States, Gibson, 346. Hannington, 311. Zollverein (6), Schiffmann, 76. Stained Glass, Substitute for—xxviii. Bushell, 182. Stained-glass Windows—xxiv. Bankart & Sons, 87 Bury, 64. Castle-street Glass-Works, 83. Forrest J Bromley, 42. Hall, 41. Mayer, 76. xxx. (Fine Ar Court) Wyatt, 30. Belgium, Capronnier, 438. France, Leclerc, 575. Stained-glass Windows (Designs for)—xxii. King 5. Stained Woods—ii. Hawthorne, 39. Naylor, 35. iv. Stovve, 10. XXVI, Palmer, 53. Stains for Wood—ii. Coppock, 65. Hawthorne, 39. Stevens, 74. Stair Balustrades—xvi. Marlow, 54. xxii. Longden & Co., 105. France, Feron, 504. Staircase Railings, Iron (Design for)—xxii. Cottam & Hallen, 698 Staircases, Earthenware—xxv. Ridgway & Co., 5, Staircases, SpiRAi^—ZoUverein (6), Schroeder, 77. Stair Rods—United States, Hiler, 218. Stalactite (or Stalagmite) . See Alabaster. StajMPING-press—XVII. Pinches & Co., 33. Stanchion-Guns (For Wild-duck Sliooting)—viii. Ansell, 185. Stannates—II. Young, 7. Starch—ii. Jennings, 99. iii. Berger, 130. Brown & Poison, 123. Colman, J. & J., 117. St. Etienne, 138. Jones & Co., 128. Miller, D. & W., 127. Reckitt & Son, 125. Shand & :\Iuckart, 126. Tucker, E., 122. Tucker, R. G., 121. Wotherspoon, 124. iv. Cooney, 70. Belgium, Bocken & Co. 73. Vangeeteruyen, 489. British Guiana, Garnett, 31 & 32. Shier, 33-35. Canada, Prendergast, 125, France, Belleville, Brothers, 1078. Ruez, 363. Stein- bach, 382. Netherlands, Bocken, 11, Prius, 12. Portugal, 453, Holbeche, 454, Hussia, Koterman, 71. Verdan & Co., 30, Volkonsky, Prince, 70. St. Domingo, Schomburgk, Sir R, Spain, Mirat, 128, Trinidad, Lord Harris. United States, Colegate & Co., 301. Oswego Starch Factory, 104. Van Diemen's Land, Murray, 18. Zollverein (1), Bar re & Kuster, 827. Haller, 690. Kruse, 19, Loburg Manufactory, 694, Schramm, Brothers, 466. (6), Hofmann, 14. See also Potato Starch. Starch Gums—iii. St. Etienne, 138. State Barge, The Lord Mayor's (Model)—viii. Searle & Sons, 169 (Main Avenue, West). State Beds—xxvi. Scrymgeour, 101. State Coach, The Lord Mayor's (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Jibb, 14. Stationery—xvii. Cowan & Sons, 101. De la Rue & Co., 76. Hastings ScMellor, 85. Mansell,27. Ralph, 142. Smith, E., 100. Smith, J., 41. Spicer, Brothers, 42. Waterlow & Sons, 46. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Burke, 42. France, Vincent & Tisserant, 730. India, xvii. Zollverein (1), Glanz, 146. Kuhn & Sons, 152. See also Account-hooks. Albums. Bookbinding. Books. Envelopes. Lace Papers. Ledgers. Paper. Parch- ment. Sealing - Wax. Stationery, Fancy—xiii. Burke, 57. xvii. Ackerman & Co., 1. Austin, 151. Bancks, Brothers, 96. Burke, 152, Byam, 144. Dean & Son, 18. Dobbs & Co., 79. Hampson, 153. Hider, 17. Kronheim & Co., 181, Meek, 190. Spiers & Son, 208. Wildes, J 02. XXVI. Dixon, 190. xxviii. Rousseau, 116. XXIX. Stocken, 43, France, Valiant, 1515. Vanderdorpel & Son. 712. Malta, Fenech, 19. Russia, Aristarkhoff, 359. Statuary—-See Sculpture. Stays and Corsets—xx. Caplin, 32a. Devy, 44. Gallaway, 120. Geary, 49. Hodgson, 155. Hurst & Reynolds, 162. Joubert, 40. M'Clintock & Co., 152. Piper, 41. Pope & Plante, 6. Roberts, 40a. Shreeve. 46a. Smith, 119. Sykes, 43. Thomas, W. & Brothers, 46. Tinsley & Co., 122. Belgium, Berger, 349. Van Beneden, 345, 346. France, Allix, 6. Caillaux, 80. Clemen^on, 1152. Dumoulin, 178. Fontaine, 1226. Grangoir, 1616. Joly, 892. Josselin, 551. Mace, 1335. Meurisse, 928. Richez, 1436. Robert-Werly & Co. 1444. Soules, 1492. Suchell, 1700. Stays for Weavers—ZoZZyerem (1), Erdelen, 474. Steam Boilers—See Boilers, Steam. Steam Boiler Cocks—-See Cocks for Steam Boilers. Steam-boiler Feeder—x. Siebe, 358. Steam-boiler Furnaces—v. Green, 53. x. Newcomb, 672a. XXII. Edwards, 241. Steam-boiler Safety Apparatus—France, Lethuillier- Pinel, 312. Steam-boiler Water-gauges—v. Goodfellow, 778. Howe, 779. Steam-Chest and Valve—viii. Macdonald, 329. Steam-Cooking Apparatus (for Agricultural purposes) —IX. Stanley, 1. Steam Cranes (Models)—i. Gowans, 132. v. M'NicoU & Vernon, 434. Stea3I Distilling Apparatus — Zollverein (4), Wolff, 13. Steam-engine Cranks—v. Judge, 130. Squire & Co., 706. SteA3I-engine Fittings—v. Lambert & Son, 478. Thornton & Sons, 490. Stea3I-engine Indicators—v. Whitehead, 101. Steam-engines, Various (including Models)—i, Vin- cent, 465. Wilding, 60. v. Armstrong, 44. Beckett, 106. Bickle, 131. Bunnett & Co. 48. Butterley & Co. 3-1. Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co., 39. Colegrave, 162. Collinge & Co. 49. Constable, 70. Craddock, 76. Crosskill, 25. Davies, J. & G., 16. Deane, 15S. Ebbw Vale Company, 67. Edwards, 12. Evans & Son, 37. Fairbairn & Sons, 26. FitzMaurice, 57. Gadd & Bird, 208. Carrett, 35. Hawthorn & Co. 11. Haycraft, 151. Hick & Son, 13. Hodge & Batley, 29. Joyce, 20. Leigh, 61. Lambert & Son, 478. Linton, 116. Lloyd, 45. Lynch & Jnglis, 24. McNaught, 22. Maudslay, Sons & Field, 38. Morrel],82. Nasmvth, 41. Paterson, 148. Perry, 112. Pope & Son, 40. Potts, 102. Ransomes & May, 35. Redmond, 66. Samuel, 616. Sharp, 104. Siemens, 46, 2U3. Simpson & Shipton, 14. Squire & Co. 706. Tuck, 200. Watkins & Hill, 56. vi. Crosskill, 404. Fourdrinier, 100. Hick & Son, 218. Shanks, 110. Williams, 234. vn. Remington, G. W. & J., 70. Renczynski, 27. ix. Tuxford & Sons, 271. x, Bettle, 679a. Gogerty, 407. xxii. Stuart & Smith, 102. Austria, Milesi, 106. Schmidt, 105. Belgium, Cockerill, 119. Sardinia, Benoit, 33. France, Bourdon, 1108. Fland, 507. Galy Cazalot, 1239. Pierret, 958. Stoltz & Son, 1494. Nova Scotia, Archibald, 2, United States, Higginbotham, 231. Steam-engines, Agricultural—ix. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 128. Caborn, 200. Burrell, 37. Buttin, 115. Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co. 242. Hemming, 134. Heusman & Son, 149. Hornsby & Son, 233. Ransomes & ]Mav, 124. Roe & Hanson, 84. Stan- ley, 1, Turner, 182, STEA3I-ENGINES, MARINE (including Models)—V. Ather- ton, 1. Day, 133. Donkin & Co. 42. Elder, 152. Hodges, 103. Maudslav, Sons, & Field, 38. Penn & Son, 8. Rennie, G. & Sir J., 52. Richards, 138. Stothert, Slaughter & Co. 4. Watt & Co. 6. Web- ster, 108. VII. Remington, G. W. & J., 70, 175. Canada, Garth, 158. See also Sub-marine Condenser. Steam-engines, Railway (Locomotive)—See Locomo- tive Engines, Bailway. Steam Fuel—xxvii. Stirling, 120. Steam-Generator—ix. Gill & Ward, 62. Steam Gu-a—United States, Perkins, 541. Steam-Hajimer—VI. Nasmyth, 236. Steam-Indicators—x. Oxiey, 689. Somalvico & Co., 681a. Steam-producing Apparatus — Mechlenburg-Strelitz ^ Benecke, 1. Steaji-Pumps—V. Carrett, 35. Macintosh, 28. Zollverein (1), Wurden &Co. 51. See also Pumps for supplying Boilers. Steam Travelling Crane—v. M'Nicoll & Vernon, 434 Steam Trigger (Model)-vl Radclitfe, 328. Steam-Tugs—VIII. Brook, 42. Brookes, 143. Petley, 58 Robson, 57. Steam and Vacuum Gauges—v. Lees, 204. Watkins & Hill. 56. X. Baker, 396. Cameron, 356. Cliad- burn, 259. Somalvico & Co., 681 A. xxil. Davis, 643. Steam-gauge Whistle—Denmark, Lunde, 12. See also Railway Wliistles. Steam-Vessels (Models, &c.)—vii. Royal Scottish So- defy of Arts, 29. viii. Clarke, 135. Ditchburn, 30. Gibson, 41. Hudsoti, 33S. Macnab, 130. Mare & Co. 149. Miller & Co. 163. Robinson & Russell, 193. Rook, 320. Ruthven, 171. Sturdee, 337. White, T. J. & R., 36a. See also Paddle-Wheels. Screw Propellers. Screw Steam- Vessels. Steam-Vessels (application of Whistle to)—v. Tabor, 681. Stearic Acid—France, Donneaud & Co. 478. Stearine—II. Bell, 116. IV. Field, J. C. & J., 130. XXIX. Ogleby & Co., 139. Austria, Hermaunstadt Stearine C^mdle Company, 42. Steariiie Candle (Apollo Caudle) Company, 39. Stea- rine Candle (Milly Candle) Company, 40. Belgium, Quanonne, 431. Bussia, Manufacturing Company, 363. Matisen & Co. 3a5. Sweden and Norway, Zohixnsson, 1738. -S'ee also Candles (Wax, Tallow, ^c). Steatite—I. Sweetman, 40. India, i. Turhey. Steel Manufacture (Illustrations of)—xxn. Jowitt & Battle, 187a. Naylor, Vickers, & Co. 199. Turton & Sons, 190. Steel, and Steel W^ares—I. Schneider, 409. Solly & Co., 410. Wingerworth Iron Company, 416. viii. Greener, 59. xxi. Stubs, 39. xxil. Cocker & Son, 115, Earl&Co.,207. Hale, 563. Heeley & Sons, 305. Hutton, 166. Johnson & Co., 109 a. Jones & Co., 801. Jowitt & Co., 187a. Makin, 112. Marriott & Atkinson, 160. Marsh, Brothers, & Co., 162. Nay- lor, Vickers, & Co., 199. Oxley, VV. & Co. 806. Solly, 258. Worrall & Co., 164. Algeria, Ain Morka Mines Company, 19. Bonn Mines and Iron Works Company, 20. Austria, Egger, 402, 409, 410. Fischer, A., 420. Fisclier, B., 421. Gurk, Iron Works of the Chapter of, 416. Pfeitler, 418. Pillersee and Zeunbach Imperial Smelting Works, 407. Schwarzeuberg-, Prince, 417. Thurn, 419. Vienna Depot of the Imperial Iron Mines and Iron Works, 408. Zois^ 405. Belgium, Delloye, 376. Falloise, 384. St. Leonard Com- pany, 374. Ceylon. France, Baudry, 1071. Chauvin, 449. Daniel, 1168. Huet, 8S0. Voizot, 1531. India, i. Nova Scotia Acadian iron Mining xlssociation, 1. Archi- bald, 2. Bussia, Artinsk Imperial Works, 3. Jakovleff, 25. Perm Imperial Copper Works, 6. Tomsk Imperial Works, 18. Zlataoust Fire-arm Manufactory, 14. Spain, Carreras, 252. Leonesa Asturian Companjr, 21. Sweden and Norway, Eskilstuna, 12. Kockum, 75. Warodell, 74. Switzerland, Fischer, 47. Mathey & Son, 41. United States, Adirondac Manufacturing Company, 344. Zollverein ( 1), Ante, 627. Asbeck & Co., 645. Boeing, Roehr, & Lefsky, 453. Devaranne & Son 280. Eske Royal Mines, 326. Erbschloe & Sons, 614. Harkort & Son, 456. Huth, Fried, & Co., 632. Krupp, 649. Lehrknid, Falkenroth, & Co., 447. Lohe Steelworks, 324. Lohmann, 630. Mannesmann, 617. (2) Gre- nanth. Brothers, 95, ^ ' Steel-cutters—^weJen and Norway, Hallebero-, 11 Steel Pens—6ee Pens, Metallic. Steel Pens, Machine for making—xxii. Hinks & Co., 326. Steel Plates fob Engravers—xxii. Hashes & Kim- ber, 609. Spear & Jackson, 113. Steel Plates (Process of Tinting) — xxx. (Fine Art Court) H[ayward, 337. Steels (Butchers')—xxi. Barker, 37. Steels for striking Lights—^?/sfrtfl, Ring, 4G8. Steering Wheels and Apparatus—viii. Allison 115 Fayrer&Co., 112. Hughes, 318. Long, 71. Robin- son, 100. Wood & Co., 102. xxx. Grissell, 335 Denmark, Sandford, 50. See also Budders. Screw Propelling Budder. Stereochromic Pictures—ZoZZi;em'»" (2), Muhr 91 Stereoscopes—ZoZZi;em'« (5), Albert, 23. Stereotype Plates—xvn. Knight & Hawkes, 107. Man- chin & MorelJ, 128, Stereotyping (Specimens o{^—France, Curmer, 135. United States, Star, 194. Stethometers—X. Delolme, 19. Stethoscopes—x. Beared, 620. Matthews, 181. Sticks—&e Whips, 8fc. Stills—Western End, North Enclosure (Outside), Singer & Co., 65. Ceylon. Stocking Frames—vi. Carver, T. &T. G.,89. xxx. (Fine Art Court), Lees, 195. Stockings—See Hosiery. Stockings, Elastic—See Surgical Bandages, ^c. Stone (Specimens of) — Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), Brown & Co., 29. Franklin, 28. Freeman, W. &J,14. Raynes & Co., 25. Sinclair, 13. Towler, 27. I. 196. Aliercarri & Gwytlien Collieries Company, 430. Clark, 190. Clugas, 168. Damon, 149. Driver, 203. Falmouth & Pemyn Local Committee, 163. Freston, 133. Glllaume, 153. Gowans, 132. Grissell, 185. Howard, 29. Kirk & Parry, 179. Lindlev, 187. Long, 147. Luard, Beedham, & Co., 176. Powel), F., 197. Powell, W. J., 202. Ross, 51. Rutherford, 182. St. Austell Local Committee, 470. Seymour, 192. Snowden, 171. Sparks,154. Stanhope Limestone Quarries, 204. Staple, 181. Stocks, 188. Townsend, 186. Walsh, Executors of, 183. Egypt, 14, 15. India, i. Ionian Islands, Lord Seaton, 5. Malta, Darmanin & Sons, 26. New South Wales, Hallett & Sons, 5. New Zealand, Greenwood, 17. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tuscany, Royal Technological Institute, 1. ZoZZyemn (4), Zeller, 1. See also Ashlar Stone. Bath Freestone. Flint Stone. Freestone. Granite. Lime- stone. Marble. Paving Stones. Quartz. Serpentine Stone. Stone, Artificial (including Works therein)—W^estern End, South Enclosure (Outside), Board, 2. Furse, 19. Seeley, 11. Teagle, R. & W., 3. xxvii. Buwen, 94. Palham, 108. Austria, CristofoH, 38. Rohllk, 37. France, Debay, 45. Virebart, Brothers, 732. See also Marble, Artificial. Scagliola (Works in). Stone-boring Apparatus—vi. Beart, 301. Stone Carving—i. King, 136. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Foster, 303. China, Thoms. Malta,Dimech,28. Soler,29. Testa,F.,33. Testa,S.30. Turkey. Stone, Coloured (by Infiltration)—x. Phillips, 411. Stone Sawing, Dressing, Planing, &c.. Machines— VI. Hunter, 312. Randell and Saunders, 324. United States, Eastman, 3. Morey, 460. Foot, 180. Freeman, W. & J., 160. Stone Tombs, &c.—xxvii. Hartley, 12. Stone-Ware generally—Western Eud, North Enclosure (Outside), Doulton & Co., 64. Ferguson & Co., 66. Garnkirk Co., 69. Grangemouth Coal Company, 68. Green & C )., 67. Singer & Co., 65. xxv. Bell & Co., 26. Bourne, 35. xxvii. Betts, 22. D..ulton & Co.'23. Ferguson & Co., 93. Green & Co., 125. Westwood & Moore, 113. Austria, Nowotny, 625. Cape of Good Hope, Bridges, 21. i^m^ce. Mansard, 1342. Portugal, Pinto, Basto, & Co., 1109. Siceden and Norway, Hjula Quarry, 43. Turhey. Tuscany, Imperial Hard Stone Works, 111. Zollverein (1), Actien, 214. Villeroy & Boch, 361. Stoppers to Bottles—xxiv. Ayre and Calder Bottle Company, 6. Stove Furniture—CawatZa, Cheny, 159. Stove Ornaments—xxii. Smith, 269. Stove Voiaqh—United States, Seabury, 121. Stoves—VII. Rettie, 159. xxil. Alderton & Shrewsbury, 403. Bailey & Sons, 805 (Main Avenue, W^si). Burton, 247. Coal brook Dale Company, 641. Col- lins, 88. Court, 3b9. Crook, 244. Deane, A. 392. Deane & Co., 186. Dowson, 476. Duley, 89. Ed- wards, D. O., 241. Edwards, F., 387. Evans & Co., 103. Feetham & Co, 276 (Main Avenue, V\ est). Gidne)^, 556. Grav, J. & Son, 405. Harvey, 440. Haywood, 97. Huxham & Brown, 406. Huxley & Heriot, 236. Jeakes, 237 (Main Avenue, West). Jobson & Co., 106 (Main Avenue, West). Keene, 94. M'Slierry, 408. Maund, 792. Nettleton & Son, 388. Nicholson, 87. Norman, 391. Peterson, 383. Pierce, 107. Pope & Son, 243. Price, 397. Redgate, 410. Searle, 480. 443. Yates & Co., 384. xxvi. Lyon, 30. Austria, Metternich, Prince, 413. Belgium, Matliys, 359. Point & Son, 474. Canada, Cheney, 156. China, Baring, Brothers. Denmark, Lunde, 12. France, Delignon, 1180. Durand, 180. Ferouelle & Holland, 200. Lecocq, 1644. Hamburgh, Beinhauer, Vl\. Mecklenhurg-Strelitz, Benecke, 1. Lange, 2. Netherlands, Graarnans, 65. Martin, 63. Tuscany, CantagalH, 71. United States, Burch, 513. Chilson, Richardson, & C<>., 417. Learned & Thatcher, 100. Pond & Co., 414, 434. Zollverein (I), Bainn, 760. Schn-.idt, 644, Stolberg-Wer- nigfrode, Earl of, 779. (5), Hofiman & Son, 16. (7), Metz & Co., 6. See also Grates. Kitchen Ranges. Stoves, Gas—ix. Smith, 192. xxii. Azulay, 597. De- fries, 482. Edwards, 241. Sharp, 91. Tozer, 3*J0. Stoves, Lamp—xxii. Deane & Co., 186. Stoves, Thermometer—xxii. Warren, 402. Sto\vell, Lord—*S'ee Eldon and Stowell Group. Strasburg Cathedral (Model)—Switzerland, Wytten- bacl), 257. Strav^^ QnAiVi^—Zollverein (6), Reinbard, 54. Straw-cutters—United States, Whiteman, 240. See also Chaff-cutting Machines. Straw-Plait, &c., for Bonnets—xx. Cooper, J. J. & G. 172a. Elliott, 172. Gregorv, Cubitt, & Co., 8. Maher, 182. Muirs & Co.,' 173, 2,15. Wexford Peasants, 181, xxviii. Rendall, 144. Still, 145. Austria, audler, 657. Madeira, Read, 1. Switzerland, Aht, Brothers, &c. 227. Clarez, 228. Hart- mann & Co., 230. Tiiscamj, Pastorelli, 35. Zollverein (4), Haas, 79. See also Bonnets, Straw. Straav-shaker—IX, Robinson, 126. Straw Tabi.e~Belgiuin, Bertani, 477. Straw Work—xix. Sewell, Evans & Co., 2S8. xx. Cocper, J. J. & G., 172a. Elliott, 172. Malta, Buttigieg, 31. Mauritius, Balkfield & Co., 5. Switzerland, Sulzberger & Akermann, 234. Tunis, 178-180. Zollverein (2), Weppler, 96. Strawberries, Earthenware Support for—ix. Smith, 222. Street Barricade—vii. Rock, 143. Street-cleaning Machinery (Models)—vii. Nichol- son, 40. Tovvnley, 39. Street Engine-v. Fire Annihilator Co. 92a. Street Watering-Carts (Models)—v. Geary,, 846. ix. Coode, 154a. Strichnine—II. Morson & Son, 106. String and Twine—xiv. Bridport Local Committee, 73. Haywood & Sons, 44. Moore, 67. Morrison & Hurn, 49. Nicol &Co., 87. Smith, 65. Tull, 69. Withey & Smith, 47. xxviii. Farrar & Son, 16. Canada, Sjjooner, 169. JVew Zealand, Caradus, 25. ZoZZiJerem (1), Blankenburg, 561. Eiigel, 125. Heinig & Sous, S!2. Hoersick, 554. Schwemann & Sons, 545. See Si\so Hopes. Cordage, Sfc. String and Twine Boxes—xxi. Yeates, 19. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Christie, 137. String and Twine Reels—vi. Slate, 69. xxix. Slate, 226. Strings for Musical Instruments—See Musical Instrument Strings. Strong Boxes and Sattis—Belgium, Delarocbe, 364. Gob, 357. Malhys, 359. Jra«ce, Verstaen, 1705. See also Fire-proof Safes. Strontia, Carbonate of—i. Riddell, Sir J. M. 55. France, Digeon, 1590. Strontia, Nitrate of—France, Digeon, 1590. Fortugal, Serzedello & Co., 62. Strontia, Sulphate ot—France, Digeon, 1590 Stucco Casts—Sardinia, Parini, 91. Zollverein (1), Kramer, 416. Stuffs (Worsted, &c.)—xii. &xv. Hirst & Green, 494. Bahamas, Baines & Co. Belgium, Calteaux, 245, Gilson & Bossut, 241. Le- niaire. Decamps & Peissart, 240, Lienart CliaiTaux, 242. France, Aubeux, 1058. Berteche, Chesnon & Co., 1082. Cheuneviere, 1559. Juhel Desmares, 278, Koecklin, Brothers, 1634. Nazet, 660. Sauvage & Co., 1472. Teillard, 1030. Terrier & Co., 1032. Zollverein (1), Broesel, 727. Kramer, 610. Morand & Co., 731. Neitzer&Brabant, 583. Schweitzer & Heller, 733. Schmits&Holthaus,5P5. Troost,601. Weissflog 720. Weber, 716. (3), Behr & Schubert, 50. Glau- chan Weavers School, 100. Graefe & Son, 102. Hecker &Tasch, 96. Koehler & Schedlich, 93. Rochling & Co., 50r. Trinks, 98. Vogel, 89. (4), Kolb and Schule, 28. Stuffed Birds and Animals—xxix. Beevor, 204, Dun- bar, 234, Hancock, 320 (North Transept). Harbor, 203. Wallord, 212. Canada, Perry, 35-4. Nova Scotia, Cenlral Committee, 2, Sardinia, Comba, 83. Turkeij. United States, Hurst, 80, Moyston, 25, Western Africa, Faddy, 19. Zollverein (1), Graff, 803. Leeven, 423. Ringelaun, 253. (4), Ploucquet, 107. See also Ornithological Specimens. Stylography (Specimen of)—Denmark, Scholer, 37. Subclavian Sector (for measuring the body)—xx. Smart, 135. Sub-marine Boats—viii. Bell, 14. Sub-marine Condenser—France, Hocher, 991. Sub-marine Construction, Machines and Apparatus for—vii. Bremner, 95, 164. Gardiner, 50. Sub-marine Propellers—v. Eccltshall, 132. viii. Brown, Sir S., 334. See also Screw Propellers. Ship Propellers. Subsoil Pulverisers—ix. Barrett, Exall, and Andrews, 128. Cumins, U3. Gray & Sons,. 150. SucciNE Acid—Austria, Brosche, 20. Succory—Zollverein (1), Teichman, 693. Suez, Isthmus of. Ship Canal through (Model)—vir. Clark, 18. Sugar—III. Perkins, 149. Wheeler, 27a. xxix. Oxland, R. & J., 98. Austria, Reali, 61. Belgium., Claus & Carron, 81. Barhadoes. British Guiana, Anderson & Co., 36. Jones, 37 & 38. Laing, 40. Shier, 41-44. Stutchbury, 39, 45 & 46. Ceylon. Egypt, 44, 45, 47, 48, 103, 391. France, Jeanti, Prevost, Perraud, & Co., 1277. Numa, Grar, & Co., 667. Rousseau, Brothers, 1457. Hamburgh, Reesing, 3. Wagener, 4. India, III. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. Mauritius, Webb. 3. Portugal, Pinto, Bastos!, & Co., 455-457. Russia, Hirshmann & Co., 79. Spain, Arrieda, 292. Arrieta, 295. Enriquez, 176. Zuluetla, 179a, Sweden, Seyboldt & Co., 101. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turkey. United States, New York State Agricultural Societj'-,^ 83. White, 397. See also Beetroot Sugar. Maple Sugar. Sugar Basins (satin-wood)—xxvl North, 257. Sugar, Beetroot—See Beetroot Sugar. Sugar-Candy—Denmark, Tutein, 28. Egypt, 66. Sugar-Canes—Egypt, 104. Turkey. Sugar of Lead—ii. Melincrythan Chemical Company,. 2. Russia, Sauin, 28. Zollverein (1\ Augustin, 826. Kunheim, 13. SUGAR-OF-MiLK CRYSTALS—II. Hopwood, 100. Sugar-mills, Machinery, &c.—v. Squire & Co,, 706. VI. Collinge & Co., 432. Graham, West & Co., 445. Pontifex & Wood, 602, Robinson & Russeil, 418. Sharp, 440. Squire & Co,, 449. ix, Ransomes & May, 124. Smith & Co,, 266, xxii, Hird & Co,, 85. Belgium, Van Goethem, 124. France, Nillus, 1371. Hamburgh, Thiel, 123. Netherlands, Van Vlissiiigen & Co. 75. See also Vacuum Pans. Sulphur—I. Highly, 23. ii. Hatmel & Ellis, 10. Eqijpt, 8. Greece, 19. India, i. New Zealand, Smith, 14. Rome, Raiueri, 26. Sardinia, Selopis, Brotheis, 4. Spain, 42a, 45. Duiaiido y Tngo, 46. Yust & Co., 47. Turheij. Tascanij, 4. Volterra Salt Manufactory, 2. Zollv'erein (1Ha.kort, 876. Sulphur Ore—i. Williams & Sons, 505. SULPHURATOR AND FUMIGATOR FOR HoPS, &C.—IX. Alsop, 25a. Epps, 101. Sulphuric Acid—Denmark, Owen, 44. Portugal, Hirsch, 29. Sardinia, Albain, Brothers, 7. Selopis, Brothers, 4. Sweden, Hierta & Michaelson, 99. Sulphuric-acid Clay—Zollverein (1), Schwemsal Alum Works, 463. Sulphuring Apparatus—vi. Thorn, 71. Sumach Wood—Eussia, 93. SmiACK—Portugal, 511-513. Monteiro, 510. Spain, 146. Sun Pictures (on Paper)—See Calott/pe Process. Sun Shades—xxvi. Dawes, 135. Surgical Bandages, Stockings, &c.—x. Eagland, 567. Longdon & Tubberer, 572. France, Flamet, 213. See also Medicated Bands. Trusses. Bandages, Sfc. Surgical Instruments and Apparatus—ix. Read, 89, X. Arnott, 619. Bii?g & Son, 676. Blackwell, 65S, 734. Bottomley, 657. Brown & Son, 627. Chad- burn, Brothers, 259. Coxeter, 682. Ellis, 631b. Evans & Co., 643a. Evrard, 647. Ferguson & Sons, 631. Gowing, 286, 645, 736. James, 577. Jordan, 285. L'Estrange, 597. List, 175. Machell, 654. Marshall & Co. 686. Matthews, 181. Moore, 66a. Philp & Whicker, 641. Reid, 583. Ross, 601e. Salt & Son, 628. Simpson, 642. Sparks & Co., 591. Weedon, 640, Weiss & Son, 631a. Whib- ley, 607. Wood, 737. Woodhouse, 731. xxii. Nel- son, 229. Scidmore & Co., 183. Sellers, 147. Whittles & Froggart, 213, 693. : Austria, Teuflmeyer, 564. Belgium, Noggerath, 501. Denmark, Langgaard, 18. Nyrop, 19. France, Biondetti, 766. Borsary, 1100. Cabirol, 786. Charriere, 1145, Darbo, 1577. Hamm & Co. 862. Luer, 1333. Mathieu, 618. Pujade, 1413. Roissard, 1450. Thier, 1505. Valerius, 706. Nova Scotia, Archibald, 2. Russia, Roch, 341. Sardinia, Masera, 97. Spain, Pareren, 249. i7/zM A^ta^es, Benjamin, 152, 251, Fitch, 479. Palmer, 39. Thompson, 26. Yeager & Ord, 58. Zollverein (1), Baunscheidt, 344. Goldschmidt, 85. Luppold, 84. Mies, 341. (2), Jordan, 27. See also Dentists' Instruments. Fractures, Apparatus for. Medical Walking Staff. Orthopedical Apparatus. Osteotoin. Thoracitone. Surveying Intruments—x. Crichton, 452, Davis, 70. Gerard, 109. William, 343. See a\m Land-measuring Chains. Levels, Survei/ors'. Road-measuring and Mapping Machine. Tlieodolites. Surveyors' Plans—xvii. Wason (M,P.), 188. Suspended Animation (Apparatus for restoring)—x. Small, 651. ^ Suspension-Bridge Links—v. Howard, Ravenhill, & Co. 413. Patent Shaft and Axletree Company, 543. Suspension Bridges (Models, &c.)—v. Watts, 750. vii. Bell, 63. Clive, 41. Grout, 47. Hammond, 15. Renczynski, 27. Royal Scottish Society of Arts, 29, Russell, 78, Smith, 165. United States, New York Iron Bridge Company, 511. Se,e also Kieff Suspension Bridge. Suspension Tunnel (Model)—vii. Smith 165. SwAK—T;mis, 137, 138, ' SwANSDOWN—XI. Barnes, 40. Swanskins—XII. & xv. Nicolls, 261. Zollverein (3), Lehmann, 107. Swimming-Belts—/See Life Belts and Buoys. Swimming-Gloves—VIII. Cooper, 334a. Swivel-Bridge Elevator, &c,—v. Leadbetter, 650. Swords—VIII. Firmin & Sons, 211. Mole, 248. Reeves, Greaves & Co. 244. Wilkinson & Son, 200, xx. Firmin & Sons, 161. yl?f,«fna, Mitter, 529. Rledler, 110. China, Berncastle. Egypt, 224, 252. France, Delacour, 1582. India, I. viil. Nova /Sco^m, Archibald, 2. Russia, Khamoff, 162. Ooste-Catchey-Ooste-Ali-Beck- Ogli,163. Zlatoust Imperial Manufactory of Arms, 161. Spain, Toledo Royal Ordnance, 266, Ysasi, 267, Zu- luaga, 264a, Sweden and Norway, Ahlbeck, 73. Zetterberg, 10. Turkeij. Tuscany, Mariotti, 68a, Western Africa, Ackland, Sir T, D., 17. Hutton & Sons, 6. Jamieson, 5b. Zollverein (1), Hoeller, 637. Schmolz & Co. 673. Schnitzler & Kirschbaum, 480. (4), Kohl, 14. See also Daggers. Syderolite Ware—Austria, Bahr & Maresch, 612. Schiller & Gerbing, 614. Symmetrometer (for cutting Coats)—xx. Jones, 149. See also Measuring Apparatus. Symphonian—X. Wheatstone & Co. 526. Sympiesometer—X. Negretti & Zambra, 160a. Syringes, Rotatory—xxii. Siebe, 435. Syrups—ii. Greenish, 124. Turkey. Taaffe's Patent Slating—vii. Russell, 78. Tabinets—XII. & XV. Allen, 259. Jones, 265. Pirn, Brothers, & Co., 255. Table Cloths, &c. (Linen, &c.)—xi. Walmesley, 51. XIV. Andrews, 5. Austria, Mathie, 287. Simonetta, 291. Belgium, Haussens Hap, 257. Canada, Bean, 137, 142. France, Daudre, 1170. Hamburgh, Arudt & Berend, 24. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Gerber, 3. Russia, Dombrowitch, 355. Vou Mengden, 222. Sweden, Stenberg, 94. Switzerland, Beck and Sons, 163. Fankhauser, Brothers, 163, Miescher & Sons, 163. Schmid, Brothers, 163. Zollverein (1), Eickholt, 549. See also Damasks, Linen. Diapers. Table Covers (Silk, Cotton, Worsted, &c.) — xi. M'Bride & Co., 6. xii. & xv. Baughen, Brothers, 183. M'Crea, 135. Ward, 134. xiv, Birrell, 27. Dewar, Son, and Sons, 35. xviii. Underwood, 22. Welch, 18. Yates & Taylor, 24, xix. Cook, 135. Dewar, Son, & Sons, 150. Johnstone, 218. Stokes, 307, Victoria Felt Carpet Company, 327. White, Son, & Co., 343. Wood, H, & T., 352. Austria, Liebig, 241. Pfenniberger, 359. Prochaska. 244A. Wurst, 302, Canada, Bean, 137, Henderson, 145. Laflamme, 116, 122. Hamburgh, Dissmar & Harloff, 25. Persia, Bidwell. Thompson. Portugal, Thomar, 1233. United States, Nicholson, 549. Zollverein (1), Karschelitz, 157. (3), Glafey & Neu- barth, 105. Schubert, 156. Seyffert & Breyer, 88. Thuemer & Toeper, 90. Table Knives. See Cutlery. Table Ornaments (Composition)—xxix. Keogh, 119. Tables (Console)—xxvi, Holland & Sons, 161. Le- cand, 183. M'Lean, 386 (Main Avenue, West). Portugal, Caetano, 1224. Sardinia, Da Fieno, 73. Descalzi, 72. Tables (Inlaid. Papier Mache, &c.) -xxtii, Elkington & Co., 1. Hancock, 112. xxvi. Abbott, 45. Clark, 179. Dawes, 135. Edwards, 247, Gillow & Co., 186. Grundy, 121. Harding & Son, 209. Herring & Sons, 205. Jordans, 384. Ker, 105. Lee, 133. Lithgow and Purdie, 106. Miles, 256. Price, 312. XXVI. Dixon, 190. Holbeard & Wellings, 131. Jennens & Bettridge, 187 (Main Avenue, West). Lane, 128. McCullum & Hodson, 136. Mechi, 79. XXVII. Plows, 50. Woodruffe, 77. Austria, Becker & Kronick, 643. Mentasti, 635. Belgium, Branden, 511, Bruno, 411, Demanet, 402. Ceylon, Kitchin. France, Grade, 1254. Hamburgh, Bey, 73. Faulwasser, 71. Kohler, 72. Loose, 74. Muller, 76. Plambeck, 69. Werner & Pi^jlhein, 79. India, xxvi. Eome, Dies, 34, 35. Sardinia, Bisso, Brothers, 69. Claudo, 68. Magni, 70. Perelli, 66. Spain, Ferez, 271a. Switzerland, Vogel, 226. Tuscan)/, Corridi, 89. Martinetti, 88. Van Diemen's Land, Hamilton, 8. Lipscomb, 308. Zollverein (1), Heimbuiger, 883. PuflF, 775. Tables (Marble, Stone, &c.)—xxvii. 29. Cham- pernowne, 6. Humble, 9. Lambert, 70. Moon, 56. Pearson, 65. Plows, 50. Thornhill, 48. Tomlin- son, 79. Woodley, 39. Canada, Hammond, 118. Cape of Good Hope, 58. Borne, 38. Tuscamj, Ghirardesca De Conti, 93. Guidotti, 92. Nanni, 94. Panciatichi, 96. Eoyal Technological Institute, 98. Zollverein (1), Canfian, 235 (Main Avenue, East). Devisse, 837. Slolberg Werriigfrode, Earl of, 779. Tables (Metal)—ix. Samuelson, 185. Tables for Modellers, &c.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Palmer, 197. Tables, Rustic — xxvi. Drew, 116. Warner, 72. Bates, 44. Tables for Ships' Cabins—viii. King, 19. Ladd, 80. Austria, Reitch, 638. Tables (Various)—ix. Starkey, 43. xxvi. Aspinwall & Son, 213. Auldjo, Mrs., 405. Caldecott, 206. Calder, 55. Chaplin, 214. Greaser, 289. Dawes, 135. Dinham, 92, Eloure, 188. Fisher, 36. Foothorape & Co., 132. Gardner, 231. Geake, 31. Gillow & Co. 186. Greverie, 255. Harrold, 117. Hawkins, 237. Herbert, 67. Herring & Sons, 205. Hockendon, 69. Jennens & Bettridge, 187 (Main Avenue, West). Jones, Z 287. Marchant, 253. Morant, 164. Newton, 97. Palmer, 59. Richardson, 207. Simpson, 267. Star- key, 26. Turley, 138. Turnell, 317. White & Parlby, 6. Whyte, 43. Wilson & Sons, 293. Wood, 118. XXIX. Down, 56. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Fletcher, 111. Wilkinson, Sir G., 139. Austria, Colombo, 630. Belgium, Dosin, 429. British Guiana, Bee, 158. I Canada, Hilton, J. & W., 123. Ramsay & McA^rthur, 117. Read & Meakins, 115a. Ceijlon, Kitchin. France, Balny, 1066. Grade, 1254. Hamburgh, Kohler, 72. New Zealand, Lucas, 40. Russia, Schoenfeldt, 375. Sardinia, Capello, 64. Switzerland, Fluekk, 224. United States, Doe, Hazelton & Co., 418. South Caro- lina Railroad Company, 177. Van Diemen's Land, Brown, 15, 16. Champion, 12. Denison, Sir W. T., 149-151. Lumsden, 145, 146. Zollverein (1), Sommerfeld & Hubner, 238. Table-Tops (Marble, &c.)—xxiv. Jones, 44. Mathieson, 120. XXVI. Mousley, 123. Wells & Co., 392. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Earle, 49. i British Guiana, Bee, 82, 83. Malta, Darmanin & Sons, 26. New Zealand, 38. Tuscany, Maggiorelli, Brothers, 87. Polli, 85. Ragnini, 86. Van Diemen's Land, Brown, 15. Zollverein (1), Cantian, 235. Tablets (Glass, &c.)—xxiv. Aire & Calder Bottle Co. 6. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Herwitz, 347. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Taffetas—XIII. Redmayne &Co. 1a. xix. Ball & Co 19. Bgypt, 301, 326, 334-335. JRussia, Ayrapet, 201. Iraf-Ogli, 207. Tedjoom-Beck- Melik-Shah-NazaroflP, 206. Sardinia, Soley, 40. Switzerland, Von Der Muehl, Brothers, 162. Turkey. Tailors' Arm-pad—xxviii. Ceilings, 120. Tailors' Measuring &c.. Apparatus — x. Thompson, 363. XX. Cattanach, 135a. Griffin, 117. Jones, 149. Robinson, 149 a. Smart, 135. Tailors' Trimmings—i^m?2C€, Laurent, 902. Leu- nenschloss, 313. Zollverein (3), Muehlenderlein,l57. Oehmig & Schmidt, 154. Uhlig's Widow & Junka, 155. Talbotype Process—.See Calotype Apparatus. Caloti/pe Process. Talc—VII. Riddell, 6. Lidia, i. United States, Ruggles, 416. Tallow—Belgium, Touche, 434. JVew South Wales, Moses & Co. 15. South Africa, 38. Tunis, 185. Turkey. United States, Dominick, 21. Van Diemen's Land, Watchorn, 147. Zollverein (1), Palis, 263. See also Stearine and Vege- table. Tallow Oil—Zollverein (1), Palis, 263. Tamarinds—Egypt, 64. Tanks—xxii. Burney & Bellamy, 633. See also Cis- terns. Tanners' Bark-grinding Mill—vi. Huxhams & Brown, 446. Tannic Acid—ii. Macfavlan & Co. 107. Morson & Son, 106. Tanning Materials—ii. Hopkin & Williams, 41. iv. Curtis, Brothers & Co. 126. Kitchin, 126a. xvi. Boutchier, Mortimer, & Co. 293. Ca/?ar/a, Allon, 100. Lidia,iy. New Zealand, McVay, 5. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 137. See also Barks. Leather-making Tools, Sfc. Oak Bark. Tanning Materials (Instrument for Testing)—x. Evans, 670a. Tapes & Laces—Zollverein (1), Wuelfing & Windrath, 565. Tapestry—xii. & xv. Underwood, 501. xix. Batters, 96. Benhow, 100. Bridges, 108. Bright & Co. 401. Brinton & Sons, 110. Chapman, 128. Harmsworth, 181. Hindliaugh, 205. Hull Patent Camphine Co., 264. Lees & Co., 79. Pardoe, Hoomans, & Co., 263. Trollope, 320. xxvi. Crace, 530. Fratice, Beauvais, Naticmal Manufacture of, 1367. Braquenie & Co. 435. Carquillat, Candy & Co. 1134. Gantillon, 1241. Gobelins, National Manufacture of, 1366. Lyons Chamber of Commerce, 1141. Sal- landrouze de Lamornaix, 1469. India, xvin. Jersey and Guernsey, Le Feuvre, 11 a. Persia, Ede & Son. Russia, Imperial Alexandrovske Manufactory, 210,219. Zollverein (1), Flammersheim, 395. Weygold, 429. (3), Beck, 149. Tapestry (Designs for)—xix. Underwood, 403. Zollverein (4), Tanner, 51. Tapioca—iii. Etienne,138. Grenada, Gxoze,\. India,iii. Portugal, Batalha, 543. Taps—-See Cocks or Taps. Taraxacum, Juice of—ii. Bell, 116. Tarbouches of Touha—Egypt, 302-304. Target, Marine—viii. Browning, 103. Tarpaulin—vi. Biown, 56. xiv. Anderson, 86. Beale Brown, 77. Bridport Local Committee, 73. Can- ter, 36. Carter, Brothers, 36. Edgington, 90. Fletch- er, 36. Hattersley & Co. 36. Haxworth & Carnley, 36. Jackson & Matthewman, 36. Pigott & Newton, 36. Salmond, 83. See also Canvas. Rickcloths. Tartans (Woollen & other)—xi. Anderson, J. & A. 7. XII. & XV, Archibald & Sons, 465. Ballantyne & Son, 194. Forbes & Hutchison, 291. Gibson & Co. 464. Gill, 190. Gilmour & Co. 203. Laird & Thomson, 199. Locke, 15. McBride & Co. 6. Paton, J. &D. 466. Willans & Co. 257. Wilson & Son, 468. See also Plaids. Tartaric Acid—Howards & Kent, 11, Huskisson, J. W. & H. 86. Pontifex & Wood, 1. Austria, Brosche, 20. Wagenmann & Co. 19. Portugal, Serzedello & Co. 504. Tatting—xix. Ellis, 159. Tazza (of Iron, Alabaster, Sic.}—France, Matifat, 923 (Main Avenue, East). Pome, Moda, 19 (Main Avenue, East). Tea—III. Assam Tea Co. 143. China, Reeves. Hammond & Co. Ripley. India, iii. Tea Caddies—xxii. Fearncombe 160a. xxvi. Newton, 97. North, 257. xxviii. Bevan, 171. Day, 169. Tea Chests—xxix. Mechi, 45. Tea-dealers' and Grocers' Show-goods (for deco- rating Shops)—XXVI. Scroxton, 271. Tea Equipage (Travelling)—xxix. Leuchars, 44. Tea Kettles (Patent & other)—vii. Williams, 128. ix- Hodges & Sons, IIG. xxii. Durham, 614. Fearn- combe, 160a. Hodge & Sons, 487- I'yrke & Sons, 465. Soutter, 354. Tozer, 389. Walton & Co., 69. Canada, Savage, 340. See also Hardware. Tea-Leaves (Untwisted)—C/^ina, Hammond & Co. Tea Urns—xxii. Hampden, 612. Pyrke & Sons, 465. Soutter, 354. Tylor & Sons, 401. Warner & Sons, 798. Denmark, WulfF, 23. Teeth, Animals' (Various)—Eastern Archipelago, Ham- mond & Co., 2. South Africa, Thomson, 15. Van Viemens Land, Moses & Co. 228. Teeth, Artificial—See Dentistry. Teeth, Natural (Specimens of)—x. Harnett, 684. United States, Ev-ms, 558. Telegraph, Marine (Drawing of a System of Sea Signals)—vm. Dempster, 174. Telegraph Registers—United States, Rogers, 127. Telegraphic Belts—Zollverein (1), Siemens & Halske, 252a. Telegraphic Lighthouse—vii. Wells, 82. Telegraphs, Chemical—Zollverein (1), Siemens & Halske, 252a. Telegraphs, Domestic—x. Burdett, 425. Telegraphs, Electric—See Electric Telegraphs. Telekouphonon or Speaking Telegraph—X. Whishaw, 419. Telescopes—X. Boyle, 392. Callaghan, 268. Chad- burn, Brothers, 259. Crichton, 452. Dixey, 271. Elliott & Sons, 320. Harris & Son, 149. Marratt, 409. Rein, 629. Richardson, 264. Ross, 254 (Main Avenue, West). Salmon, 266. Varley & Son, 257. Wray, 309. Zollverein (4), Kinzellbach, 26. See also Astronomical Instruments. Telescope Glasses—x. Harris & Son, 149. Reade, 254a. Telescope Stands — x. Crickitt, 267. Renczynski, 661. Tempest Prognosticator—x. Merryweather, 151. Temple Church (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Day, 161. Temples, Models of—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Fulton, 169. India, xxx. Tennis Racquets—xxix. Jeffries, 184. Tents and Marquees—Eastern End (Outside), Jubul- pore School of Industry, (/«Jm, VIII.) viii. Dulhoit, 301. Richardson, 285. xiv. Morrison & Hurn, 49. Tunis, 82. Terra Cotta (Specimens of. Articles in, &c.)—Wlllock, page, 853. i. Bank Park Pyropolite Works, 86. xxv. Bell & Co. 26. Dimmock, 12. Marsh, 58. Meigh & Sons, 10. Minton & Co. 1. Pratt & Co. 22. xxvii. Bell & Co. 96. Betts, 22. Blanchard, 92. Doulton & Co. 23. Fernley Iron Works, 102. Minton & Co. 86. Pulham, 108. Willoek, 8. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Pulham, 216. Sangiovanni, 83. France, Devers, 818. Fox, 1232. Graillon, 853. Hol- stein, 876. Spain, Gutierez de Leon, 281 A. Pena, 282. Zollverein (4), Staib & Wasseroff, 69. Terralite Ware—Austria, Hnffzky, 613. Terro-Metallic Articles—xxvii. Jones, 105. Peake, 123. Tessellated Work—i. Meredith, 141. Tetrugeons Porrographes—France, Recy, 1423. Thames Tunnel (Model)—vii. Donkin & Co. 45. Theatre, Her Majesty's, Model of the Interior of— Deighton, page 848. TiiEODOLiTES—VI. Muir, 206. x. Crichton, 452. Elliott & Son, 320. Marratt, 409. Watkins & Hill, 659. Wilton, 402. Yeates, 332. Austria, Vienna Polytechnic Institute, 130. Canada, Joseph, 182. Thermo-Electric Battery"—Zollverein (1), Sness, 482. Thermometers—x. Acland, 368. Baker, 396. Bennttt, 1. Brooke, 144. Cameron, 356. Casello & Co. 157a. Dixey, 271. Durham, 668. Green, 446. Harris & Son, 149. Jones, 141. Negretti & Zambra, 160a. Newman, 674. Phillips, 411. Zollverein (5), Albert, 23. Thimbles (Ventilated)—xxii. Marsden, 531. Thistles—Portugal, Holbeche, 544. Thoracitone (Medical Instrument)—x. Barker, 649. Thrashing-machines—V. Dodds &; Son, 64. ix. Blyth, 154. Carpenter, 30. Clayton & Shuttleworth, 242. Crosskill, 135. Davis, 46. Garrett & Sons, 142. Gray & Sons, 150. Hensman & Son, 149. Holmes and Sons, 241. Hornsby & Son, 233. M'Cartney & Drummond, 248. Ransomes & May, 124. Rudd, 157. Sargent, 29. Smith, 256. Thread Counter, or Linen Prover—x. Willats, T. & R. 265. Thread and Cotton, Sewing. See Sewing Thread. Thread and Paper (British Vegetable Fibre for the Manufacture of)—iv. Robertson, 51. Threads, Shoemakers' and Saddlers'—xiv. Ulla- thornes and Longstuffs, 66. Threadwork—Portugal, 1165, 1166. See also Needle- work. Throne, African Chief's—Wesferra Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Throstles for Spinning—vi. Booth & Co. 2. Sharp, Brothers, 15. Ticket-printing, &c. Machines—vi. Church & God- dard, 135. Schlesinger & Co. 168. France Baranowski, 15. See also Bailway-ticket Dating- machine. Ticking (for Bedding, &c.)—Belgium, Deroubaix, 239. Marynen Vues, 227. Verriest, 214. France, Sanson, 366. Scrive, Brothers & Danser, 1006. Taillandier, 387. Netherlands, Theunissen, 39. Portugal, Scotch Linen Trade, 705, 706. Torres Novas Co. 668. Zollverein (1), Schraidt & Co. 732. Stiller & Son, 127. Tidal Indicator—x. Ryles, 190. Tidal Staircase—vii. Russell, 78. Tide Gauges—x, Hewitson, 152. Tiles, Encaustic—i. Quillam & Creer, 151. xxv. Min- ton & Co. 1. XXVII. Allen, 68. Tiles for Roofing, &c. (Various)—i. Roake, 60. ix, Enniskillen, Earl of, 232. Grimsley, 136. xxvi. Minton, 531. xxvii. Griffiths & Strong, 67. Key, 126. Brown, 117. Jones, 105. Lovelace, Earl of, 87. Luft, 111. Minton & Co. 86. Sealey, 130. Austria, Miesbach, 610. France, AmuUer, 405. Fox, 1232. Roger, 1448. Thi- bault Boilesve, 1502. Spain, Gonzalez y Valls, 55. Tegr & Co. 54. See also Drain- Tiles and Pipes. Tile, &c. Machines—ix. Cottam & Hallen, 109a. Dean, 4. See also Brick 8f Tile Machines. Drain-Tile and Pipe Machines. Till (to prevent Fraud)—xxii. Nixey, 640. Tillage-machine and Irrigator—ix. Burcham, 259b, Tillers, Ships'—viii. Denham, 72. Robertson, 18. See also Rudders. Steering-apparatus for Ships. Timber (Specimens of)—Main Avenue, West iv. Grigor & Co. 1. Canada, Davis, 78. Henson, 79. Montreal Com- mission, 80. Parisault, F., 77. Parisanlt, J,, 76. Reed & Meakins, 75. India, iv. New Brunswick. New South Wales, Bogue, 2. Francis, 5. Turkey. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W, T., 1-5, 7S-77, 338-340. Euston&Milligan,105,106. Hood, 111-120. Hull, 208, 217-220. Watson, 346. Western Africa, Weston, 1. See also Woods. Timber Gauge, &c. (for measuring standing Timber)— X, Adcock, 364. Davidson, 385. Timber-lifting Apparatus—viii. Etrick, 327. Timber Roof (Model)—vii. Giles, 71. Timber-seasoning Apparatus—vi. Burt, 468. Ran- somes & May, 146. Squire, 467. xxvi. Squire, 273. See also Burnettized Timber. Wood, Sea- soned. Timber Viaduct (Design for)—vii. Rose, 180. Timepieces. See Clocks and Timepieces. TiiHEPiECE Stands—x. Grant, 46. Tin—I. Bird & Co. 411. Welborne, 455. xxii. Perry, 61. Terry & Son, 691. Austria, Vienna Imperial Mines, 2. France, Robert & Co. 1440. Russia, Perm Imperial Copper Works, 6. Spain, Lugo Mines, Sub-Inspector of the, 18. United States, Prosser, 594, 595. Zollverein (1), Lewy, Brothers, 198. Tin, Muriate of—Russia, Schlippe, 27. Tin Ore—i. Bolitho, 440. Cole, 504. Diamond, 457. Phillips, Smith, & Co. 500. St. Austell Local Com- mittee, 469. Seccombe, 454. Welborne, 455, 470. India, i. See also Wolfram. Tinctures—II. Greenisli, 124. Tinfoil—France, Jandin, 887. Robert & Co. 1440. Tinplate Manufactures—i. Biddulph, 417. Tinplate-workers' Tools—xxii. Jackson, 311. Tin-powder—Zo/Zi;em;« (1), Krimmelbein and Bredt, 457. Tin-smelting Machinery—i. Bolitho, 440. Tin-stone—i. Readwin, 456. Tin-ware—I. Truro Local Committee, 4G8. Welborne, 455. xxii. Griffiths, 254. Perry, 61. Terry & Son, 691A. Walton & Co., 69. Austria, Hirsche, 436. France, Delignon, 1180. Western Africa, Jamieson, 22. Zollverein {\), Lewy, Brothers, 198. Zobel, 195. Tin-ware (Method of Ornamenting)—xxii. Aubin, 663. Tinned Sheet-Iron—xxii. Cornforth, 322. Austria, Kleist, 424. Privileged Association of Manu- facturers, 423. Zollverein (1), Assman, 406. Tinsel Ornaments—France, Noel, 1669. Tintern Abbey (Models of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Lewis, 143. Morgan, 266. Tiptuee-Hall Farmery, Kelvedon (Model) — xxx. (Fine Art Court) Mechi, 220. Tire Bars—v. Dodds & Son, 64.' Tissue Paper—China, Copland. Zollverein (1), Hoesch & Son, 392. See also Pottery Tissue Paper. Tissues (for Furniture, &c.) — France, Dauchel, 154. Hess, 263= Mourceau, 1663. Tiiscanij, Catanzaro, 64. Manetti, Brothers, 61. Tobacco—III. Benson, 39. Bremner & Till, 41. Cohen & Orr, 49. Hyams, 46. Jonas, Brothers, 42. Lambert & Butler, 40. Ricljardson, Brothers, 52. Taylor, 45. AU/eria, Andre, 1. Dupre de St. Maur, 23. Morin, 39. Oxeda & Aqui, 40. Reverchon, 44. Belgium, Billiard, 70. Brovellio, 72. Lahousse, 80, Plaideau, 71. Verschawe, 79. Canada, Levey, 73. Ceylon. Egypt, 37. Greece, Athanasion, 9. Cacoulidis, 11. Lapas, 10. India, iii. Netherlands, Linden, 69. Persia, Hudson. Thompson. 7?«fssia, Dovdinsky, 77. EydarotF, 75. South Africa, Moss, 36. Spain, Manilla, Society of, 250a. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 49, 88. Turkey. United States, Cooke & Sons, 318. De Ford & Co. 528. Dill & Muchahey, 273. Grant, 284. liardgrove, 268. Ludland, 389. Monahan & Beers, 349. Mooklar & Childs, 8. Owens, 319. Oyler & Anderson, 305. Robinson, 265. Stewart & Co. 393. Stratton, 182. WarAvick & Otey, 325. Whitlock, 369. Van Diemen's Zand, Denison, Sir W. T. 24. Zollverein (1), Carstanjen, 468. (6), Mueller, 11. See also Cigars. Snuff. Tobacco Boxes—See Snuff' Tobacco Boxes. Tobacco Pipes, Bowls, Tubes, &c.—i. 127a. xxii. Mitchell, 611. XXV. Leitch & Hammond, 59. South- orn & Co., 29. Yerbury, 208. Austria, Biodek, 660. Enstaller, 6G9. Floge, 670. Hartmann,675. Infanger,676. Lang, 661. Litschke, 678. Partsch, 611, 662. Petschacher, 688. Tren- ner, 663. Wojtech, 686. Egypt, 278, 279, 363, 364. Hamburgh, Wobke, 89. Sardinia, Strauss, 80. Tunis, 162. Zollverein Q), Ziegler, Brothers, 784. (2), Held, 65. (8), Muhlenbach & Thewald, 10. Windgender, Bro- tliers, 9. See also Smoking Pipes. Toilet Box—xxix. Johns, 51. ToiLiNETS—Zollverein (4), Hecht & Arnold, 27. Weigle, 29. Tombac—Egypt. 26. Tombs (Designs for)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Truefitt, 75. Webber, 119. See also Sepulchral Monuments. Stone Tombs. Tonnage in Ships (Plan for Measui-ement of)—viii. Watson, 7ii. Tonquin Bean—British Guiana, Stutchbury, 118, 118a. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tools (Carpenteis' & other Edge Tools)—i. Solly & Co., 410. VL Maidluw, 407. xxl Hannah, 31. Mathieson & Co., 35. xxii. Armitage, M. & H., 150. Atkin & Sou, 365. Biggin & Sons, 212. Bloomer & Phillips, 176. Briggs, 145. Brookes & Son, 110a. Brown & Sons, 182. Butcher, W. & S., 192. Chambers, 807. Cocker & Son, 115. Cutler, 217. Jowett, 170. Marples, 128. Marsden & Co. 169. Morrison & Parker, 179. Spear & Jackson, 113. Sorby & Sons, 204. Warburton, 187. Ward & Payne, 196. Algeria, Soual, 52. Austria, Feldbaunier, 453. Hanser, 482. Element, 569. Metz, 485. Reindo, 493. Schmidlehuer, 455. Sailer, 570. Weiss & Son, 572. Welzigbach, 571. Wertheim, 573. Canada, Ladd, 151 a. Leavitt, 150. Scott, 148. Shaw, 149. Wallace, 147. France, Goldenberg & Co. 1737. Hamburgh, Rittor, 43. India, vi. xxi. Nova Scotia, Archibald, 2. Bussia, Skalkin, 347. Sweden, Slahlberg, 84. United States, Simmons 8c Co. 119. Zollverein (1), Arns, 626, 627. Braunschweig, 62L Christian, 624. Huih, Fried, & Co, 632. Post, 61 p. Urbschloe & Sons, 614. See also Saws. Tools, Shipwrights'— Canada, Montreal Commission, 80. Tools (Various)—xxi. Baker, 20. Belcher, 42. Carr & Riley, 108. Hill, 47. Macpherson, 36. Moseley & Son, 13. XXII, Blake & Parkin, 193. Flather, 167. France, Dandoy, Goldenberg & Co., 851, 1737. Lem- seigne, 1728. Maillard, Lucq, & Co. 491. Russia, Ekaterinburg Engine Factory, 168. Switzerland, Keigel, 3. United States, Bliss & Co. 415. Brown & Vfells, 259. Van Diemen's Land, Milligan, 180. Zollverein (1), Brand, 620. Braunschweig, 621. Felde, 625. Hasanclever & Sons, 631. Hilgers & Sons, 631. Luchhaus & Co, 631. Post, 615. (4), Goebel, 56. Tooth Forceps—-S'ee Dental Instruments. Toothpicks— Portugal, 545-551. Tooth Fowbek—Switzerland, Gimper, 272. Soutter, 51. United States, Cummings, 452. See also Peifumery. TooTH-PowDER Box—XVI. Allen, 36. Topographical Painting—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Caplin, 221. ToRMALiNE—Tuscany, Annunciati, 17. ToRNOGRAPHY (Specimens of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Martin, 282. TORTOISESHELL & TORTOISESHELL ARTICLES—Ceylon. Eastern Archipelago, Hammond & Co., 2. France, Philip, 680. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tourniquets (Railway)—x. Brown & Son, 627. Tow—IV. Trent, 41. Rome, Bianconcini, 4. Russia, Alexandrovsk Imperial Manufactory, 19. Ardamatsky, 98. BukharefF, 104. Zempskoft', 115. Zollverein {1), Hornig, 722. See also Flax. Hemp. Ropes, Cordage, Sfc. String 8f Twine. Tow-Bags—xiv. Lockhart & Sons, 57. Tovz-BoAT—i^ra/ice, Lebel, 1300. Tow-Sheeting—xiv. Curr & Co. 88. Tow-viTRiB—XIV. Salmond, 83. Tow-Yarn—XIV. Gordon, G. & A. 82. Towelling—xi. Christy, 44. McBride & Co. 6. xiv. Canter, 36. Capper & Son, 95. Carter, Brothers, 36. Fletcher, 36. Hattersley & Co., 36. Haxworth & Carnley, 36. Jackson & Matthewman, 36. Pigott & Newton, 36. Row, 45. Austria, Harrach, 285. Sardinia, Borzone, 45. Tower of London, after the Destruction of the Ar- moury (Model)—VIII. Hall, 271. Toys (Various)—xxix. Bursill, 216. Montanari, 122. Spurin, 126. Trebeck, 200. Austria, Hallers, 652. Kietaibl, 653. Muller, 654. Purger, 655. China, Hewett & Co. Hamburgh, Lowenthal & Co. 91. India, xxviii. Zollverein (I), Bahn, 256. Gerlach, 252. Kummer, 817. Scheller & Weber, 663. Soehlke, 265. (2), Eichner, 80. Issmayer, 26. Lang, 77. (3), De Buenau, 35. (4), Blumhardt, 94. Buhrer, 59. Dieterich, 96. Knosp & Bache, 27. Rock & Grauer, 98. Rominger, 95. Wittich, Kemmel & Co. 82. (5), Albert, 23. Tracing-machine—x. Stephenson, 674a. Trafalgar, Battle of (Model)—viii. Constable, 140. Tram-Roads (New Mode of Paving Streets, &c., by Trams)—vii Geary, 2. Trame—Austria, Cluvalla, 7l. Traneen Grass, Plaited—xx. Peasants of Wexford, 181. Transit Instruments—/See Astronomical Instruments. Transparencies—Zollverein (1), Trumpelmann, 789. Transparent Cloth—Fra?jce, Husson, 542. Transparent Music (used in Teaching)—x. Groome, 549. Transparent Shades—Zollverein (1), Schmidt, 809. Transparent Silk—xix. Caley, J. W. & F. 119. Transparent Writing—Netherlands, Foon, 113. Transplanting Machines—ix. Bates, 186. See also Tree- Remover. Traps, Pigeon-shooting—xxii. Robertson, 565. Traps for Rabbits—xxii. Gray, 571. Traps, Rat—xxii. Robertson, 565. Traps for Street Drains—See Sewer Traps. Travancore's, Rajah of, State Palanquin (Model)— India, v. Travellers' Staffs—xxviii. Hodges, 72. Travelling Belts—Egypt, 299. Travelling Cases—xvi. Byam, 23. Harrows, 43. Smith & Son, 31. xvii. Byam, 144, Travelling Pouches—Austria, Bubenitick, 120. Traversing Jacks—v. England, 484. Trays—Egi/pt, 350-352. Tree-Guard—IX. Upfill, 277. Tree Remover (for Transplanting large Shrubs & Trees) —IX. Seaward, 51. Tree Supporters—ix. Restell, 208. Trees—Spain, Castellon Agricultural Board, 132. Trigonometrical Instruments—x. Gerard, lo9. Trigonometrical Machines for marking out Cloth- ing—x, Thompson, 363. Trimming Carding Machines—vi. Steane, 70. Trimmings, Gimp, &c.—xiii. Biowett, W. & H. 80, xix. Kightley, 123. France, JuUien, 1280. Trinkets. See Gold ^ Silver Wares. Jeweller^/. Precious Stones. Trinity College, Cambridge (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Brooker, 109. Tripods—xxvi. Jones, 287. Triturating Strainers—xxii. Kent, 553. Triturators—VI. Mackenzie, 314. Troene—F'^yp?, 65. Trombones—^eZ^-ij^m, Mahillon, 175. France, Courtois, 463, 1163. Gaubot, 844. Trowser Stuffs (Undescribed)—Belgium, Lemaire-Des- camps & Plissart, 240. Lienart-Chalfaux, 242. Petit Noel & others, 246-250. Trumpets & Horns—x. Gates, 520, Austria, Hell, 152, Belgium, Mahillon, 175. France, Courtois, 463, 1163. Gaubot, 844. Jndia,x. Sweden, AlAberg, 72, Switzerland,ILuehscher, 86. ^o/Zyem'?i (2), Pfaff, 35. (3), Glier, G. 21. Glier & Son, 20. Herold, 19. Klemm, 18. Schuster, L. 22. Schuster, M. 23. See also Cornet-a-Pistons. Trunks, Portmanteaus, &c.—viii. Etrick, 327. xvi. Finnigan, 29. James, 40. Jimison, 28. Kane, 62. Last, J., 33. Last, S., 38. Lenny, 27. Meller, 73. Motte, 37. Weir, 72. xx. Thomas & Brothers, 46. XXVI. Pratt, 403. xxix. Purdon, 39. Austria, Groshopf, 343- Canada, Desin, \ 02. Irwin, 196, Spain, Morella Corporation, 232. United States, Hickey & Tull, 58. Hill, 364. Mattson, 50. Van Diemens Land, Rout, 152. Zollverein (1), Scheller & Weber, 663. Trusses, Bandages, &c.—x. Atkinson, 605. Blackwell. 734. Bourgeaurd, 566. Bunney, 606. Coles, 660. Eagland, 567. Ellis, 631b. Huxley, 598. Lindsey 613. Longdon &; Tubberer, 572, Miles, 568. Newson, 675. OfFord, 680. Salmon, Ody & Co., 594. Salt & Son, 628. Spratt,612. Smith, 573. Tod, 589. White, 587, 687. Wood, 737. xxi. Hilliard & Co., 34. XXII. Wright, 177. France, Burat, Brothers, 79. Charbonnier, 115. Spain, Jaren, 249, Tubes and Tubing (Metal)—xxii. Bolton, 353, Everitt & Son, 352. Lloyd, 357. Mapplebeck & Co., 370. Massey & Co. 416. Winfield, 373. Tubes, Whispering—x. Rein, 629. Tubular Bridges (Drawings, &c., of)—vii. Bain, 34. Sankey, 32. Tunbridge Ware—xxix. Hollamby, 41. Russell, 40. Tuning Forks—x. Greaves, 503. Turbine (Model of a)—France, Fromont, 220. Turf or Peat—See Peat. Turmeric—ii. Marshall, 68. British Guiana. Stutchbury, 28, 30. Ceylon. China. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Turning Lathes and Tools—See Lathes. Turning, Patterns for—Hamburgh, Jantzen, 83. Turning in Wood, &c. (Specimens of)—vi. HoltzapfiFel & Co., 232. XXVI. Fleet, 24. xxviii. Hemphill, 158. Johnson, 15. Mitford, 167. ^M.s^nrt, Kraftl, 677. Canada, Bailey, 293. Dodd, 294. Parkes, Brothers, 186. Switzerland, Meystre, 225. Turkeij. United States, Everett, 427. Van Diemen's Land, Brown, 199. Milligan, 200-206, 227. Zollverein (2), Baader, 74. See also Ivory Carving and Turning. Turnip-cutting Machines—ix. Burgess & Key, 237. Carson, 110. Crosskill, 135. De Porquet, 202. DiggesLaTouche, 263. Hay, 259c. Holmes & Sons, 241. Key & Mitchell, 237. Marychurch, 93. Palmer, 48a, Phillips & Co., 252. Samuelson, 185. Smith, 256. Wedlake & Co., 127, Canada, Montreal Central Commission, 93, Turnip Dibblers—ix. Digges La Touche, 263. Turnip Plants, Preparation for Preserving—ii. Sturges, 88. Turnip-sowing Machine—ix. Wilson, 249. Turnips—III. Sutton & Sons, 112, Turpentine—France, Flemry, 214. Eussia, Lisinsk Forest Institution, 83. Spain, Flores, Calderon & Co., 241. United States, Jamison, 173. Tusks, Elephants'—See Elephants' Teeth and Tushs. Tweeds (for Trousering, &c,)—xii. & xv. Allen, 259. Ballantyne & Son, 194. Bliss, 270. Bowman & Son, 231. Brown & Co., 469. Byers & Son, 232. Clapper- ton, T. & G., 193. Cochrane, J. & W., 188. Cmmbie & Co., 228. Dalrymple. 240. Dixon, R. & T., 187. Gilmour & Co., 203. Hartley & Son, 61. Inglis & Brown, 191. Lambert, 30. Locke, 15. Macdona, 260. Morton, 160. Roberts & Co., 480. Sanderson & Sibbald, 189. Sime & Co., 195. Watson, J. & A., 477. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T. 136. Twine—See String, Sfc. Twine Canvas—xiv. Moore, 67. Twist—XIII. Alsop, Robins & Co., 48. Portugal, Rio Vizello Co., 723. Russia, Rabeneck, 1 73a, Zollverein (1), Luehdorff & Co., 584. (3), Hoeffer, 41„ Tynemouth Castle (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Morgan, 266. Type (Specimens of)—xvii. Besley & Co. 195. Fair- bairn, 9. Ferguson, Brothers, 90. Figgins, V. & J., 124. Knight & Hawkes, 107- Miller & Richard, 150, Reed & Pardon, 184, Stephenson & Co., 182. Watts, 164. Austria, Battagia, 366. Haase, 367. Government Printing Office (Vienna), 362. Canada, Herbert, 18a. Palsgrave, 189. France, Laboulaye, 895. Legrand, 584. Netherlands, Enschede & Sons, 79. JRussia, Revillion, 361. United States, Hobart & Robins, 399. Stanton Blind Institute, 270. Tobit, 395. Zollverein (1), Beyrhaus, 144, Decker, 148. Haenel, 284. (3), Schelter, 182, (5), Dresler, 24. Type, Calligraphic—xvii. Caslon & Co., 78. Typefounders' Implements—xvii, Besley & Co., 195. Sardinia, Farina, 47. Type-Founding, &c.. Machines—vi. Harding & Co.l02. Zollverein (1), Leonhardt, 55, (3), Brockhaus, 13. Hoffman, 12. Type-Moulds—xvii. Figgins, V. & J., 124. Portugal, Das Neves, 648-651. Type, Music—xvii. King, T. & J. H., 22. Typhodeictor—X. Lloyd, Col., 322. Typographical Engraving (Drawings for)— France, Cabasson, 785. Typographical Ornaments—xvii. Besley & Co., 195. Typographical Works — Belgium, Casterman & Son, 275. Hayez, 276. Lesigne, 279. Zollverein (3), Barth, 179. (6), Zabern, 78. See also Books. Typography (Specimens of)—See Printing, Letter-press. Uley Cultivators—ix. Barrett, Exall & Andrews, 128. Grant & Co., 267. Ultramarine—II. Dauptain, Gorton & Co., 63. Picciotto, 33. Kurtz & Schmersahl, 9. Austria, Kutzer & Lehrer, 24. Setzer, 23. France, Bonze & Brothers, 772. Chapus & Richter, 795. Courtial, 807. Guimet, 1620. India, \. Zollverein (1), Curtius, 458. (2), Gadeiuan, 12. Leverkus, 875. Schruck & Uhlicb, 15. Wollf & Co., 17. (3), Saxon China Manufactory, 10. (4), Breuninger &Son, 3. (6), Buechner, 1. (8), Roehr, 7. Umber—i. Sweetman, 40. Umbrellas and Parasols—xxix. Boss, 146. Evans & Co., 148. Foster & Co., 149. Hargrave, Harrison & Co., 147. Holland, 131. Jacobs, 183. Lewis & Allenby, 141. Morland & Son, 306. Butter, J. & W. 137. Sangster, W. & J., 136. Slark, 135. Stears, 132. Waddington& Sons, 134. Wilson & Matheson, 133. Austria, Herdt, 694. Rademacher, 695. Belgium, Robert, 432. Ceylon. China, Hewett & Co. France, Cazal, 108. Charageat, 1144. Connerot, 1567. India, xxix. Portugal, 1127-1150. Tunis, 37, 87. Umbrella and Parasol Sticks—Austria, Tiffe, 692. Weiss, 692a. Zandra, 693. Zollverein (1), 257. Undebcliff, Isle of Wight (Model of) — Ibbetson, page 851. Union Suspension Bridge across the Tweed (Draw- ing of)—viii. Brown, Sir S., 334. Upholstery—See Furniture. Upton-Lovel Bridge (Model)—vii. Chapman, 45. Uranium—i. Johnson & Matthey, 477. Vaccination Drawings—x. Badcock, 732. Vacuum Gauges (for Steam Engines)—>S'ee Steam and Vacuum Gauges. Vacuum Pans, &c.—Russia, Heke, 152. Zollverein (1), Heckmann, 52. Siegert, 74. Valerianic Acid and Valerianates—ii. Barnes, 45. Valonia—Greece, Sophianos, 2. Zaphviakis, 1. Valves—vi. Watson, 165, xxii. Jennings, 810. Vapour, Apparatus for applying—x. Downing, 634. Vapour Baths—See Baths. Varnish, Leather—See Blacking Boot Varnish. Varnished Cloth—France, Langlade, 1650a. Varnishes (Various) — ii. Blundell, Spence, & Co., 48. Hayes & Co., 75. Nay lor, 35. Tennant, 101. iv. Barker & Co., 62. Bruce, 74. English's Patent Cam- phine Company, Hull, 61. Manning, 63. Rea, 116. Rose, 27. Penney, 64. Belgium, Wouvermans, 35. China. i^ra/zce, Dida, 1189. Le Fevre, 1647. Leon, 305. Le- tillois,1322. Pommier,1400. Renard, 1431. Soehnee, Brothers, 380. Viard, 1521. Tuscany, Querci, 21. Zollverein (1), Gammersbach, Brothers, 860. (3), Ja- godzinsky, 8. Vases (Gold, Enamelled, &c.)—xxiii. Goodwin, 64. Sey- mour, E. & J. 72. Watherston & Brogden, 105. XXVI. Latham & Dighton, 251. Nicoll, 182. Seibe, 11. XXIX. Harding & Standfast, 81. Spurrier, 76. Bahamas, Grant. Ceylon. Vases (Marble, Terra Cotta, Iron, Bronze, &c.)—North Transept, Minton, 50. Main Avenue, West, Tho- mas, 68. Main Avenue, East, Wallis. xxii. Han- dyside, 82. xxv. Battam, 53. Minton & Co., 1, XXVI. Greverie, 255. xxvii. Bright, 80. Ferguson &Co.. 93. Jepson, 132. Redfern, 78. WoodruflPe, 77. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Daymond, 192. Pulham, 216. Austria, Gottl, 724. France, De Braux D'Anglure, 779 (Main Avenue, East). Malta, Decesare, 27. Diniech, 28. Rome, Norchi, 51. Trenta Nove, 52a. Sweden and Norivay, Hjula Quarry, 43. Zollverein (1), Cantian, 235 (Main Avenue, East). Roya, Prussian Iron Foundry, Berlin, 271 (Main Avenue East), (2), Royal Porcelain Manufactory, 64. Mauritius, Balkfield & Co. Russia, Sazikoflf, 366. Vases, Syphon (for Aerated Waters)—xxvii. Mayo & Co., 7. Vats, English Oak (Models)—xxix. Hurrell, 46. Vault Light—xxii. Barlow, 462. Vegetable Fibres (of a Silky Nature)—Zollverein (1), Holtzstamm, 48. Vegetable Gas Apparatus—vii. Booth, 134. Vegetable Gums—iv. Coovey, 70. Vegetable Ivory (including articles in)—iv. Fauntleroy &Sons, 135. xxviii. Taylor, 47. Watson, 201. Vegetable Meal—France, Begon, Brothers, 49. Vegetable Oils and Manures—iii. Peterson, 66. See also Cabbage Oil. Linseed and Linseed Oil and Cake. Rapeseed Oil. Vegetable Products of Scotland (Undescribed)—hi. Lawson & Son, 105. Vegetable Tallow—iv. Price's Patent Company, 83. Vegetable Wax—ii. Jennings, 99. China. St. Domingo, Schomburgk, Sir R. Vegetables, Wax. See Flowers, Wax. Vegeto-Animal Food—iii. Gentile, 108. St. Etienne, 138. Vellum—xvi. Lever, J. & J. 24. Vellum (Design on)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) De Lara, 243. Velocimeter, A(iVA.Tic--United States, St. John, 542. Velocipedes—v. Sawyer, 960. Watts, 991. Wilson, 995. United States, Rodgers, 496. Velvets—xii. & xv. Baughen, Brothers, 183. Bennett & Co. 185. Lockwood & Keighley, 104. xiii. Brocklehurst & Sons, 38. Brooks, 26. Burke, 57. Campbell & Co. 31. Casey & Philips, 23. Graham & Sons, 17. Harrop & Co. 62. Hill & Co. 25. Le Mare & Sons, 21. Robinson, I. & R. & Co. 5. Robin- son, J. & T. 6. Robinson, J. & W. & Co. 24. Seamer, 15. Stone & Kemp, 18. Swan & Edgar, 11, xviii. Law, W. & E., 10. Swan & Edgar, 9. xix. Ball & Co. 19. Austria, Blaha & Rosenberger, 251. Frohlich & Sons, 177. Grohmann, 178. Haas & Sons, 243. Lange & Sons, 179. France, Balleidier, 1065. Barth, Massing, & Plichon, 21. Brosse & Co. 1118. Fontaine, 1225. Girard & Co. 1248. Motte, Bossut, & Co., 654. India, xiii. Netherlands, Warnar, 32. Portugal, Martins, 919. Moureira, 918. Pimentel, 923-925. Russia, LortefF, 204. PanteleefF, 175. SoloviefF, 354. Sarditiia—Chichizola & Co. 39. DefFerrari, Brothers, 44. Guillot & Co. 42. Molinari, 43. Spain, Orduna, 214. Switzerland, Silk StufF Manufacturers, 153. Turkey. Zollverein (1), Andreae, 360, 379. Fudickar, 596. Gerlich & GreifF, 537. Lelimann, 136. Lingenbrink & Vennemann, 526. Marx & Weigert, 113. Men- gen, 581. Menghius, Brothers, 530. Morgenroth & Krugraann, 532. Peltzer, 518. Kappard & Goesmann, 517. Scheibler & Co. 534. Schroers, .015. Weigert &Co. 115. (3), Batz, 150. Velvets, Printed—xit. & xv. Swaisland, 283. Velveteen—Russia, Rabeneck, 173. Veneering (New Method of)—xxviii. Meadows, 165, Veneering (Specimens of)—iv. Scott & Co. 19. Algeria, Cabanillas, 12. Belgium, Si von, 138. Canada, Montreal Commission, 81. France, Bernard, 1081. Volkert, 1532. Hamburgh, Rail & Ballheiraer, 108. New Zealand—Lucas & Co., 40. Sardinia, Bertinetti, 61. United States, Parmenter, 244. Van Diernens Land—Freeman, 210-216. Peck, 224- 226. Quinn, 95. Zollverein (<!), Andre, Brothers, 56. Venetian Blinds—vii. Geary, 2. Quincey, 146. xxiv. Mash, 54. xxvi. Avery & Dangar, 3U9. Venetian Stucco—xxvii. Orsi & Armani, 36. Ventilating Apparatus—vi. Greig, D. & J. 114. VII, Inglis, 199. XXII. Edwards, 387. Belgium, Debaune, 131. Van Hecke, 480. /S'ee also Chimney Ventilating Apparatus. Coal-mine Ventila- tion. Glass, Perforated. Ventilating Curtain-Pump—vii. Hill, O. & J., 124. Ventilators—XXII. Boobbyer, 680. Hayward, Brothers, 582. Price, 397. xxiv, Moore, 53. Ventilators for Mines. See Mining Ventilating Ap- paratus. Ventilators, Window—vii. Naylor, 64. xxii. Moore, 595. See also Glass, Perforated. Veratric Acid—II. Morson & Son, 106. Verd Antique, Irish—i. Talbot de Malahide, Lord, 145. Vermicelli—See Macaroni. Vermin Destroyer—^^^s^r^a, Dolleschal, 51. United States, Lyon, 221, See also Insects, Fumigating Apparatus for Killing. Veterinary Instruments. See Horses' Teeth, Instru- ment for extracting. Jaw Leoer. Veterinary Medicines—Fra?ice, Miramont, 1358A, Netherlands, Jorritsma, 18, Vices—VI, Mason, 46. xxii. Armitage, M. & H., 150. Stirk, 74. Warden, 368. Wright, 366. Austria, Teuflmayer, 494. Belgium., Mertens, 132, Sweden and Norway, Bjork, 11," Victoria Tower, Kingstown (Model)—xxx, (Fine Art Court) Russell, 327. Vicuna Cloth—xir. & xv. Bennett, J. & A. 95, Clay, 124. Hargreave & Nusseys, 28. Vignettes—i^ra?ice, Doublet & Huchet, 821. Vinegar—III. Hills & Underwood, 7. xxix. Mitchell, 94, Austria, Wagenmann & Co. 19. Canada, Gillespie & Co. 133. Ceylon. France, Courtin, 1570. Gregoire, 1739. Mai re & Co. 317. Rigault, 1686. /2«ssm, Schiippe, 27, Zollverein (1), Jannasch, 836. Vinegar Apparatus, Plant, &c.—vi. Hill, Evans, & Co. 619. XXIX. Mitchell, 94. Violin, Clavic Attachment to—x. Brooks, 705. Violins—X. 289. Beloe, 709. Betts, 519. Dearlove, 707. Forster, 509. Guinness, 541. Purdy & Fendt, 537. Spurgin, 542. Austria, Bittner, 144. Cerveny, 157. Enrico, 147. Herzlieb, 146. Belgium, Darche, 177. Canada, Higgins, 185. France, Bernardel, 421. Husson & Buthod, 885. Jacquot, 547. Russia, Rudert, 171. Sardinia, Rocca, 32. Switzerland, Pupinuat, 100. United States, Gemunder, 442. Western Africa, Huttoii & Sons, 6. Zollverein (2), Baader, 22. Neuner & Hornsteiner, 33. (3), Glier and Son, 20, Klemm, 18- Violin and other Strings—x. Dodd, 505. Austria, Callegari, 150. Indri, 151. France, Bernardel, 421. Combes, 459. Savaresse, 997. Zollverein (1), Reichel, Brothers, 442. Violin and Violoncello Bows—x. Dodd, 543. France, Simon & Henry, 1489. Vuillaume, 735. Zollverein (2), Neuner & Hornsteiner, 33, (3), Klemm, 18. Violoncellos—x. Heaps, 510. Gisborne, 507, Austria, Bittner, 144. Herzlieb, 146. Kosselt, 145. Belgium, Darche, 177. Mahillon, 175. France, Bernardel, 421. Jacquot, 547. Hamburgh, Cellier & Son, 15. Switzerland, Pupinnat, 100. Zollverein (2), Baader, 22, Neuner & Hornsteiner (3), Klemm, 18. Visiting Cards, Designs for—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Barclay, 285. Vitriol. See Copperas. Muriatic Acid. Vitrum Marmoriatum (for Table-tops)—xxiv. Ford, 40. Volcanic Skories—Portugal, 118. " Volta-Subito," Turn-over Desk and Stand—x, Tudsbury, 704. Vote Recorders (Models of)—x. Chamberlain, 399, Voting Telegraphs—United States, Smith, 586. Vulcan Spring, for closing Doors—vii. Mackenzie, 125, Waddings—France, Candlot, 102, ^S'eealso Gun Wadding. Wafers—iv. Morrell, 58. xvii, Wateisfon, 93, Austria, Berger, 380. Waggons—See Carts and Waggons. Waistcoats, Embroidered—xii, & xv. Allen, 259 Forbes & Hutchison, 291. Macdona, 260, Whitehill & Co., 287. XIV, Tee & Son, 37, xix, Clowes, 150, Gabriel, 70. xx. M'Gee & Co,, 118, Zollverein (1), Dieckmann, 612, StielF & Harrass, 161, Waistcoatings (Silk, Woollen, and other)—xi. Barlow, Gooddy & Jones, 35. Johnson, 48. Spencer & Son, 52. XII. & XV. Brown & Forster, 9. Goodwin, 11. Helme, 207, Murley, W. & C, 10. Schofield, 125, Schwann, 115, Taylor & Son, 111. Tolson & Sons, 116, XIII. Robinson, J. & R. & Co. 5. Vanner, J. & Son, 4. Washington & Daviss, 8. xiv. Cory & Co. 24, Tee & Son, 37, ylJ^s^na, Beinerf, 303. Bruder's Widow, 295. Echinger, Brothers, 304. Kraal, 305. Mayer, Brothers, 266, Mestrozi, 267. Rockstroh, 306. Wogtech, 274. France, Croco, 809. Debucliy, 140, Vigoroux, 728. Viviery & Co., 1529. India, XV. Portugal, Daupias and Co., 853-859. Pimentel, 951-953. Russia, LortefF, 204, Sardinia, Crocco, Brothers, 50. Zollverein (1), Bock- muehl, 586. Boeddinghaus and Co., 572. Grave & Neviandt, 591. Heymann, 575, Neuhans, 577. Rur- mann & Meckel, 580. Sclmlte, 675. Tack & Pelizaens, 674. Weber & Metzges, 569. (3), Krause, 147. Wales (Prince of) and Royal Children. Statues of— xxx. (Sculpture Court) Thorneycrolt, T. & M., 34. Portrait of the Prince of Wales in hair, xxili. Hanssen & Co., l24. Chair in honour of the Prince of Wales, XXVI. Le Mercier, 181, Wales', Prince of, Shield—Main Avenue, East, H.R.H, Prince Albert, 98. Casts from the Shield, Zollverein, (1), Krause, 278. Walking-Sticks and Canes—viii. Pearce, 330. xvi. Atkinson & Eldrid, 80. Case, 3l5. Martin, 81. XXix. Carpenter, 143. Clariie, 14. Dean, 12S. Jacobs, 183. Mevers, 140. Preston, 145. Austria, Ludwig, 679. Hartmann, 675. Pfeiffer, 681. Tantz, 685. British Guiana, Bee, 156, Duggin, 146-148A. China, Carpenter. France, Bugie, 1123. Hamburgh, Harter and Huben, 87. South Africa, Bridges, 21. Hanbury, 28, Groeukloof Missionary Station, 43. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tuscani/, Tonti, 101. United States, Peckham, 320b. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T. 3U4. Marriott, 307. Screen, 305. Zollverein, (1), Lusk, 140. Schulz, 593. (4), Heldinger, 92. (5), Frank, 61. See also Medical Walking Staff. Walking-Stick Bottle, with Wine Glass — xvi. Martin, 81. Walking-Stick Stool, &c.—xxii. Learwood, 578. Walking-Sticks, Electro-Galvanic—x. Winter, 423, Wallets—igrz/jDi, 244-246. Walnut-Oil—Sardinia, Girardi, Brothers, 5. War-engine (for Discharging Ball-Cartridges) — viii. M'Gettrick, 288. Wardrobes—See Furniture. Wardrobes, Travelling—xxvi. Pratt, 403. Wablich's Patent Fuel—i. Patent Fuel Company, 230. Warmbrunn and other Places (Models of, in Composi- tion)—Zollverein (1), Liedel, 276, Warming Apparatus—vi. Plimsoll, 631. xxn. Nunn, 703. France, Foudet, 508. See also Atmopyres. Gas Cooking and Warming Appa- ratus. Hot-Air Apparatus. Hot-Water Apparatus. Warping-machines—VI. Ball & Co., 90. Dickens, 62. Jordan, 29. Warwick Vase (Copies of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Norchi, 309. Russia, Heke, 329. Zollverein (1), Royal Prussian Iron Foundry, Berlin, 271 (Main Avenue, East), Wash-hand Basins—xxii. Haldane & Rae, 432, Wash-Stands—xxii, Fearncombe, 160a, xxvi. Cattle, 20, Riddle, 14. Washing, Drying, Ironing, &c., Machines for—vi, Manlove & Co., 454, Marsden, 317, xxil. Adams, 538. Fryer, 546. Macalpine, 548, Nunn, 703, Pearson, 541. Price, 535, Price, V., 397, Reid, 543. Tasker, 539. France, Charles & Co., 117. Watch and Chronometer Works, &c.—x. Brookes, 25, Bryson & Sons, 665. Chevalier, 23. Dell, Brothers, 100. Hart & Co. 113. MacDoual, 67. Philcox, 22. Koskell, 123. Tobias & Co. 78, France, Clement-Bourgeois, 455. Montandon, Brothers, 601. Switzerland, Bandelier, 6. Darier, 76. Leconltre & Golay, 263. Paquet-Fazy, 105. Zollverein (4), Bacher, 17.—See also Clock and Watch Works. Watch Dials—x. Hinton, 62. Watch Glasses—xxiv. Ross & Co. 1. France, Bnrgun, Waller, & Co. 39. Watches—x, Adams & Sons, 2. Aubert & Klaftenberger, 52a. Bell, 679. Bolton, 94. Copland, 46a. Cousens & Whiteside, 86. Cragg, 8. Davis, 30. Delolme, 19. Dent, 55. Donegan, 52. Elisha, 39. Frodsham, 57. Fuller, 592. Funnell, 26. Gibbs, 21. Gowland, 27. Hutton, 7. Jackson, W. H, & S., 32, Jones, 64; 338 Strand, 699. Losehy, 12. Marchand. 71. Parkinson & Frodsham, 35. Pettit & Co. 81. Roberts, 130. Rotherham & Sons. 124. Tanner, 28. Tobias & Co. 78. Vieyeres & Refrincon, 91. Walker, 697. Watkins, 85a. Yates, 9. xxiii. Harvey & Co. 92. Hunt & Roskell, 97. Martin & Co. 2. Phillips, Bro- thers, 87. France, Boyer, 69. Fraigneau, 1606. Lefebvre, 577. Leon-Clement & Bourgeois, 306. Paget, 337. Pesche- loche-Vavin, 344. Rieussec, 1685. Switzerland, Aubert, 73. Audemars, 22. Baron & Uhlman, 74. Bock, 31. Bovet, 13, Delv, 16, Klfroth, 78, Evaid, 29, Fatio, 79. Figuet Brothers, 266. Golay, 220. Grosclaude, 24. lunod, Brothers, 7. Kopp, 17. Kramer, 268, Mercier, 96. Mermod, Brothers, 15. Meylan-Golay, 98, Moser, 20, Perret & Son, 21, Piguet, Brothers, 266, 273. Rauss & Colomb, 14, Taillard, Brothers, 267. Vaucher, 28, United Slates, Jacot & Courvoirier, 381, Zollverein (1), Dorer, 343, (3), Lange, 17, (4), Bacher, 17,—See also Chronometers, Marine; Chronometers, Pocket; Chronometers, Railwai/. Watches (Models of)—x, Bryson & Sons, 154. Watchmakers' Tools & Machinery—x. MacDoual, 67. Sardinia, Benoit, 33. Sweden, Lidberg, 76. Switzerland, Darier, 61. Pagan, 64. Statzer, 63. Watch-MAKING, Jewellery, &c., Designs for—Swit- zerland, Dubois, 43, Water-carts—v. Geary, 846. vii. Geary, 2. ix. Coode, 151a. Water-closets—viii. Macdonald, 329. xxii. Aberry, 529. Chambers & Bobbins, 533, Downton, 530. Green & Co., 532. Guest & Chrimes, 524. Haldane & Rae, 432. Hanson, 702. Jennings, 810. Lambert, 534. Stokes, 252. Warner & Sons, 798. Wiss, 525. France, Guinier, 252, Water-closets (Service-box applicable to)—xxii. Rosin- dale, 516. Water Colours—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Robertson & Co. 6. Sweden, Hasselgren, 97. Switzerland, Gwin- ner, 50. See also Colours, Artists', Sfc. Watering Roads and Streets (Machines for)—viii. Truscott, 289, IX. Read, 89. See also Street Water- ing-Cart. Water-Jets—France, Plasse, 1394. Watermarks in Paper (Improvements in)—xvii. Saun- ders, 36, 160. Water-Meters—V. Billinton, 468. x. Brown, 335. See also Hydrometers. Water-mill (Model)—Netherlands, Wal, 94. Water-power for grinding Corn (Improvements in) —IX. Paxton, 125. <See also Water-Wheels. Waterproof Fabrics (Various)—vi. Brown, 56. ix. Bell & Co , 197. XII, & xv. Martin, 249. Stanton & Son, 224. XIV. Morrison & Hurn, 49. xxviii. Wans- borough, 75. France, Gilheit, 2'd7. Moreau, 1361. See also Caoutchouc. Waterproof Coating Painting—France, Paradis De Roulz & Co. 340. Waterproof Paper—xvii. Martin, 29. Waterproofing Composition—xvi. Hodges, 184. Switzerland, Laiiterberg, 48. Water Purifiers—xxii. Bird, 267. See also Filters. Water, Supply of, to Towns (Models) — v. Turner, 428. XXII. Turner, 520, Water Tanks (Models)—vii. India. Water-Vase—(7m7ec? States, Salt & Mear, 203. Water Wheels (Models)—v. Devon Great Consol Copper Mining Company, 418. Erskine, lOO. Fergusoii, 78. Stevens, 136, Warner & Sons, 424. Wig^ht, 480, ix. Smith & Co., 266. x. Adcock, 364. India, vii. Uiiited States, Griffin, 144. Wavertree Church (Model)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Lascelles, 18, Wax—Austria, Reali, lOl. Egypt, 116. Netherlands, Visser, 17. Portugal, Bretes, 620, 622. Carvalho, 617. De Ficalho, Marquis, 618, 619, 621. Russia, N. n. 85. Spain, Colmenero, 182. Tunis, 183. Turkey. See also Bees' Wax. Vegetable Wax. Wax Baskets—Zollverein (1), Krurateich, 261. Wax Blossoms of Fruit—Madeira, Ferraz, 2. Wax, for Etching — xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cock, 147. Wax Figures—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Allin, 199. Hold- ing, 217. Montanari, 224. Sonnes, 277. Austria, Schlater, 701. Malta, Darmanin & Sons, 26. Polito, 34. Mexico. See also Hairdressers' Figures. Wax Flowers—/S'ee Flowers, Wax. Wax, for Modelling Flowers—xxix, Lemare, 79, Wax Models—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bursill, 60. i^ra/ice, Chomereau, 122. jBar6ac?oes, Elwell, Wax Paintings—France, Vivet, 734. Wax Portraits—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Morrison, 276. Rouw, 294. Weapons (small-arms and other)—^?<s^na, Preis, 117. Reidler, 110. British Guiana, Arnott, 142-144, 145a. Duggin, 141, Ceylon. New Zealand, Moore, 37. Turkeij. Western Africa, Acland, Sir T. D., 17. Button & Sons, 6. Jamiesou, 22. McWilliam. SeeaXso Guns, Pistols, Sfc. Swords. Wearing Apparel (Various)—xi. Cross & Co. 47. xii. & XV. Albert, H.R.H. Prince, 500 (Main Avenue, West). Blakely,285. Clarke, 432. Fyfe & Co., 197. Knox, 197a. Mason & Co., 303. Rainey & Co.,198. Smith & Whyte, 459. Taylor & Son, 111. Webber & Hairs, 277. xiii. Cross, 32. xiv. Beale Brown, 77. XIX. Patent Utrecht Co., 265. xx. Beale & Latchmoie, 204. Birt, 153. Cahan, 74. Caplin, 32a.. Capper & Son, 45. Capper & Waters, 21. Clowes, 150. Cody, 64. Cutler, 69, Din^'ley, W. & S., 115. Doudney, 113. Firkins & Co., 163. Fry, 116. Gates, 72. Goulding, 110. Harris & Tomkins, 111. Hill, 107. Holmes & Co., 84. Hurley, 73. Kearse, 175. Kelly & Co., 178. Kisch,65. Laurence, 158. Lee, 110a. Lewis & Son, 114. M'Rae, 128. Martin, E. &E.H., 42. Nairn, 179. Ne- ville & Co. 7. Powell, 26. Redgrave, 164. Robert, 130. Solomon, 86. Stewart, 177a. Thompson & Son, 62. Vincent, 177. Wagner, 31. Walker & Babb, 63. Walsh & Co., 109. Watts, 108. Wheeler & Ablett, 22. XXII. Hardman & Co., 700. xxvi. Hardman & Co. 532. xXYiii. Cording, 82. Algeria, Ben Zekri, 7. Beni Abbes Tribe, 53. Bernar- don, 8. Bou Taleb Tribe, 54. Caid Ben Zekie des Seignas, 61. Cherif Ben Mimoun, 60. Drides Tribe, 55. Mohamed Ben Achir, 62. Si Ali Bel Lamouchi, 65. Si Amon Bel Onataf, 64. Austria, Bruder's Widow, 295. Budinsky, 393. Her- mannstadt Trade Union, 398. Jenny & Schindler, 183. Klamer, 184. Krach, Brothers, 391. Mala- tinszkj', 394. Nessel, 395a. Neubert, 299. Oestrei- cher, 396. Rigo & Kraetschmar, 395. Schramm, 397. Seitter, 399. Singer, 392. Volkmann, 190. Belgium, Weil, Meyer, & Co., 336. Canada, Adams, 331. Bell, 173. Henderson, 107, 332. Herbert, 18a. China, Bowring. Daniel. Hewitt & Co. Denmark, Fjelrad, 8. i:gi/pt, 190-194, 197, 281-283,285-294, 320-324, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336. France, Brie & Jeofrin, 780. Cherif Ben Mimoun, 1560. Cochois & Coh'n, 124. Cocu, 125. Darnet, 1578. DepouUy, 1586. Donat, 1192. Doucet & Duclerc, 147. Haraud, 863. Hay em, 1265. Mattel, Geoftrey & Valensot, 921. Meyruers & Son, 639. Milon, 930. Mohamed Ben Salah, 1663. Mohammed Ben Achir, 1662. Molyn Lesouel", 1359. Moreau & Co., 652. Opigez & Chazelle, 336. Parnuit & Co., 673. Reynier, Cousins, 1435. Si Ali Ben Lamouchi, 1695. Si Amon Ben Ouat, 1694. Si Hamidi, 1696. Tailbouis, 385. Valtat & Rouille, 709, Greece, Saris & Rengos, 56. Hamburgh, Kopp & Kroll, 41. India, xv. xx. Ionian Islands, Lady Woodford, I. Jersey and Guernsey, Dobree, 35. Malta, Dimeck, 21. Feneck, 6. Nova Scotia, Central Committee. Persia, Araman. Thompson. Mussia, Kerbalay-Hoossein-Ogli, 279. n. n. 280. Prok- horotr. Brothers, 349. Sardinia, Forno, 51. Gandolfi, 95. , Society Islands, Queen Pomare, 2. South Africa, Deaue & Johnson, 19. Moag, 29. Schmieterloew, 12. Spain, 235. Carborell, 290. Fister, 222. Lucena Cor- poration, 231a. i Sweden, Forsell, 109. Gulda, 108. Switzerland, Bruderer, 118. Hanselmann, 165. Tunis, 1-12, 22, 23, 41-44, 47, 48, 94. Turkeu. United States, Haight, 385. Jermings & Co., 118. Leask, 108, Ralhngs, 398. Shepherd, 10. Simmons, 303. Thornton, 227. Van Diemen's Land, M'Kenzie, 167,170. Slieglitz, 168. Tooth, 169, 171. Western Africa, Forbes, 8. Hutton & Sons, 6. M'William. Rothery, 4. Townsend, 11. Trotter, 5. Zollverein (1), Boeddinghaus «Sc Co., 572. Levin & Sons, 114. Neviandt & Pfleiderer, 523. Zeitz, 841. (2), Gebhart, Brothers, 42. (3), Luther, 187. See also Bonnets, Boots and Shoes. Gloves. Gaiters. Hats and Caps. Ready-made Linen. Shawls. Stays and Corsets. Waistcoats. Weavers' Heddles—United States, Sennel, 75. Weaving-Cards—Spain, Aleman, 254. Deu, 253. Weaving-Combs—France, Bavarot & Son, 800. Durand & Bal, 829. Hem-y, 536. Spain, Carreras y Alberich, 252. Tuscany, Cuj^ere, 59. Weaving-Machines—See Hand-Looms. Looms. Power- Looms. Weaving, Specimens of (Various)—xi. Walmesley, 51. xii. & XV. Rogers, 472. Zollverein (6), Klein, 63. Rust, 68. Weaving and Spinning Instruments (Undescribed)— Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith, 1. Webbing, Elastic—xx. Hall, 4. Webs and Webbing—xii, & xv. Bliss, 270. Biidport Local Committee, 73. Early, 269. Gandy, 246. XVI. Taylor, 269. xx. Thomas & Brothers, 46. Ceylon. Webster, Daniel, Plaster Cast of—United States, Chickering, 555. Wedding-Cake Ornaments—xxix. Vine, 116. Wedding Cakes—xxix. Gunter, 112. Moore & Murphy, 232. Wedges—viii. Bennett, 293, Weed-destroying Machines —ix. Fleming, 253. Grant & Co., 267. Belgium, Delstanehe, 510. India, ix. Weeping Cypress (with Specimens of the Wood)— Eastern End (Outside), Standish & Noble, 100. Weft (Undescribed)—Portugal, Rio Vezello Company, 721, 722, 724. Weigh-Bridges—IX. James & Co., 86. Weighing-Machines—V. Cadeli, 766. Craig, 776. Davidson & Co., 774. Day & Millward, 772. Donba- vand, 782. James & Co. 411. Medhurst, 780. Morris, 764. Nicholl & Co., 770. Pooley, 784. IX. Grant & Co., 267. James & Co., 86. Mapplebeck & Lowe, 131. Maynard, 109. Smith, A. & W. & Co., 266. X. Macpherson, 684a. Webster, 671a. Young & Son, 366. XXII. Marriott, 795. Weights and Measures (including Scales, Beams, &c.) —I. Cadeli, 256. Nicholl & Co., 770. x. De Grave, Short & Fanner, 333. Siebe, 358. Tree & Co., 324, XXII. Elliott, 151. Tyler & Son, 401. Warner & Sons, 798. Austria, Pfleiderer, 476, Schmidt, 105. Belgium, Sa.cYe, 504. Canada, Ladd, 151a. Fgtjpt, 162, 163, 165. France, Beranger & Co., 761. Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 1568. Pcirent, 944. Gold Coast and Ashantee, Forster & Smith. 1. India, v. Netherlands, i3ecker, 83. Vesoft'tchikoff, 173. Tu7iis, 37. United States, Bache, 395a. Insler, 161. Western Africa, Beecham, 12. Hutton & Sons, 6, Zollverein (1), jBaumann, 76. Broemel, 705. OertUng, 87. Reimann, 86. See a\so Decimal Scales. Diamond Balances. Weld—Spain, Martinez, 145, Well-block—Tmis, 86, 164. Well-boring Apparatus—VI. Beart, 301. Speller, 330. Wellesley, Marquis of, (Statue of)—Weekes, page 853. Wellington, Duke of (Busts and Statues of)—Milnes, page 850. Elkington & Co., page 848. xxiii. Wid- dowson & Veale, 100. Ritchie, 193. Wesley, John, Bust of—xxv. Hughes, 60. Statue of, XXX. (Sculpture Court) Manning, 73. Westminster, Designs for a Bridge at—vii. Hunt & Gandell, 37. Rovere, 163. Russell, 78. Westminster, Design for Improvements—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Bardwell, 175. Whale, Jaw-bone of—Van Diemen's Land, Moses, 207 (Main Avenue, West). Whalebone—IV, Hnran, 103. Westall & Co., 104. United States, Goddard, 537. Van Diemen's Land, Moses, 237. Whale-fishing Ibiplements—xxii. Boulton & Son, 330, Whale-Gun—yiii. Beadon, 90. See Siho Harpoon-Guns. Whale-Oil—See Oils {various). Wheat—See Corn. Wheat-dressing Machines—See Corn Sf Grain Dress- ing Machines. Wheat (Remedy for the Smut ii))—ii. Sturgess, 88. Wheat-Straw Paper, &c.—iv. Wright & Co., 42. Wheel Bands, Gut—v. Potier, 639. Wheelbarrows—VII. Ell, 94. ix. Ellis, 29. Windus, 36. Wheel-Chairs—See Invalid Wheel-Chairs. Wheel-cutting and Dividing-Engine—vi. Lewis & Sons, 209. Wheeler's Patent Condensers—vi. Hulls, 618, Wheel-frame—Russia, Imperial Ct)ach-makiiig Esta- blishment, 154. Wheels, Carriage, Cart, and Other (Models, &c.)— V. Brown, Marshall, & Co., 812. Crosskill, 826. Gompertz, 652. Grisdale, 858. Jackson, 682. Lee, 507. Shilton, 966. ix. Crosskill, 11. x. Broadbent, 122. Sweden, Bernhardt, 87. Van Diemen's Land, Fraser, 10. Wheels for Gun-Carriages—v. Smith, 972. Wheels, Metal—v. Eastwood & Frost, 672. xxii. Lucas & Son, 204a. Wheels, Noiseless (Vulcanized India-Rubber)—v. Marks, 908. Tilbury, 984. xxvi. Ward, 279. Whetstones—i. Scrampton, 82. ix. Seal, 262. Belgium, Collette Doucet, 5. Dupierry, 494. Lam- berty. Brothers, 25. Canada, Logan, 1. Turkey. Zollverein (4), Schumacher, 93. Wagner, 104. See also Grindstones; Hones. Whipcords—XIV. Wall, E. & T., 70. Whips—xvi. Atkinson & Eldrid, 80. Callow & Son, 308. Case, 315. Marthi, 81. xxix. Callow & Son, 83. _ Stark, 135. Austria^ Griess, 341. Manschon, 342. Canada, Threlkeld, 166. India, xvii. Netherlands, Post & Wendt, 55. South Africa, Bridges, 21. Hanbury, 28. Groenkloof Missionary Station, 4-3. United States, Rowe, 326. Marshall, 159, 160. Wise- man, 130-132. Zollverein (1), Becherer, 141. Wirth, 819. Whipthongs—XXIX. Barnes, J, & W., 15. Whitby Abbey, Ruins (Model of)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Robinson, 120. White Island (Model in Sulphur)—New Zealand, Li gar, 27. White-lead and White-lead Ore—i. 59. Dyer, 62. Potter & Co., 87. Whittaker, 53. Austria, Bigaglia, 34. Diez, 33. Egger & Co., 31. Herbert, 30. Belgium, Brasseur, 42. Debbaudt, 39. France, Bouze & Brothers, 772. Maire & Co., 317. Poelman, 961. Netherlands, Poortman & Visser, 2. Stratnigh & Co., 3. Sardinia, Profumo, 14. United States, Wetherill, Brothers, 43, Zollverein (1), Bischop & Rhodius, 312. Patent Manu- factory, 5. Waldthausen, 320. Whytock's Patent Velvet (Portiere made of)—xix. Henderson & Widnell, 201. Wicker Table-mats—Austria, Kumpf, 658. Wunsche, 659. Wicker-Work. See Baskets Sf Basket-Work. Wicks for Stearine Candles—France, Nicod & Son, 663. WiGS-xvi. Beck, 247. Bouchet, 246. Brown, 300. Browne, 245. Burgess, 244. Carles, 251. Causse, 259. Douglas, 257. Gates, 183. Hewlett, 238. Isidore & Brandt, 253. Madden & Black, 256. Mantel, 321. Mussa, 260, O'Leary, 265. Pigott, 261. Prevost, 250. Robey,262. Rossi, 248. Tvzack 264. Winter, 249. Worn, 255. xxviii. Truefitt, 62. Pmnce, Croisat, 1574. Thibierge, 695. Netherlands, Coucke, 57. United States, BourgSLTd, 309. CHrehugh, 133. Gilbert, 42. Plialon, 390. See also Hair, Artificial. Wild-fowl Decoy (Model)—xxix. Down, 207. Wild-fowl Shoqting, Guns, Punts, &c., for—viii. Hawker, 205. Wilkinson & Son, 20U. See also Stanchion Guns. WiLLOW-BARK—France, Leroux, 308. Willow-straw—Austria, Tamassia, 97. Wilton Church (Model)—vii. Wyatt & Brandon, 220 (Main Avenue, West). Wince for climbing Precipices (Model)—viii. Hub- bard, ISO. Winchester, Earl of, a. d, 1215 (Model) — xxx. (Sculpture Court) V\'estmacott, 74. Wind-Dials—x. Bennett,]. >S'i^;ecfen, Adm. Kreuger, 55. Wind-Guards for Chimney-tops—vii. Green, lb6. Grisdale, 58. xxii. Edwards, 387. Jersey and Guernsey, Dupre, 9. Winding and Cleaning Engine—vi. Davenport, 80. Winding-machines (Cotton)—vi. Marsland & Co., 47. Paterson, 28. i^rance, Risler & Son, 1438. V7iND Instruments. See Cornet-a-Fistons. Ophicleides. Trumpets Sf Horns, Sfc. Sfc. Windlass Purchase—viii. Brown, Lenox & Co,, 303. Gladstone, 182. Wood & Co., 102. xxii. Wood, Brothers, 75. Windlasses, Ships'—viii. Betteley, 63, 97. Brown, Lenox, & Co., 61. Cottew, 98. Hastings, 114. Soul by, 110. Windmills (Models, &c.)—v. Terrett, 126. Vallance, 127. Window-Blind Rollers, Pulleys, &c.—xxii. Bryden & Sons, 45. Jenkinson, 594. Long & Co., 290a. Window-Blinds (Spring-roller)—xxii. Azulay, 597. XXVI. Kobelt & Sons, 396. Window-Blinds, Transparent and Painted—xxvi. Harris, 395. Heasman, 52. Noel, 400. Wells, 232. i^rawce, Bach-Peres, 1061. Hoen, 264. Morgant, 1726. Hamburgh, Boekel, 116, Zollverein (1), Bengen, 234. Wamp & Schroeder, 239. See also Metal Blinds. Ferforated Blinds, Zinc. Venetian Blinds. Window Blinds, Wire—vii. Walker, 119. Window-Cleaner—vii. Ness, 123. Window-Curtains—xi, Bradburj', Greatorex, & Beale, 56. XIX. Templeton & Co. 315. xx. Shaw, 91. Zollverein (1), Eichelberg, 660. Window P'astenings—vii, Mackie, 126. xxii. Boulter, 677. Fons, De La, 800. Pierce, 18. France, Credrue, 134. Window Glass—Belgium, Bennert & Bivort, 390. Frison 392. France, Patoux, Drion, & Co., 674. Renard & Son, 981. Robichon, Brothers, & Co., 1445. Hamburgh, Hildebrand, 56. Portugal, Pinto, Basto & Co., 1044-1046. Russia, KokhanoflP, 295. Moussin, 294. Switzerland, Daguet, 75. Zollverein (2), Neft, 62. See a\so Crown-Glass. Flint-Glass. Painted Glass. Painted Windoics. Plate-Glass. Sheet-Glass. Stained- Glass. Stained-Glass Windows. Window-Glass, Coloured—xxiv. Chance & Co,, 22. Hartley & Co., 100- Window-Glass, Ornamented by Machinery—xxiv. James, 85. Window-Shutters—See Shutters (for Shops, ^c.) Windows, Window-Sashes, &c. (Models, &c.)—vii. An- derson, 144. Bates, 69. Bodley,43. Bunnett & Co., 152. Farrell, 140. Harper, 141. Herring, 60. Hill, 68. Hurwood, 31. Mackrory, 173. Maxwell, 192. Nevvnham, 170. Roberts, 127. Theobald, 147. Tutton, 118. xxii. Barrow, 4a. Jones, 230. xxiv. Castle-street Glass Works, 83. St. Helen's Plate and Sheet-glass Works, 66. xxvi. King, 61. xxviii. Godfrey, 183. Jersey and Guernsey, Dupre, 9. See also Brick Window Frames. Church Windows. Painted Windows. Sash Lines. Spring Windows. Stained-Glass Windows. Wine-Casks, Vats, &c.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Woo<X 48. [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] i France^ Lesourd-Delisle, 593. Forlugal, Rauo^el, 112U. Wine-Fining Whisp—xxvi. Kendall, 246. Wine Jar, Earthen (from Toboso in La Mancha). Spain, Ysasi, 51 (Main Avenue, East). "Wine-machines (Used in the Management of Wines and othei' Liquors)—xxil. Farrow, 560. Wine-Presses—vi. Barlow,. 613. France, La Forestier, 1709, Wines—China, Lindsay. Turkei/. Zullverein (1), Deinhart & Jordan, 869> Geyger & Co., 870. (6) Dael, 82. Metiernich, 83. Winnowing-machines—IX. Coucli, 53. Cottatn & Hal- len, 109a, Marychurcli, 93. Nicholson, 50. Rals- ton, 254. Sawnev, 31. Slieriff, 74. Smith, J., 256. Smith, W. 270. Wedlake & Co. 127. Windsor, 25. Belgium, Delstanehe, 510. Wire—i. Morewood & Rogers, 43G. xxii. Bafeman, 84. Bi)lron, 353. Cornforth, 322. Everitt & Son, 852. Horsfall, 334. Wakefield, 337. Austria, Eberstaller & Schindler, 427. Egger, 425. Hueber, 428, Schedl, 429. France, Estivanf, Brothers, 1214. Palmer, 942, India, xxii. Nova Scotia, Acadian Iron Mining Association, 1. Archibald, 2. Niiremburg, Fuchs, Mussia, Zeitler, 343. Sweden, Ekman, 83. Switzerland, Neuhaus & Blosch, 1. United States, Trenton Iron Co. 167. Zollverein (1), Kissing & Moilman, 647. Ohle, 62. Reinecker & Co., 404. Schleicher, 405. (2) Am- mon, Ha. Fuchs, 11b. Grenanth, Brothers, 95. Kal- tenecker, 54a. Kuhn,57. (4) Rexer, 62. Stohrer, 60. Wire Bridges for Parks, &c.—Grout, 47. Wire Cartridges—yiii. Eley, W. & C., 225. Joyce & Co., 277. Wire Cloth—xxii. Greening & Sons, 39, Canada, Rice, 150a. Spain, Sastachs, 255. See also Metallic Cloth. Wire^ Wove and Twist. Wire-Drawing Benches—vi. Johnson & Co., 212. Wire Fences—xxii. Gidney, 5.')6. Wire Fences, Screw for Straining—x. Richardson, 264. Wire Gauze—xxii. Baker & Co., 319. France, Gaillard, 225. Lang, 288. Zollverein (4), Rexer, 62. See also Wire, Wove and Twist. Wire Netting—xxii. Fox, 35. Gorrie, 40. Wire Netting, Galvanized—xxii. Barnard & Bishop, 34. Wire Rope—xxii. Kuper, 32. Newall, 36. Wilkins & Co., 30. Austria, Fischer & Wurm, 426. Wurm, 137. Zollverein (1), Felten & Guilleaume, 380 (Main Avenue, Easi). See also Metallic Cord. Wire Hope, Galvanized—xxii. Wilkins & Co., 30, Wire Tacvl^—Austria, Dubsky, 456, . Wire-work (various articles, in)—ix. Green, 66. xxii. Cornforth, 322. Fox, 35. Reynolds, 37. Richardson, 26. XXX. Hull. 324. Zollverein {b\ Zimmermann, 19. Wire, Wove and Twist -vi. Coomlie, B. & Co., 444, Corcoran & Co., 416. xxii. Coombes, 27. Nicklen & Sneath, 332. See fi\&o Wire-Cloth, fi'ire Gauze. Witney Duffies (Wool Dyed)—xii, & xv, Swaine, J. & E„ & Co., 41. WoAD—IV. Saunders & Gatchell, 71. Zollverein (1), Giessler, 696, Wolfram—i. Jenkins, 502. Oxland, 485. Woods (Specimens of)—ii. I.-ondon Druggists, 117. iv. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 134. Classon, 22. Cross, 136. Dillon, Viscount, 138. Evans, 9 A. Fauntle- roy & Sons, 135. Fitch, 8. Gilman, 44. Harrison, R. & J., 6. Holtzapffel & Co., 14. Long, 47. Mur- ray, SirW., 137. Oliver 39. Saunders, 9. xxii. Onions, 249. Algeria, Wood and Forest Commission, 47. Bahamas. British Guiana, Bee, 102c, 103, 103a, 105b, l05o, 116— 117a, 156. Buchanan, 86, bOA, 90,yOA,95, 95a, 96, 96a. Duggin, 90b, 99—102a. Fauset, 93, 94. Outridge, S'4, 84a, 85, 85b, 85c, 87, S7a, 88, 8&a, 89, 89a, 91, 91a, 92, 92a, 97, 97a, 97b, 98, 98a, 104, 105a, 106— 11 5a, 11 7a—1 ] 7e. Pontilex, 1 02b. Stutchbury, 85a, 117b—117b. Ca«a(/a, Central Commission, 80, 81. Davis, 78. Egan 74. Parisault, 76, 77. Reed & Meakins, 75. Cojlon. Eastern Archipelago, Woolley, 3b. Egijpt, 112, 138-149, 388. France, Baudun, 43. Boucherie, 1104. St, Ubery, 1495, Ionian Islands, Lord Seaton, 5. Mauritius, Mellon, 6. Mexico. New Brunsivick, Mackie, 7- McKillop, 7a. McRae, 4, 6. Shields, 18. New South Wales, Bidvvell, 1. Dudgeon & Co., 11. New Zealand, 38. Johnson, 21. Lucas & Co., 40. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, 505, 50&, 581-591. Batalha, 509. De Ficalho, Marquis, 552. De Louie, Marquis, 553-579. Vaz, 580. Fome, Bianconcini, 4, i?««ssia, Kauftmann, 117. N.N. 89. Tiflis, Governmtut of, 119. St. Domingo, Schomburgk, Sir R. South Africa, Bush, 60. l^umbleton, 47. Moravian Missionary Station, Genadendal, 44. Woodman, 26. Spain, Madrid Cabinet B.)tanical Garden, 186. Manilla Economical Society, 187. Trinidad, Lord Harris. Tunis, 96-100, Turkey. United States, Bell, 176. De Saussure, 176a. Pell, 115. Thompson, 241. Van Diemen's Land, Akers, 328. Brownrigg, 107,108. Denison, Sir W. T., 56-70, 121-125, 229, 269. Fow- ler, 82-89. Freeman. 210-216. Hadden, 103, 104, McLachlan, 348. M'Naughten, 96, 102, 209. Mil- ligan, 221, 223, 313, 341. Quinn, 95. Smith, 189. Whitesides, 91-93. Western Africa, Hutton & Sons, 6. Zollverein (1), Hilgers, 659. Mess & Co., 247. (4), Noerdlinger, 11. See also Mahogany. Timber. Wood Carvings—Eastern end, outside, atandish & Noble, 1. Main Avenue, West, Boulton & Swales, 63. XXVI. Hayball, 344. Harrison's Wood Carving Com- pany, 222. Hoyles, 345. Myers, 533. Seibe, 11. Thomas, 275. xxviii, Crespin, 36. Howton, 166. Moore, 176. Sandy & Powell, 112. Wallis,8. Wintei'- born, 168. Wolstenholme, 173. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Aitken & Allen, 310. Austin, 313. Biss, 307. Bond, 311. Cook, 104. DeGroot,92. Field, 360. French, 62. Gordon, 81, Harvey, 86. Hellyer & Son, 61, Liech- field, 330, Longley, 95, Nisbet & Co., 116. Perry, 101. PuUen, 84. Ringham, 88. Rogers, 74. 353. Stalon, 108. Tweltidge, 102. Walker, 102. Wallis, 89, Webber & Bartlett, 153. Belgium, Geerts, 450 (Main Avenue, East), Menge, 409 (Main Avenue, East). Vanhool, 454 (Main Avenue, East). Wynants, 472, Ceylon. China, Hewett & Co. Shea. Sichart & Co. France, Cruchet, 810. Dumont-Pettrelle, 826. Faure, 1218. Knecht, 282. Leinard, 1326. Lescliesne, 573' Pinsonnet, 1392. Yon, 745. Hamburgh, Baitlels, 106. India, xxx, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Bear, 8. New Brunsivick, Gibbs & Co. 2, Oldenburg, Casseboh, 1. Persia, Abbot, Portugal, Odetuno, 122S-123I. Naval Arsenal, 1225- 1227. Vieira, 1232. Sardinia, Bosio, 85. Capello, 64. South Africa, 59. Sweden and Norway, Ahlborn, 50. Thesen, 44. Switzerland, Bauniaun, 239. Fluekk, 238, Jann, 255. Kehrli, Brothers, 242. Kessler, 243. Klarer, 244. Michel, 248. Schild, 250. Wettli, 237. Tunis, 59, Tuscany, Barbetti, 76. Lombardi, 75. Marchetti, 79. Pasqui, 83. Western Africa, Trotter, 5. Zullverein (1), Alberty, 270. Bouge, 222. Daehns, 209. Grzybrowski, 444. Heydenreicb, 443. Janda, 894. (2), Lang, 77. Wood Engraving and Printing—xvii. Manchin & Morel, 128. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Cmidal &Addey, 11 2. Belgium, Jamar, 444. China, Thoms. France, C u bonneau, 104. Dujardin, 825. Zollverein (1), Kilian, 665. Osten, 150. Wood, Imitation—xxvi. Holland & Sons, 62a. United States, Newman, 402. Wood Impregnated with Block Tin—i. Downham, 501. Wood and Indian-Rubber Joinings—viii. Foster, 7. Wood Matrices (Casts from, for the use of Silk, C' -^on, and other Printers)—xvil. Barker, 189. Wood, Mosaic—xxvi. Nye, 54. Spain, Jimines, 285. Wood Mouldings—Zollverein (1), Nees, 420. Wood tor Musical Instruments—Switzerland, Stern, 57. Zollverein (2), Henseth, 76. Wood Ornaments (for Furniture, &c.) — Beljium, De Jouojhe, 416. Wood, Painting on—Switzerland, Wirtz, 259. See also Graining and Flatting. Wood, Seasoned (Specimens) — ii. Peacock, 73. iv. Bethell, 21. Newton, 20. Payne's Patent Company, 139. See also Burnettized Tiniber. Timber-Seasoning Apparatus. Woods, Stained—ii- Hawthorne, 39. Naylor, 35. iv. Stowe, 10. XXVI. Palmer, 53. See also Stains for Wood. Wood Tissue—France, Christophe, 91. Wood Types—xvii. Fairbairn, 9. Wood Ware (Fancy & other")—xvii. Clark & Davidson, 135. xvm. Shepherd, 111. xxix. Smith, 280. India, xxviii. Wooden Legs—Switzerland, Lompard-Janpeau, 93. Wooden Letters—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Thompson 343. Wooden Shoes—Belgium, De Ketelaere, 350. Ponseele, 495. France, Bathier, 22. Froment, 208. Wool (of various kinds)—iv. Cahill, 91a. Dorrien, 81. Good & Co., 95. Henderson, 80. Irving, 94. Lippert, 97. Manings, 86. Millner, 85. Moore, 78. Preller, 91. Rebow, 34. Sands & Co., 88. Sectional Com- mittee on Animal Kingdom, 85a. Smithson, 101a. xii, & XV. Brunton & Co., 230. Burgess & Co., 243. Cheeseborough, 179. Cheetham, C. G. & W., 45. Fox & Co., 272. Pease & Co., 184. Salt, 139. Sykes & Ogden, 118. Thomas, 493. xx. Laugh- land, 144. XXIX. Quin, 230. Algeria, Canton, 14. Haractas Tribe, 56. Si Amar Smin, 49. Austria, Figdor & Sons, 90. Hunyady Von Ketheley, 89. Larisch Moennich, 92. Panna & Alexis, 94. Rotsch & Reichel, 98. Von Mittrowsky, 91. Von Wallis, 93. Belgium, Le Chevalier Loenens, 109. Petit Noel, Leronge, & Co., 246-250. Scheppers, 497. SouthAfrica,Bye(i^a,Z2. Dumbleton,47. Reitz&Co.,31. Denmark, Kolbjornsen, 2. France, Bernoville, 1548. Billiet & Huot, 1550. Bru- neaux & Son, 38. Cauvet, 1138. Delattre & Son, 142. Desplanque, 816. Dollfus, Mieg & Co., 1191. Gaillet- Baronnet, 839. Girod de I'Ain, 1249. Graux, 245. Guerot, 533. Hartmann & Co., 257. Lantein & Co., 566. Laporte & Son, 900. Laroque & Jaquemet, 901. Latache de Neuvillette, 562. Letevre, 1312. Malin- gie, 322. Manjguet, 1341. Pature-Lupin, Seydoux, - Seibler, & Co., 1381. Richer, 354. Rivaud, 987. Sentis & Son, 1011. Sourd, 1493. Terrasson de Mont- leau, 1498. Warmont, 1048. Madeira, Read, ]. New South Wales, Armitage, 1. Learmouth, 8, 10. McArthur, 13. Motley, 9. New Zealand, Tyrrel, 1, 28. Portugal, Cornea, 600. Daufrias & Co., 856-865, 885-889. De Ficalho, Marquis, 601-603. JKi^ssia, Gamaley, 123. Gigolo, 130. Gorigoretzk Farm, 121. Konovnitzin, 337. N. n. 128. Narishkan, 127. Philibert, 124. Shah, 126. Vassal, 122. Youz- bash, 129. Sardinia, Brun, Brothers, 21. Mesina, 31. Nuoro Divi- sional Committee, 36. Prever, 20. Spain, 226,229. Barrasa, 228. Hernandez, 230. Montero, 225. Municio, 224. Tudela Economical Society, 227. Sweden and Norway, 20. Tunis, 5, 9,11, 39,40. Turkey. Tuscany, Collacchioni, 52. Tuscany, Grand Duke of, 53, 64. United States,'S\ai\ies\(;e,\^l. Brown, 4. Browne, 102a. Kwing, 188. Huidley, 583. Kimber, 500. Parker & Brown, 235. Perkins & Brown, 201. Peters, 106. Sibley, 197. Van Diemen's Land, Grant, 346. Kermode, 235. Oak- den, 161. Reeves, 322. Richardson & Co., 346. Smith, 222. Zollverein (1), Eckardstein, 32. Flockenhaus & Co., 335. Frankenfelde, Royal Administration of, 27. Lehmann, 47. Liibberf, 24. Nordmann, 30. Ober- burggraf Von Brunneck, 45, 46. Peill & Co., 3G9. Sau- ken, 433. Schwerin, Count of, 33. Thaer, 23. Von Lipski,25. VonLuetwitz, 42. Treptow Royal Remount- ing Depot, 22. Weimarsson, 797. (3), Sehuetze, 188. Wool, Artificial—Belgium, Van der Schrieck, 101. WoOL-COMBING MACHINES—VI. Donistliorpe, 40, France, Desplanque, 816. Harding-Coker, 864. WuOL-COMBfNG, ToOLS TOR—VI. BimiS, 55. XXII. Wor- rall & Co., 164. Wool Sheets (for Packing Wool)—xxix. Earnshaw., 261. Woollen Counterpanes—Camera, Bean, 137. Dixon, 138. Woollen Fabrics (various)—xii. & xv. Aked & Sons, 137. Allen & Banks, 226. Armitage, Brothers, 103. Barber & Co., 19. Barber & Sons, 105. Barnicot & Hirst, 105. Barraclough & Son. 133. Beardsell & Co. 109. Beardsell & Son, 120. Beaumont, 72. Bennett, J. & A., 95. Binks, 31. Bramley Woollen Cloth Company, 64. Brett, Brothers, & Co., 20. Brook, J. & Son, 487. Brook & Sons, 86. Brown & Forster, 9. Brown .1. & H. & Co., 469. Bull & Wilson, 12. Carr, T. & W., 273. Cheetham, C. G. & W., 45. Chick, 221. Clark, J. & J. 13. Clay, 124. Coojier, D. & J., 42. Cormack, 68. Crosland, W. & H., 97. Da- vies & Sons, 214. Dicksons & Laings, 234. East & Co., 2. Ecroyd & Son, 130a. Edmonds & Edmonds, 218, Ellis & Co., 70. Eyres & Son, 27. Fox & Co., '272. Godefroy, 308. Gott & Sons, 47. Gray, 67. Hagues & Co., 25. Haigh & Sons, 236. Haley, A. & C. 59. Harris & Fison, 145. Hastings, Brothers, lOO. Hayley & Sons, 58. Henry & Co., 38, Hibble- thwaite & Lister, 96. Hinchliff, J. & G., 119. Hinch- liflfe & Son, 93. Holmes & Sons, 107. Hooper & Co., 210. Horsfall & Co., 174. Hudson & Bousfield, 21. Hudswell & Son, 85. Hughes, 251. Huth & Fischer, 123. Ireland &;Co., 247. Jrwin, 26. Jebb& Sons, 82. Kenyon, J. &'J., 94. Lambert, 30. Lewis, 238. Lockwood &Keighley, 104. M'Crea, 135. Mal- linson & Sons, 108. Marling & Co., 209. Mills, 253. Oldfield&Co. 127. Overbury, 216. Palling, 213. Part- ridge, 212. Pearson, 239. Phillips & Co., 217. Playne & Co., 211. Powell, 8. Ripley & Son, 148. Roberts, 171. Salter & Co., 250. Saville,46. Scho- field. A., 474. Schofield, J., 125. Schwann, 115. Shaw, J. W. & H., 98. Shaw. P., 90.- Shaw, Son, & Co., 110, Sheard & Sons, 81. Sheppard, W. B. & G., 18. Slater, 22. Smith & Co., 14. Smith & Son, 29. Smith, W., 80. Smithson, 48. Snell, 24. Stancomb & Son, 16. Stancomb, W. & J., 17. Starkev, J. & A., 121. Stead & Co. 57. Stow, Brothers, 35. Swain & Co., 41. Sykes, D., & Co., 75. Sykes & Sons, 34. Taylor, 88. Thornton & Co., 32. Vickerman & Beau- mont, 102. Walker & Sons, 87. Webster, A., 84. Webster, D., 63. Webster, T., 62. Wheeler, 271. Wilkinson, W.&E., 52. Willott & Co., 114. Wilson, D. , 83. Wilson, J., 138. Wilson & Son, 252. Win- gate & Co., 200. Wrigley, J. & T. C, 117. Wrigley & Sons, 101. Yewdall & Son, 78. York & Sheep- • shanks, 49. xx. Cross & Co., 115a. Algeria, Algiers, Delegate of, 58. Austria, Auspitz, 204. Bauer & Co., 205. Biedermann & Co., 206. Binder, 207. Blaschka & Co., 294. Bracht, 240. Brunn Trade Union, 212. Fial, 307. Fuller, 208. Gacs Cloth Manufacturing Company, 209. Ginzel,2l0. Guertler, 211. Hartig, 212. Her- mannstadt Cloth-makers' Association, 214. Honauer, 215. Illek, 216. Kamner, 199. Kroitzoch, 297. Liebig, 298. Miess, 217. Moro, Brothers, 218. i 2 Mueller, 219, Namiest Cloth Manufacturing Com- paiiv, 220. Neuhaeuser, Seigmund, & Co., 229. Offer- iTiann, 221. Popper, Brothers, 222. Posselt, 223, 223a. Schmieger, A., 193. Schmleger, J., 224. Schmitt, 225. Schoell, 226. Schoeller, Brothers, 227. Seldel, '228. Siegmund, 230. Stepanek, F., 231. Steffens, P., 232. Strakosch & Son, 233. Thomas, 196. Thum, 197. Treiikler & Sons, 234. Tsdioeruer, 235. UUricht, 236. Vonwiller & Co., 237, Wochov- sky, 203. WolfVum, 301. Belgium, Biolley, 195. Dubois, 196. Janssens, 193, Leonard, 198, Olivier & Co., 201. Simonis, 194. Sirtaine, 197. Snoeck, 202. Vanderstraeten, 205. Canada, Bean, 137. McKay & Co., 144. Paterson, G., 115. Paterson, J., 146. Willett, 143. Ikfi/pt, 188, 189, 366. France, Bisson, 1088. Bouchard, 1103. Chatelain & Foron, 86. Chenneviere, 120. Courtey, Brothers, & Barez, 97. David, Brothers, & Co., 157. Dela- moviniere & Co., 1583. Delegue & Co., 143, Del- fosse, Brothers, 144. Feau-Bechard, 198. Forte), Larbre, & Co., 206. Fortin-Boutellier, 1109. Four- nival, Son, Altmayer, & Co., 221. Gaudchaud-Picard, 222. Goffinet-Salle, 524. Guinonprez & Co., 855. Gros-Odier-Roman & Co., 248. Guilbert & Wateau, 860. Guinon, 1263. Hartmann & Sons, 256. Hindenlang, 1269. Kunzer, 883. Laporte & Son, 900. Lefebvre Ducatteau, Brothers, 1309. Lenormand, 588. Machet- Marote, 596. Maistre, Brothers, 598. Milon, 642. Nazet, 660. Paret, 1378. Patriau, 1380. Pin- • Bayard, 682. Poitevin & Son, 685. Roussel-Dazin, 1458. Schlumberger & Co., 1000, 1481. Schwartz & Huguenin, 1003. Signoret Rochas, 1013. Si Ha- mida, 1696. India, xii. Eastern Archipelago, Grey, The Countess, 1. Netherlands, Heuveldop, 16. Koopmans, 40. Vreede «& Co., 33. New Zealand, St. John's College, 7. Nova Scotia, Central Committee, 2. Portugal, 806-808. Correa & Co., 798-803. Lafaurie & Co., 814-840. Larchers & Co., 787-797.. Mello, 804. Valerio, 79S. Mussia, Arsenoff, 182. Bedlano Peasant Women, 350. Fiedler, 351. Isaieff, 184. Stumpf, 181. Tcharti- Obdool-Ogli, 186. Varen, 352. Zakhert, 185. Zou- bofF& Stepounin, 180. Sardinia, Key, Brothers, 35. Society Islands, Queen Pomare, 3. Spain, Cruz De i^rcas, 253c. Mendez, 253b. Santa Maria de Nieva, Alcalde of, 233. Sastre, 253a. Trueba y Campo, 253e. Sweden and Norway, Bergewall, 19. Landmark, 19. Malmgrevi', 19. Soderberg & Arosenius, 19. Switzerland,Yi\ig-\W\, 185. Kelly, 150. Kunz, 128. Tunis, 77. Turkey. United States, Cook, 242. Lawrence & Co., 409. Macy, Stanton, & Co., 368. Western Africa, A eland, Lady, 14. Beech am, 12. Hutton & Sons, 6, M'WilHam. Trotter, 5, Zollverein (I), Anthonl, 378. Beeck, 494. Behvend & Schmidt, 98. Bolten, Welhelm, & Son, 490. Bor- mann, 112. Bothcher & Engel, 865. Brann, Bro- thers, 491. Bruhm & Nagler, 816. Christoffel, 347. Cohn & Hermann, 104. Delius, 866, Feaux & Riedel, 364. Feller & Son, 107. Feulgen, Bro- thers, 507, Forster, 220. Forshmann & Hutlmann, 508. Geissler, 100. Gevers & Schmidt, 50. Graflf", 803. Haan & Sons, 366. Haas & Sons, 357. Haberl land, 99. Harrass, 798. Haseloff & Co., 713. Hendrichs, 367. Hey, 26, Hilger, Brothers, 498. Hoffmann, 110. Homberg & Scheibier, 339. Hueck, 499. Huffmann, Brothers, 500. Itzigsohn, 97! Jansen, 349. Johanny-Abhoe, 493. Kayser, 370. Kesselkaul, 371. Kleinschmit & Co., 372. Knops, Brothers, 373. Lucius & Co., 729. Lutze, Brothers, 103. Macht, 730. Martens, 868. Mentzel, 94. Mer- lins, 867. Moll, 501. MiiUer, 723. Peill & Co., 369. Pelbermamann & Co., 497. Rufler & Son, 101. Scheder & Co., 102. Scheibler & Sons, 864. Scheidt, 505. Scheidt, Gebruder, & Co., 504. Schlief, Brothers, 108. Schnabel, Brothers, 503. Schoeller, J. P., 365, Schoeller & Sons, 374. Schuermann & Schroder, 496. Sternickel & Guelcher, 376. Teschey- macher & Kattenbusch, 492. Tliywissen, Brothers, 375. Traugott & Co., Ill, Visseur, 358. Wagner & Son, 346. Walther, Hennig, & Co., 714. Weyerbusch, 570. Wiese, Brothers, 495. Zambona, 359. Ziegler, 36. Zirkenbach, 791. Zschille, J. C. & K,, 844. (3) , Bernhard, 121. Boettiger, 108. Buchwald, 133. Burkhart, 109. Caspari, 132. Collel, 110. Fielder, 128. Glafey & Neubarth, 105. Graefe & Son, 102. Grossman, Brothers, 125. Grossmann, 124. Gruener, 101. Helling & Co., 112. Hermann, 139. Herrmann & Son, 122, Hoesel & Co,, 86. Hueff'er, 111. Jaehnig, 134. Junghans, 131. Kauffmann, 114. Kirsten, 113. Kob- lich, 123. Lehmann, 107. Meissner, E. 136. Meissner, F. A., 130. Meissner, F. T, 129. Meissner, M., 137. Meissner, T. 126, Moerbitz, 127. Mueller & Co., 115, Oehler, Brothers, 116. Petzoldt, 141. Press- prich, Ernst, & Son, 135, Reichel, 140, Schroeer, 120. Seyferth & Co., 106. Singer, 145. Spengler, 117. Unger, 146. Weickert, 166. Wolf, C A. 142. Wolf, J. G., 143. Wolff, 144. Ziegler & Haussmann, 92. Zschille, Brothers, 138. (4) , Finckh, 31. Kohler, 46, SchiU & Wagner, 30. Schonleber, 32. (6), Arzt, 27. See also Baize. Blankets. Cassimeres, Damasks (Worsted and Woollen'). Doeskins {Woollen'). Dyed Wool and Woollen Cloth. Felt. Flannel. Friezes. Plaids. Reversible Cloth. Tartans. Tweeds. Waist- coatings. Woollen Netting—xii, & xv. Slater, 170, Woollen Rugs, &c.—xvi. Clapham, 9. Deed, 10. Hartly, 6. Hill, 8. Robinson, 7. xix. Harrison, 194. Jersey and Guernsey, Randell, 46. Woollen Yarns—iv. Breadalbane, Marquis of, 95a. XII. &XV. Brunton, & Co., 230. Burgess & Co., 243. Fox & Co., 272. Marriott & Son, 473. Ken wick, T. & A., 233. Sharp, 177. Simon & Co., 163. Thomas, 493. Townend, 175. Williams & Co., 257, Austria, Keller, 191. Leidenfrost, 192, Schmieger, 193. Soxhlet, 194. Tetruer, 195. Thum, 197. France, Billiet & Huot, 1550. Hartmann & Co., 257. Lachapelle & Levarlet, 1285, Lorthiois-Desplansque, 314. Lucas, Brothers, 1331. Pradine & Co., 1408. Russia,^ Moes & Co., 192. Sardinia, Messina, 31. Van Diemen's Land, Denison, Sir W. T., 137. Zollverein (1), Ciarenbach & Son, 506. Cockerill, 105. Feller & Son, 107. Hagenbruch, 712. Ullenberg & Schintzler, 355, Wald & Son, 96. (3), Schmidt & Sons, 49. Solbrig, 47. Wolf, 48. Woollen Machinery—vi. Hunt, 49. Leach, 7. Sande- man, 44. xvii. Hamer, 54. xxii. Carr & Riley, 108. France, Dorey, 823. Harding-Cocker, 864. United States, Read, 212. Work-Boxes—xxvi. Davis, 129. Welch, 150. xxvm. Home, 160. xxix. Mechi, 45. xxx. (Fine Art Court) Newham, 100, China, Hammond & Co. France, Audot, 11. South Africa, Groenkloof Missionary Station, 43. WoRK-Box Fittings—XXII. Brookes, 171. Working Classes, Dwellings for (Models)—See Cot- tages, Labourers', Sfc. Worsted Fabrics—xii, & xv. Akroyd & Son, 130. Bird, 223, Dalhy, 152. Eckroyd & Son, 130a. Fowler & Co., 309. George, W, T, & Co,, 50. Haggas & Son, 155. Holdsworth & Co., 166. Pease & Co,, 184. Rand & Sons, 173. Shepard & Perfect, 131. School of Industry for the Blind, 30. Sugden, Brothers, 167. Towler, Campin & Co., 309, Wilson, 138. xx. Had- den & Sons, 134, Zollverein (3), Guenther & Simon, 94. Schiffner & Zimmermann, 97. Strauss & Leuschner, 99, Winkler & Son, 91. See also Merino Fabrics. Mixed Fabrics. Stuffs rWorsted, Sfc). Tartans. Worsted Machinery—vi. Berry & Sons, 48. India, i. Worsted Manufacture (Illustrations of)—Xil. & xv. Peace & Co., 184. Worsted Spinning (Illustrations of)—Zollverein (3), Leipzig Society of Worsted Spinners, 44. Worsted Yarns—xii. & xv. Brewin & Whetstone, 242. Eckroyd & Son, 130a. Poppleton, 244. Townend, Brothers, 162. Wall& Co., 159. Whitmore & Co., 241. XX. Cartwright & Warners, 196. Austria, Dierzers' Heirs, 169a. Schmieger, 193. Wors- ted Yarn Spinning Company, 198. Belgium, Xhotiray & Co., 204. Zollverein (1), Bergmann & Co., 106. Weiss & Co., 717. (3) Petzold & Ehret, 46. Trinius & Sons,. 45. (4) Schonleber, 32. See also Dyed Worsted. Wort Heating and Cooling Machines—vi. Thomp- son, Younger, & Co., 623. See also Refrigerators. Wrenches, Screw and other—v. Thornton & Sons, 490. VIII. Williams, 332. ix. Ferrabee & Sons, 274. Lawrence, 115. Writing Cabinet—xxvi. Sopwith, T. & J., 316. Writing Cases—x. Smith & Son, 31. Egypt^ 348. Sweden, Hasselgren, 97. Zollverein (1), Sommer, 878. Writing Desks— xxvi. Foothorape & Co. 132. Stopher, 66. Strugnel], 343. Thompson & Worthy, 134. xxviii. Baker, 84. Strugnell, 174. Waller, 121. XXIX. Asprey, 50. Dalton, 48. Mechi, 45. Turrill, 52. XXX. (Fine Art Court) Newham, 100. Ceylon. France, Gocht, 1615. New South Wales, Burchet, 3. Portugal, Portugal, King of, 1237. Writing and Tracing Cloth—xvii. Smith, 41. 'Wrought Iron—See Iron, Wrought. Xylopyrography (or Charred Wood Engraving)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Calvert, 97. Marshall, 358. Mills, 96. Mitchell, 87. Belgium, Duchastel, 443. Yard Measures—x. Elliott & Sons, 320. Yarn Tarring Machine—vi. Plenty, J. & E., 53. Yarn Washing Machine—xxii. Robertson, 565. Yarns (Various)—XII. & xv. Burgess & Co., 243. Eckroyd & Son, 130a. Sugden, 167. Whitley, 176. Willans Sc Co., 257. xiv. Schwann, 50a. France, Croutelle, 132. Turkey. Zollverein 0), Luehdorff & Co., 584. See also Cotton Yarn. Flax Yarn. Hemp Yarn. Linen Yarn, Woollen Yarn. Worsted Yarn. Yasmas—Switzerland, Geilinger, Brothers, 261. Yawls (non-capsizable)—i<>a«ce, Lahme, 285. Yeast, Dried powdered—Zollverein (1), Friedenthal, 846. Yellow Berries (for Dyeing)—i^wssm, 92. York Minster (Moilels)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Dicken- son, 181. Middleton, 166. Zaffre—Zollverein (1), Horstmann & Co., 462. Zinc and Zinc Castings and Manufactures—i. More- wood & Rogers, 436. Vieille Montague Mining Com- pany, 437. II. Howards & Kent, 11. Huskisson, J. W. & H., 86. XXII. Lawrence & Co. 54. Treggon, H. & W., 55. XXVI. Vinnell, 260. Belgium, Corphalie, Societe de, 21. Dethier, 19. Nou- velle Montague, Societe de, 7. Vandercamer, 355. Egypt, 368. France, De Braux D'Anglure, 779 (Main Avenue, East). Deydier, 819. Lefevre, 581. Paillard, 671. Sorel, 1020. Vieille Montague Company, 1018. Netherlands, Bleekrode, 1. Schutz, 98 (Main Avenue, East). Spain, Granada Mines, Inspector of, 16. Zollverein (I), Bischop & Rhodius, 312. Bredt & Co. 315. Devaranne & Son, 280. Geiss, 267. Hagen, 322. Harkort, 874. Hosch & Sons, 863. Kiss, 279 (Main Avenue, East). Lambinon & Co. 451. Mala- pane Iron Works, 451. Renner, 59. Rochatz, 452. Ru£fer & Co., 11. (5), Zimmermann, 19. Zinc Cement—ii. Spence, 7. Zinc, Ceruse of—France, Mantois, 918. Zinc Engraving—xxx. (Fine Art Court) Calvert, 228. Green, 233. Zinc Ore—i. Davey, 503. xxii. Lawrence & Co., 54. Belgium, Corphalie, Societe de, 21. Vieille Montague Mines et Fondries, 26. Canada, Logan, 1. United States, New Jersey Mining Company, 166 (Main Avenue, East). Zollverein (1), Eschweiler Mines et Fondries, 318. (8), Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, 1. Zinc, Oxide of (with colours made therefrom)—ii. Brown, 57. Scott, 61. Zinc, Perforated—i. Jack, 437a. Zinc, Sulphate of—Portugal, Serzedello & Co., 69. Zinc, Sulphuret of—i. Riddell, Sir J. M., 55. Zithers—Austria^ Hulher, 149. Kiendl, 148. Memorandum.—This Index includes the name of every Person, and Public or other Company, mentioned in the Catalogue, -whether as Contri- butor Manufacturer, Patentee, Agent, or in any way connected with Articles in the Exhibition. The references following each name distint'uish—1. Class in the United Kingdom, the Colony, or Foreign Country in which the same will be found ; and 2. The number in the Catalogue borne by the entry to which the name is prefixed. Albert, H.E.H. Prince.—Page 112 Abad, M.—Spain, 181 Abasheff, N.—Russia, 331 Abass-Hak.—Russia, 244 Abate, F.—xxii. 265 Abbey & Son.—United States, 54 Abbott, F.—Persia, 1 Abbott, G.—XXIII. 66 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 53 Abbott, J.—XXVI. 45; Van Diemen's Land, :^90 Abbott, T. T.—United States, 596 Abbott, W.—IX. 55 Abbott & Wright.—IV. 121 Abdool-Maliomet-Oglt.—Russia, 243 Abdourza-Maram-Ogli.—Russia, 94 Abele and Co.—ZoUverein (4), 76 Abele, F.—Austria, 582 Abell, W.—VI. 80 Abercarn Coal Co.—Western end, South enclosure (Outside), 49 Abercarn & Gwythen Collieries Co., (Newport).—I. 430 Abercrombie & Yuill,—xil. & XV. 292 Aberry, J.—xxii. 529 Ablett, see Wheeler & Ablett Abraham, A. & Co.—x. 263 Abraham, G. A.—xix. 76 Abraham, J. A.—x. 140 Abramoff, J.—Russia, 131 Abt, Brothers.-Switzerland, 227 Abt, W.—Zollverein (4), 7 Acadian Iron Mining Association.— Nova Scotia Ach, Dubois & Co.—Belgium, 360 Acheson, J.—viii. 47. Ackere, J. C, Van.—Belgium, 215 Ackerman & Co.—xvil. 1 Ackland, W.—X. 368 Acklin.—France, 399 Acland, Lady,—Western Africa, 14 Acland, Sir T. D., Bart., M.P.— Western Africa, 17 Acott, see Parker & Acott Acquarone, J. B.—Sardinia, 84 Actien, Verein,—Zollverein (1), 214 Adair, B.—xxix. 307 Adair, R.—I. 67 Adam, see Thibet & Adam Adam, A.^—^Western end, South enclo- sure (Outside), 18 Adam, G.-Zollv. (1), 487 Adams, IV. 49 ; see Bradwell & Adams. Deane, Adams, & Deane Adams, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 281 Adams, G. G,—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 37. 48. 62.—Page 847; see also Howell, James, & Co. Adams, G. W.—xxiii. 88 Adams, H.—United States, 476 Adams, J.—xxil. 538 Adams, Jane.—xiv. 12 Adams, N.—United States, 570. Adams, R.—IX. 28 Adams, S.—xxix. 33 Adams, S. & C—vi. 429 Adams & Sons.—x. 2; xix. 21 Adams, T.—X. 14 Adams, W. B.—V. 510 Adams, W. & Co.—United States, 462 Adams, W. H. F.—Canada, 331 Adamson, O. G.—Brazil, 1 Adamson, R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 300 ; xxvill. 156. Adcock & Co.—XVI. 323a (Main Ave- ime West) Adcock, J.—X. 353, 364 Adcock, T., jun.—vil. 192 Adcock, Mrs. W. — Van Diemen's Land, 6 Adderley,C.B.,M.P.—South Africa, 57 Addey, see Cundall and Addey Addington, W. H.—United States, 471 Addis, J. B. Jun.—xxi. 23 Addis, S. J.—XXI. 11 Addison & Gilbert.—VIII. 192 Adfiison, R.—x, 487 Adikes, J. D.—Hamburgh, 67 Adirondac Manufacturing Company.-^ United States, 344 Adler, C—Zollverein (3), 175 Admiralty (Somerset House)—vill. 145, 146 (North Transept) Adolphe, C.—France, 1. Adolphi, C. F. W.—Zollv., (1), 172 Adorno, J. N.—vi. 448 ; x. 218 Adshead, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 328 Adshead, W. & Co.—xill. 39 Adt, Brothers.—Zollverein (2), 60 Aerts, F. G.—Belgium, 186 Allburtit, G. L.—France, 749 Afh, F.—Austria, 646 Aga Melik Mahomet Hadji Ussoof Ogli. —Russia, 290 Agard, F., see Prat A. & F. Agard Aggio, G. H. —x. 488; xxvi. 83; XXIX. 312 Agombard, P.—France, 2 Ahlbeck, G. C—Sweden, 73 Ahlberg, O.—Sweden, 72 Ahlborn, C.—Sweden, 50 Aiken.—V. 812 Ain Morka Mines Co.—Algeria, 19 Ainge & Aldred.—XXIX. 180 Ainslie, see Harrison, Ainslie, & Co. Ainsworth, see Middleton and Ainsworth Ainsworth, J.—vill. 136 Ainsworth, T.~l. 422 Aire & Calder Bottle Co.—XXIV. 6 Aitken & Allen.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 310 Aked & Sons.—XII. & XV. 137 Aken, C. B. Van.—Belgium, 121 Aken, P. Van, & Son.—Belgium, 122 Akerman, W. H. H.—x. 490 Akermann, seeSulzburger & Akermann Akers, Lieut.—Van Diemen's Land, 328 Akroyd & Son.—xii. & xv. 130 Aksenoff, J.—Russia, 182 Alabama, Governor of the State of.— United States, 289 Alba, S.—Austria, 664 Albacete.—Spain, 56 Albani, Brothers.—Sardinia, 7 Albear, J.—Spain, 100 Albert, J. v., jun.—Zollverein (5), 23 Albert, J. W.—Zollverein (5), 7 Alberti Brothers.—Prussia, 231 Alberti, Fr.—Zollverein (1), 751 Alberty, J.—Zollverein (1), 270 Albinet.—France, 400 Alboy, L. N.—France, 3 Albrecht, see Leale & Albrecht. Roeh- rig & Albrecht Albrecht, A.—Hamburgh, 59 Albrecht, Archduke.—Austria, 431 Albright, A.—II. 126 Albro & Hoyt.—United States, 183 Albuquerque, A. S. d'.—Portugal, 353 Albuquerque, J. D', e Mello.—Portugal 478, 479 Alcaide, D. M. G.—Spain, 151 INDEX OF EXHIBITOES, &c. Alcala & Son.—Spain, 213 Alcan,—•France, 1050 Alcan & Limey.—France, 5 Alcan & Locatelli.—France. 4 Alcock, J.—United States, 220 Alcock, S. XXII. 367a Alcock, S. & Co,—XXV, 7 Akock, S. B. & Co.—XXIX. 272^ Alcock, T.—IX. 27 Aldebert, see Hallmaike, Aldebert, &c. Aldebert, I.—viii. 152 Alder & Meyer.—Switzerland, 109 Alderton & Shrewsbury.—xxil. 403 Aldred, see Ainge & Aldred Aldred, S.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 235 Aldridge, J. M.—xxii. 688. Aleman, P.—Spain, 254 Aleon, H.—France, 1538 Alexander, see Heyman & Alexander Alexander, E.—ix. 198. Alexander, J. T.—xxvi. 99 Alexander, W.—x. 426 Alexandre & Son.—France, 1719 Alexandrovsky, Imperial Cannon Foun- dry.—Russia, 2. 285 Alexis, J., see Panna, N. & Alexis, J. Alfonso, M. J.—Portugal, 1023-1043 Alfred, W. H.—XXIX. 179 Alftan.—Russia, 306 Algiers, Delegate of.—Algeria, 58 Algiers Mines, Commission of.—Alge- ria, 45 Algor, J.—XXII. 118 Ali, Mehemet. —Russia,246 Alioth,T. S. & Co.—Switzerland, 154 Allan, see Ballantine & Allan, Allan, A.—V. 711 Allan, D.—XXVI. 87 Allan, J.—XX. 13; Canada, 28 Allan, J. sen.—vii. 122 Allan, J. H.—viii. 51, 85 Allan, T.—X. 201 Allan, W.—Canada, 121 Allard & Claye.—France, 750 Allcroft, see Dent, Allcroft, & Co. Allday, W.—XXII. 253 Allen.—XXIX. 196 ; see also Aitken & Allen. Bott&Allen. Jeffiey, Allen, & Co. Nicol & Allen. Oldfield, Allen, & Co. Allen, A. B. & Co.—United Slates, 97 Allen & Banks.—xii. & XV. 226 Allen & Co.—VIII. 202 Allen, C. B,—xxvii. 68 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 79 Allen, E. E.—x. 413 Allen, F.—XXII. 293 Allen, G.—XII. & xv., 225 Allen, G. F.—United States, 236 Allen & Holmes.—xiii. 50. Allen, J.—viii. 292 •, Canada, 35 Allen, J. M.—XVI. 36 ; xxv. 40 Allen & Moore.—XXII. 300 Allen, R.—XI. 65 ; xil. & xv. 259 Allen & Solly.—XX. 100 Allen & Son.—xvi. 149 Allen, T.—VII. 151 ADenby, see Lewis & Allenby Alleond, Emanuel.—Jersey & Guern- sey, 27 Allies, see Cruttwell, Allies, & Co. Allies, F.—XXIX. 157 AUin, J.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 199 All in, W.—XVI. 35 Allin, W. S.—XVI. 327 A\\\otf,see Manlove, Alliott, & Seyrig A Ills, J. H.—X. 87 Allison, E. W.—VIII. 115 Allison, R.—X. 480, 483 AUix, A. J.—France, 6 Allman, F.—x. 458 Allen, H.—France, 1538 Allon, J.—Canada, 100 Alios, J.—Canada, 94 Alluaud, sen,—Fi'ance, 1051 Almansa, D.—Spain, 200 Almeida, J, V. d'—Portugal, 318 Almeida, Silva, & Co.—Portugal, 473. 477. 480 Almeria, Inspector of the Mines of the district of.^—Spain, 13 Almgren, K. A.—Sweden and Norway, 30, 89 Almy, Patterson, &. C;o,—United States, 454 Alner, Anna.—Sweden and Norway, 42 Alpers, see Muckenheim & Alpers. Alphen, G. Van.;—Netherlands, 41 Alsop, J).—IX. 25a Alsop, Robins, and Co.—xiii. 48 Alsterberger, J.—Austria, 503 Altenloh, Brink, & Co., Zoll. (1), 642 Alteyrmes, S., L., Van.—Belgium, 271 Alther, J. C—Switzerland, 110 Altmann, J. G.—Zollverein (1), 215 Altmayer, see Fournival, Son. Altmayer & Co. Alvarez, Calleja, D. S.—Spain, 118,166 Alvargonzales, D. R.^—Spain, 177 Alves, E. J. da.—Portugal, 407 Amand, J.—Belgium, 368 Amann & Egli, Swiizerland, 153. Amann, J.—Switzerland, 153 Ambler & Avery,—United States, 214, 291 Ambrose, see Billings and Ambrose. Ambrose, J.—xxvii. 128 Ameloung & Son.—Russia, 295 American Chair Co.^—United States, 85 Ameye Berte, R.—Belgium, 209 Amigo y Saury, R.—Spain, 217. Amman, see Meyer and Amman Ammannati, Capt. T.—Tuscany, 17 Ammon, J. P.—Zoll. (2), Ua Amor, J.—Spain, 22, 121 Amos, see Dean, Amos, & Co. Easton & Amos Amos, J.—IX. 66a Amoskeag Manufacturing Company.— United States, 2 Amsell, P.—Zollv. (1>, 543; (3) 52 Amtker.—Zollverein (1), 772 Amuller, E. F.—France, 4.05 Anana Salt Works, Alava.—Spain, 36 Anchiaux, J,—Belgium, 344 Ancion & Co.—Belgium, 143 Andelle, G. & Co.—France, 1540 Anderegg, T.—Switzerland, 111 Andersen, P.—Denmark, 15 Anderson,—Van Diemen's Land, 198. See also Oyler & Anderson. Smith, Anderson, & Co. Anderson & Bettany.—xxv. 16 Anderson, C.—xiv., 86 Anderson, D.—xvii, 200 Anderson, D. & J.—xi. 16 Anderson, G.—vii. 144 Anderson, G. & Co.—British Guiana, 36 Anderson, J.—v. 801 ; viil, 187; x. 403; see also Anderson, D. & J. Anderson, J. & A.—xi, 7. Anderson, J. R. & Co.—United States, 281 Anderson, R.—viii. 190; xxix. 224 Anderson & Sons.—Zollv. (I), 897 Anderson, T.—viii. 136 Anderson, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Coiirt), 189 Anderwalt, Pasquale.—Austria, 170a Andrassy, Count G.—Austria, 415 Andre.—Main Avenue East; Algeria, 1 ; Zollverein (1), 788 Andre, Brothers.—Zollverein (6), 56 Andre, J. & Major Count de Z. Brono- Bronski.—France, 1054 Andre, J. P.—I ranee, 1053 Andreae, C—Zollverein (1), 360. 379 Andreoleti, W. C.—France, 10 Andresen, P.—Zollverein (1), 177 Andrewes, H. P.—xxii. 379 Andrews, see Barrett, Exall & An- drews. Forster & Andrews Andrews, H. Q.—United States, 540 Andrews, J.—v. 803 Andrews, M.^—xiv. 5 Andrews, R.—v. 802 ; x. 551 Andrews, Sons, & Gee, xviii. 5 Andrews, W. & Co.—xviii, 43 Andrieux, see Rivart & Andrieux Anelli, J.—X. 511 Angell, G.—xxiii. 103 Angell, J.—XXIII. Ill Angermaland.—Sweden & Norway, 21 22, 23 An grand, A.—France, 7 Angrave Brothers.—XX. 202 Angulo, I.—Spain, 38 Angus, F. J.—V. 716 Animal Kingdom, Sectional Committee on.—IV. 8oa Annecy & Pont.—Sardinia, 34 Anschuez, R,—Zollverein (1), 698 Ansell, C.—viii. 185 Anselm, F. C—Zollverein (6), 59 Ansted, Professor, D. T.—I. 241; China, 38 Anstey, S.—i. 118 Ante, A.—Zollverein (1), 627 Antheit, Societe Corphalie D'.—Bel- gium, 21 Anthelme, A.—France, 1541 Anthoni, H. A.—Zollverein (1), 378 Anthony, C.J.—IX. 237; United Sta.tes> 585, Anund Nath Roy, Rajah.—India, xxvi. Apolytomene Co., Madrid.—Spain, 55a Appel, C—Zollverein (6), 15 Appel, J. C—Hamburgh, 119 Appel, R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 274 Appert, C.—France, 751 Applegath, —vi. 122 Applegath, A.—xvm. 12 Appleton, see Upham, Appleton, & Co. Appold, J. G.—V. 420 Aqui, see Oxeda & Aqui Araman, H.—Persia, 2 Arambarri, G.—Spain, 101 Arambarri, G. A.—Spain, 103 Archambauit, —France, 401 Archbold, see Brown & Archbold Archer, E. T.—xxvi. 265 Archer, J. S.—xxiii. 110 Archer, J. W.—Page 847. Archibald, C. D.—JNova Scotia, 2 Archibald, Jane R,—xii. & xv. 461 Archibald & Sons.—xii. & xv. 465 Ardamatsky, Brothers.—Russia, 99 Ardamatsky, J.—Russia, 98 Ardamatsky, J. & T.—Russia, 97 Arduin & Chancel.—France, 8 Arera, N. G.—Fiance, 752 Aretio, C.^—Spain, 269 Argall, J. & W.—XXII. 404 Argall, W., see Argall, J. & W. Aristarkboff.—Russia, 359 Arkansas Mining Comjjany.—i. 525 Arliss & Tucker.—xvii, 55 Armakoona, see Marimano & Amia- koona Armangand, France, 14 Armani, see Orsi & Armani Armitage, Brothers.—xil. & XV. 103; New South Wales, 1 Armitage, G. & Co.—ix. 38a; XII. & XV. 146 Armitage, M. & H.—xxil. 150. Armstead, H.—xxiil. 97 Armstrong, see Hopwood & Armstrong Armstrong, J.—xvil. 77; xxviii. 43 Armstrong, J. jnn.—xxil. 580 Armstrong, S. T.—United States, 219 Armstrong, \N. G.—V. 44 Arnaud.—Algeria, 2 Arnavon, H.—France, 402 Arndt & Berend.—Hamburgh, 24 Arneth, J.—Austria, 368 Arnheim, S. J.—ZoUverein (1), 189 Arnheiter, M.^—France, 753 Arnold, see Hecht & Arnold Arnold, A.—Jersey & Guernsey, 33 Arnold, C. H.—Zollverein (1), 835 Arnold, S. W.—xxv. 7 Arnoldi, E. F.—Zollverein (1), 778 Arnott, Dr.—X. 594, 612, 619; xxii, 387, 636 Arnott, R.—British Guiana, 142 —145a Arnoux, C,—France, 1542 Arns, A.—Zollverein (1), 626 Arondal's Manufactory, Sweden, 111 Arosenius, see Soderberg & Arosenius Arrault.—France, 9 Arrer, J.—Austria, 665 Arrieda.—Spain, 292 Arrieta.—Spain, 295 Arrindell, Mrs.—British Guiana, 69 Arrowsmith, A., see Arrowsmith, H. & A. Arrowsmith, G. A.—United States, 138 Arrowsmith, H. & A.—xxvi. 335 Artern, Royal Salt Works at.—Zoll- verein (1), 681 Arthur, see Holmes, Herbert, & Arthur Arthur, Ann.—xix. 69 Arthur & Edey.—XXIX. 185 Arthur & Frazer.—xii. & xv. 466. Arthur, J.—i. 462 Arthur, Mary, S.—xxix. 58 Arthur, O. C.—xxvii. 4 Arthur, T.—xxvi. 303 Artman, J.—United States, 174a Arzt, P. L.—Zollverein (6), 27 Asbeck, C. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 645 Ascroft, T.—XXVI. 304 Ash & Sons.—X. 578 Ashburnham, Dowager Lady.—iii. 60 Ashburv.—V. 739 Ashby, J .—V. 202 Ashby, W.—VI. 470 Ashe, Lieut. E. D.—x. 194 Ashe, W. A.—X. 194 Asher, A.—United States, 355 Ashfield, J.—Canada, 161 Ashfofd, G. see Ashford W. & G Ashford, W. & J.—XVI. 64 Ashmead, see Vine & Ash mead Ashmead & Tyler, .1. T.—xx. 53 Ashmead & Harlburt.— United States, 535 Ashton, see Nicholls & Ashton. Ashton, A.—XX. 171 Ashton, J. P.—Canada, 355 Ashton & Sons.—xx. 52 Ashton, W.—XXX. 152 Ashworth, S. A.—xvm. 87 Askew, C—VI. 611; vil. 48 Aspdin, see Eobins, Aspdin, & Cox Aspern, W. M. V.—Hamburgh, 88 Aspinall, J.—V. 57 Aspinwall & Son.—xxvi. 213 Asprey, C.—XXix. 50 Asprey, J.—iii. 93 Assam Company.—ill. 143 Asser, L.—vil. 5 Assmann, J.—Zollverein (1), 406 Astell & Co.—China, 13 Aston, J.—XXII. 301, 367 Aston, W.—XXII. 283 Astrath, C.—Austria, 666. Asturias (Oviedo), Inspector of the Mines of the District of.—Spain, 15 Athanasiou, D.—Greece, 9. Athenaeum Boot & Shoe Warehouse] (Norwich).—XVI. 137 Athers, Lieut.—Van Diemen's Land, 328 Alherton, C—V. 1 Atkin & Son.—XXII. 365 Atkins, see Broadhead & Atkins. Brock- bank & Atkins Atkinson, see Hives & Atkinson. Mar- riott & Atkinson Atkinson, B. F.—x. 605 Atkinson & Eldrid.—xvi. 80 Atkinson, J.—I. 261 Atkinson, R. & Co.—xii. & xv. 256 Atkinson, W.—xvil, 56 Atloff, J. G.—XVI. 131 ; XX. 32 Attenborough, R.—xxiii. 113 Attfield, C—III. 61 Atwood, G. B—United States, 426 Aubanel.—France, 1055 Aubergier, P. H.—France, 754 Aubert & Klaftenberger.—x. 52a Aubert, L. A.—Switzerland, 73 Aubert & Noel.—France, 403 Aubeux.—France, 1058 Aubin, C.—XXII. 663 Aubin, F. see Aubin, H. & F. Aubin, H. & F.—xxii. 663 Aubrey, see James & Aubrey Aubry, Brothers.—France, 1544 Aucher.—France, 404 Auckland & Waikato Coal Company. —New Zealand, 10 Aucler, P. see Aucler, W. & P. Aucler, W. & P.—France, 1059 Aucoc.—France, 1052 Audemars, L.—Switzerland, 22 Audiat, F.—France, 1545 Audot, E. J.—France, 11 Augan, M.—France, 12 Auguste, P. & Brothers, France, 683 Augustin, H. F. L.—Zollverein (1), 826 Augustus, E.—United States, 515 Auld, Berrie, & Mathieson.—xi. 5 Auldjo, Mrs. Ricliardson.—xxvi. 405 Auleuzia Conipy, Madrid.—Spain, 53 Ausfeld, H.—Zollverein (1), 704 Auspitz, L,—Austria, 204 Austell, St., Local Committee.—i. 166, 469 Austin, G.—XXIX. 36 Austin, J,—XXVI. 391 Austin, J. B.—II. 114 Austin, W.—XVII. 151; xxix. 217; XXX. (Fine Art Court), 313 Australian Agricultttral Gmnpanv, New S. Wales, 19 Auzoux, Dr. L.—France, 13 Avanzo, D.—Belgium, 446 Avern, E.—xxii. 303 Averseng & Co.—Algeria, 3 Avery.—x. 631a, see also Ambler & Avery Avery & Dangar.—xxvi. 389 Avery, O.—United States, 76 Avignon, Chamber of Commerce of.— France, 1049 Avignon, Dr. F. D".—United States, 132; see also Brady, D'Avignon & Lester Avisseau, C.—France, 1543 Ax, see Pfirtfers & Ax Ayckbourn, F.—viii. 23 Ayers, W.—xix. 388 Ayne, Brothers.—France, 755 Ayrapet, T.—Russia, 201 Ayton, J.—VI. 428 Ayvazoff, S.—Russia, 91 Azevedo, J. R. de.—Portugal, 310 Azoff Sea, Cossacks of the.—Russia, 37 Azulay, B.—I. 224; VIII. 39; XXII. 597 ; XXVI. 64 Azzopardi, J. M.—Malta, 20 Baader, I.—Zollverein (2), 74 Baader, J. A. & Co.—Zollverein (2), 22 Baatard, J. A.—Switzerland, 235 Baba-lmam-Verdi-Ogli.—Russia, 264. Babaielf, A.—Russia, 86 Babarikin, M.—Russia, 96 Babb, see Walker & Babb Baber, see Smith & Baber Babbitt.—V. 706 Babounoff, B,—Russia, 345 Bacchus & Sons.—xxiv. 19. Bach.—Zollverein (1), 717 Bach, G. F. & Son.—Zollv. (3), 158 Bach, P.—France, 1061 Bache, Professor, A. D.—United States, 395 Bacheley, T.—Portugal, 1015-1020 Bacher, A.—Zollverein (4), 16 Bachman, J.—United States, 391 Bachner, F. —Austria, 565 Bachoven & VoUschwitz.— Zollverein (1), 830 Bachrich, J., Austria—45a Backe, see Knospe & Backe Backes, J. F. & Co.—Zollv. (1), 411 Backhausen, C. & J.—Austria, 249 Backhausen,J., see Backhausen, C. & J. Bacon, see Sewell, Evans, &c. Bacon, S. F.—United States, 465 Bacon, W.—xxvi. 218 Bacot, P. & Son.—France, 1062 Bacye, se^. Stubbe & Bacye Badcock, J.—x. 732 Baddeley, J. H.—xxv. 13 i^addeley, W.—v. 409 Baedeker, J.—Zollverein (1), 832 Bader, Brothers.—Austria, 250 Badgley, J. F.—Canada, 11 BadiUo, J. M.—Spain, 57 Badiu, J. C. F.—France, 1063 Badouin, A. P.—France, 44 Baecher, A. B.—Austria, 575 Baeches, A.—Spain, 258a Baenziger&; Co.—Switzerland, 112 Baenziger, J.—Switzerland, 188 Baenziger, Kolp, & Co.—Switzerland, 156 Baer, see Sprecher & Baer Baetens, Miss.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 212 Bafico, J. L. F.—Sardinia, 79 Bagatti, V.—Austria, 616 Bagby, Gov. A. P.—United States, 329 Ragnall & Jesson.—Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 53 Bagot. C.—I. 244 Bagshaw, W.—xxii. 143 Bagster & Sons.—xvii. 87 Baguer.—Russia, 39 Bahn, A. E.—Zollverein (1), 256 Bahr, H. & Co.—Hamburgh, 122 Bahr & Maresch.—Austria, 612 Bahrt, H.—Mecklenburg-Schvverin, 9 Bahuet, A.—France, 17 Baildon, see Newbould & Baildon Balles, H.—XXVI. 208 Bailey, B.—vill. 64 Bailey, E. H.—xxiii. 97 Bailey, J.—Canada, 86 Baillie, E.—xxiv. 61 Bailliere, J. B.—Fiance, 406 Bailly, see Mallet & Bailly Bailly, Comte, & Son—France, 407 Baily, E. H.—Page 847 Baily, J.—VIII. 352 Baily & Sons.—xxii. 805, [Mam Ave- nue, West) ; XXX. (Fine Art Court), 308 Bain, A.—x. 434 Bain, C—vii. 34 Bain, W.—VII. 197 ; xx. 70 Bainbridge, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 163 Baines & Co.—Bahamas Baines, J.—xx. 200 Baines, T.—Cape of Good Hope, 57 Baines, W.—v. 643 Baird, J.—xii. & xv. 290 Baird, J. R.—VIII. 74 Baird, W.—xxiii. 26 Bajelaire, E. De.—France, 18 Bakefen, T. T. & Sons.—Switzerland, 152 Baker, see May & Baker Baker, A.—United States, 257 Baker, C.—xxii. 509; xxviii. 84 Baker & Co.—xxii. 319, 547 Baker, E. B.—xxii. 19 Baker, H.—x. 396 Baker, J. B.—United States, 498 Baker, R.—x. 354 Baker, R. C.—xxvii. 54 Baker, S.—United States, 1 Baker, S. & Co.—Mauritius Baker, T. K.—viii. 263 Baker, Tuckers, & Co.—xviii. 2 Baker, W.—xxi. '20 ; xxii. 559 Baker, W. R.—United States, 401 Bakewell, F.—x. 433 Bakewell, W.—xxiii. 70 Bakhroushin & Sons.—Russia, 240 Balance, J. & Sons.—xviii. 9 Balay, J.—France, 1064 Baldamus, see Kramer & Baldamus Baldenecker, T. B, jun.—ZoUv. (5) 12 Bales, J.—Canada, 67 Balfour, J.—xiv. 35 Balkfield & Co.—Mauritius, 5 Ball, Dunnicliffe & Co.—vi. 90: xix. 19 Ball, R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 157 Ball, W.—IX. 132 Ball, W. Y. & Co.—XX. 80 Ballantine & Allan.—xxiv. 78 Ballantyne & Son.—xn. & xv. 194 Balleidier, F,—France, 1065 Balleny, J.—xxii. 299 Balleras, G. E.—i. 4 ; New Granada, 3 Ballheimer, see Prale & Ballheimei-. Balling, J. N.—Austria, 133 Bally & Co.—Switzerland, 210 Bally, P.—France, 408 Bally, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 173 Balneavis, Lieut. H. C.—New Zealand, 20 Balny, J. P. jun.—France, 1066 Balthoven, P. Van.—France, 1516 Baltzer, A.—Zollverein (1), 82 Bamber & Son.—xxii. 681 Bamberf^er, L.—Bavaria, 102 Bam ford, J.—xii. & xv. 237 Bampton, J. A.—xxvi. 125 Bance, B.— France, 1418 Banco, jun.—France, 446 Bancks, Brothers.—xvii. 96 Bandelier, P. F.—Switzerland, 6 Banim, M.—xxix. 160 Bank Park Pyropolite Works.—i. 86 Bank Quay Foundry Company (War- rington).—V. 412 Bankart.—xxii. 343 Bankart, F.—ii. 49 Bankart & Sons.—i. 429. xxiv. 87 Banks, see Allen & Banks; Jameson & Banks Banks & Barry.—x. 561 Banks & Chambers.—v. 666 Banks, E.—xxil. 287 Banks, L.—vii. 55 Banks, Son, & Co.—i. 69 Bannerman & Sons.—xviii. 33 Banting, T., see Banting, W. & T. Banting W. & T.—xxvi. 166 Bantlin, C. D.—Zollverein (4), 37 Banton, E.—xvi. 56 Bapterosses, J. F.—France, 409 Barantchinsk, Imperial Iron Works of. —Russia, 158 Baranowski, J. J.—France, 15 Barbadienne & Co.—France, 1709 Barbat.—France, 1067 Barbe, C—France, 1068 Bar beau, J.— Canada, 110 Barbeaux Lecuyer, J. L.—France, 19 Barbedienne, J., & Co.—France, 1723 Barber, see Firth, Barber, & Co.; Jor- dan & Barber Barber-Beaumont, G. D.—v. 752 Barber, C. A.—xxviii. 118 Barber, Howse, & Mead.—xii. &xv. 19 Barber, James, & Co.—China, 29 Barber, Messrs,—Canada, 140 Barber, S.—xx. 57 Barber & Sons.—xii. & xv. 106 Barberi.—Rome, 15 Barbetti, A.—Tuscany, 74. 80 Barbetti, R.—Tuscany, 76. 77 Barbie, J.—Sardinia, 56 Barbieri, De.—Sardinia, 93 Barbotin & Legoff.—France, 1083 Barboza, Joze. — Portugal, 683. 949, 950 Barcelona, Inspector of Mines of the District of.—Spain, 2 Barclay, G.—xxx.(Fine Art Court) 285 Barclay, J.—vii. 117 Barclay, Miss P. S. —xxx. (Fine Art Court) 2S5 Barclay & Son.—xv. 24 Bardotfsky, T.—Russia, 265 Bardwell,W.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.) 175 Barez, see Courtey, Brothers, & Barez Bardfeld, C—Zollverein, (1), 188 Barford, F.—xx. 170 Barge, H.—xxii. 144 Baring, Brothers.—China, 18 Baring, Thos., M.P.—Austria, 746 Barker, CM.—VI. 417 Barker & Co.—iv. 62 Barker, G.—xxvi. 147 Barker, J.—IX. 230; xvn. 189 Barker, Dr. J.—x. 649 Barker, R.—xxi. 37 Barker, T. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 131 Barker, W. G.—xvi. 188 Barkly, Mrs.—British Guiana, 125,128, 129, 135 Barling, J.—x, 90 ; xxiii. 85 Barling & Sons.—xxix. 305 Barlow.—V. 640 Barlow, A.—vi. 82 Barlow, C—vi. 41 Barlow, E.—United States, 350 Barlow, Gooddy, & Jones.—xi. 35 Barlow, H. B.—VI. 613 Barlow & Heald.—V. 640 Barlow, J.—xxil. 462 Barluw, P. W.—V. 601 Barlow, T. H.—United States, 69 Barlow, W. H.—v. 602 Barn, T. A.—South Africa, 46 Barnaoulsk Imperial Works.—Russia, 4 Barnard & Bishop.—xxil. 34 Barnard, E.—xix. 94 Barnard, J.—United States, 17; Yaii Diemen's Land, 143 Barnes, see Greenwood & Barnes. Barnes & Co., Bahamas. Barnes, E.—xii. & xv. 2l9. Barnes, G. see Barnes, T. & G. Barnes, J. B.—ii. 45 Barnes, J. & W.—xxix. 15. Barnes, R. Y.—xix. 95 Barnes, T.—xi. 40. Barnes, T. & G.—xx. 27 Barnes, W.—xxiv. 49. United States, 246 ; see also Barnes, J. & W. Barnett, Mrs. Edward.—Bahamas Barnicott, see Beach & Barnicott Barnicot & Hirst.—xii. & xv. 105 Barnouin & Co see Fabregue-Nourry, Barnouin, & Co. Barnwell & Son.—xxii. 678 Baron, Brothers.—United States, 353, 370 Baron, F.—Portugal, 1154 Baron & Uhlman.—Switzerland, 74 Baronnet, see Rousselet & Baronnet Barossa Range Mining Co.—South Australia, 2 Barraclough, S.—xvi. 148 Barraclough, W. & Son.—xil. & xv. 133 Barral, C—France, 410 ^arrallon & Brossard.—France, 16 Barrande, J. B.—France, 756 Barrasa, M.—Spain, 228 Barraud & Lund.—x. 34 Barre, D. G. La—Canada, 17 Barre & Kuester.—Zollverein (1), 827 Barrere, B.—France, 40 Barre-Russin,—France, 20 Barres Brothers.—France, 41 Barreto, F. T.—Portugal, H23b Barrett & Co.—VI. 410 Barrett, see Fox & Barrett Barrett, Capt.—i. 511 Barrett & Corney.—xix. 76. Barrett, Exall, & Andrews.—vi 410; IX. 128 Barrett, J.—xxvi. 305 Barrett, R. M.—x. 349 Barrett & Son.—xxix. 308 Barrie, J.—xxvi. 104 Barrientos, F.—Spain, 83 Barrington, see Fox & Barrington Barritt & Co.—xvn. 196 Barritt,J.L.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 339 Barron.—xxii. 622 Barron & Son.—xxii. 695 Barrow.—xxii. 4x Barrow, R.—Western end. South enclo- sure (Outside), 41 ; I. 255 Barrovvman, J.—ix. 49 Barry, see Banks & Barry Barry & Barry.—i. 1 78 Barry, C—xxvii. 27. 92 Barshaghin.—Russia, 312 Barsham, J.—iv. 56a Barsham, Son, & Co.—xxix. 213 Bartelmus, Brothers, & Bernhardi.—• Austria, 432 Bartels, J. C. M.—Hamburgh, 106 Barth, Brothers.—Zollverein (2), 67 I3arth, J. A.—ZoUverein (3), 179 Barth, Massing, & Pliclion.—France, 21 Barthel, J. C—ZoUverein (5), 5 Barthelats, L.—France, 757 Bartholomew, F. H.—United States, 335 Bartleet, W. & Sons.—xxii. 329 Bartlemore, see Kelsall & Bartlemore Bartlett, see Webber & Bartlett; Wills and Bartlett Bartlett, A. D.—xxix. 291 Bartlett, R. M.—United States, 30 Bartley—xvi. 97. Bartolome, M.—Spain, 126 Barton, see Mallett & Barton Barton, C. D.—United States, 228 Barton, H. W.—x. 708 Bartram, A.—Canada, 162 Bartrum & Pretyman.—xxii, 25 Baruch Toledano.—Algeria, 59 Barwell & Co.—xxii. 556 Barwis, W. H. B.—Western end, Soulli enclosure (Outside), 12 Bary, T. de, & BischoD'.—Switzerland, 152 Basely.—France, 411 Basham, F.—United States, 315 Bashkirs, tribe of the.—Russia,133. 200 Basin, A.—France, 758 Baskcomb, G. H.—v. 804 Baskett, see Martin, Baskett, & Martin Bass, J,—II. 95 Bass, J, H,—XXVIII. 124 Bast, C. de.—Belgium, 189 Basse and Fischer.—ZoUverein (1), 664 Basset, see Chatelain & Basset Bastard, A. de.—France, 1717 Bastien, M.—Canada, 70 Bastos, F. Pinto, & Co. — Portugal, 9. 279. 290. 455-457.581. 629. 631. 1044. 1109 Bataille, V.—France, 42 Batailler, A. P. E.—France, 412 * Batalha, F. R.—Portugal, 40 1a. 495a. 496a. 505. 509. 541-543, 558. Batatho, see Miranda, Batatho, & Co. Bateman.—Western end, North enclo- sure (Outside), 59 Bateman, D. & Sons.—xxil. 84 Bateman, J.—viii. 335 Bateman, Dr. J.—x. 187 Bateman, James.—xxii. 84 Bateman, Mrs.—United States, 587 Bates, see Mayo & Bates Bates, F.—IX. 186 Bates, Hyde, & Co.—United States, 440 Bates, Jemima.—XIX. 375 Bates, T.—VII. 69 Bates, T. H.—xxvi, 44 Bateson & Co.—xii. & xv, 39 Bathier, V.—France, 22 Batjeman, H. C.—United States, 552 Batka, Wenzel.—Austria, 9. 100. 135 , 629 Batley, see Hodge & Batley Baton, W. & Son.—France, 1069 Batsford, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 262 Battam, T.—xxv. 53 Battagia, G.—Austria, 366 Batten, A.—i. 19 Batten, D.—xvii. 59 Battenberg, G.—France, 1070 Batters, Martha.—xix. 96 Battle, see Jowitt & Battle Batty & Feast.—III. 116 Batty, T.—United States, 351 Batz, P.—ZoUverein (3), 150 Bauch.—Netherlands, 98 Bauch, F. T.—ZoUverein (1), 728. 793 Bauchau De Bare, A.—Belgium, 262 I Bauchet-Verlinde.—France, 413 Baudon.—France, 43 Baudouin, A. P.—France, 44 Baudry, see Glde & Baudry Baudry, A. T.—France, 1071 Bauer & Fuerbrlnger.—Zollv. (1),725 Bauer, G.—ZoUverein (2), 78 Bauer, J.—Austria, 504 Bauer & Krebs.—ZoUverein (5), 13 Bauer, R.—ZoUverein (1), 223 Bauer, Thendor, & Co.—Austria, 205 Bauerkeller.—ZoUverein (6), 6 Bauerkeller & Co.—France, J 072 Baugh, see Stainbmni & Baugh Baugh—Deeley, & Co.—I. 401 Baughen, Brothers.—xil. & xv. 183 Baughen, T., see Baughen, R. & T. Bauhofer, F.—Austria, 388 Baum, E.—ZoUverein (1), 760 Baumann, A.^—Switzerland, 239 Baumann, Louise.—ZoUverein (1), 224 Baumann & Streueli—Switzerland, 153 Baumann, T.—ZoUverein (1), 76 Baumann & Wunsch.—xii. & XV. 206 Baume, C. De la.—France, 1581 Baumgardten & Halns.—Hamburgh, 12 Baunscheldt, C.—ZoUverein, 344 Baup, H.—ISwltzerland, 52 Baur, Brothers.—ZoUverein (4), 87 Bautte, T. F.—Switzerland, 236 Bauwens, L. F.—iv. 26 Bavay, P. De—Belgium, 361 Baxter.—xvii. 172 Baxter, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 115 Baxter, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 334 Baxter, R.—xvi. 156 ; xxvi. 380 Bay, J. De.—France, 45 ; Main Avenue East, 573 Bayard, H.—France, 414 Bayer, J. G.—Austria, 351 Bayley and Craven.—xviir. 34 Bayley, J.—vill. 353 Bayley, J. B.^—South Africa, 5 Bayley, R.—x. 273 Bayley, W.—xxiii. 75. Baylis & Son.—viii. 251a Bayliss, T.—vii. 131 Bayman, H.—v. 485 Baynes, R. Agnes.—xix. 97 Bayno, J.—Sardinia, 48 Bay vet, Brothers, & Co.—France, 415 Bazalay, M.—Russia, 164 Bazanget, A.—Main Avenue East, 97 Bazin, A.—France, 416. 1073 Bazln, G.—xxix. 178 Bazin, Xavler.—United States, 36 Bazley, see Gardner & Bazley Bazley, T.—xi. 53 ; houth Africa. 30b : Beach, Brothers—United States, 544 Beach, W.—xxi. 48; United States, 592 Beach & Barnlcott—xix. 222 Beacock, see Smith, Beacock, & Tannett Beadon, G., Capt. R.N.—vm. 90; ix. 208b Beadon, W.—vil. 51 Beale Brown, T.—xiv. 77 Beale & Latchmore—xx. 204 Beales, see Taylor & Beales Beall, see Bradbury, Greatorex, & BeaU Beamish.—i. 112 Bean, S. E. T.—Canada, 142 Bean, S. Hatley.—Canada, 137 Beaney, T.—xxix. 130 Bear, H.—Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 8 Beard, see Klrby, Beard, & Co. Beard, J.—France, 759 Beard, R.—x. 292 Bearde, S.—Canada, 93, 98 Beardsell, C. & Sons.—xii. & xv. 120 Beardsell, I. & Co,—xii. & xv. 109 Bearfoot, R.—viii. 274 Beam & Jeffs.—xvi. 118 Beart, see Roberts & Beart Beart, R.—vi. 301 ; ix. 34 Beattie, J.—vm. 216 Seattle, W.—xxiii. 110 Beau, Le, see Gritiiths & Le Beau Beauclerc, Capt. G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 156; xxx. (Sculpture Crt.), 51. 63 Beaufiils.—France. 1074 Beauford, R.->-x.'406 Beaufort, Miss.—xx. 156a Beaufort, De.—France, 46 Beaumont, see Vickerman & Beaumont Beaumont, G. D. Barber.—'V. 752 Beaumont, W.—xii. & xv. 72 Beauregard.—Algeria, 4 Beauvals, C.—France, 1076 Beauvais, National Manufacture of.— France, 1367 Beauvoys, Ch. De.—France, 47 Beavls, J.—xix. 395 Becerril, A.—Spain, 71 Becherer, J.—ZoUverein (1), 141 Bechot, jun.—France, 48 Bechstein, see Rupp & Bechstein Beck, see Smith and Beck Beck & Co.—Spain, 134 Beck, F.—Sweden, 104 Beck, G. F.—ZoUverein (3), 65 Beck, Henry.—ZoUverein (3), 149 Beck& Heynig.—ZoUverein (3), US Beck, R.—XVI. 247 Beck & Son.—Belgium, 324 Beck & Sons.—Switzerland, 163 Becker, see Seeling & Becker Becker, C.^—Netherlands, 83 Becker, F. C—ZoUverein (1), 232 Becker & Kronick,—Austria, 643 Becker, Sapp, & Co.—ZoUv. (1), 47) Becker & Schraps.—ZoUverein (3), 84 Beckers, G. E.—v. 503. Beckett, E. G.—v. 106 Beckett, G.—xvi. 220 Beck ford, T. & Gosling, W.—ix. 60 Beckh, Brothers.—ZoUverein (1), 174 Beckmann, J. J. C.—Lubeck, 4 Beckwlth, H.—viii. 220 Becquet, see Guynet & Becquet Bedel.—Algeria, 5 Bedford, see Wood & Bedford Bedford, Bouson, Drake, & Co.—West- ern end. South enclosure (Outside), 24 Bedford, F.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 80 Bedford, J.—VI. 426 Bedington.—xxil. 370 Bedlno, Peasant Women of,—Russia, 350 Bee, B.—VIII. 324 Bee, J. F.—British Guiana, 5, 17, 18, 29, 74-76, 82, 83, 102c, 103, 103a, 105b, 105g, 116-117A. 124, 134, 156. 158 Beecham.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 332 Beecham, Rev. Dr.—Western Africa, 12 Beeching, J.—vill. 136 Beechy, Rev. St. V.—x. 263 Beeck, J. C. Van der.—ZoUverein (1), 494 Beeckmans, J.—Belgium, 170 Beecroft, BuUer, & Co.—i. 415; v. 646 Beedham, see Luard, Beedham, & Co. B.eeftlngh, N. Van, & Co.—Netherlands, 27 Beek, B. Van.—Netherlands, 89 Beer, see Jenkins & Beer Beere, G.—v. 467 Beernaert, A.—Belgium, 439 Beernaeith & DeCuvpere,H.—Belgium, 326 Beers, see Monahan & Beers Beeson, J. —xxx. (Fine Art Court)! 11a Beesteu, J. Van.—Zollverein (8), 12 Beeston, J.—vii. 19 L Beeston, J. S.—xx. 162a. Beevor, J.—xxix. 204 Begent, T. J.—xxviii. 110 Begg, W. G.—V. 407 ; xxix. 109 Begon, Brothers.—France, 49 Begsteiger, M.—Austria, 689 Beguin, A.—France, 23 Behault, Du Carmois de.—Belgium, 191 Beheyt.—Belgium, 76 Bebm, F.—Zollverein (1), 685 Behnes.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 54. 77. Page 847 Behr, C—Austria, 645 Behr, F. L.—Belgium, 20 Behr & Schubert.—Zollv. (3), 50 Behrend & Schmidt.—Zollverein (1), 98 Behrens, J.—xii. & xv. 180 Behrens, J. C—Lubeck, 3 Beinhauer, C.—Hamburgh, 121 Beir, N. le.—Jersey and Guernsej'^, 36 Beiser, W.—Zollv. (1) 748 Beisiegel, P.—Austria, 667 Beissel & Son.—Zollverein (1), 407 Beitl, F.—Austria, 438 Belcher, I.—xxi. 42 Belfast Royal Flax Improvement So- ciety.—IV. 106 Belfast School of Design.— xx. 118; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 338 Belibin, P.—Russia, 217 Belisle-Callaud, Nouel, Detinan, & Co. see Callaud, &c. and Co BelitcheflP, M.—Russia, 330a Bell, see Watson, Bell, & Co. Bell & Black.—XXIX. 243 Bell, C—XVI. 93 Bell & Co.—II. 66 ; xxv. 26 Bell, D.—XXVI. 212 Bell, E. B.—United States, 176 Bell, F. & Co.—IX. 197 Bell, H.—VIII. 14, 157 ; x. 715 Bell, J. L.—II. 12 Bell, J.—I. 189 ; ii. 116 ; xxvii. 57 Bell, J. & Co.—XXVII. 96 Bell, John. — XXII. 232. 340. 641 ; XXX. (Sculpture Court), 24, 71, 72. Page 847 Bell, Major—XVII. 203 Bell, P. W.—Canada, 103, 173 Bell, R.—XXIX. 101 Bell.T.—X. 679 ; xiv. 63; United States, 103 Bell, T. & Co.—XIV. 6 Bell, W.—VII. 63 Bell, W. C—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 249 Bell, W. P.—Canada, 280 Bellamy, see Burney & Bellamy Bellange, A. L-—France, 1077 Belleaby, W.—xxvi. 145 Belleville, Brothers.—France, 1078 Bellhouse, E. T. & Co.—v. 416 Bellioni-Ance, L.—Belgium, 319 Bello, J. G.—Portugal, 11230. 1126. Bellon, J. & Co.—France, 1079 Bellot, see Sellier & Bellot Belmonte,Countde.—Portugal, 386-389 Belmonte, R.—Spain, 256 Beloe, W. L.—x. 709 Below, F.—Zollverein (1), 233 Belvalette, Brothers.—France, 50 Belvidere Manufacturing Co. (Rich- mond)—United States, 282 Bemand, R.—Belgium, 478 Ben Zekri,—Algeria, 7 Benagazil, Viscount de.—Portugal, 307. 324. 328. 339. 366. 376, 377. 402 Benbow, Mrs.—xix. 100 Bencraft, S.—France, 24 Benda, George.—Zollverein (2), 1. 9 Bendall, J.—IX. 32 Benecke, W.—Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1 Benecke, W. & Co.—xviii. 42 Beneden, Van.—Belgium, 345, 346 Benedig, J.—Austria, 356 Benes, Miss M.—Algeria, 6 Bengen, D.—Zollverein (1), 234 Benham & Sons.—xxii. 98 Benham, W, A.—iii. 33 Beni Abbes, Tribe of the.—Algeria, 53 Beni Snous, Tribe of the.—Algeria, 67 Beningfield, W.—xxiv. 45 Benito, M.—Spain, 78 Benjamin, J. R.—UnitedStates, 152,251 Benjamin & Moses.—New South Wales Benjumea, J. M.—Spain, 185. 189a Benkowits, Marie.—Austria, 389 Bennati, J.—Sardinia, 59 Benner, Dr. W.—xvii. 60 Bennert & Bivort.—Belgium, 390 Bennett, see Lincoln and Bennett Bennett, A. see Bennett, J. & A. Bennett & Adams.—xiv. 11 Bennett, Carr, & Co.—i. 450 Bennett & Co.—xii. & xv. 185 Bennett, E.—viii. 293; xxx. 268 Bennett, G. W.—x. 49 Bennett, H.—ix. 75 Bennett, J.—vi. 215 ; x. 1 Bennett, J. & A.—xii. & xv. 95 Bennett, T.—i. 498 ; xxiii. 18 Bennighauss, J. C—Zollv. (1), 679 Benno-Niveta.—Russia, 273 Bennoch, Twentyman, & Rigg.—XIX. 394 Benoit, A.—Sardinia, 33 Benoit, F.—Belgium, 369 Benoit, Malo, & Valbaum.—France, 1114 Benouville, M.—France, 760 Benson, C.—xvi. 12 Benson, VV.—in. 39; Spain, 251 Bentall, E. H.—ix. 217 Bentinck, Col. H.—xix. 400 Bentley—viii. 264 ; see also Hammers- ley & Bentley Bentley, J.—x. 213 Bentley, J. F.—iii, 4 Bentley & Son.—vm. 221 Bentley, W. H.—xxii. 606 . Benzon.—Denmark, 45 Benzoni, G.—Austria, 725 Benzoni, Gio. Maria.—Rome, 16 Beranger, J. & Co.—France, 761 Berard & Co.—France, 51. Berckmans, J.— Belgium, 170 Berden, F. & Co.—Belgium, 174 Berend, see Arndt & Berend Berend, W.—Hamburgh, 45 Berenguer, J. B.—Spain, 192a Berenharts, A. & Co.—Belgium, 334 Berg, Brothers.—Zollv. (1), 873 Berg, F.—Austria, 579 , Berge, Brothers.—Zollverein (6), 60 Berger, see Burgun, Waller, &c. and Co. Berger, C. H.—Austria, 380 Berger, F.—i, 439 (Main Avenue, West); France, 418 Berger, J.—i. 518 ; Austria, 309 Berger, Madame.—Belgium, 349 Berger, S.& Co.—iii. 130. Berger, Walter.—France 25. 1072 Bergewall, F.—Sweden & Norway, 19 Bergin, M. O.—vii. 183 Bergtnann & Co.—Zollverein (1), 106 Bergmann, L.—Zollverein (1), 268 Bergmann, W.—Zollverein (1), 207 Bergquist.—Sweden, 80 Bergstrom, J. W.—Sweden, 69. 77. 85 Bergue, C. de—v. 552 ; vi. 45 Bericlion, M. Eug.—Mauritius Beringer, B.—France, 1546. Berington, J.—vm. 213 Berlaud, J.—Jersey & Guernsey, 4 Berlin, L. R. & Lode.—Zollv. (1), 342 Berlin Royal Prussian Iron Foundry.— Zollv. (1), 271. (Main Avenue East) Berliner, A.—France, 52 Berlioz & Co.—France, 53 Bermann, J.—Austria, 370 Bermingham, T.—vii. 13 Bernaert & De Cuyper, H.—Belgium, 326 Bernard.—France, 420. 1075 Bernard, Brothers.—Zollverein (6), 9 Bernard, D. F.—France, 762. Bernard, J.—xxix. 177 Bernard, J. B.—France, 1081. Bernard, Hon. Jane G.—xix. 372 Bernard, Jules, see Obry, Jules Bernard, & Co. Bernard, L.—France, 1547. Bernard, St., Board of Direction of the House of Correction at—Belgium, 226 Bernardel, senior.—France, 421 Bernardis.—Austria, 430 Bernardis, Bernardo de.—Austria, 141b. 430 (Main Avenue, East) ; 633, 643, 646 Bernardon, H. A.—Algiers, 8 Berncastle, Dr.— China, 3/ Bernhard, AHnger, J.—Zollv. (1), 309 Bernhard, von Sanden.—Zollv. (1), 14 Bernhard, W.—Zollverein (3), 121 Bernhardi, see Bartelmus, Brothers, &c. Bernhardt, G.—Sweden, 87 Berni & Melliard.—xx. 103 Bernimolin, N. & Brothers.—Belgium, 150 Bernoville, Larsonnier, & Chenest.— France, 1548 Bernstorfl" & Eichwede.—Hanover, 8 Berr & Co.—France, 54 Berrall, W. and Son.—xvi. 115 Berres, M.—Zollverein (1), 385. Berretta, Daniele.—Rome, 6 Berrie, see Auld, Berrie, & Mathiesou Berriedale, Lord.—x. 405 Berrus, Brothers.—France, 55 Berry, B. & Sons.—vi. 48 Berry, Brothers.—xiii. 75 Bert.—France, 763 Bert. J.—Spain, 246 Bert, J. J.—Spain, 245. Bertani, A.—Belgium, 477 Bertaud,jun.—France, 1549 Berteche, Chesnon, & Co.—Francej 1082 Berthault.—France, 56 Berthelot, N.—France, 422 Berthelot & Bonte.—Belgium, 216 Berthiot,—France, 57 Berthon, Rev. E. L.—viii. 104 Berthoven, A^an.—Belgium, 502 Bertinetti, P.—Sardinia, 61 Bertini,G.—Austria,737(Main Avenue, East) Bertonnet.—France, 58 Berton, H.—France, 1084 Bertram, J.—vm. 136 Bertrams, Mrs.—Jersey and Guernsey, 41 Bertrand, A.—France, 764 Bortrand, F. & Co.—France, 59 Bertrand, Gayet, & Dumontat.— France, 1085 " Bertrand, Provauclier.—France, 970 Besant.—X. 369. Bescauza, F.—Spain, 239 Bescher, R. F.—France, GO Beseke.—Russia, 303 Besley, R. & Co.—xvii. 195 BesnardjRichoux, & Geuest.—France,61 Bessalie, H. P.—Zollverein (1), 71 Bessarabia, School of Horticulture.— Russia, 41 Bessemer, H.—V. 421 ; VI. 400 Bessetit, Maria.—xxix. 293 Besson, A. D.—Switzerland, 40 Besson, G. A.—France, 424 Best, Messrs.—Van Dieinen's Land, 345 Best, T.—X. 330 ; xxix. 37 Beswick, J,—iii. 100 Beswick, R.—xxvii. lOG Bethel, Wave, & Co.—xx. 76 Bethel), J.—IV. 21 Bettauy, see Anderson & Bettauy Betteley, J.—viii. G3 Betteley, J. & Co.—viii. 97 Bettignies, M.—France, 1086 Bettle, P.—X. 679a Bettridge, see Jennens & Bettrldge Betts, A.—X. 519 Betts, E. L.—xxvii. 22 Beugger, J.—Switzerland, 113 Bevan, C.—xxviii. 171 Bevan, H.—v. 105 Beveridge, E.—xiv. 29 Bevington & Morris.—xvi. 332 (Main Avenue West, 301); xxviii. 38 Bevington & Sons.—xvi. 1 Bewick. J.—I. 423 Bexley, Lord.—iii. 100 Bey, H.—Hamburgh, 73 Beyer, A.—Austria, 495 Beyer & Co.—Zollverein (3), 51 Beyer & Heinz.—Zollverein (1), 761 Beyerhaus, A.—Zollverein (1), 144 Beyerle, G.—France, 765 Bezault, J. & Co.— France, 425 Bezroukavnikoif-Sokoloff, A.—Russia, 248 _ Bianchi, J. & Duseigneur. — France, 1087. 1273 Bianchiiii, G.—Tuscany, 113 Bianchini, Luigi.—Rome, 11 Biancoiu, F.—Zollverein (1), 295 Biancoucini, Count.—Rome, 4 Biancoucini, Count Biagio.—Rome, 1 Biber, L.—France, 62 Bicalho, the Manufacturers of.—Portu- gal, 1294 Bicheno, J. E.—Van Diemen's Land, 294. 326. 327 Bickford, Smith, & Davey.—i. 424 Bickle, W.—V. 131 Bidden.—IX. 124 Bidden, G. A.—xxii. 438 Biddle, D.—xix. 1 Biddle, J.—XX. 207 ; xxii. 297 Biddulph, J.—I. 417 ; V. 645 Bideford Anthracite Mining Co.—I. 242 Biden, F. see Biden, J. & F. Biden, J. & F.—xxiii. 51 Bidwell, J.—Persia, 7 Bidwell, J. G.—New South Wales, U Bidwell, Rev.W.H.—United States,477 Biedermann, M. L, & Co.—Austria, 205 Biefang, C—ZoHverein (1), 661 Biegel, J.—Zollverein (1), 311 Bielefeld, C. F.—xxvi. 157 (Main Avenue West) ; xxvi. Bay I. 25 Bienaime, A.—Rome, 56 ; Spain, 293 Bienert, D. & Son.—Austria, 143 Bienert, F.—Austria, 303 Bier, see Steinhaeuer & Bier Bier, Brothers.—Zollv. (1), 673 Biertumpfel, H.—vi. 506 Bietry & Son.—France, 356 Biffen, W.—viii. 179 Bifield, Caroline.—xxvi. 534 Bigaglia, Lorenzo, see Bigaglia, P. Bigaglia, P. (late Lorenzo Bigaglia),— Austria, 600 Bigaglia, Pietro.—Austria 34 Bigford, H.—XXII. 650 Bigg, H. & Sou.—X. 676 Bigg, T.-ix. 65 Biggin & Sons.—XXII. 212 Biggs, S.—XXII. 453 Biggs & Sons.—XX. 205 Bigny, the Forges of.— France, 1222 Bigotti, L.—Tuscany, 78 Bibet, H.—Belgium, 93 Bilbe & Co.—VIII. 141 Billamore, Mrs.—xxvi. 230 Billecoq, A.—France, 26 Billeter, Z.—Switzerland, 147 Billiald, see Whitlock & Biniald Billiard, L.—Belgium, 70 Billiet & Huot.—France, 1550 Billings & Ambrose.—United States, 34 Billinton, W.—V. 468 Binson & Hames.—xx. 201 Binder, Traugott.—Austria, 207 Bingham, R. J.—x. 302 Bingley, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt), 226. Binglej'j M.—XVII. 61 Bingman & Co.—Zollverein (6), 85 Binks, B.—XII. & XV. 31 Binns & Goodwin.—xvii. 14 Binns, R. W.—xxiv. 34 Binns, W.—VI. 55. Binyon, A.—x. 610 Biolley, F.—Belgium, 195 Biondek, M.—Austria, 660 Biondetti, H.—France, 766 Birch, J.—VI. 406 Bird, see Gadd & Bird Bird, Alfred.—XXII. 267. 600 Bird& Co.—I. 411 Bird, E.—XXVII. 83 Bird, J.—I. 457a Bird, R.—XII. & XV. 223 Bird, W.—XVI. 189 Birk.—Zonverein (1), 191 Birker & Hartman.—Zollverein (2), 2 Birkin, R.—vi. 94; xix. 20 Birkmann, M.—Zollverein (2), 79 Birnbaum, J. — Austria, 95 Birnstell, J.—ZoBverein (6), 71 BirreR, D.—xiv. 27 Birt, H.—XX. 153 Bischof.—Zollverein (1), 682 Bischoff, see Bary, T. de, & Bischoff Bischoff, C.A.& Co.—ZoRverein (2)98 Bischoff, C. J.—Switzerland, 157 Bischoff", Brothers.—Switzerland, 152 Bischoff', Siber, Switzerland, 152. Bischop & Rhodius.—Zollv. (1), 312 Bishop, see Barnard & Bishop; Gill & Bishop Bishop, J.—v. 805; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 278 Bisliop, J. C—X, 553 Bishopp, Rev. J.—xxii. 591 Bisiaux, G. A.—France, 767 Biss, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court,) 307 Bisse, L. E.—Belgium, 87 Bissen, H. W.—Denmark, 38 Bisso, Brothers.—Sardinia, 69 Bisson, 1. jun.—France, 1088 Bistrom, Baron.—Russia, 46 Bistrom, Madame.—Russia, 215 Bittner, D.—Austria, 144 Bittner, F.—Austria, 699 Bituminous Shale Co.—l. 221 Biven & Co.—iii. 8 Bjork, C. L.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Bjorkman, J. L.—Sweden, 103 Black, see Bell & Black Black, B.—XXII. 464 Black, Dr.—X. 453 Black, H. & Co.—V. 806 Black, J.—VI. 138 Black, J. & Co.—XVIII. 51 Black & Wingate.—XII. & xv. 204 Blackburn, Ann Maria.—xix. 103 Blackburn, B.—xxvii. 21 Blackburn, J.—South Africa, 18 Blackburn & Thomson.—Van Diemen's Land, 343 Blackett, Walter.—xxx. (Fine Art Court,) 55 Blackball, J.—ix. 33 Blackmoie, Brothers.—xix. 325, 337 Blackmore,^Mary.—xxix. 125 Blackmore,'W.—vi. 428 Blackville.—New Brunswick, 12 Blackwell, R. see Blackwell, S. & R. Blackwell, S. H.—I. 427 Blackwell, S. & R.—xvi. 78 Blackwen, W.—x. 653, 734; xxi. 50. Blackwood & Co.—xvii. 165a Bladel, see Dieudonne & Bladel Blaeser, G.—Zollverein (1), 310 Blagg, see Cooper & Blagg Blaha & Rosenberger.—Austria, 251 Blain, see Corry, Blain, & Co. Blaikie, J.—ix. 89a Blair, D.—British Guiana, 71, 72 Blair, J.—xxii. 409 ; viii. 303 Blair, R.—viii. 136 Blais, see Louis, Blais, & Co. Blaize, H.—France, 1089 Blake & Parkin.—xxii. 193 Blake, W.—United States, 233 Blakely, E. T.—xii. & xv. 285 Blakftslee, J.—United States, 131 Blanchard, M. H.—xxvii. 92 Blanchet, see Roller & Blanchet Blanchet, Brothers.—France, 768 Blanchet, Brothers, & Kleber.—France, 1090 Blancher, J. B.—France, 27 Blancke, E.—Zollverein (I), 801 Bland, Dr.—New South Wales, 17 Bland, J. G.-ix. 205 Bland, M.—xxvi. 112 Bland, S. K.—xxiv. 80 Blank,E. &H.—Zollv.(l),656 -,{3), 70. Blank, H., see Blank, E. & H. Blank, J. D.—France, 65 Blankenburg, F.—Zollverein (1), 561 Blankenstein.—Zollverein (1) 842 Blanquart, E.—France, 1551 Blanvin.—France, 66 Blanzy, Poure, & Co.—France, 28 Blaquiere, J. M.—France, 1552 Blaschka & Co.—Austria, 294 Blaschka & Sons.—Austria, 601 Blaylock, J.—x. 92 Blech,Steinbach,& Mantz.—France, 29 Bleckmann, J. E.—ZoRverein (1), 623 Blee,R.—I. 459. 512 Bleekrode, Prof. S.—Netherlands, 1 Bleibtreu, L.—ZoBverein (1), 313 Bleibtreu, L. O.—Zollverein (1) 686 Bleriot & Lemaitre.—France, 30 Bleuze, H.—France, 1091 Blews & Sons.—xxii. 349 Bley, J.—Austria, 505 Blind Asylum (Glasgow).—xviii. 56a Blind, Society for teaching the (Regent's Park).—XVII. 198 Bliss, R. & Co—United States, 415 Bliss, W.—XII. & XV. 270 Blizard, see Coates & Blizard Blizard, J,—xxviii. 127 Blodget, S. C—United States, 551 Blofeld, J. H.—St. Helena, 4 Blofeld, T. G. & Co.—xxi. 4 Blofeld, T. J.—II. 77 Blondel, Gaston, & Co.—Sardinia, 17 Bloomer & Philipps.—xxii. 176 Bloomtield, Miss.—xix. 187 Blosch, see Neuhaus & Blosch Blott, Esther.—XXVI. 18 -Blowers, W. R.—XVI. 272 Blum, T. G.—Switzerland, 114 Blumauer, W.—Austria, 474 Blumel, C-, see Zjcisel, J., &c. Blumel, J., see Zjcisel, J., &c. Blumer & lenny.—Switzerland, 116 Blumbardt, H.—Zollverein (4), 94 Blundell,Spence,&Co.—II. 48; VI. 420 Blunt, H.—X. 372 Blyberg, Compagnie des Mines et Fon- deries de (Liege").—Belgium, 22 Biyckaert, G.—Belgium, 78 Blyth, see Lethem, Blyth, & Co.; Windle & Blyth Blyth & Jacobs.—I. 131 Blyth, Hamilton, & Blyth.—iv. 60 Blyth, R.—X. 367 Blyth, R. J.—IX. 154 Blythe, R.—xvi. 90 Bo^ A.—Sardinia, 19 Boa, Viscount de, Portugal.—327. 378. 518 Boa, W.—Canada, 39. 46 Boadella, J.—xxvi. 193 Boake, J. F.—xxii. 697 Board.—Western End, South En- closure (Outside), 2 Board, C—xxvi, 240 Boas, Brothers & Co.—France, 68 Bobee & Lemire.—France, 1092 Babonne, D. J. d'Azevedo.—Portugal, 641. 646 Bobrinsky, Count A.—Russia, 56 Boch, see Villeroy & Boch B«)ch, J. F.—Zollverein (7), 5 Boche, M.— France, 769 Bock, H.—Switzerland, 31 Bocken, C.—Netherlands, 11 Bocken, Hubert, & Co.—Belgium, 73 Bockmuehl, P. E.—Zollverein (1), 586 Bockmiihl, Schieper, & Hecker.—Zoll- verein (1), 606 Bode, H.—xxviii. 103 Bodemer & Co.—Zollverein (1) 820 Bodemer, G.—Zollverein (3), 40 Bodemer, J. jun.—Zollverein (1), 726 Bodin, J.— France, 426 Bodley.—vii. 43 Boe, D. De.—Belgium, 98 Boecker, H., see Boecker, R. & H. Boecker, R. & H.—Zollverein (1), 633 Boeddinghaus & Co.—Zoll. (1), 572 Boehler, F. L. & Son.—Zoll. (3), 56 Boehm.—X. 536 ; see also Ihm, Boehm, & Pfaltz Boehm, T.—Zollverein (2), 23 Boehme, see Conta & Boehme Boehme, C. L.—Zollverein (1), 362 Boein^T, Roehr, & Lefsky.—Zoll. (1), 453 Boekel, A.—Hamburgh, 116 Boelger, M.—Switzerland, 158 Boelstler, J.—Switzerland, 60 Boelstler T.—Zollverein (4) 110 Boelsterli, C, Sc Co.—Zollverein (4), 55 Boeringer & Co.—France, 770 Boesch & Sons,—Switzerland, 115 Boesche, C. J.—Zollverein (1), 785 Boettiger, H. G.—Zollverein (3), 108 Bogaert, J. B. Van.—Belgium, 107 Bogel, see Nering, Bogel, 8c Co. Bogoslovsky Imperial Copper Works.— Russia, 1 Bogue, A.—New South Wales, 2 Bohm, Aug.—Hamburgh, 97 Bohman, E. J.—Sweden, 57 Boileau, E.—xvii. 78 Boileau, Lieut.-Col., A. H. E.—China Boileau, R.—France, 31 Bois, A. Du & Co.—Belgium, 360 Boisotau, see Gigot & Boisotau Boissimon, C. de.—France, 427 Boland, A.—France, 428 Boland, see Goode & Boland Boland, P.—XXIX. 104 Bolenius & Nolte.—Zollverein (1), 562 Bolla, see Gatti & Bolla BoUee, E.—France, 1093 Bolln & Ian.—Russia, 322 Bolinder, J. & C.—Sweden, 56 Bolingbroke,C. & F.—xii. & xv. 311 Bolitho, E.—I. 440 Bolm, C—Zollverein (1), 769 Bolten, Wilhelm, & Son.—Zollverein (1), 490 Bolton, Capt.—St. Helena, 2 Bolton, T.—X. 94 ; xxii, 353 Bolzani, A. M.—Zollverein (1) 38 Bompiani, Roberto.—Rome, 23 Bonaiuti, C. & Sons.—Tuscany, 81. 85 Bonardel, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 53 Bonasse, Lebel, & Co.—France, 774 Bonavia, C—Malta, 2 Boncourt, see Durand, Boncourt, &c. Bond, C.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 28 Bond, S.—United States, 37 Bond, W. & Son,—United States, 463 Bondelin, A.—Russia, 238 Bondon, L.—France, 63 Bone, H. P.— xxx. (Fine Art Court), 238 Bone & Son.—xvii. 62 Bonet, see Vacossin, Bonet, &c. Bonfils, Michel, Souvraz, & Co.—France, 1094 Bongaerts, F. A.—Belgium, 229 Bonge, A. L.—Zollverein (1), 222 Bongiovanni, B.—Austria, 741 Boniface & Sons.—France, 32 Bonito,Sir T.—New Granada, 5 Bonitto, J.—I. 4 Bonjean & Co.—France, 1082 Bonjean, J,—Sardinia. 12 Bonn Mines & Lon Works.—Alg-eria, 46 ^ Bonnal, V. & Co.—France, 429 Bonnar & Carfrae.—xxvi. 108. xxx. (Fine Art Court), 344 Bonnassieux.—France, 64 Bonnet, jun.—France, 1096 Bonnet, C—Portugal, 1. 22. 58. 89. 107. 119. 258. 381. 1223 Bonnet & Co—France, 1097 Bonnet, J. B.—France, 1095 Bonneton.—France, 771 Bonneville, M. De.—United States, 210 Bonney.—Van Diemen's Land, 281. 289 Bonney, W. W.—viii. 49 Bonson, see Bedford, Bonson, & Co. Bonte, see Berthelot & Bonte Bonte, L.—France, 33 Bontemps, see Godard & Bontemps. Bontems.—France, 430 Bontems, C—Switzerland, 184 Bonvenschen, H. & Co.—Zoll. (1), 536 Bonyun, G. R.—British Guiana, 50 j Bonz & Son.—Zollverein (4), 2 Bonzanigo.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 82 Bonze & Brothers.—France, 772 Boobbyer, J. H.—xxii. 680 Booker, E. & Sons.—v. 809 Boole, L. H.—United States, 312 Boone, J. A.—Belgium, 488 Boote, R., see Boote, T. & R. Boote, T. & R.—XXV. 11 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 139 Booth, see Brown, Rusby, & Booth Booth & Co.—VI. 2 Booth, G. R.—VII. 134 Booth, J. P.—XVI. 112 Booth & Pike.—XIII. 63 Boquet, Marie Virginie.—France, 1098 Bord, A.—France, 1099 Borde, J.—Algeria, 9 Borden, G.—United States, 524 Boreham, S.—xxill. 92 Borel, H. J.—Switzerland, 19 Bore], Boyer, & Co.—Switzerland, 37 Boier & Porzelius.—Zollverein, (2), 8 Eorges, Sottere Antonio. — Portugal, 973-977 Borgnis, Miss M. A.—United States, 487 Borie, Brothers.—France, 417 Bormann, F. A.—Zollverein (1), 112 Borras, see Sugden, Borras, & Co. Borrini, L.—Austria, 734 Borsary.—France, 1100 Bortier, P.—Belgium, 95 Borzone, ,T.—Sardinia, 45 Bosch, C. G.—Netherlands, 82 Bosch, P. Van den.—viii. 136 Boschetti, Benedetto.—Rome, 17 Bosio, A.—Sardinia, 85 Bosquet, see Mourgue & Bosquet. Boss, I. A.—xxix. 146 Boss, T.—VIII. 219 Bossard, J.—xvi. 294 Bossi, J.—Austria, 239, 386 Bossi, J. B.—France, 773 Bossingham, B.—x. 723 Bossut, see Gilson & Bossut. Bossut, see Motte, Bossut, & Co. Bosteels Geerinck, J.—Belgium, 238 Bostelmann, A.—Hamburgh, 99 Boston, Mr. Sheriff.—Canada, 25 Botanic Garden.—South Africa, 10 Bothcher & Engel.—Zollverein (1), 865 Bott & Allen.—xxii. 422 Botten, C—V. 429. xxii. 426 Bottler, L. N,—France, 1101 Bottinelli, G.—Austria, 726 Bottinelli & Gandolfi,—Austria, 727 Bottom, see Hudson & Bottom. Bottom, J.—XIX. 106 Bottomley, G.—x. 657. Bottomley, J.—xii. & xv. 181 Bottomley & Sons.—xii. & xv. 165 Bou Taleb (tribe of the).—Algeria, 54 Bouasse, L. & Co.—France, 774. 1102 Bou bier, Compagnie du Charbonnage de.—Belgium, 29 Bouch, T.—VII. 73 Bouchard, F.—France, 1103 Bouchard-Huzard, W.—France, 775] Boucher, E. & Co.—France, 776 Boucher, T.—Belgium, 399 Boucherie, J. A.— France, 1104 Boucherot, see Oudard, L. & Bouchard Bouchet, A.—XXIX. 124 Bouchet, C.—XVI. 246 Bouchez-Pothier.—France, 34 Bouchon, L. A.—France, 431 Boudelin, A.—Russia, 238 Boudet.—France, 508 Boudoin and Lebre.—Canada, 1,3 Boudon, L.—France, 1105 Boudoii de St. Amans.—France, 432 Boudouiis, B.—Greece, 21 Bouffet, juii.—France, 442 Bouhardet, C. P.—France, 1106 Bouillette, Hyvelin, & Co.—France, 1107 Boulanger, Pierre Honore.—Algeria, 10 Boulanger, T. C—vii. 198 Boulogne, P.— Austria, 334 Boulonnois.—France, 433 Boulter, B.—xxii. 677 Boulton & Son.—XXII. 330 Boulton & Swales.—Page 852 Bouquillard.—France, 777 Bouquoi, Count.—Austria, 414 Bourdaloue.—France, 67 Bourdin, C—France, 1730 Bourdon, E.—France, 1108 Bourgard, C—United States, 3U9 Bourgeaurd, P.—x. 566 Bourgeois, see Leon-Clement & Bourgeois Bourgery, Mrs.—France, 778 Bourgogne, A.—France, 15o3 Bourgogne, J.—France, 434 Bourgoin, B.—Sardinia, 75 Bourne, see Pinder, Bourne, & Hope Bourne, E.—x. 636 Bourne, J.—xxv. 35 Bourne, W.—New Zealand, 35 Bourra, L. A.—VI. 610 Boiisfield, see Finlayson, Bousfield, & Co. Hudson and Bousfield Bousson, Mrs. Vleigheer de.—Belgium, 328 Boutcbier, Mortimer, and Co.—xvi. 293 Boutillier, Dr.—Canada, 26 Bouvard & Lancon.—France, 1110. Bouvy, A.—Belgium, 266 Bouxwiller Mines Joint-Stock Company. —France, 376. Bovenschen & Co.—Zollverein (1), 536 Bovet & Co.—Switzerland, 35 Bovet, F.—Switzerland, 13 Bovey, J.—xxvii. 3, 4 Bovy, Brotliers.—Switzerland, 276 Bowden, G.—xvii. 63 Bowen, A, F.—viii. 325 ' Bowen, J.—xxvii. 94 Bower, J.—ii. 42. Bower, M. xvi. 329 Bowers, Challinor, & Wooliscroft.— XXVII. 104 Bowers, G. F.—xxv. 13 Bowler, J.—v. 756 ; xvi. 236 Bowley, see Taylor & Howley Bowling Iroi; Company.—xxil. 83 Bowman & Son.—xii. & xv. 231 Bowman, William.—Cliina, 24 Bowmar, C, B,—xvi. 87 Bowring, Edgar A.—China, 20 Boyce, Dr.—xvii. 123 Boyd, C, see Hunt, J. Boyd, F. J.—Canada, 160 Boyd, I.—XIII. 13 Boyd, J.—Van Diemen's Land, 233 Boyd, J. E.—IX. 199 Boydell, J.—v. 660; vn. 56 Boye, C. T.—Hamburgh, 113 Boyer.—France, 70, 1554; see also Borel, Boyer, & Co. Boyer & Lacour Brothers.—France, 35 Boyer & Co.—France, 71 Boyer, P. J.—France, 69 Boyle.—X. 392, see Turbeville, Smith, &Co.; Williams, Coopers, & Co. Boyle, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 141 Braby & Son.—ix. 24 Brace, H.—xvi. 58 Bracht, F. W.—Austria, 240 Bradbee, G. W\—xix. 72 Brad beer, S., see Ollord & Bradbeer Bradbury & Evans, xvii. 136 Bradbury, Greatorex, & Beall.—XI. 56 ; XVIII. 64a Bradbury & Son.—xxill. 36 Bradford, R. & W.—xxi. 3 Bradford, S.—xxi. 26 Bradford, W. see Bradford, R. & W. Bradley, see Henn & Bradley Bradley, B. & Co.—United States, 473 Bradley, J.—xxvil. 35 Bradley, R. & Co.—vi. 310 Bradnack, I. R.—xxii. 575 Bradshaw, G.—XX. 39 Bradwell & Adams, xviii. 40 Brady, M. B.—United States, 137 Brady, W. N.—United States, 380 Brady, D'Avignon, & Lester.—United States, 142 Braendlin, Brothers.—Switzerland, 119 Braham, J.—x. 289 Brahmfeld & Gutrup.—Hamburgh, 54 Braidley, Mrs.—i. 23a Brain, see Saxby & Brain Braine, C. T.—China, 19 Brainard, C. H.—United States, 599 Brainerd, O. M.—Canada, 83 Brainerd, O. N.—Canada, 82 Braithwaite, S.—x. 283 Brake, R.—x. 354 Bramah & Co.—xxii. 622. 653 Bramall, see Fisher & Bramall Brameld, J. W.—xxv. 43 Bramhall, T.—vii. 129 Bramlage, A.—Oldenburgh, 2 Bramley.—xviii. 84 Bramley Woollen Cloth Company.— XII. & XV.64. Bramwell, T. & Co.—ii. 27 Brand, see M'Nair & Brand Brand, P. W.—Zollverein (1), 620 Brandeis, I. jun. —Zollverein, (2), 3 Brandeis, R. W.—Austria, 133 Branden, J. A. Van den.—Belgium, 511 Brandon, see Wyatt & Brandon Brandon, N. D.—Netherlands, 70 Brandstetter, F.—Zollverein (3), 55 Brandt, see Isidore & Brandt Brandt, F. E.—Switzerland, 10 Brandus & Co.—France, 1111 Brannam, T.—xxvil. 131 Branscombe, S.—xvi. 298 Branston, see Vizetelly & Branston Braquenie & Co.—France, 435 Brasseur & Co.—Zollverein (1), 314 Brasseur, E.—Belgium, 42 Braun,—Zollverein (2), 39 Braumiiller, W.-—Austria, 368 Braun, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 491 Braun, C—France, 72 Braun & Co.—xxvi. 172 Braun, G. J.—Austria, 21 Braun, H.—xxiv. 46 Braun, L.—xx. 64A Braund, J,—xx. 66 Braunscliweig, T.— Zollverein (1), 621 Braux-d'Anglure, De.—France, 779 Bravo, M.—Sardinia, 24 Braxton, C—United States, 269 Bray, C—xxil. 500 Bray, C. & Co.—xiii. 67 Bray, J.—x. 531 Braysham, G.—xil. & xv. 463 Brayshaw, J.—xix. 382 Brazier, J. & R.—viii. 206 Brazier, R. see Brazier, J. & R. Breaute, E.—France, 36 Breadalbane, Marquis of.—I. 7. 211. 442; IV. 95a. 134 Brearey, W. A.—ii. 80 Brecht, A.—Zollverein (1), 699 Breda, D. J. Van.—South Africa, 32 Bredif, Brothers.—France, 73 Bredt, see Gieeff, Bredt, & Co.; Krem- melbein & Bredt Bredt & Co.—Zollverein (1), 315 Breed, N. A. & Co.—United States, 411 Breitenstein, J. & Co.—Switzerland, 117 Breithaupt, F. W. & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 670 Breitkopp & Haertell.—ZoUv. (3), 25 Bremner, J.—viii. 83. 136 ; xiv. 74a; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 258 Bremner, J. D. & A.—vii. 95 Bremner & Till.—ill. 41 Brendon, W. S.—xxvii. 3 Brenta, D.—Belgium, 435 Brentauo, Pellouz, & Co.—Zollverein C2),36 Brehlmaier, J.—Austria, 506 Breteau, C. A.—France, 1112 Bretes, M. F.—Portugal, 620. 622. 1122a. 1125a Bretnall, T. D.—xvii. 64 Breton.— France, 1555 Breton, Brotliers, & Co.—France, 436. 1113 Brett, A.—x. 422 Brett, Brothers, & Co.—xii. & xv. 20 Brett, G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 52 Brett, J. & J. W.—X. 429 Brett, J. W. see Brett J. & J. AV. Brett & Little.—X. 696 Brett, S. G.—United States, 211 Brett, T. W. B.—x. 429 Brettell, T.—xvii. 169 Brettes, M. F.—Portugal, 393 Breuning, F.—Zollverein (4), 8 Breuninger & Son.—Zollverein (4), 3 Brevis, Brothers, Messrs.—Austria, 80 Brewer, see Savle, Merriam, & Brewer Brewer, C. & W.—vi. 144 Brewer, Jane.—vl. 132 Brewer, W. see Brewer, C. & W. Brewin 6c Whetstone.—xii. & xv. 242 Breyer, see Seyflfert and Brever Breyer, G. W.—Lubeck, 10 Briard, J. H.—Belgium, 277 Bricard & Gauthier.—France, 437 Brichaut.—Belgium, 498 Bridard, J.—France, 1115 Brider, G.—viii. 262 Brider, J.—viii. 261 Bridges.—xviii. 79 Bridges, C—South Africa, 21 Bridges, C. H.—xvi. 219 Bridges, G.—x. 339 Bridges, W.—xix. 108 Bridgett, T. & Co.—XIII. 49 Bridport Local Committee-—XIV. 73 Brie, J. & Co.—XX. 24 Brie & Jeofrin.—France, 780 Briears, J.—New South Wale«, 2a Briel, W. & Co.—Zollverein (6), 4 Brien, see Gregson and Brien Brien, C.—xxix. 90 Brien, J.—Canada, 44 Briere, A.—France, 438 Briers, J. sen,—Belgium, 99 Briet, J. C—France, 439 Brigg.—V. 636 Briggs, G. & Co.—V. 811 Briggs, S.—XXII. 145 Briggs, T.—IX. 103 Bright, see Gibbs, Bright, & Co. Bright & Co.—XIX. 401 Bright, J. & Co.—XIX. 115 Bright, E.—XXII. 458 Bright, S.—XXVII. 80 Brillies.—XXII. 655 Brimley & Sons.—xii. & XV. 490 Brinck, J. W.—Zollvereiri (1), 607 Brindley, J.—xxix. 210 Briudley, T.—xvi. 21 Brine, Brothers, & T. Sharp.—Page 847 Brinks, see Altenloh, Brinks, & Co. Brinsley, see Critchley, Brinsley, & Co. Brinsmead, J.—x. 474 Briuton & Sons.—XIX. 110. 296 Briqueler & Co.—Algeria, 11 Briquet & Perrier.—France, 1116 Brisband, H.—xxii. 3G4 Briscall, J.—x. 95 a Brison, P., & Son.—France, 781 Brison, E.—xxix. 257 Brisset, E.—France, 440 Brisson, Brothers.—France, 1117 Bristol School of Industry for the Blind. —xxviii. 30 British Electric Telegraph Co.~x. 432 British & Foreign Bible Soc—xvii. 201 British Plate Glass Co.—xxvi. 408 (Main Avenue, West) Brittan, W.—xxvi. 220 Britten, J.—xxii. 696 Brixhe, M. E.—Belgium, 21 Broadbent, J.—x. 122 Broadhead & Atkins.—xxiii. 43 Broadwood & Sons.—x. 518 (Main Avenue, West) Brocchi, C. F.—Tuscany, 27 Brocchiere, P.—in. 16 Brocchieri, P.—France, 74 Brock.—Van Diemen's Land, 54, 55 Brockbank & Atkins, x. 40 Brockedon, W.—I. 65 Brockhaus, F. A.—Zollv. (3), 13. \7S Brocking, W,—Hamburgh, 11 Brocklehurst & Sons, xiii. 38 Brocklesby & Wessels.—ZuUverein (1), 830 ■Brockmann, F.—Zollverein (1), 539 Brocot, A.—France, 441 Brodie, see Muirs, Connell, & Brodie Brodie, P. B.—i. 54 Brodie, W.—ix. 98; xviii. 56a ; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 159 Brodier, C—Belgium, 386 Broemel, A.—Zollverein (1), 705 Broenner, F. I.—Zollverein (5), 1 Broesel, E.—Zollverein (1), 727 Brogden, see Watherstone & Brogden Brohier, H.—Jersey and Guernsey, 13 Broitzsch, M.—Austria, 297 Broling, J.—Sweden, 115 Bromley, G.—viii. 136 ; see also For- rest & Bromley Broiiski, Major Connt de Brono.— France, 782 ; see also Andre, J. &c. Brook, J. & Brothers.—xi. 24 Brook, J. and Son.—xii. & xv. 487 Brooke, C—x. 144 Brooke, Gov. Sir Jas.—Labuan, &c. 1 Brooke & Sons—xii. & xv. 86 Brooker, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 109 Brooker, J.—viii. 181 Brookes, H.—viii. 143 Brookes, J.—x. 25 ; xxii. 171 Brookes & Son.—viii. 246 Brookes, Wm. & Sons.—xxii. 110a Brooklyn Flint Glass Comp.—United States, 113 Brookman & Langdon.—i. 64 Brooks, E.—XIX. 113 Brooks, G. jun.—x. 705 Brooks, H. & T.—x. 479 Brooks, T.—xiii. 26 ; see also Brooks, H. &T. Brooks, W. T.—United States, 222 Brooksbank, A.—xxii. 163 Brophy, P.—New Brunswick, 19 Brosche, F. X.—Austria, 20 Brose, W.—Austria, 580 Brosely, M.—i. 275 Brossard, see Barrallon & Brossard Brosse & Co.—France, 1118 Brossier, see Drouin & Brossier Brotchie, R.—xvi. 200 Brotherhood, R.—v. 502 Brotherton & Co.—iv. 23 Brotzmann, A.—Austria, 310 Brough, J. & J. & Co.—xiil. 44 Brough, J. see Brough, J. & J. & Co. Brough ton, 11. H.—v. 447 Brovellio, J. B. & Co.—Belgium, 72 Browett, H., see Browett, W. & H. Browett, W. & H.—xiii. 80 Brown—XXII. 370; United States, 283; see also Inglis & Brown; Lambert, Brown, & Patrick ; Parker & Brown; Perkins& Brown ; Royston & Brown ; Schofield, Brown, &c.; Silk &,Brown; Tootall & Brown Brown, A.—xvi. 300 ; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 1 Brown, Alfred.—xxiii. 97. 105 Brown & Archbold.—IX. 250 Brown & Co.—II. 7c; Van Diemen's Land, 45-46. 283-285 Brown, D. S.—ix. 91 ; x. 676a Brown, F.—ii. 57 Brown, Fielding.—Van Diemen's Land, 199 Brown & Forster.—xii. & xv. 9 Brown, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 264 Brown, G. S.—United States, 110 Brown, H.—xix. 64 ; xxvm. 49 ; see also Brown, J. & H. & Co. Brown, J.—VII. 202; viii. 169a; x. 713; xxii. 235; xxvi. 140; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 34 Brown, J, & H. & Co.—xii. & XV. 469 Brown, John.—Van Diemen's Land, 14, 15, 16 Brown, J. M. & T.—xxvi. 15 Brown, J. P.—Western Africa, 3 Brown, J. E. & W.—xiv. 2 Brown, L.—United States, 134 Brown, Lenox, & Co,—Western end. North Enclosure (Outside), 58 ; viii. 61 Brown, M. L., see Brown, T. & M. L. Brown, M'Laren, & Co.^—xix. 114 Brown, Marshall, & Co.—v. 812 Brown, Owen, & Co.—v. 813 Brown, P. A.—United States, 4 Brown & Poison.—m. 123 Brown, R.—xxvii. 52, 117 Brown & Redpath.—xxii. 477 Brown, Rusby, & Booth.—Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 29 ; Western end, North Enclosure (Out- side) Brown S.—x. 335 ; United States, 216 Brown, Capt. Sir S.—vii. 334; see also Brown, Lenox, & Co. Brown, S. R. & T.—xix. 58 Brown & Son.—x. 627 ; xiv. 97 ; xvi. 65; xxix. 237 Brown & Sons.—xiv. 17 ; xxii. 182 Brown, T.—Van Diemen's Land, 345 ; see also Brown, J. M. & T. ; Brown, S. R. & T. Brown, T. & M. L.—xxv, 45 Brown, W.—xn. & XV, 129} New Zealand, 16, 18; see also Brown, J. E. & W. Brown & Wells.—United States, 259 Browne, see Coode, Browne, & Co.; Wright, Tootal, & Browne Browne, C. A.—United States, 419 Browne, F.—xvi. 245 Browne, J. H.—viii. 136 Browne, H.—Belgium, 490. Browne & Lambert.—United States, 334 Browne, P. A.—United States, lOiiA Browne, W.—I. 109; v. 814 Browne, W. C.—viii. 158 Browne, Sharpe, & Co.—xix. 57 Browne, T. B.—vi. 56 Browning, S. J.—viii. 103 Brovt^ning, W.—United States, 557 Brownrigg.—Van Diemen's Land, 107, 108 Brucciani, D.—Page 847; I. 486 Bruce, G.—iv. 74 Brnck.—Zollverein (1), 747 Bruck, H. von & Sons.—Zoll. (1), 535 Bruckisch, W.—Zollverein (1), 66 Bruckmann & Sons.—Zollverein (4),65 Bruder's Widow, Rudolph.—Austria, 295 Bruderer, J.—Switzerland, 118 Bruenneck, Von O. — Zoll. (1), 45, 46 Bruenger, A.—Zollverein (1), 559 Bruening, C. D.—Hamburgh, 63 Biuff, P.—VII. 49 Bruegmann & Co. — Zollverein (1), 363 Bruggisser & Co.—Switzerland, 227 Bruhm & Naegler.—Zollverein (1), 816 Brumrae, A, F. W. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 687 Brun, A.—France, 37 Brun, Brothers.—Sardinia, 21 Bruneau, L. A.—France, 1119 Bruneaux & Son.—France, 38 Brunei, L K.—vii. 9 (Main Avenue, West) Brunet, Lecomte, Guichard, & Co.— France, 1120 Brunier.—France, 76 Brunier, Lenormand, & Co.—France, 75 Bruniquel Iron Works«—France, 1710 Briinn Trade Union,—Austria, 213 Brunner, see Imhoof, Brunner, & Co. Brunner, A.—Austria, 574 Brunner, H.—Switzerland, 153 Bruno, H.—Belgium, 411 Brunsden & Shipton.—Canada, 128 Brunswick, Ducal Foundry Inspection. —Zollverein (1), 7S0 Brunswick Iron Works (Wednesbury). —V. 543 Brunswick, M.—xxvi. 180 Brunswig, G. H,—Lubeck, 7 Brunton, J.—x. 596 Brunton & Nesbit.—xii. & XV. 462 Brunton, W.—i. 404. 519 Brunton, W., jun.—vi. 304 Brunton, W. J. & Co.—xii. & xv. 230 Brupbacher & Bleuler.— Switzerland, 153 Brusghin, A.—Russia, 29 Brussels, Atelier de ^Notre Dame.— Belgium, 304 Bruthwaite, H.—Baibadoes, 2 Bruthwaite, Mrs. H.—Barbadoes, 2 Brutton, C—X. 96 Bruzghim, A.—Russia, 216 Bryan, Rev. J.—x. 40S Bryant, W.—United States, 171. 184 Bryceson, H.—x. 735 Bryden & Sons.—xxn. 45 Brymbo Coal Company (VVrexliam).— Western end, South Enclosure (Out- side), 47; I. 274 Bryson & Sons.—x. 154, 665 Bubenitseek, J.—Austria, 120. 507 Buccleugh, Duke of.—i, 509 Bucerill, A.^—Spain, 71 Buch.—Russia, 289 Buchanan, A.—Brit. Guiana, 86, 86a, 90, 90a, 95-96A Buchanan, J.^—xxix. 175 Buchanan & Law.—South Africa, 53 Buchanan, R.—United States, 12 Buchberger, F.—Austria, 690 Buchberger, J,—Austria, 479 Buchholz, see Pauli & Buchholz Buchler, E.—ZoUverein (3), 93 Buchner, A.—Zollverein (1), 735 Bnchwald, R.—Zollverein (3), 133 Buck, J.—XXI. 18 Buck & Son.—III. 162 Bucker, II.—Zollverein (3), 176 Buckingham, J.—Western end. South Enclosure (Outside), 35 ; I. 254 ; X. 673a Buckingham, T. L.—United States, 63 Buckland & Topliss.—iii. 48 Buckle, S.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 301 (Main Avenue, West) Buckley, G.—xxvii. 44 Buckley, Trustees of the late.—ii. 4 Buckmaster, W. & Co.—xx. 1 Budd, J. T.—III. 37 Budden, E.—xvii. 97 Budge, J.—XXVI. 219 Budin, R. A.—France, 77 Budin, Signez.—France, 78 Budinsky, A.—Austria, 393 Budy, J. P. A.—France, 783 Buechner, W.—Zollverein (6), 1 Buecklers, see Koenigs & Buecklers Buehler & Sons.—Switzerland, 120 Buel, see Haskell, Merrit, and Buel Buenau, R.—Zollverein (3), 35 Buerger, J.—Austria, 700 Buettner, G.—Zollverein (3), 187a Buettner, P.—Zollverein (6), 53 Bufe, T. C. & Son.—Hamburgh, 9 Buflfault and Truchon.—France, 1122 Buffet, jun.—France, 442 Bugre, A.—France, 1123 Buholzer, see Hurter & Buholzer Biihrer, F,—Zollverein (4), 59 Buignier, G. S. F.—France, 1124 Buisson, sen. & Co.—France, 1125 Buisson, E. Robert & Co.—France, 784 Bujatti, F.—Austria, 252 Bukhareff.—Russia, 104 Bull, J.—VIII. 239 Bull & Wilson.—XII. & XV. 12 BuUer, T. W.—i. 128 Bullock, E. & Co.—II. 37 Bullock, G.—St. Vincent Bullock, J. —see Bullock, S. W. & J. Bullock, J. G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 199 Bullock, .1. L.—II. 34 Bullock, S. VV. & J.—United States, 145 Bullough, J.—VI.21 Bulman, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 228a Bunen, Miss Van.—Belgium, 74 Bunn, Lockington & Co.—xxviii. 77 Bunnett, J. & Co.—v. 48; vii. 152 Bunney, C—x. 606 Buouinsegni, Brothers.—Tuscany, 112 Bixquoy, Count.—Austria, 584 Burat, Brothers.—France, 79 Burbach, Brothers.—Zoll. (1), 799 Burbank, see Fogg & Biirbank Burch, C. & Son.—XXIX. 69, 309 Biirch, J.—XIX. 115. 401 Burch, S. D.—United States, 513a Burch, W.—IV. 77 Burcham, C.—IX. 259b Burchardt & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 164 Burchett, J. R.—New South Wales, 3 Burckhard, T.C. & Sons.—Switzerland, 152 Burckhardt Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 810 Burckhardt, D.—Switzerland, 152 Burd & Sons.—xviii. 26 Burdett, J.—X. 425 Bureau & Marcotte.—Canada, 192 Burg, Chevalier A. De.—Austria, 130 Biirgeosee, Tschorn.—Zollverein (1), 130 Burger, M. L.—Zollverein (1), 148 Burgess, see Walker & Burgess Burgess, A. & Co.—xii. & xv. 243 Burgess, C—xii. & xv. 289 Burgess, D.—v. 471 Burgess, E.—xxiii. 2 Burgess, F.—VIII. 123 Burgess, G.—xvi. 155 Burgess, J.—xxvm. 119 Burgess & Key.—IX. 237 Burgess, Mrs.—Van Diemen's Land, 109, 110 Burgess, R.—xvi, 244 Burgh, 11.—XIX. 75 Burgi, J. J.—Switzerland, 153 Burgos, Inspector of Mines of the Dis- trict of.—Spain, 35 Burgun, Walter, Berger & Co.—France, 39 Burke.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 42 Burke, J. H.—xxvi. 361 Burke, T. H.—xiii. 57; xvii. 152 Burke, W. H.—iv. 115 Burkhard and Naegeli.—Switzerland, 153 Burkhardt, J.—Switzerland, 270 Burkhart, H. T.—Zollverein (3), 109 Burkhoven, Van—Belgium, 502. Burn, R.—III. 68 Burnard, N.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 302 Burnay—Portugal, 493. 496 Burnett, N.—i. 106 Burnett, Sir W.—iv. 7 Burney & Bellamy.—xxil. 633 Burnley & Sons.—xii. & xv. 490 Burns & Palmer.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.) 21 Buron.—France, 443 Burr, G. see Burr, T. W. & G. Burr, T. W. & G.-i. 495 Burrell, C—ix. 37 Burroughes & Watts,—xxvi. 4 Burroughs, J.—Zollverein (3), 92 Burrows, see Heath & Burrows Burrows, Mary L.—xxx. 11 Burrows, S.—XXII. 222 Burrows, T,—xxii. 576 Bursill, see Cooper & Bursill Bursill, E. & Clara.—XXIX. 216 Bursill, G. H.—V. 753; x. 673a, XXVI. 7 Bursill, G. H. & H.—xxx. (Fine Ait Court), 60 Bursill, H, see Bursill, G, H. & H. Burt, H.—XXVI, 390 Burt, H. P.—VI. 468 Burt, S. J.—II. 85 Burt, W. A.—United States, 187 Burton & Eames.—vi. 96 Bui ton, H.—XXIX. 117 Burton, J. De.—British Guiana, 79 Burton, M.—xix. 117 Biu-ton, Matilda Sarah.—xix. 118 Burton, Miss.—xxvi. 77 Burton, W. S.—XXII. 247 Bury, see Lambert & Bury Bury, R. xxx. (Fine Art Court).—23 Bury St, Edmunds—vi. 140 Bury, Talbot—XXX. 349 Bury, T. T.—xxiv. 64 Busbacher & Zufriedenheit.—Zollverein (I), 315 Busby, W.—IX. 15 Busch, E.—Zollverein (1), 89 Busch, P. A.—Zollverein (5), 2 Buschmann, J, W.—Zollverein (1), 386 Buse, N.—XVI. 4 Bush, C. J.—South Africa, 60 Bushell, G.—xxvm. 182 Buss, H.—XXIII. 79 Buss, W. H.—Hamburgh, 111 Butcher, Misses.—xix. 256 Butcher, S. see Butcher, W. & S. Butcher, W. & S.—xxii. 192 Buthod, see Husson & Buthod Butler, see Beecroft, Butler, & Co French & Butler; Lambert & Butler Butler, J. see Nash, E. Butler, J. L.—I. 2 47 Butlin, W.—IX. 115 Butschek & Graff,—Austria, 281 Butterley Iron Co,—i, 400; v. 34 Butterley, R.—xxii. 240 Butters, see Nelson & Butters Butters, L.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 290 Butterworth,—United States, 333 Butterworth & Co.—xvi. 240 Buttigieg, M.—Malta,31 Button, C—II. 3 Button, T.—Van Diemen's Land, 21 to 23. 135. 172 Buxtorf & Bischoff.—Switzerland, 152 Buyteweg, N.—Netherlands, 22 Byam, Eliza.—xvi. 23 ; xvii. 144 Byers, J.—I. 494 Byers and Son.—xii. & xv. 232 Byne, R. H.—vii. 36 Byrn, O.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 257 j By water, W. M.—v. 427 ; xvi. 94 Cabanes & Rambie.—France, 1126 Cabanic Patent Co.—xxvii. 142 Cabanillas, Widow.—Algeria, 12 Cabasson, G. A.—France. 785 Cabello, D. E.—Spain, 139 Cabirol, J. M.—France, 786 Cable, G.—V. 808 Caborn, J.—IX. 200 Cabrit & Roux.—France, 81 Cabu-Fevrier, F.—Belgium, 263 Cacciatori, B.—Austria, 706 Cacki-Shvilly.—Russia, 183 Cacoulidis, J.—Greece, 11 Cadby, C—X. 471 Cadell, H.—I. 217; v. 766 Cadman.—xvill. 74 Caesar, J.—Portugal, 373 Caetano, T.—Portugal, 1224. 1228- 1231 Caffort, J.—France, 444 Caffry, J.—xvii. 167. Cahan, E.—xx. 74 Cahen, T. J.—Hamburgh, 34 Cahill, M.—I. 222 ; in. 90a ; iv. 91a Cahlman, Consul S.—Zoll. (1), 699 Cahn, D.—xvii. 65 Cahn, S. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 593 Caid Ben Zekie Des Seignas (the wife of).—Algeria, 61 Cail & Co.—France, 1557 Cail, Derosne, see Vlissengen, Yan, & Co. Caillaux, Madame A.—France, 80 Caillet, Franqueville.—France, 82 Cailliez, A. L. J.—Algeria, 13 Caillo, jun., & Prin.—France, 100 Caillon, Maillan, & J'ormigli.—Tus- cany, 19 Cain, J.—France, 1129; United States, 247 Cairns, J.—xvill. 49a Cairns, J,, jun.—i. 63 Caistor, A. B.—xvi. 77 Calamia, Prof.—Tuscany, 69a Calcutta Lapidaries.— India, I. Caldecott, Messrs.—xxvi. 206 Caldecourt, W. H.—xxix. 199 Calder Bottle Co., see Aire & Calder Bottle Co. Calder, J,—xxvi. 55 Calderon, see Flores, Calderon, & Co. Calderon, J. M.—Spain, 152 Calderon, J. M.—Spain, 220 Cdldicott, R. & R.—XIII. 68 Caldwell, G.—xxx. (Fine ArtCrt.), 33 Caley, F. G., see Caley, J. W. & F. G. Caley, J. W. & F. G.—xix. 119 Calf, J.—South Africa, 55 (^allieiros, J. L.—Portugal, 460 Caligny, De.—France, 101 Callaghan, Attorney - General, — New South Wales, 4 Callaghan, W.—x. 268 Callam, T.—xxii. 479 Callaud-Belisle, Nouel,Detinan & Co.— France, 788 Callcott, J.—X. 547 Calle, La, Fisheries of.—Algeria, 41 Callegari, A.—Austria, 150 Callejas, see Villardel & Callejas Callojo, J.—Spain, 257 Calli & Cotti.—XXVI. Bay M. 24. Calloud, F.—Sardinia, U Callow & Son.—XVI. 308; xxix. 83 Calotas, P.—Greece, 55 Calvert, F. A.—vi. 27 Calvert, G.—xxvi. 82 Calvert, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 228 Calvert, Rev. W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 97 Calvi, J.—Sardinia, 22 Cambridge, W.—ix. 238 Cameron, J. B.—Bahamas Cameron. G.—xxvi. 93. Cameron, P.—x. 356 Cameron's Coalbrook Steam Coal, and Swansea and Loughor Railway Co.— Western end, South Enclosure (Out- side), 39. Camilleri, E.—Malta, 14 Camilleri, Fortunata.—Malta, 16 Camion-Pierron.—France, 790 Cammill, see Johnson, Cammill, & Co. Camp, see Penfield and Camp Campbell.—viii. 147; see also Isaacs & Campbell. Campbell, A.—xxiii, 76 Campbell, A. F.—ix. 1 7 Campbell & Co.—xii. & xv. 201 Campbell, G.—vi. 246 Campbell, G. H. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 220 Campbell, Harrison, & Lloyd.—xiii. 31 Campbell, Major.—Canada, 176 Campbell, S.—United States, 533 Campbell, T.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), Camphine Co., English's Patent, iv. 61; VII. 133 ; XIX. 261 Campin, see Fowler, Campin, & Co. Campos, M. & Brothers—Portugal, 805 Camus, M.—France, 789 Canada West, Provincial Agricultural Association.—Canada, 33, 35 Canales, J.—Spain, 242a Canaud, see Pliilippe & Canaud Canavan, A.—xvi. 101 Candin, see Meures & Candin Candlot.—France, 102. Candy, M., see Carquillat, Miss M., Candy & Co. Candy, T. H.—xvii. 66 Canepa, J. B.—Sardinia, 74 Canfyn, N.—Belgium, 190 Caniff, T., see Canift', F. & T. Canneaux & Sons—France, 1130 Cannings, Mary Jane.—xxviii. 159 Cannon-Pierron—France, 790 Canossa, Marchioness Eleonora.—Aus- tria, 86 Cant, G. W.—XVI. 169 Cantagalli, L.—Tuscany, 71 Canter, J.—xiv. 36 Cantian, C. — Zollverein (1), 235. (Main Avenue, East) Canton.—Algeria, 14 Cape of Good Hope Agricultural So- ciety.—South Africa, 31-59 Capellemans, J. B.—Belgium, 387 Capello, G.—Sardinia, 64 Capers, C.B.—United Slates, 174 Caplin, J. F.—X. 570 Caplin, J. H. 1.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 221 Caplin, Madame R. A.,—x. 570a Cappellemans, J. B.&Co.—Belgium, 37 Cappellemans, J. B., & Daboust.—Bel- gium, 393 Capper & Son.—xiv. 95 ; xx. 45 Capper & Waters.—xx. 21 Capronnier, J, B.—Belgium, 438 Carabe, M.—Spain, 112 Caradus, J.—New Zealand, 25 Carbonneau, J. B. C.—I ranee, 104 Carborell, AL—Spain, 290 Card, W.—x. 546 Cardinal & Co.—xix. 321 Cardwell, C. & T.-xix. 122 Carew, J. E.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), Carfitt, T. & Son.—XXII. 219 Carfrae, see Bonnar and Carfrae Carinthia iron-works of the Chapter of Gurk St. Magdalena.—Austria, 416 Carl, see Tielsch, Carl, & Co. Carle, A. T.—France, 1132 Carles, H. R.—xvi. 251 Carleton, E.—m. 3 Carlsson, C. A.—Sweden, 110 Carmalt, J.—Jersey and Guernsey, 18 Carmichael, J.—xxvi. 114 Carminati, see Senigaglia & Carminati Carnegie, W. F.—Western end. South Enclosure (Outside), 20 ; i. 198. Carneiro, D. F.—Portugal, 926. 937, 938. 943-948. 960-962 Carnell & Hosking.~v. 201 Carnet, X.—France, 105 Carnet-Saussier.— France, 791 Carnley, see Haxworth and Carnley Caron, see Clans & Caron Caron, A.—France, 1133 Caron, J. M. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 655 Caron, E.—Canada, 19 Carpenter, Captain.—viii. 194 Carpenter & Co.—xxii. 655 Carpenter, F. S.—China, 33 Carpenter, J.—xxix. 143 Carpenter & Tildesley.—xxii. 655 Carpenter, W,—ix. 30 Carpenter & Westley.—x. 270 Carpentier, see Poillart & Carpentier Carquillat, Miss M. Candy & Co.— France, 1134 Carr, see Bennett, Carr, & Co.; Robert- son, Cair, & Steel: Tupper & Carr Carr, J., & Riley.—XXII. 108 Carr, T. & W.—xil. & xv. 273 Carr, W.—xvi. 322, see Carr, T. & W. Carre, L.—France, 445 Carreras, Y. Alberich.—Spain, 252 Carrett, W. E.—v. 35 Carrick, C.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 93 Carrick, J.—xxix. 16 Carrick, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 242 Carrier-Rouge—France, 1135 Carriere, Brothers—France, 100 Carriere, F.— France, 1136 Carrington, C. A.—Main Avenue West, 90 Carrington, S. & T.—xx. 126 Carriol, Baron.—France, 1147 Carron, W.—viii. 251 ; xvi. 325 Carroz, see Hooper, Carroz, ancl. Sa- lourier. Carruthers, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 305 Carson.—xxii. 592; see also Ross, O'Connor, & Carson Carson, H.—ix. 110 Carson, R.—xiv, 14 Carson, W.—xxvi. 109 Carstanjen, A. F. jun.—Zollv. (1), 468 Cars tens, D. H.—Lubeck, 2 Cartagena, Roval Arsenal.—Spain, 191 Carte.—X. 536 Carte, A. G.—viii. 29 Carteaux & Chaillou.^—France, 792 Carter.—xviii. 65; see Cunningham & Carter Carter, Brotliers.—xiv. 36 Carter, J.—Western end,South Enclosure (Outside), 8; I. 3 Carter, M.—xxvi. 1 85 Carter, Yavaseur, & Rix.—xill. 30 Cartisser, Joseph.—xxiv. 83 Cartisser, Poussein.—xxiv. 83 Cartwright, D.—xxil. 661 Cartwright & Hirons.—xxil. 250; XXIII. 30 Cjrtwright & Warners.—xx. 196 Carvalho, G. R.—Portugal, 909-917. 919. Carvalho, M. L. de.—Portugal, 617, 624. 1212-1221 Carvac, A. F.—Portugal, 359. 367 Carver & Gilbert.—xx. 98 Carver, T. & T. G.—vi. 89 Casado, J. P.—Spain, 85 Casado, J.—Spain, 105 Case, C—XVI. 315 Case, G.—X. 545 Casella, see Paravagna & Casella Casella, L. P. & Co.—x. 157a, 676\ Caselli.—VIII. 184 Casey and Phillips.—xill. 23 Casha, C—Malta, 12 Casissa & Sons.—Sardinia, 27 Caslon & Co.—XVII. 78 Caspari, J. F.—Zollverein (3), 132 Casparsson & Schmidt.—Sweden and Norway, 24. 91 Carvalho,'G. R.—Portugal, 909—917. 919 Cassebohm, T. H.—Oldenburgli, 1 Cassel, J.—Austria, 478 k Cassels, A.—i. 26 Cassim-Ousseiu-Cooli-Ogli. — Russia, 249 Cassin, H.—Rome, 3'2b. Castagneto, E.—Sardinia, 76 Casteiran,—Algeria, 15 Castel, E. —France, 83 Castelle, H.—France, 107 Castellini, RaHaele —Rome, 23 Castelloii, Agricultural Board of.— Spain, 132 Castellon, Corporation of.—Spain, 76. 153, 194 Castell, J.—Spain, 190 Castermau, J. & Son.—Belgium, 275 Castle, see Sowerby & Castle Castle, J.—XXX, (Fine Art Court), 314 Casuccini, C. F.—Tuscany, 50 Catanzaro, M.—Tuscany, 64 Catharino, M.—Portugal, 1278 Catlin, G.—United States, 531.—Page 847 Castillo, M.—Spain, 2l8 Catlin, H. W.—United States, 250 Cator, Nelson & Co.—iv. 46 Cattanach, C.—XX. 135a Catteaux, Brothers.—Belgium, 244 Catleaux, G.—Belgium, 245 Cattle, J.—XXVI. 20 Catz, J. B. Van.—Netherlands, 54 Catz, P. S. & Co.—Netherlands, 30 Cauer, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 431. (Main Avenue East) Caulcher, J. D.—XX. 112 Caulfield, W. B.—xix. 125 Causse, D. A.—xvi. 259 Causse & Garion.—France, 1137 Cauvet, C—France, 1138 Cavaillon, De.—France, 109 Cavelan & Co.—France, 1131 Cavers & Lane.—vm. 286a Cavigioli, C—Sardinia, 87 Cavvley, J.—1.47; xxvi. 225 ; xxviii. 193 Cawley, P.—i. 403 Cayeux, see Moriceau & Cayeux Cayley, Sir G.—x. 673a Cazal.—France, 108 Cazaux, J.—Netherlands, 89 Cea, P. A.—Spain, 64 Cellier, F. & Son.—Hamburgh, 15 Centenera, E.— Spain, 184 Cento Chamber of Commerce.—Rome, 9 Cerain, J. B.— Spain, 1 Cerceuil, L. F.—France, 793 Cerf & Naxara.—France, 84 Cerqueira, M. J. da Silva.—Portugal, 634 Cerri, C—Austria, 364 Ceru, C—Tuscany, 103 Ceruti, E.—Austria, 147 Cerveny, W. F.—Austria, 157 Cesari, D.—Austria, 731 Cliabot, C.—V. 684; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 239 Chabot, P. J.—XVIII. 62 Chadburn, Brotliers.—x. 259 Chadwick, see Reed, Cbadwick, &c. Chagot, sen.—France, 1139 Chailloux, Lepage, & Pochori.—France, 1558 Chaleyer, J.—France, 111 Challinor, see Bowers, Challinor, & Wooliscroft Chalmers, D.—vi. 32 Chalmers, J.—New Brunswick, 29 Chalovetz.—Russia, 374. Chambellan & Co.—France, 1140 Chamberlain.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 74 Chamberlain & Co.—xxv. 44; xxvi. 50 Chamberlain, T.—XXIX. 231 Chamberlain, W., jun.—x. 399 Chambers, see Banks & Chambers Chambers, Elizabeth E.—xix. 126 Chambers, R,—xxix. 297 Chambers & Robbins.—xxil. 533 Chambers, W.—xxii. 807 Chambon, C. A.—France, 113, 793a Cliambon, F.—France, 112 Cliamouiilet.—France, 1142 Champagne, D.—Belgium, 187 Champagne & Eougier.—France, 1143 Champanhet-Sargeas, M. M. J.—France, 114 Champernowne, H.—1.158.—Page 848. xxvii. 6. Champion.—Van Diemen's Land, 12; see also Moses, Champion, & Co. Champoiseau, N.—France, 794 Champonet, J.—France, 793b Chance, Brothers, & Co. — x. 742 ; XXIV. 22 Chancel, see Arduin & Chancel Chancellor, F.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 331 Chandler, see Richmond & Chandler Chandler, T.—ix. 108 Chantry, Sir F. (the late.) —xxiii. 97 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 135 Chapel.—Algeria, 16 Chapelle.—France, 92 Chapin, W. G.—United States, 31 Chaplin, C—xix. 367 CJhaplin, T.—xxvi. 214 Chapman.—vill. 121; see also Glenton & Chapman ; Hilliard & Chapman ; James & Chapman; Whitmee & Chapman Chapman, Elizabeth Annie.—Xix. 128 Chapman, J.—vil. 45 ; xxvi. 191 Chapman, J. L.—United States, 68 Chapman, T. & J. Alderman.—x. 60 Ic Chapman & Whitaker.—xii. & xv. 163 Chapon, Madame E.—Mauritius, 5 Chaponniere, see Roulet, Gilly, &c. Chapot & Pelon.—France, 448 Chappell & Co. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 66 Chapus & Richter.—France, 795 Charageat, E.—France, 1144 Charbonnier.—France, 115 Chard & Munro.—v. 819 ; ix. 235 Chardon & Son.—France, 116 Charge, R.—xvi. 277 Charles & Co.—France, 117 Charleston Factory. — United States, 175a Charlvvood & Cummins.—United States, 97 Charriere.—France, 1145 Charriere & Deleuil.—France, 171 Charrny.—Gibraltar, 1 Chartier, P.—France, 85 Chartreuze Societe des Charbormages Pire et Violetto.—Belgium, 34 Charti'on & Sons.—France, 796 Cluise, Mary W.—United States, 99 Chatain, H.—United States, 337 Chatel.—France, 118; see also Papa- voine & Chatel Chatelain & Basser.—France, 797 Chatelain & Foron.—France, 86 Chalelineau, Societe des Hautes Four- neaux Usines et Charbonnages De.— Belgium, 27 Chatemon Slate Co.—France, 1539 Chatwin, H,—xxviii. 14 Chatwin & Sons.—xxii. 286 Chaudiere Mining Company.—Canada, 12 Chaudoir, C. & H.—Belgium, 377 Chauvin, (i.—France, 449 Chaverondier, H.—France, 453 Chavin.—France, 450 Chazelle, see Opigez & Chazelle Cheavin, S.—v. 448 Chebeaux, J.— France, 1146 Cheek, W.—xxvi. 46 Cheeseborough, W.—xil. & xv 179. Cheesewring Granite Co.—Western end, North Enclosure (Outside), 51 Cheetham, G, C. & W.—xii. & xv. 45 Cheetham, W., see Cheeiham, G. C. & W. Chenard, Brothers.—France, 87 Chenery, S.—ix. 56 Chenest, see Bernoville, Larsonnier, &c. Chenevard, L.—Switzerland, 240 Chenev, G. H.— Canada, 151. 155, 156.' 159 Chenneviere, D.—France, 120 Chenneviere, T.—France, 1559 Chenot, A.—France, 119 Cherici, G. & Sons.—Tuscany, 109 Cherif Ben Mimoun.—Algeria, 60 Cherot & Co.—France, 88 Cherrett, D.—VIII. 297 Cheshire, J. jun.—ii. 30 Chesnon, see Bertche, Chesnon & Co. Chesshire, E.—v. 691 Chesters, S.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 246 Chevalier, B.—x. 23 Chevalier, C—France, 1729 Chevalier, J.—Jersey and Guernsey, 6 Chevalier, J. D.—United States, 120 Chevallier, see Lalande & Chevallier Cheverton, B.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 194 Chevet, J—France, 121 Chiachic, M.—Austria, 171. 282 Chichizola, J. & Co.—Sardinia, 39 Chick, E.—XII. & XV. 221 Chickering, J.—United States, 458,555. Chidley, R.—x. 544 Child, W. H.-XXVIII. 61 Childs, see Mooklar & Childs Childs, J.—XXII. 459 Chilson, Richardson, & Co.—United Slates, 417 Chimay, Prince de.—Belgium, 370 Chinard, jun.^—France, 89 Chiozza, C. A. & Son.—Austria, 43 Chirio & Mina.—Sardinia, 89 Chisholme, Emma.—xxix. 78 Chittenden, see Church & Chittenden Chitty, E.—III. 159 Chocqueel, F.—France, 1148 Chocqueel, L.—France, 90 Chollet, S.—Switzerland, 70. Chomer, see Montessery & Chomer Chomereau.—France, 122 Chopin, F..—Russia, 365 Chopping & Maund,—xxii. 11 Choquart, C.—France, 1149 Chosson & Co.—France, 1150 Chretin, M. T.—France, 1561 Chrimes, see Guest and Chrimes Christ, see Frey, Thurneisen, & Christ Christalnigg's, Count Von, Mining Co. —Austria, 404 Christian, E.—xxvi. 19 Christian, T.—Zollverein (l), 624 Christiani, C H.—Zollverein (1), 15 Christie, A.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 137 Christie, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 188 Christ!, J.—Austria, 327 Christoffel, L.—Zollverein (1), 347 Christofie & Co.—France, 1562. Christophe, L. A.—France 91 Christy & Co.—XX. 35. 66 Christy & Sons.—xi. 44 Chuard.—France, 123 Chubb & Son.—XXII. 646 Chutiart—Algeria, 1 7 Church, G.-x. 514 Church, J.—VI. 244. Church & Chittenden. — United States, 382 Church & Goddard.—VI. 135 Churchill, G.—x. 99 Churton, E.—xvii. 67 Chwalla, Ant. C—Austria 71 Cini, Brothers.— Tuscany, 65, 68 Cioni, G.—Tuscany, 104 Claasen, P. C—Netherlands, 91 Clabburn & Son.—xii. & XV. 284 Claes, P.—Belgium, 163 Claghorn, see Jennings & Claghorn Clair, Godefroy, sen.—France, 454 Clair, P.—France, 1151 Clais, C. S. Von.—Switzerland, 121 Clapham, John.—xii. & xv. 157 ; xvi. 9 Clapham, J. K.—x. 712 Clapham, W.—xii. & xv. 158 Clapperton, T. & G.—xii. & xv. 193 Clapshaw, M.—xxix. 186 Claraz, A.—Switzerland, 228 Clarenbach & Sous.—Zollverein (1), 506 Clarence, R.—South Africa, 13, 54 Clark, see Nunns and Clark Clark, B.—XVI. 154 Clark, C—VII. 18 Clark, C, see Clark, T. & C. & Co. Clark, C. C—XXII. 517 Clark, C. & J.—xvi. 48 Clark, D. G.—V. 425 Clark & Davidson.— xvil, 135 Clark, K.—VII. 106 Clark, F.—X. 276 Clark, G. D.—v. 425; vii. 8 Clarkj G. H.—I. 190 Clark, J.—VIII. 91; ix. 99; xil. & XV. 169; XIX. 78 ; Canada, 80 ; see also Clark, C. & J. Clark, J. A.—VIII, 135. Clark, J. & J.—XII. & xv. 13 Clark, J., jun. & Co.—xii. & XV. 293 Clark, R.—United States, 234 Clark, R., & Restell.—xxii. 446 Clark, S. B.—XXVI. 179 Clark & Co.—XXII. 657. Clark, VV.—XVI. 75; xvii. 134 Clarke.—XXVI. 42 Clarke & Co.—xxvi. 62; Russia, 114 Clarke, E.—xviii. 23 Clarke, Eliza.—xix. 129 Clarke, Esther.—xix. 130 Clarke, E. W.—xvi. 191 Clarke, G. R.—xxii. 3 Clarke, J.—xiii. 20; xvii. 68; xix. 18; XXVI. 127; Canada, 165 Clarke, J. P.—xi. 32 Clarke, Phidias.—vii. 38 (Main Ave- nvre West) Clarke, R. C. (Executors of).—i. 266 Clarke, R. & Sons.—xvi. 307 ; (Main Avenue West 301) Clarke, T.—xii. & xv. 432 Clarke, T. C—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 342a Clarke & Williams.—v. 965 Clarkson, J. C,—xvi. 102 Clarkson, T. C —v. 568; viii. 2; XXVIII. 197 Clarkson & Co. Clarne, W. R.—xxix. 14 Classen, F. F.—Hamburgh, 110 Classon, J.—iv. 22 Claude, L.—Belgium, 85 Claudet, A. F. J.—x. 296 Claudet & Houghton.—v. 306 ; xxiv. 25, 74 Claudin.—France, 1158 Claudo, J.—Sardinia, 68 Claus & Caron.—-Belgium, 81 Claussen, Chevalier.—Canada, 13. Claussen, P.—iv. 105 ; vi. 86 Clavereau, Brothers, J.—Belgium, 69 Clawson, H. N.—United States, 503 Claxton, J.—I. 73 Clay, see Jackson & Clay Clay & Co.—XXVI. 189 Clay, J.—III. 17 ; v. 68. Clav, J. T.—XII. & XV. 124 Clay & Sons.—XII. & xv. 136 Claye, J.—France, 798 Clayton, B.—xxviii. 96 Clayton, G.—xxii. 142 Clayton, H.—ix. 47 ; Van Diemen's Land, 50 Clayton, R.—viii. 1 Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co.—V. 39 ; IX. 242 Cleal, W.—XXIII. 59 Cleanthes, S.—Greece, 40-42 Cleaver, F. S.—xxix. 20 Cleaver, W. J.—xvii. 207 Cleburne, R.—Van Diemen's Land, 144 Clemen9on, Madame.—France, 1152 Clemens, J.—iii, 56 Clement-Bourgeois, L.—France, 455 Clements, J.—xvii. 71; xxix. 189 Clementson, J.—xxv. 8 Clemes & Son.—xx. 156 Clerget, C. E.—France, 799 Clesinger.—France, 1709 Clesinger, T.—France, 419 Clibborn, Hill, & Co.—XIV. 20 Clic(;[uot.—France, 1563 Clifford, G.—II. 26 Clifford, W.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 222 Clinch, J.—New South Wales, 5 Clingman, T. L.—United States, 358 Clinton.—X. 538 Clinton, E.—United States, 190 Clirehugh, V.—United States, 133 Clive, see Hickman & Clive Clive, J. H.—VII. 41 ; xxix. 54 Clive, J. W.—I. 277 Cloet, C—France, 456 Close, Misses.—New Brunswick Clough, R.—XII. & XV. 151 Clowes, F.—XX. 150 Cluappini, A. & Co.—South Africa, 22 Clugas, T., jun.—Jersey- and Guern- sey, 25 Clunes, T.—V. 475 Clutton, H.—XXVI. 19 Clymer & Dixon.—vi. 124 Coalbrook Dale Co.—v. 641 ; xxii. 611 (Main Avenue West) Coalbrooke Dale China Manufactory.— xxv. 23 Coate, J., & Co.—xxviii. 51 Coates & Blizard.—v. 815 Coates, E. J.—xxvii. 19 Coates, W.—I. 492a Coathupes & Co.—xxiv. 47 Cobb, T.-vi. 150 Cobbold, E.—I. 228 Cobourg-Gotha, Count Ernest of. — Zollv. (Octagon Room), 836 Cocchi, L.—Austria, 707 Cochins, E. E.—Zollverein (1), 12 Cochois & Colin.—France, 124 Cochqueel, see Requillart, Roussel, &c. Cochqueel, F.—France, 1148 Cochran, J. W.—United States, 141. 297. 480 Cochrane, A.—vii. 158 Cochrane & Co.—vii. 26 Cochrane, J.—xxii. 434 Cochrane, J. & W.—xii. & XV. 188 Cochrane, W., see Cochrane, J. & W. Cock, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 147 Cocke, Gen. J. H.—United States, 271 Cocker, S. & Son—xxii. 115 Cocker & Sons.—xxii. 234 Cockerill, J.—Belgium, 119 Cockerill, R.—xxix. 281 Cockerill, W.—Zollverein (1), 105 Cocks, C., see Cocks, J. & C. Cocks, E.—XXIX. 286 Cocks, J. & C—XXIX. 317 Cocks, R. & Co.—XVII. 123 Cockshot, see Wall, Cockshot, & Wall Cocu, A.—France, 125 Cod, Nicholas.—New Zealand Cody, J.—XX. 64 Coffey, J. A., and J. Smith.—x. 454 Coffey, T.—VI. 615 Cogan, R.—xxiv. 26 Cohen, B.—Austria, 746 Cohen & Orr.~iii. 49 Cohn, J. H.—Zollverein (1), 603 Cohn, L. H.—Hamburgh, 42 Cohn, Brothers, & Herman, Brothers.— Zollverein (1), 104 Cohn, Philip, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 137 Coignet & Son.—France, 1153 Coimbra, the Nuns of.—Portugal, 417 Coint'Bavarot, & Son.—France, 800 Colclough, see Glover & Colclough Coldters, Van Roy.—Belgium, 41 Cole, E. J.—I. 504 Cole & Son.—XIX. 132 Cole, T.—X. 31 Colegate, W. & Co.—United States, 301 Colegiave, F. E.—v. 162; vm. 142; XVI. 97 Coleman.—United States, 374 Coleman, Mrs. C—United States, 71 Coleman, R.—ix. 216 Coleman, T. G.—xvi. 68 Coles, W.—VII. 11 ; X. 660 Coifs, J. T.—Belgium, 417 Colgan & Son.—xxi. 25 Colin.—France, 103: see Cochois & Colin Colin, J. R.—France, 1564. Collacchioni, G.—Tuscany, 52 Collard & Collard.—X. 168 Collars, J. B.—VIII. 309a Collas, M. A. "C.—France, 801 Colle.—Belgium, 61 Collel, F.—Zollverein (3), 110 Collenbusch, see Dreyse & Collenbusch Colles, A.—I. 140 Collet, F. C—France, 93 Collett, C—VI. 155 Collett, W. R.—I. 458 Colletta-Lefebvre.—France, 458 Collette, Doucet.—Belgium, 5 CoUey, G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 121 Colliard & Comte.—France, 1154 Collie, W.—Jersey and Guernsey, 22 Collier, Son, & Snowdon.—xxil. 100 Collin, C. E.—France, 126 Colling, J.—British Guiana, 162 k 2 Co';linge.—V. 848. CoUiiige, C. &Co.—V. 49. 482. 817; VI. 432 ; XXII. f)73 CoUings, J.—xxvm. 120 Collins, C. W.—x. 459 Cullius, F.—XVIII. 86 Collins, J.—XXII. 88 Collins & Rose.—XIX. 133 Collins, R. N.—II. 109 Collinson, see Coj)e & Collinson CoUiiison, C.—I. 75 Collinson, G. C.—XXVI. 90 Collinson, Rev. J.—New Zealand, 3 Coll is.—France, 1709 Collis, G. R.—XXIII. 34 Collison, see Prince, Collison, & Co. Collot, Brothers.— France, 1155 Colls, L., see Colls, R. & L. Colls, R. & I-.—X. 303 Coll yer. Gov. H. W.—United States, 289 Colman, J. & J.—iii. 117 Colmenero, F. & J.- Spain. 182 Colnet, De, see Leempoel, Van, De Colnet & Co. Colorn, D. Juan.—Spain, 74 Colomb, see Rauss & Coloreib Colombo, G.—Aiastria, 630 Colquhoun, J. N., Lt.-Col.—HI. 13. Coif, S.—United States, 321 Colton, J. W.—United States, 310 Colvilie, M. & Mile.—Franco, 802 Coin ha, F.—Sardinia, 83 Couihet.—France, 459 Conains, J.—ix. 143 Commetbrd & Redgate.—United States, 129. 49.J Common, J.—xxil. 630 Comolera, Mailame.— France, 1741. Comte, see Colliard & Comte Con, Van der Maeren & Co.—xxiv. 20 Concanen, E.—xxx. (Pine Art Court), 2 Concha, A.—Spain, 49 Coiide, M. De la.—Jersey and Guern- sey, 7 Conerding, Mrs. Ida Yon.—xix. 146 Congos, G.—Greece, 57 Connaught Schools.—xix. 61 Conne, A.—xxiv. 28 Connell, see Muirs, Connell, & Brodie Comiell, 1).—xxiii. 16 Connell, W.—x. 11 ; New Zealand, 10 Connerot, M.—France, 1567 Conrad, F. U.—Netherlands, 90 Conrad, W.—France, 1156 Conradsen, N.—Denmark, 36 Constable.—IX. 109 Constable, H.—viii. 140 Constal)le, Hannah.—xix. 134 Constable, W.—v. 70 Constantin, Messrs.—France, 94 Constantine, St. Nuns of.—Greece, 54 Constantinople, Central Committee of. —Turkey, Constantoulaebi.—Greece, 53 Conta & Boehme.—Zollverein (1), 815 Conte.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 140 Conti, Guido de.—Tuscany, 93 Conti & Son.—Tuscany, 23 Conti, v.—Spain, 139a Contreras, R.—Spain, 283 Con verso.—Algeria, 21 Goocb, J.—IX. 53 Coode, Browne, & Co.—South Australia Coode, G.—IX. 154a Cook, see Hagues, Cook, & Wormal Cook, A.—I. 19 Cook, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 104 Cook, J,—xxviii. 34 ; United States, 242; see also Cook, W. W. & J. Cook, J. E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 9 I Cook, Rowley, & Co.—v. 816 Cook, T.—XXII. 579 Cook, T. A.—II. 15 Cook, W.—XIX. 135 ; xxii. 18 Cook, W. W. & J.—XI. 38 Cook & Williams.—x. 685 Cooke, see Godfrey & Cooke. Cooke, E. W.—IV. 2a; x. G64a Cooke, H.—VI. 118 Cooke & Sons.—xvil. 73 Cooke, W. & Sons.—United States, 318 Cookes & Sons—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 110 Cooksey, H. R.—xxii. 320 Cooley, J,—V. 561 Coomber, J.—xxvi. 307 Coombes, B. & Co.—XXII. 27; vi. 444 Coonev, C—iv. 70 Cooper & Blagg.—Zollverein (3), 96 Cooper & Bnrsill.—VI. 624 Cooper, D. & J.—xil. & xv. 42 Cioper, G.—XXII. 223; xxvi. 291; see also Cooper, J. J. & G. Cooper, J., see Cooper, D. & J. Cooper, J. J. & G.—XX. 172a Cooper, .1. M.—XXVIII. 151 Cooper, J. R. & Co.—viii. 241 Cooper, M.—XVI. 50 Cooper & Maclean.—viii. 72 Cooper, S.—I. 129a Cooper, M. M.—xxvi. 235 Coopers, see Field, Coopers, & Faulds; Sj)yvee & Coopers ; Williams, Coo- pers, Boyle, & Co. Cooreman, A.J.—Belgium, 212 Coosemans, M.—Belgium, 56 Cootais, Government of.—Russia, 118 Cope, see Hopkinson & Cope; Sherwin, Cope, & Co. Cope & Collinson.—xxil. 255 ; xxvi. 122 Cope, Hammerton, & Co.—xill. 70 Copeland, Aid. M.F.—Persia, 6 ; see also Copeland, W. T. Copeland, Fanny.—xix. 136 Copeland, G. A.—i. 520 Copeland, W. T.—xxv. 2 Copenhagen Royal Porcelain Manu- factory.— Denmark, 33 Copestake, see Groucock, Copestake & Moore Copland, Barnes, & Co.—Hi. U Copland, C. M.A.—X. 46a; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 136 ; China, 10 Copling, J. jun.—V. 668 Copney, W.—II. 118 Cbppel, A.—Zollverein (1), 628 Coppi, see Hall, Brothers, Sloane & Coppi Coppin> L. jun.—France 128 Coppock, J.—II. 65 Corah & Sons.—XX. 208 Corben & S.tns.—V. 818 Corboda.—Spain. 29 Corcorcin, B. & Co.—vi. 416 Cord el, see Tautenstein & Cordell Corderant, A.—^France, 1157 Cordier, C.—France, 460 Cording, J. C.—xxviii. 82 Cordonnier & Co.—France, 1159 Cordova, Agricultural Board of.—Spain, 99 Cordova, Mining Inspector of—Spain,29 Cork & Edge.—xxv. 21 Cornea, V.G.—Portugal, 600 Corneau & Son—United States, 13 Corneiro, B. F.—Portugal, 946 Cornelius,^ Co.—United States, 46 Cornelius & Kaulbach.—Zollverein (1), 148 Cornell, Lyell, & Webster.—xill. lA. 22 Cornell, T.—XXII. 245 Comes.—IX. 205 Cornes, J.—IX. 83 Corney, see Barrett & Corney Cornforth, J.—XXII. 322 Cornides, L.—Hamburgh, 101 Cornillon, J. H.—France, 95 Corniquel, C.—France, 461 Corns, W.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 36. Cornwall, Duchy of.-I. 452 Correa, B. de S.—Portugal, 43 Correa, V. G.—Portugal, 600 Corridi, G.—Tuscany, 22 Corridi, P.—Tuscany, 89 Corry, Blain, & Co.—xiv. 24 Corry, J. & J.—xvi. 314; xx. 190 Corry ton, J.—Vlll. 82 Corsino, J. da F.—Portugal, 809 Cort y Marti, P.—Spain, 273 Corte.—VIII- 177 Corunna, Inspector of Mines—Spain, 18 Cory, W. & W. jun.—i. 265 Cosack, J,—Zollverein (1), 825 Cosens, see Laugher & Cosens Cosnier & Lachese.—France, 110 Cosquin, J.—France, 804 Cossack women, Orenbourg.—Russia, 132. 198 Cossack's Wife, A.—Russia, 282 Cossens, E, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 25 Costa, R. da—Portugal, 343 Costain, T.—viii. lo6 Coste, F.—Belgium, 397 Costoli, Prof. A.—Rome, 57; Tuscanv, 106 Cottam, E.—xxil. 59 Cottam & Hallen.—VI. 221; IX. 109a; XXII. 698 (South Transept) Cotterell, Brothers—XXVI. 149 Cotterill, E.—xxii. 307 Cottew, J. E.—VIII. 98 Cottingham, N. J.—Main Avenue West, 63 Cotton, D.—xxx. 177 Couchonnal & Co.—France, 1160 Couchoud, St. E.—Fiance, 1161 Coucke, C.—Netherlands, 57 Couder, A.—France, 1566 Couderc & Soucaret, jun.—France, 96 Coulaux, sen. & Co.—France, 129 Coulbois.—France, 1569 Coulson, J. & Co.—XIV. 92 Coulson, Jukes, & Co.—ll. 72 Coulson, W%—XIV. 93 Coulton, J. D.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 342 Coupier & Melller.—France, 127 Coupin, J.—France, 1162 Cournerie & Co.—France, 462 Court, J.—XXII, 389 Courtauld, S. & Co.—xill. 34 Courte, P,—France, 1164 Courtepee-Duchesnay.—France, 806 Courtey, Brothers, and Barez.—France, 97 Courtial.—France, 807 Courtin, R.—France, 1570 Courtois, A.—France, 1163 Courtois, A. sen.—France, 130. 463 Courtois, E.—France, 808. 1571 Courtown, Lord.—I. 143 Courvoirier, see Jacot & Cqurvoirier Courvoisier, F.—Switzerland, 31 Cousens, S.—Iii. 88 Coiisens & Whiteside,—x. 86 Cousin.— France, 1572 Cousins & SoD.—V. 820 ; xxii. 165 Couteaux, A. J.—Fiance, 805 Couteur, Col. John Le—Jersey & Guern- sey, 2 Couturier & Renault.—France, 98 Couvert & Lucas.—Belgium, 404 Coveliers, see Nnffe], Van, & Coveliers Coveney, Mrs.—xix. 139 Coventry Ribbons' Committee.—xiii. 7'Z Cowan, A. & Sons.—VI. 166 ; xvii. 101 Cowan, H.—ix. 124b Cowan, L.—xvi. 273 Cowan & Sons.—xxix. 19 Cowell, S. H.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 38 Cowell & Thomas.—xxvi. 526 Cowen & Co.—xxvii. 112 Cowgill, Jessop, & Co.—XII. & XV. 122 Cowie & Rae.—i. 16 Cowley & James.—xxii. 62 Cowling, J.—XVI. 142 Cowper, see Murray & Cowper Cowper, Prof. E.—vi. 134 Cowper, E. A.—v. 699; xxix. 245 Cowper, J.—I. 61 Cowper, T., see Wallace., W. Cowpertiiwaife & Co.—United States, 360 Cowslade & Lovejoy.—vi. 91 Cowvan, B. & S.—xxi. 9 Cowvan, S., see Cowvan, B. & S. Cox.—Brazil, 2; see also Robins, Aspdin, & Cox Cox, Miss A.—XIX. 220 Cox, E., & Co.—Algeria, 68 Cox, F.—Van Diemen's Land, 280 Cox, G.—X. 347 Cox, G. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 248 Cox, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 283 Cox, J.—XXIX. 68 Cox, N. F.—VIII. 208 Cox, R. S., & Co.- XIII. 66 Cox, S.—XVI. 55 Cox, T.—XVI. 275 Cox, W.—VI. 608 Coxeter, J.—x. 682 Coxhead, see Fordati, Coxhead, & Co. Cozens & Greatrex,—xvi. 283 Crabtree, T.—vi. 3 Crabtree, W.—xii. & xv. 55 Ciace, J. G.—xxiii. 97; xxvi. 530 Craddock, T.—v. 76 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 227 Cragg, J.—x. 8 Craig.—X. 259 Craig, J.—V. 776 Craig, J., & Co.—IX. 262a Cramer, L. & Co.—ZoUverein, (1) 610 Crampton, T. R.—v. 508 Crane, see Sandland & Crane; also Wright, Crump, & Crane Crap, H. J, L.—Netherlands, 25 Craven, see Bayley & Craven Craven & Harrop.—xii. & xv. 153 Craven & Son.—xii. & xv. 149 Crawford, H. M.—United States, 5^1 Crawford, J.—xxvi. 96 Crawford & Lindsays.—XIV. 13 Crawhall, J.—vi. 78 Crawshay, see Hawks, Crawshay, & Co. Creak, J.—xvi. 141 Creaser, Mrs.—xxvi. 289 Crediue, F.—France, 134 Cremer & Co.—xvi. 198 Cremer, J.—France, 1573 Cremer, W. H.—Page 854 Crespel-Dellisse.—France, 465 Crespin, E.—xxviii. 36 Cresson, Elliott.—United States, 327 Cresswell, J.—x. 417 Cresfadoro, A.—v. 557 Creswick, N., see Creswick, T. J. & N. Creswick, T. J. & N.—xxiii. 45 Crew, J. J.—xxiii. 83 Cribb, T. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 146 Crichton & Co.—vi. 36 Crichton, D.—vi. 35 Crichton, G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 229 Crichton, J.—X. 452 Crick, Ellen.—XIX. 140 Crickitt, R. E.—X. 267 Criper, R.—xxviii. 101 Cripps, W. N.—V. 576 Cristofoli, A.—Austria, 38 Critchley, Brinsley, & Co.—xiii. 40 Critein, E.—Malta, 24 Croall, W., jun., & Co.—v. 824 Crocco, Brothers.—Sardinia, 50 Crocker, A., see Crocker, J. & A. Crocker, J. & A.—xi. 61 ; xvill. 11 Croco, F.—France, 809 Croff, G.—Austria, 708 Croggon & Co.—VII. 110 Croid, R.—VIII. 304 Croisat, J.—France, 1574 Croissant & Lauenstein.—Hamburgh, 7 Cromack, J. J.—xil. & xv. 68 Crombie, J. & Co.—Xll. & XV. 228 Crook, F.—XXX. (Fine Ait Court), 57 Crook, W.—XXII. 244 Crookes, C—North Transept, 49 ; xxii. 641 (Main Avenue, West) Croon, Brothers.—ZoUverein (1), 609 Cropet.—France, 131 Crosnier, M. L. Le.—France, 1305 Cross, C.—VI. 64; xiii. 32 Cross, C. & Co.—XI. 47; xx. 115a Cross, G.—XVII. 88 Cross, J.—XI. 41 Cross, Mary.—XIX. 141 Cross, S.—IV. 136 Cross, W.—XII. & XV. 202 Crosskill, E.—V. 826 ; ix. 11 Crosskill, W.—V. 25; vi. 404; ix. 135 Crossland, H., see Crossland, W. & H. Crossland, W. & H.—xii. & xv. 97 Crossley & Sons.—xix. 142 Crouch.—S!)uth Africa, 58a Croughton, H.—xxvi. Bay i. 21 Croughton, V^'. P.—iii. 92 Croutelle.—France, ] 32 Crow, T.—XVI. 196 Crowcher, C. jun.—iv. 3a Crowley & Sons.—ix. 96 Crowquill, Alfred.—xxv. 7 Crucliley, G. F.—xvii. 74 Cruehet, V.—France, 810 Crucifix, E.—France, 133 Criiger. see Droin, Criiger & Co. Crummack, E-—xxviii. 18 Crump, see also Wright, Crump, & Co. Crump, T.—IX. 160 Crutwell, Allies & Co.—Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 52; 1.402 Crutwell & Co.—V. 659 Cruz, Areas, D.—Spain, 253c Cruz, F. J. da—Portugal, 756. 776 Cruz, J. de la—Spain, 149. 201 Cruz, S. de la—^^pain, 196 Cubitt, J.—V. 628 Cudrue, F.—France, 134 Cuendet, Adeline.—Switzerland, 159 Cuesla, A. De la.—Spain, 49a Cutf, R.—XVI. 96 Cuff, R. P.—XXX. 312 Cugat, J. P.—Spain, 247 Cuglierero, R.—Sardinia, 67 Cugnot, A.—France, 99 Cuijpers, J. F.^—Netherlands, 95 Cullum, see Sharjms & Cullum Culverwell, W.—xxii. 754 Gumming, J. G.—i. 151. 493 Cumming, Rev. J. G.—i. 157. .95; xxvii. 64 Cummings, see M'Lean & Cummings Cuminhigs, J. A.—United States, 452 Cummins, see Charlwood & Cummiiis Cumont, D.—Belgium, 235 Cundall & Addey.—xvn. 106 ; xxviii. 13 ; xxx. (Fine Ai t Court), 112 Cundy, S.—Page 848 Cunliffe, Sarah Ann.—xix. 144 Cunning, W.—xxa^i. 165 ("unningham, A. R.—xxil. 626 Cunningham & Carter.—v. 054 Curjar, T.—Hamburgh, 35 Curmer, A.—France, 135 Curr & Co.—XIV. 88 Curran & Sons.—xxvi. 215 Currie, J.—xvi. 215 Currier, see Prin, Tanner, &c. Curtet, jun.-—Algeria, 22 Curtis, see Parr, Curtis and Madeley Curtis, Brothers & Co.—iv. 126 : xxvm. 194 Curtius, J.—ZoUverein (1), 458 Cusson,Pourcher,& Rossignol.—France. 468 Cussons & Co.—XVI. 34 ; xvn. 69 ; xviii. 55 Custer & Schachtler. — Switzerland, 148 Cutch, Rao of.-—India, viii.; xxx. Cuthbertson, see Scott & Cuthbertson Cutler, J.—XXII. 217 Cutler, W.—XX. 69, Cuvillier, H., sen.—France, 469 Cuyere, Mrs.^—Tuscany, 59 Cuyper, De.—Belgium, 455 (Main Ave nue East) Cuyper, De L,—Belgium, 455 (Main Avenue East) Cuyper, H. De, see Bernaert & Cuyper, H. De Cuyper, J. F. De.—Belgium, 192 Cuyper, H. De, see Beeruaert, &c. Czekelius, C.—Austria, 45 Czermak, P.—Austria, 585 Dabaret-Tampe.—France, 15 2 Daboust, see Cappellemans, J. B. and Daboust Dada, B.^Russia, 250 Daehns, A.—ZoUverein (1), 2C9 Dael, G.—ZoUverein (6), 82 Daflamme, M. A.—Canada, 113 Dafr'que, F.—France, 1575 Dagand.—France, 811 Dagnall & Co.—xiv. 89 Daguet, T.—Switzerland, 75 Dahlbom, P. A.—Sweden, 71 Dalilheim, J.—ZoUverein (1), 814 Daily and Co.—xi. 64 Dakin & Co.—VI. 408 Dal by, J.—xii. & xv. 152 Dale, R.—XXII. 501 Dalgety, A.—vi. 226 Dalgleish, Falconer, & Co.—XVlll. 27 D'Almaine, VV. F.—xxvi. 301 Dalphin, J. E.—United States, 493 Ualrymple, Mary E.—xix. 377 Dalrymple, W.—XII. & XV. 240 Dal ton. J.—VI. 4 Dalton, T.—XXIX. 48 Daly, J —V. 400; xn. & xv. 264 Damainville.—France, 153 Damant, W.—xxvii, 3, 4. Damiron & Co.—France, 1167 Damon, T.—I. 149 Damsch & Muenzers Sons.—Zollverein (1), 715 Danby, C. & T.—xix. 71. Danby, J.—xxiv. 88. Danby, T., see Danby, C. & T. Danckwart, Lieut.—Sweden, 48 Dando, see Harding, Dando, & Co. Dando, Sons, & Co,—xx. 50 Dandoy, Maillard, Lucq, & Co.— France, 491 Dangar, see Avery & Dangar Dangar, E. C—New South Wales, 7 Dangerfield—Canada, 111 Daniel, jun.—France, 1168 Daniel & Cossins,—xix, 145 Daniel, J.—China, 22 Daniel, T.—xxix. 170 Daniell, A. B. & R. P.—xxv. 23 Daniell, J. C—IX. 265 ; xxil. 607 Daniell, W.—vii. 182 Daniells. — xii. & xv. 12. Danjard, L. F.—France, 136 Dann, T,—i. 56. Dannatt, J.—xxii. 43 Danneau.—Belgium, 507. Danneberg & Son.—Zollverein (1) 710 Danser, J,, see Scrive, Brs. & J. Danser Darblay, jun.—France, 1576 Darbo, F.—France, 1577 Darche, C. F.—Belgium, 177 Darier, H,—Switzerland, 61, 76 Dark, Matilda, & Sons.—xxix. 197 Dark, R,—xxix. 198 Darling, G.—xx. 131 Darlinjr, W.—United States, 191 Darmanin, J., & Sons.—Malta, 26 Darnell, J.—x. 383 Darnet, D.—France, 1578 Darras, P.—France, 470 Dait & Son.—V. 849 Dartet, see Temsonnet, Dartet, &c. Dartevelle & Mounoary.—Belgium, 329 Darton, W.—United States, 449 Darvell, W. J.—x. 389 Darvieu, sen. Valmale & Co.—France, 1169 Daubarn.—xxix. 228 Daubetand Dumaret.—France, 1579 Daucheljjun.—France, 154 Daucher, S.—Austria, 508 Daudre, A.—France, 1170 Daudrieu. —France, 155 Daudville, A.—France, 156 Dauphinot-Perard.—France, 471 Daupiaz & Co.—Portugal, 851-904 Dauptain, Gorton, & Co.—ii. 63 Dauthuille, A. T.—France, 1171 Dautremer & Co.—France, 137 Dautresme, see Parnuit, V. Dautresme, Sons & Co. Daveluy, D.—Belgium, 448 Davenport, J. L.—vi. 80 Davenport, J. T.—ii. Ill Davetti, L.^—Tuscany, 46 Davey, see Bickford, Smith & Davey Davey, S.—i. 503 David.—France, 159 David, Brothers, & Co.—France, 157 David, C—France, 812 David, Labbez, & Co.—France, 138 DavidofF, B.—Russia, 332 Davidson, see Clark & Davidson Davidson, A.—x. 385 Davidson, C. H.—viii. 238 Davidson, Capt. D.—viii. 238 Davidson, G. & W —xxix. 158 Davidson, J., see Davidson, W. & J. Davidson, J. & Co,—v. 774; xiii. 47 Davidson, J. D.—United States, 561 Davidson, Lieut,—xix, 148 Davidson, W., x. 198; see Davidson, G. & W. Davidson, W. & J. & Co.—xi. 17 Davies, Archdeacon. — Van Diemen's Land, 178, 179 Davies, D,—v, 828 Davies, G.—xxiv, 37; see also Davies, J. &G. Davies, G. C.—xxvi. 129 Davies, J.—ii. 70 Davies, J. & G.—v. 16 Davies, Mrs.—xix. 49 Davies, R.—xx, 216 Davies & Sons,—xii. & XV. 214 Davies & Taylor.—i, 523 Davies, W.—xxiv. 38 Davis, see Moses, Son & Davis; also Schofield, Brown, &c. Davis, C—XXII. 522 ; xxvi. 329 Davis, D„—Western end, South Enclo- sure (Outside), 43 Davis, E.—Page 848 Davis, G.—XXVI. 143 Davis, Grealhead, & Green,—xxiv. 15 Davis, H. A,, see Davis, W. Davis, J,—VIII. 253; x. 70, 331; XVII. 183; Canada, 78 Davis, J. B.—XXII. 536 Davis, J. D.—United States, 563 Davis, R.—VIII, 271. Davis, T.—IX. 46 Davis, W.—X, 30; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 65 Davison, see Gray and Davison Daviss, see Washington & Daviss Davison, W.—British Guiana, 12, 77 Davy.—IX. 237 Davy, Rev. C. R,—vi. 234 Davy, Mackmurdo, & Co.—ii. 62 Daw, see Witton, Daw, & Co. Dawbarn & Co.—i. 208 Dawbee & Dumbleton.—xxii. 499 Dawes, B.—xxvi. 135 Dawson, see Hird, Dawson, & Hardy Dawson, C.—x, 554 Dawson, Deborah.—xix. 149 Dawson, F. W.—v. 830 Dawson, G.—United States, 543 Dawson, J.—VI. 612 Dawson & Morris.—IV. 118 Dax, R.—XVI. 278 Day,—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 30 Day, H, H.—United States, 308 Day, H. J.—v. 133 Day, J.—XIV. 55 ; United States, 575 Day, T. & W.—New South Wales, 2 Day & Millward.—V. 772 Day, Miss.—xxviii. 169 Day & Newell,—United States, 298 Day, R.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 161a Day & Son,—xii, & xv,, 113; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 80 Day & Twibell.—I. 262 Day, W., see Day, J. & W. Daymond, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), Deacock, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.) 72 Deacock, T.—x, 473 Deadde.—France, 813 Deakin, E.—xxv. 18 Deakin, G.—xxii. 157 Deakin, G. & Co.—xxii. 110 Dean.—Canada, 111 Dean, Amos & Co.—United States, 101 Dean, L.—United States, 245 Dean, R.—Canada, 102 Dean & Son.—xvii. 18 Dean, T.—ix. 4. Deane, Adams & Deane.—vm. 223 Deane, C. A.—v. 158 Deane, Dray, & Deane.—ix. ISO; xxi. 6 ; XXII. 186 Deane, G & J.—vm. 223a Deane, J.—v. 426, & see Deane, G. & J. Deane & Johnson.—South Africa, 19 Deans, W.—viii. 40 Dear, see Rogers & Dear Dear, A.—xiii. 37 Bear, J. C—xxix. 128 Dearlove, M. W.—x. 707 Deas, G.—Rome, 49 Debain, A. C—France, 1172 Debauf'er, H.—xxii. 445 Debaune, U.—Belgium, 131 Debbaudf, Brothers.—Belgium, 39 Debbaust, De la Croix.—Belgium, 92 Debbeld, Pellerin & Co.—France, 1173 Deblauwe-Peel, Jean.—Belgium, 325 Debrabandere, P. F.—Belgium, 218 Debray, C—France, 139 Debuchy, F.—France, 140 Deby, A. & Co.—Belgium, 37 Decesare, P. P.—Malta, 27 Decker, R. L.—Zollverein (1), 148 Decock, W.—Belgium, 221 Deconinck, A.^—Belgium, 112 Deed, J. S.—xvi. 10 Deering, J.—i. 121 Detfaux, J. B.—Belgium, 188 Defferrari, Brothers.—Sardinia, 44 Deliher, see Zwerger, Van, Deflher, & Weiss Deffuer, C.—Zollverein (4), 71 Defrenne, Sophie.—Belgium, 316 Defries, N.—xxii. 482 Degardin, V. A. M.—France, 1174 Degraeve, D.—Belgium, 90 Degryse, L,—Belgium, 63 De Haussv.—France, 163 Dehmel, H.—Zollv. (1), 254 Dehousse, L.—Belgium, 153 Deighton.—Main Avenue West, 58a Deinhard & Jordan.—Zollv. (1), 869 Deitrich, Baron J., Von.—Austria, 439 Dejante.—Portugal, 110, 111. 115.232- 247. 250, 251. 263, 264. 266, 267 Delabarre, see Guidicelli & Delabarre Delabaume, C.—France, 1581 De la Bond, Count.—xxx. 311 Delabole Slate Company. — Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 8 ; I. 214 Delacour, H. P.—France, 472 Delacour, L. F.—France, 1582 Delacour, Peigne.—France, 379 Delacretaz & Fourcade.—France, 158 De la Fons, J. P.—xxii. 800 Delage-Montignac, F.—France, 141 Delahaye, A.—Belgium, 305 Delamare, see Estique & Delamare Delamoriniere,' Gonin, & Michelet.— France, 1583 Delanoe, Capt. J. C—United States, 545 Delarbre.—France, 1175 Delarbre, V.—France, 1176 Delaroche, F. T.—Belgium, 364 Delaroche-Daigiemont.—France, 267 De la Rue & Co.—xvii, 76 Delattre & Son.—France, 142 Delbaere, Madame.—Belgium, 66 Delcambre, A.—France, 1584 Delcourt, A.—Belgium, 30 Delegue & Co.—France, 143 Deleuil, see Charriere & Deleuil Deleuil, L. J.—France, 160 Deleuze, A.—France, 1178 Delevigue.—Belgium, 297 Delevoye, F. D.—Belgium, 421 Delfosse, Brothers.—France, 144 Delgado, D.—Spain, 231 Delgado, J. J. R.—Portu-al, 300 Delicourt, E—France, 1715 Delignon, V.—France, 1180 Delisle & Co.—France, 1181 Delius, C—ZoUv. (1), 866 Delius, E. A. & Sons.—Zollv. (1), 548 Delius, J. D.—ZoUverein (1), 5(50 Delkeskamp, Y. W.—Zollv. (5), 29 Dell, Brothers.—X. 100 Delolme, H.—x. 19 Delongueil, H.—France, 1585 Delloye, M. C—Belgium, 376 Delstanche, L. see Delstanche, R. & L. Delstanche, R. & Leroy—Belgium, 433 Delstanche, P.—Belgium, 510 Del vart.—France, 179 Delvigne, G.—France, 473 Dely, M.—Switzerland, 16 ])eman, T.—Belgium, 116 Demanet, C.—Belgium, 402 Demanet, Colonel.—Belgium, 178 Demeulenacre, E.—Belgium, 223 Demidoif, Messrs.—Russia, 21, 153, 324 Demontreuil.—xxx. 360 Dempster, H.—viii. 174 Demythenaere.— Belgium, 246-250 Dench.—Western End^NorthEnclosure,. (Outside), 61 Deneirouse, E. Bois-Glavy & Co. — France, 118:;: D'Enfert Brothers.—France, 496 Denham, Captain.—vm. 72 Denis, A.—France, 161 Denis, J. B.—Belgium, 160 Denison, Sir W. T. — Van Diemen's Laud, 1-5. 24-35. 38. 56-77. 80. 121-125. 136, 137. 149-151. 176. 188. 217-220. 229. 269, 270. 272. 237. 304. 312.334-340 Dennington, C. L—United States, 356 Dennis G.—British Guiana, 140 Dennis, Rev. J. B. P.—xxix. 161 Dent, Alcroft & Co.—xx. 78 Dent, E. J.—x. 55. 68 (Main Avenue West) Dent, L.—China, 15 Denter, see Reed, Chadwick 8c Denter Deutith, W.—ii. 8 (Main Avenue West) Denton, J. B.—x. 317 Denuelle, A. D.—France, 1183 Deo Narain Sing.—India, xxvi. Depierre, Brothers.—Switzerland, 189 Depotter, A.—Belgium, 111 Depoully, C—France, 15S6 Derazey.—France, 814 Derfler, J.—Austria, 480 Dering, G. E.—x. 436 Dernberger, F.—Austria, 509 Deroubaix, H.—Belgium, 239 Derriey, C.—France, 185 Dervaux-Lefebvre.—France, 145 ; see also DubreuUe, &c. Derville& Co.—France, 162 Derwentlron Company.—v. 647 Desauges, A.—France, 1184 Desbordes.—France, 1587 Descalzi, J.—Sardinia, 72 Descartes, J.—France, 815 Deschamps, N.—France, 1185 Desjardins, B.—Canada, 58 Desjardins, P.—Canada, 30. 47 Desjardins-Lieux.—France, 158» Deslandelles, sec Guihery, Deslandelles, &Co. Desmanet de Biesme, Viscount C.— Belgium, 16 Desmedt & Co.—Belgium, 104 Desmedt, Madame—Belgium, 323 Desmond, M.—xvi. 171 Desplanque, jun.—France, 816 Despontaines, Alaison, Leroy, & Son.— France, 1186 Despreaux, A. A.—France, 164 Desrosiers, A.—France, 817 Dessauer.—Austria, 371 Dessauer, A,—Zollverein (2), 68 Destraz, L.—Switzerlarid, 71 Detape.—France, 1710 Dethier, A.—Belgium, 19 Detige, see Lem.aieur, C, Detige, & Co. Detir & Co. (Piano Workmen Society). •—France, 475 Detmold, C. E.—United States, 66 Detouche & Houdin,—France, 1589 Den, G.—Spain, 253 Deutschmann, J.—Austria, 141d Deuzy, P.—France, 165 Devaranne & Son.—Zollverein (1), 280 Devas, Minchener, & Routledge. — XIV. 34 ; xvm, 6 Devaux & Co.—France, 340 Devers, J.—France, 818 Devey, G.—vii. 54 Deville, see GroUeau & Devllle Deville-Thiry H.—Belgium, 445 Deviolaine, Brothers.—France, 1187 Devis, E.—Belgium, 401 Devisme.—France, 166 Devisse, N.—Zollv. (1), 837 Devitt & Moore.—New South Wales, 10 Devon Great Consolidated Copper Mining Co. (Tavistock).—i. 453; V. 418 Devon North Pottery Company.—i. 127 Devonshire, Duke of.—i. 14. 496. 531; (Main Avenue East) ; Austria, 746 Devrange, B. jun,—France, 1188. Devy, Eliza.—xx. 44 Dewar, Son, & Sons.—xiv. 35 ; xix, 150 Dewar, T.—m. 119 Dewdney, J.—xvii. 143 Deweweirne, J. J.—Belgium, 293 Dewrance.—v. 706 Dewsnap, J.—xxviii. 199 Deydier, C. P.—France, 1580 Deydier, Mdme.—France, 819 Deyeux.—France, 476 Dey], Van der, Leendert & Son.— Netherlands, 10 Dezaux-Lacour.^—France, 167 Diamond, J.:—i. 457 Dianet, S. G.—Belgium, 31 Dick, A.—XVI. 311 Dick, D.—United States, 79 Dick, D. & Co.—II. Td Dick &.Kirschten.—Zollverein (6), 17 Dick and Sons..—xii. & xv. 295 Dickenson and Falkou, xxii. 422 Dickenson, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 181 Dicker, J.—v. 674 Dickert, T. —Zollverein (1), 432 Dickes, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 68 Dickins, T.—vi. 62 Dickinson, C. M.—Canada, 193 Dickinson, J.—i. 414. Dickinson, T. F.—i. 407 Dickore, A.—Zollverein (6), 18 Dicks, W.—XX. 184 Dicksee, J. R.—xxx. (Flue Art Court) 271 Dickson, Mr. Sheriff'A.—Canada, 3 Dickson, G. & Co.—ii. 79. Dicksons and Laings.—xii, & xv, 234 Dicia, A.—France, 1189 Didier, F.—France, 820 Didot, Brothers.—France, 212. Dieckmann, W. & C—Zollverein (1), 612 Diederichs, Brothers.—Netherlands, 6 Diepers, J. H.—Zollverein (I), 472 Dierckx, F.—Belgium, 391 Diergardt, F.—Zollverein (1), 5C9 Dierig, C—Zollverein (1), 92 Dierzers, J., heirs of,—Austria, 170A . 196a. 244 Dies, E.—Rome, 50 Diesel & Co.—Zollverein (1), 824. 882 DIetens, J. B.—Belgium, 288 Dieterich, C. F.—Zollverein (4), 96 Dietiker, J.—Switzerland, 211 Dietrich, Baron—Austria, 439 Dietrich, F.—Zollverein (1), 297 Dietrich, F. A.—xx. 56. Dietrich & Son.—France, 188; Zoll- verein (1), 807 Dietrich & Straff.—Zollverein (3), 103 Dietsch & Co.—France, 146 Dietzl, M.—Austria, 510 Dieudonne & Bladel.—Zollv. (4), 20 Diez, Marble Manufactory at.—Zoll- verein (8), 5 Diez, E.—Austria, 33, 122a Diez de Ribera, A.—Spain, 172 Digeon.—France, 1590 Digges, Miss La Touche.—xix. 234 Digges, Rev. T. La Touche,—ix, 263 Dighton, see Latham & Dighton Dighton, T,—xxvi. 276 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 142. 235a Dighton, T. D.—xxx. 160—Page 848 Dill & Mulcahey.—L^nited States, 273 Dillenseger & Patry.—France, 168 Dillon, J.—V. 560 Dillon, L.—XII. & XV. 258 Dillon, Viscount—iv. 138 Diltsch, J.—Austria, 481 Dimech, F.—Malta, 28 Dimech, Mrs.—Malta, 21 Dimmock, T. —xxv. 12 Dimoline.—xxvi. 187 Dimoline, A.—x. 489 Dinant & Huette.—France, 1190 Dingley, W. & S.—xx. 115 Dinglinger, A. F.—Zollverein (1), 175 Dinham, Annie.—xxvi. 92 Dinkier, C.—Austria, 735 Dinneford & Co.—ii. 51 Dinsdale, C.—x. 718 Dinzl, F.—Austria^ 348 Dionisy, J. M.—Netherlands, 106 Dirk, see Voorst, Van, Dirk, & Son Dirks, H. J—Netherlands, 29 Dirksen, G.—Denmark, 40 Dissmar & Harloff.—Hamburgh, 25 Disturnell, .7.—United States, 215 Ditchburn, T. J.—vm. 30 Ditl, Madame.—xix. 152 Dittmar, Brothers.—Zollverein (4), 57 Dix, see Randall and Dix Dix, E. R.—United States, 139 Dixcee, T.—xxvi. 16 Dixey, C. W.—x. 271 ' Dixon, F,—Canada, 94 Dixon, G.—XXIX, 91 Dixon, J.—XXVI. 190; Van Diemen's Land, 19, 20 Dixon, J. & Sons.—XXII. 797; xxiii, 38 Dixon & Longstaff.—xiv. 75 Dixon, P. & Sons.—XI. 19 Dixon, R. & T.—XII. & XV. 187 Dixon, Son, & Co.—ll. 126 Dixon, T —Canada, 138. 170, see also Dixon, R. & T. Dixon & Wliifing.—XVI. 290 Djiiljivadze, Prince Niko.—Russia, 95 Djifarolf, A.—Russia, 251 Djarson, C.—Sweden, 70 Dobbelaere, H.—Belgium, 208 Dobbie, W.—X. 166 Dobbs, G.—X. 346 Dobbs, Kidd, & Co.—XVII. 79 Dobree, D.—Jersey & Guernsey, 35 Dobree, Harriett.—Jersey & Guernsey, 30 Dobrowolski, B. W.—x. 524 Dobson, J.—VII. 114 ; x. 323 Docagne, S.— France, 1718 Docquir, P. J. & J. Parvs—Belgiuni, 68 Docte, H. Le—Belgiuin, 161 Dodd, E.—X. 505 Dodd, J.—X. 543 Dodd, P. G.—XXIII. 122 Dodd, R. S.—Canada, 87 Dodds & Sol).—V. 64 Dodge, Catberine.—iv, 32 Dodge, N. S.—United States, 566 Dodge, W.—XVI. 160 Dodshaux, Brothers.—Zollverein (7), 1 Dodson, J.—XVI. 182a Doe, E.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 25 Doe, llazletou & Co.—United States, 418 Doe, W.—XVI. 145 Doebel, H. J.—Zollverein (1), 547 Doerftel, C. G. & Sons.—Zollverein (3), 69 DoerflPel, T.—Zollverein (1), 54 Doerner, F.—Zollverein (4), 21 Doerr & Reinhardt.—Zollverein (6), 33 Dokhtouroii".—Russia, 36 Dolan, D.—xxvii. 45 Dolbeau, see Lapere & Dolbeau Dolgoroucky, Prince.—Russia, 3 6 DoUeschal, J.—Austria, 51 DolHus, Mieg, & Co.—France, 1191 Dollond, G.—X.145. Dombrowitcb, C.—Russia, 355 Dornenget.—Sardinia, 96 Domeny, L. J.—France, 477 Dominick, G.—United States, 21 Dommer, T.—Belgium, 233 Don, Brothers, & Co.—xiv. 63 Don, W. & J., & Co.—XIV. 63 Donalds.—XXIII. 103 Donalds, W. J. & C.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 41 Donat, A.—France, 1192 Donat& Co.—France, U93 Donbavand, W.—v. 782 Doncaster, D.—xxii. 184 Donegan, J.—x. 52 Donisthorpe, G. E.—vi. 40 Donkin, B. & Co.—v. 42; vi. 130; VII. 46 Donlat), M. J. J.—iv. 43 Donne, G.—xxiv. 4 Donne, G. J.—xxvi. 198 Donne & Sons,—xxm, 127 Donneaud & Co.—France, 478 Donohue, J.—Western end, South En- closure (Outside), 2 Donzel and Maussier.—France, 1195 Doodinsky.—Russia, 77 Dpopier, A.—Austria, 511 Dopter, J. V. M.—France, 1194. Dorer, M.—Zollverein (1), 343 Dorey, D.—Jersey & Guernsey,37 Dorev, J.—France, 479. Dorey, J. F.—France, 823 Durfleuthner, L.—Austria, 253 Dorr, W.—vil. 57 Dorrien, C.—iv. 81 Dorvell, Elizabeth.—xxix. 77 Dosin, B. J.—Belgium, 429 Dossetor, see Pearl & Dossetor Dotres, Gaspar, & Co.—Spain, 215 Doubleday, H.—ill. 2 Doublet & Huchet.—France, 821 Doucet & Duclerc, A.—France, 147 Doucet & Petit.—France, 149 Doudney, E.—XX. 113 Douglas, J. S. & Son.—Hamburgh, 92 Douglas, R.—XVI. 257 Douglas River Coal Co.—Van Diemen's Land, 13 Doulton & Co.—Western end. North Enclosure (Outside), 64; xxvil. 23 Doulton & Watts.—North Transept, 45a ; XXVII, 95 Doumerc, E.—France, 822 Dourassoff'.—Russia,! 97 Doutrewe, F. J.— Belgium, 149 Dove, C. W. & Co.—XIX, 155 Dove, D,—Western end, South Enclo- sure (Outside), 23 Dover, J.~x. 344 Doveston, G.—xxvi. 122 Dow, A.—XXVIII. 29 Dowbiggin & Co.—XIX. 156; xxvi. 404 Dower, J.—XVII. 37 Dowie, J.—XVI. 180; (Main Avenue West) Dowling, H.—Van Diemen's Land, 331- 333 Down, J.—XXIX. 56 *■ Down, S.—XXIX. 267 Downing, Dr. C. T.—x. 634 Downing, G. & J. H.—xix. l57 Downing, J. H., see Downing, G, &c. Downman, H, H.—i, 501 Downs, Andrew.—Nova Scotia Downs, H.—VIII. 133 Downs, W,—XXII. 675 Downton, J.—v. 474 ; xxii. 530 Dowse,—XVII. 41 Dowse, Henrietta. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 230a Dowson, see Young, Dowson, 8c Co. Dowson, J. E,—XXII, 476 Doxat & Co.—IV, 35 Doyon, see Jouvin & Doyon Draaisma, D,—Netherlands, 68 Drabble & Co,—v, 8-12 Drake, see Bedford, Bonson, & Co, Drake, P.—Jersey and Guernsej'-, 45 Drake, Professor F.—Zollverein (1), 273 ; (Main Avenue East) Drake, R.—xvi, 306 Draper.—V, 997 Draper, W.—xxvi. 320 Dray, see Deane, Dray, and Deane Dregger, F.—Russia, 362 Dreher, A.—Austria, 668 Dresden Royal Saxon Military Plan OtSce.—Zollverein (3), 184 Dresler, F.—Zollverein (5), 24 Dresler, J, H., sen. — Zollverein (1), 449 Dreusike, W,—Zollverein (1), 245 Drew, D.—XXVI, 116 Drew, J.—I. 449 Drew, T.—XXX. 352 Drewsen and Sons.—Denmark, 4 Dreyse & Collenbusch.—Zollverein (1), 638 Drides, Tribe of the.—Algeria, 55 Drion, E,—Belgium, 353 Driver, C. H,—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 269 Driver, J.—x. 102. Driver, W.—i. 203 Droitwich Patent Salt Works.—il. 116 Droni, Criiger, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 357 Drouin & Brossier.—France, 169 Druery, J.—viii. 322 Druggists' Company.—ii. 117 Druitt, R,—X, 612. Drumraond, see M'Cartney & Drum- mond, Drummond, J, — xil. & xv. 150; Canada, 32 Drummond, P. R.—ix. 88 Drummond & Sons.—ix. 49. Drury, F.—V. 758 Drury, J.—x, 56 Drury, J. F.—X. 506 Dubar-Delespaul.—France, 148 Duberger, G.—Canada, 21 Dubler & Sons.—Switzerland, 227 Dublin, Royal Society of.—i. 207. 508. 515; VII. 141 ; XXVII. 71 Dubois, see Jouhanne & Dul)ois Dubois, A.—Switzerland, 43 Dubois, A, & Co.—Belgium, 360 Dubois, C, see Dubois, G, & Co. Dubois, F. W.—Switzerland, 9 Dubois, G.—Belgium, 469. Dubois, G. & Co.—Belgium, 196 Dubois and Son.—France, 170 Duboscq-Soleil.—France, 1197 Dubreuille, Dervaux, Lefebvre, & De Fitre—France, 480 Dubsky, Count,—Austria, 456 Dubus, —France, 481 Du Cane, A.—xxvi. 535 Ducci, A.—Tuscany, 82 Ducci, A. & M,—Tuscanj-^, 58 Ducel, S. J.—France, 824 Duchastel, Comte. Belgium, 443 Duche, sen. & Co.—France, 1592. Duchene, sen,—France, 1198. Duchene, J. J.—Belgium, 166. Duchenne, Dr.—France, 171. Duchesne.—France, 172 Ducie, Earl,—xvi. 267. Duclerc, A., see Doucet & Duclerc Duclos, J.—France, 1712 Ducluzeau, A.— Main Avenue East, 96 Ducommun, —France, 482 Du Common Girod, F. W.—France, 77 Ducourtloux, C. L.—France, 1199 Ducroquet, P. A. — France, 173 (Main Avenue East) Ducrot & Petir.—France, 149 Dudgeon & Co.—New South Wales, 11 Dudgeon, Patrick.—China Dudman, J,—xvil. 137 Dudson, J.—XXV. 56 Duelin, M,—xxx, (Fine Art Court), 58 Duerrenberg, Royal Saltery at.—ZoUv. (1), 856 Duesberg, see Plrenne & Duesberg Dufaux, L,—Switzerland, 249, Dufaux, O.—Switzerland, 249 DufaviUe, W.—IV. 125 Duflferin's, Lord, School, Belfast. — XIV. 3 Duffield, C—United States, 363 Duffield, J. E, & Co.—V. 844 Dufossee.—France, 1201 Dufosse, sen.—France, 1200 Dufour.—Belgium, 159; see also Sar- rac, H. & Dufour Dufour, jun.—France, 174 Dufour & Co.—IX. 124a Dufour, J. B.—France, 485 Dafour, L.—France, 483; Sardinia, 13 Dufrelz, Albert.—France, 193 Dugard, W. & H.—xxii. 350 Duggin, T. B.—British Guiana, 3, 4, 7, 20, 26, 49, 54, 56, 57, 64, 80, 81, 90b, 99-102A, 119, 141, 146-148A. Duiiajon-Brunfaut & Co.—Belgium, 314 Duhme, H.—United States, 15 Dujardin.—Belgium, 2^6-250 Dujardin, C.—Belgium, 217 Dujardin,L.—Belgium,317; France,825 Duke & Son.—XXIX. 191 Dulcius, C—Zollverein (6), 72 Duley, J.—XXII. 89 Dultgen Brothers,—Zollverein (1), 641 Dulud.—France, 1202 Dumaine, J. A.—France, 490 Dumaiue, X.—France, 175 Dumaret, see Daubert & Dumaret Dumas, A.—France, 486 Dumbleton, see Dawbee & Dumbleton Dumbleton. H.—South Africa, 47 Dumerey.—France, 487 Dumeril, Sons, & Co.—France, 176 Dummich. P.—Zollverein (6), 79 Dumont, F. L. H.—France, 4b8 Dumont, J. S,—United State?, 287 Dumont-Pettrelle.—France, 826 Dumontat, see Bertrand, Gaytet, &c. Dumortier & Co.—France, 1593 Dumortier, L.—France, 177 Dumoulin, S.—France, 178 Dumrath, H.—Sweden, 60 Dunaime, J. A.—France, 490 Dunbar, D.— New South Wales, 6 Dunbar, D. & Sons.—viii. 315 Dunbar, W.—xxix. 234 Duncan, see Sinclair, Duncan & Son Duncan, D. & Co.—xiv. 80 Duncan, Flockhart, & Co.—ii. 104 Duncan, J.—Canada, 351 Duncan, W. L,—ii. 76 Duncum, see Foster, Son, & Duncum Dundee Local Committee.—xiv. 63 Dunhill, T.—VII. 90 Dunin, Mx. E. de.—x. 210 Dunlevie, Mrs.—Jersey & Guernsey, 3 Dunlop, J.—xxviii. 155 Dunlop and Series.—Mexico Dunlo[), W. A.—United States, 483 Dunn.—V. 624; Van Diemcn's Land, 190; see also Holland &; Dunn Dunn, J.—V. 998 Dunn, M.—vii. 204 Dunn, T.—V. 618 ; x. 689a Dunn, W.—Canada, 119 Dunniclill", see Ball, Dunnicliffe & Co. Dunt, see Hancock, Rixon, & Dunt Dunton, J. H.—United States, 195 Dupas, E.—France, 1204 Dupasquier, J. P.—France, 1205 Dupes & Co.—France, 1594 Dupierry, C. jun.—Belgium, 494 Duponceau, see Forton, Duponceau, & Co. Dupont, A.—France, 180 . Dupont, Evena.—Mauritius, 2 Dupont, P.—France, 181 Duport, v.—France, 182 Duppa.—xxvii. 51 Duprat & Co.—France, 492 Du])re, Prof. A.—Tuscany, 105 Dupre, A. G.—France, 493 Dupre, J. F.—France, 183 Dupre de St. Maur.—Algeria, 23 Dupre, W. H.—Jersey and Guernsey, 9 Dupuis, J.—France, 184 Duquesne, see Serret, Hamoir, & Co. Durand.—France, l8o; see also Eck & Durand Durand & Bal.—France, 829 Durand, Boncourt, & Pitard.-—France, 1206 Durand, E. P.—France, 1207 Durand, F.—France, 1595 Durand, G.—France, 1208 Durand, J.—France, 1596 Durango y Trigo, J.—Spain, 46. 127 Durant, R. jun.—iv. 31 Durant, Susan.—xxx, (Sclpt. Ct.) 5. 78 Duranton, J. B.—France, 494 Durham, Earl of.—v. 999 Durham, J. B.—xxi. 46; xxiii. 58 ; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 75, 76 Durham, J. D.—x. 668. Durham, T. D.—xxii. 614 Durio, Brothers.—Sardinia, 46 Durley & Co.—xxvi. 169 Dusauchoit, E.—Belgium, 272. Duseigneur, see Bianchi, J., & Duseig- neur Dassaert, J.—Belgium, 407 Dussol—France, 150 Dutertre, A.—Switzerland, 219 Duthoit, J.—XIII. 12. Duthoit & Co.—VIII. 301 Dutron, jun.—France, 1209 Dutton & Co.—XXIX. 287 Dutton, R. W.—III. 6. Duura, Van, & Versteeven.—Nether- lands, 5 Duval.—France, 474. 1177 Duval, A.—France, 189 Duval, M.—France, 1210 Duval, P. S.—United States, 52 Duval & Paris,—France, 151 Duvelleroy, P.—France, 495 Duyn, Hipp & Co.—Zollverein (1), 510 Dvedier, C. P.—France, 1580 Dyer, C. K.—I. 131b Dyer, H.—x. 379 Dyer, W.—I, 10 Dyer, W. B.—i. 62 Dyne, W.—viii. 60 Eades & Son.—vi. 224 Eady, H. J.—xxm. 109. Eagland, T.—x. 567 Eakins, S.—United States, 256 Eames, see Burton & Eames Earl, Smith, & Co.—xxii. 207 Earle, J. H.—xxx. 49 Earle, T.—Page 848 ; xxx. (Sculpture Couit), 16. 21. 82 Earle, T. K. & Co.—United States, 456 Early, E.—Xll. & XV. 269 Early, J. & Co.—XII. & XV. 268 Earnshaw.—x. 11 Earnshaw & Greaves.—xxv. 24 Earnshaw, H.—xvi. 107 Earnshaw, R.J.—xxix. 2G1 Earp, E.—XXVI. 13 Easson, A.—xiv. 63 East India Company.—Chinn, 5 ; India East, Landon & Holland.—xii. &xv. 2 East & Son.—XVI. 34 Easterling, J.—xxix. 282 Eastern Archipelago Co.—Labuan, &c. Eastman R.—United States, 3 Eastman, W. P.—United States, 338 Easton & Amos.—v. 408 Eastwood & Fro^t.—v. 672 Eastwood, G.—xxi. 49 Eaton, C. L.—United States, 28 Eaton, E.—xxiii. 52 Eaton, J. IX. 22 Ebart, Brothers.—Zollverein (I), 145 Ebbs, B.—IX. 66/V Ebbw Vale Co. Abergavenny.—i. 412; V. 67. 638 Eberhardt, see Hoffman & Eberhardt Eberstaller & Schindler.—Austria, 427 Eccleshall, T.—v. 132 Echinger, Brothers.—Austria, 304 Eck & Durand.—France, 1211 Eckardstein, Baron A.—Zollverein (1), Eckert, J. C. H.—Hamburgh, 84 Eckhardt, F. M.—Zollverein (4), 38 Ecklin, see Goetz& Ecklin Economical Society (Amicos del Pais), Bisayas Islands.— Spain, 234 Ecroyd, W. & Son.—xii. & xv. 130a Edberg, C. K.—Sweden, 61 Eddy, Capt.—I. 496 Eddy & Co.—United States, 509. 523 Eddy, J.—I. 463 Ede & Co.—XXIX. 18 Ede, F. & Son.—Persia, 4 Edelstcn & Williams.—xxii. 336 Eder, S. T.—Netherlands, 88 Edey, see Arthur & Edey Kdgar, see Swan & Edgar Edge^ see Cork & Edge Edge, J.—XXII. 51 Edge, T.—X. 702; xxii. 441 Edgington, B.—VIII. 302 Edgington, T. F.—xiv. 90 Edinburgh Scliool for the Blind.—xvii, 170 Edkins & Son.—x. 207 Edler Von Wursh, W.—Austria, 52 Edmond, J.—viii. 136 Edmonds, see Remnant, Edmonds, &c. Edmonds & Edmonds.—xil. & xv. 218 Edser, see Ridley & Edser Edwards, D. 0.—xxii. 241 Edwards, E.—xxii. 345 Edwards, F.—xxii. 387 Edwards, H.—iii. 134 Edwards, J.—x. 104; xiv. 73; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 67 Edwards, R. J.—x. 516 Edwards, J. & Sons.—xxv. 37 Edwards, J. B.—x. 438 Edwards, J. T.—x. 103 Edwards, R.—xxiii. 78 Edwards, S.—xxvi. 247 Edwards, T.—v. 12 ; xxiii. 94 Edwards, T. J.—xxix. 89 Eeckhuudt, Van, see Heusschen, Van Eeckhoudt & Co. Eeckhout, Van, & Co.—France, 713 Egan, J.—Canada, 74 Egells. F. A.—Zollverein (1), 200 Egg, D.—VIII.—345 Egg, H.—VIII. 232, Egger, Count Ferdinand Von.—Austria, 409, 410. 425 Egger, Count G. Von.—Austria, 31. 401, 402 Egger, J. B.—Austria, 435 Eggerlh, J.—Austria, 361 Eglotl'sieln, Count.—Zollverein (13,897 Egyptian Government.—Egypt, 1-391 Ehinger, A.—Austria, 181 Ehr, N.—Zollverein (5), 25 Ehrenberg', J. F.—Sweden, 65 Ehrenberg & Richter.—Zollverein (I), 750 Ehrensperger & Co. — Zollverein (3), 152 Ehrenzeller, F.—Switzerland, 191 EicheU)erg, H. D. & Co. — Zollverein (1), 660 Eichler, G.—Zollverein (1), 272 Eichner, G. L.—ZoUvevein (-2), 80 Eichwede, see Bernstorff & Eichwede Eickholf, A.—Zollverein (1), 519 Eitter & Co.—Zollverein {\), 891 Eiler, L. M.—Denmark, 53 Eimen.—Turkey Einenkel, J. C. C—Zollverein (3), 165 Einhauser, J.—Austria, 344 Einsiedel, Count G,—Zollverein (1), 762 Einsiedelsches.—Main Avenue, East Einsle, E.—X. 127 Eipenschleid, L.—Zollverein (1), 330 Elsenbrandt, C. H—United States, 481 Eisenmenger, G.—Zollverein (2), 24 Eisenring, see Fehr & Eisenrinj^ Eisenstuck & Co.—Zollverein (3), 151 Ejoff, J.—Russia, 80 Ekaterinburg Imperial Polishing Ma- nufactory.—Russia, 326 Ekaterinoslati", Peasantsof.—Russla,230 Ekins, G.—xxvii. 13 Ekman, G.—Sweden, 83 Elbers, J. H.—Zollverein (1), 348 Elder, D,—V. 152 Eldon, Earl of.—Page 848 Eldrid, see Atkinson and Eldrid Electric Telegraph.—x. }iage 941. Elemenhorst, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 708 Elex, A.—France, 1215 Eley, W. & C—viTi. 225 Elfdahls Porphyry Works,—Sweden, 47 Elfroth, D. H.—Switzerland, 78 Eliaert, C—Belgium, 234 Elias, A,—United States, 515 Elias, M.—Spain, 39 Eliasson.—Sweden, 93 Elinhaiiser, J.—Austria, 344 Elisha, C^x, 39 Elkinglon & Co.—Page 848 Elkington, H.—xxiii. 1 Elkington, Mason, & Co.—xxiii. 1. Ell, G.—VII. 94 Ellam, Jones, & Co.—ii. 58 Ellin, T. & Co.—XXII. 120 Elliott.-—VII. 13 Elliott, G.—IX. 144a Elliott & Heys.—VI. 50 Elliott, J.—IX. 41 ; XXII. 151 Elliott & Sons.—X. 320. 322 ; xxii. 302 Elliott, T.—V. 702 Elliott, W.—XX. 172 Ellis, F. A.—VIII. 129 Ellis, F. & J.—XX. 209 Ellis, G.—XVI. 305 Ellis, H,—XVII. 141. Ellis, J.—X. 631b; xxii. 156; see also Ellis, F. & J. Ellis, J. W. & (^0.-XII. & XV. 70 Ellis, Miss.—Jersey and Guernsey, 44 Ellis, R.—I. 13; see also Hahnel & Ellis. Ellis & Son, XXIII. 12 Ellis, Sophie A.—xix. 159 Ellis, W.—XXII. 86: Ells.—IX. 29 Elmendorf, E. F,—Zollverein (1), 470 Eloffe.-France, 1597. Eloin, F.—Belgium, 11 Eloure, W. W —xxvi. 188 Elsholtz, F,—Zollverein (1), 230 Eisner, Von Gronow, & Co.—Zollverein, (0,4 Elwell, S(?eVarrall, Middleton, &^Elwell Elwell, H.—Barbadoes, 2 Emanuel, M.—xxill. 119 Kmanueli, G.—Austria, 709 Emerson, F.—United States, 433 Emery, F.—xxv. 57 Kmery, J. — I. 532; xxxvil. 141 Emmerich, J. B. & Goerger, M. jun.— France, 1212 Emory & Co.—United States, 148 Emory, T.—United States, 18 Kms, G.—Zollverein (1), 583 Emshall, G.—XIV. 40. Ena, see Margarit & Ena Encke, F. —Zollverein (1), 736 Enderson, H. J.—iv. 16 Enfer.—France, 830 Enfert, D', Brothers.—France, 496 Engel, E., jun.—Zollverein (1), 125 Engel, F.—Zollverein, (1), 274 Engel, J.—Page 848; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 74 Engel, P.—Zollverein (1), 885 Engel, P. H.—Zollverein (1), 389 Engeler & Son.—Zollverein (1), 242 Engelhard & Karth.—Zollverein (1), 417 Engelhard, F.—-Hamburgh, 93 Engelhard, W.—Hambm-gh, 96 Engelmann & Graf.—France, 192 Kngelmann, S.—Austria, 22 Engelmana & Son.—Zollverein (1), 571 Engels, H. W. M.—liamburgh, 65 England, G.—v. 484. 509 England, G. W.—xxvi. 528 English.—XXII, 343 English, E. F,—xxvi, 57 English, J.—XXII. 572 English's Patent Camphine Co.—iv. 61; VII, 133 Ennever & Steedman.—x. 479 Enniskillen, Earl of.—I. 116 ; ix. 232 Enrico, C.—Austria, 147 Enriquez, J.—Spain, 73, 106 Enriquez, J. N.—Spain, 176 Enriquez, Maria.—Malta, 9 Euschede & Sons—Netherlands, 79,109 Ensor, T.—xx. 185 Enstoller, G.—Austria, 669 Enthoven, C. L.—Netherlands, 76 Enthoven, Van, A. J.—Netherlands, 49 Enthoven & Son.—Netherlands, I Enzinger, see Gruber & Enzinger Eoke, Royal Mines at. — Zollverein (1), 326 Epps, W. J.—IX. 101 Erard, P.—France, 497 Erard, P. O.—X. 496 Erbrau, J.—Switzerland, 4 Erbschloe & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 614 Erbsloh, see Wollf & Erbsloh Erchofi; A.—Russia, 339 Erdelen, C—Zollverein (1), 474 Erhardt & Sons.—Zollverein (4), 63 Erich, C. A.—Zollverein (2), 19 Ericsson, A. & Co.—Sweden, 106 Ericsson, J.—United States, 146 Erivan, Agricultural Society of the Cau- cacus.—Russia, 58 Ernest, Madame.—France, 1216 Erno, see Vetter & Erno Ernoux, C. H.—France, 498 Ernst, fiee Hetzer, lu-nst & Son ; Press- pitch, Ernst, & Son Ernst, F.—Switzerland, 149 Ernst, P.—Austria, 457 Erret, see Petzold & Erret Ershoff.—Russia, 60 Erskine, D.—v. 100; viii. 45 Erskine, J.—i. .532 ; viii. 257 Ertel, Traugott & Sons.—ZoUv. (2), 25 Escher, S.—Switzerland, 153 Escherich, T.—Zollverein (2), 48 Eschvveiler,D., Sociefe des Mines et Fon- deries.—Zollverein (1), 318 Escudero, C.—Spain, 183 Escudero and Alzara.—Spain, 192 Esdaile, J.—xxix. 278 Esdailes & Margrave.—viii. 126 XX VIII. 125 Esprit & Noye.—France, 499 Esquilant, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 103 Esschen, N. G. Van.—Belgium, 137 Essex, J.—XVI. 326 Essex, W. — xxx. (Fine Art Court) 241 Essique & Delamare.—France, 1213 Estcourt, S.—II. 64 PZstivant, Brothers.—France, 1214 Estrange, F, L'—x. 597 Etex, A.—France, 1215 (Main Avenue East) Etherington, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 234 Etienne, Madame D. St,—iii. 138 Etrick, A.—VIII. 327 Euboea, Bishop of.—Greece, 14 Eugster, Brothers.—Switzerland, 190 Eustace, J., see Eustace, R. & J. Eustace, R. & J.—xix. 160 Eustate, Friar.—France, 193 Euston & Milligan.—Van Diemen's Land, 105, 106 ; Evans, see Bradbury & Evans; Gads- den & Evans ; Hill, Evans & Co.; Sewell, Evans & Co.; Voigtlander, Evans & Co. Evans & Co.—x. 643a; xi. 33 Evans, D., & Co.—xviii. 1 Evans, Dr,—United States, 558 Evans, E.—xvii. 113 Evans, F.—xxvi. 224 Evans, F. J.—ii. 5 , Evans, G.—i. 227 Evans, H.—United States, 474 Evans, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 202 Evans, J. S.—xvii. 8 Evans, O. B.—United States, 105 Evani^, R. & Co.—xix, 74 Evans, S.—X. 670a; xiii. 60 Evans, S. A.—xix. 161 Evans & Son.—v. 37 ; xvi. 18 Evans, Son, & Co.—xxil. 103 Evans, T. & Co.—xxix. 148 Evans, W.—iv. 9a ; x. 274a Evans, W. P.—x. 106 Evard, E. P.—Switzerland, 29 Eveleigh & Son.—xx. 104 Evenden, Eliza Anne.—xix. 162 Everaert, Misses.—Belgium, 321 Everest, J,—xxvi. 27 Everett, A.—United States, 427 Everett & Co.—xvi. 39 Everitt & Son.—xxii. 352 Every, S. F,—vii. 120 Evrard, J.—x.. 647 Evrot, C. N.—France, 190 Ewald, L.—Zollverein (6), 6 Ewart, —x. 324 Ewart, G.—X. 729 Ewart, Henrietta.—xxix. 75 Ewen, J.—IV. 30 Ewens, J. B. & Co.—xiv. 73 Ewing, J. H.—United States, 188 Ewing, Orr, & Co,—xviii. 57 Exall, see Barrett, Exall, & Andrews Exall, W.—viii. 3 Kyderoff, M.—Russia, 75 Eykyn & Millichap.—xxii. 309 ^ Eyles, see Margetts, T. K., & Eyles Eyles, H.—xxvi. 50; xxvii. 91 Eymieu. & Son.—France, 831 Eyndhoven, A. J. Van.—Netherlands,49 Eyre, see Hawksworth, Eyre, & Co. Eyre, Ward, & Co.—xxii. 203 Eyres, W. & Son.—xii. & xv. 27 Ezcaray, Manufacturing Company of the Guilds at.—Spain, 219 Faber, A. W.—Zollverein (2), 81 Faber, C—Zollverein (4), 33 Faber, W.—United States, 279 Fabian, C. G.—Zollverein (1), 95 Faabe, B. A.—Switzerland, 11 Fabregue, Noury, Son, Harouin, & Co. —France, 832 Facer.—xvi. 150 Facilides & Co.—Zollverein (3), 95 Facy, R.—X. 195 Fadderjahn, B,—Zollverein (1), 294 Faddy, Mrs. Col.—Western Africa, 20 Faddy, Col. P.—Western Africa, 19 Fadeuilhe, V. B.—iii. 140 Faessler, J. A.—Switzerland, 229 Fahie, J. K.—I. 30. 129 Faiers, J.—xxix. 26 Fairbairn & Co.—VI. 421 Fairbairn, R.—xvii. 9 Fairbairn, W. & Sous.—V. 26 ; 417, 522, 732 ; vi. 200, 403 Fairer, J.—x. 36 Fairless, T.—ix. 155 Fairly, E.—VIII. 339 Fairman, J.—vm. 233 Faist, see Uechtritz & Faist Faist & Steinhaeuser.—Zollv. (4), 54 Faker, W.—United States, 280 Falcini, Brothers.—Tuscany, 84 Falent, M.—Austria, 458 Falisse & Rapmann.—Belgium, 154 Falkingbridge, W.—viii. 136 Falkou, see Dickenson & Falkou Faller,Tritscheller, & Co.—Austria, 656 Zollverein (1), 419 Falloise, J.—Belsium, 384 Fallon Pirn, J. B^—Belgium, 10 Falmouth Local Committee.—i. 88 Falmouth & Penryn Local Committee. —Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), 30, 163; xiv. 57a; xxix. 185 Falson, S.—Malta, 25 Famin, P. A.—France, 833 Fancourt, Catherine.—xix. 378 Fankhauser Brothers.—Switzerland, 163 Fano, TheFilanda-Bracci Al.— Rome,7 Faraday & Sons.—xxii. 444 Farina, A.—Sardinia, 47 Farina, J. M.—xxix. 21 ; Austria, 748; Zollverein, (1), 426, 858 Farjjn, H.—France, 1217 Farlow, C—XXIX. 176 Farlow, J. K.—IX. 221 ; xxix. 181 Farmer, P.—xxx. (Sculpture Crt.) 31 Farmer, T.—xxx. (Sculpture Crt.) 73 Farnley Coal Co.—I. 406 Farochon, E.—France, 834 Farquharson, J.—x. 655 Farrange, Miss.—XX. 176 Farrar & Son.—xxviii. 16 Farrar, W.—xxii. 627 Farrel, A.—France, 1220 Farrell, I. J.—vii. 140; XXX. (Sculp- ture Court), 52 Farrell, R. H.—xxix. 120 Farrell, T.—xxx. (Sculpture Court) 18 Farren, M.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.) 12 Farrington, A. C.—United States, 286 Farrobo, Count de.—Portugal, 409, 470 Farrow, C.—xxii. 560 Farrow, G.—viii. 136 Farthmann.—Zollverein (1), 16 Fasbender, H. J.—Belgium, 260 Fassin, jun.—France, 194 Fatio, J. A.—Switzerland, 79 Fauconier, Madame—Belgium, 380 Faudel and Phillips,—xix. 165 Faukhauser, Brothers.—Switzerland, 163 Faulding, J.^—xxii. 502; xxviii. 91 Faulds, see Field, Coojjers, & Fauids Faulhaber & Leube.—Zollverein (4),43 Faulkner, C. see Faulkner, R. & C. Faulkner, E.—x. 530 Faulkner, O.—xvi. 216 Faulkner, R. & C—III. 54 Faulwasser, C. K.—Hamburgh, 71 Fauntleroy, R. & Sons.—iv. 135 (Main Avenue West) Fauquet-Lemaitre.—France, 20l Fauquier, L. F.—France, 502 Fauquier-Lemaitre, F.—France, 502 Faure, see Larcher, Faure, & Co. Faure, M.—France, 1218, 1219 Faure, T.—v. 726. Fauset, T.—British Guiana, 93, 94 Faussemagne, J. M.—France, 1599 Fauvelle-Delebarre.—France, 202 Favar, C.—Russia, 195 Favre, A, E.—Switzerland, 10 Favre, B. A. —Switzerland, 11 Favre, H. A.—Switzerland, 23 Favrel, A,—France, 1220 Fawcett, B.—ii. 29 Fawcett, F.—vm. 62 Farvens, G.—vm. 137 Fay & Co.—United States, 293 Faye, T. De—Jersey & Guernsey, 14 Favet-Baron.—France, 1221 Fayle & Co.—I. 100 Fayolle, L. T.—France, 197 Fayrer & Robinson.—viii. 112 Fearncombe, H.—xxii. 160a Feast, see Batty & Feast Featham, Miller, & Sayer.—xxii. 686 Feau-Bechard, V. A.—France, 198 Feaux & Riedel.—Zollverein (1), 364 Fechner, F.—Zollverein (1), 266 Federer, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 381 Feer, F. & Co.—Switzerland, 152 Feetbam & Co.—xxii. 276a (Main Avenufi West) Fehr & Eisenrnig.—Zollverein (2), 54 Fehr, J. C—Switzerland, 122 Feigenspan, A.—Zollverein (1), 688 Feistel & Son.—Zollverein (3), 171 Felchlin, C—Switzerland, 80 Feldbaumer, P.—Austria, 453 Felde, R.—Zollverein (1), 625 Felhoen-Coucke, Madame.— Belgium, 481 Felix, A.—France, 199 Felix & Co.—XX. 51a Felix, J.—France, 503 Felkersham, Baron.—Russia, 82 Fell & Co.—I. 106; xxv. 28 Fell, R.—V. 438 Feller & Son.—Zollverein (1), 107 Felling Chemical Works(Gateshead).— II. 18. Felsing, H.—Zollverein (6), 73 Felten & Guilleaume.—Zollv. (1), 380 Felthara., R. D.—Jersey & Guernsey^ 8 Felthauss.—Zollverein (1), 666 Feltrappe, Brothers.—France, 1600 Fendt^ see Purdy & Fendt Fenech, Antonia.—Malta, 19 Fenech, V.—Malta, 6 Fenn, J.—United States, 1II Fenney, F.—xxii. 114 Fenton.—xxii. 422; see also Sadler, Fent^n, & Co. Fenton, Mrs.—Yan Diemen's Land, 330 Fenton, W.—xii. & XV. 69 Fentum, M.—XXvm. 48 Ferguson, Brothers.^—xvil, 90 Ferguson, C. A. & T.—vm. 84. 184; XXII. 85 Ferguson, D.—v. 78—UnitedStates, 574 Ferguson, J.—ix. 214 Ferguson, Miller, & Co.—Western end, North Enclosure (Outside), 66; xxvii. 93 Ferguson & Sons.—x. 631 Ferguson, W.—Canada, 164 Fergusson, J.—viii. 276 Ferie, W.—Austria, 284 Fermento, L. A.—Sardinia, 37 Fernandez, D. F.—Spain, 127b Fernandez de Cordoba, D. M. M.— Spain, 69 Fernandez, M.—Spain, 169 Fernandez, V.—Spain, 25 Fernandez Vitores, J. M.—Spain, 90 Fernconi.—Austria, 430 (Main Avenue East) Fernkerna.—Austria, 430 Fernley Iron Works.—xxvii. 102. Feron.—France, 86 Feron, J. F.—France, 504 Ferouelle & Rolland.—France, 200 Ferrabee &Sons.—ix. 274 Ferrare, F. de.—Belgium, 15 Ferraz & Sisters.—Madeira. 2. Ferreira, A. J.—Portugal, 33-36 Ferreira, G. B.—Portugal, 1114, 1115 Ferreira, M. B. jtm.—Portugal, 510 Ferrer & Co.—Spain, 206 Ferrier, Hon. J.—Canada, 5 Ferrigini, G.—Tuscany, 100 Fery, A.—France, 505 Festugiere, E. J. & Co.—France, 1721 Fetter & Rahn.—Russia, 262 Fetu, A. & J. Deliege.—Belgium, 129 Fetu, J.—France, 1601 Feulgen, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 507 Feutchwanger, Dr. L.—United States, 469 Feuvre, G.C.Le.—Jersey & Guernsey, 20 Feuvre, Mrs. F. Le.—Jersey & Guern- sey, 11 Feuvre, P. Le.—Jersey & Guernsey, 10 Fevre, Le.—France, 1647 Feyeux.—France, 209. 1486 Fial, J.—Austria, 307 Fiala, W.—Austria, 25 Fialbo, D. da Cunha,—Portugal, 1122, 1123 Ficalho, Marquis de.—Portugal, 299. 301. 317. 335. 347. 356, 357. 375. 382, 400. 440. 481, 482. 535. 552. 596. 602, 603. 619, 621 Ficker, C—Zollverein (4), 10 Field, see Maudslay, Sons, & Field; Parker, Field, & Sons Field, A.—United States, 455 Field, Coopers, and Faulds.—I. 263 Field, E.—XXI. 16 Field, G.—xxx. 360 Field, J. see Field, J. C. & J, Field, J. C. & J.—IV. 130 Field & Son.—X. 250 Field & Sons.—XX. 10 Fielder, A. D. G.—Zollverein (3), 128 Fielder, A. G.—Russia, 351 Fielder, W. E.—xxix. 86 Fieldhouse, G. & Co.—vi. 443 Fieno, J. B. da.—Sardinia, 73 Fierz, R.—Switzerland, 153 Fieux, sen. Son, & Co.—France, 210 Figdor, I. & Sons.—Austria, 90 Figgins, V. & J.—xvii. 124 Figueiredo, J. J. de.—Portugal, 248, 249. 252. 257. 1121 Fit^uef, Brothers.—Swilzerland, 260 Filemoiioff, K.—Russia, lOJj Fillemore, G.—Canada, 42 Finch, H.—United States, 300 Finch, J.—XXV. 38 Finch & Willey.—VII. 9; 150 Finckh, J. G.—Zollverein (4), 31 Findlay, see Kaye, Findlay, & Co. Fiudley, C. V.—xxvi. 146 Finistrat, Baron de.—Spain, 195 Finlayson, Bousfield, & Co.—xiv. 48 Finlayson, F. & Co.—XI. 8 Finnagan, J.—xvi. 29 Fino, J.—Sardinia, 77 Finsch, M.—Zollverein (1), 191. 211 Finzel, see Rotch & Finzel Finzi, S. K.—X. 602 Fiolet, Louis.—France, 211 Fire Annihilator Co.—V. 92 A Firkins, J. & Co.—xx. 163 Firmin Didot, Brothers.—France, 212 Firmin & Sons.—viil. 211; XX. 161 Firth, see Thornton, Firth, &c. Firth, T—V. 472; xxii. 96a; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 263 Firth, T. & J.—V. 119 Firth, Barber, & Co.—I. 264 Firth & Sons.—XII. & XV. 37 Fisch Brothers.—Switzerland, 192 Fischer.—Zollverein (1), 747 ; see also Basse & Fischer; Huth & Fischer Fischer, A.—Austria, 420. Fischer, B.—Austria, 421 Fischer, Brothers.— France, 506 Fischer, C.—Austria, 617 Fischer, C. A.—Lubeck, 5. Fischer, C. F. A.—Zollverein (3), 168 Fischer, C. H.—Zollverein (1), 296 Fischer, E.—Switzerland, 265 Fischer, F.—India, iv. Fischer, G.—Austria, 501A Fischer, G. F.—India, i. Fischer, J. C.—Switzerland, 47 Fischer, K.—Zollverein (1), 281 Fischer, M.—Austria, 618 Fischer and Wurm.—Austria, 426 Fishbourne, Captain.—viii. 127 Fisher, see MacQuarie, Fisher, & Co. Fisher, A.—Canada, 69 Fisher & Bramall.—xxil. 206 Fisher, E.—xxix. 225 Fisher, F.—I. 119 Fisher, J.—xxix. 80, 220; Canada, 43. 59 Fisher, J. H.—xvii. 10 Fisher, J. N.—xxii. 508 Fisher, J. W.—XXVI. 37 Fisher & Robinson.—xix. 2 Fisher, T.—United States, 263 Fisher, T. W, & Co.—xxix. 22 Fister, J.—Spain, 221, 222 Fitch, F. C—III. 160; IV. 8 Fitch, Dr. S. S.—United States, 479 Fiter, J.—Spain, 221, 222 Fitt, W.—V. 118 Fitte, De, see Dubreuille, &c. Fitts, A.—Canada, 135 Fitzgerald, Rev. R.—I. 233 FitziVIaurice, Hon. W. E.—v. 57.; viii. 283. Fitzner, C—Russia, 271 Fitzroy, Lord C.—Ionian Islands, 4 Fitzwilliam, Earl.—Western end. South Enclosure (Outside), 48 Fiume Privileged Steam Flour-mill.— Austria, 63 Fiuzi, S. L.—x. 602 Fjelrad,—Denmark, 8 Flacheron-Hayard.—France, 836 Flaissier, Brothers.—France, 204 Flamet.—France, 213 Flammersheim, W.—Zollv. (1), 395 Flather, D.—xxil. 167 Flather & Haden.—i. 80 Flaud, H. P.—France, 507 Flaussen, Dr.—Zollverein (1), 704 Flavel, S.—xxii. 38 Flechey, J. B.—Algeria, 24 Fleck, A.—Canada, 92 Fleet, J.—XXVI. 24 Flegg, R. C.—Van Diemen's Land, 271 Fleisch, N.—Zollverein (2), 72 Fleischman, C. W.—Zollverein (2), 71 Fleischmann, A. — xxix. 126; Zoll- verein (1), 763 Fleming, G.—ix. 253 Fleming, S.—Canada, 153. 350 Flemmich, A.—Austria, 254 Flerovsky, M.—Russia, 320 Fletcher, A,—xiv. 8 Fletcher, E.—xxvi., 84 Fletcher, H.—xxix. 240 Fletcher, H. T.—xiY. 36 Fletcher, J.—xviii. 69; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 111; Canada, 127.' 136 Fletcher, P.—x. 200 Fletcher, R.—xxvi. 151 Fletcher, T.—v. 444; viil. 255 Fletcher, W.—xxix. 244 Fleury, J. F.—France, 214 Flobert.—France, 215 Flockenhaus & Co.—Zollv. (1), 335 Flockhart, see Duncan, Flockhart, & Co. Floersheim, J. M.—Hamburgh, 52 Floge, G.—Austria, 670 Flood, J.—Sweden and Norway, 7 Floodman, see Good, Fioodman, & Co. Florange, jun.—France, 1223 Florefte, Societe de.—Belgium, 38 Flores, Calderon, & Co.—Spain, 241 Florimond.—France, 1224 Flower, Ann.—xix. 164 Fiuekk, Elizabeth.—Switzerland, 238 Fluekk, J.—Switzerland, 224 Flynn, W.—xxiX. 156 Flynn, W. P.—v. 125 Foerster, F.—Zollverein (3), 68 Foese, G.—Zollverein (1), 813 Fogarthy, J.—xxil. 13 Fogg & Burbank.—United States, 410 Fogliardi, G. B,—Switzerland, 54 Folcker, G. F.—Sweden, 67 Folcker, J. P. & Son.—Sweden, 88 Foley, J. H.—Page 848. xxx. (Sculp- ture Court) 4. 19. 70 Folkard, W. J.—xvii. 112 Follet, G.—XXVI. 304 Follet, Narcisse.—Belgium, 426 FoUonica, Royal Foundry at—Tuscany, 73 Foltz, L.—Zollverein (2), 94 Fondet, sen.—France, 508 Fonseca Vaz., A. P. da.—Portugal, 394- 399. 406. 411. 580 Fonseca, J. L. F. da.—Portugal, 627 Fonnereau, Kate G.—xxvr. 40 Fontaln & Porter.—United States, 550 Fontaine, F,—France, 1225, 1226 Fontaine, G.—Belgium, 67 Fontaine Moreau, De.—v. 610; vi, 30 ; X. 326 Fontaine, P. L.—France, 1227 Fontana, Mrs.—France, 205 Fonte Boa, Viscount de. — Portugal, 305. 327. 378. 441. 518 Fontenau, F.—France, 509 Fontina, A.—Tuscany, 122 Foon, Dr. H.—Netherlands, 113 Foord, R.—South Africa, 30 Foot, J.—I. 180 Foot & Sons.—XIX. 68 Foots, Mrs.—xxx. 208a (Fine Art Crt.) FooTliorape,Showell, & Shenton.—xxvi. 132 Forbes. Dr.—i. 522 Forbesi F. G,—Western Africa, 8. 15 Forbes & Hutchison.—xii. & xv. 291 Forbes, R. B,—ix. 269a Ford, see also Paddon & Ford Ford, C. D. de, & Co.—United States, 528 Ford, D.—xxiv. 40 Ford, R.—XX. 36 Fordati, Coxhead, & Co.—France, 1464. 1490 Fordham & Son.—XXVII. 118 Fordham, T.—Ill, 94 Forestier, Le.—France, 1709 Forgeot, E. & Co—France, 195 Formigli, see Caellon, &c. Forno, J.—Sardinia, 51 Forrer, A.—xxiii, 99 Forrer, Biedemann, G. — Switzerland, 153 Forrest, A. H —Page 849 Forrest & Bromley.—xxiv. 42 Forrest, R.—United States, 539 Forrest & Sons.—xix, 45 Forrest, W.—xxill. 108 Forsell, D.—Sweden, 109 Forster.—xxviii. 178, see also Brown & Forster Forster & Andrews.—x. 562 Forster, E.—xxiii. 77 Forster, F.—Zollverein (1), 220 Forster, J.—Main Avenue West, 26 ; Vll. 28 ; VIII. 7 Forster, J. D.—Switzerland, 193 Forster, J. & T.—viii. 168 Forster, L.—Austria. 512 Forster, Simon A.—x. 509 Forster & Smith.—Gold Coast and Ashantee, 1; Western Africa, 2 Forstmann &Hufifmann.—Zoll.(l), 508 Forsyth & Co.—VIII. 256 Fortel, Larbre, & Co.—France, 206 Fortier, M.—Canada, 141 Fortier-Beaulieu.—France, 510 Fortin, see Roux & Fortin Fortin-Boutellier.—France, 484. 1109 Fortner, F. X.—Zollverein (2), 69 Fortnum, Mason, & Co.—ill. 55 Forton, Duponceau, & Co.—France, 1228 Fortune, Eliza.—xix. 168 Forzano, see Ruffoni, Vincenzo, & For- zano Fossick & Hackworth.—V. 10 Foster, see Knight. & Foster Foster, E. R.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 303 Foster, G.—XXVI. 33 Foster, Porter, & Co.—xviii. 16; xx. 2 ; XXIX. 149 Foster, R.—XXII. 650a Foster, Ruthy, & Co.—xix. 306 Foster & Son.—xii. & XV. 143 Foster, Son, & Duncum.—xxix. 74 Foster, T.—VI. 202 Foucault, P.—France, 220a Fouche, L.—France, 216 Fouche le Pelletier, E. E. F.—France, 1229 Foucher,—France, 837 Foulis, Dr.—XVII. 170 Foulques, H.—^France, 1602 Foulquie, Mile. & Co.—France, 1603 Fouqueau, L.—France, 1230 Fourcade, see Delacreiaz & Fourcade Fourdinois, A. G.—France, 1231 Fourdiiuier, E. N.—v. 406 Fourdrinier, G. H.^—Yi. 100 Founiess, W.—v. 581 Fourneux.—France, 1605 Fouriiier, see Vacossiii, Bonet, &c. Foumier, C.—Canada, 45 Fouriiival, Son, Altmayer, & Co.— Fiance, 221 Fourquemin & Godet.—Fiance, 1604 Fowler,—Van Diemen's Land, 82-89 Fowler, C—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 142 Fowler & Fry.—V. 843 ; ix. 28b Fowler, J.—ii. 55 ; ix, 28a Fownes, Brothers.—XX. 82 Fox.—X. 402 Fox & Barrett.—VII. 1 66 Fox & Barrington.—ii. 44 Fox, Brothers, & Co.—xii. & XV. 7 Fox, C—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 29 Fox & Co.—XII. & XV. 272 Fox, E.—XXX. 29a Fox, Henderson, & Co.—Western end. North Enclosure (Ouiside), 55 ; v. 404; VIII. 336 Fox, J. F.—France, 1232 Fox, J. J.—III. 90 Fox & Polliemus.—United States, 352 Fox, R. W.—X. 377 Fox, T.—XXV. 168 Fox, T. H.—XXII. 35 Fraccaroli, L—Austria, 710 (Main Avenue East) Frener, G. B.—Austria, 732 Fragata, C. A.—Portugal 1126b Fraigneu, A.—France, 1606 Fraikin, C. A.—Belgium, 465 (Main Avenue East) Franc, A. & Son, &Martelin.—France, 1233 Franco, A. de. — Portugal, 1022b. 1022c France, A.—ix. 73 Fianceschini, F.—Tuscany, 62 Fraiiceschini, T.—Tuscany, 43 Franche, C.—Fiance, 1234 Franchi, G. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 190 Francis, J.—vill. 136 ; xxx. (Sculp- ture Court), 33 ; United States, 533 Francis & Sons.—Western end, Nortli Enclosure (Outside), 71 ; xxvii. 47 Francis, see Macpherson & Francis Franclc, C—ZoUverein (2), 75 Frangois-Gregoire.—France, 511 Frank, F.—United States, 19 Frank, J.—Austria, 328; Zoll. (2), 53 Frank J. G.—ZoUverein (6), 61 Franke, J.—Austria, 602 Frankenberg, Count L.—Zollv.(l), 216 Frankenfelde, Royal Administration of. —ZoUverein (i), 27 Franklin,—Western end, North Enclo- sure (Outside) ; see also Robson, Levey, &c. Franklin, J. D,—xix. 169 Franklin, Joseph.—v. 784 Franklin, P. L.—Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 28; i. 144; XXVII. 73 Franklinski, J. A.—v. 816 Franks, C.—xxviii, 128 Franks, J.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 60 Franz, see Lange, Franz, & Sons Franz, J.—ZoUverein (1), 283, 293 Franzony, A.—Austria, 647 Fraser, A.— Van Diemen's Land, 10 Eraser, D,—xiv. 79 Fraser, W. J.— New Brunswick, 9, 24 Fratin.—France, l'^35 Frauenknecht, O.—Austria, 606 Fray, M.—France, 512 Frazer, see Arthur & Frazer Frearsori, J.—XXII, 288 Freccia, P.—=Tuscany, 110 Frecliani, C.—Tuscany, 16 Frederic, J. B,—Algeria, 25 Fredericksen, J. F.—Cape of Good Hope, 30a, 58 Frediani, C,—Tuscany, 16 Fredric, Col. C,—Belgium, 142 Freeman.—IV. 25; xxiv. 48 Freeman. C.—see Freeman, W. & C. Freeman, D.—xxill, 51 Freeman, E. & J.—xxiv. 28 Freeman, Rev.E.—Van Diemen's Land, 210-216 Freeman, J.—vii. 177; see Freeman, W. &J. Freeman, S,—I, 172 Freeman, W. & C.—xxvi. 38 Freeman, W. & J,—Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 14; I. 160 Friedenthal, C—Zdllverein (1), 846 Freidrich & Son.—Zoll. (3), 72-83 French, B,—iv. 127 French & Butler.—xxviii. 126 French, C.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 62 French, G. ,T.-xxvi. 110 French, J, & Sons—xxiii. 89 French, W. H.—x, 435 Frenholm, E,—Canada, 52 Fresnel, M.—vil. 99 Freston, W.—i, 133 Fretigny, L.—Belgium, 342 Freudenburg, seeHeintze & Freudenburg Freukner, A.—Austria, 513 Freund, E. A.—ZoUverein (6), 38 Frewen, Elizabeth,—xix. 170 Frewer, J.—xxvii. 5 Frewer, J. R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 219 Frey, A. J. G.—Switzerland, 82 Frey, jun.—France, 1607 Frey, T,, see Frey, T. F. & T, Frey,T, F, & T.—Switzerland, 152. 212 Frey, Thurneisen, & Christ.— Switzer- land, 152 Freystadt, Brothers.—Zoll. (1), 178 Freyvogel & Heussler.—Switzer. 152 Friarson, M.—vii. 203 Friebe], L.—ZoUverein (I), 289, (Main Avenue East.) Friedheim &Sons.—ZoUverein (1), 109 Friedl, L.—Austria.—332 Friedrich, A.—Austria, 182 Friedrich, C—ZoUverein (1), 49 Friedrich, J. H. ZoUverein (6), 74 Friedrich, J.—Austria, 671 ; 729a Friedrich, J. P.—Hanover, 10 Friedrich & Son.—Zoll. (3), 72-S3 Friedrichsen, K. A.—Hamburgh, 8 Friend.—ZoUverein (I), 747 Fries, H.—Switzerland, 22 I Fries & Zeppezauer.— Austria, 255 Frinault.—France, 1608 Frinneby, F. R.—xxvni, 181 Friry & Riga.—France, 1237 Frisbie, M. J.—United States, 136 Prison, J.—Belgium, 392 Fritscheller, see Faller, Fritscheiler, & Co. Fritsen, see Petit & Frltsen Frodsham, s^;e Parkinson & Frodsham Frodsham, C.—x. 57 Froely, A.—France, 218 Froggart, see Whittles & Froggart Frohlich, C—Austria, 514 Frohlich, J.—Austria, 515 Frohlicho, G., & Sons.—Austria, 177 From age, L.—France, 219 Froment, Clolus.—France, 208 Froment-Meurice.—France, 1720 Froment, G.—France, 1609 Frommann, M.—ZoUverein (6), 39 Fromont.—France, 220 Frost, see Eastwood & Frost Frost, H,—XXII. 393; xxix. 34. Frost, J.—VI. 84 Frost, Noakes, and Vincent.—v. 476 Frueh, G.—ZoUverein (1), 298 Frumento, J. B.—Sardinia, 92 Fry, see Fowler & Fry Fry, .J.—xx. 193 Frv, J. L.—XX. 116 Fry & Son.—III. 31 Fry, W. & Co.—XII. & XV. 267 Fryer, F.—United States, 372 Fryer, Miss N.—xix. 237 Fryex, R.—xxii. 546 Fuchs, H. M.—ZoUverein (2), 11b Fuchs, M.—Nuremburg. Fuchs & Son.—ZoUverein (2), 4 Fudickar, H.—ZoUverein (1), 596 Fuisseaux, N. de.—Belgium, 410 Fuller, G. & T.—v. 845 Fuller, J,—X. 592 Fuller, J. E.—United States, 490 Fuller, T., see Fuller, G. & T, FuUjames & Co.—v. 993 Fulton, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 1G9 Fumet, C. F.—France, 513 Punch, A.—Denmark, 16 Funke & Boeddinghaus & Co. ZoU- verein (1), 572 Funke & Hack.—ZoUverein (1) 652 Funke, R.—ZoUverein (1), 587 Funnell, E.—x. 26 Funstenhotr, Emma.—France, 452 ; Sweden and Norway, 27 Furbringer, see Baur & Furbringer Furler, Franz.—Austria, 208 Furley, J.—xx. 94 Furness, W.—vi. 401 Furse, C. & S.—xxvi. 369 Furse, S., see Furse, C. & S. Furse, T. W.—Western end. South en- closure (Outside), 19 Furst, J.—Austria, 296 Furstenberg, Prince.— Austria, 412 Furth, B.—Austric), 46 Fusinata, Maria.—Austria, 390 Fusnot, see Montigny & Fusnot j Fussell, F. R.—VI. 95 FusseU, Son, & Co.—ix. 197a Futcher, R.—Portugal, 1116 Fyfe, A. & Co.—xii. & xv. 197 Fyfe, H, & Son.—xi. 18 Fyfe, W. W,—IX, 41a G. M., Mrs.—Spain, 238 Gaas D'Agnen, V.—France, 1238 Gabain, G.—ZoUverein (1), 119 Gabelslierger, —ZoUverein (3), 182 Gabriel, J. W.—xix. 70 Gadd & Bird.—V. 208 Gademan, U.—ZoUverein (2), 12 Gadsden & Evans.—Britisli Guiana. 26 Gaertner, A.—ZoUverein (1), 193 Gacs Cloth Manufacturing Co.—Austria, 209 Gaetzschmann, W.—ZoUverein (3), 3 Gagelin, see Opigez & Chazelle Gagneau, Brothers.—France, 227 Gaiffier, Baron E. de.—Belgium, 14 GaiHard,—France, 225 Gaillard, sen,—France, 226 Gaillet-Baronnet.—France, 839 Cxaimes, Sanders. & Nicol.—vi. 57, 58 Galabin^ see Harris & Galabiii Galbiaith, W. J. T.—xvii. 179; xxix. 17 Gale, G. H.—VIII. 136. 323 Gale, J. & R.—VIII. 79. 136 Gale, R., see Gale, J. & R. Galimard, E.— France, 515 Galimard, F.—France, 839a Galimard, N. A.—France, 228 Galimberti, C.—Sardinia, 29 Gall, J.—X. 687a; xvii. 170, 171 Gallagher, J.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 43 Galland, R.—France, 989 Gal lard, W.—xvii. 1 1 Gallawav, T.—XX. 120 Galle, P. H.—Netherlands, 47 Gallegos, J.—Spain, 272 Galli, A.—Austria, 711 Gallicher & Co.—France, 229 Galloway, J., see Galloway, W. k J. Galloway & Sons.—xx. 93 Galloway, W. & J.—v. 124 Galton, Mary Ann.-xxix. 93 Galy Cazalat.—France, I 239 Gamaley, T.—Russia, 123 Garaba, P., the Heirs of.—Austria, 109 Gambartzoomoff, Artem.—Russia, 257 Gamble, J. H.—iii. 12 Gamble. Brothers.—United States, 165 Gamble', W.—Canada, 139 Gambs.—Russia, 297 Gammersbach, Brothers,—Zollv. (1), 860 Gancourt, Mdlles.—Mauritius, 5 Gandell, see Hunt and Gandell Gandell, E. F.—vii. 3.3 Gandillot & Co.—France, 230 Gandolfi.—Sardinia, 95; see ?i\so Botti- nelli & Gandolti Gandolfi, D.—Austria, 712 (Main Ave- nue East) Gandy, G.—xii. & xv. 246 Gann, Louisa.—xviii. 94 ; xxx. 12a Gannery, V.—France, 516 Ganser, J.—-Austria, 256 Gante & Sons.—ZoUverein (1), 563 Ganterie, F.—Zollverein (7), 4 Gantillou, C. E.—France, 1241 Ganville, W.—Canada, 95. 114 Garach, J.—France, 232 Garate, M. de.—Spain, 270a Garcia, J.—Spain, 205 Garcia, J. C.—Portugal, 611 Gard, W. S.—XIX. 16 Garde.—Portugal, 1155 Gardie, L.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 261 Gardiner, M.—xxil. 556. Gardinier, see Mix and Gardinier Gardner & Bazley.—vi. 87 Gardner & Co.—x. 365 Gardner, H.—vii. 50. Gardner, J.—xxix. 223 Gardner, J., M.D.—III. 142 Gardner, J. H.—xxvi. 231 Gardner, J. N.—United States, 304 Gardner, M. A.—xix. 174 Gardner, W. H.—xvii. 199 Gardner, W. T.—viii. 280 Garforth, J. see Garforth, W. J. & J. Garfortb, W.J. & J.—vi_. 208 Garion, see Causse & Garion Garland & Co.—Portugal, 39-41 Garland, T.—I. 488 Garland, W.—xiv, 84 Garmann, H. C,—Sweden & Norway, 38 Garnaudjjun.—France, 233 Garner, D.—xvi. 230. 312 Garuett, H. T.—British Guiana, 13, 14. 31, 32 Garnett,W.—XVI. 69 Garnl<irk Co.—Western end, North En- closure (Outside), 69 Garrard, J., see Garrard, R. & J. Garrard, K. &J.—xx. 61 Garrard, R. & S.—xxiii. 98 ; Austria 729 Garrard, S., see Garrard, R. & S. Garrett, G.—xxviii. 141 Garrett & Sons.—ix. 142 Garrlssini, P.—Sardinia, 9 Garth, C—Canada, 158 Garthwaite, W.—xxvi. 48 Garton & Jarvis.—xxii. 483 Garvie & Deas.—xii. & xv, 227 Caspar, see Dotres, Caspar, & Co, Gaspard, P, A.—France, 1610 Gass, D. see Gass, S. H. & D. Gass, S. H. & D.—xxiii. S3 Gasser, J.^—Austria, 703 Gassett, H.—United States, 420 Gastinne-Renette.—France, 1611 Gaston, see Blondel, Gaston, & Co. Gatchel, J. L.—United States, 468 Gatchell, G.—XXIV. 12 Gatchill, see Saunders & Gatchill Gatenby & Pass.—vi. 60 Gates, Laura Charlotte.— xx. 72 Gates, T, F.—xvi. 183 Gates, W.—United States. 423 Gating, R. J.—United States, 162 Gatt, A.—Austria, 440 Gatti, A. & G.—XXIX. 73 Gatti & Bolla.—VI. 450 Gatti, G. see Gatti, A. & G. Gattiker, G.—France, 841 Gaudchaux-Picard, Sons.— France, 222 Gaudet du Fresne.—France, 842 Gaume & Co.—France, 843 Gaunt & Sou.—xxvi. 88 Gaunt, T,—XXIV, 68 Gaussen & Co.— France, 1242 Gaussen, jun., Fargeton, & Co.—France, 1243 Gauthier, see Bricard & Gauthier Gauthier, jun.—France, 234 Gauthier, B.—France, 1245 Gauthier, J.—France, 1244 Gauthier, J.— France, 1244 Gauthorp.—xviii. 70 Gautrot, sen.'—France, 844 Gauvain, J.—France, 1612 Gavard, A.—France, 235 Gavit, D. E.—United States, 125 Gawkroger & Hynam.—i. 48 Gay & Luquin.—Switzerland, 83 Gayet, see Bertrand, Gayet, & Dumontat Gaymard & Gerault.—France, 517 Gayrard, see Vechte, Gayrard, & Yon Gaze.—X. 196 Gaze, T.—viii. 136 Geake, T.—xxvi. 31 Gear, J. W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 245 Geary, N.—xvi. 235 ; xx. 49 Geary, S.—v. 846 ; vn. 2 Gebauhr, C. J.—Zollv. (2), 848 Gebhardt, C. A.—Zollverein (1)', 248 Gebhardt, llottmann, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 585; Zollverein (3), 90 Gebliart, Brothers,—Zollverein (2), 42 Gebruder, see Scheldt, Gebruder, & Co. Gee, see Andrews, H, & Sons, & Co. Geefs, G. — Belgium, 466 ; (Main Avenue East) Geefs, J.—Belgium,451; (Main Avenue East) Geefs, S.—Belgium, 451, 466a Geertz, C—Belgium, 450 Geffen, J. H. Van.—Netherlands, 46 Gehrenbeck, see Nacke & Gehrenbeck Gehrmann, T.—Zollverein (1), 60 Geiger, Professor.—Austria, 372 Geilinger, Brothers.—Switzerland, 261 Geismar, L. & Co.—Zollverein (8), 13 Geiss.—Zollverein (1), 267. 279 Geissberger, F.—Austria, 11 Geissler, C. S.—Zollverein (1), 100 Geissmann & Co,—Switzerland, 227 Gelder, Van, & Sons.—Netherlands, 61 Gelle, sen., & Co.—France, 845 Gellinek, J.—Austria, 338 Gelling, F. L.—i. 139 Geminy.—France, 1613 Gemunder, G.—United States, 442 Genadendal Missionary Station.—South Africa, 44 Genest, see Besnard, Richoux, & Genest Genhi, J. N.—United States, 232 Geitoa, Duke of.—Sardinia, 64 Genoux, F.—France, 1714 Gentile, J. P.—in. 108 Geoghegan, W. M.—xiii. 14 Geological Survey of the United King- dom.—I. 159 Geordeson, J.—viii. 42 George, see Lutwyche & George George, C.—xvi. 32; xix. 175 George, J.—i. 213; xvi. 289 George, J. B.—xix. 381 George, T. W. & Co., xii. & xv. 50 Gerard, A., and daughters.—x. 109 Gerard, A. J.—Belgium, 182 Gerstendoelfer, J. & Kubler, jun.— Zollverein (2), 10 Gerada, A.—Malta, 32 Geiber, C. H. A, — Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 3 Gerbers, E.—Hamburgh, 21 Gerente.—France, 231. 518 Gerhard, A.—Zollverein (1), 487 Gerhardt, A.—Zollv. (1), 839. Gerimon, Son, France, 242 Gerish, F. W.—xxii. 652 Gerlach, C. F.—Zollverein (1), 252. Gerlich & Crieff.—Zollverein (1), 537 Germa n, A. A. & Co.—France, 81 Germain-Simier M.—France, 1246 Gerresheim & Neef.—Zollv. (1), 872 Gerson, H.—Hamburgh, 32 Gerstendoeffer, J., & Kubler, jun.— Zollverein (2), 10 Gerstner, see Lotz & Gerstner Gervais.—France, 520 Geseller, H.—Hamburgh, 68 Gessner, A.—Switzerland, 153 Gesson-Mazille.—France, 223 Getsinger, M. R.—United States, 320 Gevelot.—United States, 189 Gevelotand Lemaire.—France, 519 Gevers & Schmidt.—Zollverein (1), 50 Geyer, J.—Austria, 346 Geyger, A. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 870 Geyling, C.—Austria, 736 Ghent Liniere Compy.—Belgium, 230 Ghent Societe du Phoenix.-—Belgium, 134 Ghirardesca, Count G. D.—Tuscany, 93 Ghrimes, S.—X. 574 Giani, J.—Austria, 257 Gibbons, J., jun.—xxii. 654 Gibbons & Sons.—xxii. 194 Gibbs, Bright, & Co. — New Bruns- wick, 2 Gibbs & Co.—III. 104 Gibbs, Col.—New South Wales, 24 Gibbs, D. & W.—XXIX. 305a Gibbs, G.—VIII. 215 Gibbs, H.—X. 21 Gibbs, I. A.—XXIV. 75 Gibelin & Son.—France, 846 Gibson, A.—viii. 41 Gibson, C—III. 102.—XX. 132 Gibson & Co.—vi. 19; xvl 101 Gibson, John.—xxiv. 72; xxx. (Sculp- ture Court), 64 Gibson, M.—IX. 129 Gibson, T.—V. 848 Gibson, W.—United States, 468 Gibson, W. & Co.—XII. & XV. 464 Gick, J. G.—Zollverein (€), 57 Gide & Baudry.—France, ^36 Gidney, J. W.—xxii. 556 Gienanth, Brothers.-Zoliv. (2), 95 Giesbers, T. M.—Netherlands, 62 Giesler, seeRimann & Giesler Giessler, N. H.—Zollverein (1), 696 Gifford, J.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 280 Gigolo, S.—Russia, 130 Gigot & Boisotau.—France, 224 Gil, v.—Spain, 95 Gilart, R. D.—Spain, 237 Gilbert, A.—United States, 432 Gilbert, Brothers.—xxil. 123 Gilbert, C, see also Addison & Gil- bert ; Carver & Gilbert Gilbert, C. I.—France, 237 Gilbert & Co. — xvi. 179; (Main Avenue West) ; xxvi. 130 — France, 238. 847; United States, 436 Gilbert, E.—viii. 120 Gilbert, G. M.—x. 234 Gilbert, H.—ix. 53 Gilbert, J.—VI. 447; xix. 176 Gilbert, S.—xxii. 434 Gilbert, W.—xxix. 187 Gilbertson, J.—vi. 508 Gilder, see Walkers & Gilder Giles, A.—VII. 71 Gill & Bishop.—XII. & xv. 77 Gill, G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 145 Gill, H,—XVII. 160 Gill, R.—XII. & XV. 190 Gill, T. D. -xvii. 12 Gill, v.—Spain, 95 Gill & Ward.—IX. 62 Gill, W. E.—I. 38 Gill, W. L.—XIX. 386 Gill am, J.—IX. 138 Gille, J. M.—France, 848 Gillespie & Co.—Canada, 133 Gillespie & Son.—xxii. 493 Gillet, A.—France, 521 Gillett, J.—IX. 78 Gillett, W. S.—X. 79 Gillman, E.—iv. 44 Gillot.—France, 522 Gillot, F.—France, 849 Gillott, J.—XXII. 324 Gillow&Co.—IV. 15; XXVI. 186 Gilly, see Roulet, Gilly & Chaponniere Gilmour, A. & Co.—Western end. South Enclosure (Outside), 50 Gilmour, W. & Co.—xii. & xv. 203 Gilson & Bossut.—Belgium, 241 Gilta, J. L.—Belgium, 105 Giltay, J. J.—Belgium, 379 Gimper, G.—Switzerland, 272 Gindre, L.—France, 1247 Giner, J.—Spain, 212 Gingell, W. J.—ix. 25c Ginori,. Marquis L.—Tuscany, 72 Ginoves, J.—Spain, 70 Ginzel, R. C.—Austria, 210 Giovanni, San.—xxv. 7 Giovannini, Pasqual.—Tuscany, 97. 99 Girard, Nephew & Co.—France, 1248 Girard, P.—Switzerland, 30 Girardi, Brotliers.—Sardinia, 5 Giraud, Brothers.—France, 850 Giro, J.—S|)ain, 23. 244 Girod, M. & Co.—Sardinia, 8 Girod de L'Ain, Le General.—France, 1249 Girodon, A.—France, 1250 Giron, Madame.—Belgium, 408 Gisbert, J.—Spain, 137 Gisborne, J.—x. ^07 Gisi, F.—Switzerland, 85 Gisin, J.—Switzerland, 72 Gissiger, Y.—Switzerland, 171 Giudicelli & Delabarre.—France, 1614 Giuseppe, San, Conservatorio of.— Malta, 22 Giusti, P.—Tuscany, 117 Gladstone, J. jun. & Co.—v, 488 ; viii. 182 Glaeser, F.—Zollverein (3), 63 Glaeser, J. S. jun.—Zollverein (3), 72- b3 Glafey & Neubarth.—Zollv. (3), 105 Glandore Mining Co, Wicklow.— i. 505 Glanz, P.—Zollverein (1), 146 Glasgow, J.—VI. 219 Glass, G. M.—III. 141 Glassford. — Canada, 89; see also, Scott & Glassford Glauchau Weavers' School.—(Saxony") Zollverein (3), 100 Glavy, see Deneirouse, E. Bois, Glavy, and Co. Gleichauf, B.—Zollverein (1), 887 Gleivvitz Royal Prussian Smelting-works and Iron Foundry.—Zollv. (1), 1 Glenisson & Vangenecliten.—Belgium, 2S6 Glenny, see Thresher & Glenny Glentiy, C—xx. 37 Glenton & Chapman.—xxii. 238 Glier, F. & Son.—Zollverein (3), 20 Glier, G.—Zollverein (3), 21 Globe Print Company (Massachusetts). — United States, 31 Globotschnig, A,—Austria, 357 Glover & Colclough.—xxv. 25 Glover & Dunn.—xi. 50 Glover, J. & T.—xvi. 19 Gloverj M.—xviii. 92 Glover, T.—i. 438 ; see also Glover, J. & T. Glover, W.—ix. 121 Gluer, L.—Zollverein (1), 176 Gob, J.—Belgium, 357 Gobelins, National Manufacture of.— France, 1368 Gocht, F.—France, 1615 Godard & Bontemps.—France, 240 Goddard, see Church & Goddard Goddard, Brothers.—United States, 35 Goddard, H,—xxii. 380 Goddard, J.—xxvi. 303 Goddard, J. T.—x. 274 Goddard, L.—x. 636; United States,531. 537 Goddard, S. A.—viii. 235 Goddet, A.—France, 1251 Godefroy.—France, 1722 Godefroy, L.—France, 1252 Godefroy, P. A.—xii. & xv. 308 Godfrey & Cooke,—ii. 92 Godfrey & Hancock.—xvi. 168 Godfrey, W.—xxviii. 183 Godin, J. L. & Son.—Belgium, 284 Godinho, M. N.—Portugal, 125J Godschaux, Brothers.—Zoll. (7), 1 Godson, S. H.—II. 50 Godwell, M.—Rome, 55 Goebel, F, D.—Zollverein (1), 808 Goebel, G.—Zollverein (4), 56 Goehring & Boehme—Zollv. (3), 164 Goens, L.—Belgium, 237 Goerger, M. jun. see Emmerich and Goerger, M. jun. Goethem, V. Van.—Belgium, 124 Goetz & Ecklin.—Switzerland, 152 Goetze, H.—Zollverein (3), 169 Goffinet-Salle, J. B.—France, 524 Gogerty, R.—x. 407 Going, J.—XXIX. 201 Going, J. ■& Co.—XXIX. 87a Golay, see Lecoultre & Golay Golay-Lereche,A.—Switzerland, 92.220 Golden & Son.—vill. 264 Goldenberg, G, & Co.—France, 851. 1737 Golding, E.—IX. 45a. Golding, M. C—United States, 320a Golding, Mrs.-United States, 320a Golding, R.—III. 63; ix. 45 Golding, W.—VIII. 228 Goldner.—in. 15 Goldschmid, J.—Switzerland, 84 Goldschmidt, M., jun.—Zollverein (5), 20 Goldschmidt, S.—Zollverein (1), 85 Golferichs & Cugat.—Spain, 247 Goll, Brothers.—Zollverein (4), 88 Gollop, J.—xxii. 651 Golovanoff.—Russia, 64 Gomes, J. L.—Portugal, 403. 418-420 Gomez Alveric, B.— Spain, 126a. Gompertz, B.—Hamburgh, 33 Gompertz, L.—v. 652 Gonin, see Delamoriniere, Gonin, &c, Gonnella, Prof. T.—Tuscany, 57 Gonse & Magney,—France, 1264 Gonzales, P.—Austria, 713 Gonzalez, Carvajal, M.^—Spain, 126b Gonzalez, S.—Spain, 198. Gonzalezy Vails, R.—Spain, 55 Good, Floodman, and Co.^—iv. 95 Good, S. A.—X. 146 Goodbehere, G. T.—xxii. 481 Goode & Boland.—xxii. 294 Goodes, G. & S.—m. 50 Goodes, S., see Goodes, G. & S. Goodeve, G.—xvi. 176. Goodfellow, A.—New Brunswick, 28 Goodfellow, J.—V. 778 Goodgard Forges.—Sweden&Norway,13 Goodhale & Reeves—i. 476 Goodison.—xxvi. 201' Goodman, G.—xxii. 335 Goodridge, J., jun.—Jersey and Guern- sey, 39 Goodwin, see Binns & Goodwin Goodwin, C.—xxiii. 64 Goodwin, J.—xii. & xv. 11 Goodwin, T.—United States, 217 Goodyear, C—United States, 378 Goodvear Rubber Co.-—United States, 295 Goolab Singh, Maha Rajah.—India, xv, XXVI. Gooriel, Prince Lieven.—Russia, 61 G.oossens, G.—Netherlands, 77 Gordon, A., see Gordon, G. & A. Gordon, C—XXIX. 202 Gordon, E.—XVI. 212 Gordon, G. & A.—xiv. 82 Gordon, J.—X. 639 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 81 Gore, C. VV.—i. 128a Gore, G.—X. 6y0A; xxvi. 144 Gorigoretzk Farm.—Russia, 121 Gorlitz, L.—Zollverein (I), 890. Gorrie, T.—xxii. 40 Gorringe, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 164 Gorsas & Perier.—France, 1253 Gorton, see Dauptain, Gorton, &Co. Gorton, G.—XXII. 374 Gosemann, see Kappard & Goseman Goslin--, W., see Becklbrd, T., & Gos- ling, W. Gosneli & Co.—xxviii, 55 Goss, H.—VI. 206 Gossage, J.^—v. 414 Gott, M.—Rome, 28 Gott & Sons.—XII. & XV. 47 Gottl, B.—Austria, 724 Gottschalk, J. A.—Zollverein (1), 753 Gottsclialk & Schioeder.—Zollverein (i), 730. 758; Zollverein (3), 88. 163 Goube-Pheracie.—France, 852 Gouda, P. F.—Zollverein (5), 26 Goudeau, C.—Belgium, 135 Gough, W.—XXIII. 33 Gouin, A.—Fratice, 241 Goulard—Portugal, 20. 25 Gould.—Page 849 Gould, A.—XXIX. 31, 171 Gould, F., see Gould, J. & F. Gould, J.—XXVIII. 143; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 247 Gould, J. & Co.—United States, 98 GouU, J. & F.—XIX. 14 Gould, N.—New Brunswick, 3; Nova Scotia Gould, T.—.Jersey and Guernsey, 34 Gouldifig, J.—XX. 110 Gourdin.—France, 525 Gourlan, I.—xxix. 192 Gourlie & Son,—xviii. 52 Gourock Ropework Co.—xiv. 72 Gous, B.—Zollverein (1), 720 Goutchkoli; K. & J.—Russia, !89 Goutchkofi; J., see Goutchkolf, E. & J. Gowans, J.—i, 132 Go war, see Rock & Go war Gower, T.—XXIX. 102 Gowing, J. W.—X. 736 Gowing, T. W.—X. 645 Gowland, J.—X. 27 Gowland, T.—xxiil. 69 Gozo, Salvo Del.—Malta, 11 Graber, J.—Austria, 441 Grabner, F.—Austria, 469 Grace, D.—iii. 58a Grade, L.—France, 1254 Gradmann, A.—Zollverein (2), 55 Gradmans, H. C.—^Netherlands, 65 Gradwell, G.—xxi. 40 Graefe, J. F. & Son.—Zollverein (3), 102 Graeser &Schweizer,—Switzerland, 216 Graetzer & Hermann.—France, 54. 199 ' 296; Zollverein (I), 589 Graeztscli, —Zollverein (2), 51 Graf. C.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 76 Graf, H.—Zollverein (1), 746 Grafe & Neviardt—Zollverein (1), 591 Graff, see Butschete & Graff, 281 Graff, H.—Russia, 150 Gratf, P.—Zollverein (1), 592 GrafF, W.—Z(dlverein (I), 803 Graliam.—Canada, 23; se^ also Jackson & Graham Graham, G.—x. 233 Graham, J,—i, 517 ; x. 355 ; xvi. 122; Canada, 34 Graham & Hallett.—South Australia, 3 Graham, Lemon, & Go.—xxix. 10'3 Graham & Sons.—xiii. 1 7 Graham, West, & Co.— vi. 445 Graillon, P. A.—France, 853 Grainger, G. & Co.—xxv. 46 Grainger, J.—viil. 278 Grainger, R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 165 Granibo, see Lippincott & Co. Granada, Inspector of Mines of.— Spain, 16 Grandharbe, —France, 244 Grandjean, H.—Switzerland, 8 Grandjean, Madame O.—France, 243 Grandjean, P. H.—Switzerland, 46 Grandval, J. B.—France, 1255 Graner, see Rock & Graner Grange, F.—Sardinia, 1 Grangemouth Coal Company, Sunder- land.—Western end, Nortli Enclosure (Outside), 68 ; xxvii. 99 Granger, J. M. F. L.—France, 1735 Grangoir, E.—France, 1616. Grangoir, J. M.—France, 1256 Graniteville Factory (South Carolina). —United States, 1 75 Grant, see White & Grant Grant, A. T. & Co.—United States 82 Grant, C—xxiii. 93. 110; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 190 Grant, D.—xxii. 431 Grant, J.—United States, 522; Van Diemen's Land, 347 Grant, J. C—ix, 267 Grant, J. H.—United Stales, 284 Grant, Miss.—Bahamas Grant, P.—x. 46 Grant, W.—viii. 136 Grantham, J,—viii. 93 Grantham, W.—xxix. 39 Grantoff, B. A. & Co.—Austria, 122 Granville & Co.—iv. 115 Granzini, J.—Sardinia, 55 Grassi, Dr. G.—Austria, 83 Grassot & Co.—France, 52G. 1257 Gratia.—France, 239 Gratiot, A.—France, 854 Gratz Silkworm Breeding Association. —Austria, 73 Grauss, J.—Austria, 442 Graux, J. L,—France, 245 Gravagna, Maria.—Malta, 7 Grave & Neviandt.—Zollv. (1), 591 Grave, De, Short, & Fanner,—x. 333 Graves, D.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 322 Gravil, Capt.—xvi. 16 Gray.—Bermudas ; see also Martin & Gray Gray, A. see Gray, J, & A, Gray & Davison.—x. 555 Gray, Eliza Maria.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 293 Gray, G.—v. 694 Gray, G. Le—France, 585 Gray, J.—VIII. 160; xxii. 571. 615; xxiti. 101 Gray, Dr. J.—x. 104a; United States, 302 Gray, J. & Son.—xxii. 405 Gray & Keen.—x. 138 Gray, P.—x. 724 Gray, S.—xil. & xv, 67 Gray & Son.—xxii. 262 Gray & Sons.—ix. 150 Gray, T. & Co.—United States, 405 Gray, T. H.—XXII. 518 Grayson, see Slack, Sellers, & Grayson Greasley & Hopcroft,—xix. 34 Great Western Railway Co.—v. 501. 506 Greatliead, see Davis, Greathead, &g. Greatorex, see Bradbin-y, Greatorex, &c. Greatorex, D.—v. 415 Greatrex, see Cozens & Greatrex Greaves, see Earnshaw & Greaves ; Reeves, Greaves & Co. Greaves, E.—x. 503 Greaves, H.—v. 615 Greaves, J. W.—i. 210 Greaves, R.—Western end. South Enclo- sure (Outside), 7 ; i. 99 Grebe, J. G.—Netherlands, 102 Grecl), Giuseppina.—Malta, 17 Greef, F. W,—Zollverein (1), 533 GreelT, Bredt, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 590 Greeff & Son, J. P.—Zollverein (1), 653 Greek Government.—Greece, 15-20. 22-24. 26-39. 43, 44. 46, 47. 49 Green.—xxvm. 60 ; see Davis, Great- head, & Green ; Hirst & Green Green, A.—xxil. 42 Green, B.—vii. 3 Green, C—xxii. 570 Green & Co.—xxii. 532 (ireen, E.—v, 53 Green & Fahey.— xxx. (Fine Art Court), 8 Green, H.—xviii. 70a Green, I.—vii, 186 Green, J.—vii. 17 ; Xll. & XV. 92 ; xxv. 50; xxx. (Fine Art Crt.) 233 Green, J. G.—xxiv. 32 Green, R.—vm. 131; xvi. 85 Green, S.—X. 446 Green, S. & Co.—Western end. North Enclosure (Outside), 67 ; xxvil. 125 Green & Sons.—xil. & XV. 65 Green, T.—ix. 66 Green, W.—V. 704 Green bury, J.—xxill. 7 Greene, R.—xix. ISO Greener, W.—vm. 59 ; 136 Greentield, J.—xxil. 676a Greenhalgh & Sons.—xi. 28 Greenhow, T. M.—x. 630 Greening & Sons,—xxil, 39 Greenish, T.—ii. 124 Greenshields, W.—xill. 58 Greenvvay, C.—V, 698 Greenwell, J.—XXlll. 6 Greenwood, Anne Christiana.—XIX. 181 Greenwood & Barnes,—xviii. 46 Greenwood, W.—New Zealand, 9, 1 7 Gregan, J. E.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 21 Gregoire, F.—France, 1739 Gregory, A.—vm. 69 Gregory, Brothers.—xii. & xv, 182 Gregory, Cubitt, & Co,—XX, 8 Gregory, Governor.—Bahamas Gregory, R.—ix. 17a Gregory, T.—xxii. 99 Gregory, Thomsons, & Co.—Xix. 182 Gregson & Brien,—xill. 14 Greig, D, & J,—vi, 114 Greig, G. & Co.—South Africa, 56 Greig, J., see Greig, D. & J. Greig, Misses.—Bahamas Greig & Son.—xxvi. 159 Greiuer, G, F.—X. 468 Greiner, M.—Austria, 374 A Grekasar, Blast Furnace of.—Sweden & Norway, 3 Grellier, J.—Jersey & Guernsey, 7 Grernailly, sen.—France, 246 (irener, L. F.—France, 247 Gressler, E.—Zollverein (1) 854 Greuter& Rieter, Brothers.—Switz. 123 Greverie, A. S.—xxvi. 255 Greville, J.—v. 856 Grey, see Moore & Grey Grey, the Countess.—Antigua, 1 ; Cey- lon ; Eastern Archipelago, 1 ; Mau- ritius, 1 Grey, Earl.—South Australia, 7 Grey, the Dowager Lady.—New Bruns- wick, 1 Grey, J.—I. 506 Grey, M.—France, 527 Gribanoff, P.—Russia, 237 Grice, F.—Canada, 71 Grieff, see Gerlich & GriefT Griess, F.—Austria, 341 Griess, L,—Zollverein (2), 45 Griffin, B.—XX. 117 Griffin, D.—United States, 144 Griffin,-J. J. & Co.—X. 457 Griffin & Ward, see Ward (late Griffin & Ward) Griffith, J.—X. 331 Griffith, J, W.—United States, 226 Griffiths, W.—XXVIII. 192 Griffiths & Le Beau.—x. 404 Griffiths & Strong.—XXVII. 67 Griffiths, T. F.—XXII. 254 Griffon, Brothers, &c.—France, 1258. Grigg, J.—XXVI. 401 Grignon, M.—France, 1617 Grigor, J. & Co.—iv. 1 Griller, J.—Austria 374 Grillet, sen. & Co.—France, 1259 Grillmayer, J.—Austria, 172 Grima, F.—Algeria, 26 Grimoldi, H.—x. 159 Grimonprez & Co.—France, 855 Grimshawe & Wilkinson—xiv. 52 Grimsley, H.—i. 105 Grimsley, T.—ix. 136 Grisdale, J. E.—v. 858 ; vii. 58 Grison.—France, 1260 Grissell, H. & M. D.—xxx. 335 Grissell, T.—i. 185 Grist, M.—XII. & XV. 208 Griva, M.—Sardinia, 65 Groeber, A.—Zollverein (4), 66 Groenkloof Missionary Station.—South Africa, 43 Groetaers, Capt. J. B,—Belgium, 156 Groger, F.—Austria, 631 Grohmann, A.—Austria, 382 Grohmann, C.—Austria, 178 Grohmann, H.—Austria, 576 Grohmann, J.—Austria, 586 Grolleau and Devil]e.^—France, 1618 Gronow, Von, see Eisner & Co. Groom, J. &R.—XVI. 121 Groom, R., see Groom, J. & R. Groome, J.—x. 549 Groot, C. De.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 92 Gropius, P.—Zollverein, 226 Gros-Odier, Roman, & Co.—France, 248 Grosclaude, C. H.—Switzerland, 24 Grose, H.—Grenada Groskopf, G.—Austria, 343 Grosjean, F.—xx. 60 Gross, D. J.—Zollverein (1), 17 Grossauer, A.—Austria, 567 Grossauer, F.—Austria, 568 Grosse Brothers.—France, 529 Grosselin, A.—France, 249 Grossmann Brothers.—Zollv. (3), 125 Grossmann, C. G.—Zollverein (3), 124 Grossman & Wagner.—France, 856 Grossmann, Agnes.—Zollverein (1), 752 Grossmith, J.—xxix. 13 Grossmith, W. R.—x. 565 Grosvenor, W.—xiii. 52 Grote, H. G.—Zollverein (1), 538 Groucock, Copestake, Moore, & Co.— XIX. 3 Groult, jun.—France, 530 Groult & Co.—France, 531 Grounsell, W.—ix. 148 Grout, A.—VII. 47 Grout, J. & Co.—XIII. 36 Groves, N.—IV. 131 Grubb, F. C—XXVI. 25 Gruber & Enzinger, Brothers.—Austria, 258 Gruel—France, 857 Gruene, W., jun.—Zollverein (1), 43 Gruener, F. W.—Zollverein (3), 101 Grugeon, A.—xxviii. 97 Gruh], F.—Zollverein (3), 37 ; (Main Avenue, East) Grund.—Zollv. (1) 338 Grundy, J. C—xxvi. 121 Grundy, T.—xvi. 227 Griiner, L. — xix. 156; xxii. 340; xxiii. 140, (Main Avenue West J ; XXVII. 140 ; XXX. (Fine Art Court), 350 Grunhut, W. & Co.—Austria, 672 Grunhut, J., jun.—Austria, 673 Grunhut, A. sen.—Austria, 674 Gruenthal,—Zollverein (I), 166 Grunwald, J.—Austria, 5 J 6 Grut, B.—III. 36; New Granada, 2 Grutzmacher & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 142 Grylls, S.—I. 444 Grzybowski, H.—Zollverein (1), 63 Grzybowski, Rev.—Zollverein (I), 444 Guadalajara.^—Spain, 3 Gubba, H.—Zollverein (1), 435 Guebin, M.—France, 1 Guelcher, see Sternickel & Guelcher Guelfi—Sardinia, 94 Guenal.—France, 1589 Guenther & Simon.— Zollverein (3), 94 Guercino.— Rome, 23 Guerlin, H.—France, 1261 Guerlin, P.—Zollverein (1), 68 Guernsey Cottagers.—Je&ey and Guern- sey, 38 Guerot, A.—France, 533 Guerre, sen.—France, 858 Guertler, J.—Austria, 211 Guesnu.—France, 250. 859 Guest, J.—IX. 3 Guest, J. & W.—XXII. 524a Guest, W. see Guest, J. & W. Guest & Ciirimes.—xxii. 524 Guettler, W.—Zollverein (1), 6 Guevrin-Bouchon & Co.—France, 532 Gueyton—France, 1619 Guichard, see Brunet, &c. Guidotti, G.—Tuscany, 92 Guidre, L,—France, 1247 Guihery, Deslandelles, & Co.—France, 12fi2 Guilbert & Wateau.—France, 860 Guillaume, J. A.—Belgium, 1 Guillaume & Son.—France, 1618 Guilleaume, see Felten & Guilleaume Guillemot, Brothers.—France, 251 Guillerez, A. F.—iii. 103 Guillot, J. & Co.—Sardinia, 41, 42 Guillot, J. J. A.—France, 534 Guimet, J. B.—France, 1620 Guinart, J.—Spain, 188 Guinier, T.—France, 252 Guinness, R.—x. 541 Guinon, N. P.—France, 1263 Guipuzcoa, Inspector of the Mines of the district of.—Spain, 4 Guislain, C.—Belgium, 423 Guiso, M.—Sardinia, 23 Gulda, J.—Sweden, 108 Guldsmedshyttan Mines.—Sweden and Norway, 16 GuUia, J. B.—Sardinia, 52 Gundlach, C.—Mecklenburg-Slrelitz, 4 Gundry, J. & Co.—xiv. 73 Gundry, W.—XVI. 173 Gunn, J.—V. 754 Gunn, W. — Van Diemeu's Land, 153, 282 Gunter, see Luckhaus & Gunter Gunter, R.—xxix. 112 Guppy, J. W.—XVI. 177 Guricke, B.—Zollverein (1), 73 Gurr, C—VIII. 136 Gushlow, G.—XXX. (Fine Aft Ct.) 223 Gushlov/, T.—XXVI. 37a Gutierrez de Leon, R.—Spain, 281a Gutheil & Co.—Zollverein (1) 459 Guttapercha Co.—vi. 424 ; xxvi. 21; XXVIII. 85 Guy, S.—XXII. 4 Guyuemer, A. sen.—France, 1018 Guynet & Becquet.—France^ 254 Guynon, see Marechal & Guynon Guyon, E.—France, 1264 Guyot, see Laurenaudiere Guyotin-Lorsignol.—France, 253 Guzman, R.—Spain, 58 Gwatkin, Emily & Eliza.—XX. 87 Gwinner, J.—Swit/:erland, 50 Gwynne & Hay—I. 231 Gwynne, J. S.—United States, 140 Gwylhen Collieries, see Abercarn and Gwythen Collieries Co. Gysi, F.—Switzerland, 85 Haag & Son.—Switzerland, 164 Haan, A. de.—Netherlands, 9 Haan, C. & Sons.—Zollverein (i), 366 Haarhaus, J. C. & Sons.—ZoU. (1), 567 Haas & Co.—Zollv. (6), 62 Haas & Sons, Zollv. (1), 357 Haas, A.—Austria, 619 Haas, F. P.—Zollverein (4), 79 Haas, P. & Sons.—Austria, 243. 259 Haase, G. & Sons.-—Austria, 367 Habenicht, A.—Austria, 376 Haberland, G. A.—Zollverehi (1), 99 Haberland, W.—Zollverein (1), 689 Hackworth, see Fossick & Hackworth Haddan, J. C—v. 541 Hadden, Capt.—Van Diemen's Land, 103, 104 Hadden & Sons.—xx. 134 Haddon, J. C.—xxvii. 114 Haden, see Flather & Haden Hadji Aga Baba.—Russia, 269 Hadji Baba Kelbalay Oossein Ogli.~ Russia, 142 Hadji Mahomet Oussein, H. U. O.— Russia, 291 Hadley, C—vii. 91 Hadley, see Prosser and Hadley Hadley, J.—v. 860 Hadley, R.—xvi. 320 Hadrot, jun.—France, 255 Hadwen & Sons.—xill. 42 Haeck, 1. T.—Belgium, 341 Haegens, C.—Belgium, 228 Haelen, Madame Van.—Belgium, 299 Haemond, W.—China Haenel, Brothers.—Zollverein (3), 153 Haenel, E —Zoll. (1), 284 ; (3), 152 Haenel, J.—Zoll (1), 852. Haenle, L.—Zollverein (2), 47 Haertel, H. C—Zollverein (3), 72-83 Haese, B.—Belgium, 115 Haga Silkworm Plantation.— Sweden, 95 Hagen, A. Von.—Zollverein (1), 770 Hagen, F.—Zollverein (1), 322 Hagen, M.—Zollverein (2), 83 I Hagen, T. F.—Hamburgb, 64 Hao:en Turkey-re(i Dyeing Company.— Zollverein (1), 602 Hagerilmsch, C. G.—Zollverein (1), 712 Haggard, W.—x. 318 Haggas & Son.—xii. & xv. 155 Haghe, L. —xxx. (Fine i\ it Court), 80 Haglund, E.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Hagstrom,—Sweden, 79 Hague, S.—XXII. 226a Hagues, Cook, & Wormald.—Xll. & XV. 25 Haidinger, Brothers.—Austria, 620 Haigh, J.—I. 174 Haigh & Sons.—XII. & xv. 236 Haight, Mrs. E.—United States, 385 Haindl, A.—Austria, 517 Haines, G.—xxvi. 114 Haines, J.—Van Diemen's L. 298-303 Haines & Sons.—Western end, South Enclosure (Outside), 40 Hains, see Baumgardten & Hains Hairs, see Webber & Hairs Halbeard & Wellings, xxvi. 131 Halbig, J.—Zollverein (2). 84 Haldane & Rae.—xxir. 432 Hale, J.—xxii. 563 Hale, J. P.—United States, 533 Hale, T. & Co.—xxii. 486 Hale, W. S.—xxix. 99 Haley.—V. 486 Haley, A. & C—xii. & xv. 59 Haley, C, see Haley, A. & C. Haley, J. & Son—xii. & xv. 58 Haley, W.—xx. 124 Hal fern, Von, see Kleinschmit, 8cc. Halford, H.—x. 604 Hall, see also Lombard & Hall; Roberts & Hall Hall, A.—IX. 158; xix. 185 Hall, Brothers, Sloane, & Coppi.—Tus- cany, 12 Hall & Co.—XVI. 164 Hall, G. F.—X. 60 Hall, H. W.—vm. 349 Hall, J.—II. 40; VIII. 156; xxix. 242; Canada, 18 Hall, J. & Co.—XIV. 61 Hall, J. S.—XVI. 163 ; xx. 4; xxviii. 184 Hall, J. & T.—I. 146 ; xxvii. 37, 38 Hall, J. W.—xxiv. 41 Hall, Lieut.-Col.—VIII. 271; x. 4 Hall, Messrs.—viii. 136 Hall, R.—XVI. 182 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 317 Hall & Son.—XXIV. 70 Hall & Spear.—United States, 255 Hall, T.—III. 131 ; XXVI. 63; see also Hall, J. & T. Hall, T. H.—XXII. 172 Hall, Thomas, & Co.—New S. Wales Hall, W.—VI. 472; XXVII. 42 Hall, W. E —VIII. 73 Halla& Co.—Austria, 54 Hallam, see Worrall, Hallam, & Co. Halle. J. Van.—Belgium, 303 HaUeberg, L. J.—Sweden & Norway, Hallen, see Cottam and Hallen Halleiiius & Co.—Sweden & Norway, Haller, A.—Austria, 462 Haller, F.—Zollverein (4), 16 Haller, J. C—Zollverein (1), 690 Hallers, J.—Austria, 652 Hallett, see Graham & Hallett Hallett, G.—I. 481 Hallett, R. & Sons.—New South Wales,5 Halliday, A. P.—vi. 617 Halliday, W.—xxviii. 157 Halliday and Co.—iv. 73 Hailing, Pearse and Stone, xix. 212 Hallmarke, Aldebert, & Hallmarke.— V. 862 Hallmeyer-Appenzeller. — Switzerland, 246 Hallowell, Mrs.—xix. 270 Hally, G.—XII. & xv. 470 Haloche.—Algeria, 27 Halse, see Schufieki, Brown, &c. Halske, see Siemens & Halske Halstead & Sons.—ix. 106 ; xxii. 93 Hainann, A.—Zollverein (1), 58 Hamann, E. F.—France, 861 Hambloch, J.-—Zollverein (I), 454 Hamburger, Rogers, & Co.—xix. 186 Hamer, A.—xvii. 84 Hamer, M. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 118 Hames, see Billson & Hames Hamilton.—Van Diemen's Land, 7, 8; see also Blyth, Hamilton, and Blyth Hamilton, C. F.—xxviii. 177 Hamilton, G. & P.—iii. 6a Hamilton, H. G.—x. 733 Hamilton, Miss.—xii. & xv. 259 Hamm & Co.—France, 862 [Jammelrath, P. H.—Belgium, 337 Hammerschmidt, E.—Zollv. (2), 18 Hammersley & Bentley.—xili. 45 Hammerstey, J. A.—xviii. 71 Hammersley, W., & Co.—xill. 48 Hammerton, see Cope, Hammerton, & Co. Hammond, see Leitch & Hammond Hammond, N. P., & Co.—Spain, 236 Hammond, R.—Canada, 118.^ Hammond, R. C.—vii. 15 Hammond, Turner, & Sons—xxil. 282 Hammond, W.—China, 36 Hammond, W. P., & Co.—China, . 35; Eastern Archipelago, 2 Hamoir, see Mestiviers & Hamoir ; Serret, Hamoir, & Co. Hampden, J.—xxii. 612 Hampson, see Mackellar & Hampson Hampson, B.—xvii. 153 Hampton, W.—United States, 1 726 Hamren, Sophie—Sweden & Norway, 28 Hanau, W.—Zollverein (1), 700 Hanbury, see Truman & Hanbury Hanbury, K.—South Africa, 20 Hanbury, E. J.—South Africa, 28 Hanbury, Louisa Emily—xxvi. 41 Hancock, see Godfrey & Hancock Hancock, C.—xxviii. 90 Hancock, C. F,—xxiii. 112 Hancock, J. A.—Page 849; xxix. 320 Hancock, J. L.—xxviii. 83 Hancock, N.—xxvi. 239 Hancock, Rixon, & Dunt—xxiv. 46a Handley, W.—v. 690 Hands, J.—XXII. 263 Hands & Leavesley—iv. 34 Handyside, A.—xxil. 82 Hanel, C. E.—Sweden, 92 Hanesh, De—Belgium, 23 Hanfstaengl, J.—Zollverein (2), 85 Hanhart, M. & N.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 64 Hanhart, N.—see Hanhart, M. 8c N. Hanicq, P. J.—Belgium, 285 Haniel, F.—Zollverein (1), 455 Hanley, J.—United States, 375 Hanon-Valcke, vi. 457 Hannah, A.—xxi. 31 Hannay, Major.—India, l. Hannington, W.—United States, 311 Hansa—Hamburgh, 58 Hanselmann, see Troeltsch & Hansel- man n Hanselmann, J.—Switzerland, 165 Hansen, C. 13.—Denmark, 25 Hansen, J. G.—Hanover, 5 Hansen & De Koning—xxill. 124 Hanser, J.—Austria, 482 Hanser-Eisen, &c.—Hamburgh, l23 Hanson, see Roe & Hanson Hanson, C—xix. 188 Hanson, G.—xxii. 702 Hanson, J.—xxii. 616 Hanson & Sons.—xxvi. 197 Hansotte Delloye, H. G.—Belgium, 94 Hanssen-Hap.—Belgium, 257 Haractas, Tribe of the.—Algeria, 5G Harand, E.—France, 863 Harbor, T.—xxiX. 203 Harcourt, J., see Harcourt, W. & J. Harcourt, W. & J.—xxii. 257 Hardegen, G.—Zollverein (3), 7 Harden^—France, 335 Hard grove, T. & S.—United States, 268 Harding-Cocker.—France, 864 Harding, Dando, & Co.—xxiii. 74 Harding, E.—ix. 13 Harding, J.—xxiii, 11.; see also Hard- ing, J. & J. viii. 136 Harding, J. P.—xxix. 166 Harding, Pullein, & Johnson.—Vl. 102 Harding & Son.—xxvi. 209 Harding & Standfast.—xxix. 81 Harding, T.—xx. 211 Harding, W. & Co.—v. 864 Hardinge, Lord—Patj;e 847 Hardman & Iliffe.—xxii. 284 Hardman, J. & Co,—xxii. 700; xxvi. 532 Hardouin,—France, S65 Hardtmuth, C. see Hardtmuth, L. & C. Hardtmuth, L. & C—Austria, 35. 381. 621 Hardwicke, W.—xxii. 496 Hardy.—Algeria, 28; see also Hird, Dawson, &c. Hardy, Miss F. C—xix. 147 Hardy, G,—x. 85 Hardv, J.—x. 348 Hard'y, R. E,—xxii. 131 Hardy, T.—viii. 315; xxii. 146 Hare, J. & Co,—xix, 190 Harford, G.—xiv. 71 Hargrave, Harrison, & Co.—xxix. 147 Hargreave & Nusseys.—xii. & xv. 28 Hargreaves, Brothers, & Co.—xviii, 9. 38 Hargreaves, J.—New Zealand, 8 Hargreaves, W. & Co.—xxii. 116 Harkes, D.—rx. 23 Harkort, C—Zollv. (1), 876 Harkort & Son.—Zollverein (1), 456 Harley, G.—xxii. 660 Harloff, see Dissmar & Harloff Harlon, W. H. & Co.—India, xiv. Harlow, see Peyton & Harlow Harlow & Young.—V. 655 Harmer, H. R.—xxix. 168; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 298 Harmer,.L jun.—XXX, (Fine Art Court), 56 Harmon, A.—United States, 158. Harmsworth, Martha.—xix. 191 Harnett, J.—X- 684 Harnett, W.—x. 633 Haro, E, F.—France, 866 Harper.—Van Diemen's Land, 185 Harper & Moore,—xxvii. 119 Harper & Sons.—xxii. 96 Harper, T.—vii. 141 Harperath, see Porzelt & Harperath Harrach, Count F. E. Von.—Austria, 285. 587 Harrass, P.—ZollvereJn (1), 798 Harrild & Sons.—vi. 157 Harrington, G. F.—x. 721 Harris.—United States, 512 Harris, Brothers.—xix. 193 Harris, C.—vi. 151 Harris & Fison,—xii, & XV. 145 Harris, G. & Co.—xix. 192 Harris & Galabin.—xvii. 173 Harris, H. see Harris, S. & H. Harris, H. G.—xxvi, 395 Harris, J.—i. 42 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 244 Harris, J. C.—VII. 74 Harris, Lord.—Trinidad Harris, P. G.—Jersey & Guernsey, 28 Harris, R. & Son.—xxiv. 21 Harris, S. & H.—xxviii. 117 Harris & Son.—x. 149 Harris & Sons.—xiv. 76 ; xx. 198 Harris & Tomkins.—XX. 111 Harris, W.—Page 851 Harris, W. S.—xi. 29 Harris, Sir W. S.—viii. 150 Harrison, see Campbell, Harrison, &c. ; Hargrave, Harrison, & Co. Harrison, A. P.—xvii, 202 Harrison, Ainslie, & Co.—i, 405 Harrison, C. C—United States, 223 Harrison, C. W. & J. J.—x. 420 Harrison, J.—i. 491; vi. 18; x. 464, 464 a; xix. 194; xxiii. 37 Harrison, J. J. see Harrison, C. W. & J,J. Harrison, J. P.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 305 Harrison, Margaret.—xxix. 304 Harrison, R. & J,—iv. 6 Harrison and Sons.—xvii. 212 Harrison, T.—xix. 85 Harrison, W.—xxii. 555; xxx. ISO Harrison's Wood Carving Co.—xxvi- 222 Harrold, T.—xxvi. 117 Harrop, see Craven & Harrop Harrop, Taylor, & Pearson.—xill. 62 Harrows, G.—xvi. 43 Hart, see Walker & Hart Hart, C—IX. 72 Hart, G.—XIX. 81 Hart, H.—VIII. 245 Hart, J. —VI. 308; xiii. 76: Cape of Good Hope, 57 Hart, L. J.—Belgium, 441 Hart,Montgomery, &Co.—United States, 260 Hart & Sons.—XXII. 636 Hart, W.&Co.—X. 113 Hartel, H. C—Zollverein (3), 72. 83 Harter & Huben.—Hamburgh, 87 Hartig, J.—Austria, 212 Hartley, Elizabeth.—xvi. 6 Hartley, J.—xvi. 166 Hartley, J. & Co.—xxiv. 100; South- East corner (United States depart- ment) Hartley & Son.—xii. & XV. 61 Hartley, T. H.—xxvii. 12 Hartman, see Birner & Hartman Hartmann & Co.—France, 257 Hartmann, L.—Austria, 675. 742 Haitmann, L. & Co,—Switzerland, 230 Hartmann & Sons.—France, 256 Hartmann, J. J.—Zollverein (2), 73 Hartog, Brothers.—Belgium, 224 Hartog, C. H.—Haml)nrgh, 115 Harton, see Watts & Harton Harttree, E. & G.—xix. 195 Harttree, G. see Harttree, E. & G. Hartung, see 0])aenhoft" & Haitung Flartweck, E.—France, 867 Harvey, A.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 86 Harvey & Co.—xxiii. 92; see also Price & Harvey Harvey, D.—v. 692 ; viii. 159 Harvey, F.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 31 Harvey G.—xxii. 440 Harvey H.—xxix. 169 Harvey, J.—v. 946 Harvey, J. K.—xix. 197 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 119 Harvey & Knight.—xix. 196 Harvey, T. & Son.—viii. 136 Harveys & Tait.—ix. 16 Harvey, W.—x. 47 Harwar, J.—x. 493a Harwood, Hon.—Canada, 14 Hase, J. H.—Netherlands, 31 Haselden.—xxvi. 95 Haseloff & Co.—Zollverein (1), 713 Hasenclever & Sons.—Zollv. (I), 631 Haskell, Merrit, & Buel.—United States, 340 Hasketh.—V. 206 Haslam, W.—xxii. 421 Haslem, J.—xxiii, 97 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 237 Haslem, T.—xxiii. 72 Hass & Co.—Zollverein (6), 62 Hass& Sons.—Zollverein (I), 357 Hassan-Ooste-Neftali-Ogli.—Russia,253 Hasse, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 259 Hasselgren, L. C,—Sweden, 97 Hastings, Brothers.—xil. & XV. 100 Hastings,-J.—vill. 114 Hastings & Mellor.—xvii. 85 Hastings, S.—xxviii. 3 . Haswell, R.—viii. 259 Hatch, Caroline.—XIX. 202 Hatfield, J. A.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 135 Hathaway, Mrs.—XX. 160 Hatmel 8c Ellis.—ii. 10 (Main Ave- nue, West) Hatt, C—VIII. 16, 136 Hattersley, Parkinson, & Co.—xrv. 36 Hattersley, W.—ii. 110 ; v. 701 Hauch, A.—Zollverein (1), 792 Haueisen & Son.—Zollverein (4), 58 Hauel, J.—United States, 4 Haughter, V.—viii. 295 Haulick, F.—Zollverein (1), 413 Haupt, L.—Austria, 2.'"j6 Hauschild, see Pansa & Hauschild Hauser, J.—Austria, 482 Hauser, J. del.—Switzerland, 172 Haussman, see Ziegler & Haussman Haussmann, L.—Zollverein (3), 173a Havenner, T. H. & Brothers.—United States, 322 Hawcroft & Sons.—xxii. 135 Hawes, G. E.—United States, 153 Hawke, E. H.—i. 526; xiv. 54 Hawker, Col. P.—viii. 205, 234 Hawkes & Co.—viii. 212 Hawkins, see Mottram & Hawkins Hawkins, B. W.—xxii. 641; xxx, (Fine Art Court), 132 Hawkins, Capt.—India, viil. Hawkins, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court.), 80 Hawkins, J—xvi. 57; xxii. 318. 474 Hawkins, S.—xxvi. 237. Hawkins, T.—xxviii. 200 Hawks, Crawshay, & Co.—vii. 86 Hawks, W. R.—VIII. 136a. Hawksworth, A.—viii. 53 Hawks worth, Eyre, & Co.—xxiii. 35 Hawley, J. & T.—xxviii. 161. Hawley, T.—see Hawley J. & T. Hawranek, C.—Austria, 65 Hawthorn & Co.-v. 11 Hawthorn, R. & W.—v. 536 Hawthorn, W, see Hawthorn R. 8c W. Hawthorne, J.—ii, 39 ; xvii. 7 Haxworth & Carnley.—xiv. 36 Hay, see Gwynne & Hay Hay, J.—IX. 259c Hay, J., Right Hon. Lord. — viii. 136 Hay, J. & J.—XXVI, loo Hay, W.—X. 376 Hay ball. A.—xxvi. 344 Haycraft, W. T.—v. 151 Hay day, James.—xvii. 106 Haydei), J.—xxviii. 132 Hay den, W.—United States, 386 Haydter, S,—Austria, 311 Hayem, sen.—France, 1265 Hayes, Miss E, J.—xix, 330 Hayes, J,—IX. 117 Hayes, M.—ix- 208a Hayes, P. & Co,—ll. 75 Hayez, M.—Belgium, 276 Haynes, J.—xxil, 584 Havot, Jules Joseph.—France, 258 Hayter, F. S.—xix. 198 Hayter, Sir G.—xxiii. 97 Haythorn, J. W.—XI. 25 Hayward, Brothers.—X. 298 ; XXII. 582 Hay ward, G.—ix, 114 Hayward, R. J.— xxx. (Fine Art Court), 337 Hayward Rubber Co.—United States, 294 Hayward & Sons.—xiv. 44 ; see also Hayward, C. L. & W. Haywood, see Yates, Haywood, & Co. Haywood, H. & R.—xxvii. 127 Haywood, J.—Western end, South en- closure (outside), 22; xxii. 97 Haywood, M.—xxix. 38 Haywood, Mary.—xx. 148 Haywood & Son.—xxii. 647 Haywood, W. see Haywood, E. L. & W. Hazart, R.—United States, 16 Hazelton, see Doe, Hazelton, & Co. Heal & Son.—IV. 59 ; xix. 396 Heald, see Barlow Sc Heald Heald, B.—XIX. 269 Heald,' H.—xix. 295 Healy, J. —xii. & xv. 259 Heaphv.—New Zealand, 27 Heaps,"J. K.—X. 510 Hearder, J. H.—vii. 205 Hearder, J. N.—x. 439 Heasman, W.—xxvi. 52 Heath, G.—x. 351 ; United States, 6 Heath, J.—V. 868 Heath, S. H.—xvi. 195 Heath & Burrow.—South Australia, 9 Heaton, see Pease & Heaton Heaviside, J.—xviii. 91 Hebblethwaite & Lister.—xii. & XV. 96 Hebert, L. A.—France, 869 Hebert & Son.—France, 1621 Hechinger, H.—Zollverein (2), 60 Hecht & Arnold.—Zollverein (4), 27 Hecke, Der A. T. Van.—Belgium, 480 Heckel, sen. & Co.—France, 870 Heckel, C. F.—Zollverein (1), 430 Heckel, T. A.—Zollverein (8), 8 Hecker, see Bockmiihl, Scheiper, &c. Hecker Brothers.—United States, i 14 Hecker & Tasch.—Zollverein (3), 96 Heckmann, C.—Zollverein (1) 52 I 2 Hedgland, G. —xxiv. G9 Hedinger C—Zoll vereln (4), 92 Hedley, G.—viii. 307 ; xxii. 577 Hedlund, J.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Heel, Van, see Vlissengen, Van, Van Heel, &c. Heeley & Sons.—xxii. 305 Heepen, Spinning School.—Zollverein (1), 546 Keeps, J. H.—x. 615 Heffoid & Facer.—XVI. 150. Hegenbartb, A.—Austria, 588 Hegle, C—Belgium, 348 Heidsick, L. A.—Zollverein (1), 555 Ileidweiller & Sons.—Zoll. (1), 521 Heilbronn, L.—Zollverein ('2), 61 Heiligeiithal & Co.—France. '259 Ileimhurger.—Zollverein (1), 883 Heine, G. T.—Hamburgh, 51 Heinig, J. G. & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 812 Heiniger, J.—Switzeiland, 124 Heinizch, R.—United States, 168 Heinke, C. K,—53 Heinlein, C. V.—ZoUveiein (2), 20 Heinricb.—Zollverein (1), 771 Heinrigs, J. Zollverein (1), 857 Heintre, see Beyer & Heintre Heintze, L.—xvi. 299 Heintze & Freudenburg.—XVI. 299 ; Zollverein (1), 382 Heintzman, A.^—Zollverein (I), 252. 372. 654. 829 ; Zollverein (3), 67. 72-83. 104 Heinzen, Brothers.—Austria, 26 Heirstmann.—Zollverein (I), 617 Heiscbmann, A.—Zollverein (1), 763 Heiser, F. L.—Hamburgh, 26 Heitemeier,T.—Zollverein (1), 485 Heke, D.—Russia, 152. 329 Helbig, J.—Zollverein (2), 87 Helbronner, G.—France, 260 Helbronner, R.—xix. 199 Held, K.—Zollverein (2), 65 Helena, St. Agricultural Society.—St. Helena, 2 Helen's, St. Plate nd Sheet Glass Works.—XXIV. 66a Helia, J.—Austria, 331 Heljestrand, C. V.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Hell, F.—Austria, 152 Hell, G.—Austria, 260 Hellefors Iron Works.—Sweden & Nor- way, 4 Heller, see Schweitzer & Heller Heller, C—Zollverein (4), 77 Helling, O. & Co.—Zollverein (3), 112 Hellmann, J.—Zollverein (6), 34 Hellyer & Son.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.) 61 Helm, A.—Austria, 518 Helme, W —xii. & XV. 207 Helmich, F. A.—Austria, 589 Helps, Miss.—XX. 168a Helweg, Hans.—Zollverein (3), 159 Helwert, J.—Zollverein (4), 24 Hely, A. A.—viii. 13; xxii. 604 Hemens, N. J.—xxviii. 195 Hemingway, A. W.—ii. 24 Hemming, E.—XX. 28 Hemming, G.—v. 134 Hemming, H.—xxil. 331 Hemmingway, A.—v. 574 Hemphill, W. D.—XXVIII. 158 Hemsley, T.—Viii. 106 Hemsworth & Linley.^—xvi. 20 Henderson.—v. 765; ix, 42; Canada, 168, 187 ; see also Fox, Henderson, &Co. Henderson & Co.—xix. 200 Henderson, H,—Canada, 145 Henderson, J.—Canada, 107 Henderson, R.—iv. 80 Henderson, T.—Canada, 174 Henderson & Widnell.—xiX. 201 Hendlev, R.—United States, 583 Hendrichs, F.—Zollverein (I), 367 Hendrie, R.—xxix. 10 Hendy, J.—vil, 184 Henkels, J. A.—Zollverein (1), 187 Heidey, W. T.—x. 428 Henn & Bradley.—xxii. 316 Hennault, De.—Belgium, 183 Henneberg, F. E. Sc Co.—Zoll. (1), 772 Hennecart, J. F.—France, 1266 Henneman & Malone.—x. 297 Hennequln.—France, 1623 Hennig, see Walther, Hennig, & Co. Hennige & Wiese.—Zollverein (1), 691 Henning.—Hanover, 1 Henning, J.—vi. 43 ; xiv. 16 Henoc.—France, 261 Henrard, M.—Belgium, 140 Henri, J.—France, 262 Henri, F.—France, 871 Henriques, A.—Portugal, 364 Henry, see Simon & Henry Henry, A. & S. & Co.—xii. & XV. 38 Henry, C.—France, 536 Henry & Co.—xxii. 532 Henry, F.—France, 1622 Henry, H. F.—Fra.ice, 1267 Henry, P.—Belgium, 283 Elenry, S.—United States, 508; see also Henry, A. & S. & Co. Henry & Sons.—xi. 13 Henrys & Co.—x. 508 ; xxiii. 131 Hensel, C. J.—Hamburgh, 40 Henseth, J.—Zollverein (2), 76 Henslow, Rev. J.—see Ipswich Museum Committee Hensman & Son.—ix. 149 Henson, H. H.—v. 532 Henson, J.—Canada, 79 Henson, W. G.—xvi. 133 Henton, J.—ix. 191 Hepple, E.—xxx. 366 Herapath.—X. 289 Heras, P. de las.—Spain, 161 HerauU..—France, 872 Herbert & Co.—xix. 28 Herbert, Mrs.—xxix. 301 Herbert, F. P.—Austria, 30 Herbert, J.—Austria, 32 Herbert, J. W.—Canada, 18a Herbert, Right Hon. S.—Page 854 Herbert, W.—xxvi. 67 Herdman, W. G.—xxx. 343a Herdt, J. B.—Austria, 694 Herford Prison (Westphalia), Directors of.—Zollverein (1), 721 Herinck, F.—Belgium, 43 Heriot, see Huxley & Heriot ; Huxlev, Heriot, & Co. Heiiot, E. T.—United States, 172c. Hermann, see Graetzar & Hermann; Hofler, Hermann, & Co. Hermann, A.—xxiii. 90 Hermann, C—Zollverein (1), 435 HermaiH), F.—Switzerland, 194 Hermann, F. G. & Son.—Zoll. (3), 122 Hermann, G.—France, 873 Hermann, J. W.—Zollverein (3), 139 Hermannstadt Associated Furriers.— Austria, 347 Hermannstadt Cloth-makers' Associa- tion.—Austiia, 214 Hermannstadt Leather-cutters' Associa- tion.—Austria, 345 Hermannstadt Rope-makers'Association. —xAustria, 277 Hermannstadt Shoemakers' Association. —Austria, 330 Hermannstadt Stearine Candle Com- pany.—Austria, 42 Hermannstadt Trade Union.—Austria, 277a; 398 ; 696a Hermanowska, M.—France, 874 Herme.—France, 537 Hermes, Brothers, & Wolffers.—Zollv. (1),52U Hernandez, J.—Spain, 230 Herold, C. G.—Zollverein (3), 19 Herrenschmidt, G. F.—France, 538 Herrick, J. K.—United States, 502 Herring, C—vii. 60 ; xxvi. 379 Herring, S. C—United States, 124 Herring & Sons.—xxvi. 205 Herstatt & Co.—Zollverein (1), 427 Herting, C.^—Hanover, 9 Hertz.—I. 24 Herve, Brothers.—France, 1624 Hervieu, A.—xxvi. Bay i. 20 Herz, H.—France, 1268 _ Herzig, J. & Son.—Austria, 261 Herzlieb, F.—Austria, 146 Herzog, E.—Austria, 76 Heselle, J. A. de.—Belgium, 203 Hesnault & Brother.—Belgium, 273 Hess, (j.—France, 263 Hess, L.—Switzerland, 241 Hess, R.—X. 648 Hess, T. A.—Netherlands, 108 _ Hesse-Darmstadt, Board of Agriculture of.—Zollverein (6) 13 Hesselink, W. F.—Netherlands, 66. Hetherington, T. & Co.—xxil. 35 1 Hetley, J. H. & Co.—xxiv. 2 Hett, A.—x. 249 Hetzer, Ernst, & Son.—Zollv. (3), 64 Heukensfeldt, I.—Netherlands, 42 Heunheuse, De.—Belgium, 62 Heureuse, C. D'.—Zollverein (1), 244 Heurlin.—Sweden, 113 Heurteloup, Baron.—x. 666 Heusschen, Van, Eeckhoudt, & Co.— Belgium, 310 Heuveldop, H.—Netherlands, 16 Hewett & Co.—China, 9. Hewitt, D. C—X. 560 Hewitson, see Kitson, Thompson, &c. Hewitson, J.—x. 152 Hewitt, H. B.—XXII. 395 Hewlett, A.—XVI. 238 Hews, G.—United States, 438 Hey.—Zollverein (1), 26 Heydenreich.—Zollverein (1), 443 Heyl, C—Zollverein (6), 32 Heyl, C. W.—Zollverehi (6), 75 Heyl, J. F. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 44 Heyler, Mary.—France, 539 Heymann, C.—Zollverein (1), 290. 575 Heymann, G. F.—Zollverein (3), 39 Heymann, J. D.—Hamburgh, 78 Heymann & Alexander.—xix. 25 Heyn, Emma.—xix. 178 Heynig, see Beck and Hevnig. Heynig, J. G. & Co,—Zollv. (3), 57 Heynsbergen, W. J. Van.—Netherlands, 102a Heys, see Elliott and Heys Heywood, Higginbottoms, Smith, & Co. —XXVI. 71 Heywood, J.—xvii. 83 Heywood, W.—x. 404a Hibbert, Flatt, & Sons.—vi. 1 Hibbert, T.—XIV. 39 Hick, B. & Son.—V. 13 ; vi. 1. 218 Hickey & Tull.—United States, 58 Hickliuf^, see Reckless & Hickling Hickman & Clive—xxii. Z71 Hickman, R. & Co.—xxvii. 107 Hicks, G.—United States, 559 Hicks, H.—XVI. 84 Hicks, T.—I. 164 Hickson & Sons. — XVI. 192 (Main Avenue, West) Hidden, T.—xvi. 313 Hider, Elizabeth.—XVII. 17 Hiellen (sons of the late Elias).—■ Austria, 275 Hieita & Michaelson.—Sweden, 99 Hierzenberger, G.—Austria, 443 Hietel, J. A.—Zollverein (3), 168b Higginbotham, G. & W.—xxii. 188 Higginbotham, L. C.—United States, 231 Higginbotham, W., see Higginbotham, G. & W. Higginbottoms, see Heywood, &c. Higgins, F.—xxiii. 115 Higgins, P. H.—Canada, 185 Higgins & Sons.—vi. 14 Higginson, Governor.—Antigua. Hijrhley, S.—x. 727 Highley, S. jun.—i. 23. 98 Highton.—X. 432 Hildebrand, A.—France, 540 Hildebrand, C. G.—Hamburgh, 2 Hildebrand, C. L.—Hamburgh, 56 Hilditch& Hopwood.—XXV. 17 Hiler, S.—United States, 218 Hilger, Brothers.—Zoll. (i), 498. 874 Hilgers, C—Zollverein (1), 659 Hilgers & Sons,—Zollverein (1), 631 Hill, see Clibbon, Hill, & Co.; Shep- herd, Hill, &c.; Watkins & Hill Hill, B.—XIX. 203 Hill, C. J. & Son.—United States, 157 Hill & Co.—XIX. 204 Hill, D. O.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 300 Hill, E. & Co.—IX. 140 ; XXII. 65 Hill, E. & W. De la Rue.—xvii. 76 Hill, Evans, & Co.—vi. 619 Hill, G.—xvi. 8 Hill, J.—XXII. 355 Hill, J. & Co.—XIII. 25 Hill, J. v.—I. 58. 210; XXI. 47; United States, 364 ; see also Hill, O. cSt J. Hill, L. M.—XX. 107 Hill, O.&J.—VII. 124 Hill, S.—VII. 68 Hill & Stone.-v. 970 Hill, W.—V. 94 Hill, W. & Co. X. 556. Hill as, F.—IV. 28 Hilliard & Chapman.—xxi. 33 Hilliard & Thomasou.—xxiii. 29 Hillier, G.—xxx. 354 Hillman, A.—Sweden and Norway, 31 Hillman, F.—Zollverein (3), 160 Hillman, J.—xxil. 15 Hills, F. C—II. 23 Hills & Underwood.—iii. 7 Hillyer, V.—United States, 343 Hils, Haas, & Co.—Zollverein (4), 53 Hilton, J. & W.—Canada, Vl^ Hilton, John.—x. 625 Hilton, W. see Hilton, J. & W. Hinchcliffe, J.—xxii. 224 Hinchliff & Co.—XXVI. 310 Hinchliff, G. see Hinchliff, J. & G. Hinchliff, J. & G.—XII. & XV. 119 Hinchliffe & Son.—xii. & xv. 93 Hincks, Well?, & Co.—xxii. 326 Hinde, E. & F.—xii. & xv. 313 Hinde, F. see Hinde, E. & F. Hinde, J. G.—XXVIII. 196 Hindhaugh, Mary.—xix. 205 Hindley & Sons.^—xviii. 15 ; xix. 206; XXVI. 266 Hine, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 201 Hine, J.—XXIX. 47 Hinitt, J.—V. 714 Hinks, H.—VIII. 13G Hinton, C.—x. 62 Hintze, see Paetoch & Hintze. Hipp, see Duyn, Hipp, & Co. Hird, Dawson, & Hardy.—xxil. 85 Hiron, see Cartwright & Hiron. Hirsch & Brother.—Portugal, 28. 52. 64. 68. 77. 503. 985 Hirsche, F.—Austria, 436 Hirschel & Minerbi.—Austria, 173 Hirschfeld, J, B.—Zollverein (3), 180 Hirschhorn, see Ullman, Hirschhorn, & Co. Hirshendorff, see Hirshman, Hirshen- dorff, &c. Hirshmann.—Russia, 34 Hirshmann, Hirshendorff", & Ravitch.— Russia, 79 Hirshmann & Kijevski.—Russia, 26 Hirst, see Bariiicot «& Hiret Hitch, M.—xviii. 59 Hitchcock, Dr. D. K.—United States, 518 Hitchcock, W. L.—United States, 376 Hilt, T.—vm. 296 Hives & Atkinson.—iv. 45 Hjorth, S.—Denmark, 47 Hjula Quarry.—Sweden and Norway, 43 Hoadley, G.—xxiv. 82 Hoadley & Pridie.—xii. & xv. 128 Hoare, M.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 168 Hoban, M.—xxvii. 58 Hobart & Robins.—United States, 399 Hobbs, W.—XVIII. 83 Hobson. F.—United States, 277 Hobv, G.—XVI. 202 Hoby, J. W.—V. 614 Hochberger, J.—Austria, 14 Hockendon, J.—xxvi. 69 Hockin, C,—xxii. 592 Hockley, see Sinclair & Hockley Hoddick, W.—Zollverein (1), 598 Hodge & Batley.—V. 29 Hodge, W.—XXIX. 313 Hodges, B. J.—V. 103 Hodges, R. E.—VIII. 269 ; xxvm. 72 Hodges & Sons.—IX. 116 ; xxii. 487 Hodges, T.—XVI. 184; xxii. 519 Hodgson & Haley.—VI. 38 Hodgson, M.—vm. 316 Hodgson, R.—v. 143 Hodgson, T.. jun.—xx. 155 Hodson, see McCallum & Hodson Hodson, Sir G., Bart.—i. 123 Hodson, J.—vm. 50. 136 Hodson, J. S.—XVII. 166 Hoe, H.—Sweden & Norway, 8 Hoeffer, C. F.—Zollverein (3), 41 Hoeffken, see Hoeltring & Hoeffken Hoehn & Baumann.—Switzerland, 153 Hoehn & Staeubli.—Switzerland, 153 Hoeller, A. & E.—Zollverein (1), 637 Hoeller, E. see Hoeller, A. & E. Hoeltring & Hoeffken.—Zoll. (1), 662 Hoen, J. B.—France, 264 Hoeninghaus & Sous.—Zull. (1), 519 Hoepfner, J.—Austria, 128 Hoerkens, H. I.—Zollverein (1), 554 Hoesch & Son.—Zollverein (1), 392 Hoesel, R.—Zollverein (3), 86 Hoey, S. P. Van.—Belgium, 106 Holer, H. & Co.—France, 875 Hofe", P.—Austria, 519 Hofer, Von.—Zollverein (1), 105 Hoffman, C—Zollverein (3), 12 Hoffman, Emanuel.—Switzerland 152 Hoffman, G. J,—Zollverein (1), 440 Hoffmann, C. Vf.—Zollverein (1), 439 Hoffmann, E.—Zollverein (1), 110 Hofl'mann& Eberhardt.—Zoll. (1), 88 Hoffmann, F.—Zollverein (3), 36 Hoffmann, F. A. & Co.—Zoll. (3), 153 Hoffmaiin, C. & G.—Austria, 49 Hoffmann, G. W.—Zollverein (6), 14 Hoffmann & Son.—Zollverein (5), 16 Hoftmeister, T. & Co.—Zoll. (1), 773 Hofmann, W.—Austria, 590 Hofrichter, C.—Austria, 6 14 Hogan, J.—XXX. (Sculpture Court), 14 Hogarty, Brothers.—xvi. 13 Hohwiesner, see Minoprio, &c. Hohwu, A.—Netherlands, 86 Holbeche, M. M.—Portugal, 454. 544 Kolbeck, J. & Co.—xxiii, 112 Hoi brook, J, N.—vm. 9 Holbrook & Stanley.—United States, 208 Holch, W.—Zollverein (4), 18 Hold, A.—xxvi. 85 Holden, H. A.—xxii. 348 Holden, J. & Co.—xiv. 1 Holder, T. M.—Zollverein (4), 106 Holdeiegger, C.—Switzerland, 195 Holdernesse, C,—x. 482 Holdich, G. M. H.—X. 557 Holding, Mrs. Sybella.—xxx. (Fine Ar t Court), 217 Holdsforth & Son.—xiii. 61 Holdsworth & Co.—xii. & xv. 166; XIV, 53 Holdsworth, J.—xii. & xv, 165a Holgate, J.—XXII. 450 Holl, F. R.—X. 13 Holl, J. & Co.—VIII. 166 Hollamby, H.—xxix. 41 Holland, see East, Landon. &c. Holland, C.—Austria, 609; Zollverein (1), 528. 716. 731. 784; (3), 23. 69. 128. 166 Holland & Dunn.—Canada, 152 Holland, H.—xxix. 131 Holland & Son.—xxiv, 63 Holland & Sons.—xxvi. 161 Holland, T.—VII. 132 ; xxil. 0{)2 Holland, T. & Co —xx. 194 Holland, W.—XXVI. 407 Holland, W. & Sons.—xxvi. 62a Hollanders, D'.—Belgium, 51 Hollenbach, A.—Austria, 141b Hollenbach, D.—Austria, 581 Holliday, R.—xxii. 448 Hollins, P.—Page 849 Hollins, S.—XIX. 30 ; xx. 96 Hollins, W, & Co.—XI. 36 Holloway & Co.—United States, 514 Holloway, Phoebe.—xix. 207 Holloway, T. J.—xiv. 74 Holm.—VI. 162 Holmblad, L. P.—Denmaik, 27 Holmer, S.—xxx. (Fine Art Courl), 231 Holmes, see Allen & Holmes Holmes, C—xxii. 130 Holmes, Captain,—xxii. 12 Holmes & Co.—XII. & xv. 280 Holmes, G. L.—United Slates, 316 Holmes, Herbert & Arthur.—v. 872 Holmes, J.—vn. 176 ix. 90a; xix. 208 Holmes, J. & Co.—xx. 84 Holmes, J. K.—United States, 331 Holmes & Sons.—ix. 241 ; xii. & xv. Holmes, T.—XVI. 16 Holmes, W. H.—BritisL Guiaua, 130- 132 Holms, Biothei-s.—xii- & xv. 288 Holroyd & Co.—xii. & xv. 163 Holste, Mr,—Austria, 143 Holstein, J. P.—France, 876 Holt, E.—IV. 128 Holt, J.—XXIII. 106 Holthaus, see Schmits & Holthaus Holtum, W.—VIII. 20 Holtzapffel & Co,—IV. 14 ; vi. 232 Holtzstarnm, F.—ZuUvereiii (1), 48 Hoi well.—Canada, 101 Holyland, see Rogers, Lowry, &c. Holzapfel, C.—Denmark, 41 Homan & Co.—XX. 17 Homberg & Schelbler.—Zollverein, (1), 339 Homer, F. L.—United States, 504a Hommel-Esser, F.—Switzerland, 81 Honaeur, F.—Austria, 215 Honegger, H.—Switzerland, 153 Honiball, J.—viii. 95 Honig, B. C. & F.—Netherlands, 59 Honig, F., see Honig, B. C, & F. Honig & Son.—Netherlands, 60 Honore, E.—France, 877 Hont, J. D.—Belgium, 206 Hood, see Martin & Hood Hood, J. H.—XVII. 157 Hood, R. V.—Van Diemen's Land, 111-120. 126. 127. 129. 165, 166. 345 . Hood, S.—XXII. 1 Hoogeboom, J. J. & Son.—Netherlands, 37 Hoogen, T. Van der.—Netherlands, 26 Hooghstoel, L. F.—Belgium, 422 Hook, J.—XVI. 114 Hook's Iron Works.—Sweden, 78 Hooke, T.—VII. 80 Hool, Mary.—XXIX. 87 Hoole, Robson, & Hoole.—xxii. 140 Hoomans, see Pardoe & Hoomans Hoop, J. Van der, & Co.—Netherlands, 24 Hooper & Co.—New Zealand, 39 Hooper, C. & Co.—xii. & xv. 210 Hooper, F. see Hooper, S. & F. Hooper, G,—v. 874 Hooper, G. Carroz, & Solourier.— France, 1625 Hooper, H. N. & Co.—United States, 459 Hooper, W. jun.—v. 196 Hooper, W. H.—VII. & Hopcroft Hopcroft, see Greasleyrne, & Hope Hope, see Piiuler, Bourne, & Hope Hope, A. J. B. Esq., M.P.—Page 849 Hope, G. C—XIX. 209 Hope, H. T. (M.P.)—XXIII. 73 (Main Avenue, East) Hopkins, H.—XXVI, 234 Hopkins, J. M.—United States, 192 Hopkins, R. P.—XXVI. 139 Hopkins & Son.—xxvi. 154 Hopkins & Williams,—ii. 41 Hopkinson & Cope.—vi. 162 Hopkinson, J. sen.—vii, 104 Hopkinson, J. & J.—x. 500 Hopkinson, Jonathan.—British Guiana, 159 Hopley, E,— xxx, (Fine Art Court), 296 Hopwood, see Hilditch & Hopwood Hopwood & Armstrong.—viii, 68 Hopwood, H,—II, 100 Horan, H,—iv. 103 Hore, W,—xxix. 151 Horn, A,—VII. 67 Horn, H.—VIII. 161 Horn, Mrs.—Sweden & Norway, 29 Hornbostel, C. G. & Co.—Austria, 262 Hornby and Kenworthy.—vi. 20 Home.—I. 17 ; xxii. 255 Home, J.—X. 575 Home, R—XXVI. 32 Home, T.—XXII. 275 Home, Thornthwaite, & Wood,—x, 220 Home, W.—V. 880 ; xxvm. 160 Horner, G,—xxx. 364 Hornig, C. E.—Zollverein (1), 722 Hornsby & Son —ix. 233 Hornung, C. C.—Denmark, 30 Horrix, M. & W.—Netherlands, 97 Horrix, W. see Horrix, M. & W. Horrockses, Miller, & Co.—xi. 60 Horry, W. B. C—United States, 320e Horsey, J.—xxvin, 188 Horsfall, J.—xxii. 334 Horsfall, J. G. & Co.—xii, & xv. 174 Horsfall, Mrs.—xxvi. 56 Horsky, F.—Austria, 123 Horsteiner, see Neuner & Horsteiner Horstman, J.—Zollverein (1), 691 Horstmann & Co—Zollverein (1), 462 Horticultural Society of London,— China, 4 Horton, A.—xxii, 674 Hosch & Sons.—Zollverein (1). 863 Hosken, R.—Western end (Outside), 75 Hosking, R.—i. 466, 472 ; xxix. 185 Hosking, R.—v. 201 Hoskings, Ann.—xxix. 72 Hoskins, J.—VIII. 252 Hosterey, G.—Zollverein (1), 648 Hostin.—France, 265 Hostmann, C.—Hanover, 2 Hotchkiss, G,—United States, 94 Hotchkiss, H. G, & L. B.—United States, 156 Hotchkiss, L. B. see Hotchkiss, H, G, & L, B. Hotchkiss & Prescott.—United States, 154 Hotchkiss. W.—United States, 342 Hotham & Whiting.—xil. & XV. 44 Hottinger, A—Austria, 5S9a Houbigant, C,—France, 1627 Houdaille, F. N—France, 1270 Houdin, see Detouche & Houdin Houdin & Lambert.—Belgium, 253 Houette, A. & Co.-France, 1271 Hougl), see Scliooley and Hough Hough, R. M.—United States, 507 Houghton, see Claudet & Houghton Houghton, Sarah,—xiv. 50 Houldswurth, J, & Co.—xill. 64 Houldsworth, T. & Co.—xi. 54. 59 Houlgate, see Puckering & Houlgate Houllier, B,—France, 1628 Hounsell, J.—XIV. 73 Hounsell, W. & Co.—xiv. 73 Houssard, E. F.—France, 1626 Houston, J. D.—United States, 554 Houten, W. Van.—viii. 136 Houtthave, S.—Belgium, 130 Houyet, A.—Belgium, 125 Houzeau, E.—France, 878 Howard, F. see Howard I. & F. Howard, Frank.—xxiii. 97 Howard, T. & F.—ix. 240 Howard & Kent.— ii. 11 Howard, Ravenhill & Co.—v. 413 Howard & Son.—xxvi. 238 Howard, T.—i. 29 Howarth, J.—xxil. 181 Howe.—VIII. 132 Howe, D. W.—United States, 497 Howe, G.—V. 779 Howe, J. & Co.—IV. 36 Howe, J. G.—XXIV. 67 Howe, S. G.—United States, 439 Howell & Brothers.—United States, 48 Howell, James, & Co.—x. 16 ; xiii. 27 ; XIX. 5; XXVI. 190a Howland, C—United States, 486 Howse, see Barber, Howse, &c. Howton, G. W.—xxvm. 166 Hoxa, F.—Austria, 141c Hoy, H.—Denmark, 48 Hoy, J.—V. 710 Hoyle & Sons.—XVIII. 36 Hoyles, H.—xxvi. 345 Hoyt, see Albro & Hoyt Huard, Brothers.—France, 266 Huart de Villemont, D.—Belgium, 48 Hubbard, see Sewell, Evans, &c. Hubbard, C—viii. 180 Hubbard, H. B —xxix. 113 Huben, see Harter & Huben Huber, C. E.—France, 879 Huber & Co.—France, 333 Huber, Franz,—Austria, 633 Huber, Rordorf.—Switzerland, 153 Hubert, see Boken, Huliert, & Co.; Hueni & Hubert Hubert, A.—Belgium, 482 Hubert, C—xvi. 194 Hubert, Josephine.—France, 268 Hubert, E. de St.—Belgium, 8 Hubner, see Summerfeld & Hubner Hubner, J.—Austria, 622 Hiibsch, J.—Austria, 352 Huch, H. C—Zollverein (6), 22 Huchet, see Doublet & Huchet Huck.—France, 541 Hucke, C—Zollverein (1), 6?7 Huddart, Sir J. & Co.-xiv. 68 Hudson & Bousfield.—xii. & xv. 21 Hudson, A.—xvi. 151 Hudson & Bottom.—VI. 88 Hudson, C—xviii. 66 Hudson, F. T.—x. 256 Hudson, J.—VIII. 338; xx. 199 ; xxvi. 34; Persia, 10 Hudson, S,—XVI. 60 Hudson's Bay Company.—xvi. 30 1a Hudswell & Son.—xii. & xv. 85 Hue, J. B,—France, 269 Huebener & Pohle.—Hamburgh, 61 Hueber, F.—Austria, 42S Huebsclier, C—Switzerland, 86 Hueck, see Funke & Hueck Hueck, A. see Hueck, D. & A. Hueck, D. & A.—Zollverein (1), 499 Huefler, H.—Zollverein (3), Hi Hueni & Hubert.—Switzerland, 87 Huerlimann, J.—Switzerland, 125 Huet, J.—France, 880 Huet, Made.—France, 270 Huette, see Dinant & Huette Huli'er, J.—XXII. 649a Huffmann, Brotliers.—Zolv. (1) 500 Hutt\)agle. C.—India, iv. Hufl'zky, Vincenz.—Austria, 613 Hugget, J. jun.—United States, 209 Huggie, Brothers.—I. 300 Hughes.—X. 691 Hughes, E.—XVII. 4 Hughes, G. A.—XVII. 20 Hughes, H.—XXII. 581 Hughes, J.—VIII. 318 Hughes, J. G.—XXII. 461 Hughes & Kimber.—xxii. 609 Hughes P.—British Guiana, 74a 74b Hughes, R.—XII. & xv. 251; xvi. 106 : XXII. 609 Hughes & Sons.—vi. 459 Hughes, T.—XXX. (Sculpture Court),3 Hughes, T., jun.—xxv. 60 Hughes, W.—x. 401; xii. & xV-472. 475 Hug-Ith.—Switzerland, 185 Huguenin, see Schwartz & Hugutnin Hugues, J.J. & Son.—France, 881 Huillier, E. L'.—France, 1325 Hulbert, S.—Canada, 91 Hulett, D.—XXII. 643 Hull, D.—XXX. 324 Hull, Hugh.—Van Diemeu's Land, 208. 288 Hull Local Conamittee.—xxix. 290 Hullmandel & Walton.^—xxx. (Fine Art Court'), 71 Hulls, J.—VI, 618 Hulot, A.—France, 882 Hultrnan, J. A.—Sweden, 81 Humane Society, Royal.—viii. 15 Humbert & Co.—France, 1272 Humble, W.^—xxvii. 9 Hume, Rev. W. E.—xvii. 186 Humfrey, C—II. 78 Humphrey, see Simpson,Humplirey, &c.; Taylor, Humphrey, & Co. Humphrey, H. Noel.—xvii. 139 Humphreys, see Read & Humphreys Humphreys, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 231A Humplireys, N. H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 50 Humphries, T.—XIX. 23 0 Hund, F. & Son.—X. 486 Hungarian, Upper, Mining Association, (Schmollnitz).—Austria, 3 Hunt, C—XXVII. 109 Hunt, E.—VI. 49 Hunt & Gandell.—VII. 37 Hunt, J.—I. 482 ; vi. 422 Hunt, J. (per Boyd, C.)—vi. 207 Hunt, J. C—xviii. 90 Hunt, R.—X. 477a Hunt, Robert.—I. 524; x. 297 Hunt & Roskell (lateStorr & Mortimer). —XXIII. 97 (Main Avenue, West) Hunt & Son.—XIV. 28 Hiinten, J. A. F,—Hamburgh, 44 Hunter, Dr.—India, xxv. Hunter, E.—xxii. 228 ; see also Hunter W. J. R. & E. Hunter, J.—vi. 312; see also Hunter, W.&J. Hunter, L.—i. 219 Hunter, W. &J.—ix. 119 Hunter, W. J. R, & E.—xxvi. 202 Hunter, W. M.—United State,^, 9 Huntley & Palmer.—xxix. i07 Hunyady Von Ketheley, Count J. H.— Austria, 89 Hunziker & Co.—Switzerland, 166 Huot, see Billiet & Huot Hupfer & Wolfermann.—Zollverein(l 774 Hurlet & Campsie Alum Co.—ii. 13 Hurley, D.—xx. 73 Hurlimmann, J.—Switzerland, 119 Hum, see Morrison & Hurn Hurrell, W.—xxix. 46 Hurry, H. C—v. 122 Hurst, A.—I. 44. Hurst, G.—VII. 66 ; xix. 211 Hurst, J. A.—United States, 80 Hurst & Reynolds.—xx. 162 Hurst & Sons.—xx. 99 Hurst, W.—xxii. 102 Hurlellj M.—Society Islands Hurter & Buholzer.—Switzerland, 231 Hurtrel & Co.—France, 884 Hurwitz, B.—xxx. 347 Hurwood, G.—VI. 414; vii. 31 Husband, J.—viii. 151 Husband, T. J.—United States, 49 Huschenreuther, F. A. & Sons.—ZoU- verein (1), 805 Huskisson, H. see Huskisson, J. W. & H. Huskisson, J. W. & H.—ii. 86 Hussey, O.—United States, 65 Husson & Buthod.^—France, 885 Husson, F. C.—France, 542 Huste, see Roeller & Huste Hutchings, J.—xvi. 124 Hutchinson, E.—xxvi. 22 Hutchinson, K. jun.—xxvi. 22 Hutchinson, Elizabeth.—Jersey&Guern- sey, 31 Hutchison, J.—i. 161 Hutchison, see Forbes & Hutchison Hutchison, R.—New Brunswick, 10. 25 Hutchison, T.—xii. & xv. 298 Huth, F. & Co.—Zollv. (1), 578.632 Huth & Fischer.—XII. & xv. 123 Huther, M.—Austria, 149 Huttly, F.—V. 882 Hutton, J.—X. 7 ; xxii. 166 Hutton, J. F.—Western Africa, 21 Hutton & Newton.—xxii. 215 Hutton & Sons.—v. 884 Hutton, W.B.& Son.—W. Africa, 6 Huxham & Brown.—vi. 446; xxii. 406 Huxley, E.—x. 598 Huxley, Heriot, & Co.—xxii. 236 Hyams, H.—x. 278 Hyams, M.—III. 46 Hyde, see Bates, Hyde, & Co. Hyde & Co.—XVII. 21 Hyde, F.—United States, 67 Hyde, J. J.—United States, 582 Hymettus, Prior of the Monastery of.— Greece, 48 Hynam, see Gawkroger & Hynam Hyppolite, Madame.—France, 868 Hyvelin, see Bouillette, Hyvelin, & Co. lakolelf, Brothers.—Russia, 344 Ibarra J.—Spain, 256a Ibarra, J. M.—Spain, 26 Ibarzabal, G.—Spain, 268 Ibbetson, Brothers.—France, 1710 Ibbetson, Capt. L. L. B.—Page 851. I. 486a; X. 459; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 323 Ibbotson.—XXI. 27 Ibbotson, Brothers, & Co.—xxii. 191 Ibbotson, R.—XXII. 209 Ibrahim Pasha.—Egypt, 391 Idiers, A. J.—Belgium, 287 Ihm, F.—Zollverein (6), 46 Ihm, Boehm, & Pfaltz.—Zollverein (6), 31 lies, C—VI. 61; xxvii. 28 Iliff, W. T.—XXIX. 253 lliffe, see Hardman & Iliffe Illek, F.—Austria, 216 Illingworth, A.—in. 115 Imhof, Melchior, & Sons.—Switzerland, 173 Imhoof, B.—Switzerland, li6 Imhoof, Brunner—Switzerland, 127 Imlin, F.—France, 543 Imperatori, J. H. Brothers.—Sardinia, 38 Im])erial Salt Works, Galicia.—Aus- tria, 17 Imrie, P.—xxvi. 98 InceHall Coal and Cannel Co., Wigan, —Western end, South enclosure (Outside), 38 ; 1.268 Ince, J.—XVI, 309 Ince, W. H.—Van Diemeu's Land, 349 Inderwick, J.—xxiii. 55 Indian Iron & Steel Co.—India, i. Indore, Resident at.—India, xv. Indri, A.—Austria, 151 Infanger, M.—Austria, 676 Infeld, Chevalier Von.—Austria, 124 Inglefield, E. A.—viii. 99 Inglessis, N.—Greece, 7 Inglis, see Lynch & Inglis Inglis, A.—VII. 199 Inglis & Brown.—XII. & xv. 191 Inglis & Wakefield.—xviii. 4 Ingram, H.—vi. 122 Ingram, J. W.—xxx. 321 Ingram, T. W.—xxii. 304 Junes, Elizabeth & Susanna.—xxvi. 91. See aZso Tapperel & Inues Innes, Susanna, see Innes, Elizabetli & Susanna Inskip, H.—VIII. 227 Inslee, J. A.—United States, 161 Inspectors of Works.—Poitugal, 116. 563—570 Ipswich Museum Committee, (by Rev. J. Henslow.)—i. 35 Ireland, J. & Co.—xii. & xv. 247 Ireland Mining Co.—Dublin, i. 507 Irish Engineering Co.—vii. 150 Irish Work Society.—xix. 77 Iron Bridge Company, New York,— United States, 147 Irving, G. V.—IV. 94 Irwin, E.—xii. & xv. 26 Irwin, Elizabeth.—iii. 99 Irwin, J.—Canada, 196 Irza-Cooli-Hadji-Cagraman-Ggli. — Russia, 254 Isaac, J. R.—xvii. 165 Isaacs & Campbell.—xxvi. 241 Isabel II., Manufactory of.—Spain, 193 Isabellen Hutte Smelting Wurks. — Zollverein (8), 3 Isaieff, P.—Russia, 184 Isern, J.—Spain, 117 Isidore & Brandt.—xvi. 252 Iskander-rBeck-Ogli, see Zllfuolgen- Beck, &c. Isler, J. & Co.-Switzerland, 227 Isler, J. jun.—Switzerland, 227 Isler, J. & Son,—Switzerland, 227 Isler & Otto.—Switzerland, 213 Ismael-Abdool-Eughil-Ogli. — Russia, 160 Isoz, J. p.—Sweden, 107 Israel, C—Zollverein (1), 754 Issmayer, I. M.—Zollverein (2), 26 Istance, R.—ix. 100 Itzigsohn, M.—Zollverein (1), 97 lunod Brothers.—Switzerland, 7 Ivanof}'.—Russia, 267 I van off, P.—Russia, 259 Jaccard, Brothers.—Switzerland, 27 Jaccard, L.—Switzerland, 104 Jack, C.-i. 437a Jack, W.—x. 678 Jackson, see Spear & Jackson Jackson, C.—xix. 84 Jackson & Clay.^—vil. 75 Jackson, Elizabeth.—xxix. 59 Jackson, E. & W.—x. 258 Jackson, E. & W. H.—xxiv. 77 Jackson, G.—xxvi. 242 Jackson & Graham.—xix. 390; (North Transept) ; xxvi. 261 ; Bay M. 23 Jackson, H.—vii. 201 Jackson, li. H.—Bermudas Jackson, J.—v. 703; xi. 1 Jackson & Matthewman, XIV. 36 Jackson, P.R.—V. 682 Jackson, R. B.—xvi. 288 Jackson & Sons.—xxvi. 5. Bay M. 22. I. 19 Jackson, T.—xxviii. 21 Jackson, W.—xxii. 311; see also Jack- son, E. & W. Jackson, W. H. see Jackson, E. & W, H.; Jackson, W. H. & S. Jackson, W. H. & S.—x. 32 Jacob, H.—Zollverein (1), 786 Jacob, J.—Zollverien (2), 78 Jacob, P.—France, 1629 Jacobber.—^France, 271 Jacobs, see Blyth & Jacobs ; Truesdale, Jacobs, & Co. Jacobs & Bering.—Zollverein (1), 524 Jacobs & Dupuis.—France, 886 Jacobs, G.—XXIX. 183 Jacoby, F. A.—Zollverein (1), 787 Jacot, H. L.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 210 Jacot & Courvoirier.—United States, 381 Jacqmain, G.—Belgium, 459 Jacquemart Brothers.—France, 272 Jacquet, H. & Co.—Sardinia, 26 Jacquet, R.—France, 545 Jacquin, J. J.—France, 546 Jacquot.—France, 547 Jacquot, F.—Belgium, 347 Jadenofl'sky. B. K.—Russia, 340 Jaeger, C—Zollverein (1), 469 Jaen.—Spain, 82 Jaehnig, W.—Zollverein (3), 134 Jafiray, J. R.—Austria, 722 Jager, F. I.—Austria, 278 Jaget, see Maurel, Jaget, & Co. Jagodzinsky, A.—Zollverein (3), 8 Jahn, A.—Zollverein (3), 34 Jahn, F. H.—Zollverein (3), 183 Jaillon, Moinier, & Co.—France, 273 Jakovletr, Madame Catherine.—Russia, 25. 286 Jalovitzin, J.—Russia, 236 Jamar, A.—Belgium, 444 Jame, Blanchi, &Duseigneur,—France, 1273 James, see Cowley and James ; Howell, James, & Co.; Watt, James, & Co. James & Aubrey.—Western end. South enclosure (Outside), 37 James & Chapman—United States, 181 James, H.—xix. 215 James, J. — i. 413a; vii. 19 (Main Avenue, West) ; xvi. 40 ; xxil, 317; XXIX, 295 James, J. & Co.—v. 411 ; ix. 86 James, J. H.—x. 577 James, Jabez.—vii. 106 (Main Avenue, West) James, W. H.—xxiv. 85 Jameson & Banks.—xii. & XV. 278 Jameson & Co.—xiv. 60 Jamieson, see Faterson, Jamieson, &Co. Jamieson, G.—i. 25 Jamieson, J.—Western Africa, 5b Jamieson, R.—Western Africa, 22 Jamin.—France, 548 Jamison, V. D. V.—United States, 173 Jancowski.—xvi. 50 Jancowski, W.—xix. 48 Janda, J. Zollverein (!) 894 Jauke, Brothers.—Austria, 591 Jannasch, H.—Zollverein (1), 821 Jannasch, O.—Zollverein (1), 836 Janqueria, Manufactory of.—Portugal, 655, 656, 657 Jansen, A.—Belgium, 139 Jansen, J. W.—Zollverein (1), 349 Jansen & Luehdorff.—Zollverein (2), 56 Janssen, N. H. A.—Netherlands, 19 Janssens, 1).—Belgium, 193 Jantzen, G. E.—Zollverein (1), 205 Jantzen, J. C. F.—Hamburgh, 83 Japuis & Son.—France, 274 Japy, Brothers.—France, 275 Jaquemar, F,—Austria, 335 Jaquemet, see Loroque, &c. Jaquemot, J. M.—IV. 37 Jaques & Son.—Switzerland, 33 Jaquet, J.—Belgium, 461 (Main Ave- nue, East) Jaquet, jun.—Belgium, 462 Jaquin, C.—Vl. 68 Jaren, J. A.—Spain, 249 Jarrett, G.—vi. 154 Jarvies.—xviii. 82 Jarvis, see Garton and Jarvis Jasnopolsky, J. K.—Russia, 335 Jastrzebski, F.—Belgium, 176 Jaudin, A.—France, 887 Jaulin, J.—France, 1274 Jaun, T.—Switzerland, 255 Javet, C.—France, 888 Jeakes, W.—xxii. 237 Jean, Franc.—Switzerland, 152 Jeanes, see Johnstone & Jeanes Jeanneret, Brothers.—Switzerland, 38 Jeannet, F.—Switzerland, 5 Jeannin.—France, 1275 Jeanselme.—France, 1276 Jeanselme, J. P. F.—France, 889 Jeantet.—Algeria, 29 Jeanti, Prevost, Perraud, & Co.— France, 1277 Jee, A. S.—VII. 222. (Main Avenue, West) Jeffcoat, F. L.—xxii. 755 Jetfers, W. H.—United States, 116 Jeffery, R.—vii, 14 Jeffery, Walsh, & Co.—viii. 188 Jeffrey, A.—United States, 150 Jetlfrey, Allen, & Co.—xxvi. 326 Jeffrey, R.—XIV. 59 Jeffries, I.—xxix. 184 Jefiiies, J.—Canada, 62 Jeffs, see Beam & Jeffs Jehin, H. J.—Belgium, 410 Jehotte, C—Belgium, 447 Jehotte, L.—Belgium, 463 (Main Ave- nue, East) Jenken, W.—Netherlands, 74 Jenkins & Beer.—i, 92 Jenkins & Courtney.—i, 93 Jenkins, G.—v. 88 Jenkins, J.—vill. Ill Jenkins & Stick.—i. 170 Jenkins, W. H.—i. 502 ; il. 43 Jenkins, W. & Son.—x. 484 Jenkinson, J.—xxil. 594 Jennens & Bettridge.—XXII. 371; XXVI. 187 (Main Avenue, West) Jennens & Co.—viii. 201 Jennings, B.—I, 194; xxx. (Sculpture Court) 6. 81 Jennings & Claghorn.—United States, 276 Jennings & Co.—United States, 118 Jennings, G.—XXII. 810 Jennings, H. C.—ii. 99 Jennings, J. D.—Van Diemen's Land, 236 Jennison, J.—ix. 70 Jenny, see Blumer & Jenny Jenny & Schindler.—Austria, 183 Jens, see Wulff, Jens, & Sons Jeppe, H.—South Africa, 4 Jepson, W.—xxvii. 132 Jerak, F.—Austi-la, 134 Jerichau, J. A.— Denmark, 39 (Main Avenue, East) Jerningham, Commander.—viii. 21 Jerome, Brothers.—France, 549 Jessen, N. S.— Denmark, 14 Jesson, see Bagnall & Jesson Jessop.—V. 64 ; see also Cowgill, Jessop, & Co. Jetu, C. A.—Canada, 109 Jewett, S. W.—United States, 499 Jewesbury & Co.—iv. 66 Jimenez, M.—Spain, 285 Jimison, C.—xvi. 28 Jibb, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 14 Jimenez, M.—Spain, 285 Jobart, A.—Belgium, 89 Jobson&Co.—XXII. 106 Jobst, F.—Zollverein, (4), 4 Jodhpore, H. H. the Rajah of.—India, x. Johanny-Abhoe, A. W.—Zoll. (1), 493 Johansson, J.—Sweden and Norway, 17. 98 John, A.—Greece, 59 John, J. R. St.—United States, 95. 510. 542 John's, St. College.—New Zealand, 7 Johne & Thiele.—Austria, 379 Johns, G. E.—XXIX. 51 Johnsdotter, Christina M.—Sweden & Norway, 33 Johnson, see Deane & Johnson; Hard- ing, Pullen,& Johnson ; Swanwick & Johnson Johnson, A.—Sweden, 64 Johnson, Cammell, & Co.—XXII. 109 Johnson & Co.—xx. 48 Johnson, E.—xxii. 67 Johnson, G. & Co.—xix. 316 Johnson, H. T.—viii. 328 Johnson, J.—xi. 48; xil. & XV. 11 New Zealand, 21 Johnson, J, R,—ii, 60 Johnson & Matthey.—i. 477 Johnson, P.—XXVIII. 15 Johnson, R., & Brother.—vi. 212 Johnson, R. J.—xviii.. 20 Johnson, R., & Nephew.—xi. 55 Johnson, Sewall, & Co.—United States, 441 Johnson, T.—ix. 257a Johnson, W.—xxx. 365 Johnston.—x. 419 Johnston & Co.—xxvi. 75 Johnston, G., see Jolmston, J. & G. Johnston, G. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 19 Johnston, J. — xil. & XV. 274; xx. 128a. Johnston, J. & G.—xx. 143 Johnston, \V. & A. K.—x. 198 Johnstone, G.—i. 175 Johnstone, J,—xix. 218 Johnstone & Jeanes.—xxvi. 10 Johnstone, W.—i. 124a Jolly, F.—France, 276 Jolly, J.—IX. 69 Jolly-Leclerc.—France, 890 Joly.—France, 277 Joly, J. M., sen.—France, 891 Joly, Mmes.—France, 892 Jonas Brothers.—•in. 42 Jones. — XXII. 121; see also Barlow, Gooddy, & Jones; Ellam, Jones, & Co.; Morris, Jones, & Co. Jones, A. J.—XXVI. 78; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 70 Jones, B.—x. 533 Jones, Brothers.—Belgium, 118 Jones, C. E.—IX. 269 Jones & Co.—III. 43 ; xxvi. 33G ; Bay P. 15 Jones, D.—xxviii. 7; Canada, 41 Jones, E.—ix. 52. 133; xii. & xv. 259. 265; XXVI. 215 Jones, Dr. E.—x. 127 Jones, G.—iii. 106 Jones, Isabella B.—xxix. 82 ~ Jones, J.—XX. 149; xxii. 136. 230; XXVIII. 122 ; XXIX. 182 ; Britisii Guiana, 37, 38 Jones, J., & Co.—xxii. 801 Jones, John—x. 64 Jones, J. C.—x. 481 Jones, J. E.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 40. 45. 84 Jones, J. jun.—viii. 136 Jones, J. R.—United States, 1 72a Jones, J. v.—United States, 172 Jones, L. V.—xix. 138 Jones, Mary.—XIX, 219 Jones, Owen.—xvn. 139; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 54 Jones, O. & Co.—Ill, 128 Jones, P.—IX. 123b; x. 652 Jones, R. & Sons.—xxii . 277 Jones, Sells, & Co.—Western end. South Enclosure (Outside), 42 ; i. 258 Jones, Simonson, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 787 Jones & Sons.—xxiv. 11 Jones, T.—VIII. 344 ; x. 656 Jones, T. M.—v. 656 Jones, W.—V. 156; xxvi. 287 ; xxvii. 105; Rome, 48 Jones, W. D.—XVI. 30 Jones, Rev. W, H.—xxix. 95 Jones, White, & M'Curdy. — United States, 33 Jones, W. & S.—X. 141 Jones, Z.—XXIV. 44 Jonet, D.—Belgium, 389 Jonghaus & Venator—Zollverein (6), 6 Jonghe, A. De.—Belgium, 416 Joostens, G. J.—Belgium, 457 Jordan.—Page 851 ; see also Deinhart & Jordan Jordan & Barber.—Austria, 68 Jordan, C.— i. 487; x. 285; xxx. (Fine Alt Court), 208 Jordan, J.—x, 523 Jordan, J, F.—Zollverein (2), 27 Jordan, T.—ix. 91a Jordan & Timaeus.—Zollverein (3), 6 Jordan, W.—vi. 29 Jordan, W. H.—v. 888 Jordans.—xxvi. 384 Jorez, L., jun.—Belgium, 306 Jorge, M. J.—Portugal, 920. 928-931. 953. 963. 965. 968-972 Jorritsma, A.—Netherlands, 18 Joseph, J. A.—South Australia, 10 Joseph, J. G.—Canada, 182 Joshua, D.—Zollverein (3), 72-83. 89 Josselin, J. J.—France, 551 [ Joubert, Bonnaire, & Co.—France, 552 j Joubert, J. G.—South Africa, 52 j Joubert, Caroline—XX. 40 j Joudpore, Rajah of.—India, xxvii. I Jouhanneaud & Dubois.—France, 1630 j Jouhaud, P.—Jersey & Guernsey, 19 1 Joule, J. P.—X. 440 i Jourdain, W. D, —xviii. 61 j Jourdain, X.—France, 1631 I Jourdan, A.—France, 550 Journial, J.—France, 553 Jouvin & Doyon.—France, 1279 Jouvin, Widovi^.—France, 893 Jouvne, L. H. F.—Belgium, 123 Jowett, J.—XXII. 170. Jowitt & Battie.—xxii. 187a Jowitt, T., & Co.—XII. and xv. 144 Joyce, F., & Co.—viii. 277 Joyce, W.—V. 20 Joynson.—XVII. 42 Joynson, W.—xvii. 42a Joysel.—XXII. 612 Jraf-Ogli.—Russia, 207 Jubb & Sons.—XII. & XV. 82 Jubulpore School of Industry.—Eastern end (outside), 104.—India, viil. Judas Moha.—Algeria, 30 Judge, C.—XVI, 41 Judge, T.—V. 130 Juditsky.—Russia, 137 Judkins, C. F.—VI. 52 Judo, J. B.—Belgium, 420 Juenger, J. (Widow).—ZoU. (1), 409 Jukes, see Coulson, Jukes, & Co. Julefif, J. & J.—XXV. 30 Julenius, Anna.—Russia, 221 JuHen, Marguerite.—France, 279 Julin, N.—Belgium, 383 JuUien.—Algeria, 31 ; France, 1280 JuUien & Co.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 63 Junge & Walther.—Zollverein (5), 17 Junghans, 1. G.—Zollverein (3), 131 Junker, see Nilson and Junker ; Uhlig's widow & Junker Junod, T.^—Switzerland, 106 Juhel-Desmares, J.—France, 278 Jurgensen's Sons.—Denmark, 17 Jury, see Sharp, Odell, & Jury Juson, W.—III. 95 Kaegi-Fiurz, J.—Switzerland, 153 Kaehszmann, J.—Austria, 704 Kaemmerer, C.—Zollverein (4), 42 Kaemmerer & Zeftigen.—Russia, 376 Kaesen, J.— Zollverein (1), 408 Kahler, A.—Hamburgh, 117 Kaibel, J.—Zollverein (1), 525 Kain, J. F.—xxviii. 45 Kaiser, A.—Netherlands, 84. Kaiser, G, C. F.—Netherlands.—51 Kaiser, J.—x. 66 Kalide, T.—Zollverein (1), 285 Kaltenecker, J.—Zollverein, 54a Kaltenmark, P.—Austria, 520 Kamner, G. T.—Austria, 199 Kane, G.—XVI. 62 Kane, W. J.—ii. 53 Kanitz & Sons, M. L.—Austria, 697 Kappeler F.—174 Kapeller, L. & Son.—Zollverein (2), 28 Kapp, C. H.—Switzerland, 66 Karcher, F.—Zollverein (1), 391. 877 Karcher & Westermann.—France, 1632 Karnovitch.—Russia, 31. 101 Karschelitz, S. N.—Zollverein (1), 157 Karth, see Engelhard & Karth Kase.—IX. 237 Kattenbusch, see Tescheymacher & Kat- tenbusch Kautfmann, H.—Zollverein (1), 117 Kauffmann, M.—Zollverein (I), 123 Kaufmann, A.—Russia, 117 Kaufmann, C. H. & Son.—Zollverein (3), 114 Kaulbach, see Cornelius & Kaulbach Kaulbach,E.—xxx. 316 Kausche, G.—Zollverein (1), 794 Kawau Company.—New Zealand Kay, H.—xviii. 68 Kay, J.—I. 27 Kay, Richardson & Wroe.—xii. and XV. 186 Kay, T.—XXV. 31 Kaye, Findlay, & Co.—xx. 140 Kayser, A.—Zollverein (1), 370 Kayser, J.—Austria, 308a Kazalett, A.—Russia, 102. 223 Kearney, W. H.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 5 Kearse, T.—xx. 175 Keasley. W. H.—v. 140 Keating, T.—II. 102; Bolivia Keddell, J. S.—xix. 221 Keed, G. F.—xxii. 378 Keen.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 158; see also Gray & Keen Keene, R. W.—xxvii. 27 Keene, W.—in. 98 ; ix. 193 ; xxii. 94 ; Spain. 300 Keep & Watkin.—XXII. 76. Kehl, J. C—Zollverein (1), 64 Kehlners, A. C.—Austria, 116 Kehoe, J.—xxx. 90 Kehrli, Brothers.—Switzerland, 242 Keigel, F. A.—Switzerland, 3 Keighley, see Lock wood & Keighley Keith, I). & Co.—XIII. 1 (Main Ave- nue, West) Keith, G.—V. 466; xxii. 601 Keith, J.—xxm. 121 Keith, Shoobridge, & Co.—xii. and xv. 279 Kekule, C—Zollverein (1), 5. Kell, see Schwann & Co. Kelt, A. & Co.-xxii. 327 Keller.—France, 280 Keller & Co.—Zollverein (1), 888 Keller, J.—Austria, 191 Kellermann, F. — Zollverein (5), 19; Zollverein (6), 62 Kellner, S.—Zollverein (2), 86 Kelly, J. & Co.—XX. 178 Kelly, J. J.—Switzerland, 150 Kelly, R. W.—Canada, 22 Kelly & Son.—XXIX. 159 Kelsali & Bartlemore.—xii. & xv. 486 Kelsey, J. T.—xvi, 266 Kemmel & Co., see Willich, A. Kem- mel, & Co. Kemp, see Smith, Kemp, &; Wright; Stone & Kemp Kemp, G,—Van Diemen's Land, 320 Kemp, T.—Zollverein (1), 727 Kempen, J. M. Van.—Netherlands, 101 Kendall, C. H.—xxvi. 246 Kendall & Co.—xxix. 25 Kendall, H.—Zollverein (1), 422 Kendall, J.—iii. 14, 75, 92; Zoll- verein (1), 701. 763. 773. 815. (2), 98 Kendall, H.—Zollverein (1),422 Kengyel, J.—Austria, 8 Kennard, R. W.—v. 644; xxii. 804 Kennedy, Dr.—ix. 208c Kennedy, Dr. E.—x. 725 Kennedy, J.—British Guiana, 16a, 16b Kennedy, M.—v. 304 Kennedy, W. S.—xxv. 4 Kenrick & Sons.—xxii. 360a Kent.—XVI. 101, see also Howard & Kent Kent, A.—Western End, North Enclo- sure (Outside), 62; xxvn. 122 Kent, G.—xxii. 553 Kent, J.— XXII. 396 Kent, J. H.—II. 90 Kent, R.—V. 892 Kenyon, J. & J.^—xil. & xv. 94 Keogh, H,—xxix. 119 Kej)p & Co.—XXII. 489 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 15 Ker, W.—XXVI. 103 Kerbalay-Hoossein-Ogli.—Russia, 279 Kerbalay-Khooda-Aghali-Ogli.—Russia 263 Kerbler, J.—Austria, 521 Keremerle, M.—United States, 527 Kerim-Raghim-Ogli.—Russia, 87 Kerke, A.—Russia, 48 Kerkkoff, Van der, & Kreitz.—Zollve- rein (1), 512 Kermode, R. Q.—Van Diemen's Land, 235 Kern, H.—ZoUverein (6), 45 Kern, J.—Switzerland, 88 Kerr & McMillan.—xviii. 54 Kerr, R.—xii. & xv. 300 Kerr and Scott.—xii. & xv. 275 Kershaw, S. & H.—xil. & xv. 161 Kershaw, T.—xxvii. 1 Kerslake, T.—xxii. 92 Kersten, A.—ZoUverein (1), 243 Kesseler,C.—Zollverein(l), 299 (Main Avenue, East) Kesselkaul, J. H.—ZoUverein (1), 371 Kesselmsyer & Mellowdew,—xvili. 44 Kessels, H.—Belgium, 127 Kessler, N.—Switzerland, 243 Kestermont, J. B.—^Belgium, 509 Kentemost, J. B.—Belgium, 509 Kesteiton, E—v. 894 Ketelaere, De.—Belgium, 350 Kettenhuber, J.—Austria, 483 Ketterl, E.—Austria, 668a Kettlewell, Mary.—xix. 223 Key, see Burgess and Key Key, E. S.—xxvii. 126 Key & Mitchell—IX. 237 Keymer, J.—xvill. 12 Keyn, De, Brothers.—Belgium, 406 Keys & Mountford.—xxv. 14 Khalil-Beek-Saphieff.—Russia, 57 Khamoff, M.—Russia, 162 Khamounitsky, Iron Works of.—Russia, 19 Kherson, Peasant Women.—Russia, 211 Khirghis.—Russia, 278 Khokholkotr & Gregorieffe.—Russia, 63 Kiaing Tiht' Chin, Great Porcelain Works of.—China, Kidd, see Dobbs, Kidd, & Co. Kidd, W,—XXIV. 3 Kidd & Podger.—III. 150 Kidder, C. F.—United States, 492 Kiddle, H. E.—xxiv. 39 Kiddle, J.—xix. 384 Kidston, W. & Co.—X. 616 Kiel, Misses Van.—Belgium, 333 Kielman.—ZoUverein (1), 847 Kiendl, A.—Austria, 148 Kieser & Co.—ZoUverein (4), 81 Kietaibl, F.—Austria, 653 Kietz, T.—ZoUverein (3), 185a Kightley, J.—xix. 123 Kijevski, see Hirshmann and Kijevski Kilburn, W. E.—X. 294 Kilian, H.—ZoUverein (1), 665 Killrogan Parochial School.—xix. 372 Kimbal, D.—United States, 457 Kimber, see Hughes & Kimber Kimber, A. M. & Co.—United States, 500 Kimberley, J.—xxii. 362 Kimmermann, E. G.—ZoUverein (5), 19 Kincaid-Lennox, F. M.—xx. 147 Kincaid, T.—viii. 89 Kinder & Wheeler.—v. 895 Kindermann, A,—ZoUverein (3), 170 King.—xxiii. 94 Kiijg, C.—XXII. 5; XXVI. 61 King & Co.—I. 91 King, Emma.—IV. 2 Khig, G—I. 115 King, J.—II. 13; XXVIII. 41 King, J. H. see King, T. and J. H. King, Miss.—xix. 224 ; New Zealand, 26 King, P. H. F—VIII. 19 King & Peach.—xxi. 5 King R. & W.—XI. 23; Western Afri- ca, 7 King, S.—XXII. 407 King, T—I. 136 King, T. D.—X. 287 King, T. J.—VIII. 281 King, T. & J. H.—XVII. 22 Kino-, T. R.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 113 King, W.—VII. 160 ; see also King, R. and W. King, W. A., XXVI. 113 King, W. W.—II. 84 Kings, W.—V. 896 Kingsbury, Louisa.—XIX. 225 ; xxvi. 124 Kingswell, F.—ix. 25b King-tih-Chin's Porcelain Works. — China, 2 Kinnear, see Johnson, T. Kinnis, W.—xiv. 26 Kinol, A.—Hamburgh, 39 Kinross, W. & Co.—v. 898 Kinzelbach, T.—ZoUverein (4), 26 Kinzleberger & Co.—Austria, 27 Kirby, Beard & Co.—xxix. 96 Kirby, J.—XVII. 23 Kirby, W.—XVI. Ill Kirk, Henry.—Austria, 729 Kirk, J.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 46 Kirk, J. M.—XII, & XV. 163 Kirk, J. R.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 2 Kirk & Sons.—XIV. 10 Kirk & Parry.—I. 179 Kirk, W. B.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 25 Kirk & Warren.—xxil. 161 Kirkman & Son.—x. 467 Kirkwood, W.—xxii. 524 Kirner, J.—Austria, 121 Kirschbaum, see Schenlzler & Kirsch- baum Kirsh, J. N.—Portugal, 985—987 Kirstein, C—ZoUverein (1), 120, 120a Kirstein, F.—France, 281 Kirsten, C. W.—ZoUverein, (3), 113 Kirtland, B. B.—United States, 84 Kisch, S. A.—XX. 65 Kisker, W.—ZoUverein (1), 553 Kiss, Prof. A.—ZoUverein (1), 279 ; (Main Avenue, East) Kissel, J.—France, 554 Kissing & MoUmann.—ZoU. (1), 647 Kistemaeckers, H.—Belgium, 270 Kiszewski.— ZoUverein (1), 39 Kitchener, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), ;289 Kitchener, W. C.—Iii. 5 Kitchin, J.—iv. 126a ; Ceylon Kiteley, J.—xix. 226 Kitscheit, A.—Austria, 434 Kitson, Thompson, & Hewitson.—v. 534 Kittendorff & Aagaard.—Denmark, 52 Kitteridge, F. O.—United States, 253 KitU's Heirs, Ant.—Austria, 592 Klaftenberger, see Aubert & Klaften- berger Klamer, J.—Austria, 184 Klanner, F.—Austria, 642 Klarer, J. A.—Switzerland, 244 Klaus, R.^—Switzerland, 153 Kleber, see Blanchet, Brothers, & Kleber Kleeman, see Sturgen and Kleeman Kleft, Brothers.—Hamburgh, 94 Klein, Baron.—ZoUverein (6), 80 Klein, C—ZoUverein (6), 23 Klein, F.—ZoUverein (1), 595 Klein, F. G.—ZoUverein (4), SO Klein, J. G. sen.—ZoUverein (6), 64 Klein, P.—ZoUverein (6), 63 Klein, Reisser, & Co.—ZoU. (6), 86 Klein-Schateer, S. C. F.—ZoU. (1),578 Kleinjasper, J. F.—France, 1033 Kleinjung, see Pferdmenges & Klein- Kteiuschmidt & Von Hal fern.—ZoUve- rein (1), 372 Kleist, Baron Von.—Austria, 424 Klement, F.—Austria, 569 Klemm, G. & A.—ZoUverein (3), 1 8 Klems, J. B.—ZoUverein (1), 595 Klepatsky.—Russia, 35 Klinger, C, A.—ZoUverein (2), 29 Klingsey, C. G.—Denmark, 34 Klopper, H.—ZoUverein (1), 489 Knecht, Emile.—France, 282 Kneeland, H.—United States, 146 Knierim, F.— Austria, 107 Knight, see Harvey & Knight Knight & Foster.—xxil. 694 Knight, G. & Sons.—x. 453 ; xxi. 24 Knight & Hawkes.—xvii. 107 Knight, J.—xxix. 8 Knight, J. Y.—XVII. 86 Knight, T. & Co.—XVIII. 42 Knight, T. W.—XXII. 587 Knight, W.—IX. 22 ; United States, 576 KuiU, J.—Austria, 632 Knipe, J. A.—I. 529 Knocke, A.—ZoUverein (2), 100 Knoll, Brothers.—Austria, 724 Knoll, C—ZoUverein (i), 88 Knops, Brothers.—ZoUverein (1), 373 Knorr, F.—ZoUverein (2), 38 Knosp & Backe.—ZoUverein (4), 97 Knowles, see Nelson, Knowles, & Co. Knowles, H-—xxii. 289 Knox, see Morison & Knox; Rainey, Knox, & Co. Knox, A. L.—XII. & XV. 197a Knox, G.—V. 514 Knuepfer & Steinhauser.—ZoU. (1), 528 Knuttner, A.—ZoUverein (1), 236 Kobbe, see Moosbrugger & Kobbe Kobelt & Sons.—XXVI. 896 Koblick, H. M.—ZoUverein (3), 123 Koch, C. A.—ZoUverein (I), 329 Koch, F.—ZoUverein (6), 7 Kochmeister, F.—Austria, 5 Kock, H. A. ~ British Guiana, 5,3a, 55b, 59a Kockum, G.—Sweden, 75 Koechlin & Sons.—Switzerland, 152 Koecklin, Brothers.—France, 1634 Koehler & Schledich.—ZoUverein (3\ 93 KoeUreutter, F.—Switzerland, 196 Koenigs & Buecklers—ZoUverein (1), 552 Koenig, C. A.—ZoUverein (1), 163 Koenig, G.—ZoUverein (1), 323 Koenig, L.—ZoUverein (1), 139 Koenig & Pask.—x. 504 Koenig, F. P.—Austria, 596 Koerner, M.—ZoUverein (1), 216 Koester & Uhlmann.—Zollverein (3), 70 Kofier, Hermann, & Co.—Austria, 76a Koehler, J.—ZoUverein (5), 27 Kohl, G. H.—ZoUverein (4), 14 Kohler, F.—Zollverein (4), 46 Kohler, J.—VIII. 254; x. 540; Ham- burgl), 72 Kohlstadt, L.—Zollverein (1), 400 Kohii, M. A.—Hamburgh, 17. Kohn, M. T.—Zollverein (2), 49 Kohnke, F. J.—Hamburgh, 103 Kohnstamm, H,—Zollverein (3), G8 Kohring, see Schuer, Dr. & Kohring Kok, A. P.—Netherlands, 23 Kokhanoff,—Russia, 295 Kolb & Schule.—Zollverein (4), 28 Kfilbel, B.—Austria, 645a Kolbjornsen, K.—Denmark, 2 Kolesch, H.—Zollverein (1), 196 Koll, J. N.—Hamburgh, 82 Roller, see Tanner & Roller Koller, F.—Austria, 466 Rolm, J.—Austria, 484 Rolokolnikoff.—Russia, 203 Kolp, see Baenzegei, Rolp, & Co. Rolyvan, Imperial Polishing Manufac- tory at,—Russia, 327 Ronarzevvskj, A.—Zollverein (1), 300 Kondrasheff.—Russia, 353 Kongsberg, Manufactory of Arms.— Sweden and Norway, 40 Kongsberg Silver Works.—Sweden & Norway, 34 Konig, C. G. & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 701 Ronig, F. P.—Austria, 596 Konig, G.—Austria, 262 Roning, de, see Hansen & de Koning Koningshuette, Royal Works at.— Zollverein (1), 3 Ronovnitzin, Count J.—Russia, 337 Konovnizin, Countess.—Russia, 220 Koopmans, K.—Netherlands, 40 Ropke, C. J. L.—Hamburgh, 77 Kopp, H. F. J.—Switzerland, 17 Ropp & Kroll.—Hamburgh, 41 Roppe, A.—Zollverein (1), 143 Roppelin, E.^—France, 894 Roriakin & Mougikoff (Peasants).— Russia, 134 Rorlan, G.—Hamburgh, 53. 62 Korner, G. W.—Zollverein (1), 747 Roshkoff, M.—Russia, 369 Kosselt, J,—Austria, 145 Rossuch, J.—Austria, 406 Rostner, A.—Austria, 264 Roteloff", P.—Russia, 239 Roucheleff, Count.—Russia, 32 Roushvinsk Imperial Cast Iron Works, —Russia, 5 ; 157 Roussoff,J. & Sons.—Russia, 224 Krach, Brothers.—Austria, 391 Kraetschmar, see Rigo & Rraetschmar Kraft, G. J.—Austria, 677 Krahaus & Kauertz.—Zollverein (1), 527 Rral, A.—Austria, 305 Kralik. S.—Austria, 169 Kramer, A.—Switzerland, 268 Kramer & Baldamus.—Zollverein (1), 737 Kramer, C. A.—Zollverein (1), 416 Rramer, G., see Kramer, L. & G. Kramer, L. & G.—Zollverein (1), 610 Kramsta & Sons,—Zollverein (1), 128 Kranawetter, J.—Austria, 522 Rranner, J.—Austria, 633 Rranowither, J.—Austria, 463 Rrashenenekoft'.—Russia, 100 Rratschsmann, M.^—Austria, 697 Krauhaus & Kauertz.—Zoll. (1), 527 Rrause, C.G., & Co.—Zollverein (3), 58 Krause, F. W.—Zollverein (3), 147 Krausz.—Zollv. (1) 879 Krebs, W.—Zollverein (1), 260 Kreith, see Kerkzoff, Van tier, & Kreith Kreso, G, L, Von,—Zollverein (5), 32 Kress, G. L.—Zollverein (5), 32 Kretschmann, H. W. K.—Zollverein (1), 738 Rreuger, Adme.—Sweden, 55 Kreuser, see Melnerzhagen & Rreuser Krichuber.—Austria, 371 Krickl, E.—Austria, 263 Krieg, J., Zollverein (1), 896 Kriegel & Co.—Austria, 623 Krieger & Co.—France, 1283. 1741 Krimmelbein & Bredt.—Zollverein (1), 457 Krise, C—Austria, 353 Rrocker & Son.—Zollverein (1), 755 Kroenig, F. W,, & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 556 Krohn, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 178 Kroitzsch, M.—Austria, 297 Kroll, see Kopp & Kroll Kronheim & Co.—xvil. 181 Kronheitn, J. M.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 40 Kronheim, M.—Zollverein (1), 284 Kronick, see Becker & Kronick Kroning, Dr.—Zollv. (1) 850 Kroonenburg, W, F.—Netherlands, 43 Rrueger, A.—Hamburgh,20; Zollverein (1), 69 Rruger, G. H.—Hambiirgh, 80 Rrugmann, see Morgenroth & Krug- mann Krumbholz 8c Trinks,—Zollverein (3), 30 Krumbigel.—Russia, 287 Krumteich, L.^—Zollverein (1), 261 Krupp, F.—Zollverein (1), 649. 677 Kruse, A. T.—Zollverein (1), 19 Kruse, G. B,—Zollverein (1), 277 Rubier, G.—Zollverein (2), 11 Kubo, J., & Son.—Austria, 312 Kuchenreuter,T. A.—Zollverein (2), 21 Kuhinka, F.—Austria, 593 Kuegler, H.—Zollverein (3), 186 Kuehnst, G.—Zollverein (6), 20 Kuehnemund, J. G.—Zollverein (1), 795 Kuettner, C. A., Zollverein (1), 235 Kuetzing, C.—Switzerland, 89 Kuhler, J. H.—Hamburgh, 72 Kuhlmann, Brothers,— I rance, 555 Kuhmstedt,—Zollverein (I), 747 Kiihn, see Moeser & Kuhn Ruhn, C—Zollverein (2), 57 Kuhn, J,—Zollverein (4), 102 Kuhn & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 152 Kulberg, v.—Sweden, 116 Kullgren, C. A.—Sweden and Norway (Eastern End, Outside), 100 Kullrich, F.—Zollverein (2), 58 Kummer, K. W.—Zollverein (1), 194 Rummer, W. L.—Zollverein (1), 817 Kumpf, J.—Austria, 658 Kums, E.—Belgium, 468 Kundert, F.—Switzerland, 45 Kunerth, A,—Austria, 333 Kunharilt & Co.—South Africa, 14 Kuuheim, L. A. H,—Zollverein (1), 13 Kunst, J. A.—Zollverein (1), 70 Kunz, H.—Switzerland, 128 Kunze, C. F.—Zollverein (3), 120 Kunze, F.—Zollverein (3), 5 Runzer, J.—France, 883 Kuper, W.—xxii. 32 Kiipfer.—Zollverein (1), 29 Kiipfer & Steinhauser.—Zoll. (I), 528 j Rurtz &Schmersahl.—ii, 9 I Rurz, C.—Austria, 465 Ruster, see Barre & Kuster j Kutzer & Lehrer^—Austria, 24 I Rvavilolf, P.—Russia, 90 ' Kyhl, H—Denmark, 51 Labat, M.—Spain, 104 Lab bay e.—France, 556 Laboulaye, C. & Co.—France, 895 Labouring Classes, Society for improv- ing the condition of the.—xxvil. 124 Lacarriere, A.—France, 1284 Lacerda, R. V. de S.—Portugal, ]9 Lacey & Phillips.—United States, 41 Lachapelle & Levarlet.—France, 1285 Lachassagne, A.—France, 12S6 Lachenal.—Switzerland, 277 Lacombe, L,— France, 557 Lacoin-, iSrothers.—France, 35 Lacroix.—Belgium, 499 Lacroix, Brothers,—France, 1636 Lacroix & Son,—France, 283 Lacy, H. C—v. 556 Ladd, C. P.—VIII, 80; Canada, 151a Ladd, W.—x. 291A Lade, E.—Hamburgh, 23 Ladies of Great Britain.—xix, 379 Ladies' Industrial Society.—xix. 213 Ladighin, Madame.—Russia, 283 Ladoubee, L.—Belgium., 256 Lafaurie, P. A.—Portugal, 810-850 La%e, P.—France, 284 Lafebre, A.—Netherlands, 28. 53 Laflamme, M. A.—Canada, 116. 122 Lafont, P.—Russia, 270. 277 Lagerhjelm, P.—Sweden and Norway, 1 Lagrestiz, Elena Nuzzo.^—Malta, 18 Lagreze.—France, 1724 Lahoche, P. 1.—France, 1287 Lahousse, A.—Belgium, 80 Lahure,—France, 285 Laibach Carniolian Agricultural So- ciety.—Austria, 70, 127 LaigneL J. B.—France, 1637 Lailler, E. H.—France, 559 Laine-Laroche & Max.—France, 286 Laiiig.—XIV. 63 Laing, J.—viii. 315; xx. 133; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 240 ; British Gui- ana, 40 Laird & Thomson.^—xii. & xv. 199 Lak, D,—United States, 330 Lalande & Chevallier, late Mallet.— France, 1288 La Mancha, Inspector of mines of the district of.—Spain, 6 Lamb, J.—vii. 2U6; x. 42 ; xvii. 147 Lambert, see Browne and Lambert; Houdin & Lambert Lambert, A. C —xxvn. 70 Lambert, Brown, & Patrick—xix. 83 Lambert and Bury.—xix. 4 Lambert & Butler.—m. 40 Lambert, Eleanor.—xxix. 188 Lambert, Elizabeth.—xix. 229 Lambert, G.—Belgium, 185 Lambert, J.—xii. & xv. 30 Lambert & Raw lings.—xxiii. 102 Lambert, S.—xxvi. 35 ; France, 1638 Lambert & Son. — v. 478; xvi. 63; France, 1289 Lamberr, T.—xxii. 534 • Lamberts & May,—Zollverein (1), 579 Lamberts & Son—Zollverein (1), 604 Lamberty, Brothers.—Belgium, 25. Lamberty, C.— Belgium 3. Lambinon, Ulrich & Co.—Zollverein Lambruschini, R.—Tuscany, 36 Lameie, Madame.—Canada, 42. Lamm, S. L.—Sweden and Norway, 18 Lamort, G.—France, 896 Lamort, J.— Zollverein (7), 2 Lampferhoff, A., see LampferlioflF, F. Lampferhoff, J. & A.—Zollverein (1), 4S5 Lampitf, C—ix. 130 Lamplougb, —II, 71 Lamport, C—vni. 134 Lamj)son, C. M.—XYI. 301. (Main Avenue, West.) Laiiagan, F.—x. 728 Lancaster.—viii. 346 ; Canada, 6 Lance, E. J.—i. 37 Lanchenick, Jane.—xix. 230 Lancon, see Bouvard & Lancon Landau, S.—Zollverein (1), 321 Lander], L.—Austria, 459 Landernau Joint Stock Linen Company. —France, 1019 Landgratr, C—Zollverein (3), 72-83 Landgratf, Gotfried. — Zollverein (3)^ 72-83 Landkroon, J.—Netherlands, 67 Landmark, T.—Sweden & Norway, 19 Landon, see East, Laudon, &c. Landon & Co,—France, 1290 Landon & Morland.—yiii. 20-1 Landron, Brothers.—France, 1639 Landwhermann, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 550 Lane, see Cavers and Lane Lane and Lewis.—xxvii. 53 Lane, T.—XXVI. 128 Lane, W. R.—in. 35 ; xxii. 794 Laneengger, see Waldburger & Lanen- egger Laneuville, V.—France, 287 Lang, A, F.—Zollverein (4), 34 Lang, F.—Austria, 349. 661 Lang, G.—Zollverein (2), 77 Lang, J.—VIII. 226 ; Austria, 185 Lang, L.—France, 288 Langdale, Ann & Helen.—xvi. 222 Langdale, D.—i. 220 Langdale, E. F.—xxix. 55 Langdale, H.—xvi. 222 Langdon, see Brookman & Langdon Langdon, VV.—xvi. 91 Langdon, W. jun.—xvi. 89 Langdorf, see Metert & Langdorf Lange, A.—Zollverein (3), 17 Lange, C.—Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 2 Lange, Desmoulins.—France, 1291 Lange, F.—Zollverein (1), 739 Lange, Franz, & Sons.—Austria, 179 Lange, H.^—Denmark, 42 Langenbeck Sc Martini. — Zollverein (1), 576 Langenheim, W. F.—United States, 62 Langer, J.^—Austria, 329 Langethal, G.—Zollverein (1), 740 Langevin & Co.—France, 898 Langgaard, J. P.—Denmark, 18 Langlade.—France, 1650a. Langlands, J.—x. 336 Langley, see Morton & Langley Langlois & Leclercq.—France, 289 Langner, H.—Zollverein (1), 833 Lanne, E.—France, 1641 Lantein & Co.—France, 586 Lantheere, F. & Co.—Belgium, 486 Lapas, D.—Greece, 10 Laperiere.—France, 1710 Lapierre & Son—France, 310. 561 Laypeyre (Uncle) & Dolbeau. — France, 1292 Lapeyre, Kob, & Co.—France, 1642 Laporta, H. F.—Austria, 387 Laporte & Durand.—France, 560 Laporte, V. & Son.—Fiance, 900 Lapshin, J.—Russia, 145 Lapteff, N.—Russia, 371 Lapthorn, J.—viii. 170 Lapworth, A.—xix. 232 Lara. D. de.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 243 Larbre, see Fortel, Larbre, & Co. Larcher, Faure, & Co.—France, 1293 Larcher, Joao.—Portugal, 467, 468 Larchers & Co.—Portugal, 787-797 Larderel, Count F. de.—Tuscany, 24 Lardinois, N. C.—Belgium, 151 Larenaudiere, F.—France, 1294. Larisch-Moennich, Count H.—Austria, 59, 92 Lariviere, C.—France, 290 Laroche, E.—France, 291 Laroche, M.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 252 Laroque, Son, Brothers, and Jaquemet. —France, 901 Larsonnier, see Bernoville, &c. Larstig, M.—Austria, 62 Lart & Son.—xx. 81 Lasaca, J. J.—Spain, 113 Lascelles, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 18 Lascelles, J. W.—xxix. 123 Lassa, M. R.—Portugal, 1151 Lasson, A.—France, 565 Last, J.—xvi. 33 Last, S.—XVI. 38 Lata.—Portugal, 1151 Latache de Neuvillette, P. A.—France, 562 Latchmore, see Beale, C, & Latchmore Lateltin & Payen.—France, 1643 Latham & Dighton.—xxvi. 251 Lathrop, J.—United States, 299 Lalinie, A.—Belgium, 184 Latour, A. de.—Belgium, 363 Lattermann & Sous.—Zollverein (3), 27 Lauchhammer.—Zollverein (1) 852 Laudacher.—Austria, 164a Laude, A.—France. 897 Laue, Eliza.—Switzerland, 55 Laue, F.—Switzerland, 65 Laugher & Cosens.—xix. 10 Laugliland, J.—xx. 144 Laugier.—France, 1640 Laumain, C.—France, 292 Laur, J. A.-—France, 567 Laureau, L.—France, 293 Laurenaudiere, late Guyot. — France, 1294 Laurence, Elizabeth.—xx. 158 Lauren^ot, E.—France, 1296 Laurent, U.—Canada, 31 Laurent, F.—France, 564 Lauren t-Frangois.—France, 1297 Laurent, J. B.—France, 902 Laurent, Pauline.—France, 563 Laurent-Gsell & Co.—France, 294 Laurenzi, L.—Austria, 108 Lauret, Brothers.—France, 903 Laurie, R. W.—viii. 195 Laurie, S.—x. 576 Laurie, W.—xxvii. 101 Laurin, J. J.—Canada, 180 Laury, G.—France, 568 Lauteusteiit, see Croissan & Lautenstein Lauterburg, F.—Switzerland, 48 Lauterburg, J. & Co.—Switzerland, 129 Lautz, L.—France, 295 Lava, De K.—Belgium, 500 Lavanchy, J. B.—vil. 84 Lavars, J.—viii. 31 Laverdure.—Zollverein (1) 845 Lavernhe & Mathieu dit Verger.— France, 1298 Laviolette, De Moor.—Belgium, 96 Lavoisy, A. D.—France, J 299 Law & Sons,—xxvi. 89 Law, see Buchanan & Law. Law, E., see Law, W. & E. Law, R.—IX. 94 Law, W.—VI. 460 Law, W. & E.—XVIII. 10 Lawden, see Tipping & Lawden Lawlor.—xxx, (Sculpture Court), 22 Lawrence, see Robbins & Lawrence Lawrence, A., see Lawrence, A. &A,& Co. Lawrence, Hon. A.—United States, 521 Lawrence, A. & A. & Co. — United States, 453 Lawrence & Co,—x, 722 Lawrence, I.—x. 115 Lawrence, J., see Lawrence, T. B. & J. Lawrence, J., sen.—vi. 604 Lawrence, M. M.—United States, 151 Lawrence, Stone, & Co.—United States, 464 Lawrence, Col. T. B.—United States, 516,517 Lawrence, T. B. & J.—xxil. 54 Lawrence, W.—ii. 56 Lawson.—North Transept, 390 Lawson, A.—xiv. 63 Lawson, J.—xix. 325 ; xxx. 357 Lawson, J. & Co.—xii. & xv. 294 Lawson, P. & Son.—iii. 105 Lawson & Sons.—vi. 75 Laxton, H.—xxii. 106a Laya & Co.—Algeria, 32 Layard, Caroline M.—xxx, (Fine Art Court), 78 Laycock, J.—ix. 134 Laycock & Sons.—xvi. 330 Laydet, sen., & Co.—France, 296 Lazare, V. sen,, & Lacroix.—France, 905 Lea, A.—ii. 105 Lea, J., see Lea, W. & J. Lea, W. & J.—XXII. 665 Leach, H. J., see Leach, M. S. & H. J. Leach, M. S. & H. J.—United States, 155 Leach & Sons.—xii. & XV. 5 Leach, T.—vi. 7. Leadbeater, J.—xxii. 506 ; xxix. 221 Leadbetter & Co.—xiv. 63 Leadbetter, J. & Co. — xil. & xv. 205 ; XIV. 9 Leadbetter, J. G.—v. 650 Leake, F.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 6 ?a Leal, F. M. C—Portugal, 31, 32, 65- 67, 73, 74, 78, 79, 497, 515 Leale & Albrecht.—xxix. 108 Lean, J.—i. 445 Lear, Ellen, see Rankin, Emily, &c. Leared, A.—x. 620 Learmouth,T.—New South Wales, 8, 12 Learned & Reynolds.-—United States, 38 Learned & Thatcher.—United States, 100 Learoyd, E.—xii. & xv. 89 Learwood, T.—xxii. 578 Leary & Co.—United States, 130 Leask, Mrs, J.—United States, 108 Leathart, T.—xvi. 317 Leather, J. W.—vil. 107 (Main Ave- nue, West) Leaver, J.—xxii. 583 Leavesley, see Hands & Leavesley Leavitt, G.—Canada, 150 Lebaigue.—iii. 29 Lebeda, A. V.—Austria, 114 Lebel, U—France, 1300 Lebert, L.—France, 569 Lebihau, E.—x. 6j>8a Leblanc, A.—France, 297 Lebleis, H.—France, 570 Leblond, J. D.—France, 1301 Lebere, see Boudoin & I^ebere Lebrun, A—France, 298, 571 Lebrun, J. A. jun.—France, 572 Lebrun, L. J.—France, 906 Lecand, S.—xxvi, 183 Lecherf.—Belgium, 479 Lechesne, A. J. B.—France, 573 (Main Avenue, East) Lechesne, Brothers.—France, 574 Lechner, F.—Austria, 634 Lechner, M.—Austria, 496 Leclerc, Brothers.—France, 576 Leclerc, H.—France, 299 Leclerc, J.—France, 575 Leclercq, A.—Belgium, 425 Leclercq, J. F.—Belgium, 88 Leclercq, N.—France, 1302 Leclerq, see Langlois and Leclerq Lecocq, H.—France, 1644 Lecocq-Preville.—France, 1303 Lecoentre.—France, 300 Lecomte, see Brunet, &c. Lecoq & Reider.—France, 1304 Lecoultre, A.—Switzerland, 25 Lecoultre, Brothers. — Switzerland, 90 214 Lecoultre, G.—Switzerland, 262 Lecoultre & Golay.—Switzerland, 263 Lecoultre, J.—Switzerland, 215 Lecoultre, D., & Son.—Switzerland, 32 Lecun & Co.—France, 1306 Leddiard & Co.—xviii. 38 Ledent, M.—Belgium, 148 Ledger, C.—xxii. 155 Ledoux, A.—Switzerland, 58 Ledreney, C—France, 1307 Leduc, C.—France, 16-15 Lee, see M'Gregor & Lee ; Rigby & Lee Lee, B.—xxiii. 71 Lee, C—II. 69 Lee, F.—xxviii. 35 Lee, G.—viii. 136 ; xxii. 693 Lee, G. L. —xxvi. 402. Lee, J.—V. 507 ; x. 614; xix. 241; XX. 110a ; XXV. 48 Lee, Dr. J.—i. l25 Lee, J. & Co.—United States, 530 Lee, J. G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 341 Lee, L.—xxvi. 133 Lee, R.—xxix. 185 Lee, T.—viii. 10 Lee, W.—United States, 332 Leeb, J.—Zollverein (2), 89 Leech, D.—United States, 159 Leeman, J.—Switzerland, 257, 258 Leeming, J.—xiv, 41 Leempoel, Van, de Colnet & Co.— France, 714 Leendert, see Deyl, Van der, &c. Leeren Manufactory.—Sweden and Nor- way, 39 Lees, A.—xx. 127a Lees, G., see Lees, R. & G. Lees, J.—XXX. (Fhie Art Court), ] 95 Lees, R. & Co.—xix. 79 Lees, R. & G.—xii. & xv. 192 Lees, T.—V. 204. Leeson, Dr. H. B.—i. 8 Lefaucheux.—France, 1308 Lefebre, see Dubreuille, &c. Lefebre, L. J. jun.—Netherlands, 107 Lefebure, A.—France, 1646 Lefebure, J. P.—France, 578 Lefebvre, A.—Belgium, 403 Lefebvre, A. P., France, 577. Lefebvre, Brothers.—France, 579 Lefebvre Dacatteau, Brothers.—France, 1309 Lefebvre, Son, & Co.—France, 907 Lefebvre, T. & Co.—France, 580 Lefebvre, V. & Co.—Belgium, 354 Lefevre.—France, 581, 1311, 1647, 1648 Lefevre, E.—France, 1312 Lefevre, Ducatteau, Brothers.—France, 1309 Lefort, sen.—France, 1295 Lefran^ois.—France, 301, 582 Lefsi(y, see Boeing, Roehr, & Lefsky.1 Leftwich, VV. H.—viii. 27 Legal, R.—France, 583 Leggatt.—V. 640 Leggatt, H.—Canada, 341 Legler,—Eastern end (outside) 103. Legoff, see Barbolin & Legotl'. Legrand, see Marsaux & Legrand; Schneider & Legrand Legrand, D.—France, 1313 Legrand, M.^—France, 584 Legras, A.— Belgium, 47 Legras, L. N.—vii. 93 Legrew, J.—Page 851; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 8 Lehmann, A. F.—Zollverein (1), 197 Lehmann, C. G.—Zollverein (3), 107 Lehmann, D. J.—Zollverein (1), 136 Lehmann, H.—Zollverein (1), 138 Lehmann, J. A.—Hamburgh, 49 Lehmann, M,—Zollverein (1), 167 Lehmann, R.—Zollverein (1), 47 Lehrer, see Kutzer and Lehrer Lehrkind, Falkenroth, & Co. — Zoll- verein (1), 447 Lehrmann, J. J. A.—Hamburgh, 47 Lehuby.—France, 302 Leicher, A.-—Zollverein (8), 6 Leidenfrost, E.—Austria, 192 Leifchil(i, H. S.—Page 851 Leigh, E.—V. 61. Leighton.—xxx. (Fine Art Court,) 112 Leigliton, J —xxx. (Fine Art Court), 59 Leighton, J. & J.—xvii. 24 Leighton, Jane & R.—xvil. 158 Leighton, R., see Leighton, Jane, & R, Leimkueher.—Zollverein (1), 398 Lehister, G. L.—France, 1716 Leipzig, Society of Worsted Sjjinners at. —Zollverein (3), 44 Leisegang, W.—Zollverein (1), 149 Leistler, C. & Son.—Austria, 633 Leistner, G. L.—France, 908 Leitch & Hammond.—xxv. 59 Leitenberger, E.—Austria, 186 Leitenberger, F.—Austria, 187 Leith, S.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 114 Lejeune, E.—France, 1314 Lelean, P.—xxix. 185 Lemaieur, C, Detige & Co.—Belgium, 300 Lemaire.-—France, 1315; see also Gevelot & Lemaire Lemaire-Descamps & Plissart. — Bel- gium, 240 Lemaire, H. — France, 586. (Main Avenue, East). Lemaire, P. H.—France, 586 Lemaitre, see Bleriot & Lemaitre Lemaitre, B.—France, 1316 Lemann, J., & Son.—Austria, 265 Lemare, Jane Clara.—xxix. 79 Lemercier, R, J.—France, 558. 587 Lemire, see Bobee & Lemire Lemire & Son.—France, 1649 Lemolt, A. E.—France, 303 Lemon, see Graham, Lemon, & Co. ' J^emonnier.—France, 304 Lemonnier & Co.—France, 909 Lemseigne, L.—France, 1728 Lendenmann, J. C.^—Switzerland, 232 Lendenmann, T. C.—Switzerland, 56 Lendy, N.—Sardinia, 60 Lennan, W^.—xvi. Gl Lennon, R.—xviii. 77 Lermox, F. M. K.—xx. 147 Lenny, J. T.—xvi. 27 Lenormand, see Brunier, Lenormand, & Co. Lenormand, A.—France, 588 Lenox, see Brown, Lenox, & Co. Lenssen, J.^—Austria, 173a Lentaigne, J.—l. 5, 138 Lenz, C—Zollverein (4), 67 Leon.—France, 305 Leon, A.—xxii. 225 Leon District, Inspector of Mines of.— Spain, 17 Leon, J.—Spain, 274 Leon-Clement & Bourgeois.— France, 306 Leon, L.-—New South Wales Leon y Rico, E. de.—Spain, 243 Leonard, C,—France, 589 Leonard, D.—Belgium, 198 Leonard, J. & T. P.—iii. 20 Leonard, S. W.—x, 306 Leonard, St., Company of (Liege).—■ Belgium, 374 Leonesa Asturian Co.—Spain, 21 Leonhardt, J. E.—Zollverein (I), 55 Lepage. — Belgium, 145; see also Chailloux, Lepage, & Pochon Lepelletier.—Algeria, 33 Leperdriel.—France, 307 Lepine, F. D.—France, 910 Lepori, T.—Tuscany, 47 Lepper, G.—Zollverein (2), 6 Lequesne, E. E. L.—Main Avenue, East Lerkhe.— Russia, 311 Lerolle Brothers.—France, 1318 Lerouge.—Belgium, 246-250 Leroux.—France, 308, 309 Leroux-Mainguet.— France, 447 Leroy & Co.—United States, 586 Leroy & Son.—France, 1186. Leroy Soyer.—France, 1320 Lervilles, J.—France, 591 Lerwick Local Committee.—xx. 213a Lesaca, J. J.— Sjiain, 113 Leschesne, A. J. B.—France, 573 Lesdernierep, P. T. C. de.—Canada, 24 Lesecq, H.—France, 592 Lesigne, T.—Belgium, 279 Leslie.—xxii. 87; see also M'Donald & Leslie Leslie, J.—xxii. 101 Lesourd-Delisle, A.—France, 593 Lespinasse.—France, 311 Lesseiux & Son.—France, 1321 Lester, see Brady, D'Avignon, & Lester Lester, T.—v. 700 ; xix. 236 Letaurel, J. H.—Jersey & Guernsey, 47 Letellier, see Louis, Blais, &c. Letestut.—France, 1310 Lethem, Blyth, & Letliem.—xi. 9 Lethuillier-Pinel.—France, 312 Letourneur, J. — vil. Main Avenue, West, 157 Letfeimieyer, T.—Zollverein (4), 75 Lettillois, F. L. G.—France, 1322 Leuba, H.—Switzerland, 91 Leube, Brothers.—Zollverein (4), 5 Leuchars, W.—xxix. 44 Leudeisdorff, A. C—ZoUyerein (1), 387 Leumann, Brothers.—Switzerland, 130 Leanenschloss, M.—France, 313 Leuschner, see Stauss & Leuscliner Levarlet, see Lachapelle & Levarlet Levaslieff.—Russia, 266 Leveu, F.—Zollverein (1), 423 Leven 8c Son,—France, 1323 Lever, J. & J.—xvi. 24 Leverkus, C—Zollverein (1), 875 Levert, Brothers.— France, 1324 Levey, J.—Canada, 73. 130 Levick, see Owen & Levick Levien, J. M.—xxvi. 203 Levin & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 114 Levraud, P. J,—France, 594 Levy, see Robson, Levy, &c. Levy, Brothers.—France, 59.) Levy, H—Zollverein (3), 31 Levy, W.—III. 120 Lewin, R, G.—xvi. 165 Lewis, see Lane & Lewis Lewis & Allenby.—xii. & XV. 276 ; XIII. 16 ; XXIX, 141 Lewis, Miss—xxix. 98 Lewis, Mrs. C.—xvii. 163 Lewis, C. B.—V. 902 Lewis, D,—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 143 Lewis, G.—xxii. 673 Lewis, R.—Canada, 244 Lewis & Son,—XX. 114 Lewis & Sons.—VI, 209 Lewis, T,—New Zealand, 13 Lewis, W,—XII. & XV. 238 Lewy, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 198 Ley, F.—xix. 255 Leyland, Capt.— Rome, 16 Leyser, M. L.—Zollverein (3), 16 Lhoest, C, v.—France, 912 Lias & Son.—xxiii. 126 Lichtl, J.—Austria, 523 Lidberg, A. G.—Sweden, 76 Liddell, J. J.—x. 362 Liddiard & Co.—xviii. 3 Liebig, F.—Austria, 241 Liebig, J.—Austria, 298 Liebisch, J.—Austria, 188 Lieck, A.—Zollverein (1), 436 Liedel, C. I.—Zollverein (1), 276 Lleder, F.—Austria, 524 Liegard, H.^—France, 1651 Liege, Royal Cannon Foundry.—Bel- gium, 142 Lienard, M. J.—France, 1326 Lienart-Chalfaux, Madame.—Belgium, 242 Lienhardt, F.—Zollverein (2), 43 Liepmann, J.—Zollverein (1), 147 Lieske & Haebler,—Zollverein (3), 52 Lietzmann, J. C. H.—Zollverein (1), 182 Lievain, L.—Belgium, 351 Lievigliani.—Tuscany, 6 Lievre, H. Le.—xviii. 60 Liewen, Madlle.de.—Sweden & Norway, 32 Ligar, C.—New Zealand, 27 Light, E.—VIII. 5 Lightfoot, T. M.—VI, 152 Lightly & Simon,—Trinidad, Mexico. Lighton, J.—III. I Lignac, Martin de.—France, 922 Lihtental, M,—Russia, 172 Likhacheff, P.—Russia, 325 Lillywhite, J.—viii. 273 Lilly white & Sons.—xxix. 196 Lima, J. M. da.—Portugal, 905 Lirnelette, F.—Belgium, 381 Limerick Local Committee.—i. 212 Limes, see Alcan & Limes Limeuse, Charlotte.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 179 Limoges, D.—Canada, 40 Linares, the Director of the Mines of.— Spain, 5 Linares Lead Mining Association.— Spain, 1 4 Limner, L,—xvii. 24. 48. 158; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 35, 211 Lincoln 8c Bennett.—xi, 57 Lindauer, Miss E. L.—Zoll. (4), 101 Linden, P. Van.—Belgium, 512 Linden, A., Van der.—Netherlands, 69 Lindenberg, J,—South Africa, 45 Linder, see Wex & Linder Linder, B.—Zollverein (1), 629 Linder, R.—Switzerland, 152 Linderoth, G. W.—Sweden, 86 Lindgren, C.—Sweden, 96 Lindheim, H. D.—Austria, 422 Lindley, C—i. 187 Lindsay & Co.—viii. 134 Lindsay, G.—II. 16 Lindsay, H. H.—China, 11 Lindsay, J.—XVll. 200 Lindsays, see Crawford & Lindsays Lindsey, M.—X. 613 Lindt, see Meyer & Lindt Line, J., see Line, W. & J. Line, W. & J.—XVI. 120 Lines & Co.^—xvii. 168 Lingard, G.—xxii. 264 Lingenbrink & Vennemann, Zollverein (1), 526 Lingham, T.—Canada, 49 Linhar.es, Count de.—Portugal, 483, 484 Linioges, D.^—Canada, 46 Linklater.—xx. 174 Linklater, J.—ii. 82; iii. 24 Linley, see Hemsworth & Linley Linley, G. A. F.—xxii. 231 Linley & Sons.—xxil. 41 Linton, J.—v. 116 Linton, W.—xxix. 142 Linz, J. L.—Zollverein (2), 5 Lion, Brothers, & Co.—France, 1327 Lipke, W.—Zollverein (1), 165 Lipp, R. R.—ZoUverehi (4), 22 Lipp, Fredricli von.—Zollverein (1), 658 Lippe, Count.—Zollverein (1), 316 Lippert, D.—iv. 97 Lippincott, Grambo, & Co.—United States.—57 Li[)pmann, Julius.^—Austria, 46 Lipscombe & Co.—x. 703 Li})scombe, F.—v. 670; xxv, 61; Van Diemen's Land, 42. 174. 297. 308 Lipscombe, J. & Co. — xxv. 54 ; XXVII, 49 Lipski, Von.—Zollverein (1), 25 Lisbon Company.—Portugal, 707-712 Lisbon Weaving Company.—Portugal, 684-712. 715. 723 Liscoet, Du, Son & Co.-France, 1328 Lisinsk Forest Institution.—Russia, 83 Liskeard Committee.—i. 167, 513 Lissa, Corporation of Millers a(.—Zoll- verein (1), 35 List, G. B.—X. 175 Lister, see Hebblethwaite & Lister Lister & Sons, xxiii. 27 LiszT, A.— Austria, 165 Litchfield, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.) 330 Lithgow & Purdie.—xxvi. 106; Bay, P. I. Litke, J.—Russia, 226 Litschke, C.—Austria, 678 Little & Co.—XXIX. 174 Little, R. De.—Van Diemen's Land, 309, 310 Little, Major R, ,T.—v. 476 ; x. 196 Littler, Mary Ann.—xil. & XV, 282 Littmau, E.—Sweden and Norway, 15 Liverpool Local Committee. — Page 851; XXIX. 270 Livizzana, Avo Ercole.—Rome, 14 Llangennech Coal Company.—i. 259 Lloyd, see Campbell, Harrison, &c.; Salt & Lloyd Lloyd, A.—XXIX, 6 Lloyd, E.—V. 45 Llovd, G.—V. 300 Lloyd, G. B.—XXII. 357 Lloyd, Lieut,-Col. J. A.—X. 322 Lloyd, L P.—XVI. 117 Lloyd, L. J.—United States, 78 Lloyd, R,—XVII. 25 Lloyd & Summerfield. — xxii. 700a • XXIV. 18 Lloyd, W. & Co.—XII. & XV. 254 Lobkowitz, Prince Ferdinand Von.—• Austria, 16. 53. 58. 124. 454 Loburgh Maniifactory.—Zoll. (1), 694 Locatelli, see Alcan & Locatelli Lochhead, J.—xxiv. 23 Locke, J.—XII. & XV. 15 Locker, D'Antonio.—Austria, 358 Locker by & Stephenson.—xxii. 439 Lockett, G.—xxv. 55 Lockhart & Sons,—xiv. 57 Lockington, see Bunn, Lockington, &c. Lockwood, Georgiana.^—xix. 240 Lockwood & Keighley.—xii. & xv, 104 Lockyer, J. H.—v. 582 Lodde, A. A.—France, 1329 Loddiges, J. & Sons,—Page 851 Loeff, S.—Zollverein (1), 192 Loewe, see Nauen, & Co, Loewenson, M.—Zollverein (1), 437 Loewenstark, A. D.—xxiii. 62 Loffler, F.—Austria, 339 Logan, J.—Canada, 27. 57 Logan, W. E.—Canada, 1 Logeman, W. M.—Netherlands, 87 Lohdefink, W. A.—Hanover, 4 Lobe Steelworks.—Zollverein (1), 324 Lohmann, F.—Zollverein (1), 630 Lohn.—Zollverein (6), 29 Lohse, E.—Zollverein (3), 85 Loin, see Serionne De, Loin, & Co. Lokteff, J.—Russia, 204 Lolagnier.—France, 1330 Loleo, J.—Sardinia, 58 Lomas, J.—xxvil. 81 Lomas & Eves—xvi. 125 Lomax, W. R.—IX. 275 Lombaer, J. B.—Belgium, 261 Lombard.—France, 913 Lombard, A. C.—Switzerland, 245 Lombard & Hall.—United States, 428 Lombard-Janpeau, C, A.—Switzerland, 93 Lombarni, A.—Tuscany, 75 Loncke-Haeze, C. L,—Belgium, 430 London Art Union.—xxx. (Sculpture Court) 85 London, D. IL—United States, 393 London Druggists.—li. 117 London Marble and Stone Working Company.—xxvii. 17 London & Nortb-Western Railway Company.—v. 512, 513 London Spice Trade,—in. 53 Londos, A,—Greece, 6 Long, C,^—XXIV. 86 Long, C. A.—V. 662 Long, G.'—XX. 16a Long, J.—I. 78. 123a ; iv. 47; see also Long, J. & J. & Co. Long, J. & J. & Co. — VIII. 71 ; XXII. 290a Long, J. P.—VIII. 175 Long & Reynolds,—iv. 75 Long, W.—I. 199 Longden & Co.—xxii. 105 Longdon & Sous—xx. 168 Longdon & Tubberer.—x. 572 Longfield, W.—xxii, 503 Longley, W. H. — xxx. (Fine Art Court) 95 Longmaid, W.—I. 441 Longman, J. & R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 288 Longridge & Co.—Western end, North enclosure (Outside), 57 ; viii. 333 Longstaff, see Dixon & Longstaff, Ulla- thornes & Longstatl" Longworth, N.—United States, 199 Lonsdale Co.—Rhode Island, United States, 35 Loo, E. J. & F. Van.—Belgium, 339 Loose, C. L.—Hamburgh, 74 Loose, J. R.—Hamburgh, 75 Loosen, J. G.—Zolverein (I), 336 Loot.—X. 696 Lopes, T. J.—Portugal, 1254 Lord, Lynch, & Co.—United States, 366 Lorentz, F.—Zollverein (1), 588 Lorenz, Alois—Austria, 75 Lorenz, G.—Zollverein (1), 37 Lorette, Indians of.—Canada^ 177 Loring, G.—United States, 424 Lorkin, J.—xxii, 692 ; XXV. 52 Lorse, E.—Zollverein (3), 85 Lorthiois-Desplanque.—France, 314 Lortic, P. M.—France, 1652 Loschenkohl, C.—Austria, 525 Loschenkohl, J.—Austria, 526 Loseby, E. T.—x. 12 ; xxii. 796 Loshkareff.—Russia, 33 Lossen, M.—Zollverein (8), 2 Lott, G.—Russia, 272 Lotz, F.—Switzerland, 155 Lotz & Gerstner.—Austria, 594 Louderback, M. J.—United States, 7 Lougb, J. G.—Page 850 Louis, Blais, Letellier, & Co.—France, 31a Louit, Brothers, & Co.—France, 316 Loukutin & Son.—Russia, 319 Louie', Marquis de. — Portugal 401b, 578 Loureiro, A. J.—Portugal, 647 Loureiro, A. G.—Portugal, 716-720. 727 Louvet.—France, 1317 Love, J.—xxii. 332 Lovegrove, H.jun.—xxvi. 23 Lovejoy, G.—x. 158; xvii. 176; see also Covirslade & Lovejoy Lovelace, Earl of.—xxvii. 87 Lovenskiold.—Sweden & Norway, 35 Loveridge, see Shoolbred, &c. Low, A.—IX. 264 Low & Co.—XXIX. 30 Low, J.—I. 489 Low & Motion.—New Zealand, 24 Lowcock, H.—IX. 28 Lowe, see Mapplebeck & Lowe Lowe, A. & Co.—VII. 62 Lowe, G. G.—VII. 145 Lowe, J. & H.—XXII. 346. Lowe, T.—XXV. 39 Lowe, W.—VII. 33 Lowell Machine Shop.—United States, 447 Low en thai & Co.—Hamburgh, 91 Lowes, T. Y. — Van Diemen's Land, 191. 286 Lowry, see Rogers, Lowry, &c. Lowry, J. W.—i. 18a. Lowry, S.—X. 10 Lowthiau & Parker.—xi. 22 Loy, F. Van.—Belgium, 508 Loy, W.—XXI. 14 Loy, W, T. jun.—xxi. 15 Loysel, E.—xxii. 488 Luard, Beedham, & Co.—i. 17G Lubbert, E.—Zollverein (1), 24 Lucardie, J. M.—Netherlands, 103 Lucas, Brothers.—xxix. 316 ; France, 1331 Lucas, F.—XXIX. 49 Lucas, F. W. & C—Zollverein (1), 650 Lucas, G.—XXIX. 110. 277 Lucas, H.—XXIX. 127 Lucas, M.—Zollverein (1), 8 Lucas, P. jun.—xxvi. 397 Lucas, R. C.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 306 Lucas, R. & Co.—New Zealand, 40 Lucas & Sou.—XXII. 204a Luce, P. N.—France, 1332 Lucena,the Corporation of.—Spain, 231a Lucius, J. C. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 729 Luckhaus & Gunther.—Zoll. (1), 631 Luckman, see Woodhouse & Luckman Lucq, see Dandoy, Maillard, & Co. Liidens.—Zollverein (1), 682 Ludlam, H,—United States, 389 Ludwig, F.—Austria, 679 Luedlich, W.—Zollverein (1), 61 Luehdorf, see Jansen and Luelidorf Luehdorfi, J. & Co.—Zoll. (1), 584 Luer, A.—France, 1333 Luettringliaus.—Zollverein (6), 65 Luetwitz, Freiherr Von.—Zoll. (1) 42 Luff, J.—XXVII. 111 Luff & Son.—X. 477 Lugo, Breuse, & Corunna, Inspectors of Mines of.—Spain, 18 Luhme, J. F. & Co., see Metzer, U. & J. F. Luhme Lumm & Ruetten.—Zollverein (1), 531 Lumsden.—Van Diemen's Land, 145, 146 ; see also Wynne & Lumsden Lumsden, Miss I. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 125 Lunau, B. H.—Lubeck, 6 Lund.—XII. & XV. 163; Belgium, 476 ; see also Barraud & Lund Lund, W.—France, 15 Lundberg, R.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Lunde, P. F.—Denmark, 12 Lundgren, P. W.—Sweden, IOOa Lundqvist, A.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Lundy, J. A. V.—France, 914 LundyFoot & Co.—iii. 44 Luntley, J.—x. 237 Luntley, J. & Co.—xxx. 214 Lupp & Son.—Zollverein (1), 605 Luppold.—Zollverein (1), 84 Lupton, see Raynes, Lupton, & Co. Lupton, J.—XVI. 3 Lupton, W. & Co.—XII. & XV. 33 Lurasco, Brothers.—Netherlands, 100 Luscombe, see Toms & Luscombe Lusk, A.—Zollverein (1), 140 Lusprin, see Gay & Lusprin Lussy & Co.—Switzerland, 153 Lutch, J.—Russia, 179 Lutge & Parsons.—XVI. 310. 328 Luther, G.—Zollverein (3), 187 Liittig, C—Zollverein (I), 81 Lutwyche & George.—xvi. 53 Lutz.—Switzerland, 94 Lutze, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 103 Lutzow, de.—Algeria, 34 Lux, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 796 Luz, F. J. da.—Portugal, 756-769. 775, 776 Lydes.—ix. 141 Lyell, see Cornell, Lyell, &c. Lynam, H.—Canada, 131 Lynch, see Lord, Lynch, & Co. Lynch & Ingiis.—v. 24 Lvon & Co.—I. 226 Lyon, E.—United States, 221 Lyon, W.—xxvi. 30 Lyons, Agricultural Society.—France, 1537 Lyons, Chamber of Commerce.— France. 1141. 1565 Lyons, G.—VIII. 86. 136 Lyons, J.—xx. 67 Lyons, M.—vi. 203 Maas, H.—Netherlands, 4 Mabey, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 141 Mabire.—France, 1334 Mabrun, P.—France, 1653 M'Adams, J. & W.—United States, 482 M'Adams, W., see M'Adams, J. & W. M'Alister & Tannehill.—United States, 362 McAlpin, Stead, & Co.—xviii. 14. Macalpine, W.—xxii. 548 MacAnaspie, P. & J.—i. 131 a McArthur, see Ramsay & McArthur Macarthur, D. & Co.—xix. 60 Macarthur, Lieut.-Col. E.—New South Wales, 13 Macbay, W.—v. 586 M'Bride & Co.—XI. 6 McCall, see Ritchie & McCall McCallum—xviii. 64. McCallum & Hodson—xxvi. 136 McCann, J.—ill. 153 M'Garten, H.—xix. 246 McCarthy, —xxill. 112 McCarthy, H.—Page 851 M'Cartney & Drummond.—ix. 248 M'Cay, T.—XIV. 19 M'Clelland, D.—viii. 116 McClintock, G.—xxviii. 20 M'Clintock, J. & Co.—xx. 152 McClure& Co.—vi. 160 M'Clure, J.—xxii. 568 McConnell, I. E.—v. 539 M-Cormick, C. H.—United States, 73 M'Cra.—XX.218 McCracken, J. & R.—Austria, 590 McCracken, R., see McCracken, J. & R. M'Crea, H. C—xii. & xv. 135 M'Culloch, see Glassford, Skinner, &c. McCulloch, C—II. 96 Macculloch, Dr. J.—Canada, 72 McCulloch, S. D.—United States, 70 McCullum, J.—XXII. 523 McCullum, M.—III. 133 McCully, C.—New Brunswick, 11 M'Curdy, see Jones, White, &c. Macdaniel, O.—United States, 166 M'Darmid, Miss.—xix. 247 McDermott, F.—New Brunswick, 18 Macdona, G.—xii. & xv. 260 M'Donald, A.—xxvii. 66; Rome, 30 Macdonald, Dr.—x. 357 Macdonald, Major C—I. 20 Macdonald, D. & J. & Co.—xix. 66 Macdonald, J.—vm. 329 ; see also Mac- donald, D. & J. & Co. Macdonald, L.—Rome, 18 McDonald & Leslie.—xxvii. 74 Macdonald, Margaretta.—xix. 242 MacDonald, Sophia.—Jersey & Guern- sey, 29 McDonnell.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 30 MacDoual, E. J.—x. 67 Macdougal], D—xvi. 331 ; xx. 83 MacDowall, C—x. 68 M'Dowall, W.—XVI. 170 MacDowel], P. — Page 850; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 61 Mace, J. M.—France, 1335 Macedo, J. J. da.—Portugal, 465 Macfarlan, J. F. & Co —ii. 107 McFarlane, A.—Canada, 124 McFarlaiie, Brothers,—xix, 243. MacFarlane, G.—x. 673 McFarlane & Porter—xix. 63 Macfarlane, Son & Co.—xii. &xv. 297 McGarry & Sons—iii. 132 M'Gee, J. G. & Co.—xx. 118 McGettrick, F.—viii. 288 McGibbon, E.—xi. 20 McGibbon, J.—xvi. 147 McGillan & Sullivan.—Canada, 105 McGinn, T.—Canada, 61 M'Givan & Sullivan.—Canada, 106 MacGregor, J. W,—xxviii. 146 M'Gregor & Lee.—United States, 20 M'Gregor, M.—xxiii. 46 Macliado, F.A.—Portugal, 54 M'Hardy,—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 325 Machell, T.—x. 654 ; xxii. 639 M'Henry, J.—United States, 501 Machet-Marote.—France, 596 Maclily, —France, 915 Machon, J.—xxii. 168 Maclit, H. W.—Zollverein (1), 730 Macindoe, G. P.—vi. 24. BIcKay & Co.—Canada, 144 Mackay, W. II.—ix. 81 M'Kay, W. L.—Newfoundland MacKean, W.—xxix. 28 Mackie, A.—New Brunswick, 7 Macheller & Hampson.—xix. 231 Macintosh, J.—v. 28 M'Kensie, J.—United States, 569 McKenzie, D.—vi. 39 M'Kenzie, A.—xxii. 418 Mackenzie, J. S.—vi. 314; vii. 125 M'Kenzie, Mrs.—Van Diemen's Land, 167. 170 MacKenzie, W.—xvii. 94 Mackenzie, W. B.—xx. 142 Mackie & Son.—xvi. 104 Mackie, W.—vii. 126 McKillican.—III. 114 McKillop, New Brunswick, 5 Mackintosh & Co.—xxviii. 76 ; India, IV. Mackintosh, T.—Belgium, 471 McKirdy, J. G.—vii. 4 Mackmurdo, see Davy, Macmurdo, & Co. Mackrory, F.—vii. 173 M'Lachlan, J.—vii. 181; xxvi. 337; Van Diemen's Land, 348 MacLardy, L.—vi. 209 McLaren, W.—viii. 139 Made, Van.—Belgium, 168 M'Lean.—vii. 72 ; xxvi. 386 ; (Main Avenue, West); Nova Scotia; see also Cooper & Maclean McLean & Cummings.—Canada, 95 Maclean, Jane.—xix. 248 McLean & Wright.—Canada, 178 McLenan, E.—United States, 252 McLeod, R.—New Zealand, 30. 36 M'Leod, W. W.—United States, 172k M'Leownan, J. & Co.—xiv. 96 Maclise, —xxiii. 83 MacMahon, C—x. 60In McMillan, see Keer & McMillan M'Mullen, J.—United States, 64 M'Murray, T. & Co.—xiv, 25 Macnab, J.—viii. 130 McNaghten—Van Diemen's Land, 96. 102 M'Nair—XXIX. 162 McNair, A. & Co.—x. 421 M'Nair & Brand.—xviii. 50 Macnair, W.—xvii. 117 McNaught.—V. 101 McNaught, W.—V. 22. 686 ; vi. 25 M'Naughten, — Van Diemen's Land, 52. 96-102. 192-194. 209 M'Naughten, A.—Van Diemen's Land, 41. 43 M'Neill, F. & Co.—VII. 142 McNeill, J.—X. 512 McNicholl & Vernon.—V. 434 Macomie & Co.—xvii. 26 Macorra, F.—Spain, 65 MacPherson, D.—x. 684a Macpherson, C. & H.—xxi. 36 Macpherson & Francis.—Van Diemen's Laud, 350 McPherson, J. & Sons.—Canada, 183 McPherson, P.—ix. 258 McQuarie, Fisher, & Co.—XIX. 65 Macquinay, Brothers, & Nephews.— Belgium, 378 Macquoid, —xxvi. 161 McRae, J.—viii. 341 ; xiii. 78 McRae, J. & Co.—xxviii. 106 M'Rae, J. J.—xx. 128 M'Rae, W.—New Brunswick, 4. 6. 8. McSherry, M.—xxii. 408 McVay, J.—New Zealand, 5 M'Weeney, M.—United States, 365 McWilliam, Dr. J.O.—Western Airica, 5a Macy, J. & Sons.—United States, 306 Macy, Stanton, & Co.—United States 368 Maddon & Black.—xvi. 256 Madeira, F. A.—Portugal, 1265 Mader Brothers.—France, 327 Maderboeck, M.—Austria, 527 Madrid, Astronomical Cabinet of the Botanical Garden of.—Spain, 186 Madrid, Royal Library.—Spain, 31 Maehly.—France, 915 Maele, Van.—Belgium, 168 Maennel, F.—Zollverein (1), 828 Maeren Vanden, see Con Vanden Mae- re n & Co. Maes.—France, 655 IVlafifei, C. J.—Tuscany, 95 Maffre, E. F.—Algeria, 35 Magdalinski, J.—Hamburgh, 38 Magdesprung, Iron Works at. — Zoll- verein (1), 682 Magee, Vv. J.—xiv. 7 Maggiorelli, Brothers.—Tuscany, 87 Magnce, F.—Belgium, 440 Magni, F.—Sardinia, 70 Magni, G.—Austria, 126 Magni, P.—Austria, 714 Magnin, J. M.—France, 1654 Magnin, J. V.—France, 1337 Magnus.—x. 419 Magnus, G. E.—xxvii. 46 Magnus, Samuel.—St. Helena, 3 Maguire, W. J.—xxix. 71 Maha Rajah Goolab Singh.—India, XV. XXVI. Maha Rajah Rao Scindiah.—India, xv. XVI. Mahan, F.—United States, 568 Maher, Louisa.—xx. 182 Blahillon, C—Belgium, 175 Mahmet-Veli-Ogli.—Russia, 242 Mahomet-Ogli.—Russia, 245 Maiben, C,—xvi. 46 Maidlow, J.—vi. 407 Maillard, F,—France, 1338 Maille & Segond.—France, 1339 Maillot, K.—France, 597 Mair.—XXII. 236 Mair & Co.—France, 317 Mair, Son, & Co.—xi. 59 ; xviii. 13 63a Maisterra.—Spain, 43 Maistre, Brothers.-—France, 598 Maitland Mines.—South Africa, 1 Maitland, R. T.—Netherlands, 92 . Maitre, A.—France, 318 Majendie, Ashurst.—i. 28 Majo, S. De—Austria, 50 Major & Gill.—XI. 49 Major, C. T.—Brazil, 4; Persia, 8 Makepeace, Eliza.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 185 Makin, W.—XXII. 112 Malaga, Agricultural Board of.—Spain, 94 Malaga, Inspector of Mines of.—Spain, 19 Malakatesi, J.—Greece, 25 Malandrinus, A.—Greece, 3 Malapane Iron Works—Zollv. (1), 2 Malapert.—France, 319 Malatinozky, E.—Austria, 394 Malcolm, J.—xiv. 22 Malherbe, L.—Belgium, 147 Maling.—XXX. (Fine Arts Court), 154 Malingie.—France, 322 Malins & Son.—xxii. 261 Mallalieu, Brothers.—xix. 244 Mallalieu, W.—xxix. 289 Mallandain & Co.—xxviii. 108 Mallat, J. B.—France, 1340 Mallet, see Lalande & Chevalier; Van- troyen & Mallet Mallet, Brothers.—France, 599 Mallet, E. C—Belgium, 467 Mallet & Co.—France, 1655. 1740 Mallet, R.—I. 243 Mallett & Barton.—XIX. 29 Mallinson & Sons.—xii. & XV. 108 Malloch, P.—X. 208 Malmgren, C. T.—Sweden & Norway, 19 Malmqvist, A.—Sweden, 59 Malo, Dickson, & Co.—France, 320 Maltos, T. P. de.—Portugal, 593, 594 Malvieux, C. J.—Austria, 102 Mame & Co.—France, 321 Mamede, B. G.—Portugal, 1022 Mammen, F. A. & Co.—Zollv. (3), 59 Manby, G. W.—viii. 22 Manchin & Morel.—xvii. 128 Mancu, le Chevalier Simone.—Sardinia, 15 Manderson, W.—I. 148 Manetti, Brothers.—Tuscany, 61 Manfredini, G.—Austria, 715 Manget, Mrs.—British Guiana, 68. 121 Maniguet, N.—France, 1341 Manilla,Econoraical Society of.—Spain, 187, 234, 235, 275a Manilla, Society of.—Spain, 250 Manin.—Russia, 65 Manings.—iv. 86 Manley, General.—Rome, 32a Manlove, Alliott, & Seyrig.—vi. 405, 454 Manly, J. jun.—xxii. 313 Mann, A.—Canada, 324 Mannesmann, A.—Zollv. (1), 617 Mannhemier, W.—Zollverein (1), 438 Manning, J.—iv. 63 Manning, S.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 57, 73 Mannings, G.—iv. 86 Mansard.—France, 1312 Marisbendel.—xviii. 88 Manschon, M. F.—Austria, 342 Mansell, D.—xii. & xv. 248 Mansell, J.—xvii. 27 Mansell, R. C—v. 715 Mansell, T.—vi. 502 Mansfeld, the Combined Mining Works at.—Zollverein (I), 850 Mansis, H.—Zollverein (1), 301 Manso, R.—Spain, 133 Manson, E.—France, 917 Mantaut, L.—Sardinia, 53 Mantel, W—xvi. 321 Mantois, Mme—France, 602. 918 Man ton & Son.—vm. 217 Manuel, C—South Africa, 11 Manuel, H. S.—Jersey & (luernsey, 48 Manufactory of Patent White Lead.— Zollverein (')' ^ Maplin.—vii. 164 Mappin & Brothers.—xxii. 139 Mappins, J.—xxii. 180 Mapple, D. 1).—x. 69 Mapple, H.—x. 1:^6 Mapplebeck & Lowe.—ix. 131 ; xxii. 370 Maquet, A.—France, 604 Maquet-Hermel.—France, 603 Marcelin.—France, 606 Marcel]e, S.—France, 605 March, E.—Zollverein (1), 240 (Main Avenue, East) Marchal.—Algeria, 36 Marchal, D.—Belgium, 362 Marchand, E.—Belgium, 460 Marchand, J. B.—France, 607 Marchand, L.—x. 71 Marchant, M.—xxvi. 320 Marchant, W.—xxvi. 253 Marches!, G. B.—Austria, 139 Marchesi, L.—Austria, 716 Marchesi & Ossoli.—Rome, 13 Marchetti, L.—Tuscany, 79. 121 March it I, Communal Commission of.— Belgium, 396 Marcinelle et Couillet, Societe Ano- nyme, De.—Belgium, 120 Marcos, J.—Spain, 147 Marcotte, F.—Canada, 8 Marcuard, C. R.—viii. 343 Mare, C. J. & Co.—vm. 149 Mare, Le, & Sons.—xiii. 21 Marechal & Guynon.—France, 329 Marenzeller, I.—Austria, 166 Maresch, see Bahr & Maresch Mareschal, J.—France, 330 Marga, E.—France, 608 Margarit & Ena.—Spain, 223 Margarlt, J.—Spain, 204 Margary.—vm. 87 Margetts, T. K. & Eyles.—xxvii. 91 Margrave, see Esdailes & Margrave Marguerie.—France, 600 Marguerit, J.—Spain, 204 Maria, J.—Portugal, 1279 Marie, Louise.—Austria, 747 Marie, M.—Jersey & Guernsey, 16 Marimanoff & Armakoona.—Russia, 81 Marin, J. E.—Belgium, 414 Mariner's Friend Society.—vm. 310 Marion, A.—France, 609 Mariotti, S.—Tuscany, 68a Marks, J. J.—v. 9U8 Markvvick, M.—iv. 114 Marling, S. S. & Co.—xii. & xv. 209 Marlow, J.—XVI. 54 Marmora Iron Co.—Canada, 4 Marne, A. & Co.—France, 1732 Marochetti, Baron.—Western extremity (Outside), 76 ; North Transept, 50; Main Avenue, West, 92 ; xxm. 112 ; XXV. 1 Marples, R.—xxii. 128 Marples, W.—xxii. 218 Marquard, P.—Jersey & Guernsey, 42 Marquardt, Dr. L. C—Zollv. (1) 327 Marques, C. J.—Portugal, 1299 Marquez, J.—Spain, 108. Marr, W.—xxii.510 Marratt, J. S.—x. 4(J9 Marrel, Brothers.— France, 331 Marreti.—Tuscany, 66a Marriage, E.—m. 15 J, Marrian,F.—xxill. 31 Marrian, J. P.—xxii. 363 Marriott, Archdeacon.—Van Diemen's Land, 128. 307 Marriott & Atkinson.—xxil. 160 Marriott, Mrs. F. — i. 530 ; (Main Avenue, East) Marriott, J.—ix. 243 Marriott, M.—x. 341 Marriott, W.—vi. 116; xxil. 795 Mars.—France, 919 Marsat, jun.—France, 920 Marsaux & Legrand.—France, 332 Marsden, B.—vi. 317 Marsden, Brothers, & Silverwood. — XXII. 169 Marsden, C—xvi. 316; xxii. 531; XXVI. 527 Marsh.—XXVI. 67 Marsh, F.—XVI. 174 Marsh, J.—xxv. 58 Marsh, Brothers, & Co.—xxil. 162 Marsh, Mrs.—XIX. 72. Marsh, W.—xxvi. 34 Marshall.— V^an Diemen's Land, 159, 160; see also Brown, Marshall, & Co, ; Parking & Marshall Marshall, C—xvi. 241 Marshall & Co.—iv. 55 ; x. 686; xiv. 26 Marshall, E. S.—xxiii. 104 Marshall, G.—Van Diemen's Land, 36, 37 Marshall, J.—ii. 68 Marshal], Lieut. R.—xxx. 358 Marshall, S.—xxii. 197 Marshall & Snelgrove.—xill. 33 Marsljall & Sons.—xxill. 23 Marshall, W.—Page 850; xx. 25; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 15 Marshall, Lieut.-Col. W,—ix. 35 Marsland & Co.—vi. 47 ; xi. 63 Marte IVlining Co.—Zamora, Spain, 10 Martel, Geoftray, & Valensot.—France, 921 Martelin, see Franc, A. & Son, &c. Martens, F.—France, 610 Marti, S.—France, 611 Martin, Baskett, & Martin.—xxiii. 2 Martin, C. A.—France, 613 Martin, De Lignac.—France, 922 IVlartin & Casimir.—France, 612 Martin, E. C—Netherlands, 63 Martin, E. & E.—xx. 42 Martin & Gray.—xxii. 332a Martin & Hood.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 85 Martin, J.—vii. 25; xii. & xv. 249; XVII. 29 ; XXVI. 406 Martin, L. P. A.—France, 1711 Marti.., M. C.—Zollverein (1), 425 Martin, O. & Viry, Brothers.—France, 614 Martin, Peter.—Jersey & Guernsey, 26 Martin, R. J.—Portugal, 957 Martin, S.—XXII. 132 Martin & Son.—xi. 37 ^Llrtin, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 282 Martin, W.—xxvi. 254 ; South Africa, 40 ; France, 323 Martin, W. H.—xvi. 81 Martinek, J.—Austria, 313 Martinelli, F.—Tuscany, 88 Martinez, D. J.—Spain, 145 Martinez, P.— Spain, 156 Martinez, S.—Spain, 179 Martinez y Perez, V.—Spain, 89 Martini, see Lat.genbeck & iilartini Martinotri, J.—Sardinia, 62, 63 Martins, R. J. —Portugal, 939-942, 957-959 Martyn, E.—i. 107 Marx & Co.—France, 1344 Marx & Weigert.—Zollverein (1), 113 Marychurch, J.—ix. 93 Maryland, Committee of State of.— United States, 371 Maryland Soap-stone Company (Balti- more).—United States, 180 Marynen Vues.—Belgium, 227 Masera.—Sarcfinia, 97 Mash, J.—XXIV. 54 Mason, see Elkington, Mason, & Co. Fortnura, Mason, & Co.; Shand & Mason Mason, Mrs. B.—ii. 77 Mason, C.—xxv. 3 Mason, E.—vm. 81 ; x. 714 Mason, G.—iv. 54 ; xiii. 35 Mason, J.—vi. 10, 46 : Mason, J.—xxm. 128 Mason & Son.—ii. 22 Mason, W.—xx. 157 Mason, W. & Co., xii. & xv. 303 Mason, W. H.—v. 910 Masrat.—France, 920 Massans, S.—St. Helena, 1 Massardo, Madame J.—Belgium, 415 Masse, V.—France, 623 Masse, W. Tribouillet & Co.—France, 1346 Massemin, C. L.—France, 1345 Masset, L.—Switzerland, 95 Massey & Co.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 140a Massey, W. & Co.—xxii. 416 Massey, W. A.—xxix. 190 Massez,—France, 1347 Massing, see Barth, Massing, &c. Massing, Brothers.—France, 333 Masson, C—Belgium, 267. Masson, E.—France, 1348 : Masson, V.—France, 628 Massue, L. J.—France, 615 Massy, J. F.—Switzerland, 222 Masterman, J. & T.—vi. 621 Masters.—India, xi. Masters, A.—iii. 65 Masters, M.—x. 569 Masters, T.—xxii. 634 Mata Aguilera, J. de.—Spain, 289 Matagrin, Stoltz, & Co.—France, 616 Matesanz, A.—Spain, 140. 144 Mathelieu, De.—Belgium, 58 Mather, A. A.—Pa^e 850 Mather, J.—xvi. 139 ; xxii. 504 Mather, VV. & C—vi. 16 Matherton & Bouvard.—France, 1349 Mathes & Weber.—Zollverein (1), 464 Mathevon & Bouvard.—France, 1349 Mathews, Mary—x. 193 Mathews, T.—vm. 119 Mathews, VV.—x. 550 Mathey Sf Son.—Switzerland, 41 Mathias, L. A.—France, 1350 m Matliie, J.—Austria, 287 Matliieson, see Auld, Berrie, &c, Mathieson, A.—xxi. 32 Marhieson, Lad}'.—xx. 191 Mathieson, K. R—xxvi. 120 Mathieson, T. A. & Co.—xxi. 35 Mathieii, E. —France, 1351 Mathieu, L. —France, 6J8 Mathieu, — Danloy.—France, 617 Mathieu, dit Verger, see Lavenihe, &c, Mathieu, Rear-Admiral,—France, 1343 Mathison, G. F.—I. 479 Mathys, J.—Belgium, 359 Matifat, C. S.—France, 923 (Main Ave- nue, East) Matisen, A. & Co.—Russia, 305 Matkin, T.—xxil. 2l0 Matschuko, N.—Austria, 201 Matson, Captain.—Wesiern Africa, 9 Mattat & Sons.—Denmark, 1 0 Matthess, C, jun.—Zollverein (3), 118 Matthewman, see Jackson and Mat- thevvman Matthews, C—Canada, 188 Matthews, E.—xxiii. 95 Matthews, G.—Canada, r52 Matthews, S.—xxviii. 81 Matthews, W.—x. 181 Matthewson & Son.—Canada, 329 Matthey, see Johnson & Matth.ey Matthias, J. H.—x. 395 Mattiuzzi, G. B.—Austria, 77 Maftocli, C. G.—Zollverein (3), 43 Mattos, J. B. da.—Portugal, 593 Mattschas, J. G. H.—Zollverein (1), 217 Mattson, T. W.—United States, 50 Matveietf', —Russia, 40 Matvieff, P.—Russia, 367 Mauban, —France, 377 Mauban & V. Journet.—France, 619 Maucomble.—France, 620 Maudo, De.—Portugal, 465, 466 Maudslay, Sons, & Field.—v. 38 ; vi. 228 Maviget, Mrs.—British Guiana, 68 Maulaz, L. J. & Co.—Belgium, 29 Maund, see Chopping & Maund. Maund, B.—III. 79 Maund,' E.—XXII. 792 Maunder, J.—xxviii. 28 Maupin, S.—United States, 285 Mauraudy, D. A. J.—Spain, 40 Maurel, jayet & Co.—France, 621 Maurer, V.—Austria, 200 Mauritius Royal Society of Natural Historv.—Mauritius, 4 Maury, j. C—Zollverein (6), 2l Mautois, Madame.—France, 602 Mauzaize, J. N.—France, 924 Mavroianni.—Ionian Islands, 3 Mavroianni, Madame.—Ionian Islands, 2 Mawson, Brothers.—United States, 87 Max-, see Laine-Laroche & Max ; Meyr, Max, & Co. Max, E.—Austria, 705 Maxwell & Co.—xvi. 52 Maxwell, J.—vii. 102 Maxwell, Miss.—United States, 384 Maxwell, W.—i. 134 May, see Lambert & May ; Ransomes and May May & Baker.—ii. 14 May, R.—Russia, 227 Mayall, J. E,—x. 291 ; United States, 491 Maver,Brothers.—Austria,266; France, 622. 1656 Mayer, Emilie.—Zollverein (2), 52 Mayer, G.—xxiv. 76 Mayer, J.—xxiil. 14 ; see also, Mayer, T. J. & J. Mayer, Madame J.—France, 624 Mayer, J. G.—Austria, 346 Mayer, J.—Zollverein (2;, 46 Mayer, Michel, & Deuinger.—Zoll- verein (6), 36 l\Iayer, Paul.—Zollverein (6), 35 Mayer, J.—Zollverein (2), 70 Mayer, T. J. & J.—xxv. 9 Mayer & Zindell.—Russia, 177 Maynard & Noyes.— United States, 445 Maynard, R.—ix. 109 Maynard & Son.—ix. 122 Mayo & Bales.—XXII. 648 Mayo & Co.—I. 18; xxvii. 7 Mayoress, the Lady.—XIX. 379 Mazarin, J. G.—France, 626. Mazzetti, A.—Tuscany, 90. 115 Mead.—v. 706 ; see also Barber, Howse, & Mead Meade, Brothers.—United States, 109 Meadows, J.—xxviii. 165 Meagher, J.—New Zealand, 7 Meakin, J. F.—xxvi. 148 Meakins, see Reed & Meakins Mears, see Prouty & Mears Mears, C. & G.—xxii. 684 (Main Avenue, West) Mears, G.—United States, 562; see also Mears, C. & G. Mechetti (late Carlo Mechetti).—Aus- tria, 371 Mechi, J. J.—xxi. 12; xxvi. 79; xxix. 45 ; XXX. (Fine Art Co.), 220 Mecklinghaus & Wex. — Zollverein (1), 672 Metcalf, F.—XXVI. 80 Medhurst, T.—v. 780 Medina, M.—Spain, 270 Medina del Clampo, Pedrosa, & Gomez- narro.—Spain, 66 Medway, J.—xxix. 195 Med win & Co.—xvi. 162 Mee, Cornelia.—xix. 51 Meek, G.—XVII. 190 Meer & Co.—Zollverein (1), 529 Meeser, F.—South Africa, 16 Mehne, P,—Hamburghj 81 Mehu, J. M. F.—France, 027 Meier, F.—France, 1352 Meier, J. C—Zollverein (2), 3 B Meigh & Sous.—XXV. 10 Meilert.—Zollverein (1), 177 Meillet & Pichot.—France, 629 Meinert, Brothers.—Zollv. (3), 72-83 Meinerzhagen & Kreuser, Brothers.— Zollverein (1), 316 Meinhold & Sons.—Zollverein (3), 181 Meinhold &Stoffregin.—Zollverein (3), 61 Meinig, C—I. 84 Meinig, C. L. A.—X. 437 Meinke, W. C—Hamburgh, 120 Meinl's, A., Heirs.—Austria, 383 Meiiitrand, C, jun.—Zollverein (6), 70 Meissen China Manufactory, Saxony. —Zollverein (3), 10. 174 Meissner. H.—Zollverein (3), 136 Meissner, F. A.—Zollverein (3), 130 Meissner. F. T.—Zollverein (3), 129 Meissner, M.—Zollverein (3), 137 Meissner, T.—Zollverein (3), 126 Meissonnier, C—France, 643. 916 Meixel, A.—Zollverein (1), 396 Mejean, A.—France, 13o3 Mejean, G.—Tuscany. 15 Melincrythan Chemical Co.—II. 2 Meller, see Wyburn, Meller, & Turner. Meller, C. C—xvi. 73 Melliard, see Berni & Melliard Mellichamp, Mary H.—United States, 177 Melling, R. jun.—v. 708 Mello, see Ali)uqnerque, J. D' e Mello i\lello & Brothers.—Poitugal, 804, 805 Mellon, M.—Mauritius, 6 Mellor, see Hastings & Mellor Mellotte, E.—Belgium, 302 Mellowdew, see Kesselmeyer & Mellow- dew Melnikoff.—Russia, 111 I\Ielnikoll-Glaushkoff, M.—Russia, 214 Melnikoft-Glaushkoff, P.—Russia, 212. 213 Melton, —XXX. (Fine Art Court), 297 Melton, Eliza.—xix. 250 Melton, H.—XX. 54 Melville, J.—XXVI. 3 Melzer, D.— Austria, 44 Melzer, G.—Austria, 648 Mendelssohn.—Zollverein (1), 747 Mendes, R. P.—Portugal, 410 Mendez, J. J.—Spain, 253b Mene, P. J.—France, 630 Menet, J.—France, 1657 Meneze«, see Catheiros, J. L,. de Mengden, M. Von.—Russia, 222 Menge, A. G.—Belgium, 409 Mengelbier, J.—Zollverein (1), 340 Mengen, C—Zollverein (1), 581 Menghius, Brothers.— Zollverein (1), 530 Menier & Co.—France, 925 Menke, see Spinn & Menke Mennet, see Fesel & Mennet Mentasti, B.—Austiia, 635 Mentchinsky, A.—Russia, 151 Mentzel,—Zollverein (1), 94 Menzerath, J.—Zollverein (1), 356 Menzies, A.—v. 912 Meraux, J. H.— Fiance, 631 Mercer, J.—xviii. 38. 48 Mercier,—France, 927, 1354 Mercier, A. & Co.—France, 632 Mercier, C.A^—France, 1658 Mercier, J. J.—Switzerland, 175 Mercier, S.—France, 633 ; Switzeiland, 96 Mercier, Sarah S. A. Le.—XXVI. 181 Merckx, M.—Belgium, 496 Mercurin, H. J.—Algeria, 37 Mere, Madame La.—Canada, 42 Mereditli, see Poland, Son,&c, Meredith, J. H.—i. 141 Meresse. M. A.—France, 1355 Merkelbach & Son. —Zollverein (1), 351 Merlaxit, L. T.—France, 634 Merlie, Lefevre & Co.—France, 926 Merlin, A. & V.—Russia, 281 Merlin, V., see Merlin A. & V. MermotI, Brothers—Switzerland, 15 Mero, D —France, 1356 Meron, E.—Spain, 150 Merrett, H. S.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 172. 220 Merriam, seeSayle, &c. Merris, Madame Van.—Belgium, 65 Merritt, see Haskell, &c. Merriweather, J. B.—United States, 164 Merry weather, G.—x. 151 Merry weather, M.—v. 401 Mersey Iron Co.^—v. 649 Merten, J. F.—Zollverein (1), 502 Mertens, Baron.—Belgium, 55 Mertens, C—Belgium, 132 Mertens, H. J.—Zollverein (1), 867 Mertens, P.—Zollverein (1). 868 Merz & Sons.—Zollvereiu (2), 30 & 31 Mesina, S.—Sardinia, 31 Mesnier & Cai tier.—France, 635 Mess & Co.—Zollverein (1), 468. 487 Mess, L. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 247 Messat, A.—Austria, 246 Messenger & Sons.—xxii. 340 Messervv, G.—Jersey and Guernsey, 11 Messner, F.—Austria, 321 Mestiviers & Hamoir.—France, 636 Mestrozi, P.—Austria, 267 Metdepenningen, G.—Belgium, 207 Metert & Laiigdorf.—Switzerland, 97 Metesanz, Z.—Spain, 140 Methven & Sons.—i. 126 Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes.—vii. 172 Metternich, C. A. de.-Zollv. (6), 83 Metternich, Prince.—Austria, 413 Mettler & Son.—Switzerland, 197 Metz, A. & Co.—Zollverein (7), 6 Metz, G.—Austria, 485 Metzer, U., & J. F. LuUme.—Zollve- rein (1), 83. 212 Metzler, G.—x. 475 Metziier, W.—Austria, 698 Meurant, Brotliers, & Willemin. — France, 1659 Meurant, E.—New Zealand, 15 Meurer & Jandin.—France, 1357 Meurisse.—France, 928 Mevissen, G.—Zollverein (1), 557 Mevius, C. de.—Belgium, 86 Mexican Commissioner.—Mexico Meyer.—Hamburgh, 105; see also Al- der and Meyer Meyer, A. D.—Denmark, 43 Meyer & Ammann.—Switzerland, 176 Meyer,Brothers.—Switzerland, 153, 227 Meyer, C—United States, 59 Meyer & Co.—Austria, 112; Switzer- land, 153 Meyer, D.—Hamburgh, 55 Meyer, E.—France, 637 Meyer & Englemann.-—Zollverein (1), 582 Meyer, H.—Canada, 190 Meyer, H. C, jun.—Hamburgh, 86 Meyer, J, E.—Denmark, 6 Meyer & Lindt.—Zollverein (6), 10 Meyer, M., see Meyer, S. & M. Meyer, Max, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 133 Meyer & Mortimer.—xxiii. 47 Meyer, S. & M.—xvi. 304 (Main Avenue, West) Meyer & Schwartze.—Zollvereiu (5), 8 Meyer, T. VV.—Hamburgh, 1 Meyer, W.—Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 6 Meyer & Wried.—Zollverein (1), 764 Meyern, H. L.—Zollverein (1), 892 Meyers, A. & P. J., & Co.—Zollverein (1), 768 Meyers, B.—xxix. 140 Meyers, P. J., see Meyers, A. & P. J, Meyerson, L.—Sweden& Norway, 25. 90 Meyerstein, W.—Zollverein (1), 757; Zollverein (3), 72-83. 87. 95 Meylan-Golay, H.—Switzerland, 98 Meyne, J.—Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5 Meynier.—France, 638 ; see also Smith & Meynier Meyr, Adolf & Leonorenhaln.—Austria, 595 Meyrueis & Son.—France, 639 Meystre, E.—Switzerland, 225 Mezener, J.—Switzerland, 247 Miagkkotl".—Russia, 62 Michel, A.—France, 640 Michel, Bonfils, Michel, Souvraz, & Co. Michel, G.—Switzerland, 248 Michel & Morell.—Zollverein (6), 16 Michel, P.—France, 16G0 Michelel, see Delamoriniere, &c. Michelin, T.—France, 641 Michell, F.—1. 461 Michell, J. XXV. 29a Michell, Sarah.—I. 110 Micheloni, G.—Austria, 119 Michels, F. X.—Zollverein (1), 871 Michiels, J.—Belgium, 3S5 Micolci, C.L.—Hamburgh, 114 Micotti, J.—Austria, 717 Middlebrook, J.—xil. & XV. 74 Middlebrook, T.—xx. 123 Middlemure, W.—xvi. 67 Middleton, see Vanall, Middleton, &c. Middleton& Ainsworth.—xil. &xv.312 Middleton, C, see Middleton, W. & C. Middleton, J.—XXX. (Fine Art Ct.), 166 Middleton, W. & C—v. 914-916 Midgley, Brothers.—xii. & xv, 99 Midworth, W,—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 308 Mienerts, J.—Austria, 212 Mierlo, A. Van.—Belgium, 133 Miers, W. J.—xxix. 85 Mierstein, "W.—Austria, 592 Mies, J.—Zollverein (1), 341 Miesbach, A.—Austria, 1, 610 Miescher & Co.—Switzerland, 167 Miesclier & Sons,—Switzerland, 163 Miess, G.—Austria, 217 Miguel, J. de.—Spain, 260 Miguel, T,—Spain, 259 Mikirtitcbeff, C—Russia, 73 Milan Benevolent Society's Establish- ment.—Austria, 283 Milburn, G.—VIII. 136. 138 Milch, A.—Zollverein (1), 9 Miles, E.—x. 601 Miles, G. Z.—United States, 444 Miles, H.—XXVI. 256 Miles, J.—X. 568 ; Zollv. (1), 341 Miles, P.—United States, 489 Miles, S.—XX. 89. Miles, W.—XXII. 9 Milesi, A.—Austria, 106 Millbank, D.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 99 Miller—XXII. 112; see also Featham, &c. ; Ferguson, Miller, & Co. ; Hor- rockses, Miller, & Co. ; Mitchell, Miller, &c. Miller, I). & VV.—III. 127 Miller, F. M.—Page 850 ; xxx. (Sculp- ure Court), 17, 38. 49, 50. 66-^68 Miller, F.--Zollverein (2), 90 Miller, G, jun,—Russia, 299 Miller, J. jun.—x. 361 Miller, J. E.—United States, 559 Miller, L.jun.—Russia, 234 Miller, R.—Austria, 528 Miller, Ravenhill, & Co.—viii. 163 Miller & Richard.—xvii. 150 Miller & Sons.—Main Avenue, West, 29 ; xxii. 645 Miller, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 1 ; Western Africa, 10 Miller, T.J.—IV. 29 Milliau, jun.—France, 929 Milliani, P.—Rome, 12 Millichap, see Ekyn & Millichap Milligan, see Euston & Milligau Milligan, A. M.—Van Diemen's Land, 53. 282 Milligan, J.—Van Diemen's Land, 39, 79. 81. 180, 181. 194. 197. 200-206. 221. 223. 227. 230, 231. 254-268. 273. 279. 2S8. 292. 306.311. 313. 315-319. 324. 325, 341, 342 Milligan, J. & Hull, H.—V^an Diemen's Land, 288 Milligan & Son.-XII. & xv. 140 xMilligan, W.—VI. 38 Millington, B & E.—VI. 462 Millington, E. see Millington, B, & E. Millner, R.—iv. 85 Milner & Co.—xii. & xv. 168 Mills, sg(? Shenstone & Mills Mills, Eliza.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 329 Mills, Elizabeth.—XII. & xv. 253 Mills, Isabella.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 9fJ Mills, J.—XXV. 32 Mills, M.—XXIII. 55 Mil s, R.—I. 418 Mills, T.—XXVI. 115 Mills, W.F. jun.—Persia, 9 Mill ward, see Day & Mill ward Milly, De.—France, 644 Milne, W.—III. 85 Milner, J. & Co.—xii. & xv. 168 Milner & Son.—XXII. 642 Milnes, T.—Page 850; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 184 Milokroshetchnoi, K.—Russia, 110 Milon, M.—France, 642 Milon, P. D. sen.—France, 930 Milton, J.—IX. 291. Milward, J. & Son.—United States, 93 Mina, see Chirio & Mina Mincliener, see Devas, Minchener, & Routledge. Mineur, see Perard & Mineur Minghetti, Marco.—Rome, 10 Mlnifie, C.—XX. 151 Minitzek, Count S. Von.—Austria, 624 Minns, J.—xxviii. 99 Minoprio & Co.—Zollverein (5), 4 Minoprio& Hohwiesner—Zollv. (6), 37 Minten, A.—Belgium, 54 Minter and Co.—xxvi. 155, Minter, G.—xxvi. 211 Minton, H. & Co,—North Transept, 50; I. 97; xxv. 1; xxvi. 531; xxvii. 86 Mintorn, Eliz,, see Mintorn, J. H. H. Mintorn, J. H. H., Eliz., & Rebecca.— XXIX. 70 Mintorn, Rebecca, see Mintorn, J, H. H. Minutoli, A. A'on.—Zollverein(1), 191. 845. 847 Mir, Brothers.—Spain, 276 Miramout.—France. 1358a Miranda, Batatho, & Co. — Portugal, 728-747 Mirat, G.—Spain, 128 Miroude, Brothers.—France, 645 Miroy, Brothers.—France, 646 Mirror Marble Company (Castle-stveet, South wark).—xxvii. 18 Misson, A.—Belgium, 413 Misson, Emile & Louis.—Belgium, 412 Misson, Louis, see Misson, Emile, &c. Missouri Iron Mountain Co.—United States, 163 Mitchell, F.—XVI, 213 Mitchell, Rev, G.—v. 918 Mitchell, G. A.—xxix. 94 Mitchell, G. D,—United States, 179 Mitchell, J,—XXII, 339, 611, 672 ; xxv, 29a; XXIX, 138 Mitchell, J. T,—XXX, (Fine Art Court), 87 Mitchell, Miller, and Ogilvie.—xii, & XV. 466 Mitchell, Mrs. S. A,—XXX, (Fine Art Court), 124 m 2 Mitchell, Sir T. L.—New South Wales, 21 Mitchell, W.—XXII. 328 Mitchell, Rev. W.—i. 9. 270; v. 919; XXIX. 274 Mitchell, W. B.—I. 45 Mitfoid, B.—xxviii. 167 Mitjana, R.—Spain, 287 Mittelette, V.—France, 1661 Mitter, J.—Austria, 530 Mitter. J., sen.—Austria, 529 Mitterberger, J.—-Austria, 467 Mittrovvsl<y,Count A. Von—Austria, 91 Mix & Gardinier.—United States, 96 Moag, W.—South Africa, 29 Moberley, W,—ii. 17 (Main Avenue, West) Mock, J. W.—Canada, 333 Moda, Tommaso Delia. — Home, 19 (Main Avenue, East) Moeller.—Zollverein (1), 289 (Main Avenue, East) Moeller, C—Zollverein (1), 292 Moench, J., & Co.—Zollverein (6), 66 Moerbitz, C. G. E.—Zollverein (3), 127 Moering, C—Austria, 247 Moerman, V. L.—Belgium, 231. Moerschel. V\ iuzenried, & Co.—Zoll- verein (6), 28 Moes & Co.—Russia, 192 Moeser & Kiihn.—Zollverein (]), 156 Mogel, N.—Austria. 314 Mogfoid, —XXVI. 181 Moggridge, M.^—XXll. 495 Moglia, DoTnenico.—Rome, 21 Moglia, Cavaliere Liiigi.— Rome, 20 Mohamed Ben Achir.—Algeria, 62 Mohamed Ben Salali.—Algeria, 69 Mohr. W.—Zollverein (1), l8bA Mohiing, F. L.—Zollverein (1), 275 Moinier, see Jaillon, Moinier, & Co. Moisoij, F.—France, 1358 Mole, R.—VIII. 248 Molin.—Sweden & Norway, 31 Molina, A.—Spain, 180 jVlolinari, A.—Sardinia, 43 Molineaux, Webb, & Co.—xxiv. 13 Molines, L.—France, 647. 930a Molkehanoff.—Russia, 373 Moll, C—Zollverein (1), 501 Mollady & Sons.—XX. 125 Molle, E. Van.—Belgium, 255 Mollenborg, G.—Sweden, 66 Woller, C. H. A.—Hamburgh, 22 MoUer, H. R—Denmark, 32 Moller & Welke.—Portugal, 748 Mollet-Warme, Brothers.—France, 648 Mollison, J.—X. o85 MoUmann, see Kissing & Mollman MoUoy.—XXVI. 81 Molson, G. E.—Canada, 154 Moltchaiioff, E.—Russia, 373 Molteni & Siegler.—France, 649 Molterer, C—Austria, 486. 487 Molterer, G,—Austria, 488 Molterer, M.—Austria, 490 Molterer, V.—Austria, 491. Molyn Lesouef.—France, 1359 Monahan & Beers.—United States, 349 Moncheur, F. & A.—Belgium, 366 Monet.—France, 1664 Money, see Wigram, Money, & Sons Money, Elizabeth.—xx. ] 89 Monfort, F.—Spain, 88. 208 Moniac, E.—Zollverein (1), 249 Monjikoti; see Koriakin & Monjikoff Monkhouse & Son,—xix. 251 Monkland Iron & Steel Co., Glasgow —I. 426 Monnoyer, P. J.—Belgium, 352 Montag, L.—Zollv. (8), 11 Montague, A.—1, 421 Montal, C—France, 1665 Montanari, A.—xxix. 122; Austria, 738 Montanari, N.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 224 Montandon, Brothers.—France, 601 Montcharmont, —France. 650 Monteagle, Lord,—viii. 317; xxvii. 72 Montebello, A. L. De.—France, 651 Montefiore, Sir M., Bart.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 160 Montefiori, C.—Sardinia, 57 Monteiro, L. A.—1.150 ; ill. 34 ; China, 23 Monteiro, M. B., jun.—Portugal, 510. 1123a Monteiro, T. P.—Portugal, 1238. 1252 Monteith, H., & Co.—xviii. 49 Monteith, J., & Co.—xviii. 53 Montenac, Madame De—Canada, 163 Montero, S.—Si)ain, 225 Montesinos, C. J.—Spain, 167 Montessuy & Chomer.—France, 1360 Montfort, F.—Spain, 202 Montgolfler, —France, 324 Montgomery.—v. 22; see also Hart, Montgomery, & Co. Monthny, A.—Belgium, 117 Monti, R.—Austria, 746 Montignac—France, 489 Montigny.—Algeria, 38 Montigny & Fusnot-—Belgium, 158 Montioni.—Tuscany, 5 x\lontreal Commission. — Canada, 66. 80. 81. 93. 112. 171. 301 Montreal Mining Co.—Canada, 10 Montu, J., & Co.—Sardinia, 78 Moody, E.—IX. 110. Mooklar & Childs.—United States, 8 IMoon, G.—xxvii. 56 Moor, Major W.—x. 66a Moore, see Allen & Moore; Devitt & Moore ; Groucock, &c. ; Harper & Moore ; Savory & Moore; Weslwood & Moore. Moore, A.—xxvii. 25; see also Bate- man, J., & A. Moore Moore & Co.—X. 476 ; xxil. 274 Moore, D. D. T.—United States, 149 Moore, E. D.—iii. 139 Moore, G.—XVI. 119 Moore & Grey.—viii. 209 Moore, G. W".—xxviii. 176 Moore, J.—iv. 78; xxii. 595 ; xxiv. 53 Moore, Dr. J.—i. 408 Moore & Murphy.—xxix. 332 Moore, Mrs.—xix. 47a Moore, F. G.—New Zealand, 37 Moore & Sons.—x. 33 Moore, S. W.—xix. 31 Muore, W.—United Stales, 564 Moore, W. F.—viii. 35 ; xiv. 67 Moorsom, Capt.—vii. 178 Moorson, M\ss E.—xxix. 253 Moosbrugger & Kobbe. — Zollverein (1), 428 Morand & Co.— Zollverein (1), 731 Morant, G. J.—xix. 291 ; xxvi. 164 Moratilla, F.—Spain, 261 Moravian Missionary Station.— Cape of Good Hope, 44 M or dan, S.—i, 65 Mordan, S., & Co.—vi. 205 Mordini, C. T.—Tuscany, 45 Moreau, A.—France, 378 Moreau, A. U.—France, 1361 Moreau & Co.—France, 652 Moreau, F.—France, 326 Moreau, U,—France, 325 Moreira, M. C—Portugal, 918. 956. 1169 Morel, Brothers.—France, 1666. 1734; see also Manchin & Morel Morel, J. V. & Co.—XXIII. 117; xxvi. 171 Morel], see Michel & Morell Morell, H.—XXIX. 248 Morella, The Corporation of.—Spain, 232 Moreno, Brothers.—Spain, 253c/ Morel on, J.—xxii. 554 Moreton & Langley.—xxil. 669 Morewood & Rogers.—I. 436; ix. 152a ; XXII. 610 Morey, C—United States, 460.573.580 Morgan, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 26=) Morgan, H. K. G. —xxx. (Fine Art Court), 215 Morgan, J. & Co.—xii. & xv. 299 Morgan, J. S.—United States, 288 Morgan & Sons.—i. 272 Morgant, E.—France, 1726 Morgenroth & Krugmann.—Zollverein (1), 53 i Mori, J,—XIV. 63 Moriarty, D.—xvi. 95 Moriceau & Cayeux.—France, 328 Morimont, J. B.—Belgium, 9 Morin,—Algeria, 39 Morin, Capt.—Canada, 9 Morin, Col.—France, 1568 Morison, D.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 276 Morison & Knox.—British Guiana, 123 Morisot.—France, 931 Morland, see Landon & Morland Morland, J. & Son.—xxix. 306 Morley, I. & R.—xx. 101 Morley, J.—xxix. 165 Morley, T.—xxiii. 67 Mornay, E. De.—Brazil, 3 Mornieux, F.—France, 1362 Moro, Brothers.—Austria, 218 Morozoff".—Russia, 38 Morphet, J.-—Western end, South en- closure (Outside"), 6 Morrall, A.—vi. 240 ; xxii. 333 Morrell, G.—V. 82 ; VII. 59 Morrell, H.—iv. 58 Morrell, J.—xxix. 92 Morrell, Stewart, & Co.—United States, 202 Morris, see Bevington & Morris; Daw- son & Morris Morris, J.—Canada, 114 Morris, John.—St. Kitts Morris, Jones, & Co.—United States, 44 Morris, R.—Canada, 113, 334 Morris, W.—v. 764 Morrison, G.—I. 77 Morrison, J. D.—x. 189 Morrison, Mrs.—New South Wale?, 25 Morrison & Hurn.—xiv. 49 Morrison & Parker.—xxil. 179 Morrison & Son.—IX. 48 Morse, ~x. 432 Morson, T. & Son.—li. 106 Morti, Signor,—Rome, 5 Mortimer, see Boutchier, Mortimer, & Co. ; Hunt & Roskell; Meyer & Mortimer Mortimer, T. E.—viil. 267 Mortimer, W.—xxili. 13 Mortimer, W. H.—xxiii. 57 Morton, D.—xii. & XV. 160 Morton, J.—xxil. 104 Morton, J. & G.^—xxi. 7 Morton, Prof.—X. 678a Morton, S. & H.—VII. 24 Morton & Sons.—xix, 252 Mosbach, see Savary & Mosbach Moschini, P.—Austria, 636 Moscow, Czarevsk Chintz Manufactory. —Russia, 1 78 Moscow Manufacturing Co. -— Russia, 363 Moseley & Son.—xxi. 13 Moser.—France, 653 Moser, A.—Austria, 531, 532 Moser, A. & Co.—Zollvereiu (1), 861 Moser, C.—Austria, 533 Moser, F., jun.—Switzerland, 20 Moser, F.—Austria, 534 Moser, G.—Austria, 535 Moser, J.—Austria, 536, 537 Moses, see Benjamin & Moses Moses, Champion, & Co.—Van Die- men's Land, 228 Moses, H. E. & M.—III. 101 ; New South Wales, 4 Moses, M., see Moses H. E. & M. Moses, S.—\an Diemen's Land, 207, 237 Moses, Son, & Davis.-—New Soutli Wales, 15 Mosley & Co.—xxiii. 107 Mosley, J.—xxiii. 17 Moss Hall Coal Co.—Wigan, i. 247 Moss, N.—South Africa, 36 Moss, R.—XXII. 498 Mossman, W.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 204 Mossner, A.—Zollvereln (1), 251 Mosso, T.—South Af.ica, 41 Motala, Iron and Engine Works.— Sweden & Norway, 6 Motard, A.—Zollverein (1), 262 Motelli, G.—Austria, 728 Motelli, M.—Austria, 718 Motion, see Low & Motion. Motley, T. —New South Wales, 9 Moit,'see Sibell & Mott Molt, C. A.—United States, 81 Mott, I. H. R.—X. 498 Mott, W.—XXIII. 116 Motte, A.—XVI. 37 Motfe, Bossut, & Co.—France, 654 Motter, Weyhe, & Co. — Portugal, 7^8-755 Mottet, C—France, 932 Mottram & Hawkins.—xxii. 691 Moucheur, F. A.—Belgium, 366 Mouchot.—France, 1667 Mouilliard, P. F. V.—x. 95 Moulard, Mdlle.—France, 655 Moulin, —XXVI. 163 Moulin, C.—VIII. 272 Moulton, S. C.—United States, 534 Mounoury, see Dartevelle, &c. Mountfoni, see Keys & Mountford Mourceau,—France, 1668 Mourgue & Bousquet.—France, 1363 Mousley, C. E.—xxvi. 123 Moussard, —France, 657 Moussillac, A.—France, 933 Moussin, P.—Russia, 294 Moutier le Page.—France, 1364 Mouzaie Mines, Commission of. — Al- geria, 18 Mowland, Charlotte G.—xix. 228 Moxon, C—XXVI. 252. 276 Moyle. S.—X. 710 Moyne, H. Le—Jersey & Guernsey, 5 Moysen.—France, 467 Moyston, W. A.—United States, 25 Muck, J.—Austria, 354 Muckart, see Shand & Muckart Muckenheim & Alpers.—Hamburgh, 27 Mudge, J.—VII. 190 Mudie, J.—X. 683a Muehl, Von der, Brothers.—Switzerland, 162 Muehl, Wahl, & Co.—France, 934 Muelde, A.—Zollverein (o), 167 Muehlenderlein, C. F.—Z^ll. (3), 157 Mueller, A. L.—Austria, 219 Mueller, C. A.—Zollverein (6), 24 Mueller & Co.—Switzerland, 177; Zoll- verein (3), 115 Mueller, J. F.—Zollverein (1), 201 Mueller, J. G.—Zollverein (1), 541 Mueller, J. P.—Zollverein (6), 10 Mueller, Pluess, & Co.—Switzerland, 151 Mueller, T. B. & Co.—Switzerland, 160 Muelman, A. Von.—Zollverein (1), 319 Muenzers, see Damsch & Muenzers Muhlenbach&Thewald.—Zoll. (8), 10 Muhr, J.—Zollverein (2), 91 Muir, A.—Canada, 37 Muir, G.—Malta, 29 Muir, P.—XXIX. 150 Muir, R.—XVII. 174 Muir, W.—VI. 206 Muirs, Connell, & Brodie.—xx. 173. 215 Mularinho, M.—Portugal, 1236 Mulcahey, see Dill & Mulcahey Mulder, De.—Belgium, 57 Miiller.—Zollverein (1), 287 ; (2), 90; (Main Avenue, East) Muller, A.—Zollverein (1), 148 Miiller, A. F.—Zollverein (1), 723 Mulltr, C. A.—Austria, 654 Muller, D.—Persia Muller, F.—IV. 125a; Zollv. (1), 227 ; Switzerland, 155 Muller, H. F.—Austria, 372 Miiller, J. Van.—Denmark, 32 Muller, M. W.—Zollverein (1), 352 Muller, T. A.—France, 1365 Muller, T. L.—Zollverein (1), 183 Muller, W. O.—Hamburgh, 76 Mulliner, F.—v. 922 Mulliner, H.—v. 924 Mulot & Son.—France, 658 Mumford, W. T.—viii. 144 Mummery, F. H.—xxvi. 292 Municio, V.—Spain, 224 Munro, see Chard & Munro Munro, A.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 41 Munro, J., jun,—viii. 282 Muntz, G. F. (xM.P.)—viii. 101 Muquardt, C—Belgium, 473 Murchison, J. H.—i. 521a; New Zea- land, 2 Murcia, Inspector of Mines of the dis- trict of—Spain, 7 Murdoch, J.—X. 202 Murley, W. & C—xii, & XV. 10 Murphy, D. J.—IX. 386 ; see also Moore & Murphy Murphy, J.—XXII. 683 (Main Avenue, West) Murphy, Margaret.—XII. & XV. 262 Murray & Cowper.—xxvil. 66 Murray, H.—Canada, 96 Murray, J.—vil. 4 Murray, Mrs.—South Australia, 6 Murray, Sir J., M.D.—ii. 87 Murray, W.—i, 426 ; v. 566 ; vm. 38; XXII. 793; Van Diemen's Land, 18.40 Murray, Sir W. Bart.—iv. 137 Muschamp, W.—i. 514 Miiseler, B, L.—Belgium, 24 Museum of Royal Academy.—Portugal, 136-231 Mussa, M —XVI. 260 Mussini, Professor.—Tuscany, 26 Musslewhite, T.—xvi. 71 Musson, i.^see Musson, R. & J. Musson, R. & J.—XX. 97 Mutrot, see Proutat, &c. Muzard, L.—France, 1366 Myers.—xxvi. 533 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 117 Myers «8c Co.—Western End, South Enclosure (Outside), 35 Myers & Son.—xxii. 338 Myerscough, Steel, & Co.—xi. 39 Nachet.—France, 1370 Nacke & Gehrenbeck,—Zollverein (3), 72—83 Naef, M.—Switzerland, 131 Naef & Schwarzenbach.—Switzerland, 153 Naeltjens, J.—Belgium, 308 Naenny, H.—Zollverein (6), 67 Nag'l, L.—Austria, 680 Nagler, see Bruhm & Nag'er Nagpore, Resident at.—India, xi. Nailor, J.—United States, 178 Nairn, M.—XIX. 253 Nairne, T. G.—xx. 179 Nameche, see Temsonnet, G. &c. Namiest Cloth Manufacturing Com- pany.—Austria, 220 Nanni, L.—Tuscany, 94 Nanimcci.—Tuscauy, 67 Napier, J.—xxix. 262 Napier, J. R.—v. 301 Napier & Son.—vi. 158 Na]jles, the late Queen of.—Austria, 747 Nardi, Brothers.—Tuscany, 70 Narimofi", O.—Russia, 193 Narishkin, L. K.—Russia, 127 Narzivellia, M.—Portugal, 71 Nasareth, A. J. D.—Portugal, 13 Nash.—XXII. 612 Nash, E. (late J. Butler).—xxm. 86 Nash, Mrs.—Jamaica Nash, R.—XXII. 310 Nash, T. jun.—xxviii. 68 Nasmyth, G.—vii. 169 Nasmyth, J.—v. 41 ; vi. 236 ; x. 688 Nassau Government Engineers of Mines, ■—Zollverein, (8), 1 Nast, H. J.—France, 659 National Society for the Education of the Poor—xvii. 211 Naudi, Rosina —Malta, 8 Nauen, Loewe, & Co.—Zoll. (1), 93 Nauri, J. B.—Spain, 281 Nawe, Francois.—x. 592 Naxara, see Cerf & Naxara Naylnr, I.—vill. 199 Naylor, J.—xxii. (i38 Naylor, J. W.—Denmark, 22 Naylor, M.—vii. 81 Naylor, Vickers, and Co.—xxii. 199 Naylor, W.—ii. 35; xxiv. 30 Naylor, W.—vii. 64 Naze, Son, and Co.—France, 625 Nazet, B.—France, 660 Neal & Tonks.—XXII. 285 Neale, W. J.—vii. 121 Neath Abbey Coal Company.—Western end. South enclosure (Outside), 44 Need ham, H.—vm. 26u Needham, J., see Needham, W. & J. Needham, W. & J.—vm. 213 Neef, see Gerresheim k Neef Nees, A. F.—Zollverein (1), 420 Nef, J. J.—Switzerland, 198 Neff, M. N.—Zollverelii (2), 62 Negretti & Zambra.—x. 16Ua Negro, P. Dal.—Austria, 719 Neie, F. W.—Zollverelu(l), 168 Neighbour & Son—ix. 290 Neil, R.—XVII. 91 Neil I, Catiieriue, and Sons.—xil. & XV. 263 Neish, J.—XIV. 63 Neitzer & Brabant.—Zollverein (I), 583 Nelis, J.—I. lo Nelson & Hatters.—Canada, 84 Nelson, G.—Page 848; xxx. (Sculp- ture Court), 35 Nelson, J.—xvi. 324; xxii. 229 Nelson, Knowles, & Co.—xviii. 29 Nelson, Messrs.—xxii. 102 Nelson, T. jun.—vi. 120 Nencini, Prof. L.—Tuscany, 108 Neraudeau, J. A.—France, 661 Nering, Bogel, & Co.—Netherlands, 80 Nerinck, Sisters.—xix. 8 Nesbit, see Brunt on and Nesbit Nesbitt, J. C—I. 46 Ness, Mary.—VII. 123 Nessel, C—Austria, 395a Netscher, A. D. van der Gon.—British Guiana, 6. 8-11. 16. 19. 27. 73. 78 Nettleton & Son.—xxil. 388 Netto, M.—Zollverein (i), 148 Neuack, see Saelger & Neuack Neubarth, see Clafey & Neubarth Neuber, Friedrich.—Zoll. (3), 72—83 Neubert, C. G.—Austria, 299 Neubronner, G.—Zollv. (2) 97 Neuburger, A.—France, 662 Neuburger & Sons.—Zollverein (4), 49 Neuhaenser, Siegmund, & Co.—Austria, 229 Neuhaus & Blosch.—Switzerland, 1 Neuhaus, H. J.—Zollverein (I), 522 Neuhaus, L.—Zollverein (1), 577 Neuhofl; J. H.—Zollverein (I), 603 Neumann, Brothers.—Switzerland, 153 Neumann, T. L.—Austria, 373 Neuner & Hornsteiner.—Zoll. (2), 33 Neuwall, Chevaliers de.—Austria, 56 Nevell & Co.—XX. 7 Neves, A. J. das.—Portugal, 648-651 Neviandt, see Grave & Neviandt Neviandt & Pfleiderer.—Zoll. (1), 523 Nevill & Co.—XX. 20 Neviil, J. P.—V. 450 Nevill, Major.—xvi. 335 New Brunswick India-rubber Co.— United States, 560 New Jersey Exploring & Mining Com- pany.— United Stales, 166 New York Agricultural Soc.—United States, 83 New York Atlantic Dock Mills.—; United States, 126 New York Blind Institute.—United States, 112 New York City Bank.—United States, 339 New York Iron Bridge Company.— United States, 511 Newall, R. S. & Co.—xxii. 36 Newberry, F.—x. 460 Newberry, W.—ix. 57 Newberv, J. & R.—xvii. 148; xxvi. 313 ' Newbery, R., see Newbery, J. & R. Newbold & Owen.—XXII. 133 Newbould & Baildon.—xxii. 133a Newbury Local Committee.—xx. 166 Newcomb, T.—v. 205 ; x. 672a Newcomb & Jones.—xix. 257 Newcome, J.—xvi. 323 Newell, see Day and Newell Newl.am, J.—v. 926 Newham, R.—xxx. 100 Newington, S.—x. 20 Newington, Dr. S.—ix. 124a Newman, G.—xvi. 146 Newman, H. J.—United States, 402 Newman, J.—x. 297. 674 Newman, W. H.—xxvii. 60 Newnham, B.—v. 928; xxvi. 365 Newnham, T. G. —vii. 170 Newsliam, S. J.—xxiv. 79 Newson, H.—x. 675 Newton, see Hutton & Newton ; Winsor & Newton ; Pigott & Newton Newton, C. H.—iv. 20 Newton, 1.—United States, 387 Newton, Jones, and Willis.—xix. 258 Newton & Son.—X. 212 Newton, W.—xxvi. 97 Newton, Sir W. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 250 Neyt, A.—Belgium, 157 Nibbs, J. S.—xxii. 472 Nicholas, Martha.—xxix. 154 Nicholay & Son.—xvi. 301A (Main Avenue, West) Nicholl & Co.—V. 770 Nicholl, S. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 272 Nicholls, H.—XVI. 5 Nicholls, J.—I, 89. 162 Nicholls, R. H.—IX. 20 Nicholls, W.—X. 414; xxix. 164 Nicholls & Ashton.—Belgium, 318 Nichols, Mary Ann.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 2^1 Nicholson, see Smith, Nicholson, & Co. Nicholson, A.—United States, 549 Nicholson, Siret.—i. 5H4a Nicholson, G. jun.—vii. 40 Nicholson, J,—xil. & XV. 170a Nicholson, R.—Canada, 326 Nicholson, V.—XXIII. 38 Nicholson, W.—xxil, 137 Nicholson, W. N,—IX. 50; xxii. 87 Nickels, C. & Co.—XXVIII. 78 Nicklin & Sneatli.—xxil. 332 Nicod, V. & Son.—France, 663 Nicol, see Gaimes, Sanders, & Nicol Nicol, A. & Co.—XIV. 87 Nicol & Allen,—xxvii. 69 Nicolas, P.—France, 664 Nicoll, B.—XX. 34 Nicull, T.—XXVI. 182 Nicoll, W.—XXIII. 21 Nicol Is, Miss.^—Bahamas Nicolls A.—XII. & XV. 261 Nicolson, R.— Canatla, 326 Nieberg, J. L.—Hamburgh, 10 Niedree, J. E.—France, 665 Nielsen, N.—Denmark, 26 Nietzschmann & Vaccani.—Zollverein (1), 706 Nieuwenborg, Brothers.—Belgium, 343 Nieva, the Alcalde of Santa Maria de, —Spain, 233 Nightingale,C., se;eNightingale,W.& C. Nightingale, W. & C—iv. 57 Nijne-Tourinsk, Imperial Iron Works of. —Russia, 10 Nijni Novgorod, Merchants, &c^ of.— Russia, 225. 314 Nikita, V. v.—Russia, 338 Nikitin.— Russia, 68 Nillus.—France, 1371 Nllson & Junker.— Russia, 308 Nilus, jun.—France, 935 Nimmo & Son.—VI. 37 Nimmo, T. & Co.—iv. 122 Nisbet, J. & Co,—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 116 Nissen, J.—Denmark, 20 Nissen & Parker.—ii. 36 Nixey, W. G.—ii. 112 ; xxii. 640 Nixon, J, & Co.—I. 267 Nixon, T.—VII. 174; ix. 161 N. N.—Russia, 45.85. 88. 89. 105-^" . 125. 128. 146. 274. 2S0. 291 Noak, J. see Noak, W. & J. Noak, W.& J.—Ill, 118 Noakes, see Frost, Noakes, & Vincent Nobert, F. A.—Zollverein (1), 77 Nobili, C.—Tuscany, 91 Noble, see Standish & Noble Noe, O.—Zollverein (1), 418 Noel.—France, 666, 1669 ; see also Aubert & Noel Noel, F.—Belgium, 322; France, 936 Noel, H. W.—XXVI. 400 Noerdlinger, Professor.—Zoll. (4), II Nogaisk Tartars.— Russia, 196 Nogarede, J. L.—France, 937 Noggerath, Dr.—Belgium, 501 Noguiera, A. de Sa.—Portugal, 401. 438 Noirsain, J.—xxil. 491 Nolan, W. H.—X. 538 Nolte, see Bolenius, &c. Noordendorp, P. H.—Netherlands, 110 Noose.—Zollverein (1), 310a Norberg & Sathei's Iron Mines.—Swe- den, 102 Norberto, P. F.—Portugal, 517. 599. 625. 626 Norchi, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 309 Rome, 51 Nordmann, G. L,—Zollverein (1), 30 Norgate, see Williams & Norgate Norman,—Sweden, 54 Norman, G.—xxii. 391 Norman, S. VV.—xvi. 201 ; xx. 167 North, C—XXVI, 259 North, D.—XXVI. 2o7 Northern Lighthouses, Commissioners of. —VII 99 Northern, W.—x. 419 Northumberland Life Boat Committee. —VIII. 136 Northumberland Patent Rope Company. —XXIX. 1 j5 Northumberland & Durliam Coal Trade. —I. 273 Norton, J,—XII. & XV. 126 ; xxx. 346 Norwood, C.—xxvi. 314 Nothhaft, F.—Austria, 492 Nottebohm & Co.—Zollverein (1), 635 Noulton & VVyld.—VIII. 178 Nourry, Brothers, & Meynard, Cousins. —France, 1670 Nouvelle Montague (Societe de la), Verviers.—Belgium, 7 Nova Scotia Central Committee.—Nova Scotia Novello, J. A.—XVII. 127 Nowak, F.—Austria, 115 Nowill, J. & Sons.—XXII. 149 Novvotny, A.—Austria, 66. 625 Noye, see Esprit & Noye Noye, F.—France, 1372 Noyes, see Maynard & Noyes Noz & Diggelmaxin.—Switzerland, 153 Nuffel, Van, & Coveliers.— Belgium, 225 Numa-Grar & Co.—France, 667 Nunes, J, P,—Portugal, 1237 Nunn, A.—VII. 187 ; ix. 92a ; xxil. 703 Nunn, E. B. see Nunn, J. P. & E. B. Nunn, J.—XXVI. 228 Nunn, J. P. & E. B.—IX. 218 Nunij, R. M.—X. 371 Nunn & Sons.—xxvi. 165 Nunns & Clark.—United States, 374 Nuno, D.—Spain, 62 Nuore, the Divisional Committee of.— Sardinia, 36 Nurgat, Made.—France, 1504a Nurse & Co.—V. 932 Nussbaumer, L.—Austria, 497 Nusseys, see Hargreave & Nusseys Nutchey, J.—xxvi. 258 Nye, E.—XXVI. 54 Nyrop, C.—Denmark, 19 Nyset & Co.—France, 1373 Nystrand.—Sweden, 82 Oakden, P.—Van Diemen's Land, 161 —164 Oakeley, E.—Western end, South en- closure (Outside), 34 Oakey, H.—x. 67oa Oaktbrd, C.—United States, 45 Oakley, T.—xvi. 270 Oastler & Palmer.—xvi. 286 Oates, J. P.—X. 520 Gates, W.—VIT. 10 Oherconz, H.—Zollverein (1), 3; 3 Oberndorf, Roval Gun Manufactory.— Zollverein (4), 15 Oblasson, E.—Greece, 62 Obroutchetl—Russia, 348 Obry, Jules Bernard, & Co.—France, 334 O'Eyrne, W. C—i. 248 Ochs —Fiance, 668 O'Connell, J.—xi. 31 O'Conner, H.—viii. 189 ; see also Ross, &c. O Connor, see Ross, O'Connor, & Carson O'Connor, A., see O'Connor, M. & A. O'Connor, M. & A.—xxiv. 65 Oddy, S.—XX. 121 Odeil, see Sliarp, Odell, & Jury Odent, Sons, & Co.—France, 938 Odeurs, J. M.—Belfrium, 169 Odiot.—France, 1671 O'Donnell, Mary.—xix. 53 Ody, see Salmon, Ody, & Co. Oeberg & Co.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Oehler, Brothers—Zollverein (3), 116 Oehler, C—Zollverein (6), 8 Oehme, C. W.—Zollverein (1), 116 Oehmig & Schmidt.—Zoll.(3), 154 Oelbermann, D. Sons, & Co.—Zoll- verein (1), 497 Oertling, A.—Zollverein (1), 87 Oertling, L.—x. 334 Oesterberg, C. G.—Sweden & Norwaj^, Oestreicher, D.—Austria, 396 Oetzraann & Plumb.—x. 683. Otlergeld, F, J.—Belgium, 4 Oftermann, F. W.—Zollverein (1), 350 Offermann, J. H.—Austria, 221 Offlahertie, H.—i. 521 Offner, J. W.—Austria, 444 OtlTord, D.—VIII. 25 ; x. 680; xxi. 28 Offord, D. & Bradbeer.—VIII. 26 Otlbrd, R.—V. 934 Ogden, see Svkes & Ogden. Oger, J. L. M.—France, 939 Ogleby & Co.—XXIX. 139 Ogilvie, see Mitcliell, Miller, &c. O'Halloran, see Parlett, O^Halloian, &c. Ohio Board of Agiicnlture.— United States, 24 Ohle, E. F—Zollverein (1), 62 Ohlson, J.—XXIV. 10 Oignie, Charbonnage d', Coal Mines.— Belgium, 32 Oldfieid, Allan, & Co.—XII. & XV. I l7 Oldfield & Co.—XXVII. 76 Oldiield, Rev.—I, 21 Oldrini, J.—Austria, 106a O'Leary, J.—xvi. 265 01iver,'F.—United States, 593 Oliver, J.—XXVII. 41 Oliver, B. S.—xx. 88 Oliver, G. T.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 16 Oliver, O.—VII. 65 Oliver, T.—United States, 341 Oliver, W.—IV. 39; xxil. 121 Olivier & Co.—Belgium, 201 OUerdissen, P.—Zollverein (1), 551 Olliffe, C. R.—V. 771 Olmo, J.—Spain, 107 Olmsted, Mrs. J.—United States, 359 Olonetz, Imperial Alexandrovsky Cannon Foundry at—Russia, 2. 285 Olorenshaw, J. & Co.—x. 3 Olshardsen, F.—Hamburgh, '90 Olver, Lydia.—xix. 259 Omalius, G. D'.—Belgium, 171 O'Meara, M.—Canada, 179 Omer, Kibury.—Turkey Onate; Royal Ordnance Office.—Spain, 262 (Main Avenue, East) Ondagahout, P.—Canada, 172 Onion, E.—xix. 56 Onions, J. C.—xxii. 249 Oomen, A. M.—Netherlands, 8 Cost, P. Van.—Belgium, 219 Ooste, A.—Russia, 194 Ooste-Catchey-Ooste-Ali-Beck-Ogli. — Russia, 163 Ooste-Selim-MoUa-Noori-Ogli.—Russia, 165 Opdenhoff & Hartung.—ZoU. (1), 134 Ophen, Van.—Belgium, 49 Opigez & Chazelle (late Gagelin)— France, 336 Oporto Coal Mining Co.—Portugal, 17 Oppelt, E.—Spain, 271 Oppenheim, H. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 728 ; (3), 99 Oppenheimer, Caroline.—Austria, 701A Orban, J. M. & Son.—Belgium, 372 Orchard, J.—x. 161 Ordnance Survey of the United King- dom.—I. 159; VIII. 128; x. 4 Orduna, V.—Spain, 214 Orense, Mining Inspector of.—Spain, 18 Organ, J.—Western end. South enclo- sure (Outside), 1 ; xxvii. 85 Ormerod, R. & Son.—v. 624 Orpwood, G,—XXII. 552 Orr, see Cohen & Orr; Ewing, Orr, & Co. Orr, M.—VIII. 75 Orr, W. S. & Co.—XVII. 109 Orsetti, C. T.—Tuscany, 31 Orsi & Armani.—xxvii. 36 Ortega y Soler, F.—Spain, 193 Orton, R.—VIII. 136 Osborn, Matilda.—xix. 260 Osborne, C.—viii. 234 Osier, F. & C—xxiv. 20 (Main Avenue and Transept) Osmond, G.—xxii. 658 Ossberger"s, P. successor.—Austria, 189 Ossoli, see Marchesi & Ossoli Osten, L. V. D.—Zollverein (1), 150 Osterberger, L.—Austria, 538 Osterby Iron Works.— Sweden and Norway, 6 Oswald, M. & Co.—Switzerland, 152 Oswald, Stevenson, & Co.—xi. 10 & 45 Oswego Starch Factory.—United State.^-, 104 Otis, B. H.—United States, 23 Otte, J.—Belgium, 2 Oltley, T.—XXII. 306 Otto, see Isler & Otto; Schaffer, Otto, & Sheibe Otto, F. H.—Netherlands, 56 Otto, H.—Zollverein (4), 47 Oudard, L. Son, & Boucherot—France 1374 Oudin, C. A. F.—France, 1376 Oudin & Co.—France, 1375 Oudin-Cormy.— France, 669 Ouerim, G.—Austria, 84 Ougree.—Societe des Charbonnages et Hants Fournaux, D.—Belgium, 40 Ounkovsky.—Russia, 54 Ourscamp Society.—France, 379 Outridge, J.—British Guiana, 20a. 47. 48. 51. 55c. 62. 84-85. 85b, 85c. 87 89a. 91-92A. 97-98.4. 104. 10.5a. 106.-] 15a. 117d-117e. 148b.-153 Overbeck.—xxm. !29 Over bury, J.—xii. & XV. 216 Overloop, J. C. van.—Belgium, 23G Overman.—Belgium, 297 Owden, see Richardson, Sons, &c. Owen, see Brown, Owen, & Co.; New- bold & Owen; Sandtbrd & Owen; Sandford, Owen, & Watson Owen, C—II. 83 Owen, H.—X. 670 ; xvii. 180 Owen, J.—Denmark, 44 Owen & Levick.—xxm. 41 Owens, J.—United States, 319 Owtram & Co.—xi. 62 Oxeda & Aqui.—Algeria, 40 Oxland, J. & R.—ii. 120 Oxlev, W.—X. 689 Oxley, W. & Co.—xxii. 806 Oyler, S.—il. 113 Oyler & Anderson.—United States, 305 Ozann, Dr. G.—Zollverein (2), 87 Ozerov, T. Russia.—228 Ozouf, H.—France, 670 Paardeberg, J. S. C—South Africa, 7 Pace, see Tylor & Pace Pace, J.—x. 117 Pace & Sons.^—x. 517 Pacini, D.—Tuscany, 33 Paddon & Ford.—xxii. 424 Padley, Parkin, & Staniforth.—xxili.42 Padreddii, F.—Tuscany, 60 Padwick, Anne.—xix. 261 Padwick, W. F.—ix. 215 Paetsch, G. T.—Zollverein (1), 18 Paetsch & Hintze.—Zollverein (1), 218 Pagan, F.—Switzerland, 64 Page, E.—United States, 92 Page, Eleanor & W.—xxix. 194 Page, H. C—XXVII. 26 Page, H. M.—XXVI. 229 Page, J. R.—I. 425 Paget, J. A.—France, 337 Pagnerre.—France, 940 Pagny.—France, 675 Paige, J. W., & Co.—United States, 436 537 Paillard, A., see PaiUard, E. & A. Paillard, A. V.—France, 1713 Paillard, E.—France, 671 Paillard Brothers—Switzerland,26. 267 Paillard, J. M.—France, 672 Paillart, Brothers.—France, 338 Paillete, P.—France, 1377 Paine, J. M.—i. 36; iii. 62 Paine, W.—x. 295 Paisaiit, L. tie.—France, 590 Paix, Heauvoy C. De,— France, 941 Pajk, G.—Austria, 127 Palatini, see Serafino, Palatini & Co. Paleiicia, Iiisj)ector of Mines of the district of.—Spain, 27 Paiencia, M. R.—Spain, 124 Palhueber, V.—Austria, 637 Palis, A.—Zollverein, (1), 2G3 Pallenl)er<r, H.—Zollverein, (1), 421 Palling, W.—XII. & XV. -213 Palmella, Duke de.— Portugal, 114. 530-534. 601-610 Palmer, see Bums and Palmer; Hunt- ley and Palmer; Oastler and Palmer Palmer & Co.—xxii. 447 Palmer, F. B.— United Slates, 39 Palmer, G.—viii. 136 Palmer, H.—xxvi. 59 Palmer, Helen.—xix. 262 Palmer, J. L.—France, 942 Palmer, Macelloch, & Co.—China, 14 Palmer, Miss.—xxvi. 322 Palmer, R.—ix. 48a ; xix. 400; xxvi. 53 Palmer, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 197 Palmer, W. R.—United States, 347 Palmer. W. V.—x. 451 Palmgreii, P. F—Sweden, 49, 68 Palsgrave, J. T.—Canada, 189 Pamer, S.— Austria, 44) Pancialichi, Marquis.—Tuscany, 96 Panna, N. & J, Alexis.—Austria, 94 Pannell, J.—ix. 201 Pannilini, C. A. G.—Tuscany, 42 Panormo, C.^—Page 850 Panormo, L.—x. 525 Pansa& Hauschild.—Zollverein (3), 42 Pantazapoulus, A.—Greece, 51 Panteleelf, M.—Russia, 175 Paoletti, F.—Tuscany, 29 Paolo, see Vella, Paolo, & Co, Papavoine & Cliatel.—France, 339 Pape, J. H.—France, 943 Papera, J. P.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 17 Papi, C—Tuscany, 116 Pappafava.—Austria, 79 Papperitz, J. F.—Zollverein (3), 173 Papworth, K. G,—xxx. (Sculp(ure Court), 27 Papworth, J. W.—xix. 379; xxx. 22b Papworth, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 22a Paquet, Marie—Belgium, 335 Paqu€t-Fazy, Mde.—Switzerland, 105 Paradis, De Ruolz, & Co.— France, 340 Paravagna & Casella.—xxiii. 84 Pardo y Bartolini, M.—Spain, 116 Pardee, Hoomans, & Pardoe.—xxx 263 Pardon, see Reed & Pardon Pardoux.—France, 341 Pare, Gera Di.—Austria, 85 Parent.—France^ 944 Parent, T, J. F.—Belgium, 278 Paret, M.—France, 1378 Parey, C. F. W.—Zollverein (1), 169 Parfrey, G.—V. 972 pari, G.—Austria, 85 Parini, J.—Sardinia, 91 Paris, see Duval & Paris Paris, C. E.—France, 1379 Paris Chocolate Co.—m, 30 Paris Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. —France, 1568 Paris, E.—i. 4 ; New Granada, 4 Paris, N ational Printing-office.—France, 544 Parisault^ F.—Canada, 77 Parisault, J.—Canada, 76. 129 Parish, R. jnn.—United States, 588 Pariset, F.—France, 1673 Park, S. H.—X. 337 Park and Thompson.—XIX. 59 Parker, see Lowthian & Parker ; Morri- son & Parker; Nissen & Parker; Townsend, Parker, &c. Parker, & Acott.—xxii. 298 Parker & Brown—United States, 235 Parker, C.—viii. 67 ; see also Parker, C. E. & C. Parker, C. E. & C—VI, 77 Parker, Field, & Sons.—viil. 224 Parker, J.—xvi. 242 ; Canada, 68 Parker, J. H.—xvii. 1 20 Parker, Rev. Dr.—China, 12 Parker & Sans.—xvi. 116 Parker, Wilder, & Co.—United States, 513 Parkes, Brothers.—Canada, 186 Parkes, H. P.—viii. 108 Parkes, H. W.—xxii. 659 Parkes, J. & Son, x. 671 Parkin, see Blake & Parkin ; Padley, Parkin, & Stamforth, &c. Parkin & Marshall.-xxii. 119 Parkins, T.—xxix. 152 Parkinson, see Hatterslej'-, Parkinson, & Co. Parkinson & Frodsham.—x. 35 Parks.—x. 579 Parks, W. J.—x. 413a Parlanti, E.—Tuscany, 101 Parlby, see White & Parlby Parlett, O'Halloran, & Co.—Ceylon Parmenter, E.—United States, 244 Parmentier, P.—Belgium, 222 Pariiuit, V. Dautresme, Sons, & Co,— France, 673 Paroissien, A.—France, 945 Parr, Curtis, & Madeley.—vi. 6. 213 Parreira, M.—Portugal, 1169, 1170 Parreyron.—France, 13ii6A Parrot, W.—II. 46 Parry, see Kirk & Parry Parsch, Brothers.—Austria. 279 Parsey, A.—V. 591 Parsey, W.—VIII 88 Parsons, v. 807, see Ransom & Parsons Parsons, Fletcher, & Co.—xvii. 31 Parsons, J.—ix. 112 Parsons, John.—i. 232 Parsons, P. M.—v. 642 Parsons, W.—vili. 270 Partagas & Co.—Spain, 251 Partridge, N.—xii. and xv. 212 Partridge, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 333 Partsch, A. jun.—Austria. 611. 662 Parys, J. see Docquir, P. J., &c. Pascual y Abad, A.—Spain, 286 Pashkoir, A.—Russia, 23 Pashkotr, M.—Russia, 24 Pask, see Koenig & Pask Pasquali, D. R.—^Rome, 2 Pasquet, Du, see Vauclier, &c. Pasqui, P.—Tuscany, 83 Pass, see Gatenby & Pass Pass, A. De.—South Africa, 50 Pass, C. G.—Zollverein (1), 377 Passamonte, S.—Rome, 32a Passmore, W.—xvi. 79 Pasteyns, P.—Belgium, 484 Pastor-Bert rand & Co.— Belgium, 395 Pastorelli, D.—Tuscany, 35 Patek, P. & Co.—Switzerland, 99. 274 Paternoster, T.—v. 936 Paternostre, J.—Belgium, 331 Paterson, G.—Canada, 115 Paterson, J.—XX. 19. 129 Paterson, Jamieson, & Co.—xi. 11 Paterson, T.—v. 148 Paterson, T. L.—vi. 28 Paton, D. see Patoii, J. & D. Paton, J. & D.—XII. & XV. 466 Patoux-Drion, & Co.—France, 674 Patiiau, C—France, 1380 Patrick, see Lambert, Brown, &c. Patron, J. de.—29a Pattak G.— Austria, 350 Patterson, D.—United States,478; Van Diemen's Land, 48; see also Almy, Patterson, & Co. Patterson, J.—Canada, 146 Patterson, W.—viii. 136 Patteson, R. S.—United States, 278 Pattinson & Cain.—i. 497 Pattinson, H. L.—l. 480 Pattinson, W. W.—II, 18 (Main Ave- nue, West) Pattison, E,—xvi. 186 Patton, J.—Switzerland, 44 Paturle-Lupin, Seydoux, Seiber, & Co. — France, 1381 Paublan, J.—France, 946 Paul-Ulysse.—France, 676 Pauli & Buchholz.—Zollverein (1), 368 Pauller, J. & Son.—Austria, 649 Paulo, y M. Bartolini,—Spain, 44 Pauly, A., see Pauly, G. & A. Pauly, G. & A.—Switzerland, 199 Pauly, O.—Zollverein (1), 328 Pauw, De.—Belgium, 485 Pauwels, A.—France, 342, 1382 Pavlides, B.—Greece, 12 Pavloff, N.—Russia, 333 Pawson, Son, & Martin.—xii, & xv. 40 Paxon, W.—X. 191 Paxton, J.—IX. 125 ; x, 742 Payen, A. R.—France, 1674 Payne, see Rock, &c,; Ward & Payne Payne, G,—XXIX. 29 Payne, H.—iii. 82 Payne & Son.—in. 22 Payne & Sons,—xxiii. 4 Payne, W. & Co.—x. 73 Payne's PatentTimber Preserving Com- pany.—IV, 139 Pazelt, A.— Austria, 603 Peace, A. & Co.—xii. & xv. 91; xx. 128 Peace, H,—xxii. 233a Peace, J.—xxii. 233 Peach, see King & Peach Peachey, Emma.^—xxvi. 238 Peachey, G.—x. 502 Peachey, J, jun.—xxx. (Fine Art Court 320 Peacock, A.—xxix. 193 Peacock, G.—ii. 73 Peake, C, C—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 144 Peake, T.—xxvii, 123 Peal, N.—XVI. 197 Peale, C. W.—United States, 74 Pearce, E. E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 32 Pearce, T. B.—v. 709; viil. 330 ; XXIX. 173, 311 Pearce, W.—ix. 77 ; xxii. 671 ; xxvii. 75 Pearl, J.—xvi. 100 Pears, A. & F.—xxix. 24 Pears, F., see Pears, A. & F. Pearse, see Hailing, Pearse, & Stone Pearse, Clara.—xix. 266 Pearson.—xvii. 29; xxii. 541 ; Van Diemen's Land, 109 ; see also Harroj), Taylor, and Pearson. Pearson & Co.—xi. 21 Pearson, J.—xii. & xv. 239; xx. I 26a Pearson, J. W.—viii. 65 Pearson, W. P.—xxvil. 65 Peart & Dossetor.—xx. 5 Peasants, Female, of Wexford, xx. 181 Pease, H. & Co.—xii. & xv. 184 Pease, Heaton, & Co.—xii. & xv. CO Pease, J.—i. 122 Pease, R. H.—United Slates, 230 Peat.—Brazil, 3. Peat-working Company of Ireland.—i. 231. Pecare & Smith.—United States, 307 Peck, Mrs. C. P.—United States, 248 Peck, G.—V an Diemen's Land, 224-226 Peckerd, J. P.—xvii. 110 Peckham, J.—United States, 320b Pecqueur.—France, 96S Pedolin, P.—Switzerland, 49 Pedro, S. de Araya, the Director of the Factory of.—Spain, 12 Pedroso Iron Co., Seville.—Spain, 24 Peel, A. H.—XVI. 66 Peel, J.—XXVIII. 175 Peel, W. & Co.—XII. & xv. 164 Peemans, Mad. H.—Belgium, 5') Peers, Le Chevalier E.—Belgium, 75 Peet, T.—IV. 132, Pegler, C—xiv. 43 Peigne, V. J.—France, 947 Peile, J. J. & Co.—VII. 77. Peill & Co.—Zollverein (1), 369 Peirce, W.—xxii. 18 Pfixoto, J. C—Portugal, 623 Peldrian s Heirs.—Austria, 288 Pelikan, J.—Austria, 597 Pelitti, G.—Austria, 161 Pelizarus, see Tack, W. & Co. Pell, R. J.—United States, 115 Pellatt & Co.—XXIV. 33 Pellegrini, S.—Rome, 27 Pellerin, C. A.—France, 1383 Pellier, Brothers —France, 948 Pelling, C.—XIV, 4 Pellissiei".—Algeria, 42 Peltereau, A.—France, 677 Peltereau, F. jun.—France, 949 Peltzer, W,—Zollverein (1),518 Pemberton, see Simcox, &c. Pena, A.—Spain, 282 Penafiel, E.—Spain, 77 Peneau, J.—France, 950 Peneipe, Council of.—Portugal, 1281 Penfield & Camp.—United States, 296 Penfold, O,—XIII. 59 Penley, E. A.—xix. 392 Penn & Sou, v, 8 Penner, J,—C anada, 65, 132 Penney, H.—iv. 64 Penniman, U. H.—Uijited Stales, 249 Pennington, J.—x. 53 Pennock & Co.—i. 218 Pennsylvania Railroad Company. — United States, 327 Penny, H.—xvii. 32 Penny, J.—xvi. 91 Penrice, Lieut. R.E.—vm. 173 Penrose, F. C—x. 318 Penryn Local Committee, see Falmouth and Penryn Local Committee [ Pentelicon, Prior of the Monastery.— j Greece, 45 I Penz, J.—Austria, 446 1 Penz, T.—Austria, 447 I Penzance Serpertine Co.—Western end, I South enclosure (Outside) 26 I Pepin-Viellard.—France, 1675 1 Peplow, W.—XVI. 157 ; Pepper, see Serjeant and Pepper Pepper, Otto.—Hamburgh, 18 Peppercorn—xxx. 336 Perard, see Remade, J. &c. Perard& Mineur.—Belgium, 18 Percival, J.—xviii. 73 Percy.—XXIII. 94 Perdicus, J.—Belgium, 53 Peree, J. F.—Belgium, 375 Perelli, A.—Sardinia, 66 Pereta, Mines of—Tuscany, 4 Perez & Co.—Spain, 271a Perfect, see Shepard and Perfect Perger, J.—Austria, 111, 174 Perier, see Gorsas & Perier Pereira, J. da S,—Portugal, 713 Perigal, H. jun,—x. 693 Perisault, J.—Canada, 322 Perkes & Co.—xxii. 64. Perkes, see Wood & Perkes Perkes, S. & Co.—vil. 162 Perkins, A. M,—United States, 532. 541 Perkins & Brown.—United Stales, 201 Perkins, H,—iii. 149 Perkins, S. M,—United States, 472 Perkins, W,—x. 581 Perm, Imperial Copper Works of,— Russia, 6 Perm, Imperial Ekaterinburg Engine Factory,—Russia, 168 Perm, Imperial Goroblagodatsk Iron Works at.—Russia 7 Perm, Imperial Kaminsk Iron Works at. —Russia 8. Perm, Imperial Koussinsk Iron Works at.—Russia, 9 Perm, Imperial Nijne-Issetsk Works at. —Russia, 16. 159 Perot, G. G,—France, 1385 Perot, G, J. sen.—France, 951 Perotis, G.—(-Jreece, 8. Perret, A.—Switzerland, 18 Perret, C.—Switzerland, 271 Perret, Charlotte.—Switzerland, 39 Perret & Son.—Switzerland, 21 Perron.—France, 343 Perrot, Petit, & Co.—France, 952 Perry & Co.—xxii. 687; xxiv. 36 Perry, E.—xxii. 60a Perry, Rev. E,—xix, 268 Perry, G, J.—Canada, 181 Perry, H.—V. 112 Perry, H. J.—v. 562; VI. 501 Perry, J.—xxix. 60; Canada, 157; United States, 72 Perry, Mrs.—xix. 268 Perry & Son—xxii. 691 a Perry, W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 101 Perselaert & Son.—Netherlands, 71 Perseveranca, C.—Portugal, 14 Pescheloclie-Vivin.—France, 344 Pesel & Menuet.—France, 678 Pessl, G.—Austria, 544 Pester, A.—Zollverein (3), 72-83. Peter, J.—Switzerland, 67 Peterhoff Imperial Polishing Manufac- tory.—Russia, 298 Peterman, A,—x. 711 Peters, see Ustonson & Peters Peters, D.—xii. & xv. 220 Peters & Son.—xxviii. 131 Peters & Sons.—v. 938 Peters, T. C—United States, 106 Petersburg, St., Imperial Alexandrovsky Manu.—Russia, 19a. 149. 210 Petersburg, St., Imperial China Manu. —Russia, 318 Petersburg, St., Imperial Coach Making Establishment.—Russia, 154 Petersburg, St., Imperial Jjorsk Works. —Russia, 169 Petersen, J.—Hamburgh, 5. Petersen, P.—Denmark, 35 Petersen, P. L.—Denmark, 11 Peterson, T.—iii, 66. xxii. 383. Petit, see Doucet & Petit Petit, A,—Russia, 25^ Petit, Clement.—France, 679 Petit & (;o. see Perrot, Petit, & Co. Petit, F., & Co.—Belgium, 13 Petit & Fritsen.—Netherlands, 78 Petit Noel, Leronge, & Co.—Belgium, 246-250 Petit, Son, & Co.—France, 345 Petitcolin, J.— France, 953 Petithomme, L. A.—France, 954 Petley, T.—vm. 58 Petrak, J.—Austria, 289 Petri, J.—Zollverein (6), 41 Petrina, Professor.—Austria, 135 Petropoulos, C—Greece, 5 Petrovits, ]).—Austria, 730 Petrucci, C. C.—Tuscany, 40 Petschacher, A.—Austria, 688 Pettit, R. Lewis.—xxiv. 55 Pettit, W^, & Co.—x. 81 Pettit, W. J.—IX. 92 Pettitt & Son.—XVI. 134 Petz, C—Russia, 292 Petz, W.—Austria, 28 Petzoldt & Ehrett.—Zollverein (3), 46 Pefzoldt, F.—Zollverein (3), 141 Peuget, F.—XXVII. 92 Peyman, H. P.—Page 850 Peyron, S.—France, 955. 1387 Peyroulx, H.—France, 1676 Peyton & Harlow.—xxii. 371 Pfaff, G.—United States, 526 Pfalf, M.—Zollverein (2), 35 Pfaltz, see Ihm, Boehm, & Pfaltz Pfeiffer, A. F.—Austria, 604 Pfeiffer, C—Zollverein (1), 184 Pfeiffer, J.—Austria, 418 Pfeiffer, J., & Co.—Austria, 606 Pfeiffer, L.—Austria, 681 Pfeningberger, J.— Austria, 248. 359 Pferdmenges, see Widemann, &c. Pferdmenges, Brothers.—Zollverein (1) 574 Pferdmenges & Kleinjung.—Zollverein (1), 573 Pfeuffer, C—Zollverein (1), 286 Pfeiffers & Ax.—Zollverein (1), 667 Pfitzner & Beckers.—Austria, 41 Ptleiderer, see Neviandt, &c. Pfleiderer, J.—Austria, 476 Piregner, F. A.—Austria, 682 Pfusterschmidt, J.—Austria, 540 Phalon, E.—United States, 390 Pharland, Mrs.—Van Diemens Land, 177 Philadelphia—United States, 558 Philcox, G.—X. 22 Philibert, F., see Philibert, L. & F. Philibert, L. & F.—Russia, 124 Philip.—France, 680 ; see also Wheeler, Philip, & Co. Philip, J.—Page 848 Philippe & Canaud.—France, 956 Philippine Islands, The Central Fac- tory of Tobacco.—Spain, 248 Phillippos, G.—Greece, 4 Phillips, see Bloomer 8c Phillips : Casey & Phillips; Faudell & Phillips; Lacey & Phillips Phillips, Brothers.—xxiii. 87 Phillips, C.—Western end. North En- closure (Outside), 63 Phillips, C, & Co.—IX. 252 Phillips, Emily.—xix. 271 Phillips, G.—IX. 72a Phillips, H.—XXII. 291 Phillips, J.—X. 411 ; XII. & XV. 222 Phillips, J. B.—XXII. 6 Phillips, Rebecca.—xix. 272 Phill ips, Smith & Co.—I. 500 Phillips, Smith & Phillips.—xil. & xv. 217 Phillips & Son.—Zollvereiu (1), 412 Phillips, W.—I. 101 Pliillips, W. H.—V. 92 Phillpotts, Mary Anne.—xx. 18 Philp & Whicker.—X. 641 Pliippard, T,—I. 113 Phipps, Dr.—VIII. 127 Pliipps, W. D.—XVI. 319 Phoenix Manufacturini^ Co., Massachu- setts.—United States, 426 Physick, E.G.—xxx. (Sculpture Court) 69 Physick, E. J.—Page 830 ; xxx. (Sculp- ture Court), 47 Plan, Castagnaio.—Tuscany, 10 Pianello, D.—Sardinia, 3 Picard, E.—France, 347 Picard-Masy, E.— Belgium, 4C5 Picarel, V.—France, 1386 Picault, G. F.—France, 348 Picciotto, M. H.—II 33 ; iv. 53 Pichard, A. F.—Fiance, 1388 Pichler, J.—Austria, 539, 545 Pichot, see Meilletand Pichot Pichot, A.—France, 349 Pick, J.—Russia, 170 Pickering, E. T.—xxx (Fine Art Court), 254 Pickering, J.—xxvi. 347 Pickering, W.—xvil. 140 Piekhardt, G.—Zollvereiu (1), G19 Pickthorn, Esther.—xix. 273 Picquot, E. France, 1389 Pidgley, F. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 225 Piece, Louisa.—SwifzerlaJid, 233 Piedagnel, Mile.—France, 1390 Piedrola, M.—Spain, 84 Piegler, G.—Zollverein (l)^ 765 Piepeiistock & Co.—Zollverein (1), 473 Pierce, Mrs. J. S.—United States, 248a Pierce, W.—xxii, 107 Pieri, Count T.—Tuscany, 41 Pieris, T. A.—Ceylon Pieron.—France, 957 Pierotti, G. — Austria, 720, (Main Avenue, East) Pierret.—France, 350 Pierret, J. B.—France, 958 Pierson.—France, 957 ; Van Dieaieu's Land, 9 Piesse, S.—iii. 129 Pietro, E.—Tuscany, 56^ Piette, L.—Zollverein (1), 394 Piggott, see Thurmaii, Piggott, & Co. Piglheiu, see VVerurr & Piglhein Piglia.—Algeria, 43 Pigott & Co.—xxn, 281 Pigott, J.—XVI. 261 Pigott & Newton.—XIV. 36 Piguet Brothers.—Switzerland, 266,273 Pike, see Booth & Pike Pike, J., see Pike, W. & J. Pike, T. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 336 Pike, W. & J.—I. 102 Pilger, L.—Netherlands, 52a Pilkiiigton, J.—VIII. 176 Pillaut & Co.—France, 35 I Pillersee & Zeobach, Lnperial Smelting Works.—Austria, 407 Pillischer, M.—x. 269 Pillss, F.—Austria, 541 Pilout.—France, 681 Pilss, C—Austria, 540 Pilss, G.—Austria, 542 Hiss, M.—Austria, 543 Pim, Brothers, & Co.—xil. & xv. 255 Pirn, J. E.—XVI. 59 Pimentel, J. M.—Portugal, 920-925, 927. 935. 951, 952. 964 Pimm, H. & Co.—I. 478 Pimont, P.—France, 1391 Pinan, J.—Spain, 61, 159 Pin-Bayard.—France, 682 Pinches & Co.—XVII. 33 Pinder, Bourne, & Hope.—xxv. 15 Finder, W. & Sous.—xxil. 574 Pinkerton, J.—xxiv. 5 Pinkerton, J. & R.—xiv. 15 Pinkerton, R,, see Pinkerton, J. & R. Pinkus, H.—United States, 504 Pmnell, T. D.—XXVI. 260 Pinner, E. M.—Zollverein (3), 1 79 Pinsonnet, A. L.—France, 1392 Pinto & Co.—Portugal, 770-774. 777- 786 Pinto, F. X.—Portugal, 1280 Pinto, J. B.—Portugal, 471, 472 Pinto Perez & Co.—II. 121 Pinto e Sousa.—Portugal, 1021 Pintus, H. jun.—Zollverein (1), 135 Piper, T. F.—XX. 41 Piper, T. & W.—I. 130a Piper, ^Y.—see Piper, T. & W. Piques.—Fiance, 1393 Pire-et-Violetto Charbonnages. — Bel- gium, 34 Pirenne & Duesberg.—Belgium, 199 Piron, T.—Belgium, 200 Pirsson, J.—United States, 90 Pistor, G. & W.—Zollverein (1), 481 Pitansier.—Russia, 307 Pitard, see Duiand, Boncourt, & Pitard Pitet, sen.—France, 959 Pithouiis, N.—Greece, 52 Pitmiin, I.—XVII. 197 Pitman, J.—xx. 187 Pitoux, v.—France, 960 Pitt, see Stothert, Ray no, &c. Piuto, Ferreira, & Sons. — Portugal, 279-293 Pivcr, A,—France, 1678 Pizzala, F. A.—X. 162 Pizzie, VV.—V. 559 Place, G. G.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 267 Placentia, Royal Ordnance. — Spauj, 265 Plagniol.—France, 1679 Plaideau, J. P.—Belgium, 71 Plambeck, C. F. H.—Hamburgh, 09 Plant, see Pope & Plant Plant, F.—X. 215 Piasse.—France, 13^94 Piatt.—XXIV. 17; see also Hibbert, Piatt, & Sons Platzman, Conrad.—Lubeck, 1 Playne, C, see Plavne, P. P. & C. Playue, P. P. & C—xil. & xv. 211 Pleischl, A.—Austria, 433 Plenty, E., see Plenty, J. & E. Plenty, J. & E.—vi. 53; ix. 272 Plenty & Pellew—viii. 136 ; ix. 272 Plessuer, S—Zullverein (1), 179 Plettinck, Madame.—Belgium, 340 Plichon, see Barth, Massing, t&c. Plichon, v.—France, 684 Plnr.soU, S.—VI. 631 ; xxil. 185 Plissart, see Lemaire-Descamps, &c. Plomdeur, N.—Belgium, 146 Plomley, F.—iii. 64 Plomley, W.—xxii, 17 ,Plon, Brothers.—France, 1395 Ploucquet, H —Zollverein (4), 107 Plowman, J.—xvii, 121 Plows, W.—XXVII. 34. 50 Pluecker, M.—Zollverein (1), 568 Pluess, see Mueller, Pluess, & Co. Plumacher, VV.—Zollvereiu (1), 618 Plumb, see Oetzmami, &c. Plummer, H. L.—X. 716 Plummer, R.-—vi. 74; xiv. 78 Pluys, J. F.—Belgium, 491 I'ochon, see Chailloux, Lepage, &c. Podg^ r, see Kidd & Podger Podsossofi; P. & Sons.—Russia, 229 Poehle.—Zollverein (1), 191 Poelman, I.—France, 961 Poget.—Fiance, 1677 Pohle, see Huebener & Pohle Poidebard, N.—Tuscany, 39 Poiger, F.—Austria, 464 Poilleu, Brothers.— France, 962 Poilly, De, & Co.—France, 1396 Poinsignon.—France, 1397 Point & Son.—Belgium, 474 Pointed Screw, Patent, Co.—xxii. 649 Poirier, L.—France, 963 Poirier, P—France, 1398 Poisat, Uncle, & Co.—France, 1399 Poitevin & Son.— France, 685 Pokorny, J. A.—Zollverein (1), 79 Polak, Mile. F.—Belgium, 298 Poland, Imperial Mining Works in. Russia, 15. 288 Poland, Son, & Meredith.—xvi. 302 Polhemus, see Fox & Polhemus Poliakoft"& Zamiatin.—Russia, 205 Polito, the Canonico.—Malta, 13. 34 Polkinghorne, W.—l. 460 Pollak, J. J. & Sons.—Austria, 322 Pollak, A. M.—Austria, 47 Pollard, see Sales, Pollard, & Co. Pollard, T. M.—British Guiana, 1 & 2 Pollett, T.—XVI. 210 Polli, F.—Tuscany, 85 Polliart & Carpentier.—France, 686 Pollock, J.—XVI. 279 Poison, see Brown & Poison Polt, A.—Austria, 65Q Polycarpo, A.—Portugal, 632, 633 Pomare, Queen.—Society Islands, 1-4 Pommerueil Societe Anonyme des Hants Fourneaux de.— Belgium, 6 Pommier, P.—France, 1400 Pond, M. & Co.—United States, 414'. 434 Ponder, W. R.—ix. 146 Ponseele, E.— Belgium, 495 Ponson, C—France, 1403 Ponsonby, T.—xxvi. 199 Pont, see Annecy & Pont. Pont de Loup, Compagnie des Char- bonnages, de.—Belgium, 28 Pontifex, G.—British Guiana, 102q Pontifex & Wood.—ii. 1 ; vi. 602 Pouting, T. C—II. 25 Ponton, G.—IX. 104 Pook, S. M.—United Slates, 446 Pool, C. see Pool, J. & C. Pool, J. & C—XIV. 46 Poole, J. jun.—VIII. 77 Poole & Macgillivray.—xxvi. 204 Poole, Sarah R.—iii. 146 Pooley, H. V. 784. Pooley, S. J,—United States, 225 Poore, J. B.—XX. 169 Poortman & Visser.—Netherlands, 2 Pope, C, see Pope, T. & C. Pope, J.—United States, 32 Pope, Mrs.—Jersey & Guernsey, 43. Pope & Plant.—xx. 6 Pope & Son.—V. 40; xxii, 243 Pope, T. &Co.—VI. 148 Pope, W.—XXII. 556; xxix. 76 Popelin-Ducarre.— France, 14U4 Popinoli', Sophia.—Russia, 310 Popoff, A.—Russia, 144 Popoff, T. & Sons.—Russia, 174 Popper, Brothers.—Austria, 222 Poppleton, R.—xii. & xv. 244 Porclenone Cotton Mill and Dyeing Establishment.—Austria, 175 Porquet, Fenwick, tie.—ix. 2U2 Portelli, A.—Malta, 23 Porter, see Foster, Porter, & Co. ; M'Failane & Porter Porter, J.—New Brunswick, 27 Porter, T.—xx. 30 Porter, W.—xxix. 144 Porter, W. H.—xxvii. 66 Portheiin, A. P. & Sou.—Austria, 616 Portilla.—Spain, 291, 294. Portschest.—Austria, 337 Portugal, the King of.—Portugal, 1237 Portugal Naval Arsenal. — Portugal, 1225-1227 Portugal Royal Marine Arsenal, 582. 1126c Portugal Royal Military Arsenal.— Portugal, 635 Portugal Royal Tobacco and Snuff Company.—Portugal, Porzelius, see Borer & Porzelius Porzelt & Harperath.—Zollverein (I), 317 Posselt, A,—Austria, 223a Posselt, A. jun.—Austria, 223 Post, J. D.—Zollverein (I), 615 Post & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 6 16 Post & Wendt.—Netherlands, 55 Potier, W.~V. 639 Potmager, J.—Denmark 24 Potonie.—France, 954 Potonie, L.—France, 1401 Potter, A.—XXVII. 115 Potier, C. H. & E.—xxvi. 74 Potter & Co.—I. 67 Potter, E. see Potter, C. H. & E. Potter, E. & Co.—xviii. 30 Potter, H.—X. 538 Potter, L.—IX. 49 Potter, T.—Page 852 Pottje, J.—Austria, 141 a Potton, Rambaut & Co.—France^ 1402 Potts, D.—XXVIII. 104 Potts, J.—V. 102 Potts, T. H.—VIII. 207 Potts, W.—XXII. 323 Potts, W. W.—XXV. 49 Poulat, A.—France, 965 Poulet, J. F.—France, 1680 PouUot.—France, 965 Poulton, C—X. 252 Pound, M.—II. 108 Pourcher, see Cusson. &c. Poure, see Blanzy, Poure, & Co. Pousanoff.—Russia, 59 Poussielgue-Husand,- -France, 1405 Pouyat, J.—France, 687 Pouyer.—France, 967 Powell, see also Sandy & Powell Powell, E. J.—V. 2 Powell, F.—I. 197 Powell, J.—XXII. 372 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 148 Powell, R.—VIII. 210 Powell, S.—XII. & XV. 8; xx. 26 Powell & Son.—vm. 249 Powell & Sons.—XXIV. 31 ; 62 Powell, T.—I, 253 Powell, W.—XXII. 95. Powell, W. J,—I. 2. 202 Power & Weightman.—United States, 262 Powers, Hiram.—United States, 522; (Main Avenue, East), 548 Pradier, J.—France, 1406, 1407 Pradine & Co.—France. 1408 Praetsch, M.—Zoll. (2), 51 Prsetorius, L.—Zollverein (1), 853 Prague Glovers' Assoc.—Austria, 336 Prale & Ballheimer—Hamburgh, 108 Prascovia, O. M. A., &c.—Russia, 358 Prat, A., & F. Agard—France, 1682 Prats, F.—Spain, 48 Pratt & Co.—United States, 567 Pratt, F. & R. & Co.—xxv. 22 Pratt, H.—VII. 115; xxvi. 403 Pratt, J.—x. 635 Pratt, Major.—VII. 16 Pratt, R. see Pratt F. & R. & Co. Pratt, S.—XXVI. 196 Pratt, W. A. & Co.—United Stales, 264 Pratt, Z.—United States, 102 Prax & Lambin.—France, 688 Preinsler, T. F. V.—France, 1409 Preira, J. S.—Portugal, 713, 714 Preis, A.—Austria, 117 Preiswerck, D. & Co.—Switzerland, 152 Preisvverck, Lui.—Switzerland, 152 Preitler, M.—Austria, 498 Prelat.—France, 1681 Preller, C. A.—iv. 91 Prendergast, J.—Canada, 125 Prentzel, J. C—Zollverein (1), 129 Presbourg, P.—France, 689 Prescott, see Hotchkiss & Prescott Prescott, S. H.—Canada, 87 Preshel, F.—Austria, 48 Pressprich, Ernst, & Son.—Zollverein (3 J, 135 Preston, F.—vi. 5 Preston, R,—xxix. 145 Fretot, L. H. E.—France, 1410 Pretyman, see Bartrum & Prety man Prever, J. J.—Sardinia, 20 Prevost, see Jeanti, &c. Prevost, M.—XVI. 250 Price.—XXII. 535 Price & Harvey.—xx. 9 Price, D.; see Price, T. P. & D. Price, J.—I. 184 ; xxiv. 43 ; xxvi. 312 Price, T. P. & D.—Western end, South enclosure (outside), 45 Price, v.—XXII. 397 Price, W.—xx. 68 Price's Patent Candle Co.—iv. 83 Prideaux, Miss.—xxix. 303 Fiideaux, T. S.—xxii. 239 Pridie, see Hoadley & Pridie Priem, Emily.—Zollverein (3), 67 Prime & Son.—xxii. 3-42 Prin, see Caillo, jun. & Prin Prin, sen.—France, 1411 Prince, Aljelmde.—x. 522 Prince, CuUison, & Co.—South Africa, 34 Pring, Dr. J. H.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 256 Prins, C. C—Netherlands, 12 Prins, L. & J. B.—Belgium, 382 Prior, Rev. H. E.—xix. 373 Pritchard, A.—x. 248 Prochaska, W.—Austria, 244a Proctor, see Wink worth & Proctor. Proenca, T. T.—Portugal, 371. 462 Proelss & Sons.—Zollverein (3), 54 Profumo, J.—Sardinia, 14 Prokhoroff, Brothers.—Russia, 349 Proksch, A.—Austria, 129 Prosser & Hadley.—vi. 456 Prosser, T.—United States, 594, 595 Protassoff, A.—Russia, 334 Proulx, J.—Canada, 7 Proutat, Mutrot & Thomeret.—France, 969 Prouty & Mears.—United States, 413 Provincial Agricultural Association.— Canada, 33. 35 Prudent, L.—France, 1412 Prussia, King of.—Zollverein (1), 270. 285 (Main Avenue, East) Prussian Royal lion Foundry.—Zoll- veiem (1), 271 (Main Avenue, Ea-t) Prussian Royal Porcelain Manufactory. —Zollverein (1), 213 Prussian Royal Salt Works.—Zollve- rein (1), 445 Puchfr, J.—Austria, 740 PncUbridge, F. L.—x. 609 Puckering & Houlgate.—v. 826 Puckey, J.—I. 446 Puckridge, F.—iv. 108 Pueschel, see Thieme-VVidaiarkter, &c. Puff, W.—Z.)llveiein (1), 775 Pugi^aard, H. & Co.—Denmark, 1 Pugh, D.—India, xxvi. Pugh, E.—VIII. 353 Pugh, J. W.—XII. & XV. 306 ; xiii. 2 Pugin, A. W.—XIX. 24G ; xxvi. 529 (North Transept) Puissant, F.—Belgium, 356 Pujade, J.—France, 1413 Pujals, F.—Spain, 197 Pulham, J.—xxvii. 108.; xxx. (Fine Alt Court), 216 Palis, G.—Malta, 4 PuUau, Matilda.—XIX. 12 PuUan, R. P.—XXX. (Fine Art Couit), 265 Pullar & Sons.—xi. 4 Pullien, see Harding, Pullein, &c. PuUen, R.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 84 Pulling, J.—XIII. 53 Pullman, J., see Pullman, R. W. & J. Pullman, R. VV. & J.—xvi. 285 Pulman, G. P. R.—XXix. 163 Pulsifer, J. S.—United States, 261 Pulvermacher, T. L.—x. 437 Pupinnat, F. H.—Switzerland, 100 Purcell, Frances.—xix. 88 I'urchas, Rev. A.—New Zealand, 23 Purdie, see Llthgow & Purdie Purdon, T.—XXIX. 39 Purdy, C. W,—Page 852 Purdy & Fendt.—X. 537 ' Purger, J. B.—Austria, 655 Purkiss & Son.—xxvi. 315 Purser, J.—vm. 28 Pursey, W. H.—iv. 4 ; xxix. 67 Purvis, J.—X. 325 Pustan, W. & Co.—China Putnam, G. P.—United Slates, 122 Putron, J. De.—British Guiana, 15- 15b. 29a Puttinati, A,—Austria, 721 Puxley, W.-xxvi. 39 Puzin.—France, 1414 Pym, J.—V. 160; xxvii. 145 Pyinore Company.—xiv. 73 Pyn & Van Pidt.—Belgium, 210 P^ne, J. B.—XXVI. 121 P)nson.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 244 Pyrke & Sons.—xxii. 465 Queen, Her Majesty The. — Pages 111, 112. 847 Quan & Sons.—v. 940 Quanonne, C. & J.—Belgium, 431 Quast, F.—Zollverein (3), 162 Quast, J.—Austria, 627 Quebec Commissioueis.—Canada, 339 Queen's Orphan Schools,—\'aiiDieinen's Laud, 138-142 Qiierci, T.—Tuscany, 21 Queru, A. & Co.— France, 1415 Quidt, Madame De. — Belgium, 64 Qtiit^ley, M.—Canada, 20 Qui'lliam & Cieer.—I. 151 Queen borough Copper Works (Isle ot Sheppey).—II. 40 Queunessen.—France, 1683 Queiini, G.—Austria, 84 Quin, J.—XXIX. 230 Quincey, H.—vii. 146 Quinn.—Van Diemen's Land, 94, 95 Quitzow, Schlesinger, and Co,—xil. & XV. 178 Raab, G. A. B.—Zollverein (5), 18 Rabeneck, L.—Russia, 173 Rabiot,—France, 1420 Rabourdiii.—France, 1416 Race, E.—ix. 44 Rachaz, C—Zollverein (1),452 Radcliffe, A.—VI. 328 Rademacher, C.—Austria, 695 Radford, J.—x. 119 Radeister Community.—Austria, 400 Radulovits, Brothers,,—Austria, 74 Rae, see Cowie & Rae ; Haldane & Rae Raedt, ,1. G. de.—Belgium, 418 Raempler, J. L.—Zollverein (1), 745 Ratlaelle, Monti.—Austria, 746 Raffelli & Son. —Tuscany, 69 Raflelsperger, F,—Austria, 365 Raffin, see Thevenet, Raffin, &c, Ragan, VV.—United Slates, 193. 590 Ragner, A. & G.—New South Wales Ragot, J, F.—France, 971 Ragot-Mayeux,—France, 972 Raguenet, R.—France, 1417 Rahn, C.—Canada, 19a Raichlen, L,-—Switzerland, 178 Raineri, Biscia, Count.—Rome, 26 Ralney, Knox, & Co.—xii, & xv. 198 Rains, T.—xvir. 162 Ralisch,—Zollverein (1), 783 Ralli, L.—Greece, 50 Railings, Mrs. W.—United States, 398 Ralph, F. W.—xvii, 142 Ralston, W.—IX. 2.')4 Rambaut, see Potton, Rambaut, & Co. Rambie, see Cabanes & Rambie Rambouillet, National Sheepfold of.— France, 1080 Rame, B,—France, 1418 Rameder, J,—Austria, 300 Ramos—Portugal, 954 Rampendahl, H. F.—Hamburgh, 98 Rampendahl, H, F. C.—-Hamburgh, 60. 70 Ramsay, R.—xvii, 187 Ramsay, G. H,—Western end. North enclosure (Outside), 70 ; i. 44, 269 ; XXVII. 90. 110 Ramsay & M'Arthur.—Canada, 117. Ramsay & Smart.—XIV. 85 Ramsbottom, K.—xvi, 127 Ramsden, see Thornton, Firth, &c. Ramsey, C, & Co,—xviii, 3:^ Ramsey, J.—xxviii. 12 Ramsey, W.—xvi. 74 Ramus, J. M.—France, 1419 Ramuz, A.—xxvi. 152 Ran, see Felter & Ran Ranaldi, 1?,—Rome, 29 Rand & Sons.—xii, & xV. 173 Randall & DIx.—xvi. 284 Randall, J.—i. 275 Randa.l & Saunders,-vi. 324 ; ix, 136 Randell, Miss.—Jersey & Guernsey, 46 Randoing, J.—France, 973 Randolph, Wilhelmina.—xxix. 66 Randon, L,—France, 1684 Rangel, A, P.—Portugal, 1120 Rankin, Emily, & Ellen Lear,—xxix, 302 Rankin, R, & J,—vi, 466 Rankine, A.—viii. 351 Ranniger & Sons,—Zollverein (1), 741 Ransom & Parsons,—xxvii, 97 Ransom, R.—x. 584 Ransomes & May.—V. 30 ; 640 ; vi, 146; IX. 124. Ranuzzi, Count Angelo.—Rome, 8 Rao Scindiah, Maha Rajah.—India, XV. XVI. Raphi-Nuba-Ogli.—Russia, 255 Rapmann, see Falisse & Rapmann Rapp, C. F,—France, 974 Rapj), M.—Austria, 547 Rappard and Co,—Zollverein (1), 516 Rappard &Gosemann,—Zollv. (1), 517 Raschle & Co.—Switzerland, 168 Basse, A, de,^—Belgium, 33 Rastouin, V.—France, 1421. 1727 Raswag, A, & Son.—France, 1688 Ratclili, iMrs.-XI, 34 Ratliti; J.& C—XIII. 73 Ratshinsky,—Russia, 49 Ratteray & Thompson.—xxix. 206 Rattich, J, B,—Austria, 29 Ratzenholer, J. F.—Austria, 167 Ratzersdorfer, H.—Austria, 577 Rau & Co.—Zollverein (4), 72 Ran, J.—Zollverein (2), 13 Rauch, Brothers,—Zollverein (4), 44 Rauch, Professor.— Page SSii Rauclier, L, jun.—France, 1422 Rauscher's Co. Ironworks.—Austria, 403 Rauss & Colomb.—Switzerland, 14 Rauh, J.—Austria, 369 Ravenhill, see Howard & Ravenhill; Miller, Ravenhill, & Co. Ravagli, P.—Tuscany, 48 Ravitch, see Hirshmanu, Hershendorff, &c. Rawlings, see Lambert & Rawlings Rawlings, J.—xxill. 54 Rawlings, J. B.—xx. 188 Raworth & Co.-xi, 30 Raworth, B. P.—v. 913 Rawson, C—China, 25, 27 Rawson, Mrs.—China, 28 Rawson, T. S.—China, 26 Rayko, N.—Russia, 140 Raymond & Schuyler.—United States, 128 Raynbird, H.—ill. 74 Raynbird, R.—iii, 73 Rayner, A. &G.—New South Wales, 22 Rayner, Mrs.—xxx, (Fine Art Court), 47 Raynes, Lupton, & Co.—Western end. South enclosure (Outside), 25; i, 197a Rayno, see Stothert, Rayno, &c. Raysdale VV,—Western end, South en- closure (Outside), 4 Razumovsky & Reitsch.—Austria, 68a Hea, E.—IV. 116 Read.—IX, 42 Read, C. A.—United States, 212 Read & Humplneys.—xix. 275 Read, J.—Madeira. Read, J, B,—xvi. 47 Read, R.—ix. 89 Read, S. K.—v. 90 Read, W.—xxvii. 32 Reade, A.—Barbadoes, 1 Reade, Rev. J. B.—ii. 3a ; (Main Ave- nue, West), X. 254a Reader, J. S.—Mauritius, 7 Readliouse, Charlotte.—x. 677 Readwin, T. A.—i. 456 Reali, G, (late Antonio Reali),—Aus- tria, 61, 101 Reallier, Miss.—Belgium, 309 Rebert, C.—France, 975 Rebow, J, G.—IV. 84 Rebrach, J. J.—Zollverein, ii. 82 Rebrofi; A,—Russia, 139. 143 Rechsteiner, J. B.—Zollverein (3), 28 Reckitt & Son,—in. 125 Reckless & Kickling,—xix. 32 Recy, C. M. H,—France, 1423 Redelix, C, H,—France, 976 Redelix, H.—France, 1424 Redfern, G,—xxvii, 78 Red gate, see Commeford & Redgate Redgate, J,—xxii. 410 Redgrave, J.^—xx. 164 Redhead, T,—Canada, 120 Redier, A,—France, 1425 Redman, J. B,—vii, 12 Redmayne & Co.—xill. 1a Redmond, A. F,—v, 66; vi. 128 Redpath, see Brown & Redpath Redruth Local Committee.—I. 443,444 Reed,—XVI. 101 Reed, Chadwick, & Dexter.—United States, 400 Reed, J,—VIII. 54 Reed, J, H,—v, 91 Reed, J. & Son,—United States, 484 Reed, J. W.—XXIX. 211 Reed & Meakins,—Canada, 75, 115a Reed & Pardon,—xvii, 184 Reed, T, S.—vi. 85 Reekes, J.—xxil, 400 Reekes, T,—viii, 6 Rees,—I, 429; xvill. 85; Van Die- men's Land, 314 Rees, Mary—xvill. 85 ReesiiAg, H. B,—Hamburgh, 3 Reeve, J.—New Zealand, 12 Reeves.—Van Diemen's Land.— 322. 323. 345; seealso, Goodhale & Reeves Reeves, Greaves, & Co.—viii. 244 Reeves, J.—China, 7 ; see also Reeves, T. R, & J. Reeves, J. G,—Van Diemen's Land, 11 Reeves, J, R,—China, 8 Reeves & Sons.—i. 66 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 7 Reeve?, T. R. & J.—ix. 108 Regan.—Van Diemen's Land, 184 Regard, Brothers.—France, 1426 Regeer, H. J.—Netherlands, 112 Regnier, Mr.—Belgium, 374 Regnini, E.—Tuscaiiv, 86 Regny, L. & Co.—France, 1427 Regout, P.—Netherlands, 99 Rehbach, J. J.—ZoUvereui (2), 82 Rehm, F. F.—Zollverein (4), 54 Reichel, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 442 Reichel, C. F,—Zollverein (3), 140 Heichel, J,—Austria, 499 Reichenhach, C.—Zollverein (2), 102 Reichert. F.—Austria, 268 Reichhol'd, G.—Zollverein (4), 39 Reichmann, A.^—France. 1429 Reid, Capt.—VIII. 350 Reid, J.—XXII. 543 Reid, R.—X. 583 Reid & Son.—XII. & xv. 481 Reid & Sons.—xxiii. 3 Reid, W.—x. 427 ; xx. 23 Reider, see Lecoq & Reider Reidorj, E—France, 1430 Reitieit, T. C—ZoUverein (1), 886 Reigniaud.—France, 979 Reilly, E. M.—viii. 237 Reimann, L.—ZoUverein (1), 86 Rein, C—x. 629 Reindl, J.—Austria, 493 Reinecker & Co.—ZoUverein (I), 404 Reiiieke, C—ZoUverein (1), 594 Keinbard, see Doerr & Reiuliard Reinhard, J. M.—ZoUverein (6), 54 Reinljardt, G.—Canada, 10. 320 Reinhold, W.—Austria, 315 Reinisch, see Witschell & Reiniscli Reinisch, J.—Austria, 163 Reinoso, M.—Spain, 211 Reinscli, A.—ZoUverein (2), 63 Reinshagen, G.—ZoUverein (1), 622 Reis, G. & Co.—ZoUverein (6), 49 Reis, J. J. dos—Portugal, 1127 Reitz, Rieda, & Co.—South Africa.— IX. 31 Rekke, A.—Russia, 48 Relt; S.—I. 76 Religious Tract Society.—xvii. 154 Remade, J. & Perard & Son,—Belgium, 371 Remers, P,—United States, 254 Reminj^ton, Anne.—vn. 175 Remington, G. W. & J.—vii. 70. Remington, J. see Remington, G. W. & J. Remmie, Misses.—xxix. 167 Remnant, Edmonds, & Remnant.— XVII. 5 Remond, N.—France, 977 Remsburgh, J.—United States, 317 Renard.—France, 978 Renard, L.—France, 1431 Renard & Son.—France, 981 Renault, see Couturier & Renault Renczynski, Capt, G. A.—vii. 27 ; x. 661 Rendall & Coombs.—xiv. 73 Rendall, J.—ix. 36 ; xxviii. 144 Renel, A,—Austria, 378 Rengos, see Saris & Rengos Renkin, sen.—Belgium, 503 Renkin, Brothers,—Belgium, 141 Renner, S. B. jun.—ZoUverein (I), 59 Rennie, G.—v. 52; vii. 98 Rennie, G. B. jun.—vii. 98 Rennie, Sir J.—v. 52 Renny, Sons, & Co.—xiv. 81 Renodier & Son.—France, 982 Renouard, Jules, & Co.—France, 352 Renwick, T. & A.—xii. & xv. 233 Repeyre, S.—France, 983 Repingon, see Vieyres & Repingon I Repiquet & Silvent.—France, 1432 I Requillart, Roussel, & Chocqueel.— France, 1433 Ressegueire, C.—Switzerland, 179 ! Ressl, J.—Austria, 548 i Ressl, M.—Austria, 549 j Restell, see Clark, R. & Restell Restell, R.—IX. 208; xxiii. 63 I Rettie, R.—VII. 159 i Rettie & Sons.—xxii. 449 ; xxiii. 24 I Rettig, C. A.—Sweden & Norway, 2 i Retor, F.—Switzerland, 101 Reulos, A. J.—France, 1434 I Reus, the Board of Trade of.—Spain, 109 ;' Reusen, P. T.—Belgium, 100 ;j Reuss, Brothers.—ZoUverein (4), 99 si Reuter, S.—Austria, 206 i Reuter, W.—ZoUverein (6), 40 |j Reverchon, H.—Algeria, 44 II Revillon.—Russia, 361 Re vis, T.—IX. 21a Rexer, C—ZoUverein (4), 25 Rexer, F.—ZoUverein (4), 62 Rey, Brothers.—Sardinia, 35 Rey & Co.—Sjjain, 207 Rey, G. E.—Hamburgh, 30 Reydor, Brothers, & Colin.—France, 984 Reymond, jun.—Switzerland, 170 Reynier, Cousins.—France, 353. 1435 Reynold, A. & G.—Hamburgh, 6 Reynold, G. see Reynold, A. & G. Reynolds.—XXX. ( Fine Art Court) 237 ; see also IJiarst & Reynolds; Learned & Reynolds; Long & Reynolds Reynolds, J.—xxil. 37. 3l5; xxvi. 262 Reynolds, R. J.—United States, 61 Reynolds & Sod.—xviii. 63 Reynolds, W.—xii. & XV. 266 Rheam, E,—xvi. 15 Rhind, W, G.—vm. 290 Rhodius, see Bischop & Rodius Rlione, E.—V. 97 Riabzevitch.—Russia, 360 Ribert.—France, 1428 Riby, P.—France, 985 Rice, W. H.—Canada, 150a Richard, see Miller & Richard Richard Brothers. — France, 980 Richard, L.—ZoUverein (1), 342 Richards, Alfred.—i. 441a Richards, B. W.—United States, 357 Richards, N.—x. 188 Richards, R.—xxix. US Richards, T.—v. 138 Richards, Westley, & Son.—vm. 240 Richardson.—see also Chilson, Richard- son, & Co.; Kay, Richardson, &c. Richardson, Brothers.—ill. 52 Richardson, Brothers, & Co.—II. 19 ; A^an Diemen's Land Richardson, C. J.—xxvi. 207 Richardson & Co.—xiv. 23 Richardson, E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 133 Richardson, H. T.—viii. 46. Richardson, J. & T. & Co.—xiv. 21 Richardson, R.—v. 651 ; viii. 285 ; XXII. 26 Richardson & Sons.—iii. 59 Richardson, Sons, & Owden.—xiv. 7 Richardson, T., see Richardson, J. & T. & Co. Richardson, T. VV.—x. 264 Richardson, W. H. B. & J.—XXIV, 14 Richer, A.—Canada, 55 Richer, F.—France, 354 Richez, Madame.—France, 1436 Richmond & Chandler.—ix. 137 Richmond, J.—v. 775 Richmond Lunatic Asylum.—xix. 249 Richoux, see Besnard, Richoux, &c. Richt, G.—ZoUvereni (1), 229 Richter, see Chapus & Richter Richter, A.—Austria, 44a Richter & Co.—Austria, 57 Richter, F.—Austria, 176 Richter, H. L.—ZoUverein (3), 104 Richter, J. M. S.—Hamburgh, 50 Richter, Linder.—Switzerland, 152 Rickards, C—vm. 342 Rickborn, C. H.—ZoUverein (3), 14 Rickets, C—XXII. 433 Rickman, W. C—IX. 278 ; x. 681; XVII. 194 Ricroch, C. & Co.—France, 986 RiddeU, Sir J. M.Bart.-i. 55 Riddell, T.—VII. 6 Riddett, G.—XXVI. 49 Riddiford, Jane.—xxix. 65 Riddle, E.—United States, 466 Riddle, T,—XXVI, 14 Riddle, W.—XXII. 637 Rider.^—xvii. 21 Rider, E.—United Slates, 511 Ridge, B.—xxvi. 8 Ridgwav, A. F.—British Guiana, 160 161. 163. 164a Ridgway & Co.—xxil. 252 Ridgway, J. & Co.—xxv. 5 Ridgway, W.—xxv. 5a Ridler, F.—Austria, 110 Ridley & Edser.—xxii. 621 Ridley, J.—XVI. 204; xx. 165 Ridolfi, Marquis C—Tuscany, 30 RidolM, Professor M,—Tuscany, 25 Rieda, see Rietz, Rieda, & Co. Riedl, Von.—Austria, 131 Riedl's, J. F,, Widow.—Austria, 153 ' Riedler, J.—Austria, 550 Riedler, L.— Austria, 551 Riefler, C—ZoUverein (2), 34 Riego de la Branchardiere, Elenore.— XIX. 17 Riepe, E.—ZoUverein (1), 447 Rier.—Russia, 138 Ries, B.—British Guiana, 137 Riesi-Stailburg, Baron W. F. von.— Austria, 125 Riess, F. H.—ZoUverein (4), 90 Riess, M.—France, 355 Riet, Pierre Jean Von.—Belgium, 103 Rieter, T. J. & Co. — Switzerland, 132 Rietry & Son.—France, 356 Rietsch, F. G.—Austria, 638 Rietschel.^—ZoUverein (5), 32 Rietschel, Ernst.—ZoUverein (3), 186 Rieussec, N.— France, 1685 Rifter, W.—Hamburgh, 43 Riga, see Friry & Riga Rigault.—France, 1686 Rigby, E. R.—XXVIII. 58 Rigbv J., see Rigbv, VV. & J. Rigby & Lee—V. 947 Rigby, P.—XXII. 411 Rigby, W. & J.—VIII. 236 Rigg, see Bennoch, Twentyman, &c. Rigge & Co.—VI. 63 Rigmaiden, Lieut. J.—vm, 291 Rignon, F. & Co.—Sardinia, 30 Rigo & Kraetschmar.—Austria, 395 Rikli, A. F.—Switzerland, 133 Riley, E.—II. 123; see also Carr, J. & Riley Rimann, E.^—ZoUverein (1) 10 Rimann & Giesler.—ZoUverein (1) 124 Rimediotti, Signora A.—Tuscany, 44 Rimmel, E.—xxix. 3 Rimogne Slate Works Company.— France, 378. 694 Rinaldi, R,—Rome, 29 Ring, J.—Austria, 468 Ringelhann.—ZoUverein (1) 253 Ringeridge Nickel Works (Norway).— I. 476 Ringgold, C—United States, 598 Ringham, H.—xxvi. 42 ; Xxx. (Fine Art Court), 88 Ringuet-Leprince.—France, 1437 Rio Tinto Mines (Seville), Director of. —Spain, 8 Rio Vizello Co.—Portugal, 721-724 j Ripa, L. D. Delia.—Tuscany, 38 Ripalda, Count.—SiJain, 163 Ripley, P. W.—China, 17 Ripley & Son.—XII. & xv. 148 Rippingham, W.—x. 304 Rippingille, E.—vm, 258 Risdon, J.—XIX. 276 Risler & Son.—France, 1438 Riss, J.—Austria, 316 Rister, Brothers, see Greater & Rister Ristori, M.—Tuscany, 42a Ritchie, A. H.—I. 132 Ritchie, J.—XXIX. 259 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 193 ; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 29; see also Ritchie, W, & J. Ritchie & M^Call.—III. 15. Ritchie, P.—XX. 145 Ritchie W. & J.—IX. 224 Ritter, N.—Austria, 696 Ritter, W.—Hamburgh, 43 Ritterhandt, L. A.—x. 730 Ritzel, Widow.—Zollvereiii (1), 639 Riva& Maflfei.—Tuscany, 63 Rivart& Andrieux.—France, 1439 Rivaud, G.—France, 9S7 Rivett & Sons.—XXVI. 153 Riviere, R.—xvii. 89 Rix, see Carter, Vavaseur, & Rix ; Collins & Rix Rix, I.—X. 74 Rixon, see Hancocli, Rixon, &Dunt Roake, J. W.—i. 60 Roat, W.—Van Diemen's Land, 242 Robarts, G.—xvi. 128 Robaut, L.—France, 988 Rohb, J.—Canada, 126 Robbins, see Chambers & Robbins Robbins & Lawrence.—United States, 328 Robeck, C—ZoUverein (4), 50 Robert, A.—XVI. 224; France, 357 Robert, A. & Co.—France, 1440. 1735 Robert & Co.—Austria, 55 ; see also Buisson, K. Robert, & Co. Robert, P. J. jun.—Belgium, 432 Robert-Fame, C.—France, 1442 Robert-Guerin.—France, 1441 Robert-Mathieu.—France, 1443 Robert-Wevly & Co.—France, 1444 Roberts, see Smyth & Roberts Roberts, B.—XX. 77 Roberts, B. E.—vii. 127 Roberts & Beart.—xxvii. 22 Roberts, G.—XX. 40a. Roberts, H.—xil. & XV. 171 Roberts & Hall.—xxiii. 40 Roberts, J.—IX. 226 Roberts, J. E.—v. 550 Roberts, Mrs.—xix. 365 Roberts, R.—x. 130 ; xii. & xv. 4B0 Roberts, T.—xviii. 81 Roberts, VV. & Co.—xii. & xv. 480 Roberts, W. H.—ill. 10 Robertson, Carr, & Steel.—xxil. 802 Robertson & Co.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 6 Robertson, G.—ix. 26 Robertson, H.—iv. 51 ; xxii. 565 Robertson, J.—vill. 18; New Zealand, 4 Robertson, J. & J.—xii. & xv. 301 Robertson & Son.—xix. 62 Robertson, W.—ll. 81 Robertson, W. J.—ill. 161 Robey, W.—xvi. 262 Robichon,Brothers,& Co.—France, 1445 Robin, L.—France, 1447 Robins, see Alsop, Robins, & Co.; Ho- bart & Robins Robins, Aspdin, & (^ox.—Western end. South enclosure (Outside), 5 ; xxvii. 103 Robinson.—Van Diemen's L., 90; see also Fisher & Robinson ; Fayrer & Ro- binson ; Wild & Robinson Robinson, A.—viii. 136. 214 Robinson, C.—xxvi. 263 Robinson, C. & Co.—United States, 429 Robinson & Co.—v. 950 ; xxvill. 42 Robinson, 1).—viil. 136 Robinson, F. K.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 120 Robinson, Isaac.—i. 483 Robinson, I. & R. & Co.—XIII. 5 Robinson, J.—viii. lUO; x. 582; xvi. 7 ; XX. 149a Robinson, J. & Co,—iv. 72 Robinson, J. & T.—xill. 6 Robinson, J. & W. & Co.—xiii, 24 Robinson, Miss.-—xix. 278 Robinson, P.—X. 37; United States, 2^5 Robinson, R.—vi. 54; x. 617 ; see also Robinson, I. & R. & Co. Robinson & Russell.—vi. 418; viii. 127. 193 Robinson & Son,—ix. 139a Robinson, T.—xil. & xv. 54; xiil. 17 ; see also Robinson, J. & T. Robinson, W.—ix. 126 ; xxiii. 96 ; see also Robinson, J. & W. & Co. Robinson, VV, F. Lieut.—viii. 68a Robinson, W. W.—viii. 136 Robothara, S.—xvi. 199 Rol)son—see Hoole, Robson, & Hoole Robson, J.—VIII. 57 Robson & Jones (late), see Jones & Co. Robson, Levy, & Franklin,—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 112 Robson, T. J. F.—X. 559 Robyns, R.—Belgium, 487 Robyt, L.—Belgium, 311 Rocca, J.—Sardinia, 32 Rocchetii, P.—Austria, 136 Rocchigiani, Antonio.—Rome, 22 Roch, L.—Russia, 3-il Rochatz, C—ZoUverein (1), 652 Roche & Dime.—France, 990 Rochead, J. T.—xxx, (Fine Art Crt.), 232 Rochefort, J.—Russia, 176. 191, 199. 208 Rocheleau, Helen.—Canada, 175 Rocher, M.—France, 991 Rochlitz, E.—Hamburgh, 49 Rocholl, T.—ZoUverein (1), 467 Rock.—XXII. 655 Rock, Brothers, & Payne.—xvil. 108 Rock & Gowar,—V. 954 Rock & Graner.—ZoUverein (4), 98 Rock, J. jun.—I. 50 ; v. 9.52 ; vil. 143 Rock, Mary—IV. 5 Rock & Son.—V. 956 Rocke, W.—XXII. 256 Rockhausen, W,—ZoUverein (3), 172 Rockstroh, H.—Austria, 306 Rodd, T. H,—I. 169 Roddis, T. R.—United States, 571 Rode, F. de.—Hamburgh, 16 Rodel & Son.—France, 992 Rodenlmrst, J., see Rodenhurst, W. & J. Rodenhurst, W. & J.—ix. 61 Rodger, Lieut. W.—Western end, North enclosure (Outside), 55 ; vill. 336 Rodgers, H. S.—United States, 4!J6 Rodgers & Son.—xix. 280 ; see also Hornan & Co. Rodgeis & Sons.—xxil, 690. (Main Avenue, West) Rodier, P.—Canada, 346 Rodrigues, J. F.—Portugal, 990, 1222a Rodriguez, B,—United States, 485 Rodriguez, Palencia, M.—Spain, 124 Roe Freeman.—v. 462; ix, 84 Roebuck, J. J.—vii. 30 Roeck, L,—France, 1446 Roehling & Co.—ZoUverein (3), 50a Roehr, F.—ZoUverein (8), 7 Roehrig & Albrecht.—ZoUverein (3), 87 Roeller & Huste.—ZoUverein (3), 161 Roels & Co.—Belgium, 83 Roemer, C—ZoUverein (1), 337 Roe])er, F.—Lubeck, 11 Roessler, C. H.—ZoUverein (1), 397 Roethlisberger & Sons. — Switzerland, 169 Roger, Brothers, & Co.—France, 1449 Roger Jon.-France, 1448 Rogers.—xuv. Ill; XXX. (Fine Art Court), 116; see also Hamburger, Rogers, & Co.; Morewood & Rogers ; Unwin & Rogers Rogers, C. B.—United States, 258 Rogers & Co.—XXIX, 100; United States, 523 Rogers & Dear.—xxvi. 254 Rogers, E. P. S, & O.—xix. 204 Rogers, G.^—xii. & xv. 142 Rogers, H. see Rogers, R. & H. Rogers, J.—United States, 127 Rogers, J. W.—i. 240 ; ix. 183 Rogers, Lowry, Holyland, & Co.—XI. 58 Rogers, M.—xxviii. 179 Rogeis, R. & H.—XXIX. 215 Rogers, S. S.—i. 70 Rogers, W. G. — xxvi. 195; xxx. (Fme Art Court), 74. 353 Rogers, W. n.—XVI. 91 Rogers & Wroe.—xiv. 32 Rohlik, L.—Austria, 37 Rohrig, C—ZoUverein (1>, 768 Roig, J.—Spain, 216 Roig, S.—S[)ain, 249b Roissard, J, M,—France, 1450 Rojon, J. L.—France, 358 Rolfe, W\ & Sons.—X. 472 Rolfl's & Co.—ZoUverein (1), 345 RoUand, see Ferouelle & Rolland Roller & Blanchet.—France, 1687 Rolls & Son.—XIX. 281 Rolph, J.—XIX. 282 Rolt, P.—XXVII. 92 Rolwegan—Van Diemen's Land,196, 345 Rolz, S,—Austria, 384 Romain, jun.—Switzerland, 155 Romain, D.—Netherlands, 104 Roman, see Gros-Odier, Roman, & Co. Romanengo, G.—Sardinia, 82 Romanes & Paterson.—xii. & xv. 466 Romanin & Co., see Callegari, A. Romany y Miro, A.—Spain, 250 Romao, M. J. da Costa.— Portugal, 1168 Rome, R. M.—ix. 152 Rome, Royal Manufactory at St,Peter's. —Rome, 23 Romedenne, A.—Belgium, 165 Rometsch, C,—ZoUverein (4), 73 Rominger, J.—ZoUverein (4), 95 Romoli, L.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 351 ; Tuscany, 118-120 Rompler, J.J.—ZoUverein (1), 781 Romsee, F.—Belgium, 506 Ronchard-Siauve.—France, 1451 Ronchetti, P. A.—Austria, 82 Rondelli, F.—Sardinia, 90 Ronge, De, see V^erhulst, &c. Rood, G. & Co.—XVI. 49 Rook, G. H.—VIII. 320 Rooker, A. see Rooker, J. & A. Rooker, J. & A.—x. 340 Roome, Ann Empringham.—xix. 283 Roome, T. F.—x. 548 Roosegaarde, G. J.—Netherlands, 21 Roostam, C.—Russia, 256 Root, M. A,—United States, 42 Rooyackers & Son,—Netherlands, 52 Rooyen, H. Van.—Netherlands, 58 Roper, J.—XXII. 437 Roper & Son.—XXII. 399 Roper, W.—X. 197 Ropoio, P.—Sardinia, 54 Ropp, Baron.—Russia, 47 Roque, J. J.—Portugal, 18. 300 Roraas Copper Works,—Sweden & Norway, 37 Rosani, Brothers.—Austria, 639 Rose, see Ruilall, Rose, & Co. Rose, Elizabeth.—xix. 50.; xxvi. 28 Rose, J. & Co.—XXV. 47 Rose, J. E.—X. 719 Rose, J. T.—VII. 180 ; viii. 164 Rose, Miss.—British Guiana, 136 Rose, W. A.—IV. 27 Rosee, Baron A. De.^—Belgium, 365 Rosenberg & Co.—Zollverein (6), 2 Rosenberger, see Blaha & Rosen berger Rosenlcilde,C.S.—Sweden & Norway, 45 Rosenwall, P.—Sweden, 62 Rosindale, C.—xxii. 516 Rosing, F. W.—Hamburgh, 100 Rosinsky, T. —Russia, 342 Roskell, J.—X. 123 Rosier, J.—Austria, 552 Ross.—Main Avenue, West, 301 Ross, A.—X. 254. 666 Ross, G.—British Guiana, 120; United States, 584 Ross, A. H.—X. 157 Ross, C—United States, 213 Ross, D.—XXVI, 107 Ross, E. C—British Guiana, 76a, 76b Ross, H.—XXX. 191 Ross, Hon. Mrs.—Page 852 Ross, O'Connor, & Carson,—xxiv. 1 Ross & Sons.—XXVIII. 64 Ross, T.—I. 51 Ross & Thomson.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 299 Ross, W.- X. 342 Rosseels, E.—Belgium, 449 Rosselet, C. P.—France, 1452 Rosset & Normand.—France, 1453 Rossi, G. M.—Austria, 88 Rossi, L.—XVI. 248 Rossi & Schiapparelli.—Sardinia, 6 Rossignol, see Cusson, Pourcher, &c. Rossler, F. Von—Zollverein (8), 4 Rossmore, Lord.^—I. 142 Rossmore Mills.—xii. & xv. 264 Roswag, A. & Son.—France, 1688 Rotch & Finzel.—VI. 405 Roterman, C.—Russia, 71 Roth, C. W.—Zollverein (5), 9 Roth, J.—Switzerland, 53 Roth, J. C—France, 993 Roth & Sons.—Zollverein (5), 10 Roth, W.jun.—Zollverein (4), 89 Rotherham & Sons.—x. 124 Rothery, Miss.—"Western Africa, 4 Rothschild.—Zollverein (1), 452 Rothschild, Baron S. Von.— Zollverein (1), 28 Rotsch & Reichel.—Austria, 98 Rott, A. H.—Austria, 158 Rott, J.—Austria, 159 Rouchier, F., & Son.—France, 994 Roucou, J.—France, 1689 Rouget de Lisle, T, A.—France, 1455 Rouget, Son, & Co.—France 1456 Roughton, R.—V. 7 Rougier, see Champagne & Rougier Roule, A. F.—Belgium, 419 Roulet, Gilly, & Chaponuiere.—France. 359 Round, D. G.—Western end, South enclosure (Outside), 36 Rouse, Captain.—i. 79 Roussanofit".—Russia, 66 Roussfau, A.^—xxviii. 116 Rousseau, A. J.—United States, 314 Rousseau, Brothers.—France, 1457 Rousseau, L.—France, 360 Roussel, C—France, 361 Roussel, Requiliart, & Chocquel.— France, 1738 Roussel-Dazin.—France, 1458 Rousselet & Baronnet.—France, 1459 Roussy, C.—France, 1420 Rout, W.—Van Diemen's Land, 152. 154-158. 173. 187. 29L 293 Roulledge, see Devas, Minchener, & Rouvenat, L.— France, 1460 Rouw, P.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 294 Roux, see Cabrit & Roux; Thevenet, Raffin, & Roux Roux, F. M.—France, 1690 Roux & For tin.—France, 995 Rouxel, F.—France, 362 Rovere, F. P.—vii. 163 Ro.v, J.—XIV, 45 Rowat, R. T. & J.—XII. & XV. 301 • Row bottom, J.—IX, 262b Rowe, J. M., see Rowe, M. & J. M. Rowe, M. & J. M.—United States, 326 Rowe, R.—I. 492 Rowell, J.—XXIX. 153. Rowland and Sun.—xxix. 1 Rowlands & Son.—xxiii. 118 Rowlands, I.—xxvii. 63 Rowlandson, T.—i. 490 Rowley.—xxii. 278 ; see also Cook, Rowley, & Co. Rowley, J.—x- 290 Rowley, J. J.—ix. 87 Rowney & Co.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 3 Rovvney,F. W.—xxx.(Fine Art Court) 3 Roxburgh, A., see Roxburgh, J. & A. Roxburgh, J. & A.—XII. & XV. 696 Roy, C. F.—Belgium, 301 Roy, Jessie.—xx. 136 ; United States,578 Roy, W.L,—United States, 373 Roy, W. Von.—Zollverein (1), 441 Royal Cannon Foundry—Belgium, 142 Royal Manufactory at St. Peter's.— Rome, 23 Royal Mines (Lohe).—Zoll.—(l); 326 Royal Ordnance Office.—Spain, 262 (Main Avenue, East) Royal Patent Decorative GiassW^orks.— XXIV. 83 Royal Porcelain Manufactory (Nymph- enburg)—Zollverein (2) 64 Royal Prussian Iron Foundry (Berlin). Zollverein (1), 271 (Main Avenue, East) Royce, G.—ix. 58 Royer, J. C. A.—France, 1461 Royer, L.—Netherlands, 100 Royer, P. E.—France, 1462 Royle, Dr. J. F.—iv. 107; Lidia, ii. Royston & Brown—xvii. 34. 205 Rozario, M. do—Portugal, 1277 Ruas & Co.—France, 1464 Ruaud, J. B.—France, 1463 Ruball, v.—Portugal, 1152 Riibeland Ducal Foundry Inspectors.— Zollverein (1), 780 Rubenitsch, J.—Austria, 507 Rubery, J.^—xxvi. 7 Rudall, Rose, & Co.—x. 536 Rudberg, C. G.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Rudd, T.—IX. 157 Rudert, H.—Russia, 84. 171 Rudloft", Brothers—Zollverein (1), 170 Rudolphi.—France, 1465 Rue, De la, & Co.—xvii. 76 Ruel, W. H—I. 435 Ruetten. see Lumm & Ruetten Ruez, L.—France, 3()3 Ruff & Co.—XVII. 193 Ruffer & Co.—Zollverein (1), 11 Rutter & Son.—Zollverein (I), 101 Rutfoni, Vincenzo, & Forzano,—XXX. (Fine Art Court) 220 Ruttbrd, F. T.—xxy. 38 ; xxvii. 89 Rutin, A.—Zollverein (1), 34 Ruggles, G. H.—United States, 416 Riiid & Son,—Zollverein (I), 597 Ruhmann, A.—Zollverein (1), 90 Rumley.—xxvii, 59 Rumms, H.— Hamburgh, 14 Rundell, W. W.—x. 438a ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 279 Runge, Dr.—Zollverein (1), 302 Ruolz.—France, 1466; see also Paradis, De Ruolz, and Co. Rupp & Bechstein.—Zollverein (5), 11 Rupprecht, S.—Austria, 553 Rups, L.—Zollverein (1), 613 Rnrmann & Meckel.—Zollv. (1), 580 Ruschi, Brothers.—Tuscany, 32 Rush, G.—X. 137 Russel, see Wisdom, Russel, &c. Russel, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 206 Russel, ^'icente.—Portugal, 1152 Russell, see Robinson & Russell Russell, H. H.—VII. 78; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 327 Russell, J.—I. 271 Russell, R.—XXIX. 40 Russell & Robertson.—ii. 59 Russell, S.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 230 Russell, Sarah Ann.—xix. 285 Russell & Son.—I. 249 Russell, T. S.—VIII. 127 Russell, v.—Portugal, 1295 Rust, F. A.—Zollve^rein (6), 68 Rutherfoord, H. E.—South Africa, 23 Rutherford.—X. 160a Rutherford, J.—I. 182 Ruthveri, J.—xxii. 20 Ruthven, M. W.—VIII. 171 Rutland, W.—xvi. 99 Rutochi & Co.—Switzerland, 153 Ruttens, Helene.—xx. 147a Rutter.—XXII. 643 Rutter, J. & W.—XXIX. 137 Rutty, see Foster, Rutty, & Co. Rvan, J.—XXII. 436 Ryder, W^—VI. 222 Ryfel & Co.—Switzerland, 153 Ryhiner, C.—Switzerland, 152 Ryhiner & Sons.—Switzerland, 161 Ryle, J.—United States, 336 Ryles, M.—X. 190 Rzebitschek, F.—Austria, 162 Saad Ben Bartha.—Algeria, 63 Sabatier, H.—France, 1467 Sabinin.—Russia, 116 Sachs, T.—Zollverein (1), 411 Sachse, W. F.—Zollverein (1), 226 Sacker, F. C—xxix. 214 Sacre, E.—Belgium, 504 Sacred Harmonic Society.—.Main Avenue, West; vii. 38 Sadd, W.—X. 301 Saddington, S. & W.—vi. 609 Sadler.—XIV. 30. 72 Sadler, Fenton, & Co.—xiv. 18 Sadler, J.—iv. 76 Sadler, J. H.—vii. 61 Sadler, S.—xiv. 30. 91 Sadler, W. J.—m. 103a; ix. 156 Saelzer & Neuack, United Coal Mines, (Ksseu).—Zollverein (1), 450 Saftre, Madame.—Belgium, 483 SafbnofiP.—'Russia, 55 Saget, W.—France, 364. 1468 Sagra, Ramon de la.—Spain. 157. 186 Sahlberg, C. F. G.—Hamburgh, 36 Sailer, J,—Austria, 570 Saintin, A.—France, 691 Saint-Jean.—France, 996 Salamanca Mines, Inspector of.—Spain, 20 Sale, J. N.—XVIII. 39 Sales, Pollard, & Co.—iii. 47 Salido, A.—Spain, 75 Salis, Schwabe, & Co.—xviii, 41 Sallandrouze de Lamornaix.—France, 1469 Salm, Prince.—Austria, 430 Salmon, Ody, & Co.—x. 594 Salmon, VV. J.—x. 266 Salmond, W.—XIV. 83 Salomon.—France, 298 Salomon, J. A. & Co.—Zull (1), 692 Salomons & Sons.—xii. & XV. 305 Salt & Lloyd.—XXII. 343 Salt, M. & Son.—X. 628 Salt & Mear.—United States, 203 Salt, T.—XII. & XV. 139 Salt Works, St. Ubes.—Portugal, 45 Salter.—vii. 107. (Main Avenue, West.) Salter, G.—xvi. 209 Salter, J.—viii. 116 Salter, S.—vii. 220, Page 851. 854 Salter, S. & Co.—xii. & XV. 250 Saltmarsh, G.—xxx. 345 Saluce, M.—Sardinia, 10 Salzer, C—Austria, 245 Salzhausen Salt & Lignite Works.— Zollv. (6), 3 Salzwimmer, P.— Austria, 554 Sambuc, P.—France, 1470 Sammet, T.—Zollverein (2), 50 Samora, Baron de.—Portugal, 43, 44.48 Sampson, P.—xvi. 303 Sampson, T.—vii. 137 ; xii. & XV. 215 Samson, see Temsonnet, G. &c. Samuel, J.—V. 616 Samuel, Miss.—l. 489a Samuels, D.—iv. 2iA Samuels, J. & Co.—xvill, 31 Samuelson, B.—ix. 185 Sanches Pescador and Miguel, T.— Spain, 259 Sandell, E.—xxix. 97 Sandeman, G.—xxvi. 173 Sandeman, H.—vi. 44; xi. 2 Sanders.—XXII. 655 ; see also Gaimes, Sanders, &c,; Spurden, Woolley, & Co. Sanders, J.—xxvni. 73 Sanders, S.—ix. 269b Sanderson, A,—United States, 506 Sanderson, C—v. 570 Sanderson, G.—x. 160 Sanderson, R. & A. & Co.—xii. & XV. 196 Sanderson & Reid.—xiii. 3. Sanderson & Sibbald.—xii. & XV. 189 Sanderson & Son.—xxiv. 9 Santlerson, T. J.—xxii. 226 Sandford, G.—Denmark, 50 Sand ford, Owen, & Watson.—V. 554 ; VI. 223 Sandlane & Crane.—xx. 38 Sandoval, De, & Co.—France, 365 Sands, W. & Co.—iv. 88 Sand way.—xviii. 93 Sandy & Powell.—xxvill. 112 Sang, F.—XXVI. 233 Sang, J.—X. 338 Sangiorgio, A.—Austria, 722 Sangiovanni,B.—xxx.(Fine ArtCrt.) 83 Sangoushko, Princess Mary.—Russia, 78 gangster, W. & J.—xxix. 136 Sanin.—Russia, 28 Sankey, W. H V.—vii. 32 Sanson, E.—France, 366 Santa Maria de Nieva, Alcalde of.— Spain, 233 Santander, the Inspector of Mines of.— Spain, 9 Santi, Dr. C—Tuscany, 20 Santo, Dr. D. A. C—Spain, 2-12 Santos y, Diaz J.—Sjjain, 34 Sapelkin, V.—Russia, 309 Saphiunov, A.—Russia, 284 Sapognikotr.—Russia, 372 Sapojnikoff, Brothers.— Russia, 67 Sa\)p, see Becker, Sapp, & Co. Sapsford, S.—xvii. 35 Sapy, A.—Austria, 6 Saracini, C. A.—Tuscany, 34 Saragossa, Academy of Medicine & Sur- gery.—Spain, 128a Sai'agossa, Agricultural Board of.— Spain, 148 Saragossa, the Inspector of Mines of.— Spain, 11 Sarasin, J. F.—Switzerland, 152 Sarasin & Co.—Switzerland, 152 Sarchet, J.—Jersey and Guernsey, 32 Sarder, P.—Austria, 607 Sardinia, King of.—Sardinia, 64 Saris & Rengos.—Greece, 56 Sarran, H,, & Dufour.—France, 1471 Sarre, H. jun.—Zollverein (1), 255 Sarson, T. F.—xxil. 470 Sartorius, A. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 611 Sastachs, J.—Spain, 255 Sastre, C.—Spain, 253a Sather, see Norberg & Sather Satourin, M.—Russia, 233 Sattler, W.—Zollverein (2), 14 Sauer, see Spangenberg, Sauer, &c. Sauer & Son.—Zollverein (1), 479 Sauerbier, J. A.—Zollverein (I), 353 Sauerbier, J. C—Netherlands, 114 Sauerbrey, L.—Zollverein (I), 702 Sduerbrey, V.—Switzerland, 68 Saugrin.—France, 690 Sauken, A. Von.—Zollverein (1), 433 Saulini, T.—Rome, 24 Saulshausen Salt Works (Hesse).—Zol- verein (6), 3 Saunders, see Randall & Saunders Saunders, C—v. 958; xvi. 135 Saunders, F. W.—xvi. 271 Saunders, G.—xxi. 34; Jersey and Guernsey, 23 Saunders & Gaichill.—iii. 144; iv. 71 Saunders & Son.—x. 205 Saunders, T. H.—xvii. 36 Saunders, W. J.—xxii. 455 Saunders, W. W.—iv. 9 Saunderson, C.—xvii. 37 Sauraux, J. V.—France, 367 Saussure, J. B. De.—United States, 1 76a Sautret, jun.—France, 1473 Sautreuil, jun.—France, 1474 Sauvage, R. & Co.—France, 1472 Savage, A,—vi. 458 Savage, G. & Son.—Canada, 340 Savage, R. W.—xxii. 56 Savalini, Thomas.—Rome, 24 Savard.—France, 1476 Savaresse, jun.—France, 998. 1478 Savaresse, H.—France, 997 Savaresse, P.—France, 1477 Savary and Mosbach.—France, 368 Savery, P. B.—United States, 55 Savi, Professor P.—Tuscany, 51 Saville, J.—xii. & xv. 46 Savory & Moore.—ii. 115 Sawney, W.—ix. 31 Sawyer, W.—V. 960 Sax, A. & Co.—France, 1725 Saxby & Brain.—viii. 136 Saxon, A.—vi. 17 Saxony, Royal Direction of Railways (Dresden).—Zollverein (3), 26 Saxton, A.—xx. 90 Sayce, J. & Co.—xii. 8c xv. 307 Saye, P. G.—France, 1691 Sayer, see Featham, Miller, & Sayer Sayle, Merriam, & Brewer. — United States, 404 Saynor & Sons.—xxil. 198 Sazikoff, I.—Russia, 366 Scaling, W.—xxvm. 9 Scamp, W.—VIII. 298 Scamps, P.—France, 1479 Scarfe, G.—Jersey and Guernsey, 17 Schabas, J.—Austria, 36 Schachtler, see (duster & Schaclitler Schade, E.—Zollverein (1), 680 Schaecic, Madame.—Switzerland, 251 Schaefer, Otto,& Scheibe.—Zoll. (I), 153 Scliaenffelen, G.—Zollverein (4), 41 Schaertf, R —Zollverein (1), 118 Schaffgotsch, Count of.—Zoll. (1), 208 Schalch, A.—Switzerland, 180 Schalis, see Dunlop & Schalis Schaller, C—Zollverein (1), 478 Schaller, J.—xvi. 203 Schamal, F.—Austria, 118 Scharenberg, A.—Mecklenburg Strelitz, 3 Scharf, C—Zollverein (1), 776 Schattenman, Mr,—France, 376 Scheder, J. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 102 Schedl, C—Austria, 429 Scheel, C —Zollverein (1), 668 Scheibe, see Schaffer, Otto, &c. Scheibe, G.—ZoUvtrein (1), 719 Sclieibe, H. L.—Zollverein (1), 742 ' Scheibler, see Horn berg & Schiebler Scheibler, F. J.—Zollverein (1), 354 Scheibler & Co.—Austria, SO ; Zollve- rein (1), 534 Scheibler & Son.—Zollverein (1), 864 Scheldt, Brothers, & Co.—Zollv. (1), 504 Scheldt, J. W.—Zollverein (1), 505 Scheidweiler, M.—Belgium, 164 Scheile, C—vi. 402 Scheiper, see Bouckmiilil, &c. Scheit, J. W.—Zollverein (1), 505 Scheitlin, D. see Scheitlin, H. & D. Scheitlin, H. & D.—Switzerland, 217 Scheile, J. G.—Hamburgh, 31 Scheller, Weber, &Wittich.—Zollverein (1), 663 Schelling & Co.—Switzerland, 62 Schelstraete, L.—Belgium, 251 Scheltema, J. & J. —Netherlands, 38 Schelter, G.—Zollverein (3), 182 Schemany, see Schulte & Schemany Scliembri, A.—Malta, 10 Schembri, G.—Malta, 3 Schenck & Co.—Zollverein (4), 40 Schendel, P. Van.—Belgium, 173 Scheppers, F.—Belgium, 497 Scheuhle, J. H. & Co.—South Africa, 48 Schiapparelli, see Rossi & Scliiapparelli Schiedmayer & Sons.—Zoll. (4), 23 Schiertz, J. G.—France, 999 Schiess, see Schoch, Schiess, & Co.; Zaehner & Schiess Schiess, E.—Switzerland, 200 Schiesser, G.—Switzerland, 134 Schievelbein, J, F. E.—Zoll. (O, 237 Schiffmann, L.—Zollverein (6), 76 Schiffner & Zimmermann.—Zollverein (3), 97 Sdiild, J.—Switzerland, 250 Schildknecht, C. F.—Zollverein (1), 131 Schill & Wagner—Zollverein (4), 30 Schiller & Gerbing.—Austria, 614 Schiller, J.—Hamburgh, 95 Schilling, J.—Zollverein (1), 148 Schilling, V. C—Zollverein (1), 855 Schilling & Sutton.—II. 52 Schilt, v.—Switzerland, 59 Schindl, A.—Austria, 318 Schindler, see Eberstaller & Schindler ; Jenny & Schindler Schindler, S.—Austria, 555 Schintzler & Kirschbaum.—Zollverein (1), 480 Schipper, C.—Austria, 269 Schlaepfer, J.—Switzerland, 135 Schlaepfer, Schlatter, & Kursteiner.— Switzerland, 201 Schlater, H.—Austria, 701 Schlatter, see Schlaepfer, Schlatter, &c. Schledich, see Koehler & Schledich Schlegelmilch, C—Zollverein (1), 643 Schleicher, C—Zollverein (1), 405 Schlesinger, see Quitzow, &c., & Co. Schlesinger & Co.—VI. 168; xvii. 38 Schleuss,^ H.—Zollverein (1), 160 Schlick, F.—Austria, 385 Schlief, T.—Zollverein (1), 108 Schlippe, C.—Russia, 2/ Schloss, Widow, & Brother.—France, 1480 Schlumberger, jun., & Co,— France, 1481 Schlumberger, Gaspard, & Co.—France, 1000 Schlussler, H.—South Africa, 39 Schmantz, C, sen.—France, 370 Schmerbauch, H.—Zollverein (1), 264 Schmerber, S.—Zollv. (5), 30 Schmersahl, see Kurtz & Schmersahl Schmid & Abegg.—Switzerland, 153 Schmid, Brothers. — Switzerland, 163. 269 Schmid, H.—Switzerland, 136 Schmid, H. D.—Austria, 105 Schmidlehner, J.—Austria, 455 Schmidt, see Behren & Schmidt ; Casparsson & Schmidt; Gevers & Schmidt ; Wahlen & Schmidt Schmidt, C—Zollverein (1\ 644; (2\ 92 Schmidt, C. H.—Zollverein (1), 809 Schmidt & Co.—Zollverein (1), 589; Zollverein (3), 11 Schmidt, E.—Zollverein (6\ 58 Schmidt, F.—Zollverein (4\ 83 Schmidt, G. F. & Co.—Zollverein (3), 60 Schmidt, H., see Schmidt, C & H. Schmidt, J.—Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 2 Schmidt, J. C—Zollverein (1), 831 i Schmidt, J. D.—Zollverein (I), 651 i Schmidt, J. G., jun., & Sons.—Zollve- j rein (3), 49 I Schmidt, P. L.—Zollverein (1), 646 Schmidt & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 756 Schmidt, W.—Zollverein (4), 9 Schmieger, A.—Austria, 193 Schmieger, J.—Austria, 224 Schmieterloew, C.— South Africa, 42 Schmit, C—Zollverein (1), 644 Schmits & Holthaus.—Zollverein (1), 585 Schmitt, F.—Austria, 225 Schmitt, S. M. (Heirs of), & Co.— Austria, 238 Schmoelder, see Widemaun, Fferd- menges, &c. Schmolz, W. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 673 Schmuck, Souchay, & Co.—Zollverein (1), 729 Schnabel, Brothers.—Zollverein(l), 503 Schnapper, H. L.— Zollverein (6), 42 Schnautz, W.—Hamburgh, 104 Schneeberg Cobalt and Nickel Works (Saxony),—Zollverein (3), 9, Schneider, A. see Schneider, E. & A. &c. Schneider, Brothers, & Legrand. — France, 1002 Schneider, E. & A. & Legrand,—France, 1001 Schneider, F.—Switzerland, 102 ; Zoll- verein (1), 185, 203 Schneider, H. W,—i. 409 Schneider, J.—Austria, 140 Schneidu & Co.—Chili Schneiler, J. D.—Switzerland, 42 Schnelle & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 558 Schnitzer.—xxx, (Fine Art Court), 161 Schnitzler & Kirschbaum—Zollverein (1), 480 Schnitzler, see Ulleuberg & Schnitzler Schnorr & Steinhaeuser. — Zollverein (3), 62 Schoch, Schiess & Co.—Switzerland, 202 Schoefel, J.—Austria, 99 Schoefer.—Zollverein (1), 737 Schoell, A.—Austria, 226 Schuell, C. A.—Switzerland, 252 Schoeller, A. & F.—Zollverein (1),608 Schoeller, Brothers.—Austria, 227 Schoeller, J. P.—Zollverein (1), 365. Schoeller & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 374 Schdenebeck Chemical Manufactory.— Zollverein (1), 68 3 Schoenebeck Salt Works.—Zollverein (1),834. Schoenenberger.—France, 371 Schoenfeldt.— Russia, 375 Schoenhuber, J.^—Austria, 113. Schoening, H.—Zollverein (1), 154 Schoettle, G, J.—Zollverein (4), 12 Schofield, A.—XII. & xv. 474 Schofield, Brown, Davis, and Halse.— xii. & XV. 3 Schofield, J.—xii. & xv. 125 Scholefield, D.—x. 148 Scholer, P. C—Denmark, 37 Scholev, Misses.—xxvi. 142 Scholl,' J.—x. 666 Scholtus.—France, 1482 Schomburgk, Sir R.—St. Domingo Schdn, P.—Zollverein (1), 402 Schonberg Privileged Linen Yarn Spin- ning Mill.—Austria, 95a Schonborn, E.—Austria 15 Schoneveld & Westerbaan. — Nether- lands, 13 Schonhofer.—Zollverein (1), 785 Schonhofes, Sebald.—Switzerland, 258 Schonleber, A.—Zollverein (4), 32 Schooley & Hough.—United States, 200 School of Charity, Ireland.—xix. 227 School for Indigent Blind.—xxviii. 100 Schooling, H.—xxix. 114 Schoost, J. N. C—Hamburgh, 37 Schopfer, S.—Switzerland, 218 Schopper, F.—Zollverein (1), 757 Schopper, H.—Zollverein (1), 758 Schopper, M. A.—Austria, 270 Schorder, C. H.—Hamburgh, 13 Schotts, B, & Sons.—Zollverein (6), 25 Schrader, C—Zollverein (1), 777 Schraidt & Co,—Zollverein (1), 732 Schramm, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 466 Schramm J. L. F.—Zollverein (1), 806 Schramm, S,—Austria, 397 Schrader, Miss H.—xxix. 319 Schraps, see Becker & Schraps Schreger, B.—Zollverein (6), 51 Schreiber, F. A.—Zollverein (3), 71 Schreiber, J. C. G.—Zollverein (1), 783 Schreier, Susanna.—Austria, 390a Schrieck, Van Der, Brothers,—Belgium, 101 Schroder, see Schuerrnann & Schroder Schrodter, E.—Zollverein (1), 484 Schroeder.—i. 437 ; see also Gottschalk & Schroeder ; Wamp & Schroeder Schroeder, J.— Zollverein (6), 77 Schroeer, F. H.—Zollverein (3\ 120 Schroers, G. & H.—Zollverein (1), 515 Schroers, H., see Schroers, G. & H. Schropp, Simon & Co.—Zollverein (1), 303 Schruck & Uhlich.—Zollverein (2), 15 Schuberdh & Co.—Hamburgh, 102 Schubert, see Behr & Schubert Schubert, A.—Austria, 168 Schubert, Mrs.—Zollverein (3), 156 Schuchard, H.—Zollverein (6), 19 Schuchmaiin, W.—Switzerland, 264 Schueler, Dr, G.—Zollverein (1) Schuell, L.—Zollverein (1), 393 Schuer, Dr. & Kohriug.—Zollverein, (1), 843 Schuerrnann & Schroder. — Zollverein (1), 496 Schuetze.—Zollverein (3), 1S8 Schuetzendoiff, H. J.—Zollverein (1), 399 Schuldheis, A. E.—Sweden, 105 Schule, see Kolb & Schule Schulte, J. H.—Zollverein (1), 675 Schulte & Schemann.—Hamburgh, 49 Schultheis, see Weber & Schultheis Schultz.—Russia, 268 Schultz, F. J.—Hamburgh, 48 Schultz, G. S.—Hamburgh, 112 Schultze, D.—Hanover, 6 Schultze, F.—Hamburgh, 46 Schultze, J. & F.—Zollverein (1), 707 Schulz, C—Zollverein (1), 593 Schulz, J.—Zollverein (1), 880 Schulz, L. W.—Zollverein (1), 811 Schulz, W.—Zollverein (1), 881 Schumacher.—Zollverein (4), 93 Schumacher, J. & Sons.—Zollv. (6), 47 Schumann, C. A.—United States, 204 Schuster.—Zollverein (1), 712 Schusier, L.—Zollverein (3), 22 Schuster, M,, jun.—Zollverein (3), 23 Schutz, F.—Austria, 375 Schutz, L. W,—Netherlands, 98 Schutze, A.—Zollverein (1), 884 Schutzmann, A.—Zollverein (2), 40 Schuyler, see Raymond & Schuyler Schwabe, see Sails, Schwabe, & Co. Schwann, F.—xii. & xv. 115; xiv. 50 a Schwann, Kell, & Co.—xii. &xv. 141 Schwanthaler. — Zollverein (I), 90. 285; (Main Avenue, East) Schwarte, J, D.—Zollverein (1), 640 Schwartz, C—Zollverein (1), 202 Schwartz & Huguenin.—France, 1003 Schwartz, Trapp, & Co.—France, 1004, 1005 Schwartze, see Meyer & Schwartze Schwarz, C—Austria, 470 Schwarz, F. jun.—Austria, 472 Schwarz, F. sen.—Austria, 471 Schwarz, H.—Switzerland, 137 21 Schwarz, I.—Austria, 473 Schwarz, J.—Austria, 684 Schwarze, Dr.—ZoUverein (3), 179 Schwarzeiibach, J. J.—Switzerland, 153 Schwarzenbach Brothers.—Switzerland, 153 Schwarzenberg, Prince.—Austria, 417 Schwarzenfels Electoral Colour Manu- factory,—Zollverein (1), 465 Schwebenieyer, C.—ZoUverein (1), 181 Schwefel, A.—Austria, 608 Schweitzer & Heller.—ZuUv. (1), 733 Scliweizer, see Graeser ,']: Schweizer Schwemanu & Sons.—Zollv. (1), 545 Schwemsal Royal Alum Works. — Zollverein (1\ 463 Schwerber, S.—Zollverein (5), 30 Schwerin, Count of.—Zollverein (1), 33 Schwinghammer, S. T.—Austria, 556 Scola, A.—Austria, 72 Scola, B.—Sardinia, 16 Scollick, H. C—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 178 Scotch LinenTrade.—Portugal, 701-706 Scoti, Brothers.—Tuscany, 37 Scott.—XXII. 612 ; see also Keer & Scott Scott, Cuthbertson & Co.—xxvi. 300 Scott, E., & Co.—IV. 19 Scoft, G.—V. 154 Scott, G. G—Page 848; vii. 221. (Main iVvenue, West) xxvi, 235 Scott & Glassford.—Canada, 148 Scott, L.—II. 61 Scotf, M.—V. 98 Scott, P.—XX. 141 Scott, S. T.—XVI. 228 Scott & Wrighi.—xii- & xv. 1 Scottish Royal Society o fx\rts.—vn. 29 Scouller, J.—viii. 113 Scragg, T.—IX. 228 Scrampton.—i. 82 Screen, T.—Van Diernen's Land, 305 Scrive, Brothers.—France, 1005. 1007 Scrive, Brothers, & J. Danser.—France, 1006 Scroxtou, J. H.—-XXVI. 271 Scrymgeour, H.—xxvi. lOl Scuffert, E.—Austria, 141b Scultliess Brothers.—^^Switzerland, 153 Seabrook, W.—United States, 320d Seabury, J. & J. L.—United States, 121 Seabury, J. L., see Seabury, J. & J. L. Seager, W.—XXX, (Fine Art Court), 13 Seal, J.—XXX. (Fine.Art Court), 218 Seal, F. M. C—Portugal, 497. 515 Seal, S.—IX. 262 Sealy, J.—xxvii. 130 Seamer, T.—xill. 15 Searight, J.—South Africa, 37 Searle, C—xxii. 480 Searle, G. -United States, 488 Searle, H.—vi. 65 Searle, M.—New Brunswick,-21. 26. Searle & Sons,—viii. 1€9 (Main Ave- nue, West) Sears, M, VV,-^viii. 348 Sears, R.—xxil. 620 Seaton, Lord.—Ionian Islands, 5 Seaward, W.—ix. 51 Secchi, F.—Austria, 81 Seccombe, S.—i. 454 Sedgwick & Taylor,—xxil. 644 Sedlag, G,—Zollverein (3), 72-83 Seebass, A. R,—Zollverein (6), 50 Seeger, E.—Zollverein (4), 78 Seeger, J. A.—Zollverein (1), 713 Seel, G.—Zollverein (1), 657 Seel, H., jun.—Zollverein (1), 483 Seeley, J. — Western-end, South en- closure (outside), 11; page 852 Seeling & Becker.—Zollverein (6), 69 Seeling, G. W.—Zollverein (1), 291 Seemann, C. & H.—Zollverein (4), 36 Seemann, G.—Zollverein (1), 75 Seeman, H., see Seeman, C. & H. Seer, L. M.—Canada, 16 Seghers, B.—Belgium, 110 Segond, see Maille & Segond Seguin.— France, 692, 1693 Seguin, J.—France, 1U08 Seguy.—France, 372 Seib, J. A.—France, 1009 Seibe, A.—xxvi. 11 Seibler, see Pature-Lupin, &c. Seid Omer.—Turkey Seldel, C. & C—Austria, 228 Seidel, J.—Zollverein (6), 26 Seiffert & Co.—Zollverein (1), 162 Seigneur, J. B. Du.—France, 187; (Main Avenue, East) Seignuret, H. J.—Jersey & Guernsey, 3 Seipermann & Mohlau.—Zollv (I), 676 Seitter, A.— Austria, 399 Selboe, J, C—Denmark, 31 Seldis, E.—Zollverein (1), 181 Selenka, J.—Zollverein (1), 800 Selfe, H.—V. 452 Selivanoff.—Russia, 52 Sellar & Son.—ix. 85 Sellers, see Slack, Sellers, &c. Sellers, J.—xxii. 147; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 295 Sellier & Bellot.—Austria, 122 Sells, see Jones, Sells, & Co. Selopis, Brothers.—Sardinia, 4 Seltzer, Sophia.—x. 726 Semenofi"& Faleyeff, Brothers.—Russia, 135. 247 Semmens, J.—viil. 136 Semon, Siltzer, & Co.—xii. & xv. 163 Semovilla, R.—Spain, 143 Semper.—Zollverein (3), 1 74 Sempere, F. de—Spain, 41 Sena Sorni de F.—Spain, 274a Senechal.—France, 373 Sengenwald.—France, 1010 Sengle, J. G.—Hamburgh, 66 Senigaglia & Carminati.—Austria, 78 Senn & Suter.— Switzerland, 152 Senneff, J.—United States, 75 Sentis, Son, & Co.—France, 1011 Seppe, H.—South Africa, 49 Seratino,]B.—Tuscany, 123 Serafino, Palatini, & Co.—Austria, 702 Serionne, De, Loin, & Co. — France, 1483 Serjeant & Pepper.—xxv. 19 Serley, C. G. De.—France, 1484 Serret, Hamoir, Duquesne, & Co.— France, 1485 Servaes, M. F.—Belgium, 295 Servais, J. B.—Belgium, 291 ; France, 1012 Service, W.—ix. 122a Serzedello & Co.—Portugal, 37, 38. 42. 50. 01. 69, 70. 72. 75, 76. SO, 81. 504 Settier, B.—Spain, 272a Sefzer, J.—Austria, 23 Seuffert, E.—Austria, 141b Severiu, E.—Hamburgh, II3; Belgium, 367 Severn, H. A.—viii. 186 Sevier.—xix. 115 Seville Royal,Cannon Foundry.—Spain, 263 (Main'Avenue, East) Sevin, C—France, 1739 Sevres, Manufactory of Porcelain and Stained Glass at.—France, 1369 Sewall, see Johnson, Sewall, & Co. Sewell, C. & F.—xxvi. 340 Sewell & Co.—IX. 107 Sewell, Evans, Hubbard, and Bacon.—• XIII. 19 ; XIX. 288 Sewell, F., see Sewell, C. & F. Se.vell, T, R.—VI. 92 Seybel, see Wagenmann, Seybel, & Co. Seyboldt & Co.—Sweden, I'Ol Seydoux, see Pature-Lupin, &c. Seyeux.—France, 1486 Seyferth, J. & Co. — Zollverein (3), 106 Seytiarth, Dr.—Zollverein (3), 174 Seytiert & Bieyer,—Zollverein (3), 88 Seykora, J.—Austria, 324 Seyler, G.—Zollverein (1), 121 Seymour, F. & J.—xxill. 72 Seymour, J., see Seymour, E. & J. Seymour, Z.—I. 192 Seyrig, see Manlove, Alliotf, &c. Seyssel Asphalte Co,—Eastern end ; I. 229 Shabelsky.—Russia, 42 Shacklock, G.—xxvi. 29 Shadbolt, G.—x. 677a Shaft & Axletree Co.—v. 543 Shah, A.—Russia, 126 Shah-W^edi-Ogli.—Russia, 166 Shaken, Maria, Fanny, & Edw, —xix, 289 Shalders, W. jun.—v. 402 Shand & Mason (late Tilley & Co.) — v. 410 (South Transept) Shand & Muckart.—iii. 126 Shanghae, H.M. Consul at.—China Shanks, A,^—vi. 210 Shanks, R. H.—v. 962 Shavd<s & Son.—ix. 67 Sharland, Mrs.—Van Diemeri's Land, 177 Sharland, W.—Van Diemen's Land.— 175 Sharland, W. S.—Van Diemen's Land. —321 Sharnhorst, C.—Oldenburgh, 3 Sharp, see Ward, Street, &c. Sharp, Brothers.—VI. 15. 204 Sharp, D. W.—xii. & xv, 177 Sharp, G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 20 Sharp, J,—XXII. 91 ; xxix. 218 Sharp, Odell, & Jury.—xill. 69 Sharp, S.—Western end, South enclosure (outside), 18 ; vi. 440; x. 308 Sharp, T.—XIX. 1; xxiii. 120; xxx. (Sculpture Court) 20. 26; see also Brine, Brothers, & T. Sharp Sharp, W. D.—V. 104 Sharpe, B.—viii. 136 Sharpe, see Browne, Sharp, & Co. Sharpe, Brothers, & Co.—xxv. 36 Sharpe, E.—vii. 223 (Main Avenue, West) Sharpe, H. & D,—Zollverein (1), 872 Sharpe, J. & R.—xxi. 10 Sharpe, R., see Sharpe, J. & R. Sharpus & Cullum.—xxv. 41 Shattuck, W. F.—United States,-509 Shattuck, W. G.—United States, 412 Shave, W. J.—xxii. 90; xxii. 628 Shaw, A,—Canada, 56 Shaw, B L.—V. 113 Shaw, C—xxviii. 161 Shaw, H,—xvii. 14; see also Shaw J. W. and H. Shaw, J.—VIII. 254 ; xx. 91 Shaw, J. & Co.—V. 728 Shaw, J. W. & H.—XII. & XV. 98 Shaw, P.—XII. & XV. 90 Shaw, S.—Canada, 149 Shaw & Son.—XXII. 216 Shaw, Son, & Co.—xii. &xv. 110 Shaw, W.—VI. 110 Shea, Capt.—Chiua Sheau, W. J.—xvii. 177 Sheard & Sons.—xii. & xv. 81 Shearer, J.—xxii. 127 Sliearman, E. S.—United States, 572 Shears & Sons.—xxii. 438a Shechtel, F.—Russia, 357 Sheddon, H.—XIX. 293 Slieepshanks, see York & Sheepshanks Sheffield Gas Company.—xxil. 448 Sheffield Journeymen File-makers.— XXII. 138 Sheffield School of Design, xxiii. 39 ; XXVI. 344, 3J5 Shekhonin.—Russia, 276 Shekhonin, A.—Russia, 275 Sheldon, see Wadsworth & Sheldon Sheldon, J.—xxii. 292 Shembri, Aritouia.—Malta, 10 Shenton, see Foothorape, Showell, &c. Shenstone & Mills.—xxii. 273 Shepard & Perfect.—xii. & XV. 131 Shephard, J.—XXIV. 8 Shepherd, C.—X. 128 (South Transept) Shepherd, G.—Canada, 63 Shepherd, Hill, & Spink.—vi. 220 Shepherd, R. A. J.—United States, 10 Slieppard, A.—iii. 70 Sheppard, F.—xxviii. Ill Shep])ard, G., see Sheppard, W. B., & G. Sheppard, W. B. and G,—xil. & XV. 18 Sheridan, P.—xix. 294 Sheriff, T.—IX. 74 Sheringham.—xxil. 582 Sherman & Smith.—United States, 143 Sherrer, G.—New Suuth Wales Sherwin, H.—xxv. 51 Sherwin, J.—xxii. 243 Sherwin, Cope & Co.—vi. 104 Sherwood Iron Works. — xxx. (Fine Art Court) 138 Shield, J.—VII. 79 SheiUls, F. W. (C.E.)—New South Wales, 18 Shier, D.—British Guiana, 21-24. 33-3). 41-44. 55. 58. 67. 122. 133 Shillibeer, G.—v. 964 Shilton, T.—V. 966 Shinton, R.—III. 33 ; xx. 75 Shipley, J. G.—XVI. 8i Shipton, see Brunsden & Shipton Shipwreck, National Institution for the jueservation of life from.—viii. 309 Shiver, A.—XIX. 296 Sholl, J.—IX. 120 ; United States, 53S Shoobridge, see Keith, Shoobridge, & Co Shoolbred, Loveridge, & Shoolbred.— XXII. 66 ; XXVI. 282 ; Shove, T.—VI, 438 i Shorman, J.—viii. 266 Short, see Grave, De, Short, &c. Short, J,—XXIX. 129 Shouvaloff & Son.—Russia, 231. 241 Shove, G.—XXIV. 24 Showell, see Foothorape, Showell^ &c. Shreeve, Mrs.—xx. 46a Shrewsbury, see Alderton & Shrewsbury Shtaiige & Vezfel.—Russia, 370 Shuff; W.—V. 971 I Shuldam, Harriett.—xix. 298 Shuldham, M.—vill. 172 Shuttleworth, see Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co. Sljuttleworth, W. & Co. — xii. & xv. 1 156 I Si Ahmed El Hachemi.—Algeria, 48 81 Ali Ben Lamouchi.—Algeria, 65; France, 1695 Si Amar Smin.—Algeria, 49 Si Amon Ben Ouat, A. F. (or Si Ha- mon Bel Onataf). — Algeria, 64 : France, 1694 Si-El-Bey Ben-Bou-Ras.—Algeria, 50 Si El Medani.—Algeria, 66 Si Hamida.— France, 1696 Sibbald, see Sanderson 8c Sibbald Sibell & Mott.—United States, 339 Sibley, S.—United States, 197 Sibson, H.—Page 852 Sibthorpe, Fanny Louisa.—xix. 299 Siccama, A.—x. 535 Sichart & Co. -China Sichel, M.—Zollvevein (G\ 84 Siebe, A.—v. 440; vil. 1 ; ix. 255a; X. 358 ; XXII. 435 ; xxvi. II Siebel, C. W. & Brinck.-Zollverein (0,513 Siebert, P.—Austria, 271 Siebert, S.—United States, 505 Siegert, C—Zollverein (1), 74 SiegTried & Waldthausen.—Zollverein (0,862 Sieg], J. & Co.—Austria, 290 Siegle, H.—Zollverein (4), 6 Siegmund, see Neuhaeuser, Siegmund, & Co. Siegmund, W.—Austria, 230 Siemens, C. W.—v. 46. 203 Siemens & Halske. — Zollverein (I), 310a Siepermann & Moehlau.—.Zollverein (I), 676 Sieron, L.—Belgium, 358 Sievert, E.—Austria, 683 Sigaut.—France, 14b7 Sigmund, L—Ausuia, 272 Signoret Rochas, P.—France, 1013 Silbermann, G.—France, 374 Silk & Brown.—V. 968 Sillett, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 26 Siltzer, see Semou, Siltzer, & Co. Silva, see Almeida, Silva, & Co. Silva, A. S. P. da.—Portugal, 1297, 1298 Silva, C. J. F. da.—Portugal, 1123c Silva, H. J. da.—Brazil, 4 Silva, J. J. da.—Portugal, 955. 966, 967 Silva, J. P. da.—Portugal, 370 Silva, M. da.—Portugal, 991-1014 Silva Alves E. J. da.—Portugal, 407 Silva Junior, A. da. — Portugal, 319 Silveiia, J. P. da.—Portugal, 349 Silvent, see Repiquet & Silvent Silverlock, H.—vi. 158. 162 ; xvii. 40. Silverwood, see M asden, Brothers, &c. Sim, C. J.—XIX. 301 Sim, W.—I. 137 Simcox, G. P.—XIX. 302 SimcoXj Pembertoa, & Sons.—xxil. 321 Sime, J. & Co.—XII. & xv. 195 Simes, S.—United States, 60 Simierj J.—France, 693 Simmens, J.—vm. 124 Simmonds & Woodman.—xx. 105 Simmons & Co.—United States, 119 Smimons, G. N.—i. 46S Simmons, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 126 Simmons, Mrs. W.—United States, 303 Simms, VV.—x. 741 (Main Avenue, West) ; see also Troughton and Simms Simon, see Guentliev & Simon ; Lightly & Simon ; Schropp, Simon, & Co. ; Videcoq & Simon Simon, E.—France, 1014 Simon, H.—Zollverein (2), 37 Simon & Henry.—France, 1489 Simon, J.—France, 1016 Simon, Miss.—Jersey & Guernsey, 24 Simon, P.—France, 1015 Simon, S.—France, 1697 Simonet, Virginie.—France, 375 Simonetta, P.—Austria, 291 Simonis, E.—Belgium, 464 (Main Ave- nue, East) Simonis, J.—Belgium, 191 Simonite, J.—xxil. 270 Simons, J. (heirs of).—Zollverein (1), 514 Simons, W.—viii. 33 Simons, VV. V.—v. 96 ; x. 663 Simonson, see Jones, Simunson, &c. Simonson, J. & Co.— Zollverein (3), 154 Simounet, P.—Alfjeria, 51 Simjison, Prof.—United States, 585 Simpson, Estlier.—XX. Ill Simpson, G.—x 624 ; xxvi. 267 Simpson, H.—x. 6'i2 Simpson, Hannah.—xX. Ill Simpson, Humphrey, & Vickers.—IV. 117 Simpson, J.—XXV. 33 Simpson, J. & Co.— Canada, 48 Simpson, M.—xix. 67 Simpson, Messrs*—India, V* Simpson & Skipton.—V. 14 Simpson, T.—X. 532 Simpson, T. B.—Canada, 90. 277 Simpson, W. B.—xix. 379 ; xxvi. 270 Simpson & Young.— xviii. 47 Sims, E. H.—United States, 274, 275 Sims, E. W.—United States, 267 Sinclair, C—xxiv. 50 Sinclair, D.—viii. 136 Sinclair, Duncan, & Son.—xvii. 92 Sinclair & Hockley.—x. 329 Sinclair, J.—Western end, South enclo- sure (outside), 13 ; I. 206 Sinclair, J. jun.—xil. & xv. 467 Singer, C. F.—Zollvevein (3), 145 Singer & Co.—-Western end. North en- closure (outside), 65; XXVII. 88 Singer, J.—Austria, 392 Sinigaglia, Brothers.—Sardinia, 25 Sioen, J.—Belgium, 138 Sirot.—France, 1017 Sirtaine, F.—Belgium, 197 Sisters of Mercy.—xix, 213a Sitoff, Brothers.—Russia, 202. 323 Sjoblorn, C. G.— Sweden, 63 Skalkin.—Russia, 347 Skeltons, R., see Skeltons, S. & R. Skeltons, S. & R.—xxii. 2£0 Skidmore, T. R.—xxiv. 52 Skidmore & Co.—xxil. 183 Skidmore & Son.—xxiii, 129 Skill, Rebecca.—xxix. 84 Skinner.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 362 Skinner, A.—xvi. 83 Skinner, F., & Co.—United States, 450 Skinner & M'Curoch.—Canada, 88.90 Skinner & Whalley.—xxvii. 121 Skipton, see Simpson & Skipton Skvorzoff.—Russia, 232. 235 Slack, J.—V. 423 Slack, Sellers, & Grayson.—xxii. 208 Slagg, H. W.—XXII. 158 Slape, G.—XXVIII. 67 Slark, W.—XXIX. 135 Slate, J.—VI. 69; xxii. 386 Slater, E.—XII. & XV. 22 Slater, H.—xii. & xv. 170 Slater, J.—xxix. 226 n 2 Slater, W.—viii. 78 Slater & Wright.—I. 11 ; viii. 136. 312 Slaughan, Elizabeth.—xxix. 64 Slaughter, see Stothert, Slaughter, & Co. Slieglitz, Mrs. — Van Diemen's Land, 168 Slight, J.—V. 765 ; IX. 42 Sloane, see Hall, Brothers, &c. Sloane, F.—Tuscany, 28 Slock, E.—xi. 6 Sloggett, R.—VIII. 32 Sluter.—Zollverein (1), 270 Sly, J.—Van Diemen's Land, 329 Smal-Werpin, A.—Belgium, 398 Smale, W,—yiii. 94 Small, see Maling & Small Small, T.—X. 651 Small, T. O.—XXV. 42 Smallman, Smith, & Co.—xxil. 2 Smart, see Ramsay and Smart Smart, R.—xx. 135 Smead, C—United States, 237 Smed, S.—Denmark, 29 Smedley, T.—i. 124 Smedt, B. De.—Belgium, 232 Smee & Faraday.—x. 464 Smee & Son.—xxvi. 174 Smeeton & Son.—xiv. 63 Smichovv (near Prague) Steam Flour Mill.—Austria, 64 Smily, W. R.—xxiil. 94 Smith.—XII. & XV. 163; xvii. 33; XXII. 368 ; see also Bickford, Smith, &c.; Earl, Smith, & Co.; Forster & Smith ; Heywood, &c., & Co. ; Pecare & Smith ; Phillips, Smith, & Co.; Phillips, Smith, & Phillips; Sherman & Smith; Smallman, Smith, & Co.; Stuart & Smith; Turbeville, &c., & Co.; Ward, Smith, & Co.; Withey & Smith Smith, A.—XXVIII. 55a; Canada, 33; see also Smith, W. & A. Smith, A. K.—IX. 4a Smith, Anderson, & Co.—xix. 82 Smith, A. & W., & Co.—IX. 266 Smith, B.—VII. 96;xxiii. 110; Ca- nada, 64 Smith & Baber.—xix. 371 Smith, Seacock, & Tannett.—VI. 230 Smith & Heck.—X. 253 Smith, B. T. & C—IV. 65 Smith, C—I, 190a; XXVI. 341 Smith, Capt., R.N.—xxx. 318 Smith, Charlotte.—XX. 119 Smith & Co.—IX. 234 ; xxii. 452 Smith, C. R.—XXX. (Sculpture Court), 44. 83 Smith, C. T.—Van Diemen's Land, 78, 189 Smith, Constable, & Co.—Spain, 236 Smith, D., see Smith, H. & D. Smith, E.—XVII. 100 Smith, F. H.—United States, 566 Smith, F. P.—V. 3 Smith, F, S.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 170 Smith, G.—V. 141; ix. 219 Smith, G. A.—XXVIII. 95 Smith, George, & Co.—xx. 55 Smith, G. F.—XXVI. 141 Smith & Gibbs.—XX. 71 Smith, G. R.—X. 424 Smith, H.—VIII. 165. 2/9; ix. 192; see also Smith, T. & H. Smith, H. A.—XXX. (Fine Art Court) 211 Smith, H. & D.—United States, 22 Smitt), H. E.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 3lA Smith, J.—III. 161 ; VI. 59; vii. 119a IX. 256; XIV. 65; xvi. 237; xvii. 41; xviii. 89; xxviii. 22 ; see also Coffey, J. A., and J. Smith Smith, J. & Sons.—xii. & xv. 235 Smith, J. A,—New Zealand, 6. 14. 19. 29 Smith, J. B. & Co.—XII. & XV. 14 Smith, J. E.—XX. 29 Smith, J. M. & Co.—United States, 519 Smith, J. W.~vi. 73 Smith, Kemp, & Wright.-xxii. 295 Smith, L.—United States, 86 Smith, Lieut., R.N. — Van Diemen's Land, 238-240, 295, 296 Smith, M.—III. 14; VI. 22 Smith, M. C. T.—Van Diemen's Land, 189 Smith, Maria L.—XIX. 158 Smith, Maiy.—xill. 51 Smith, Mary A. P. — XXX. (Fine Art Court), 213 Smith & Meynier.—Austria, 360 Smith, Nicholson, & Co.—XXIII. 110 Smith, O.—XXVIII. 95 Smith, O. H.—V. 972 Smith, P.—Van Diemen's Land, 222 Smith, R.—I. 499 Smith, Mrs. R.—XIX. 304 Smith, R. &Son.—V. 449. Smith, S.—VIII. 125 ; X. 573 Smith, Smallman, F.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 170 Smith & Son.—IV. 68; xii. & xv. 29 ; XVI. 31 Smith & Sons.—x. 129; xvi. 310a (Main Avenue, West) Smith, T.—I. 177 ; IX. 222 ; xxii. 57 ; XXVIII. 172 Smith, T., jun. — XXX. (Fine Art Court), 167 Smith, T. & H.—II. 94. Smith, T. H.—XXII. 269 Smith, T. & W.—VIII. 305 Smith, W.—IX. 270; x. 359; xil. &xv. 80 ; see also Smith, A. & W. & Co.; Smith, T. & W. Smith, W. & A.—XXIX. 280 Smith, W. H.—VII. 165 Smith & Whyte.—XII. & xv. 459. Smithers, J.—South Africa, 38 Smithson, T.—iv. 101a Smithson, T.—xii. & xv. 48 Smits, p.—Netherlands, 20 Smyth.—XIX. 77 Smylh & Roberts.—X. 491 Sneath, see Nicklin & Sneath. Sneider, Pellegrini.—Rome, 3 Snelgrove, see Marshall &; Snelgrove Snell & Co.—XXVI. 170 Snell, J.—XII. & XV. 24 Snell, R.—X. 528 Snoeck, C. J.—Belgium, 202 Snow, W. P.-i. 85 Snowden, R.—iii. 28 Snowden, see Collier, Son, & Snowden Snowden, W. F.—v. 588 Soap Contractors, Royal. — Portugal, 1158-1164 Soares, V. C. V.—Portugal, 360. 368. 390.391 Sobey, W. R.—xxii. 685 Sobradiel, Count of.—Spain, 174 Soderberg & Arosenius.—Sweden and Norway, 19 Soeders, G.—Netherlands, 81 Soehlke, G.—Zollverein (1), 265 Soehnee, Brothers.—France, 380 Soenen, F.—Belgium, 338 Soenens, LeChevalirr.—Belgium, 109 Soetens, C.—Belgium, 424 Soins & Son.—France, 381 Solenikoff.—Russia, 261 Soler, J.—Malta, 29 Soley, B.—Sardinia, 40 SoUer & Co.-Switzerland, 152 Solbrig, C. F.—Zollverein (3), 47 Solbrig, Franz.—Zollverein (3), 72-83 Sollv, see Allen & Solly. Solly & Co.—I. 410 Solly, J.—XXII. 258 Solms, Count.—Zollverein (1), 210 Solomon, J.—X. 286 Solomon, S.—XX. 86 Solomon, T.—i. 81 Solomons, A.—xxx. (Fine Art Co.), 69 Solovieff, J.^—Russia, 354 Somajni, F.—Austria, 723 Somalvico & Co.—x. 681a Somers, Earl.—i. 77 Somerset House School of Design.— XXVI. 309 ; Bav L 23, 24 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 10 Sommer, C.—Zollverein (3), 1 Sommer, C. F.—Zollverein (1), 818 Sommer, F.—Zollverein (1), 878. 893 Sommer, J.—Zollverein (1), 390 Sommerfield, B.—Zollverein (1% 173 Sommerfeld & Hubner,—Zollverein (\), 238 Sommermeyer & Co.—Zollverein (1), 802 Somze, J., jun.—Belgium, 268 Somze-Mahy, H.—Belgium, 265. Sondermann,—Zollverein (I), 288 Simdermann, W.—Zollverein (1), 743 Sondermeyer, J. K.—Netberlanils, 72 Sonnenberg, Association of Manufac- turers at.—Zollverein (I), 804 Sonnleithner, A.—Austria, 500 Soper, H.—XIII. 29 Soper, R. S,—XIV. 64 Sophianos, A.—Greece, 2 Sopwith, J, see Sopwith, T. & J. Sopwith, T.—I. 483, 484 Sopwith, T. & J.—XXVI. 316 Sorby, R,, & Sons.—xxii. 204 Sorel.—France, 1020 Sorensen, C.—Denmark, 13 Soria, Inspector of Mines of.—Spain, 28 Sorokin, Catherine.—Russia, 69 Sorzano, Manuel.—Trinidad Soten, J.—Canada, 355 Sotto.—Sardinia, 91 Soual.—Algeria, 52 Soubeyrand, L.—France, 1490 Soucaret, see Couderc & Soucaret Souchay, seeSchmuck, Souchay, & Co. Souche Paper Mills Co.—France, 377 Souchon, J. M.—France, 1491 Soucii), Corbet.—France, 1698 Soufleto.—France, 1699. 1731 Soulby, J.—viii. 110 Soule.—United States, 342 Soules, Mdme. Hyppolite. — France, 1492 Sounes, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 277 Sounes, W.—xxx. 359 Sourd, A.—France, 1493 Sousa, see Pinto e Sousa Souter, W.—XXII. 354 South Australian Co.—South Austra- lia, 1 South Carolina Railroad Co.—United Stales, 176b Southall & Co.—XXVI. 342 Southall, W.—X. 469 Southey & Co.—xvi. 51 Southorn, W. & Co.—XXV. 29 Soutter, G.—Switzerland, 51 Souvraz, see Boiifils, Michel & Co. Souza, J. B. de.—Portugal, 1112, 1113 Sowden, M.—I. 171 Sowerby, see Williams & Soweiby Soweiby & Castle,—xxvi. 192 Sowrel, A.—United States, 448 Soxhlel, E. see Soxblet, H. F. & E. Soxhlet, H. F. & E.—Austria, 194 Soyer, A. see Wairiner, G. &c. Spalding, J.—x. 561 .S[)alinger, J,—Switzerland, 253 Spangberg & Co.—Sweden and Norway, 11 Spangenberg, Sauer, & Sturm.—Zoll- verein (1), 477 Spanna, J. & Co.—Sardinia, 88 Spanraft, F. X.—Austria, 273 Sparke, W.—viii. 17. 136 Sparks, J.—XXII. 430 Sparks J. & Co.—X. 591 Sparks, W,—I. 154 Sparrow C.—xxiii. 2. Sparrow, R,—viii._313 Spaulding, J.—United States, 313 Spear, see Hall & Spear Spear & Jackson.—xxii. 113 Speich, P.—Sardinia, 71 Speller, V^'.—VI. 330 Spelluzzi—Austria, 638a Spence, see Blundell, Spence, & Co. Spence, P.—II. 7. Spenceley, J.—vm. 117 Spencer, E.—vill. 11 Spencer, J. A.—ii. 31. Spencer, J. & Son.—xi. 52. Spencer & Son.—v. 555 Spencer, T.—v. 555a; xxix. 222 Spendeck, P. & Co.—Zollv. (1) 424 Spengler, C.—Zollverein (3), 117 Sperry, H.—United States, 345 Spicer, Brothers.—xvii. 42 Spiegel, W. A. C. & Co.—Lubeck, 8. Spiegelhalter & Co.—Zollv. (1), 879 Sj)ieis & Son.—xvii. 20o ; xxvi. 70; XXX. (Sculpture Court) 361 Spietschka, V.—Austria, 609 Spiglazoti'.—Russia, 76 Spiller J.—VI. 436 Spink, see Shepherd, Hill, & Spink Spina & Menke.—Zollverein (1), 838 Spitaltields School of Design.—xiii. 37 Spitalfields Patent Utrecht Co.—xix. 265 Splengler, H.—Switzerland, 181 Spoerlin &Zimmermann.—Austria, 651 Spohr.—Austria, 371 Spooner, A.—Canada, 169 Spratt, I.—XXIX. 121. Spratt, J.—United States, 5. Spratt, W. H.—X. 612 Sprecher & Baer.—Switzerland, 103 Sprengel, Dr. C. & Co.—Zollv. (1)67 Springer, J. J.—Switzerland, 138 Springfield, W.—xxviii. 138 Sprot, M. & T.—Western end. North enclosure (outside), 69 ; xxvii. 98 Spur, G.—III. 58 S])urden, WooUey, Saunders, & Co.— XX. 14 Spiirgin, J.—VII. 76 ; ix. 259 Spurgin, T.—II. 38; x. 542 Spuria, K. C—xxix. 126 Spurrier.—xxiii. 28 Spuirler, C.—xxvi. 76 Spyvee & Coopers.—xiv. 62 Sqaair, R.— Canada, 51 Squire, C.—vi. 467; xxvi. 273 Squire, J. & Co.—V. 706. Squire, J. & W.—i. 74. Squire, P.—II. 93. Squire, R.—xxii. 451 Squire & Co.—vi. 449 Squire, T.—xvi. 2. Squire, W., see Squire, J. & W. Squires & Sons.—i. 117 Squires, W.—viii. 287 ; ix. 144 Srba, A,^—Austria, 355 Stab, C. G. sen.—Zollverein, (1), 228 Stabb, Ewea.—Newfoundland, 1 Stadion, Count.—Austria, 123 Staeheli-Wild, C—Switzerland, 208 Staehelin, B. di B.—Switzerland, 152 Staehelin, see Waldner & Staehelin Staliel, I. A.—Russia, 148 Stafford, Mrs. B. A.—Jersey & Guern- sey, 49 Stafford, D.—vii. 189 Staflbrd, J. R.—United States, 29 Stahlberg.—Sweden, 84 Staight & Sous—VI. 455; xxix. 252 Staight, T.—IV. 109 Stainburn & Baugh.—xx. 58 Staines, E.—viii. 268 Stainier, S.—Belgium, 428 Stalon, J.—XXX. (Fine Art Court) 108 Stam, F.—Netherlands, 73 Stamin & Co.—France, 1021 Stampfer, Professor—Austria, 130 Stancoaib, J., jun., see Stancomb, W. & J., junrs. Stancomb & Son.—xil. & XV. 16 Stancomb, W. & J., junrs. — xil. & XV. 17 Staaden & Co.—Xll. & xv. 281 Sfandidge, Harriett, & Co.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 37 Standish, Anne.—xx. 106 Standish & Noble—P]astern End, 101; China Standon, Ann.—xx. 213 Standring, J. & Brother.—xxix. 239 Stanhope Limestone Quarries.—i. 204 Staniforth, see Padley, Parkin, &c. Staniforth, T.—xxii. 214 Stanley, see Holbrook & Stanley Stanley, C—xvi. 208; xxii. 551 Stanley, W. P.—ix. 1 Stanton, see Macy, Stanton & Co. Stanton, D.—United States, 367 Stanton Institute for the Blind (Virginia). —United States, 270 Stanton, Mary.—xxix. 83 Stanton, R.—v. 66 I Stanton & Son.—xii. & xv. 224 Stapfer, Huai, & Co.—Switzerland, 153 Stapfer-Kolla.—Switzerland, 153 Stapfer, Sons.—Switzerland, 153 Staple, T.—I. 181 Star, E.—United States, 194 Starbuck, N. B., United States, 91 Starikoff.—Russia, 313 Stark, R. M.—X. 284 Starke & Co.—Canada, 191 Starke, M.—Austria, 130 Starkey, A. see Star key, J. & A. Starkey, J. & A.—xil. & xv. 121 Starkey, T.—ix. 43 ; xxvi. 26 Starlinjr, Mary Anne.—xix. 86 Starr, C—United States, 88, 89 Startchikoff, N.—Russia, 321 Statham, see Yardley & Statham Statham, W. E.—x. 456 Staub, Brothers.—Switzerland, 15 Staudinger, A.—Austria, 640 Stauss & Leuschner.—Zollverein (3), 99 Staveley, T. K., late R. E.—xxx. 263 Stead, see McAlpine, Stead & Co. Stead, —Jersey & Guernsey, 21 S ead, W. & Co.—XII. & XV. 57 Steaae, J. B.—vi. 70 Stears, S.—xxix. 132 Stebbing, J. R.—X. 175 Sttedman, C.—xxvi. 346 Steedman, see Ennever & Steedman Steedman & Co.—xxx. 363 Steegmana & Co.—xix. 41 Steel, see Myerscough, Steel & Co. ; Robertson, Carr & Steel Steele, A.—Mauritius, 4 Steele, M.—British Guiana, 154, 155b Steele, P. see Steele, W. & P. Steele, W. & P.—xxii. 60 Steer & Webster.—xxii. 124 Ste€re, E.—United States, 290 Steeveas, W. D.—ix. 38 Stteveas, J,—xxvi. 124 Stefani, W.—Sardinia, 86 Stetlens, P.—Austria, 232 Stehle, J.—Austria, 154 Sieiger, G.—Austria, 374 Steigerthall, see Zollmaan & Steigerfhall Stein & Schroeder.—Zollverein (5), 81 Steinbach, see Blech, Steinbach, &Mantz Steinbach, J. J.—France, 382 Steiabock, A.—Austria, 103 Steiner, C.—Fraace, 383 Steiaer, G. & Sons.—Austria, 87 Steiner, T, & Co.—xviii. 37 Steinhaeur & Bier.—Zollverein (1), 410 Steinhaeuser, see Faist & Steiahaeuser; Kupfer & Steiirhaeuser; Schiu>rr & Steinhaeuser. Steiahaeuser, H.—Zollverein (2), 44 Steinheil, Dr.—Austria, 135. Steiakellner, C.—Austria, 164 Steialin, F.—Switzerland, 183 Stenberg, G.—Sweden, 91 Stenhouse, A.—iii. 154 Stenstrom, P. A.—Sweden, 53 Stent, W.—IX. 18 Stephan, A. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 159 Stephanek, V.—Austria, 231 Stephens, E. B. — Page 853; xxx. (Sculpture Court) 36 Stephens, H.—ii. 74; United States, 392 Stephens, J. P. & Co.—xiv. 73. Stephenson, see Lockerby & Stephenson Stephenson, Blake, & Co.—xvii. 182 Stephenson, P. ^—United Slates, 467 (Main Avenue, East) Stephenson, R.—vii. 106; (Main Ave- nue, West), x. 674a; United States, 5^18 Stepounin, A. see Zouhoof, D. & A, Stepounin. Stern, A.—Switzerland, 57 Sternberger, L.—Belgium, 180 Sternickel & Guelcher.—Zollv. (1), 376 Stetter, C. G.—Zollverein, (1), 3U4 Stevens & Co.—United States, 475 Stevens, G. H.—xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 158 Stevens, H. R.—xxii. 7 Steveiis, J.—V. 572; xxviii. 198 Stevens, J. L.—v. 136 Stevens, R.—iii. 91 Stevens & Son.—v. 609 Stevens & Sons.—xxvii. 24 Stevens, W.—iv. 3 Stevenson, see Oswald, Stevenson, 8c Co. Stevenson, Alan.—vii. 99 Stevenson, D.—xxix. 23 Stevenson, J. C.—ll. 122 Stevenson, J. & J.—xxviii. 152 Stevenson, Robert, (the late) vii. 99 Stevenson, T.—vii. 99, 100; viii. 304 Stevenson, W.—ii. 20 Stewart.—Canada, 333a ; see also Mor- rell, Stewart, & Co. Stewart, C.—v. 512 : xxii. 46 Stevvarl-, C. & Co.—ix. 213 ; xxi. 21 Stewart & Co.—United States, 393 Stewart, D. Y. & Co.—vi. 233 Stewart, Jane.—xx. 177a Stewart, R.—xii. & xv. 298 Stewart, W.—xxvii. 33; Canada, 134 Stidsny, W.—Austria, 377 Stick, see Jenkins & Stick Slidol|-h.—XVII. 19 Stief & Harrass—Zollverein (1), 161 Stierhofer, A.—Austria, 557 Stierl, J. jun.—Austria, 558 Still, C. S.—XXVIII. 145 Sfille, A.—Sweden and Norway, 12a Stiller & Son.—Zollverein (I), 127 Stilhvell & Son.—XIII. 7 Stimpson G, jun.—United States, 461 Stinnes, H. A.—Zollverein (1), 448 Stirk, J.—XXII. 74 Stirling, C. M.—XXIX. 57 Stirling, Elizabeth.—xxx. (Fine* Art Court), 180 Stirling, J. jun.—Western end, South enclosure (outside), 9 Stirling, Mary Ann.—xix. 26 Stirling, Morries J. D.—I. 428; (Main Avenue, East) Stirling & Sons.—xviii. 56 Stirling, T. jun.—I. 209 Stirling, T. sen.—xxvii. 120; xxix. 315 Stirling, W.—XVII. 118 Stivens & Sons.—xxix. 35 Stohhelaers.—Belgium, fiO Stobers, T. T.—Zollverein (2), 16 Stobwasser & Co.—Zollverein (1), 199 Stocken, C—xxiii. 81 ; xxvi. 200; XXIX. 43 Stocker.—xxii. 14 Stocker, G. see Stocker, S. & G. Stocker, N. B. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 270 Stocker, S. & G.—V. 422 Stockill, W.—XVI. 17 Stockman, W. & Co.—Zollv. (1), 788 Stocks, M.—I. 188 Stodart & Son.—x. 470 Stoeber, J. J.—Zollverein (2), 16 Stoebers & Sons.—Zollverein (2), 7 Stoehrer, K.—Zollverein (3), 15 Stoelzel, G. F. & Son.—Zollverein (3), 66 Stoetzner, C. F. & Co.—Switzerland, 254 StoffVegin, see Meinhold & Stoffrep^in Stohmann & Wustenfeld. — Zollverein (1), 460 Stohr, F.—Austria, 160 Stohrer, T. F.—Zollverein (4), 60 Stoker, J.—x. 204; xvi. 103 Stokes, J. C—XXII. 252 Stokes, R.—XVII. 80 Stokes, S.—XIX. 307 Stokes, W.—IX. 255 Stulberg-Wernigerod.— Zollverein (1), 779 Stoll, C—Zollverein (4), 85 StoUe, C—Lubeck, 9 Stolle, Dr. K.—Zollverein (1), 65, 895 Stoltz, see Matagrin, Stoltz, & Co. Stoltze,—France, 1494 Stolzenberg, J.—^Mecklenburg-Schwe- rin, 1 Stone, see Haling, Pearse, S'o le (&: Hiil & Stone; Lawrence, Stone & Co.; Walters & Stone Stone, J. & Co.—Austria, 80 Stone & Kemp.—xiii. 18 ; xviii. 9 Stone & Son.—xxiii. 123 Stopher, T.—xxvi. 66 Stoquart, Brothers.—Belgium, 307 Storer, J.—x. 529 Storey, W.—vi. 205 Stork, P.—Zollverein (1), 511 Storr & Mortimer, see Hunt & Roskell Stoss, v.—Zollverein (4), 19 Stothert, H.—V. 403.\ Stothert, Rayno, & Pitt.—v. 403 Stothert, Slaughter, & Co.—v. 4 Stothmarm & Wustenfeld.—Zollverein (1), 460 Stotzer, F.—Switzerland, 63 Stow, Brothers—xil. & xv. 35 Stuwe, H.—IV. 10 Stowell & Suirden.—XII. & xv. 496 Sloy, H.—V. 705 Strachey, Lieut.—India, iv. Straelen, Madame A'an.—Belgium, 327 Straff, see Dietrich & Straff Strahan, R.—Van Diemen's Land, 17 Strahl, O.—Zollverein (1), 206 Straight, T.—iv. 109 Straith, Major H.—Western Africa, 18 Straker, S.—vi. 142 Strakosch, S. & Son.—Austria, 233 Strange, W.—iii. 83 Strangeways, J.—xvil. 204 Strassmaini, see Wescher & Strassmann Stratingh & Co.—Netherlands, 3 Stratton, W. J.—United States, 182 Strauch, F.—Zollverein (5), 33 Strauss.—Austria, 371 Strauss, E. W.—Zollverein (3), 38 Strauss, J.—Sardinia, FO Street, see Ward, Street, &c. Strazza, G.—Austria, 713 Strickland, Maria.—xxiX. 63 Strickland, Mrs.—xxvi'. 238 Strines Printing Co. the (Manchester), —XVIII. 28 Strode, W.—xxii. 443 Strong, see Grifliths & Strong Strongitharno, see Longman, late Stron- githarm Strube & Son.—Zollverein (3), 33 Strudwick, T.—xxix. 42 Struenckelberger,see Sulgar & Struenck- elberger. Strugnell, H,—xxvi. 343; xxviii. 174 Strunz's, J. Widow,—Austria, 477 Struth, v., sen.—Zollverein, (6), 30 Siruthers, W. S.—Western end, South enclosure (outside), 16 Strutt.-XIX. 336 ; xxii. 668 Stiutt, W.—Van Diemen's Land, 232 Struve & Co.—ii. 52a Stuart, J.—IX. 268 Stuart & Smith.—XXII. 102 Stuart, W. — VII. 28 (Miiin Avenue, West) ; XXVII. 55 Stubbe & Bacye.—Belgium, 97 Stubbs, P.—XIII. 43 Stuhecke, M.—Sweden, 112 Stubgen & Kleemann.—Zollv. (1), 776 Stubs, P.—XXI. 39. Stuckey, W.—VII. 193 Stuck hart, J.—Austria, 559 Stumpf.—Russia, 181 Stunzi and Sons.—Switzerland, 153 Sturdee, A. B.—viii. 3-37. Sturdy and Turner.—xiii. 79 Sturge, J. K.—II. 119. Sturgeon, Harriett.—xxix. 53 St urges, J.—II. 88. Sturges, R. F.—xxii. 341 Sturm, see Spanger, Sauer, &c. Sturm, P. H.—France, 384 Sturmy, Maria.—XIX. 90. Sturrock, J.—x. 721 Sturzenegger-Nef, L.—Switzerland, 139 Stutchburv, J. S.—British Guiana, 25, 28. 30.'39. 45. 46. 52, 53. 59-61. 63.65,66,70. 85a. 117b-117c, 118, 118a. 126, 127. 138, 139. Stutterd, J.—XXII. 545 Styles, T.—III. 157 Subserra, Marquis de—Portugal, 23 Suchard, P.—Switzerland, 2 Suchel, J. D.—France, 1700 Sudworth, J.—xi, 42 Suermond Brothers.—Belgium, 505 Suess, A. H.—Austria, 31b Suess, W.—Zollverein (1), 482 Sugden, Borras, and Co.—xxix. 62 Sugden, J. and Brothers.—xil. & xv. 167 Sugden, see Stowell & Sugden. Sulger & Stueckelberger. — Switzer- land, 152 Sullivan, see M'Givan & Sullivan Sullivan, T.—vi. 156 Sulzberger & Akermann.—Switzerland, 234 Sulzer, G,—Switzerland, 186 Sulzer, H.—Switzerland, 187 Summertield, see Lloyd & Summerfield Summerley.—xxiii. 110 Summers, C.—xxx. (Sculpture Ct.), 32 Sumpton, J—V. 445 Suremann ^ Co.—Switzerland, 153 Surmon and Co.—v. 65 Surr & Son.—xix, 80 Susee, H.—France, 1022 Susee, Brothers.—France, 1023 Sussmann, L.— Zollverein (1), 305 Sussmarm & Wiesenthal.— Zollverein (1) 132 Sutclifte, J.—XXVI. 137 Sutcliffe. J. C—I. 413 Sutcliffe, R.—VI. 42 Suter, see Seun, H, A. & Suter Sutherland, Duchess of.—xxvi. 1G4; AVestern Africa, 16 Sutherland J.—South Africa, 30a Sutherland, Janet.—xix. 309 Sutorius, C. F.—Zollverein (4), lOH Sutter, J. J.—Switzerland, 203 Sutton, see Schilling & Sutton Sutton, Eliza.—XIX. 308. Sutton, H.—xxx, (Fine Art Court), 105 Sutton, J. & Sons.—III. 112 Sutton, J. A.—United States, 430 Svalling, F.—Sweden and Norway, 11 Swaab, S. L.—Netherlands, 50 Swain, T.—v. 976 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 176 Swaine & Adeney,—xvi. 92 Swaine, E., see Swaine, J. &c. Swaine, J. & E. & Co.—xii, & xv. 41 Swainson & Dennys.—xviii. 21 Swaisland, C.—xil. & xv. 283 Swales, see Boulton & Swales Swallow, J. C—VIII. 3U8 Swan & Edgar.—XIII. 11 ; xvill. 9 Swan, R. F.—ix. 80 Swan, T. F.—xvii. 155 Swansea Committee.—i. 473 Swanwick & Johnson.—xviil. 35 Swanzy, A.—Western Africa, 23 Sweden, the King of.—Sweden, 51 Swedish Iron Manufacturing Co.— United States, 320c Sweetman, J.—i. 40 Sweveghem, Embroidery workshop of.— Belgium, 323 Swinborne, G. see Swinborne T. C, & G. 8c Co. Swinborne, T. C. & G. & Co—IV. 119 Swinburne, R. W.—xxiv. 4 Swinburne, R. W. & Co.—xxiv. 84 Svvitbeubank, J.—x. 571 Swiss Manufacturers of Silk Ribbons.— Switzerland, 152 Sybilio.—Rome, 48 Sykes, Lieut..Col.—India, xxvi. Sykes, D. & Co.—xii. & xv. 75 Sykes and Ogden.—xil. & XV. 118 Sykes, Mary E.—xx, 43 Sykes & Brothers—vi. 3 Sykes & Son.—xii. & XV. 34 Sylvester.—xxil. 102 Symes, W,—xxil. 23. Symington, R. B. & Co.—XI. 14 Symington, W.—^m. 286 Symonds, E. — Van Diemen's Land, 243-253. 274-278 Szalleld, S.—xix. 398 Szego, S.—Austria, 10 Szentpetery, J.—Austria, 729 Szollusz, C.—Austria, 12 Szumrak, J. F.—Austria, 4 Tabor, J. A.—v., 681 Taborin, P. F.—France, 1024 Tabourdeau. P.— France, 1496 Tacchis, P. A., & Co.—Zollverein (5), 21 Tacby, A., & Co—France, 1497 Tack, W., & Pelizaeus.—Zollverein (1), 674 Tafiinder.—X. 54 Tahan, A.—France, 1556 Tail bonis, E—France, 385 Tailbouis, Verdier, & Co.^—France, 1025 Tailey, C. V.—(Canada, 30 Tailey, V. P.—Canada, 50 Tailfer, J. B.—France, 1026 Tailfer, J. B., & Co.—France, 386 TaiUandier, L. H—France, 387 Taillard, E. A., Brothers.—Switzerland, 267 TaiUet, V. —Belgium, 254 Tait, see Harveys & Tait Tait, W. J.—XVII. 185 Talabot, L. & Co.—France, 1027 Talavera & Ezcaray, Manufacturing Co. of the Guilds—Spain, 219 Talbot, B.—XXX. 349 Talbot, Brothers.—France, 1028 Talbot de Malahide, Lord.—i. 145 Tallerman, Rebecca & Son.—xxvill. 70 Tailing, —I. 33 Tamassia, L.—Austria, 97 ' Tambour-Ledoyen.—France, 388 Tamm, Baron.—Sweden & Norway, 6 Tandler, S.—Austria. 657 Tann & Sons.—xxil. 507 Tannehill, see M'Alister & Tannehill. Tanner, B.—Switzerland, 204 Tanner, C. D.—Hanover, 3 Tanner, .1. U.—Switzerland, 205 Tanner & KoUer.—Switzerland, 206 Tanner, T.—Zollverein (4), 51 Tanner, W.—x. 28 ; xxvi, 65 Tannett, see Smith, Beacock, &c. Taplin, R.—v. 5 Tapling, Brothers.—United States, 520 Tapperell & Innes.—xvii. 191 Tar butt, W,—xxvm. 185 Tardif, E.—Belgium, 281 Tarin, M. L. A.—xix. 310 ; xxii. 544 ; XXIV. 51 Tarragona, Board of Agriculture. — Spain, 114 Tarragona Mines, Inspector of.—Spain, 2 Tarrant, A.—xvil, 43 Tartler, M.—Austria, 202 Tasch, see Meeker & Tasch Tasker, H.—xxii. 205 Tasker, J.—xxii. 221 Tasker, W., xxii. 539 Tate.—XVII. 110 Tate, F.—xxvm. 162 Tatham, see Titley. Tatham, &c. Tauber, F.—Austria, 276 Tautenstein & Cordel —France, 1029 Tautz, A.—Austria, 685 Tawell, S.—XIX. 13 Tawton, Mary.—xix. 391 Tayler, E.—xix, 242 Taylor, see Davies & Taylor ; Harrop, Taylor, & Pearson; Sedgwick <& Taylor ; Yates & Taylor Taylor, A , see Taylor, C. & A. Taylor, B.—xxvm. 47 Taylor & Beales.—xx. 197 Taylor & Bowley. — xvi. 181; (Main Avenue, West) Taylor, Brothers.—xxii. 211 Taylor, C. & A.—xxvm. 113 Taylor & Co.—xx. 127 Taylor, D.—xix. 254 Taylor, E.—vi. 72 Taylor, F.—viii. 197 ; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 42 Taylor, G.—IX. 139 ; x. 127a Taylor, G. R.—x. 740 Taylor, H.—vil. 194 ; XXII. 129 Taylor, Humphrey, & Co.—xxix. 5 Taylor, H. P., & W. C—United States, 292. Taylor, J.—i. 201. 448; vi. 51 ; x. 350 ; XII. & XV. 88 ; xxii. 622. 662; Iiidia, VI. ; New Zealand, 11 Taylor, Janet.—viii. 105 Taylor, John.—i. 474 Taylor, J. W.—vii. 215 Taylor, R.—i. 434, 451 Taylor, S.—XXII. 251 Taylor & Son.—m. 77 ; vi. 23 ; xii. & XV. Ill ; XXII. 682 (North Tran- sept); XXVI. 9 Taylor, J. & Sons.—xxii. 682 (South Transept) Taylor & Sons.—xii. & xv. 163 Taylor, T.—x. 466. 672 ; xvi. 269, 318 Taylor, T. E.—New Zealand, 33 Taylor, T. G.—iii. 45 Taylor, W.—vi. 136. 214 ; xxii. 359 Taylor,W. C. see Tavlor. H. P. & W, C. Taylor, W. G.—xx.' 3 Tcharti-Obdool-Ogli—Russia, 186 Tchertchy of Beirout.—Turkey Tchetverikoff.—Russia, 187 Tchmiloff.—Russia, 188 Tchupiatoff, T.—Russia, 315 Teagle, R. & W.—Western end. South enclosure (Outside), 3 ; vii. 217 Teagle, W. see Teagle, R. & W. Teasdel, W.—vii. 44; viii. 136 Tebay, J.—v. 436 Tebbitt, W.—IV. Ill Tebbutt, C. P.—IX. 196 Technological Institute—Tuscany, 1.98 Tedjoom-Beck-Melik-Shah-Nazaroff.— Russia, 206 Tee &Son.—XIV.37 Teger & Co.—Spain, 54 Teichman, C—Zollverein (1), 693 Teil, Messrs.—India, xvi. Teillard, C. M.—France, 1030 Teissier Du Cros.—France, 1031 Tellier.—France, 389 Temple, Emily.—xxix. 61 Templeton, J. & Co.—xix. 315 Templetrine Industrial School.—xx. 177a Temsonnet,G.. &Dartet.—Belgium, 394 Tennant, J.—i. 14. 159. 516 ; xxvii. 37, 38 Tennant, M. B.—n. 101; v. 564 Tennants, C. & Co.—i. 71 ; ii. 7 Tennent, Mrs. R, N.—xxx, (Fine Art Court), 273 Tennison, Mrs. M. A.—xix. 313 Teongathasea, P.—Canada, 97 Ternero, J.—Spain, 68 Terrasson de Montleau, J. A.—France, 1498 Terrett, R.—v. 126 Terrier, J. & Co.—France, 1032 Terrin, J. B. & Co.—Belgium, 246- 250 Terry, R. & Son.—xxii. 691a Teschemacher, E. F.—i. 41 Teschenmacher & Kattenbusch.—Zoll- verein(l), 492 Tessada, F.—Sardinia, 49 Tessler, C. L.—Zollverein (1), 41 Tessler, D. F.—Zollverein (1), 40 Testa,F.—Malta, 33 . Testa, S.—Malta, 30 Tetley, Mrs.—xii. & xv. 172 Tetu, C. A.—Canada, 109 Tetzner, G.—Austria, 195 Teubner, C—Zollverein (3), 150a Teubner & Co.—Zollverein (3), 163 Teuflmayer, C.—Austria, 494 Teuflnieyer, J.—Austria, 564 Teutenberg, L.—Zollverein (1), 678 Tew, H. S.—United States, 320f Texier, T. jun.—France, 1033 Texier, V.—France, 1034 Thackeray, J. & Son.—Belgium, 318. Thackeray. J. & Sons.—xi. 27 Thaer, A. P.—Zollverein (1), 23 Thalwitzer, M.—South Africa, 3. 27 Thames Plate-Glass Works.—xxvi. 399. (Main Avenue, West) Thames Royal Yacht Club. — viii. 294 Thatcher, see Learned & Thatcher Thayer, E. B.—United States, 422 Theed, W.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 13. 59. 79 Theil, J.—France, 1035 Theisz, S.—Austria, 152a Th^nard.—VII. 13 Theobald, J.—VII. 147 Theodor, see Bauer, Theodor, & Co. Theodorshalle, Salt W^orks at.—Zoll- verein (6), 5 Thesen, J. P.—Sweden & Norway, 44 Theret, J.—France, 1499 Theunissen, J.-—Netherlands, 39 Thevenet, Baffin, & Roux. — France, 1500 Thevenot, Etienne.—France, 1036 Thewald, see Mueleobach & Thevvald Thiban-Accou.—Belgium, 220 Thibau, S.—Belgium, 292 Thibaud-Dallet, Emile.—France, 1501 ThibauU Boiiesve, H.—France, 15U2 Thibert & Adam.—France, 1037 Thibierge.— France, 695 Thiele, see Johne & Thiele Thiele, jun.—Hamburgh, 109 Tliieme-Widtmarkter and Pueschel.— Zollverein (3), 4 Thiemke, A. F.—Zollverein (I), 72 Thier.—France, 1505 Thierry, C. A.—France, 391 Thieriy, J.—France, 1038 Thierry, Mieg.—France, 1506 Thinks, see Krumbholz & Thinks Thistlethwayte, H. F.—I. 24 Thoeglen, G.—Zollverein (4), 91 ThoUon.—France, 1701 Thorn, J.—VI. 71. Thomar, Count—Portugal, 1251 Thomas, see Cowell & Thomas Thomas, Brothers.—Frai)ce, 1040 Thomas, C—xvi. 76; Zollv. (1), 671 Thomas, C. X—France, 390 Thomas, E.—vi. 206 Thomas, H.—Zollverein (1), 57 Thomas, J—xxvi. 276; xxvii. 22; XXX. (Sculptin-e Court), 12 Thomas, John.—Page 853 ; xxii. 237 ; XXVI. 252, 276; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 235a Thomas, J. E.—Page 853; xxx.(Sculp- ture Court), 7 Thomas, J. T.—i. 419 Tliomas, L.—Austria, 196 Tliomas, R.—xxii. 358 ; xxvi. Bay i. 22 Thomas & Son.—xvi. 211 Thomas & Sons.—xvii. 44 • Thomas, V\.—xii. & XV. 493; xxvi. 275 Thomas, W. & Brothers.—xx. 46 Thomason, see Hilliard & Thomason Thom.eret, see Prontat, Mutrot, &c. Thompson—see Kitson, Thompson, &c. ; Hatteray & Thompson Thompson, F.—xxii. 808 Thompson, F., jun.—vii. 112 Thonnpson, F. H.^—xxiii. 25 Thompson, G,—ix. 105 Thompson, H.—xxix. 209 Thompson, H. A,—IX. 248b Thompson, J. — i. 72; viii. 136; x. 363 Thompson, J, & Co.—xx. 192 Thompson, J. B.—Persia, 3 Thoin[)Son, J, T.—Bahamas Thompson, Miss.—Austria, 747 Thompson, R.—United States, 26 Thompson, S.—xvi. 130 Thompson & Son.—xx. 62 Thompson, S. L.—United States, 238 Thompson, T.—viii. 66 ; Canada, 99 Thompson, J. B.—Persia Thompson, T. H.—xxii. 705 Thompson, T. J. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 343 Tiiompson, T. Perronet, M.P.—x. 525. .559 Thompson, W.—VI. 503 Thompson, VV. M.—United States, 224 Thompson & Worthy.—xxvi. 134 Thompson, Rev. Z.—United States, 241 Thorns, P. P.—Cliina Thomsei), M.—Denmark, 9 Thomson, see Blackburn & Thomson; Laird & Thomson ; Ross & Tliomson Thomson, A.—X. 80 Thomson, Brothers, & Son.—xviil. 25 Tliomson, G.—V. 978; South Africa, 15 Thomson, H.-x. 590 Tliomson, see Gregory, Thom=fon, & Co. Thomson, J.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 236; Van Diemen's Land, 344 Tliomson, J. & Son.—XI. 15 Thomson, R. W.—v. 908 Thomson, W.—vi. 430; xii. & xv. 229 Thomson, Wood, & Co.—xxiv. 26 Thomson, Vounger, & Co.—VI. 623 Thonet, J.—Belgium, 144 Thonet, M.—Austria, 641 Thonnart, L.—Belgium, 373 Thorel, H.—France, 1041 Thorn & Co.—xxvi. 1; xxviii. 86 Thorn, F., see Thorn, W. & F. Thorn, W. & F.—V. 979 Thorne, W.—1, 475 Thorneloe, C—x. 43 Thorneycroft, G. B. & Co.—v. 636 Thorneycroft, Mrs.—XXV. 2 Thornhill, J.—xxvii. 48 Thornhill, W.—xxi. 2; xxill. 49 Tliointhwaite.—seeHorne,Thornthwaite, &c. Thornton.—V. 490 Thornton, D.—ix. 211 Thornton, Firth, & Ramsden,—xil. & XV. 32 Thornton, Frances.—United States, 227 Tliornton & Sons.—v. 490 Thornycroft, Mary, see Thornycroft, T. & Mary Thornycroft, T. & Mary.—xxx. (Sculp- ture Court), 34. 65 ; page 853 Thoumin, A.—France, 696 Tiiouret, F. A.—France, 1702 Threadwin, C. E.—xix. 55 Threlkeld.—Canada, 166 Thresher & Glenny.—XX. 79 Thriscutt, C—i. 94 Tlirogmorton, Sir J.—xx. 166 Thronhem & Co.—xvil. 181 Thrupp, C. J.—V. 982 Thrupp, F.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), 39. 56. 58 Thrupp, H. J.—XXII. 676 Thuemer & Toeptler.—Zollv. (3), 90 Thueiigen, F. T.—Zollverein (3), 32 Thum, A.—Austria, 197 Thun, Count F.—Austria, 67 Thunberg, C.—Sweden & Norway, 11 Thurman, Piggott, & Co.—xx. 92 Thurnschelz, Count G. Von.—Austria, 419 Thurneisen.—Switzerland, 182 Thurston & Co,—xxvi. 17 Thwaites, A. & R., & Co.—xxix. 105 Thwaites, Mary.—xix. 3l7 Thwaites, R., see Thwaites, A. & R. & Co. Thywissen Brothers.—Zollv. (1), 375 Tial, J.—Austria, 307 Tibbs.—Van Diemen's Land, 234 Tiberghien, L, J.—Belgium, 493 Tidcombe, G,—vi. 108 Tidmarsh, R,—v. 707; xxix. Ill Tiede, F.—Zollverein (I), 78 Tielsch, Carl & Co.—Zollv. (1), 219 4'itle, A,—Austria, 692 Titfereau, T.—France, 1042 Tiflis, Government of.—Russia, 119 Tilbury, J.—V. 984 Tildesley—see Carpenter & Tildesley Till, see Bremner & Till Till & Son.—XXV. 20 Tillancourt, E. De.—France, 697 Tilley & Co., see Shand & Mason Tilley, Lieut.—iv. 5a Tilling, E.—XXVI. Ill Tillinghast, J. B.—United States, 27 Tilman.— France, 698 Timaeus. see Jordan & Timaeus Timmins & Sons.—xxil. 312 Tindall, K. G. D. L.—xxii. 512 Tinlot, M.—Belgium, 152 Tinsley, J., & Co.—xx. 122 Tipler, T. W.—vii. 92 Tippen, J.—XXII. 412 Tipping & Lawden.—viii. 247 Tisdale, E.—xvi. 88 TisseraTit, see Vincent & Tisserant Tite, W,—xxx. (Fhie Art Court), 182 Titley, Tatham, & Walker.—xiv. 51 Tittemore, G.—Canada, 36 Titterton.—X. 727a Titterton, G.—xxviii. 53 Tizzard, W. L.—vi. 630 Tlumacz Beetroot Sugar Manufactory. —Austria, 60 Tober, J.—Austria, 691 Tobey,J. D.—XXIV. 81 Tobias & Co.—x. 78 Tobin.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 171 Tobit, J. H.—United States, 394 Toby & Son.—IX. 210 Tod, D,—X. 589 Todd, C—VII. 52 Todd, J.—XVII. 119 Todt, A.—Zollverein, (1), 171 Toeper, see Thuemer & Toeper Tojal, Count de.—Portugal, 987A-989 Tolan W.—I. 22 Toledo, Royal Ordnance.—Spain, 266 Tollenaers, Theresa.—Belgium, 330 Toilet, G.—XX. 15 4 Tolputt, W. B.—X. 382 Tolson & Sons.—xii. & xv. 116 Tolstoy, Count.—Russia, 328 Tomaschitz, J.—Austria, 475 Tomasini, D.—xxvi. 176 Tomassia, L.—Austria, 97 Tom belle, L. E.—Belgium, 12 Tombs, E.—XIX. 297 Tomkins, see Harris & Tomkins Tomlin & Co,—xxi. 38 Tomlin, W,—XVI. 22 Tomlinson, see Wood & Tomlinson Tomlinson, J.—xxvii. 79 Tompson, L.—xxvii. 100 Toms & Luscombe,—xxvi. 178 Toms, G. B. & Co.—vi. 457; France, 1448 Toms. J.—XXIV. 71 Tomsk, Imperial Works.—Russia, 18 Tonge, Miss E.—xxvi. 128 Tonkin, J,—xxii. 58 Tonks, see Neal & Tonks Tonks & Son.—XXII. 361 Tonna, J.—Malta, 1 Tonti, L.—Tuscany, 102 Tootal & Browne.—Page 853 ; x. 706 Tooth, E.—Van Diemens Land, 47, 169, 171 Topi is, see Buckland & Toplis To()lis & Sons,—XXVIII. 154 Topp, A. L.—Denmark, 3 Topper, A.—Austria, 411 Topping, C, M.—X. 667 Tordeux.—France, 699 Torge, M. J.—Portugal, 953 Torres, M. M.—Spain, 67 Torres Novas Spinning Co Portu'>^al, 658-682 Tostrup.—Sweden & Norway, 41. 46 Touaillon, C.—France, 1508 Touche, G. E.—Belgium, 434 TouliakoH", Brothers.—Russia, 346 Toulza, F.—France, 1 043 Tourangean, P.—Canada, 98 Tourey, H.—Belgium, 155 Tourey, Professor.—United States, 160 Tournai Suvonnerie, Royal Carpet Ma nufactory.—Belgium, 297 Tourneur.—France, 1509 Toussaint, E. N.—France, 464 Tovell, G. R.—VIII. 37 Tower of London.—viii. 271 Towler, Campin, & Co.—xii. & xv. 286. 309 Towler, K.—Western end, South enclo- sure (Outside), 27 Towne, J.—X. 625 Townend, Brothers.—xii, & xv. 162 Townend, S.—xii. & xv. 175 Townley, R.—xxiii. 125 Townley, W.—vii. 39 Towns & Packer.—X. 491. Towns, W.—X. 327 Townsend, G.—Western Africa, 11, 13 Townsend, J.—viii. 243 Townsend, Parker, & Townsend.—xxvi. 318 Townsend, R.—i. 186 Townshend, J. E.—xxvi. 2a Tozer, T.—XXII. 390 Trail, A.—viii. 191 Train, B.—Belgium, 167 Trancart, A. A.—France, 393 Trangott, see Ertel, Trangott, & Sons Trapuell &Son.—xxvi. 312a Trapp, see Schwartz, Trapp, & Co. Trappmann & Spitz.—Zollv. (I), 564 Traugott, Mende, & Sons.—Zollverein (1) , 111 Trautwein, T.—Zollverein (I), 158 Travaglino, J. A.—Netherlands, 48 Travancore, Rajah of.—India, iv. Travers, P. L.—France, lo44 Treadvvin, C. E.—xix. 55 Trebeck, T. F.—xxix. 200 Tredwen, E.—viii. 55. 136 Tree & Co.—x. 3M Treese, T.—United States, 169 Treggon, H. & W.—xxii. 55 Treggon, W., see Treggon, H. & W. Treginza, R.—xxix. 185 Treibmann,C. U .—Zollverein (3), 153. 170 Treloar, T.—xxviii. 39 Trelon, Weldon, & Weil.—France, 700 Tremaux, P.—France, 394 Tremblay, A. du.—France, 395 Tremel, A. & Co.—xii. & xv. 147 Tremlett, R.—x. 163 Trenchard, T. J.— 153 a. Trendels & Son.—Zollverein (2), 41 Trenholm, E.—Canada, 54 Trenkler, A. & Sons.—Austria, 234 Trenner, J.—Austria, 663 Trenur, T.—Spain, 210 Trent, E. W.—iv. 41 Trentanove, A.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 351 ; Rome, 31, 52 Trenton Iron Company.—United States. 167 Treptow Royal Remounting Depot (Pomerania).—Zollverein (1), 22 Treschow.—Sweden & Norway, 36 Trescoff, Heirs of.—Russia, 74 Tresize, T.—I. 464 Treskotr.—Russia, 43 Tress & Co.—xx. 102 Trevethick.—V. 513 Triandaphylos.—Greece, 59 Tricot, Brothers.—France, 396 Tricker, G.—United States, 577 Triebert, F.—France, 1510 Trigenza, R.—viii. 306 Trinius & Sons.—Zollverein (3), 45 Trinks, E.—Zollverein (3), 98 Tritsclieller, see Fallei & Tritscheller Trix, T. -II. 125 Troccon, A.—France, 1511 Troeglen, G.—Zollverein (4), 91 Troeltsch & Hanselmann.—Zollverein (2) , 59 Trollope, Rose.—xix. 320 Trollope & Sons.—xxvi. 162 ; Bay,M. 21 Tronchon, N.—France, 1512 Troost, F., see Troost, C. & F. Troostenberghe, Van.—Belgium, 264 Trost, C. & F.—Zollverein (1), 601 Trotman, J.—United States, 207 Trotman, S.—vil. 155; x. 698; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 255 Trotte, H.—France, 701 Trotter, Capt. H. D.—Western Africa, 5 Trotter, W.—ix. 145 Tvoughton & Simms. — x. 74 (Main Avenue, West) Trouillier, J.—France, 466 Troupeau, C. M.—France, 1703 Troupin, J. H. & J. P. Verviers,—Bel- gium, 128 Trouve, A.—France, 1513 Trouve-Cutivel, & Co.—France, 702 Trubia, Royal Ordnance.—Spain, 280 True—France, 703 Truchy, see Vau^'Cois & Truchy Truchy, E.—France, 1045 Trueba y Campo.—Spain, 253e Truefitt. G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 75 Truefitt, H. P — xxviii. 62 Truefitt, W.—xxvm. 65 Truesdale, Jacobs, & Co. — United States, 494 Trulock & Son.—VIII. 222 Truman, E.—x. 720 Truman, Hanbury, & Buxton.—li. 91 Trumpelmann, A—Zollverein (1), 789 Trundle, Mrs.—xxx. 73 Truro Local Committee.—i. 467, 468 ; III. 71 Truscott, C—I. 104 Truscott, J.—VIII. 289 Trutor, H. A. O.—South Africa, 8 Tschoerner, J., jun.—Austria, 235 Tschorn & Burgel.—Zollverein (1), 130 Tsitzimbakos, A.—Greece, 13 Tubberrer, see Longdon & Tubberrer Tuck, J. 14.—V. 20U Tucker, E.—iv. 124; see Arliss & Tucker Tucker, E.—iii 122 Tucker, F. & Co.—xxii. 700 ; xxvi. 536 Tucker, J. T.—xxiii. 10 Tucker, B. G.—in. 121 Tucker, T,—xix. 1 Tucker, T. & Co.—xiv. 73 Tucker, W. H.—xxii. 668a. Tuckerman, E. G.—United States, 117, 229, 333 Tuckers, see Baker, Tuckers, & Co. Tuckey, R.—vii. lOl Tudela, Economical Society of.—Spain, 227 Tudot.—France, 397 Tudsbury, R.—X. 704 Tuerlinckz, J.—Rome, 456 (Main Ave- nue, East) Tull, see Hickey & Tull Tull, S.—XIV. 69 Tulloch, A.—II. 21 Tullock, J.—XXVII. 17 Tulon.—France, 398 Tunaberg Cobalt Works.—Sweden & Norway, 9 Tunis, His Highness Mushir Pacha, Bey of.— Tunis Tunstall & Williams.—v. 1000 Tuph, J.—United States, 383 Tupling, J.—III. 20 Tupper, M. F.—xvii. 169 Tapper & Carr.—xxil. 550 Turbeville, Smith, Boyle, & Co.—xix. 318 Turchini, L.—Tuscany, 55 Turk, Widow.—Zollverein (1), 636 Turley, R.—xxvi. 138 Turnbull, E.—viii. 154 Turnbull, J., see Turnbull, J. L. & J. Turnbull, J. L. & J.—XVII. 45 Turnbull, R.—VIII. 153 Turnbull, T.—XXVIII. 98 Tun»bull, W.—X. 500a Turnell, J.—xxvi. 317 Turner.—xii. & XV. 163 ; see also Han - mond. Turner, & Sons; Sturdy & Turner ; Wyburn, Meller, & Turner Turner, Agnes.—xix. 322 Turner & Co.—xxvi. 320 Turner, E,—Western end. North side (Outside), 54 Turner, E. E.—ix. 182 Turner, E. W. K.—v. 428 ; xxii. 520 Turner, G.—viii. 136 Turner, H. & W.—xxii. 174 Turner, J.—xxvii. 82 Turner, R.—vii. 7 Turner, S.—I. 223 Turner, T.—United States, 425 Turner, T. & Co.—XXII. 117 Turner, W., see Turner, H. & W Tu.pin, F. A.—France, 1046 Turrill, J.—XXIX. 52 Turton & Sons.—xxii. 190 Tuscany, Grand Duke of.—Tuscany, 53, 54.95.111 Tuscany Metallurgic Society. — Tus- cany, 14 Tuscany Royal Manufactory, — Tus- cany, 111 Tustian, J.—ii. 97 Tustian & Usher.—ii. 98 Tutein, F,—Denmark, 28 Tutton, J.—VII. 118 Tuvee & Co.—France, 704 Tuxford & Sons.—IX. 271 Tweedale & Sons.—xii. & xv. 4 Tweeddale, Marquis of.—ix. 42 Tweeddale, N.—New South Wales Tweltidge, — xxx. (Fine Art Ct.), 102 Twentyman, see Bennoch, Twentyman, &c. Twibell, see Day & Twibell Twigg, G. & W.—XXII. 279 Twigg, W., see Twigg, G. & W Twining, —China Twyman, H.—viil. 148 Tye, G. P.—XXII. 314 Tylden, Captain.—viii. 275 Tyler, see Venables, Wilson, &c. Tyler, H. & Co.—vi. 605 Tyler, J. E.—United States, 591 Tyler. J. T., see Ashmead & Tvler Tyler, P. B.—United States, 597 Tylor & Pace.—xxii. 63 Tylor & Son.—VI. 606 ; xxii. 401 Tyree, Brothers.—x. 299 Tyrrel, Prof. J.—New Zealand, 1, 28 Tyson, J.—ix. 215a Tytherleigh, W.—ix. 212 Tyzack, W. V.—xvi. 264 Tyzacks, J.—xxi. 22 Tzitschke, J. T.—Zollverein (1), 258 Ubardeau, S.—Canada, 60 Ubery, St.—France, 1495 (Jbrici, R. W.—United States, 239 Uddeholm's Co. —Sweden, 117 Uechtritz & Falst.—Zollverein (4), 68 Uechtritz, L.—Zollverein (1), 21 Ueltschi, J.—Switzerland, 2.j6 Uhlhorn, C. 8c G.—Zollverein (1), 475 Uhlhorn, H.—Zollverein (1), 476 Uhlig's Widow & Junker.—Zoll. (3), 155 Ulhman, see Baron & Ulhman Uhlman, K. W.—Netherlands, 85 Ulilmann, see Koester & Uhlmann Ulilmann, J.—Austria, 155 Ulander, F.—Sweden & Norway, 11 UUathornes & Longstatls.—xiv. 66 Uilenherg & Schi)ifzler.—Zoll. (0,355 Ullersdorf Patent Flax Raiting Estab- lishment.—Austria, 96 Ullmam, Hiisclihom, & Co.—Zoll. (3), 60, 159 iJllmer, E. & W.—vi. 121 Ullrich, J.—Zollverein (1), 403 Ullricht, A. jun.—Austria, 236 Ulversion iVlining Company.^—I. 420 Umlauff, Aug.— Hamburgh, 85 Underwood, see Hills & Underwood Underwood, G. H.—iii. 23 Underwood, T.—vi. 103; xxx. (Fine Art Crt.) 77 Underwood, W. — xil. & XV. 501; XVIII. 22 ; XIX. 403 Unger, C. G.—Zollverein (3), 146 Ungerer, C.—Zollverein, i. 241 Unwin & Rogers.—xxii. 159 Unwin, W.—xxii. 178 Unwin, W. H.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 22 Unzeitig, F.^—Austria, 501 Unzelmann.—Zollverein (1), 148 Updegratr, Dr. J.—United States, 546 UpHll,E.—IX. 277 Upham, Appleton,& Co,—United States, 403 Uphill, Mary Ann.—xix. 323 Uppfield, W,—United Stales, 470 Urach, Linen Yarn, Manufactory of.— (Wurtemburg), Zollverein (4), 35 Urban, A.—Zollverein (1), 724 Urling, G. F.—XIX. 15 Urlmann, see Koester & Urlmann Usher, see Tustian & Usher Usher, J.—IX. 123a Usher, R.—United States, 379 Ustonson & Peters.—xxix. 172 Utrecht Co., Patent.—xix. 265 Uwins, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 87 'Vaccani, see Nietzchmann & Vaccani Vachon, Son, & Co.—France, 705 Vaconius, J. J.—Zollverein (5), 15 Vacossin, Bonet, & Fournier.—France, 1082 Valanl, P. T.—1515 Valdansot.—France, 1514 Valdetaro, J.—Sardinia, 81 Valencia, Board of Agriculture.—Spain, 173. 209 Valensot, see Martel, Geoffray, &c. Valentine, Dr.—Van Diemen's Land, 182 Valerio, G. C. & Brothers—Portugal, 798-804 Valerius, B.—Belgium, 172 Valerius, P.—France, 706 Valerius-Jouan, C.—Belgium, 452 Vales, C—France, 707 Valgoma, F. A.—Spain, 98 Valin, J.—France, 708 Vallance, J.—xxvii. 40 A'allance, P.—v. 127 Valle, Delia, Brothers.—Tuscany, 114 Valmald, see Darvieu, Valmald, & Co. Valtat & Rouille.—France, 709 Valpy, Mrs.—Jersey & Guernsey, 40 Vancampenhoudt, C. & Co.—Belgium, 436 Van Diemen's Land Royal Society, Council of the.—Van Diemen's Land, 345 Vanden, Abeele.—Belgium, 52 Vanden Elst, F.—Belgium, 45 Vandenbos-Poelman.—Belgium, 274 Vanden Porre, J.—^Belgium, 44 Vandenberghe, J.—Belgium, 252 Vandenbroucke, E.—France, 711 Vanderdorpel & Son.—France, 712 Vanderliaegen, Van Overloop.—Bel- gium, 312 Vanderiiechte.—Belgium, 475 Vandercamer, J.—Belgium, 355 Vanderkelen, B.—Belgium, 313 Vandermaelen, P.—Belgium, 437 Vandermeersche, C.—Belgium, 458 Vanderoost, M.—Belgium, 4.:!7 Vandersmissen, P.— Belgium, 315 Vanderstraeten, A.&C.—Belgium, 205 Vandestraelen, F.—Belgium, 84 Vandevin, F.—Belgium, 1:;6 Vangenechten, see Glenisson & Co. Vangeeteruyen, C.^—Belgium, 489 Vanhool, J. F.—Belgium, 454 Vanhulle, H. J.—Belgium, 453 Vaniukoff, T.—Russia, 112, 113 Vanner & Son.—xiii. 28 Vanni, A.—Zollverein (5), 31 Vannod, J.—Switzerland, 69 Vanstraelen, J.—Belgium, 269 Vantiliard & Co.—France, 1517 Vantroyen& Mallet.—France, 715 Varen, A.—Russia, 352 Yargounin, Brothers.—Russia, 260. 302 Varhovzofi; T.—Russia, 368 Varley & Son.—X. 257 Varnish, E. & Co.—xxiv. 27 Varrall, Middleton, & Elwell.—France, 717 Vasquez, Y.—Spain, 133 Vassal.—Russia, 122 Vasse de St. Ouen.—France, 716 Vassel & Co.—Zollverein (1), 186 Vasselboro Manufacturing Company.— (Maine), United States, 324 Vater, F,—Austria, 502 Vatin, jun. & Co.—France, 1704 Vaucher, C.—Switzerland , 28 Vaucher, l)u Pasquier & Co.—Switzer- land, 36 Vaucher-Picard.— France, 710 Vaugeois & Truchy,—France, 718 Vaughan, G.—vi. 242 Vaughan, G. H.—xxii. 619 Vaughan, J.—xxvii. 20 Vaughan, W.—vii. 139 Vavaseur, see Carter, Vavaseur, &c. Vaz, A. P. F.—Portugal, 580 Vazquez, J.—Spain, 133a Veale, see Widdowson & Veale Vechte, A.—xxiii. 97 Vechle, Gayrard & Yon.—France, 745 Vedrin, Societe de (Namur),—Belgium, 17 Vedy, F.—France, 719 Veevers, Mrs.—xix. 324 Vegetable Kingdom, Sectional Com- mittee on.—IV. 40 Vegni, Professor A.—Tuscan)^, 13 Veiel & Co.—Zollverein (4), 45 Veissiere, A.—France, 720 Veitch, J.—x. 6 Velhagen, W. R.—Zollverein (1), 540 Velin, Brothers.—France, 721 Vella, Paolo, & Co.—Malta, 15 Ven, P. C. Van der.—Netherlands, 44 Venables, Wilson, & Tyler.—xvii. 149 Venator, see longhaus & Venator Vennemann, see Lingerbunk, &c. Venner, J.—Canada, 327 Ventujol & Chassang.—France, 1384 Ventura, A. B.—x. 18 Verbeek, P. F.—Belgium, 113 Verberckt, H.—Belgium, 470 Veibisl, E.—Belgium, 162 Vercauteren, J. L.—Belgium, 82 Vercruysse, Brotliers.—Belgium, 91 Vercruysse, F.—Belgium, 213 Verden & Co.—Russia, 30 Verdet & Co.—France, 1519 Verdier, see Tailbonis, Verdier, & Co. Verdure, B. C—Belgium, 296 Vere, H. H.—xxii. 31 Verein, Landwirthschaftlicher.— Zoll- verein (1), 790 Veret, J.—Switzerland, 223 Verge, A, sen.-—France, 722 Verhasselt, D'Oullrelepont, F. — Bel- gium, 179 Verheim, J.—Hamburgh, 28 Verhelst, F.—Belgium, 102 Verhevden, E.—Belgium, 46 A'erhulsl, C. & Co.—Belgium, 289 Verhulst, De Ronge, & Co,—Belgium, 243 Verkhne Barantchinsk, Imperial Iron Works of.—Russia, 11 Verkhne Touvinsii, Imperial Iron Works of.—Russia, 12 Vernon, see McNichoU & Vernon Vernum, see Want & Vernum Verreyt, J.—Belgium, 290 Verrier, F.—^Algeria, 57 Verriest, P,^—Belgium, 214 Verrinder, J.—xxvi. 217 Verschaeve, L.—Belgium, 79 Versnel, J. S.—Netherlands, 105 Verstaen, L. N.—France, 1705 V^ersteeven, see Duura, Van, & Ver- steeven Verstraete, Brothers.—France, 723 Verstraeten, E.—Belgium, 108 Vertu, Brothers.—Sardinia, 28 Verviers, J. P. see Troupin, J. H. &c. Verviers, Establishment of St. Joseph.— Belgium, 322 Verza, Brothers (late Carlo Verza).— Austria, 87a Verza, Carlo, see Verza, Brothers Vesofftchikoff, M.—Russia, 173 Vetter & Erno,—Zollverein (4), 74 . Vezey, E. see Vezey, R, & E. Vezey, R. & E.—v. 988 Vezfel, see Shtange & Vezfel Vezon, Brothers.—France, 1520 Viard, L.—France, 1521 Viault-Este.—France, 725 Viberg, A. P.—Sweden & Norway, 14 Vibert, S.^—Jersey & Guernsey, 15 Viccars, R.—xix. 235 Vick, R.—XVI. 70. 267 Vickerman & Beaumont.—xii. & xv. 102 Vickers, see Nay lor, Vickers, & Co,; Simpson, Humphrey, & Co. Vickers, W.—xix. 33 Vickers, W. R.—viii. 8 Victoria Asylum for the Blind (New castle-upon-Tyne).—XIX. 284 Victoria Felt Carpet Co.—^xix. 327 Victory, J.—vi. 67 Videcoq & Simon.—France, 1 706 Videl, R.—France, 727 Vidie.—V. 160 Vie, J.—France, 726 Viehhaeuser, G.—Zollverein, 4, 103 Viehofen Mirror Manufactory. — Aus- tria, 583 Vieille Montague Zinc Mining Co., Liege.—I. 437 (Main Avenue, East) ; Belgium, 26; France, lOlS Vieira, H. T.—Portus-al, 1232 Vieira, M. I.—Portugal, 1231, 1235 Viel.—France, 1047 Vielhorsky, Count M.—Russia, 44 Vienna Depot of the Imperial Iron Mines and Iron Works,—Austria, 2, 408 Vienna Imperial Military Geographical Institute.—Austria, 363 Vienna Imperial Polytechnic Institute Mechanical Department. — Austria, 130 Vienna Imperial Porcelain Manufactory. —Austria, 6 15 Vienna Imperial Printing Office. — Austria, 362 Vienna Imperial Tobacco Manufacto- ries.—Austria 69 Vienna Privileged Steam Flour Mill Company.—Austria, 62 Vienna Stearine Candle Co, (Apollo Candle).—Austria, 39 Vienna Stearine Candle Co. (Milly Can- dle).—Austria, 40 Vieweg & Son.—Zollverein (1), 822 Vieyres & Repingon.—x. 91 Vigers, E. jun.—xxvi. 382 Vignat, Brothers.— France, 1524 Vignaux, L. J.—Spain, 219a Vigiioles, C.—VII. 105 (Main Avenue, West) Vigoureux, S.—France, 728 Viguier, B.—France, 729 Vikoulin.—Russia, 141 Vilardet & Callejas—Spain, 258 Villa, Fratelli.—Malta, 5 Villa, J.—Tuscany, 107 ViUardei & Callejas.—Spain, 258 Villars, J. B.—Spain, 162 Villemsens.—France, 1707 Villeioi.—France, 1522 Villeroy & Boch.—Zollverein (1), 361 Villiers, P. J. De.—South Africa, 2 Vilpelle, T.—France, 1523 Vinas, A.— Spain, 160 Vincent, see Frost, Noakes, &c. Vincent, H. France, 1525 Vincent, J.—France, 1526, 1527 Vincent R.—xvi. 153; xx. 177 Vincent, S.—xix. 328 Vincent, T.—i. 465 Vincent & Tisserant.—France, 730 Vine & Ashmead.—United States, 196 Vine, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 242 A'ine, R.—xxix. 116 Vingert, A,—Austria, 460 Vinn, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 205 Violard, G.—Belgium, 320 ; France. 731 Violette, J.H. M.—France. 1528 Virebent, Brothers.—France, 732 Viry Brothers, see Martin, O. & Viry Vis, A.—Netherlands, 7 Vischi, A. M. J.—XIX. 47 Visser, see Poortman & Visser Visser, E. E.—Netherlands, 17 Visser & Co.—Netherlands, ]5 Visseur, P.—Zollverein (1), 358 Vissiere.—France, 733 Vitalis, G.—Greece, 61 Vitalis, L.—Greece, 60 Vittoz.—France, 1530 Viullaume, J. B.—France, 735 Vivat, B.—Austria, 598 Vivet, E. T.—France, 734 Vivian.—ix, 227 Vivier & Co.—France, 1529 Vizella Mills—Portugal, 721 Vizetelly & Branston.—xxiv. 29 Vizianagrum, Rajah of.—India, xxvi. Vladimirsky.—Russia. 50 Vlasky, J.—Austria, 141 Vlissingen, Van, Van Heel, & Derosne Cail & Co.—Netherlands, 75 Vloebergf.—Belgium, 36 Voelkel, J. G., & Co.—Zollv. (1), 91 Vogel, A.—Switzerland, 226 Vogel, C. F.—Austria, 739 Vogel & earner.—Zollverein (1), 711 Vogel, F. W.—Zollverein (1), 671 Vogel, M.—Zollverein (1), 148 Vogel, M. A.—Zollverein (1), 148 Vogel, W—Zollverein (3), 89 Vogelsang, J. & Sons.—Zollv. (5), 22 Vogelsangs, F. J.—Belgium, 181 Vogt, M.—Zollverein (1), 148 Voigt.—Denmark, 46 Voigtlander, Evans, & Co.—XXX. (Fine Art Court), 254 Voith, A.—Austria, 560 Voizot, E,—France, 1531 Vokes, F.—XIX, 329 Vokins, C.—XXVII. 30 Vokins, J. &. W.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 46 Vokins, W., see Vokins, J. & W. Volbrecht, see Zahn & Volbrecht Volderauer, G.—Austria, 13 Volkert.—France, 1532 Volkhonsky, Prince.—Russia, 109 Volkmann, J.—Austria, IGO Volkonsky, Prince M.—Russia, 53a Volkonsky, Prince V.—Russia, 70 Vollenhoven, C. J., Van.—Netherlands, 93 Vollschwltz, see Bachoven & Vollsch- witz Volner.—Russia, ICO Voloskoff, A.—Russia, 317 Voloskoff, J.—Russia, 316 Volsteedt, J. P.—South Africa, 6. 35 Volterra Royal Salt Manufactory.— Tuscany, 2 Vonwiller & Co.—Austria, 237. 292 Vonwiller, U. de G.—Switzerland, 140 Voorst, Van, Dirk, & Son.—Nether- lands, 14 Voort, H., Van der.—Netherlands, 45 Voortmai., A.—Belgium, 294 Vorster, C. D.—Zollverein (1), 446 Voruz, J. S., sen.—France, 1533 Voslau "Worsted Yarn Spinning Com- pany.-—Austria, 198 Voss, J.—I. 135 Votkinsk, Imperial Iron-works of, (Viafka).—Russia, 13. 156 Vreede & Co.—Netherlands, 33 Vsevolodowitch, N.— Russia, 338 Vsevolossky.—Russia, 330a Vuilleumier, R. de la.—Switzerland,1 2 Vulliamy, B. L.—x. 700 Vyse & Sons.—xx, 11 ; Tuscany, 66 Vyvens, E.—Belgium, 59 ^ Wai.es, II.R.H. the Prince of.— Page 112 Wachter, L.—Austria, 561 Waddington & Sons.—xxix. 134 Wadsworth & Sheldon.—United States, 348 Waechter, J.—Zollverein (1), 434 Waentig, D. & Sons.—Zollv. (3), 53 Wagener, J, C. L.—Hamburgh, 4 Wagenmann Seybel, & Co.—Austria, 19 Wagner.—XXIII. 108 ; France, 736 ; see also Schill & Wagner W^agner, A.—Zollverein (1), 414 Wagner, C—Zollverein (4), 61 Wagner, C. A.—Hanover, 7 Wagner & Co.—Zollverein (1), 708: (2) 99 Wagner & Son.—Zollverein (1), 346 Wagner, F.—Austria, 437 ; Zollverein (4), 104 Wagner, J. G. jnn.-Zollv. (1), 155 W^agner, J.—Zollverein (6), 52 Wagner, J. & Son.—Zollverein (1), 840 Wagner, Louisa & Marian.—xx. 31 Wagner, Marian ; see Wagner, Louisa Wagner, T.—Zollverein (4), 108 Wahl, F.—Zollverein (i), 332 Wahlen & Schmidt.—Zollv. (1), 401 Wahrendorflf, M. Von, Baron, 52 Waikato Coal Committee.—N. Zealand, 22 Wailes, W.—xxiv. 73 Wait, J.—VI. 504 Waite, G.—X. 441 Wake, T. &Son.—yiii. 136 Wakelield, see Inglis & Wakefield Wakefield, F.—xxii. 381 Wakefield, J. T.—xxii. 337 Wakeling & Sons.—xxvi. 194 Wal, K. S. Van der.—Netherlands, 94 Walbridge, H.—United States, 186 Wal by, J.—VII. 148 Wald & Son.-Zollverein (1), 96 Waldburger & Langenegger.—Switzer- land, 1^07 Waldner & Staehelin.—Switzerland, 152 Waldron, W. & Sons.—xxi. 17 Waldthausen, Ed., see Siegfried & W^aldthausen Waldthausen, O. W.—Zollv. (1), 320 Walen, J.—Sweden and Norway, 11 Wales, J.—I. 431 Walferman, see Hupfer & Walferm^m Walford, C. sen.^—xxix. 207 Walford, J.—XXIX. 212 Walford, R.—XVIII. 19 Walker.—France, 391 ; see also Titley, Tatham, &c.; Wilson, Walker, '& Co. Walker, A.—Van Diemen's Land, 195 Walker Alkali Company (Newcastle- upon-Tyne).—II. 15 Walker. Babb, & Co.—XX. 63 Walker & Burgess. — vii. 28; 224 (Main Avenue, West) Walker, C. V.—x. 430 Walker, E.—vil. 119; xvi. 206 : xxil. 29; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 80 Walker, Edward, & Co.—United States, 123 Walker, J.—x. 697 ; xxix. 318; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 102; Van Diemen's Land, 44. 49. 51 Walker, J. & Co.—xii. & XV. 23 Walker, J. & R.—xi. 3 Walker, J. W.—x. 581 Walker, R.—i. 120 ; viii. 242 ; see also Walker, J. & R. Walker, Sarah, & Co.—viii. 284 Walker & Son.—xii. & XV. 79. 87 Walker, T.—xxviii. 87 Walker, W.—iii. 86 ; v. 693 ; xi. 46 Walkers, G, J. & Gilder.—v. 989 Walkinshaw, W.—China. Wall, Cockshot, & Wall.—XII. & xv. 159 Wall, E. & T.—XIV. 70 Wall, T.—XXIII. 5 ; see also Wall, E. & T. Wallace, A.—Canada, 147 Wallace, Elizabeth.—xxvi. 2 Wallace, J. & Co.—xi. 59 Wallace & Son.-xxii. 413 Wallace, T.—xvi. 132 Wallace, W. & Cowper, T.—i. 510 Wallack, A.—Zollverein (1), 767 Waller, see Burgun, Waller, Berger, & Co. Waller & Co.—Page 853 Waller, F.—xxvi. 285 Wallis, Capt. R.N.—Page 853 Wall is, Count O. Von.—Austria, 93 Wallis, S.—XXVIII. 8 Wallis, T. W.—XXX. (Fine Art Crt.), 89 Walmesley, H.—xi. 51 Walsh, see Jeffery, Walsh, & Co. Walsh & Co.—XX. 109 Walsh, J., P^xeculors of.—i. 183 Walsh, W\—XVI. 207 Walsh & Wiiidley.—XI. 26 Walshaw, J. & Sons.—xviii. 58 Walter, F.—X. 41 Walter, Hennig, & Co.—Zollv. (1), 714 Walter & Son.—Zollverein (1), 782 Walters, B. & P.—xxii. 670 Walters, H.—viii. 34 Walters, J. & Co.—XXii. H8 Walters & Son.—xx. 54 Walters & Sons.—xill. 9 Walters & Stone.-xxii. 296 Waltham Abbey Mills.—ii. 21 Walther, see Junge & Walther Walther, G.—Zollverein (3), 177 Walton, see Hullmandel & Walton Walton, F.—XXII. 701 Walton & Co.—XIV. 38: xxii. 69 Walton, T.—XVII. 206 Walton, W.—Page 85 J Walty, Brothers.—Switzerland, 141 Walwein.—France, 737 Wamosy, D.—Hamburgh, 19 Wamp & Schroeder.—Zollv. (1), 239 Wandesforde, Hon. C—I. Ill Wanless, T.—xxix. 266 Wanloch Lead Mines (Dumfriesshire). —I. 25 Wann, T. W.—xxvii. 84 Wansborough, J.—xxviii. 75 Want & Vernum.—v. 37 Warburton, C.—xxii. 187 Ward.—VIII. 340 ; xxvii. 23 ; see also Eyre, Ward, & Co. ; Gill & Ward Ward (late Griffin & Ward).—xxvi. 279 Ward, Anne.—xix. 334 Ward, C.—X. 527 ; Van Diemen's Land. —183. 186 Ward, Sir H.—Ionian Islands, 6 Ward, J.—II. 89; v. 990. 997 Ward, J. J.—United States, 172d Ward, J. W.—XII. & XV. 134 ; see also Ward, W. & J. W. Ward, M. & Co.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 43 Ward, N. B.—X, 664 (North Tran- sej)t) Ward & Payne.—XXII. 196 Ward, Smith, & Co.—ii. 54 Ward & Sons.—XX. 203 Ward, Street, Sharp, & Ward.—xx. 195 Ward, W. & J. W.—United States, 408 Warden, A. J.—xiv. 63 Warden, J. jun.—xxil. 368 Wardle, H. & T. & Co.—xiii. 41 Wardle, M.—Canada, 104 Wardle, S.—United States, 47 Wardle, T.—see Wardle, H. & T. & Co. Ware, see Bethel, Ware, & Co. Wareham Bituminous Shale Co.—l. 221 Waring, C. H.—vi. 305 Warlich's Patent Fuel Co.—I. 230 Warlinek.—Austria, 116 Warming, E.—Denmark, 7 Warmont, V. E.—France, 1048 Warnar, Willinck.—Netherlands, 32 Warner, Capt.—viii. 317a Warner, H.—Trinidad Warner, J. & Sons.—v. 424 ; xxii. 798 Warner, M. R.—xxvi. 72 Warner, R. & Co.—United States, 431 Warner, W.—xxix. 9; xxx. (Fine Art Court) 275 Warners, see Cartwright & Warners Warowdell, L. J.—Sweden, 74. 114 Warrack, Harriet.—xxvi. 102 Warrell, J.—xxix. 32 Warren, see Kirk & Warren Warren, G.—xxii. 402 Warren, J.—ix. 257 ; xvii. 123 Warren, P.—v. 558 Warren, T.—xxvi, 288 Warrick, Brothers.—xxix. 115 Warriner, G.—xxii. 248 Warriner, G. & A. Soyer.—iii. 21 Warriner, W.—xxill. 60 Warwick & Otey.—United States, 325 Washbourn, Ann.—xix. 335 Washburn, J. & Co.—United States, 421 Washer, F. sen.—Belgium, 318 Washington, Capt., R.N.—viii. 136 Washington & Davies.—xill. 8 Wasley, J.—vi. 412 Wason, R. (M.P.).—xvii. 188 Wasserott, Staib.—Zoll. (4), 69 Watchorn, W.—Van Diemen's Land, 147 Wateau, see Guilbert & Wateaxi Waterhouse, Emma & Maria, A.—xix. 336 Waterhouse, G. & S.—xxill. 20 Waterhouse, J.—xviii. 72 Waterhouse, Maria A. see Waterhouse, Emma, &c. Waterhouse, S,, see Waterhouse, G. & S. Waterlow & Sons.—vi. 164; xvii. 46 Watermeyer, C.— South Africa, 17. 51 Waters, see Capper & Waters Waters, C. see Waters J. & C. Waters, J. & Co.-xi. 43 Waterson, J. A.—xvill. 67 Waterston, G.—xvii. 93 Watherston & Brogden.—xxill. 105 Watkin, see Keep & Watkin Watkins, A,—x. 85a Watkins, Rev. C. F.—i. 28a Watkins, H.—xxx. (Pine Art Crt.), 187 Watkins & Hill.—V. 56; viii. 238a ; X. 659 Watkins, T. see Watkins, W. & T. Watkins, W. & T.—VI. 66 Watney, A.—I. 276 Watrelot-Delespaul.—France, 738 Watson, see Sandford, Owen, &c. Watson, A. see Watson, J. & A. Watson, Bell, & Co.—xix. 337, Persia Watson & Co.— XIX. 337 Watson, E. F.—xxx. (Fme Art Court.), 130 Watson, G.—xxvi. 175. Watson, G. W.—United States, 53. 361 Watson, H.—VI. 165 ; South Africa, 58 Watson, J. & A.—XII. & xv. 477 Watson,John.—VanDiemen'sLand, 3-16 Watson, M. L. (the late.)—Page 848 ; xxx. (Sculpture Court), 60 Watson, T.—V. 712 ; viii. 76 ; xx. Ill Watson, W.—XVII. 210 Watson, Young, & Co. — New South Wales, 16 Watt,—S(?(? Doulton & Watt Watt, G.—III. 110 Watt, G. T.—X. 717 Watt, J.—IX. 63 Watt, James, & Co.—v. 6 Watt & Son.—IV. 120 Watt, W.—II. 32 ; vii. 20 Watteyne, J.—Zollverein (3), 2 Watts, see Whileway, Watts, & Co.; Burroughes & Watts Watts, C—V. 991 Watts & Harton.—XXII. 557 Watts, J.—II. 103 Watts, R. M.—Canada, 38 Watts, T.—V. 750 Watts, W.—XX. 108 Watts, W. M.—XVII. 164 Waugh & Son.—XIX. 339 Waun, T. W.—XXVII. 141 Wautelet, J.—Belgium, 32 Wayne North ScytheCompany.—United States, 323 Weaber, H.—x. 279 Weare, R.—x. 386 Weatherhead, H.—xx. 33 Weatherley, H.—iii. 27 ; vi. 441 Weatherly, see Wilkins & Weatherly Weatherly, E,^—xxi. 1 Webb, see Molineaux, Webb, & Co. Webb, Charles J.—Mauritius, 3 Webb, E.—XVI. 243; xvii. 172a Webb, J.—XXVI. 171 Webb, J. & C—I. 533 Webb, Mr.—I. 12 Webb, R.—III. 72 Webb & Son.—XIX. 150 Webb, T.—XXIV. 17 Webb, Captain T.—xx. 138 Webb, W.—XVII. 156 Webber & Bartlett.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 153 Webber & Hairs.—xii. & xv. 277 Webber, J.—xxx. (bine Art Crt.), 149 Webendoertler, C. H. & Sous.—Zollve- rein (3), 72-83 Webendorfer, Brotliers.—Zollv.(1), 759 Weber, see Matthes & Weber; Scheller & Weber. Weber, C—Zollverein (1), 325. 744 Weber, C. F.—Zollverein (4), 84 Weber, E.—Zollverein (1), 716 Weber, G.—Belgium, 2.')8 Weber,G. D.—Austria, IS Weber, G. & Co.—Zollverein (-1), 86 Weber, J.—France, 739 Weber, J. B.—Zollverein (6), 43 Weber & Metzges.—Zollverein (1), 569 Weber & Schultheis.—Zollverein (5), 6 Weber, W.—Zollverein (1), 384 Websky & Son.—Zollverein (1), 122 Webster.—see Cornell, Lyell, &c.; Steer & Webster Webster, A.—xii. & xv. 84 Webster, B.—v. 108 Webster, Capt.—New South Wales Webster, D.—xii.& xv. 63 Webster, G.^—xx. 154 Webster, R. jun.—x. 17 Webster, T.—xii. & xv. 62 Webster, W. B.—vii. 185; x. 671a ; VIII. 265 Wedgwood, Josiah, & Sons.—xxv. 6. 51; XXIX. 208 Wedgwood, R.—xvii. 47 Wedlake, Mary, & Co.—ix. 127 Wednesbury Shaft & Axletree Co.—V. 543 Weedon, F.—Xix. 6 Weedon, F. P.—xix. 11 Weedon, T.—x. 6^0 Weekes, H.—Page 853 Weeks, J. & Co.—ix. 248a (North Transept) Weese, W. F.—Canada, 29. 85 Wegelni, J.—Sweden, 53 Wegner, T. R.—Switzerland, 155 Wehrle & Steuert—Zollverein (1), 879a Weichselbaumer, J.—Austria, 562 Weichselbaumer, M.—Austria, 563 Weickert, J. D.—Zollverein (3), 166 Weidl, M.—Austria, 461 Weigeit, see Marx & Weigert Weigert & Co.—Zollveieiu (1), 115 Weight, S.—X. 450 Weighttnan, see Power & Weightman Weighton & Son.—xxiii. 22 Weigle, J. J.—Zollverein (^l), 29 Weil, see Trelon, V/eldoti, &c. Weiland.—Zollverein (1), 388 Weilbacb, I. J.—Denmark, 21 Weill, C—Zollverein (1), 20 Weimar's Son.—Zollverein (1), 797 Weinberger, G.—Austria, 280 Weinknecht, T.—Belgium, 259 Weinmeister, G.—Austria, 448 Weinmeister, J.—Austria, 449 Weintrant, C. jnn.—Zoll. (6), 70 Weir, E.—IX. 123 Weir, J.—XVI. 72; XXX. (Fine Art Court), 151 Weise, W. F.—Canada, 37 Weishaupt, C. M, & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 412 Weiss, see Zwerger, Van, Deffner, &c. Weiss, jun. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 717 Weiss, J. & Son.—Austria, 572 Weiss, J.—Austria, 692a Weiss, J. H.—Zollverein (1), 684 Weiss & Son.—x. 631a Weissflog, E. F.—Zollverein (1), 720 Wei borne, J. W.—I. 470 Welborne, W.—I. 455 Welch, Margetson, & Co.—Xll. & xv. 304; xvm. 7; xx. 212 Welch & Sons.—XX. 12 Welch, T.—XVIII. 18; xxvi. 150 Welcker, A. C—Zollverein (1), 331 Weld, J.—VIII. 186 Weldon, see Trelon, Weldon, &c. Wellborne, W.—I. 447. 455 Welliugs, see Halbeard & Wellings Wells, see Brown & Wells; Hiuks, Wells, & Co. Wells & Co.—XXVI. 392 ; South Africa, 59 Wells, E.—XXVI. 232 Wells, G.—VII. 82 Wells, J. T.—XXII. 290 Wells, L.—United States, 107 Wells, W. B.—XIX. 341 Wellsman, J.—iii. 78 Wellway, J. S.—x. 465 Welsh Slate Company.—Western end, South enclosure (Outside), 12 Welzibach, K.—Austria, 571 Wemmer, F.—Zollverein (7), 3 Wemyss, R.—XIV. 58 Wemyss, Rear-Admiral.—XXVII. 141 Wendeilein, J. H.—Zollverein (6), 55 Wendt, see Post & Wendt Wenham Lake Ice Company.—XXII. 600 Wenzel, C—Austria, 319 Wentzell, A.—Vlll. 167 Weppler, C. L.—Zollverein (2), 96 Wermuth, J.—Switzerland, 107 Werner, M.—Zollverein (6), 48 Werner & Piglhein.—Hamburgh, 79 Werth, A. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 333 Wertheim, F.—Austria, 573 Weitheimer, D. J.—x. 387 j Wertheimer, S.—XXIII. 130 ; xxvi. 177 ] Wescher, Brotliers, & Strassmann.—Zoll- j verein (1), 634 > Wesenfeld & Co.—Zollverein (I), 461 Wesley, S. S.—xvii. 169 Wtismael Legros.—Belgium, 282 ! Wessel, F. W.—Zollverein (1), 542 j Wessels, see Brocklesby & Wessels I West, Alice.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 326 > West, Brothers.—Zollverein (6), 44 West, C. Mary.—XIX. 374 West, Commander. — vill. 109 ; see also Graham, West, & Co. West of England China, Stone, & Clay Company (St. Austell).—i. 103 West & Gregson.—vil. 21 West & Son.—xxiil. 15 West, W.—IX. 246 Westall & Co.—IV. 104 Westerbaan, see Schoneveld & Westerb. Westergothland, Feasants of.—Sweden & Norway, 26 Westermann, see Karcher & Westermann Westermann, A. H. & Co.—ZoUverien (I ), 543 Westermann, A. H. C. & Sons, Zollve- rein (1), 544 Westermann & Co.—Zollv. (1), 80 Westermatm, G.—Zollverein (I), 749 Westermann & Sons.—Zollverein (1), 544 Western Fire Company (Cincinnati).— United States, 206 Western Gaslight Co.—i. 260 West Ham Gutta Percha Company— XXVIII. 90 Westhauster, J.—Austria, 308 Westhead & Co.—xxix. 275 Westhoff, Brothers.—Zollv. (1), 599 Westley, see Carpenter & Westley ; Richards, Westley, & Son Westley, J.—xvii. 48 Westleys & Co.—xvii. Ill Westmacotr, J. - xxx. (Sculp. Crt.), 74 Westminster, Marchioness of—xx. i\7 Westmoreland, G.—x. 444 Weston & Son.—xill. 46 Weston, Warwick.—Western Africa, 1, Westrup, W.—VI. 4-12 Westwood, J.(the late.)—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 292 Westwood, J. O. — xxx. (Fine Art Court), 292 Westwood & Moore.—xxvn, 113 Weszly—Zollverein (1), 849 Wethered & Brothers.—United States, 529 Wetherell, F. S.—xxvi. 236 Wetherill, Brotliers.—United States, 43 Wettli, M. L.—Switzerland, 237 Wetzel, C. J.—Zollverein (4), 109 Wee & Lindner.—Zollv. (3), 72-83 Wexford, Peasants.—xx. 181 Weyerbusch, C. & Co.— Zollverein (1) 570 Weygand, A.—France, 740 Weygold, A.—Zollverein (1), 429 Weyhe, see Motter, Weyhe, & Co. Whaite, H. C. xxx.—(Fine Art Court), 340 Whalley, see Skinner & Whalley. Whalley, T.—xxv. 27 Wharrv, J.—xxix. 27 Wharton, W.—v. 713 Wheatley, J.—v. 810 Wheatley, W.—xxviii. 109 Wheatstone & Co.—x. 526 Wheeler. — vi. 618; see Kinder & Wheeler Wheeler & Ablet t.—xx. 22 Wheeler, C—xxii. 799 Wheeler, E.—v. 305 ; ix. 216A Wheeler, F.—iii. 27a Wheeler, G. & M.—xxiii. 91 Wheeler, Philip & Co.—i. 108 Wheeler, T.—m. 27a; Canada, 167. 353 Wheeler, T. & Co.—xx. 206 Wheeler, W. S.—xii. & xv. 271 Wheelhouse, A.—Portugal, 529 Wheler, Mrs.—xix. 238 Whetham & Sons.—xiv. 73 Whetstone, see Brewin & Whetstone. Whettam, J.—viii. 136 Whibley, E.—X. 607 Whicker, see Philp & Whicker Whipple, J. A.—United States, 451. 579 Whishaw, F.—IX. 59 ; x. 419 ; xvi. 81 ; XXVI. 264; xxvn. 61; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 232a Whitaker, see Chapman & Whitaker Whitaker, H. W.—xxviii. 137 Whitaker, R.—vi. 140 ; xvii. 49 Whitaker, Son, & Co.—France, 741 Whitbread,J.—XVII. 192 Whitby, E.—XX. 186 Whitcombe, A.—xxvi. 21 1a White.—VIII. 162 ; x. 687 ; see Jones, White, &c. White, E.—XX. 159 White, G.—Jersey & Guernsey, 12 White, G. B.—III. 32 White & Grant.—I. 471 White, H. C.— Jersey & Guernsey, 1 White, J.—VIII. 36 ; IX. 181 ; X. 587; see White, T. & J. White, J. C—XVI. 86 White, M.—United States, 397 White & Pari by.—XXVI. 6 White, R., see White, T. J. & R. White, Son, & Co.—xix. 343 White & Sons.—Western end, South enclosure (Outside), 10; i. 130, 130a; xxvn. 144 White, T. jun.—VIII. 52 ; xxii. 200 White, T. & J.—vni, 136 White, T. J. & R.—viii. 36a White, W.—XX. 51 Whitehead.—XI. 40 Whitehead, J.—ix. 239 ; xxii. 10 Whitehead, J. H.—vi. 46 Whitehead & Son.—xx. 139 Whitehill, M., & Co.—XII. & XV. 287 Whitehouse, C. & Co.—xxii. 667 Whitehouse, N.—x. 280 Whitehurst, J.—United States, 525 Whitehurst, J. H.—United States, 377 Whitelaw J.—v. 58 Whiteley, Elizabeth.—xxii. 126 Whiteley & Sons.—xvii. 98 Whitely, Rev. J.—New Zealand, 32 Whiteman, E. jun.—United States, 240 Whiteman, F. J.—xvii. 51 Whiteside, see Cousens & Whiteside. Whitesides.—Van Diemen's Land, 91- 93 Whiteway, Watts, & Co.—i. 90 Whitfield, J. A.—ix. 68 Whitfield, S.—XXII. 356 Whitham.—V. 113 Whiting, see Dixon & Whiting ; Hotham & Whiting. Whiting, C—XXX. (Fine Art Crt.) 123; United States, 556 Whitley, J.— xii. & xv. 176; xxii. 656 Whitley, N.—I. 79. 95. 165 Whitlock, B. M.—United States, 369 Whitlock & Billiald.—XIX. 27 Whitman, see Wisdom, Russel, &c. Whitmarsh.—United States, 334 Whitmee & Chapman.—xxii. 242 Whitmore & Co.—xil. & XV. 241 Whitney, E.—xix. 347 Whitney, J.—m. 26; v 69. Whittaker, J.—i. 53 ; xviii. 76 Whittaker, J., & Sons.—Vi. 1 Whittaker, R.—vi. 140 Whittington.—xxx. (Sculpture Crt.) 10 Whittington, G. T.—Falkland Islands, 1 Whittles & Froggart.—XXII. 213 Whitwell, J., & Co.—XIX. 345 Whitwoi-th, J., & Co.—VI. 201 Wliltworth, J. & Son.—XII & XV. 56 Whyte, see Smith & Whyte Whyte, W.—XXVI. 43 Wliytehead, W. K.—v. 101 Whytlaw & Son.—New Zealand, 34 Whytock.—XIX. 263 Whytock, A.—VII. 156 Wickham.—xxix. 196 Widdowson & Veale.—xxill. 100 Widmer-au-Kreutz.—Switzerland, 153 Widmer-Huni.—Switzerland, 153 Widnall, G. F.—XVII. 52 Widnell see Henderson & Widnel Wiedemann, PferdmengeSj&Schmoelder, —Zollverein (1), 488 Wiedenmatm, J.—Zollverein (1), 669 Wiegaiid, E—Zollverein (1), 734 Wiegand, F.—Zollverein (1), 745 Wiegandt, J.—Zollverein (1), 415 Wiell, Van.—Belgium, 114 Wien, L.—Austria, 578 Wiener, J.—Belgium, 442 Wiese, see Hennige & Wiese Wiese, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 495 Wiesenthal, see Sussmann & Wiesenthal "VViesmann. A. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 334 Wigdor, M.—Zollverein (1), 257 Wigham & Co.—xx. 85 Wight, J.—V. 4S0. Wigram, Money, & Sons.—viii. 56 Wilbud, J. — XXX. (Fine Art Court), 291 Wilby, T.—XXX. (Fine Art Crt.), 162 Wild.—V. 640; vi. 8 Wild, W.—VI. 8 Wild & Robinson.-Zollverein (1), 889 Wilder, see Parker, Wilder, & Co. Wilder, A. A.—United States, 388 Wildes, W.—XVII. 102 Wildey & Co.—XXVIII. 40 Wilding, W. H.—V. 60 Wildsmith, M,—xvi. 190 Wiiey & Co.—XXII, 325 Wilford, W.—Belgium, 211 Wilford & Sons.—XIV. 42 Wilhelm, see Bolten, Wilhelm, & Son Wilhelm, A.—Austria, 142 Wilken, A.—XXIX. 110 Wilkes, J.—XXII. 266 Wilkie, J. & Co.—IX. 21 Wilkins, W. C—VII. 157 (Main Ave- nue, West) Wilkins & Weathcrly.—xxii. 30 Wilkinson.—xxii. 540; seeGrimshawe & Wilkinson Wilkinson & Co.—xxiii, 32 Wilkinson, Sir G.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 319 Wilkinson, H. & Co.—xxiii. 44 Wilkinson, J.—xii. & xv. 51 Wilkinson & Son.—viii, 200; xxii. 122 Wilkinson, T.—ix. 220 Wilkinson, T. & G.—xxii. 175 Wilkinson, W,—xviii. 8 Wilkinson, W. & C—xxvi. 184 Wilkinson, W. & E.—xii. & xv. 52 Wilks.—XIX. 336 Wilks, J.—XII. & XV. 6 ; xiv. 31 Will, Meyer, & Co.—Belgium, 336 Willans, Brothers, & Co.—xil. &XV. 257 Willard, E.—United States, 536 Willats, T. & R.—X. 265 Willcock, E. P.—XXVII. 8 Willemin.—France, 1659 ; see also Meurant, Brothers, &c. Willems.—Belgium, 77 Willet, E., Nephew, & Co.—xii. & xv, 310 Willett, C —Canada, 69 Willett, F.—VII. 111 Willett, Messrs.—Canada, 143 Willev, see Finch & Willey William, B. H.—x. 343 William, Evan.—v. 67 William, H.—xxviii. 163 Williams.— xxii. 612; see Clarke & Williams; also. Cook & Williams; Edelsten & Widiams; Hopkins & Williams Williams, C.—Vll. 109 Williams, C. C—v. 530 Williams, Coopers,Boyle,& Co.—xxvi. 321 Williams, D.—I. 2l5; V. 63 Williams, F., see Williams, T. & F. Williams, G. T.—United States, 389 Williams, L-idv Griffies.—Xix. 349 Williams, H.—France, 742 Williams,!.—vi.234; xvil.53; xxvill. 102; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 82 Williams, L.—vii. 128 Williams, Mary.—United States, 213 Williams, N. L.—United States, 14 Williamson.—ix. 48 Williams & Son.—xxix, 4 Williams & Sons.—i. 505 Williams, T.—vm. 332 ; xxii. 280 Williami5, T. M.—xxix. 219 Williams, W.—I. 191; VIII. 314; ix. 151' X 352 I Williams&Norgate.—Zollv. (1), 272 Willis, H.—X. 209 Willison, R.—V. 12S Willmaniis, C. W,—Zollverein (1), 209 Willmers.—Austria, 371 Willock, E. P. & Co.—VII. 223 ; (Main Avenue, West) xxvii. 8. Page 853 Willock, J.—Canada, 108 Willott, W. & Co.—XII. & XV. 114 WiUoughby d'Eresbv, Lord.—ix. 195 Willoughby, S.—v."'992 WiUoughby, T.—XXII. 173 Wills & Bartlett.—XXVI. 160 Wills, W. J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 364 Willson, J.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 315 Willson, T.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 304 Wilmot, E. W.—IX. 170 Wilshin, S. B.—XVI. 205 Wilson.—XIII. 56 ; xviii. 17 ; xxii. 85 : see also Bull & Wilson; Venables, Wilson, &c. Wilson, A.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 55 Wilson, Anne,—xix. 350 Wilson, C—V. 697 Wilson, Charlotte.—XIX. 112 Wilson, Charlotte E.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 3()3 Wilson & Co.—XIII. 10. Wilson, D.—XII. & XV, 83 Wilson, E. B. & Co.—v. 526 Wilson, G,—VI, 112; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 200 Wilson, H.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 44 Wilson, J.—II. 6 (Main Avenue West) ; v.'J95; VIII, 299; ix. 249; xii.&xv. 138 ; XIII. 56; xxvii. 11 ; xxx. 315 Wilson, Dr. J.—Canada, 2 Wilson, J. & Sons.—Zollverein (3), 51 Wilson, J. J. & W.—XII. & XV. 245 Wilson, M.—VII. 97 Wilson & Matheson—XXIX. 133 Wilson, R.—XVII. 178 Wilson, R, & W.—XXII. 490 Wilson, S.—XXVII. 14 Wilson & Son.—xii. & xv. 468 ; xvi. 98 ; XX. 183 ; xxii. 195 Wilson & Sons.—xxvi. 293 W^ilson, Sir T, Maryon.—i. 49 Wilson, T. H.—VII. 113. 188 Wilson, W.—VII. 97 ; see also Wilson, R. & W.; Wilson, W. & Son Wilson, W. & Son, xii. & xv. 252 Wilson, Walker, & C'o.—xvi. 11 Wilson & Woodtin.—vil. 195 Wilton, W.—X. 402 Winder, R.—ix. 190 Windle & Blythe.—xxii. 668 Windley, see Walsh & Windley Windmiiller, A.—Hamburgh, 29 Windrath, see Wuelting and Windrath Windsor, J.—ix. 25 Windus, T.—IX. 36 Winfield, R. W.—XXII. 373. Wingate, see Black & Wingate Wingate, Son, & Co,—xii. & xv. 200 Wingender, Brothers.—Zollverein (8), 9 Wingervvorth Iron Co. (Chestertield). —I. 416 Wingrave & Sons.^—xx. 16 Winkelman, see Zeitter & Winkelman Winkelman & Sons.—Zollv. (1), 303 Winkelmann, J.—Zollverein (1), 282 Winkler, F.—Zollverein (1), 31 Winkler & Son.—Zollverein (3), 91 Winkler, T. C—Switzerland, 142 Winknecht, T.—Belgium, 259 Winks & Sons.—xxii. 134 Wink worth.—xviii. 9 Winkworth & Co.—xill. 19 AVinkworth&Proctor.—xili.65 ; xviii.9 Winship, A. H.—United States, 354 Winsor & Newton.—ii. 28 AVinsor & Son.—xvi. 14 Winter, C—xvi. 178 Winter, F.—Zollverein (1), 56 Winter, J. — x. 423 ; Austria, l&O, 242 Winter, T. B.—vi. 134 Winter, W.—xvi. 249 Winter born, J.—xxvm. 168 Winterfeld, J. A.—Zollverein (1), 204 Winterhalter, F.—Main Avenue, East, 96. 97; xxiil. 97 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 237 Winton, H.—VIII. 250; ix. 2j9A Winton & Sons.—xxii. 268 Winzenried, see Moerschel, &c. Wippel, J. jun.—XXVIII. 10 Wirkler, T.—Zollverein (1), 786 Wirth, F. E.—Zollverein (1), 819 Wirth, T. F.—Zollverein (4), 70 Wirtz, J.—Switzerland, 259 Wirz & Co.—Switzerland, 153 Wisdom, Russel, & Whitman.—United States, 205 Wise, Dr.—India, VI. Wisedill, G. v.—XXIII. 65 Wiseman.—Van Diemen's Land, 130- 134 Wiseman, A. & Co.—Zollverein (1),334 Wiseman, H. R.—xvil. 103 Wiss, R.—XXII. 525 Wisson, R.—XXII. 679 Withers, J. H.—xxiii. 61 Withers. W.—xxix. 292 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 27 Withey & Smith.—xiv. 47 Witschl & Reinisch.—Anuria, 293 Wittekop & Co.—Zollverein (1), 695 Wittich, A. Kemmel, & Co.—Zoll- verein (4), 82 Witton, Daw, & Co.—VIII. 203 Wix, see Mecklinghaus & Wix W. M. & R. F.—VIII. 136 Wobke, H.—Hamburgh, 89 Wodderspoon, J.—xvii. 159 Woegelin, D.—Switzerland, 242 Woeste, G. & Co.—Zollverein (1), 654 Wohler & Co.—Switzerland, 227 Wohlfahrth, J. E.—Zollverein (5), 28 Wojtech, F.—Austria, 274 Wojtecb, J.—Austria, 686 Wolf.—France, 744 Wolf,C. A.—Zollverein (3), 142 Wolff, C. H.—Zollverein (3), 48 Woods, F. F.—VII. 42 Woods, J.—IX. 82 Woods, W.—XXII. 33 Woodward, B.—xxvii. 21 Woodward, B. H.—xix. 354 Woodward, H. & Co.—xix. 355 Woodward, J.—viii. 230 Woolcock, Catherine.—xix. 350 Wooldridge, J.—xvii. G47 Woolley, see Spurden, &c. Woolley,T.—X. 493 Wolf, J. G.—Zollverein (3), 143 Wolf, T. H.—Zollverein (3), 29 Wolff, F.—Austria, 326 Wolff, Albert.—Zollverein(l), 300, 307 Wolff, E. & Sons.—I. 68; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 129 Wolff & Erbsloh.—Zollverein (1), 656 Wolff, F. A.—Zollverein (4), 13 Wolff, J. F.—Zollverein (1), 600 Wolff, F.—Zollverein (3), 144 Wolffers, see Hermes, Brothers, &c. Wolfrum, C—Austria, 301 WoUersdorf, Privileged Association of Manufacturers.—Austria, 423 Wollf & Co.—Zollverein (2), 17 Wollff, L. J.—XXIII. 68 Wolstenh&lme, J.—xxviii. 173 Wolter, G. C—Zollverein (1), 180 Wolverson, E.—xxii. 276 Wood.—xvii. 198; see also Home, Thornthwaite, &c.; Pontifex & Wood, Tl)omson, Wood & Co. Wood & Bedford.—II. 47 Wood, Brothers.—xxil. 75 Wood, C.—xxx. (Fine Art Court) 174 Wood,C.H.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 209 Wood & Co.—VIII. 102. Wood & Forest, Commission of.— Algeria, 47 Wood, G.—IX. 90 ; xxv. 34 Wood, H. & T.—XIX. 352 Wood, H. L.—I. 432 Wood, J,—XXI. 8; XXVI. 105. 118; XXX. (Fine Art Court), 48 Wood, Janet.—xx. 137 Wood, J. W.—X. 737 Wood, P. H.—XXIX. 285 Wood & Perkes.—xxiv. 7 Wood, S., see Wood, W. & S. Wood, T.—XXIV. 16 ; see also Wood, H. & T. Wood&Tomlinson.—United States, 396 Wood, W.—Belgium, 492 Wood, W. R.—X. 643 Wood, W. & S —XVI. 25 Woodbourne, J.—ix. 76 Woodbridge, T.—xxiii. 53 AVoodbury, J. P.—United States, 443 Woodcock, F.—United States, 135 Woodcroft, J. & Co.—XVIII. 45 Woodfin, see Wilson & Woodfin Woodford, Lady.—Ionian Islands, 1 Woodhead, J.—xxviii. 191 Woodhouse.—X. 731 ; xx. 180 Woodhouse, J.—xii. & xv. 7 I Woodhouse & Luckman.—xx. 15 Woodhouse, W.—xxx. (Fine ArtCrl.), 289a Woodin, D.—XXII. 8 Woodington.—xxill. 92. 119 Woodington,W. F.—Page 853 1 Woodley, J.—xxiii. 83 ; xxvii. 39 ! Woodman, see Simmonds & Woodman I Woodman, H. G.—xxvi. 73 I Woodman, J. C—South Africa, 26 I Woodman, J. T.—x. 281 , Woodman, W.—xvi. 42 I Woodruff, Thomas.—xxvii. 77 ; xxx. (Fine Art Court), 350 Woolley, W,—Eastern Archipelago, 3 Woolf & Son.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 129 Woolfield, T.—viii. 229 Wooliscroft, see Bowers, Challinor, &c. Woollams, J. & Co.—xxvi. 322 Woollams, W. & Co.—xxvi. 210. 309 Woolman, E.—United States, 198 Wordsworth, J.—xxii. 360 Worke, H.—Hamburgh, 89 Workman, J.^—xxvii. 116 Worledge.—xviii. 43a Wormald, see Hagues, Cook, &c. Worn, R.—xvi. 255 Wornell.—xxvii. 99 Wornum, R.—x. 499 Worrall, C—xxx. (Fine Art Court)196 Worrall, Hal lam & Co.—xxii. 164 Worsdell, G. & Co.—v. 637 Worster.—xxiii, 94 Worthington, W.—I. 57 Worthy, see Thompson & Worthy Wostenholm, G.—xxii. 125 Wotherspoon, J. & Co.—xxix. 106 Wotherspoon, R.—in, 124 Wouvermaims, jun.—Belgium, 35 Wratjslaw, MatiMa Emily.—xix. 357 Wray, W.—x. 309 Wrench & Sons—in. 80 Wried, see Meyer & Wried Wright, see Abbott & Wright; M'Lean & Wright; Scott & Wright; Slater & Wright; Smith, Kemp, & Wright Wright, C—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 203 Wright, C. J.—United States, 589 Wright, Crump, & Crane.—XIX. 358 Wright, F.—XXX. (Fine Art Court) 98 Wright, G. W.—United States, 185 Wright, H.—m. 107a ; xxix. 250 Wright, J.—Page 853; xvii. 139; XXII. 177 ; XXVII. 43 Wright, J. G.—Hamburgh, 57 Wright, L. W. & Co.—IV. 42 Wright, P.—XXII. 366 Wright, P. & R.—XIII. 54 Wright, R.—XVI. 152; see also Wright, P. & R. Wright W.—x. 121 Wright, W. B. & (^0.—United States, 77 Wrigley, J. & T. C—Xll. & xv. 117 Wriglev & Sons.—xil. & xv. 101 Wrigle'y, T. C, see Wrigley, J. & T.C. Wroe, see Kay, Richardsoi , & Wroe; Rogers & Wroe Wrchovszky, J. R.—Austria, 203 Wuel(ing& Wihdrath.—Zollv. (1), 565 Wuest, Brothers.—ZoU. (6), 44 Wuest, C. L.—Zollverein (o), 14 Wulff.—Denmark, 23 Wulff, G. H. & J. F.—China Wulff, J. F. see Wulff, G. H. &c. Wulff, Jens, & S MIS.—Denmark, 5 Wunder, L.—Zollverein (1), 250 Wunsch, see Baumann & Wunsch Wunsche, A.—Austria, 659 Wurden, C. A. Von, & Co.—Zollverein (1),51 Wurm., see Fischer & Warm Wurm, F, X.—Austria, 1 37 Wurst, J. M.—Austria, 302 Wurl em burgh, the late Queen of— Austria, 747 Wiirlli, W. E. Von.—Austria, 52 Wustenfeld^ see Stohmann & Wusien- feld Wuttig, G. L.—Zollverein (1), 151 Wyatt & Brandon.—VII. 220; Page 854 Wyatt, J.—Page 853; xxx. (Fme Art Court). 183 Wyatt, iVi. C—Page 853 & 854 Wyatt, M. Digby.—xxx. (Fine Art Court), 30. 80 Wyatt, Richard J. (the late). — Main Avenue, East, 103 Wyburn, Meller, & Turner.—v. 996 Wyk, Van, Brothers, & Co.—Nether- lands, 36 Wylam's Patent Fuel Company.—i. 252 Wyld, see Noulton and Wvld Wyld, J.—XVII. 175 Wynanfs, C.—Belgium, 472 Wynne & Lumsden.^—XXVI. 19 Wyon, B.—XXX. (Fine Art Crt), 287 Wyon, E.W.—XXX. (Sculp. Court), 86 Wyon, L. C—xxx.(Fine Art Crt.). 286 Wyon, W.—XXX. (Fine Art Crt.), 284 Wyse, J.—New Brunswick, 15. 17. 20. 22 Wyttenbach, T.—Switzerland, 257 Xavier, A. M.—Portugal, 312 Xhoffray, C. & Co.—Belgium, 204 Yarborough, Earl of.—xxx. (Sculpture Court), SO Yardley & Statham.—xxix. 2 Yashari-Hosein—Turkey Yates.—xxv. 24 Yates, Emma Jane.—x. 378 Yates, H.—XXII. 664 Yates, Haywood, & Co.—xxii. 384 Yates, T.—X. 9 Yates & Taylor.—xviii. 24 Yates, W.—V. 777 Yeager & Ord.—United States, 56 Yeates, F. G.—xxi. 19 Yeates, G.—x. 332 Yeates, H.—xiv. 56 Yeatman, T. H.—United States, 11 Yerber, C.—Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 10 Yeo, D. D.—xxx. (Fine Art Crt.), 260 Yeomans & Son.—viii. 231 Yeomans, A.— Canada, 23 Yerbin-y, J.—xxix. 208 Yewdall & Son.—xii. & xv. 78 Yon, see Vechte, Gayrard, &c. Yon, Mme.—France, 745 York & Sheepshanks.—xii. & xv. 49 Young, C. & Co.—Western end. North side (Outside), 60; see also liarlovv & Young; Simpson & Young; Wat- son, Young, & Co. Young, C. & Co.—v. 600 Young, J.—II. 7b; vii. 171 ; x. 131 Young, J. H. & Co.—XI. 12 Young & Son.—X. 366 Young, W.—XXII. 442 Young, Dowson, & Co.—vili. 92 Younge, H.—XXII. 161 Younger, see Thompson, Younger, & Co. Youzbash, K.—Russia. 129 Yrabum, G.—Spain, 275 Ysasi, D. M. de.—Spain 51. 267. 284 Yuill, see Abercrombie & Yuill Yurghenson.—Russia, 72 Yust & Co.—Spain, 47 ll Zaalberg, J. C.,& Son.—Netherlands, 34 Zabala, P. V.—Spain, 129. 240 Zabern, T.—Zollverein (6), 78 Zadig, J. B.—France, 1535 Zaeliner & Schiess.—Switzerland, 143 Zahn, J., sen.-—Austria, 599 Zahn & Volbrecht.—Zollverein (6), 12 Zais, W.—Zollverein, (4), 48 Zakharoff, S.—Russia, 108 Zakhert, W.—Russia, 185 Zalogbin.—Russia, 209 Zaman & Co,—Belgium, 136 Zambona, G., see Zambona, J. & G. Zambona, J. & G.—Zollverein (1), 359 Zambra, see Negretti & Zambra.—x. 160a Zambrano, J.—Spain, 111 Zamiatin, see Poliakotf & Zamiatin Zamora, Inspector of Mines of the dis- trict of.—Spain, 20 Zandra, J.—Austria, 693 Zanoli, C. A.—Zollverein (1), 8.59 Zapf, J.—Austria, 340 Zaphirakis, Z.—Greece, 1 Zapparelli, G.—Austria, 733 Zasche, J.—Austria, 628 Zastzrebeski, F.—Belgium, 176 Zavagli, P.—Tuscany, 49 Zayas, J.—Spain, 1 68 Zebger, F. W.—Zollverein (1), 308 Zeegers, F.—Netherlands, 96 Zegelaer, E.—Belgium, 280 Zeiger, A.—France, 747 Zeigler, H.—Switzerland, 108 Zeiler, F.—Zollverein (2). 93 Zeisel, J. & Blumel, J. & Co.—Austria, 820 Zeisig, H.—Zollverein (1), 225 Zeitler, J.—Austria, 687 Zeitler, M.—Russia, 343 Zeitllnger, J. A.—Austria, 451 Zeitter &Winkelmann.—Zollverein (1), 709 Zeitz, J. F.—Zollverein, 841 ZeliskO;, A.—Austria, 170 Zeller, F.— Zollverein (4\ 1 Zeller, H.—Switzerland, 144 Zeller & Co.—Switzerland, 153 Zeller & Sons.—Switzerland, 153 Zellweger, S.—Switzerland, 145 Zemberg Mine, Dobschau (Hungary). —Austria, 7 ZemskofF.—Russia, 115 Zepperzauer, see Fries & Zepperzauer Zeschke, L.—Zollverein (1), 259 Zetterberg, C—Sweden & Norway, 10 Zibermayr, M.—Austria, 132 Ziegler, Brothers.—Zollverein (1), 784 Ziegler & Haussmann.—Zollverein (3), 92 Ziegler, H.—Switzerland, 108 Ziegler, J.—Austria, 156 Ziegler, Baron T.—Zollverein (1), 36 Ziegler, T. & Co.—Switzerland, 146 Ziegler-Pellis, J.—Switzerland, 260 Zilfoogar-Beck & Iskanda-Beck-Ogli. —Russia, 5 I Zimmer, Dr.—Zollverein (5), 3 Zimmerman, G. & S.—xxill. 80 Zimmerman, S., see Zimmerman, G. &S. Zimmerman & Son.—Zollverein (1), 718 Zimmermann, see SchifFner & Zimmer- mann ; Spoerlin & Zimmermann. Zimmermaun's, B,, Heirs.—Austria, 452 Zimmermann, C.—Zollverein (3), 24 Zimmermann, E. G.—Zollverein (5), 19 Zindell, see Mayer & Zindell Zipelius, G., & Fuchs.—France, 1738 Zjcisel, J., & Blumel, J. & C—Aus- tria, 320 Zlataoust, Imperial Artinsk Works.— Russia, 3, 167 Zlataoust, Imperial Manufactory of Fire-arms of.— Russia, 14. 161 Zlataoust, Imperial Salkinsk Iron Works.—Russia, 17 Zobel, J.—Zollverein (1), 195 Zobel, W.—Zollverein (1), 190 Zois, Widow Call, Ironworks.—Aus- tria, 405 Zolesi, S.—Sardinia, 2 Zollmann & Steigerthall. — Zollverein (1), 566 ZolotorefF, J.—Russia, 136 Zotoff, Brothers.—Russia, 218 Zouboff, D., & A. Stepounin.—Russia, 180 Zoude & Co.—Belgium, 388 Zox, L.—XX. 59 Zschille, Brothers.—Zollverein (3), 138 Zschille, F. & Co.—Zollverein (3), 119 Zschille, J. C. & K.—Zollv. (1), 844 Zuber, J.—Hamburgh, 107 Zuber, J. & Co.—France, 1536 Zuccani, B.—xxx. 348 Zufriedenheit, see Busbacher, &c. Zuloaga, E.—Spain, 264 Zuluaga, E.—Spain, 264a Zuluela, J,—Spain, 179a Zuppinger, T.—Switzerland, 209 Zuppinger & Sons.—Switzerland, 153 i Zurrer, J. Switzerland, 153 Zuurdeeg, J. & Son.—Netherlands, 35 Zweesaardt, A.—Netherlands, 111 Zweibriicken Mechanical School (Ba- varia).—Zollverein (2), 32 Zwerger, Van, Deflfner and Weiss.— Zollverein (4), 52 INTRODUCTION. The activity of tlie present day chiefly develops itself in commercial industry, and it is in accordance with the spirit of the age that the nations of the world have now collected together their choicest productions. It may be said without pre- sumption, that an event like this Exhibition could not have taken place at any earlier period, and perhaps not among any other people than ourselves. The friendly confidence reposed by other nations in our institutions; the perfect security for property; the commercial freedom, and the facility of transport, which England pre-eminently possesses, may all be brought forward as causes which have operated in establishing the Exhibition in London. Grreat Britain offers a hospitable invitation to all the nations of the world, to collect and display the choicest fruits of their industry in her Capital; and the invitation is freely accepted by every civilized people, because the interest both of the guest and host is felt to be reciprocal. But the consideration of the wide moral agencies which have contributed to produce the present Exhibition must be postponed, and we proceed at once to trace the course of the more direct influences which have lead to its establishment. Fairs, which are one sort of exhibitions of works of industry, have been established for centuries, in every part of the United Kingdom; but exhibitions resembling the present institution, in which the race is for excellence, and direct commerce is not the primary object, have taken place only during the last cen- tury, and have been originated by individuals, or societies, independently of any Government assistance. As early as the years 1756-7 the Society of Arts of London offered prizes for specimens of manufactures, tapestry, carpets, porcelain, &c., and exhibited the works which were offered in competition. About the same period, the Eoyal Academy, as a private society, patronized by the Sovereign, more in a personal capacity than as representing the head of the Legislatures had orfifanized its exhibitions of painting, sculpture, and engraving. The first exhibition of industrial productions in France, recognised as a national institution, occurred in 1798, a second took place in 1801, a third in 1802, and a fourth in 1806. But it was not until the year 1819, that the expositions of French industry have taken place systematically; and it is only since that time i that the influence of them has been markedly felt in Europe. ' During the last thirty years, in each of the metropolitan cities of the United Local Exhibitions Kingdom, and the most important manufacturing towns, one or more exhibi- dom."'*'^*^ tions of machinery and manufactures have been held; and it may be recorded that, B as early as 1829, the Eojal Dublin Society had founded an exhibition of works of art, science, and manufacture, to be held triennially, to which, however, Irish productions only were admitted until the year 1850. But the local exhibition of Birmingham, held in the autumn of the year 1849—originating with individuals, self-supporting in its management, and comprehensive in the scope of the objects exhibited—may be said to have most nearly resembled the Exhibition of the present year. All similar exhibitions, in fact, have been essentially of a private and local character, none of them receiving any kind of Government or national sanction, if we except the exhibition of manufactures applicable to the decoration of the Houses of Parliament, which was instituted by the Fine Arts Commissioners. To follow the links of the chain which have connected the present Exhibition with the national sympathies and support, we must revert to the French exposition in 1844. The great success of that exposition caused several representations to be made to members of the Cabinet, of the benefit which a similar exhibition would be likely to confer on the industry of the United Kingdom, and some efforts were made to obtain the assistance of the Government, but with no apparent results. No hopes whatever were held out that the Government would undertake any pecuniary liabilities in promoting such an exliibition. It may be mentioned that, even so late as the year 1848, a proposal to establish a self-supporting exhibition of British industry, to be controlled by a Eoyal Commission, was submitted to His Eoyal Highness the Prince Albert, and by him laid before the Govern- ment ; still the Government hesitated to take up the subject, and it became quite evident to those parties who were most desirous of witnessing the establishment of a national exhibition, that if such an event should ever take place, it would have to be carried out independently of any Government assistance. It is a marking feature in all the institutions and great works of our country, that they are the consequences of popular wishes. It is not until wants become national, and that combined action becomes essential to success, that the people seek the aid of the Government. The great constitutional freedom which this country enjoys, may be ascribed in some measure to the reluctance which the Government always shows to act on behalf of the people in any case where it is possible they can act for themselves. A great part of the success which has at- tended the institution of this Exhibition, may be attributed to its independence of the Government; and it may be the boast of our countrymen that the Exhibition was originated, conducted, and completed independently of any Government aid what- ever, except its sanction. Assistance has only been sought from the Government when it was indispensable, as in correspondence with foreign countries, the pro- vision of a site for the building, the organization of police, &c.; and wherever such assistance, when granted, would have entailed expense, the cost of it has been defrayed from the funds of the Exhibition. Exhibitions of the Step by step, the subject of a national exhibition, and the means of real- society of Arts, -^-^g -^^ becamc connected with the Society of Arts. In June, 1845, a com- mittee of members of that Society was formed to carry out an exhibition of national industry, and funds were subscribed by the individuals forming the committee to meet the preliminary expenses. An inquiry was set on foot to ascertain the disposition of manufacturers to support the exhibition, but the attempt failed and was abandoned. In 1847 the Council of the Society sub- stituted action for theory, and, in the midst of discouragement, established a limited exhibition of manufactures, professedly as the beginning of a series. The success of this exhibition determined the Council to persevere, and to hold similar exhibitions annually. Accordingly in the next year the experiment was repeated with such greatly increased success, that the Council felt warranted in announcing their intention of holding annual exhibitions, as a means of esta- blishing a quinquennial Exhibition of British Industry, to be held in 1851. Having proceeded thus far, the Council sought to connect the Schools of Design, located in the centres of manufacturing industry, with the proposed exhibitions, and obtained the promised co-operation of the Board of Trade, through the Pre- sident, Mr. Labouchere ; moreover, with a view to prepare a suitable building, they secured the promise of a site from the Earl of Carlisle, then Chief Com- missioner of Woods and Forests, who offered either the central area of Somerset House, or some other Government ground. In the year 1849 the exhibition, still more successful than any preceding, consisted chiefly of works in the precious metals, some of which were graciously contributed by Her Majesty. To aid in carrying out their intention of holding a National Exhibition in the year 1851, the Council of the Society caused a report on the French Exposition, held in 1849, to be made for them and printed. A petition was also presented by the Council to the House of Commons, praying that tliey might have the use of some public building for the exhibition of 1851, which was referred to the Select Committee on the School of Design. His Eoyal Highness the Prince Albert, as President of the Society, had Enlarged by of course been fully informed, from time to time, of all these proceedings, which ""^^ ' had received His Royal Highness's sanction and approval; but immediately after the termination of the session of 1849, the Prince took the subject under his own personal superintendence. He proceeded to settle the general principles on which the proposed exhibition for 1851 should be conducted, and to consider the mode in which it should be carried out. His Eoyal Highness has himself fully expressed the views which prompted His Royal High- him to take the lead in carrying out the Exhibition, and on the occasion of the banquet to promote the Exhibition, given by Mr. Farncomb, the Lord Mayor of London, to the municipal authorities of the United Kingdom, His Royal Highness declared these views in the following terms:— It must, indeed, be most gratifying to me, to find tliat a suggestion which I had thrown out, as appearing to me of importance at this time, should have met with such universal concurrence and approbation; for this has proved to me that the view I took of the peculiar character and requirements of our age was in accordance with the feelings and opinions of the country. Gentlemen, I conceive it to be the duty of every educated person closely to watch and study the time in which he lives; and, as far as in him lies, to add his humble mite of individual exertion to further the accomplishment of what he believes Providence to have ordained. Nobody, however, who has paid any attention to the particular features of our present era, will doubt for a moment that we are living at a period of most wonderful transition, which tends rapidly to the accomplishment of that great end to which, indeed, all history points—the realization of the unity of mankind. Not a unity which breaks down the limits, and levels the peculiar characteristics of the different nations of the earth, but rather a unity the result and product of those very national varieties and antagonistic quali- ties. The distances which separated the (hfferent nations and parts of the globe are gradually vanishing before the achievements of modern invention, and we can traverse them with incredible ease; the languages of all nations are known, and their acquirements placed within the reach of everybody; thought is communicated with the rapidity and even by the power of lightning. On the other hand, the great principle of division of labour, which may B 2 be called the moving power of civilization, is being extended to all branches of science, industry, and art. Whilst formerly the greatest mental energies strove at universal know- ledge, and that knowledge was confined to the few, now they are directed to specialties, and in these again even to the minutest points; but the knowledge acquired becomes at once the property of the community at large. Whilst formerly discovery was wrapt in secresy, the publicity of the present day causes that no sooner is a discovery or invention made, than it is already improved upon and surpassed by competing efforts ; the products of all quarters of the globe are placed at our disposal, and we have only to choose which is the best and cheapest for our purposes, and the powers of production are intrusted to the stimulus of competition and capital. So man is approaching a more complete fulfilment of that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in this world. His reason being created after the image of God, he has to use it to discover the laws by which the Almighty governs his creation, and, by making these laws his standard of action, to conquer Nature to his use— himself a divine instrument. Science discovers these laws of power, motion, and trans- formation : industry applies them to the raw matter, which the earth yields us in abundance, but which becomes valuable only by knowledge; art teaches us the immutable laws of beauty and symmetry, and gives to our productions forms in accordance with them. Gentlemen,—The Exhibition of 1851 is to give us a true test and a living picture of the point of development at which the whole of mankind has arrived in this great task, and a new starting point from which all nations will be able to direct their further exertions. I confidently hope the first impression which the view of this vast collection will produce upon the spectator will be that of deep thankfulness to the Almighty for the blessings which He has bestowed upon us already here below; and the second, the conviction that they can only be realized in proportion to the help which we are prepared to render to each other—therefore, only by peace, love, and ready assistance, not only between individuals, but between the nations of the earth. On the 29tli June, 1849, the general outlines of the Exhibition were discussed by His Eoyal Highness ; and from that day to the present time, accurate accounts of all proceedings have been kept, and the greater part of them printed and Meeting at Buck- published Tlic miuutos of a meeting of several members of the Society of Arts, ingham Palace. t" i t t-» i • J ^ held at Buckingham Palace on the 30 th June, set forth as follows : — His Royal Highness communicated his views regarding the formation of a Great Collec- tion of Works of Industry and Art in London in 1851, for the purposes of exhibition, and of competition and encouragement. His Royal Highness considered that such Collection and Exhibition should consist of the following divisions:— Raw Materials. Machiner}' and Mechanical Inventions. Manufactures. Sculpture and Plastic Art generally. It was a matter of consideration whether such divisions should be made subjects of simul- taneous exhibition, or be taken separately. It was ultimately settled that, on the first occasion at least, they should be simultaneous. Various sites were suggested as most suitable for the building; which it was settled must be, on the first occasion at least, a temporary one. The Government had offered the area of Somerset House; or if that were unfit, a more suitable site on the property of the Crown. His Royal Highness pointed out the vacant ground in Hyde Park on the south side, parallel with, and between, the Kensington drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row, as affording advantages which few other places might be found to possess. Applica- tion for this site could be made to the Crown. It was a question whether this Exhibition should be exclusively limited to British industry. It was considered that, whilst it appears an error to fix any hmitation to the pro- ductions of machinery, science, and taste, which are of no country, but belong, as a whole, to the civihzed world, particular advantage to British industry might be derived from placing it in fair competition with that of other nations. It was further settled that, by offering very large premiums in money, sufficient induce- ment would be held out to the various manufacturers to produce works which, although they might not form a manufacture profitable in the general market, would, by the effort necessary for their accomplishment, permanently raise the powers, of production, and improve the character of the manufacture itself. It was settled that the best mode of carrying out the execution of these plans would be by means of a Royal Commission, of which His Royal Highness would be at the head. His Royal Highness proposed that inasmuch as the home trade of the country will be en- couraged, as many questions regarding the introduction of foreign productions may arise,— in so far also as the Crown property may be affected, and Colonial products imported,—the Secretaries of State, the Chief Commissioner of Woods, and the President of the Board of Trade, should be ex-officio members of this Commission ; and for the execution of its details some of the parties present, who are also members or officers of the Society of Arts, and who have been most active in originating and preparing for the execution of this plan, should be suggested as members, and that the various interests of the community also should be fully represented therein. It was settled that a draft of the proposed Commission, grounded on precedents of other Royal Commissions, be prepared, and that information regarding the most expeditious and direct mode of doing this be procured, and privately submitted to Her Majesty's Govern- ment, in order that no time be lost in preparation for the collection when the authority of the Government shall have been obtained. It was settled that a subscription for donations on a large scale, to carry this object into effect, would have to be organized immediately. It was suggested that the Society for Encouragement of Arts under its charier possessed machinery and an organization which might be useful, both in receiving and holding the money, and in assisting the working out of the Exposition.—(^Minutes of the Meeting on the 30th of June, 1849, at Buckingham Palace,) The minutes of a second meeting held on the 14th July, at Osborne, are as Meeting at /» n Osborne. loliows : His Royal Highness stated that he had recently communicated his views regarding the formation of a great collection of works of industry and art in London in 1851, for the j)ur- pose of exhibition, and of competition and encouragement, to some of the leading statesmen, and amongst them to Sir Robert Peel. His Royal Highness judged, as the result of these communications, that the importance of the subject was fully appreciated, but that its great magnitude would necessarily require some time for maturing the plans essential to secure its complete success. His Royal Highness communicated that he had also requested Mr. Labouchere, as Pre- sident of the Board of Trade, to give his consideration to this subject. Mr. Labouchere was now at Osborne, and His Royal Highness expressed his desire that he should be pre- sent at this meeting. Mr. Labouchere was accordingly invited to be present. His Royal Highness gave it as his opinion that it was most important that the co-operation of the Government and sanction of the Crown should be obtained for the undertaking; but that it ought to be matter for serious consideration how that co-operation and sanction could be most expediently given. Mr. Labouchere stated that the whole subject would have the very best consideration he could give it; and on behalf of the Ministry, he could promise an early decision as to the manner in which they could best give their co-operation. He suggested that if, instead of a Royal Commission being formed, to include some of the chief members of Her Majesty's Government, those same Ministers were to be elected members of a Managing Committee of the Society of Arts, this object might perhaps be as well accomplished. It was explained to Mr. Labouchere that the exertions of the Society of Arts would be given to the undertaking, to the utmost extent to which they could be useful; but that these functions would necessarily be of an executive and financial nature, rather than of a judicial and legislative character. It was further urged by the three members of the Society, that one of the requisite con- ditions for the acquirement of public confidence was, that the body to be appointed for the exercise of those functions should have a sufficiently elevated position in the eyes of the public, and should be removed sufficiently high above the interests, and remote from the liability of being influenced by the feelings of competitors, to place beyond all possibility any accusation of partiality or undue influence ; and that no less elevated tribunal than one appointed by the Crown, and presided over by His Royal Highness, could have that stand- ing and weight m the country, and give that guarantee for impartiality that would command the utmost exertions of all the most eminent manufacturers at home, and particularly abroad: moreover, that the most decided mark of national sanction must be given to this undertaking, in order to give it the confidence, not only of all classes of our own countrymen, but also of foreigners accustomed to the expositions of their own countries, which are con- ducted and supported exclusively by their Governments. It was also stated that, under such a sanction, and with such plans as now proposed, responsible parties would, it was believed and could be proved, be found ready to place at the disposal of the Commission sufficient funds to cover all preliminary expenses and the risks incidental to so great an undertaking. Mr. Labouchere expressed his sense of the great national importance of the proposal, and wished such further communication on the subject as might enable him fully to under- stand it, to be able better to consider the matter with his colleagues in the Cabinet. Plan of At the same time a general outline of a plan of operations was submitted :— operations. ^ I. A Royal Commission.—For promoting Arts, Manufactures, and Industry, by means of a great Collection of Works of Art and Industry of All Nations, to be formed in London, and exhibited in 1851. President, His Royal Highness Prince Albert. 1. The duties and powers of the Commission to extend to the determination of the nature of the prizes, and the selection of the subjects for w^hich they are to be offered. 2. The definition of the nature of the Exhibition, and the best manner of conducting all its proceedings. 3. The determination of the method of deciding the prizes, and the responsibility of the decision. II. The Society of Arts.—To organize the means of raising funds to be placed at the disposal of the Commission for Prizes, and to collect the funds and contributions to provide a building and defray the necessary expenses to cover the risks of the collection and exhibition ; and to provide for the permanent establishment of these Quinquennial Exhibitions. The prizes proposed to be submitted for the consideration of the Commission to be medals, with money prizes so large as to overcome the scruples and prejudices even of the largest and richest manufacturers, and ensure the greatest amount of exertion. It was pro- posed that the first prize should be £5,000, and that one, at least of £1,000, should be given in each of the four sections. Medals conferred by the Queen would very much enhance the value of the prizes. Mr. Labouchere finally stated that the whole matter should be carefully considered; but that there was no use in bringing it before the Cabinet at the moment of a closing session—that the Cabinet would now disperse, and not meet again till the autumn. The interval from now to October or November might be most usefully employed by the Society in collecting more detailed evidence as to the readiness of the great manufacturing and commercial interests to subscribe to and support the undertaking, and he promised to employ that interval in further informing himself, and endeavouring to ascertair the general feeling of the country on the subject.—(^Minutes of the Meeting on the 14:th of July, 1849, at Osborne.) On the 31st July, 1849, His Eoyal Highness addressed a letter to the Home The Prince's let- , , . , . ^ . n , . PTT Tx/r • ter to the Home Secretary, m order to bring the subject omcially to the notice oi Her Majesty s secretary. Government. Sir, Osborne, July 31, 1849. The Society of Arts having during several years formed exhibitions of works of national industry, which have been very successful, believe that they have thereby acquired sufficient experience, and have sufficiently prepared the public mind, to venture upon the execution of a plan they have long cherished—to invite a Quinquennial Exhibition in London of the Industry of All Nations. They think that the only condition wanting to ensure the success of such an undertaking, would be the sanction of the Crown, given in a conspicuous manner; and they are of opinion that no more efficacious mode could be adopted than the issue of a Royal Commission to inquire into, and report upon, the practicability of the scheme, and the best mode of executing it. I have therefore been asked, as President of the Society, to bring this matter officially before you, and to beg that Her Majesty's Government will give this subject their best consideration. The Exhibition was proposed to be invited for 1851, and the magnitude of the necessary preliminary arrangements renders it highly desirable that the decision which the Govern- ment may have come to should be ascertained within the space of a few months. I have, &c.. The Right Honourable (Signed) Albert. Sir George Grey, Bart., G.C.B., &c. &c. &c. Sir, Whitehall, August 1st, 1849. Answer. I HAVE had the honour to receive your Royal Highness's letter of the 31st July, suggesting the issue of a Royal Commission to inquire into, and report upon, the practicability of a scheme which has been formed by the Society of Arts for a Quinquennial Exhibition in London of the Industry of all Nations. I shall not fail, in obedience to your Royal Highness's command, to take an early oppor- tunity of bringing this important subject under the consideration of Her Majesty's Government, and I am confident that it will receive their careful and deliberate attention. I have, &c., (Signed) G. Grey. To His Royal Highness Prince Albert, K.G. {Minutes of the Meeting on the 3rd of September, 1849^ at Balmoral) In this stage of the proceeding it became necessary to place the accomphshment Pecuniary of the undertaking, as far as possible, beyond a doubt. Having acquired experience, ?ns"lexecudon in 1845, of the difficulties to be encountered, the Council of the Society of Arts felt that the proposal must not be brought a second time before the public as an hypothesis, but that the only means of succeeding was to prove that they had both the will and the power to carry out the Exhibition. The Society had no funds of its own available for the advances necessary to be made. The outlay for a building upon the scale then thought of, and for preliminary expenses, was estimated at the least at £70,000. After much fruitless negotiation with several builders and contractors, an agree- ment was made between the Society of Arts and the Messrs. MuNDAY, by which the latter undertook to deposit £20,000 as a prize fund, to erect a suitable building, to find offices, to advance the money requisite for all preliminary expenses, and to take the whole risk of loss on certain conditions. It was proposed that the receipts arising from the Exhibition should be dealt with as follows :—The £20,000 prize fund, the cost of the building, and five per cent, on all advances, were to be repaid in the first instance: the residue was then to be divided into three equal parts ; one part was to be paid at once to the Society of Arts as a fund for future exhibitions; out of the other two parts all other incidental costs, such as those of general management, preliminary expenses, &c., were to be paid; and the residue, if any, was to be the remuneration of the contractors, for their outlay, trouble, and risk. Subsequently the contractors agreed that instead of this division they would be content to receive such part of the surplus, if any, as, after payment of all expenses, might be awarded by arbitration. This contract was made on 23rd August, 1849, but the deeds were not signed until the 7th November following. For the purpose of carrying the contract into execution on behalf of the Society, the Council nominated an Executive Committee of four members, who were afterwards appointed the Executive in the Eoyal Commission, and the con- tractors their own nominee. In thus making the contract with private parties for the execution of what, in fact, would become a national object, if the proposal should be entertained by the public, every care was taken to anticipate the public wishes, and to provide for the public interests. It was foreseen that if the public identified itself with the Exhibition, they would certainly prefer not to be indebted to private enterprise and capital for carrying it out. A provision was made with the contractors to meet this probability, by which it was agreed, that if the Treasury were Avilling to take the place of the contractors, and pay the liabilities incurred, the Society of Arts should have the power of determining the contract before the 1st February, 1850. In the event of an exercise of this power the compensation to be paid to the Messrs. MuNDAY for their outlay and the risk was to be settled by arbitration. The Society of Arts having thus secured the performance of the pecuniary part of the undertaking, the next step taken was to ascertain the readiness of the public to promote the Exhibition. It has been shown that the proof of this readiness would materially influence Her Majesty's Government in consenting to the proposal to issue a Eoyal Commission to superintend the Exhibition. The Prince Albert, as President of the Society of Arts, therefore commissioned several members of the Society, in the autumn of 1849, to proceed to the Visits to the <« manufacturing districts of the country, in order to collect the opinions of the districts. leading manufacturers, and further evidence with reference to a Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations to be held in London in the year 1851, in order that His Royal Highness might bring the results before Her Majesty's Govern- ment." Commissioners were appointed, visits made, and reports of the results submitted to the Prince, from which it appeared that 65 places, comprehending the most important cities and towns of the United Kingdom, had been visited. Public meetings had been held, and local committees of assistance formed in them. It further appeared that nearly 5000 influential persons had registered themselves as promoters of the proposed Exhibition. Upon the presentation of these reports to Her Majesty's Government, the f.°y^^^ Queen was pleased to issue the following Commission, which was published in the London Grazette of 3rd January, 1850 :— Victoria, R. Victoria, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith: To Our most dearly-beloved Consort His Royal Highness Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emanuel, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Knight of Our Most Noble Order of the Garter, and Field- Marshal in Our army;—Our right trusty and right entirely well-beloved cousin and Coun- cillor Walter Francis Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Knight of Our Most Noble Order of the Garter; Our right trusty and right well-beloved cousin William Earl of RossE, Knight of Our Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick; Our right trusty and right- well beloved cousins and Councillors, Granville George Earl Granville, and Francis Earl of Ellesmere ; Our right trusty and well-beloved Councillor Edward Geoffrey Lord Stanley ; Our right trusty and well-beloved Councillors, John Russell (commonly called Lord John Rqssell), Sir Robert Peel, Baronet, Henry Labouchere, and William Ewart Gladstone ; Our trusty and well-beloved Sir Archibald Gallo- way, Knight Commander of Our Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and Major-General in Our Army in the East Indies, Chairman of the Court of Directors of the East India Company,* or the Chairman of the Court of Directors of the East India Company for the time being; Sir Richard Westmacott, Knight; Sir Charles Lyell, Knight, President of the Geological Society of London, or the President of the Geological Society of London for the time being;-|- Thomas Baring, Esquire; Charles Barry, Esquire; Thomas Bazley, Esquire; Richard Cobden, Esquire; William Cubitt, Esquire, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, or the President of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the time being; Charles Lock Eastlake, Esquire;J Thomas Field Gibson, Esquire; John Gott, Esquire; Samuel Jones Loyd, Esquire;§ Philip Pusey, Esquire; and William Thompson, Esquire, greeting: Whereas the Society for the Promotion of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, incor- porated by Our Royal Charter, of which Our most dearly-beloved Consort the Prince Albert is President, have of late years instituted Annual Exhibitions of the Works of British Art and Industry, and have proposed to establish an enlarged Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, to be holden in London in the year 1851, at which Prizes and Medals, to the value of at least Twenty Thousand Pounds Sterling, shall be awarded to the Exhibitors of the most meritorious works then brought forward; and have invested in the Names of Our right trusty and entirely beloved cousin Spencer Joshua Alwyne Marquess of Northampton ; Our right trusty and right well-beloved cousin and Councillor George William Frederick Earl of Clarendon, Knight of Our Most Noble Order of the Garter; Our trusty and well-beloved Sir John Peter Boileau, Baronet, and James CouRTHOPE Peache, Esquire, the sum of Twenty Thousand Pounds, to be awarded in Prizes and Medals as aforesaid : and have appointed our trusty and well-beloved Arthur Kett Barclay, Esquire, William Cotton, Esquire, Sir John William Lubbock, Baronet, Samuel Morton Peto, Esquire, and Baron Lionel de Rothschild, to be the * At his death in 1850, he was succeeded by John Shepherd, Esq. f Succeeded by William Hopkins, Esquire, M.A., Cambridge, though Sir C. Lyell still remains a Commissioner by election under the Royal Charter afterwards granted. X Now Sir C. L. Eastlake, President of the Royal Academy. § Now Baron Overstone. Treasurers for all Receipts arising from donations, subscriptions, or any other source on behalf of or towards the said Exhibition; Our trusty and well-beloved Peter le Neve Foster, Joseph Payne, and Thomas Winkworth, Esquires, to be the Treasurers for payment of all Executive Expenses; and Our trusty and well-beloved Henry Cole, Charles Wentworth Dilke, the younger, George Drew, Francis Fuller, and Robert Stephenson, Esquires, with our trusty and well-beloved Matthew Digby Wyatt, Esquire, as their Secretary, to be an Executive Committee for carrying the said Exhibition into effect, under the directions of Our most dearly beloved Consort: And whereas the said Society for the Promotion of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, have represented unto Us, that in carrying out the objects proposed by the said Exhibition, many questions may arise regarding the introduction of productions into Our kingdom from Our Colonies, and from Foreign Countries; also regarding the site for the said Exhibition; and the best mode of conducting the said Exhibition; likewise regarding the determination of the nature of the Prizes, and the means of securing the most impartial distribution of them; and have also besought Us that We would be graciously pleased to give Our sanction to this undertaking, in order that it may have the confidence, not only of all classes of Our subjects, but of the subjects of Foreign Countries . Now KNOW YOU that We, considering the premises, and earnestly desiring to promote the proposed Exhibition, which is calculated to be of great benefit to Arts, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, and reposing great trust and confidence in your fidelity, dis- cretion, and integrity, have authorized and appointed, and by these presents do authorize and appoint you. Our most dearly beloved Consort Francis Albert Emanuel Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Cobourg and Gotha, you Walter Francis Duke of Buccleuch AND Queensberry; William Earl of Rosse; Granville George Earl Granville ; Francis Earl of Ellesmere; Edward Geoffrey Lord Stanley; John Russell (commonly called Lord John Russell), Sir Robert Peel, Henry Labouchere, William Ewart Gladstone, Sir Archibald Gallov\^ay, or the Chairman of the Court of Directors of the East India Company for the time being. Sir Richard Westmacott, Sir Charles Lyell, or the President of the Geological Society for the time being, Thomas Baring, Charles Barry, Thomas Bazley, Richard Cobden, William Cubitt, or the President of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the time being, Charles Lock Eastlake, Thomas Field Gibson, John Gott, Samuel Jones Loyd, Philip Pusey, and William Thompson, to make full and diligent inquiry,—into the best mode by which the productions of Our Colonies and of Foreign Countries may be introduced into Our kingdom;—as respects the most suitable site for the said Exhibition,—the general conduct of the said Exhibition;—and also into the best mode of determinhig the nature of the Prizes, and of securing the most impartial distribution of them : And to the end that Our Royal Will and Pleasure in the said inquiry may be duly prosecuted, and with expedition, We further, by these Presents, will and command, and do hereby give full power and authority to you, or any three or more of you, to nominate and appoint such several persons of ability as you may think fit to be Local Com- missioners, in such parts of Our kingdom and in P^oreign parts as you may think fit, to aid you in the premises; which said Local Commissioners, or any of them, shall and may be removed by you, or any three or more of you, from time to time, at your will and pleasure, full power and authority being hereby given to you, or any three or more of you, to appoint others in their places respectively. And furthermore, We do, by these Presents, give and grant to you, or any three or more of you, full power and authority to call before you, or any three or more of you, all such persons as you shall judge necessary, by whom you may be the better informed of the truth of the premises, and to inquire of the premises, and every part thereof, by all other lawful ways and means whatsoever. And Our further Will and Pleasure is. That for the purpose of aiding you in the execution of these premises, We hereby appoint Our trusty and well-beloved John Scott Russell and Stafford Henry Northcote,* Esquires, to be joint Secretaries to this Our Commission. And for carrying into effect what you shall direct to be done in respect of the said Exhibition, We hereby appoint the said Henry Cole, Charles Wentworth Dilke the younger, George Drew, Francis Fuller, and Robert Stephenson, to be the Executive Committee in the premises, and Matthew Digby Wyatt to be the Secretary of the said Executive Committee. And Our further Will and Pleasure is, That you, or any three or more of you, when and so often as need or occasion shall require, so long as this Our Commission shall continue in force, do report to Us in writing, under your hands and seals respectively, all and every of the several proceedings of yourselves had by virtue of these presents, together with such other matters, if any, as may be deserving of Our Royal consideration touching or concerning the premises. And lastly, We do by these Presents ordain, That this Our Commission shall continue in full force and virtue, and that you Our said Commissioners, or any three or more of you, shall and may, from time to time, and at any place or places, proceed in the execution thereof, and of every matter and thing therein contained, although the same be not continued from time to time by adjournment. Given at Our Court at St. James's, the 3rd day of January, in the 13th year of Our reign. By Her Majesty's Command, G. Grey. Tbe foresiglit of the Society of Arts, which had provided a mode by which the JJ^^^'J™*'^'^^^*^^^^ contract might be determined in conformity with the public wishes, was fully justi- the society of fied by the event. So far as the public manifested its opinion it appeared to be its wish that the undertaking should be carried out as a national work. Accordingly at the first meeting of the Commissioners, held on 11th January, 1850, the pro- priety of confirming the contract was discussed, and they resolved to avail them- selves of the powers which the Council of the Society of Arts had reserved. The first act of the Commissioners was the publication of the following announcement:— The Royal Commissioners have felt it their duty, at this their first meeting, to take into their immediate consideration the propriety of confirming the Contract which has been entered into with Messrs. Munday. They are perfectly satisfied that the contract was framed with the sole desire on the part of the Society of Arts of promoting the objects of the Commission,—that in agreeing to it at a time when the success of the scheme was necessarily still doubtful, the Messrs. Munday evinced a most liberal spirit,—that it has hitherto afforded the means of defraying all the preliminary expenses,—and that its conditions are strictly reasonable, and even favourable to the public. After hearing, however, the statements made by individual members of the Commission,— after communicating with the Executive Committee,—and after a full consideration of the whole subject,—the Commissioners have come to the conclusion that it will be more con- sonant with the public feeling, and therefore more conducive to the objects for v^hich the Commission has been appointed, to exercise the power reserved, and at once and absolutely to terminate the contract with the Messrs. Munday. This determination necessarily throws the whole burden of the Exhibition upon voluntary contributions. The experiment is of a national character, and the Commissioners feel that it ought to rest for its support upon national sympathies, and upon such liberal contributions as those sympathies may dictate. * Now Sir Stafford H. Northcote, Bart. The amount of the funds which the pubUc may place at the disposal of the Commis- sioners must determine the extent of accommodation which can be provided for the Ex- hibitors, and the terms on which admission can be given to the articles to be exhibited, and upon which also the public can be admitted to inspect them. The Commissioners wish it to be understood that they are invested with unrestricted power over the application of the funds; that it is their intention to invite competition in respect of all branches of expenditure to which competition can advantageously be applied; and that they will proceed, without delay, to establish regulations for insuring an effectual control over the expenditure, and a satisfactory audit of the accounts. The Commissioners feel, that in thus abandoning a contract which, regarded in a pecu- niary point of view alone, is undoubtedly advantageous to the public, and resting the success of the proposed experiment entirely upon public sympathy, they have adopted a course in harmony with the general feelings of the community. It now rests with the public to determine, by the amount of their contributions, the character of the proposed Exhibition, and the extent of benefit to industry in all its branches which will result from it. It is desirable that subscriptions for this great purpose be immediately commenced throughout the United Kingdom, and the result ascertained with the least possible delay. In the mean time the Commissioners will be actively engaged in preparing the various measures, upon which it will be their duty to come to a final decision as soon as they are enabled definitely to ascertain the extent of the pecuniary means which will be placed at their disposal. It is desirable, before giving any account of the proceedings under the Commis- sion, to notice those changes which necessarily supervened upon the determination of the contract. The Commission itself set forth that the functions of the Commissioners were those of inquiry and general direction, whilst all the pecuniary- responsibilities, and the performance of all the executive duties, were to be carried out by and in the name of the Society of Arts; but when the contract was cancelled, although the Commission itself was not altered, the practical result was to place on the Commissioners individually and personally the whole responsibility of the undertaking, both pecuniary and executive. Under these circumstances the Executive Committee felt it to be their duty to tender their resignations (Min. iv., p. 3), which they did in the following terms:— The members of the Executive Committee submit that the dissolution by the Royal Commission of the contract, which they had been appointed for the purpose of carrying out, has changed the nature of their functions, and even superseded many of them. Thev are of opinion, therefore, that it is desirable that the Royal Commission should be left as free to select the best organization for carrying their intentions into effect, as if the Executive Committee had never been appointed. They feel that they should not be acting in accordance with their sincere wishes of witnessing the perfect success of the Exhibition, if they did not come forward to express their entire readiness at once to place their position in the hands of His Royal Highness the Prince Albert, and the Royal Commissioners. These resignations were not accepted, and some time elapsed before the executive arrangements were conclusively modified to meet the altered circum- stances of the case. It had been the original intention of the Society of Arts in forming the contract, that in the event of its being determined, the liabilities of the contractors should be simply transferred to the Government, and that the original relations between the Commissioners and the Society of Arts should have remained; but this intention does not seem to have been made sufficiently clear by the deed, and it was not urged by the Society of Arts. The deed of contract simply provided that the Treasury should have power to undertake the liabilities and relieve the Society of Arts from them. This the Treasury did. Mutual liabilities , . -, . .-^ , ^ ^ . . of the Treasury but in doing so, at the same time took a guarantee from the Commissioners and the Com- themselves, and thus the whole responsibilities rested with them. The answer of the Treasury to the Commissioners was that— My Lords have no intention of rendering themselves liable to the payment of any sum on this account; but as it seems that a request from them, that the contract should be deter- mined, is necessary in order to enable the Commissioners to carry out their own intentions, they have no objection to taking the formal step of making the request suggested by the Commissioners to the Council of the Society of Arts, on receiving from the Commissioners an undertaking that the money will be forthcoming when required by Messrs. MuNDAY in conformity with the stipulations of the contract. The Commissioners accordingly undertook that the money should be forth- coming when required {Min. iii., p 7). The Society of Arts gave the requisite notices to the Messrs. Munday, and in due time all the outlay which they had made, amounting to about £23,000, with the interest which had accrued, was repaid to them. The pecuniary liabilities having thus devolved wholly on the Commissioners, it became natural that they should desire to appoint a chief executive officer of their own nomination. Her Majesty was advised to issue supplemental com- missions, appointing Mr. Egbert Stephenson, M.P., a Commissioner, upon his resignation as Chairman of the Executive Committee, and Lieutenant-Colonel W. Reid, R.E., Chairman of the Executive Committee in his place. These appointments were made by the advice of the Government, Mr. liABOUCHERE stating, " that the subject of the executive arrangements had been under their consideration, and that they had proposed to recommend to Her Majesty to appoint Colonel Reid to be Chairman of the Executive Committee" {Min. v., p. 1). The contractors themselves, as well as their nominee, thereupon ceased to attend the meetings of the Executive Committee. The earliest step which the Commissioners took after the determination of the Public Subscrip- contract was to appeal to the country for subscriptions to carry out the Exhi- management, bition. They announced that they had undertaken the absolute control over the expenditure of all money that might come into the hands of their Treasurers, and had made arrangements for auditing accounts, and ensuring the strictest economy. It was pointed out that the scale upon which this important undertaking would be conducted must depend entirely on the amount of pecuniary support which it should receive from the public. The Commissioners appealed with confidence to all classes of the community, to enable them to make such liberal arrangements as would ensure the success of the undertaking in a manner worthy of the character and position of this country, and of the invitation which had been given to the other nations of the world to compete with us in a spirit of generous and friendly emulation. It was announced that the amount of the funds which the public might place at the disposal of the Commissioners must determine the extent of accommodation which could be provided for the Exhibition; and that should any surplus remain, after giving every facility to the exhibitors, and increasing the privileges of the public as spectators, Her Majesty's Commissioners intended to apply the same to purposes strictly in connection with the ends of the Exhibition, or for the establishment of similar exhibitions for the future. All subscriptions were considered to be absolute and definite; they were paid Charter of Incor- poration. to tlie Treasurers of Local Comraittees, and by tliem transferred to the general fund at the Bank of England, in the names of the Treasurers named in the Eoyal Commission. An Appendix to this introduction shows that the gross amount of subscriptions reported as having been received has amounted to £75,000. Of this above £64,000 has been paid to the Commissioners, the balance having been reserved by the Local Committees to meet their expenses of collection, printing, &c. The general financial position of the undertaking at the opening of the Exhibition was as follows :— Heceipts. Subscriptions paid to April 22 £64,344 For privilege to print the Catalogues 3,200 For privilege to sell Refresh- ments 5,500 By Season Tickets to April 29 40,000 Admissions of the Public Royalty on sale of Is. Cata- logue Sundries Revised to October. £67,579 3,200 5,500 67,610 356,808 4,598 505,295 Expenditure and Licibilities. Building £79,800 Extra Galleries, Counters, and their fittings, estimated at 35,000 By Prize Fund Management, including Print- ing and all Incidental Ex- penses incurred up to April Management since, including award to Messrs. Munday, Police, Removals, Gratui- ties, &c 20,000 20,943 Revised to October. .124,452 25,000 20,943 120,000 General prin- ciples of the Ex- hibition. Subject to the approval of the Commissioners the direct control over this expenditure has been exercised by a Finance Committee, consisting of Lord Granville (Chairman), Lord Overstone, Mr. Laboqchere, Mr. Gladstone, Sir Alexander Spearman, Mr. T. F. Gibson, Mr. T. Baring, Mr. Cobden, and Mr. Peto. Mr. Edgar A. Bowring has acted as Secretary to the Committee, and Assistant Commissary-General Carpenter, as the financial officer, has administered the actual expenditure of the Commission. The preceding statement of account shows that, even at tlie present time, a considerable liability has been incurred by the Commissioners. At the period when it became necessary to make positive arrangements for the erection of tlie building, the actual receipts were only £35,000 : personal responsibility legally attached to His Eoyal Highness the President, and to every member of the Royal Commission, in respect of every pecuniary engagement. A remedy for this somewhat anomalous position was obtained by means of a charter of incorporation, and the formation of a guarantee fund. The first relieved the Commissioners of all personal responsibihty, and the second insured both the completion of the undertaking, and the House of Commons from the liability of being required to make any grant of the national funds towards it. Letters Patent, dated July, 1850, were issued, incorporating the Commissioners, under the title of ''The Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851," and the charter was accepted 15th August, 1850 {Min. xxviii., p. 1). A guarantee fund of £230,000 was formed by a limited number of persons, including most of the Com- missioners, and other friends of the Exhibition, one of whom opened the list with a subscription of £50,000 : upon the security of this fund the Bank of England consented to make such advances of money as might be wanted from time to time. The fundamental principles upon which it was proposed the Exhibition should be formed had been discussed and settled before the Commission was issued, and are recited in the Commission itself With the requisite limitations and conditions, these principles were confirmed by the Commissioners, and formally announced in the month of February, 1850, so that there was a full year for preparations. It was declared that the productions of all nations would be admitted, and classified lists of objects were prepared by Committees of eminent persons in each department (whose names are given in an Appendix), and published to show the nature of the contributions which exhibitors were invited to send in the four departments of Raw Materials and Produce, Machinery, Manu- factures, and Fine Arts. The regulations by which certain articles were excluded were as follows :— Nothing is suitable for the Exhibition, except such results of human industry as are capable of being preserved without injury during many months. All spirits, wines, and fermented liquors, unless derived from unusual sources, are * inadmissible, except in special cases, and under special restrictions; and when oils, spirits, &c., are exhibited, to prevent accidents, they must be shown in well-secured glass vessels. All highly-inflammable articles, such as gunpowder, detonating powder, lucifer matches, &c., and all live stock, and articles perishable within the duration of the Exhibition, are inadmissible, unless specially excepted. In respect of the fourth section of the Exhibition, SCULPTURE, Models, and the Plastic Art, the following were the limitations :— Objects formed in any kind of material, if they exhibit such a degree of taste and skill as to come under the denomination of Fine Art, may be admitted into this section. The specimens exhibited shall be works of living artists, or works of artists deceased within three years before the 1st of January, 1850. Oil paintings and water-colour paintings, frescoes, drawings, and engravings, are not to be admitted, except as illustrations or examples of materials and processes; and portrait busts are not to be admitted. No single artist will be allowed to exhibit more than three works. It was also announced that the 1st day of May, 1851, was fixed for opening Opemng^fi_xed the Exhibition, and the engagement has been kept: that Her Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant a site for the Exhibition on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between the Kensington Drive and the Ride commonly called Rotten Row, and that exhibitors would be required to deliver their objects, at their own charge and risk, at the building, which would be provided to them free from rent. After much examination and inquiry, the Commissioners resolved that prices were not to be affixed to the articles exhibited, although the articles might be marked as shown for economy of production, and the price stated in an invoice to be sent to the Commissioners for the information of the Juries. It was clear that two very different systems of manao^ement would necessarily Admission of IT 1 1 T-i • • 1 1 TT • T T^- T ' • foreign article have to be adopted towards foreign countries and the United Kingdom, arising out of the difiPerent relations of guest and host. Although it was proposed that the expenses of the building and management should be defrayed by voluntary subscriptions, scrupulous care was taken on every occasion to discourage the receipt of any subscription from any foreigner, resident at home or abroad. Over the admission of British articles, the Commissioners reserved to themselves full powers of control; but as respects Foreign articles, the power of admitting them was confided absolutely to an authority of the country which sent them. In order to give Foreign countries the utmost time for their preparations, and long before the size or character of the building had been determined, the Commissioners resolved to divide a certain large amount of exhibiting space among all Foreign countries, amounting in the whole to above 210,000 superficial feet, or ratlier more than the entire space which France occupied for its two expositions of 1844 and 1849. It was estimated that this amount would be about half the size of the building, which was considered to be a fair proportion. Iwetn'^J^tdes '^'^^ amouut of space which was offered to each Foreign country, and placed at its absolute disposal, was as follows:— Net superficial Net superficial Feet allotted. Feet allotted. Arabia . . . . . 500 J. taiy Belgium . . . 15,000 Naples . . Bolivia .... 100 Rome . . . . 1,000 Brazil . . . 1,000 Sardinia. . . . . 1,0UU Buenos Ay res . . . . 500 Tuscany 3,750 Central America 300 Mexico . . . . . 1,000 ChiH 500 Monte Video 100 China . . . . . 2,500 Morocco .... 500 Denmark . . . . . 2,500 New Granada 500 Eg}'pt . . . . . 1,500 Norway and Sweden . . 2,500 Equator . . . . . 100 Persia .... 500 France . . . . . 50,000 Peru .... 500 Jl KJL LLlHUli ...» 1 000 Germany— Russia .... . 7,500 Austria . . . . . 21,750 Spain .... . 2,500 Switzerland . 4,000 Northern Germany— Tunis . . . . 500 States of the Stuerverein 2,250 Turkey .... . 5,000 The Two Mecklenbergs 1,260 United States . 40,000 Hanse Towns 1,500 Venezuela 400 Zollverein . , . . 30,000 Western Africa . 500 Greece . . . . . 1,000 Holland . . . . . 5,000 Total . 213,000 Subsequently these amounts were increased in several instances. France, for example, obtained upwards of G5,000 superficial feet of exhibiting space, instead of only 50,000 feet. Accompanying the allotment of space sent to each Foreign country and colony, the following instructions were transmitted:—■ No articles of foreign manufacture, to whomsoever they may belong, or wheresoever they may be, can be admitted for exhibition, unless they come with the sanction of the central autho- rity of the country of which they are the produce. All articles forwarded by such central authority will then be admitted, provided they do not require a greater aggregate amount of space than that assigned to the productions of the country from which they come; and, provided also, that they do not violate the general conditions and limitations. It will rest with the central authority in each country to decide upon the merits of the several articles presented for exhibition, and to take care that those which are sent are such as fairly repre- sent the industry of their fellow countrymen. Her Majesty's Commissioners will consider that to be the central authority in each case which is stated to be so by the Government of its country. Having once been put in com- munication with a central authority in any country, they must decline, absolutely and entirely, any communication with private and unauthorized individuals; and should any such be addressed to them, they can only refer it to the central body. This decision is essen- tially necessary, in order to prevent confusion. The Commissioners do not insist upon articles being in all cases actually forwarded by the central authority, though they consider that this would generally be the most satisfactory arrangement; but it is indispensable that the sanction of such authority should in all cases be expressly given, and that it be held responsible for the fitness of such articles for exhi- bition, and for not authorizing the exhibition of a greater quantity than can be accommo- dated in the space assigned to the productions of the country in question. In case the central authority in any country should be of opinion that the space allotted to the productions of that country is greater than it will require, the Commissioners have to request that this opinion may be communicated to them, as it is obvious that it would not appear well if a large vacant space should be left in the department assigned to any country. A definite quantity of space was in like manner offered to eacli of the British And British Co- Colonies in the following proportions, and subject to the same rules for admission: Net superficial Net superficial Feet allotted. Feet allotted. Australian Colonies- 1,000 New South Wales . . 2,000 Prinpp T^ldwfird'c! Tcilfmd 250 New Zealand . 500 St. Helena . . • 50 South Australia 350 kJltJl Id) -LJCUllt! , . • . 150 Van Diemen's Land 600 ^Vest India Colonies— West Australia 350 Antigua 1^ Q n Ci yn q g x-'cXHdiiia.a ... o < O Bermudas .... 50 100 Canada .... . 4,000 Barbadoes 750 Cape of Good Hope and Natal 750 British Guiana 100 Cape Coast Castle and Dependencies 100 Dominica 125 Ceylon .... . 1,500 Granada 250 Falkland Islands 25 Jamaica . 1,500 Gambia .... 100 Montserrat 50 Gibraltar .... 100 Nevis .... 100 Hong Kong Nil. St. Christopher's 250 Hudson's Bay Co.'s Territories . 1,000 St. Lucia 250 India, including Singapore . . 30,000 St. Vincent . 250 Ionian Islands . 1,000 Tobago .... 100 Labuan .... 250 Tortola and Virgin Islands 50 Malta .... . 1,000 Trinidad 750 Mauritius .... 750 New Brunswick. 750 Total. . . . 51,025 Newfoundland . 500 It was mtimated that colonial and foreign productions would be admitted for the purposes of exhibition without payment of duty. The building of the Ex- hibition has been considered as a bonded warehouse, and the Commissioners of Customs have afforded the utmost facilities consistently with that obedience to Customs' laws, which was imperative. Those who have had experience only of the continental systems of exhibitions, Seif-snpporting which are managed and paid for wholly by their Governments, find it difficult to ExhiSa?^ understand the self-supporting and self acting principle of the present Exhibition, which has hitherto depended wholly upon the voluntary subscriptions of the British people : the heavy liabilities which still hang over the undertaking rest wholly upon individuals in their private capacity, and not upon the Government. The British people, as well poor and working men, as the richer classes, have had the undivided responsibility, not only of conducting the first experiment of an Exhibition of their own works on a national scale, but of collecting funds to pay all the expenses of an Exhibition of the Works of all Nations. Our National Exchequer has not been charged with any portion of the expenses, but the con- G tributions of the most remote towns have been received and applied, even in payment of tlie military and police assistance wHcli the Grovernment has per- mitted to be employed on the occasion. So completely spontaneous has been the organization for the Exhibition, that not even the several mmiicipal councils throughout the country were employed, but an independent organization was created for tlie express purpose Avherever a locality was disposed to form its own Local Committee. Without the assistance of the Local Committees of the United Kingdom, no Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations could ever have been accomplished. m^t?Je?ofthe About 65 Local Committees had been formed before the issue of the Eoyal United Kingdom. Commission, with the assistance of the Members of the Society of Arts, who had been nominated by the President to visit different parts of the kingdom. To extend this organization over the whole kingdom, into Local Committees, was one of the first acts of the Eoyal Commission. A circular was issued to the Mayors of all towns within the United Kingdom, having a municipal constitution {Min. i., p. I), announcing the issue of the Eoyal Commission, and requesting, if no Local Committee had been formed, that the mayor would commimicate with the principal inhabitants for the purpose of ascertaining whether, in their opinion, the circumstances of the town rendered it advisable to appoint a Local Committee. The functions of these Local Committees have chiefly consisted in the recom- mendation of Local Commissioners to represent the interests of their localities— in encouraging the production of sidtable objects for exhibition—in affording information in the locality relative to the Exhibition—in the collection of sub- scriptions—and in facilitating the means of visiting the Exhibition. The Commissioners intimated that it was their wish to limit, as far as possible, the necessity for the exercise of the powers of rejection and selection of objects intended for exhibition, and for that purpose to call to their assistance the local knowledge and discretion of the several Local Committees. They recommended that the Local Committees should enter into personal communication Avith those persons resident within their district, who were likely to be exhibitors; and that they should ascertain the character and number of the objects which it would be their wish to send to the Exhibition. For the purpose of communicating with the Local Committees, the Commissioners appointed Dr. Lyon Playfair, and Lieut.-Colonel Lloyd, Surveyor-General of the Mauritius, Special Commissioners. Demand for space ft was uot rcQuired that cxliibitors should of necessity be subscribers to the 1?V J^ritisli 6xh.ibi- tors. fund. All persons desirous of contributing articles to the Exhibition of 1851, were invited to give notice of such intention, and transmit a general description of the nature of each article, and the space which would be required for the exhibition of it, to the Secretary of the nearest Local Committee, and the Local Committee was requested to digest the returns so made to them, and transmit tbeiu to the Com- mission before the 31st Oct., 1850. It was not necessary in the first instance either to exhibit to the Local Committee specimens of the articles to be sent, or to give a minute specification of them. But it was decided that it was necessary for intending exhibitors to obtain the certificate of the nearest Local Committee, of its approval of the articles sent for exhibition, before they could be received by the Commissioners in the building. Upwards of 330 Local Committees were formed in the three parts of tlie United Kingdom and the Channel Isles. A list of those which have transmitted subscriptions to the fund, or sent articles to the Exhibition, will be found in the Appendix. The 31st October was appointed tlie last day when the Local Committees were required to transmit to the Executive Committee the demands for space which intending exhibitors had made through them. It then appeared that the whole of the demands for horizontal (floor and counter) ^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^^ space in the building which the Local Committees of the United Kingdom returned, exceeded 417,000 superficial feet of exhibiting space, being in excess of the amount of available space for the United Kingdom by about 210,000 superficial feet. The amount of vertical or wall space demanded was only 200,000 super- ficial feet. The number of persons who proposed to exhibit was upwards of 8,200. Upon the receipt of these data the Commissioners proceeded to adjust the proportions of floor or counter space which it appeared desirable that the four sections of the Exhibition should occupy in the Building. Upon averages, furnished by the whole of the United Kingdom, and obtained by dividing the total amount of space apportioned to each section by the number of exhibitors in that section, the Commissioners, as a general rule, allotted to each Local Com- mittee an amount of space in each section, in proportion to the number of exhibitors which had been returned by each Committee. The Commissioners left the allotment of space to each exhibitor absolutely to the discretion of each Local Committee. They desired that each Local Committee, in allotting space to the individual exhibitors, should, as far as possible, maintain the proportions of the four sections allotted to it, so that in the ultimate arrangement of the whole Exhibition, the space which each section might occupy, should agree as closely as was possible with the spaces fixed by the Commissioners. It was suggested that only those articles which did honour to our industrial skill as a nation should be admitted, and that the industry of the district should be represented with perfect fairness, so as to do the fullest credit to its industrial position. The Commissioners then proceeded to cause copies of each individual appli-Reduction of de- p , . \. . „ mands for space. cation lor space to be transmitted to the respective Local Committees lor revision and correction where necessary, which, when returned by the Committees, were considered as the vouchers for the admission of the articles, and as tantamount to their unqualified approbation of the articles. In no case could a Local Committee increase the amount of the total space allotted to it by the Commissioners. The Commissioners appointed the 10th December, as the last day on which vouchers were to be received, but it was not until the 10th January, and even much later in some cases, that the Executive Committee obtained the whole of them, by which their labours were considerably increased, and the arrangements delayed. If any productions had been rejected by any Local Committee, and the pro- Appeals, prietor of them desired to appeal against the decision, it was competent for him to address the Commissioners through the Local Committee, who forwarded the appeal, with their own observations, and the Commissioners, upon consideration of the circumstances, confirmed or negatived the decision. The appeals, however, were few. With the view of providing against the exhibition of duplicate articles of manufacture, the Commissioners, in cases where duplicates might have been admitted by different Local Committees, intimated that they would call upon the exhibitors of such duplicates to produce a certificate from the actual makers, stating which of the exhibitors had arranged with the maker to be proprietor of the absolute and exclusive right of sale and distribution of such article, and the preference of admission would be given to that exhibitor who was the sole pro- C 2 prietor. Tlie Commissioners were not called upon to exercise this power in a single instance. Metropolis. Altliough scvcral Local Committees wei^c formed in the Metropolis, tlie func- tions of rejection and selection of articles were performed bj a united action of all tlie several Committees, Each Committee nominated Commissioners to repre- sent a particular department of the Exhibition, who met together to consider the merits of the individual claims for space referred to them. Such was the course of action by which the articles of British exhibitors were admitted to the Exhibition, and subjected to a preliminary judgment. Imperfect as it necessarily was, the general effect of it was satisfactory, and kept out of the Exhibition many unsuitable articles. Practically the system worked well, and there is no doubt that the Exhibition, as a whole, is a fair representation of the present state of British industry. An examination of the list of exhibitors shows that very few names indeed of artists or manufacturers of eminence are absent. It is probable, however, that there are fewer novelties in mechanical inventions than there would otherwise have been, had the Legislature provided against piracy of them at an earlier period than April, 1851. TheBuiiding. It is now time to speak of the origin of the Building, and of its general features, so far as they have influenced the system which has been adopted in classifying and arranging the articles in it. An account of its scientific construction will be found in another part of this volume. As early as January, 1850, the Commission named a Committee ''for all matters relatins[ to the Buildiiip^,' consisting of— The Duke of Buccleuch. The Earl of Ellesmere. Mr. Barey, R.A. Mr. CUBITT, Pres. Inst. C.E. Mr. Stephenson. Mr. Cockerell, R.A. Mr. Brunel. Mr. Donaldson. Mr. CUBITT was elected Chairman of this Committee, and from the earliest period to the opening of the Exhibition, has given daily and unremitting atten- tion to the subject, at great personal sacrifice of his valuable time. On the 21st of Eebruary, 1850, the Building Committee reported favourably on the fitness of the present site in Hyde Park, Avhich had been suggested in the early stages of the undertaking, and for the use of Avhich it had been already announced that Her Majesty's permission had been obtained. The Committee ventured at once to recommend that upwards of 16 acres should be covered in ; a bold step at that time (21st February), when no data whatever of the space likely to be filled had been received {Min. vii., p. 5). It was their opinion that it was desirable to obtain suggestions, by public competition, as to the general arrangements of the ground plan of the Building, and public invitations were accordingly issued. They also reported that when a plan for the general arrangement should have been obtained and approved, they would invite, by a second public notice, designs accompanied by tenders, from the builders and manufacturers of the United Kingdom, for the construction of the Building, in the form, and according to the general arrangement, which should be lixed upon. In answer to the invitation to send .in plans, upwards of 245 designs and specifications were submitted. Of these 38 were con- tributed by foreigners : France sending 27 ; Belgium 2; Holland 3 ; Hanover 1; isaples 1; Switzerland 2 ; Khein Prussia 1; Hamburg 1; 128 by residents in London and its environs; 51 by residents in provincial towns of England; 6 by residents in Scotland; 3 by residents in Ireland; and 7 Avere anonymous. All tliese plans were publicly exhibited during a month, from the 10th of June, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster. The Build- ing Committee reported on the merits of them, selecting two lists of the competi- tors. They considered the one ''entitled to favourable and honourable mention," and the second " entitled to further higher honorary distinction." But they accompanied their report with the important announcement, that in their opinion tliere was no " single plan so accordant with the peculiar objects in view, either in the principle or detail of its arrangement, as to warrant them in recommending it for adoption" {Min. xvii., p. 6). The Committee, therefore, submitted a plan of i^'ir^tplan, their own, and assisted by Mr. Digby Wyatt, Mr. Chakles Heard Wild, and Mr, Owen Jones, they prepared extensive working drawings, which were litho- graphed. They issued invitations for tenders to execute works in accordance with them, requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions and modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become the means of elFect- ing a considerable reduction upon the general expense. In the actual instructions they stipulated that tenders, in which changes were proposed, would be only entertained provided they were " accompanied by working drawings and specifica- tions, and fully priced bills of quantities." The Building Committee published in detail the reasons, both of economy and taste, which had induced them to prepare plans for a structure of brick, the prin- cipal feature of which was a dome two hundred feet in diameter. Public opinion did not coincide in the propriety of such a building on such a site, and the resi- dents in the neighbourhood raised especial objections. The subject was brought before both Houses of Parliament; and in the House of Commons, on the 4th July, 1850, two divisions took place on the question, whether the proposed site should be used at all for any building for the Exhibition. In the one division, the numbers in favour of the site were 166 to 47, and in the second 166 to 46. The Commissioners published, at considerable length, a statement of the reasons which had induced them to prefer the site, and there can be no doubt that the force of this document mainly influenced the large majority in both divisions. Whilst the plan of the Buildino^ Committee was under discussion, Mr. Paxton Mr. Paxton's . . ... . proposal. was led, by the hostility which it had incurred, to submit a plan for a structure chiefly of glass and iron, on principles similar to those which had been adopted and successfully tried by him at Chatsworth. Messrs. Fox, Henderson, and Co., tendered for the erection of the Building Committee's plan, and, strictly in accord- ance with the conditions of tender, they also submitted estimates for the construction of the building suggested by Mr. Paxton, and adapted in form to the oflicial ground plan. An engraving of Mr. Paxton's original design was published in the Illustrated London News, 6th July, 1850, which, when compared with the building that has been actually erected, will show what changes were subsequently made. The Commissioners having fully investigated the subject, finally adopted, on the 26th July, Messrs. Fox, Henderson, & Co.'s tender to construct Mr. Paxton's building, as then proposed, for the sum of £79,800. Considerable modifications, additions, and improvements in the architectural details were subsequently made, which have raised the proposed original cost of the building. As soon as the decision was made, fresh working drawings had to be prepared, and every means taken for expediting the works. These were carried on under the superintendence of Mr. CuBiTT, assisted by Mr. D. Wyatt, Mr. 0. Jones, and Mr. C. Wild. The formal deed of contract was not signed until the 31st October, although the first iron column was fixed as early the 26th September, 1850, the contractors having thereby incurred, in their preparations, a liability of £50,000 without any positive contract; in fact, great reciprocal confidence was manifested by the contracting parties. Whatever objections were entertained originally against the use of the site, gradually disappeared during the progress of the present building, and have become changed into positive approval and admira- tion, of the building itself and assent to the particular location of it. It should, however, be stated that a deed of covenant, to remove the building and give up the site within seven months after the close of the Exhibition, namely before the 1st June, 1852, has been entered into between Her Majesty and the Commissioners. The deed was sealed on the 14th November, 1850. At a very early period the Commissioners resolved that the whole space of any building should be equally divided, and that one-half should be offered to Foreign countries, and the other reserved to Great Britain and her colonies. And almost simultaneously with this decision, before the plans of any building were settled, offers were made to foreign countries, assuring them more than 210,000 superfi- cial feet of net exhibiting space. But after the ground plan had been settled, and a calculation had been made of the amount of space unavailable for ex- hibition that was absorbed by the transept, the avenues, the courts and offices, &c., it became evident that the remaining space, after deducting what had been assured to foreigners, was considerably less than the proportion due to Grreat Britain and her colonies, and much below the demands and wants of British exhibitors. It was at first suggested that an additional structure should be erected to accommodate the agricultural implements, outside the building, but it was found that reasons both of economy and of management greatly preponderated in favour of building an additional gallery, which was accordingly done. aassification and j,;^^ order to scttlc the positive arrano^ement of articles in tlie building, it became arrangement of JL ^ o ^ ^ , , articles. ucccssary to prepare a more precise system of classification than that furnished by the classified list of admissible objects which the Commissioners had first issued. The various systems which had been tried in the French Expositions proved that any system based upon an abstract philosophical theory was unsuit- able, and particularly so to the present Exhibition. It was also desirable that the system of classification should be made conducive to the readiest mode of consult- ing the vast collection, both by the general visitor and by the juries, who would have to consider the merits of the whole. Dr. Playfair, to whom the Commis- sioners had confided the superintendence of the juries, suggested that whilst preserving the original quadrupartite divisions of the Exhibition into Eaw Produce and Materials, Machinery, Manufactures, and Fine Arts, those sub- divisions which had been determined by commercial experience, should be adopted as far as practicable, as the basis of the Classification. Eminent men of science, and manufacturers in all branches, were invited to assist in determining each one the ■ boundaries of his own special class of productions; and it was resolved, for the pur- poses of the jury, to adopt thirty broad divisions, and to induce as far as practicable the application of this classification to all articles—both British and Foreign; always, however, bearing in mind the fundamental rule, that the productions of an exhibitor would not be separated, except in very extreme cases. Accordingly, with few exceptions, all articles have been divided into the following thirty classes. To save repetition, tlie numbers of tlie jurors wliicli have been since assigned to each- class are liere given. Section I. Raw Materials and Produce,—illustrative of the natural productions on whisjli human industry is employed. No. of No of Jurors. Jurors, 3. Substances used as food 6 4. Vegetable and Animal Substances used in manufactures, implements, or for ornament 8 1. Mining and Quarrying, Metallurgy, and Mineral Products 2. Chemical and Pharmaceutical processes and products generally .... Section II. Machinery for Agricultural, Manufacturing, Engineering, and other purposes and Mechanical Inventions, — illustrative of the agents which human ingenuity brings to bear upon the products of nature. No. of Jurors. 5. Machines for direct use, including car- riages, Railway and Naval Mechanism 12 6. Manufacturing Machines and Tools . 12 7. Mechanical, Civil Engineering, Archi- tectural, and Building Contrivances 8 8. Naval Architectvire, Military Engineer- ing and Structure, Ordnance, Ar- mour and Accoutrements.... 8 No. of Jurors. 9. Agricultural and Horticultural Ma- chines and Implements (exceptional). 10. Philosophical Instruments and Miscel- laneous Contrivances, including pro- cesses depending upon their use, Musical, Horological, Acoustical and Surgical Instruments 12 Section III. Manufactures,—illustrative of the result produced by the operation of human industry upon natural produce. Designs for Manufactures are admitted in the same section with the class of articles for which they are proposed. No. of Jurors. 11. Cotton 10 12. Woollen and Worsted 12 13. Silk and Velvet 10 14. Manufactu.res from Flax and Hemp . 10 15. Mixed Fabrics, including Shawls . . 12 16. Leather, including Saddlery and Har- ness, Skins, Fur, and Hair ... 10 17. Paper, Printing, and Bookbinding . . 8 18. Woven, spun, felted, and laid Fabrics, when shown for Printing and Dyeing 10 19. Tapestry, including Carpets and Floor Cloths, Lace and Embroidery, fancy and industrial Works 10 20. Articles of Clothing for immediate, personal, or domestic use .... 8 21. Cutlery, Edge Tools and Hand Tools, and Surgical Instruments .... 6 22. General Hardware 12 No. cf Jurors. 23. Works in precious Metals, Jewellery, and all articles of luxury not in- cluded in the other classes ... 8 24. Glass 8 25. Ceramic Manufacture, China, Porce- lain, Earthenware, &c 8 26. Decoration Furniture and Upholstery, Paper Hangings, Papier Mach^, and Japanned Goods 12 27. Manufactures in Mineral Substances, used for building or decorations, as in Marble, Slate, Porphyries, Ce- ments, Artificial Stones, &o.. . . 6 28. Mantifactures from Animal and Vege- table Substances, not being woven, felted, or laid G 29. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Small Wares 10 Section IY. 30. Fine Arts, Sculpture, Models, and the Plastic Arts generally. Mosaics, Enamels, &c,—illus- trative of the taste and skill displayed in such applications of human industry ... 12 It bad been originally contemplated by the Commissioners, that the arrange- ment of the wbole Exhibition should be, not merely on the basis of the four sec- tions, but tliat each similar article should be placed in juxtaposition without reference to its nationality, or local origin. To effect this, in so vast an Exhibition and within the short period of two months allowed for the arrange- ment, it was absolutely necessary to know, before the arrival of the articles, the approximate amount of space each would be likely to occupy—so that each on its arrival might be placed as nearly as possible in its appointed spot. But the event proved that this information, particularly in the case of Foreign countries, was unattainahle. A request was made that eacli Foreign country should inform the Commis- sioners, on or before the 1st of September, wbat space would be likely to be occupied respectively by its raw materials, its macliinery, its manufactures, and fine arts; but only Austria, Belgium, ZoUverein, and North Germany complied with this request, and furnished the information in sufficient detail. The great distance of other countries rendered the transmission of the information impossible, and practically it was not known what articles many very important countries ?^niemeluor ^ould scud, uutil they actually arrived. No choice remained but to adopt a ^iSScies.^''^*'" geographical arrangement; and it was not until so late a period as the month of December that the Commissioners were enabled to decide the principles upon which the articles should be arranged in the Building. Circumstances connected with the form of the Building itself, the absence of the necessary information from Foreign countries, the great pressure for time, and above all the vital importance of punctually opening the Exhibition on the first of May, induced the division of the ground floor of the Building into two parts—the one being awarded to Foreign countries, and the other to the British colonies and the United Kingdom. The productions of the United Kingdom and the British colonies are generally grouped westward of the central transept. The productions of each foreign country are placed together eastward of tlie transept—except machinery in motion, which, on account of the motive power being at the north-west end of the building, is placed in that part of the building. The productions of each country are classified nation by nation, and as far as practicable into the thirty classes already mentioned. The position of each country is determined in the building by its own latitude. As a general rule, machinery is placed at the north side, and raw materials and pro- duce brought to the south side of the building. The intermediate parts are occupied by manufactures and fine arts. There is hardly any choice in respect of light, which is nearly the same in all parts of the building. The south side, as well as the roof of the building both in the north and south sides, is covered with canvas. The sides of the upper and the gallery tier on the north are not so Allotment of covcrcd, As a general rule applicable both to foreign countries and the United in the buiidiig?*^ Kingdom, space was allotted on the following data :—on the ground floor, each area of 24 feet by 24 feet containing 576 feet superficial, was accounted as yielding exhibiting area of 384 feet, it being considered that 192 feet would be a sufficient allowance for passages. The width of these was determined by experiments in the building and by experience of those in the British Museum, in the Soho Bazaar, &c. In the gallery, half of each area was deducted for passages, and the other half, or 288 feet, assigned as exhibiting space. If the exhibitor wished to have more passage-room, then he was obliged to obtain it by deducting it from his exhibiting space: and every exhibitor, desiring to attend himself, or by his representative, during the Exhibition, had to deduct the sitting or standing space for such attendant from the superficial floor or counter-space allotted to him. System of ^ glaucc at thc plan shows the adoption of a simple system of main passages. There is a central avenue 72 feet wide running from east to west, which is partially used to display both works of art and remarkable specimens of manu- facture, and likewise to afford sitting room ; parallel to this on each of the north and south sides are two uninterrupted passages 8 feet wide, one extending the length of the building and the other taking the circuit of the walls on each side. Besides the transept there are six main passages 8 feet wide, running from north to south. These were established as passages which must not be infringed upon : portions of the building being tlien assigned to Foreign countries and to groups of exhibitors, a considerable latitude was permitted to them in arranging the other passages ; at the same time, as the erection of the second gallery brought the whole building into a system of courts, spaces in the form of courts were allotted to Foreign countries, home districts, and classes of objects, and every one was encouraged to preserve them as much as possible. Thus on the British side, at the north there are the several machinery courts—the carriage court—the mineral court—the paper court—the miscellaneous court—the East India court; whilst at the south, there are three courts respectively for printed fabrics, for flax and woollen, and mixed fabrics :—furniture has its court, so have the manufactures of Birmingham and Sheffield—agricultural implements have an extensive court, and there are courts for mediseval furniture, for sculpture, for Canada and colonies, and the East Indies ; on the east or Foreign side, almost every country has one or more courts,—France having eight, Austria six, &c. Spaces of the requisite dimensions having been set apart to receive the pro- ductions of the Colonies and each Foreign country, the charge of these depart- ments, as well as the arrangement of the productions, was handed over to each commissioner or agent representing such Colonies or Foreign country. On account of the vast magnitude of the building, of the shortness of time Arrangement of Britisli articles. available for arrangement after the completion of the building, which as the event proved was hardly a week before the opening, and of the delay in sending the goods, it was foreseen by the Executive Committee tha.t it would be necessary to arrange the Foreign productions geographically and the whole of the British Exhibition, not by means of the articles themselves, but of descriptions of them, and to map out the whole space before the articles themselves arrived. Not a few of these descriptions were in the first instance most vague; the exhibitor desiring to reveal as little as possible of the specific character of his articles. Many exhibitors demanded space for " fabrics," without specifying whether they were even woven or plastic. Others returned woven fabrics," leaving it doubtful whether they were made of cotton, wool, or flax; each forming a separate class. The demands for space, merely for "inventions" and "machines," were numerous. Hence, there have crept in some errors in arrangement which would have been avoided had the description been more precise. Another source of difficulty has been the miscalculations of the amount of space which exhibitors really wanted. So frequently was the meaning of the term "superficial" and "square" feet misunderstood; so often were the expressions ''horizontal" and "vertical" space disregarded or con- founded, that in planning the arrangement of the Exhibition the difficulties of the Executive Committee have been great, and mistakes inevitable. One instance will afford a sufficient illustration. An important manufacturing town demanded 9,000 feet of wall or vertical space for the exhibition of its shawls, but when the demand came to be investigated, it was found to mean a demand for 900 feet of frontage on the wall, 10 feet high, and 3 feet deep—practically a demand for 27,000 superficial feet—to be arranged in such a way as would occupy half the length of the whole Exhibition ! This demand of 27,000, was eventually com- pressed within 1,800 superficial feet of horizontal space, and submitted to, it must be admitted, with good-natured forbearance. Indeed, it may be said, that whilst almost every exhibitor desired some kind of special arrangement, convenient to himself, but inconvenient to everybody else, almost every one submitted to a curtailment of space, and a constraint on his wishes, with a patience that greatly lightened the labours of the Executive Committee. In fact, owing to these circumstances, inevitable in such a work, without precedent or experience, and to the very late period at which some demands for space were made, it was only possible to make an approximate guess at the space which each of the classes of goods of the United Kingdom would occupy, and to leave a considerable margin for adjustments. It should be borne in mind that every Foreign country was able to regulate the character of the arrangement by the articles themselves. The whole of its articles were first collected, and then the arrangement settled. Every Foreign country, in this respect, stood in the same position as an individual British exhibitor; but on the British side, the general arrangement, and almost the position of each of the 7,000 exhibitors, were necessarily fixed before the articles were brought into the building. An elaborate classified list of sub- jects included in each of the 30 classes was prepared, and recommended as a basis of arrangement to exhibitors, though, from the causes already stated, the systematic classification could not be carried out in so complete a manner as was desired. At the British side, every exhibitor had entire control over his own allot- ment, the Commissioners, from an early period, having decided that each exhibitor was at liberty to arrange such articles in his own way, so far as was compatible with the convenience of other exhibitors and of the public. When the exhibitor's wishes involved expense, the exhibitor defrayed it himself. Glass cases, frames, and stands of peculiar construction, and similar contrivances for the display or protection of the goods exhibited, were provided by the person requiring them at his own cost. Persons who wished to exhibit machines, or trains of machinery in motion, were permitted to do so. The Commissioners found steam not exceeding 30 lbs. per inch gratuitously to the exhibitors, and conveyed it in clothed pipes to such parts of the building as required steam power. Arrange- ments were made to supply water at a high pressure gratuitously to exhibitors, who had the privilege of adapting it to the working of their machinery, &c. And the Chelsea Water-works contracted to supply 300,000 gallons of water per day, at the rate of £50 per month. Catalogues. It was dccidcd that two Official Catalogues should be prepared and published by the authority of the Commission; the one of a large size, containing full notices of everything that the exhibitor desired to state, and the other an abridgment containing the names of the exhibitors only, with a very general summary of the articles they exhibited. The right of printing and publishing these was offered for competition. The contractors were at liberty to fix the price of the large Catalogue. The smaller Catalogue was to be sold at Is., and the contractors were bound to pay 2d. for every copy sold to the funds. Several parties tendered. The offer of Messrs. Spicer Brothers, and Messrs. Clowes and Sons, as the highest, was accepted; the amount of their offer being £3,200 It was also provided {Min. xxix., p. 1), that should the number sold exceed 500,000 of the small edition, and 5,000 of the large, then the contractors should give a further sum for all sold over and above those numbers. The contract was sealed 6 th January, 1851. Insurance from TYiQ insuraucc of goods from fire, or other kinds of accidents, and the responsi- bility for all losses, devolved upon the exhibitors. The Metropolitan Fire Brigade took charge of the safety of the Building from fire. With the permission of the Secretary of State for the Home Department, the responsibility for the whole of the police arrangements was placed upon Mr. Mayne, the Chief Com- Police, missioner of Police. The Commissioners expressed their willingness to pay the sum of £5,043 19s. 4<i., in consideration of the Commissioners of Police providing the force necessary to be employed outside the Exhibition Building (viz., at the various entrances and approaches within Hyde Park), for the period of six months, from 1st March to 1st September, stipulating, however, that should it appear that the additional force which it was contemplated to provide was greater than was actually required, a proportionate reduction was to be made. The Commissioners left the question of the police force necessary for the interior watching of the building, and of the amount of expense in connection with it, in the hands of Her Majesty's Government, " in the full assurance that the utmost economy will be observed that is compatible with the satisfactory execution of that duty " {Min. xxxiii,, p. 2). The Commissioners considered that it would conduce to the convenience of Refreshments, visitors to permit light and moderate refreshments to be obtained and consumed in certain prescribed parts of the building but that it would be inconsistent with the nature of the Exhibition to allow the building to assume the character of an hotel, tavern, or dining-rooms. In the Central Area are sold ices, pastry, sandwiches, patties, fruits, tea, coffee, chocolate, cocoa, lemonade, seltzer and soda water; whilst in the Eastern and Western Areas are sold bread, butter and cheese, tea, coffee, chocolate, cocoa, ginger beer, spruce beer, and similar drinks, together with the other articles sold in the Central Area. No refreshments are to be taken out of the Areas. No wines, spirits, beer, or intoxicating drinks are permitted to be sold to the visitors. The privilege of supplying refreshments on these terms was put up to competition, and the tender of Messrs. Schweppe, wherein they offered a sum of £5,500 for the privilege, was accepted. Waiting '^^^^^^^ rooms, rooms and conveniences have likewise been provided at a moderate charge at each of the refreshment areas. With the view of affording information in respect of lodgings for the working classes which might be required in London, a register was opened, in which the names and addresses of persons disposed to provide accommodation for artizans from the country whilst visiting the Exhibition were entered. In doing this, the Commissioners intimated that they did not propose to charge themselves in any respect with the management, but simply to afford information. It was thought most expedient that the public should be led to make its own arrange- ments ; and the object which the Commissioners had in view was simply to call public attention to the subject. Various kinds of organizations have arisen to meet any demands which may arise. The superintendence of this subject was intrusted to Colonel Eeid and Mr. Alexander Redgrave. The principal railways agreed to afford some increased public accommodation Railway facilities, during the Exhibition. Each Railway Company, both in the carriage of goods and passengers, and in the conveyance and delivery of articles intended for the Exhibition, allowed a deduction of one-half of the railway charge to exhibitors, subject to certain conditions. In order to encourage the early formation of " Sub- cription Clubs " in the country, to enable the labouring classes to travel to London and back during the Exhibition, the Railway Companies undertook to convey all persons so subscribing to local clubs at a single railway fare for both Regulations respecting the admission of visitors. journeys, up and down, whicli should in no case exceed the existing fare by Parliamentary trains for the journey in one direction, with some abatement for longer distances, subject to the following conditions, which they published in September, 1850 :— That in respect of journeys to London, the first 100 miles shall always be charged as 100 miles, and where the distance shall exceed 100 miles, an allowance in the fare be made on the following scale:— For the first excess 100 miles, l-5th, or 20 per cent, be allowed. For the second excess 100 miles, 3-lOths, or 30 per cent, be allowed. For the third excess 100 miles, 2-5ths, or 40 per cent, be allowed. For the fourth excess 100 miles, ^ or 50 per cent, be allowed. Thus for instance :— A distance of 150 miles will be paid for as 140 miles. 200 „ „ 180 „ 300 „ „ 250 „ 400 „ „ 310 „ 500 „ „ 360 „ and in like proportion between the respective distances. The consideration of the admission of Visitors was, in the first instance, referred to a Committee, and upon the recommendations of their Eeport, the Commis- sioners published decisions, in which they stated that their attention had been principally directed to the following points :— 1st. The necessity of making such arrangements as shall secure the convenience of the public visiting the Exhibition, whether for study and instruction, or for the more general purposes of curiosity and amusement. 2nd. The due protection and security of the pro- perty deposited in the building, 3rd. The effective control over the number of visitors, while the servants and officers intrusted with the maintenance of order and regularity in the building are comparatively inexperienced in their duties. 4th. The necessity of main- taining the self-supporting character of the Exhibition, and of defraying the liabilities in- curred. 5th. The desire of the Commissioners to render the Exhibition accessible to all persons at the lowest possible charge, and with the least delay which a due regard to the preceding considerations will admit. Having these objects in view, Her Majesty's Commissioners have determined to adopt the following regulations :— The Exhibition will be open every day (Sundays excepted). The hours of admission and other details will be announced at a subsequent period. The charges for admission will be as follows :— Season tickets for a gentleman . .£330 Season tickets for a lady . . . 2 2 0* These tickets are not transferable; but they will entitle the owner to admission on all occasions on which the Exhibition is open to the public. The Commissioners reserve to themselves the power of raising the price of the season tickets when the first issue is exhausted, should circumstances render it advisable. On the first day of exhibition season tickets only will be available; and no money will be received at the doors of entrance on that day. On the second and third days the price of admission on entrance will be (each day) . . , .£100 On the fourth day of exhibition . . . .050 To be reduced on the twenty-second day to . .010 * Reduced August 1 to £1. lis, Gd. and £l. Is. From the twenty-second day the prices of admission will be as follows :— On Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays in each week . . . . . . . . Is. Od. On Fridays 2s. 6d. On Saturdays till August 2 5s. Od. And on August 9 reduced to ..... 2s. 6d. No change will be given at the doors. This regulation is necessary to prevent the incon- venience and confusion which would arise from interruption or delay at the entrances. Should experience in the progress of the Exhibition render any alteration in these arrange- ments necessary, the Commissioners reserve to themselves the power of making such modi- fications as may appear desirable, of which due and timely notice, how^ever, will be given to the public. At the first opening of the Exhibition, the hours of admission were fixed from 10 A.M. till 6 P.M., and subsequently altered to sunset. Upon the question liow far, and in what instances, any parties should be furnished with free admissions, the Committee reported,— That it is very desirable that that privilege should be restricted to as few cases as pos- sible, and feeling the importance of carrying out to the greatest practicable extent a regulation of this nature, they would submit whether it might not be expedient that the Commis- sioners should place themselves in the same position as the public in general with regard to the admission to the Exhibition. The members of the Executive Committee have expressed their wish to subject themselves to the same conditions as the Royal Commis- sioners in this respect. The following are the cases in which the Committee would recommend that an exception to the general rule should be made, and free admissions granted:— 1st. Persons in the employment of, and provided with tickets issued by the Executive Committee, such as the heads of sectional departments, the clerks, the watchers, the cleaners, the Police, the Sappers and Miners. 2nd. Servants of Foreign Commissioners and of exhibitors admitted under the provisions of the 14th published decision of the Com- missioners for the purpose of watching the goods sent by their employers, or explaining them to visitors; such servants being provided with tickets issued by the Executive Com- mittee under strict regulations to be hereafter laid down. 3. The press, both metropolitan and provincial; the tickets in both cases admitting the editor or his representative. 4th. The juries, on the production of tickets that have been issued and registered by the Executive Committee, on certain days to be hereafter fixed by the Executive Committee.* And the power of carrying these rules into effect was given to the Executive Committee. The inauguration of the Exhibition took place on 1st May, in accordance with the arrangements laid down in the accompanying document, which was published by the Commissioners :— Her Majesty having signified her royal pleasure that arrangements should be made to enable Her Majesty to gratify a wish very generally expressed on the part of the public, to be present at a ceremony by which Her Majesty should open the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, on the 1st of May, Her Majesty's Commissioners hereby give notice that the programme of this ceremony, and the regulations under which the holders of season tickets will be admitted, are as follow :— Exhibitors' attendants who have been sanctioned by the Executive Committee will be admitted between the hours of 8 and 9 o'clock, at doors specified on their cards, and will immediately take their places by the counters or objects exhibited by their employers. * The total number of visits made to the Exhibition was six millions and sixty-three thousand nine hundred and eighty-six (6,063,986), the highest number being on Tuesday, October 7, when it reached 109,915 persons. Holders of season tickets will be admitted at all doors on the east, south, and west of the building, between the hours of 9 and half-past 11 o'clock, and will be allowed to take their places, subject to police regulations, in the lower part of the building, and in the galleries, except the parts railed off in the nave and transept. A platform will be raised to the north of the centre of the transept, on which a chair of state will be placed. Her Majesty's Commissioners will assemble at half-past 11 o'clock in the transept, opposite the platform, together with their Executive Committee and the Foreign Acting Commissioners, in full dress or in plain evening dress. His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, Her Majesty's Ministers, the great Officers of State, and the Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers, will take their places on the platform to the right and left of the chair of state, in full dress, also at half-past 11 o'clock. Her Majesty, proceeding in State, with the royal family, foreign guests, &c., and her and their suites from Buckingham Palace up Constitution Hill, and down Rotten Row, will enter the Exhibition building by the north entrance precisely at 12 o'clock. She will ascend the platform and take her seat in the chair of state. On Her Majesty's arrival a choir will sing " God Save the Queen." On the Queen taking her seat His Royal Highness Prince Albert will join the Royal Commissioners, and when the music has ceased proceed at their head to the platform, and read to Her Majesty a short report of the proceedings of the Commission up to that time, which he will then deliver to Her Majesty, together with the catalogue of the articles exhi- bited. Her Majesty will return a gracious answer, handed to her by the Secretary of State; after which His Royal Highness Prince Albert will take his place again by the side of Her Majesty. His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury will then say a prayer, invoking God's blessing upon the undertaking, followed by a short anthem sung by the choir. A Royal procession will then be formed, preceded by the Commissioners, which will turn to the right, move to the west end of the nave by its north side, return to the east end of the nave by its south side, including the south end of the transept, and come back to the centre along the north side of the nave ; thus enabling all those present, who will be expected to keep the places which have been assigned to them, to see Her Majesty and the procession. During the procession the organs appointed will play marches, taking the music up at the Queen's approach. On Her Majesty's return to the platform the Queen will declare " the Exhibition opened;" which will be announced to the public by a flourish of trumpets and the firing of a Royal Salute on the north of the Serpentine; whereupon the barriers, which had kept the nave clear, will be thrown open, and the public will be allowed to circulate. Her Majesty will then return to Buckingham Palace by the route by which she came. All the doors, which will have been closed at half-past eleven o'clock, will, upon Her Majesty's departure, be opened again. Principles on In announcing the Prizes, the Commissioners laid down certain general prin- were awarded, ciples for the guidance of the Juries, wliicli they published as follows :— In the department of Raw Materials and Produce, for instance, prizes will be awarded upon a consideration of the value and importance of the article, and the superior excellence of the particular specimens exhibited; and in the case of prepared materials, coming under this head of the Exhibition, the Juries will take into account the novelty and importance of the prepared product, and the superior skill and ingenuity manifested in the process of preparation. In the department of Machinery, the prizes will be given with reference to novelty in the invention, superiority in tlie execution, increased efficiency, or increased economy, in the use of the article exhibited. The importance, in a social or other point of view, of the purposes to which the article is to be applied, will also be taken into consideration, as will also the amount of the difficulties overcome in bringing the invention to perfection. In the department of Manufactures, those articles will be rewarded which fulfil in the highest degree the conditions specified in the sectional list, viz.:—Increased usefulness, such as permanency in dyes, improved forms and arrangements in articles of utility, &c. Superior quality, or superior skill in workmanship. New use of known materials. Use of new materials. New combinations of materials, as in metals and pottery. Beauty of design in form, or colour, or both, with reference to utility. Cheapness, relatively to excel- lence of production. In the department of Sculpture, Models, and the Plastic Art, the rewards will have reference to the beauty and originality of the specimens exhibited, to improvements in the processes of production, to the apphcation of art to manufactures, and, in the case of models, to the interest attaching to the subject they represent. These general indications are sufficient to show that it is the wish of the Commissioners, as far as possible, to reward all articles in any department of the Exhibition, which may appear to competent judges to possess any decided superiority, of whatever nature that superiority may be. It is the intention of the Commissioners to reward excellence in what- ever form it is presented, and not to give inducements to the distinctions of a merely individual competition. Although the Commissioners have determined on having three medals of different sizes and designs, they do not propose to instruct the Juries to award them as first, second, and third in degree for the same class of subjects. They do not wish to trammel the Juries by any precise limitation ; but they consider that the Juries will rather view the three kinds of medals as a means of appreciating and distinguishing the respective characters of the subjects to be rewarded, and not of making distinctive marks in ' the same class of articles exhibited. They fully recognise that excellence in production is not only to be looked for in high-priced goods, in which much cost of labour and skill has been employed, but they encourage the exhibition of low-priced fabrics, when combining quality with lowness of price, or with novelty of production. They can readily conceive that Juries will be justified in giving the same class medal to the cheapest cahco prints made for the Brazihan or South American market, as they would to the finest piece of Mousseline de Soie or MousseUne de Laine, if each possessed excellence of its own kind. All persons, whether being designers or inventors, the manufacturers or the proprietors of articles, will be allowed to exhibit; but they must state the character in which they do so. They may also state the names of all or any of the parties who have aided in the production. In awarding the prizes, however, it will be for the Juries to consider, in each individual case, how far the various elements of merit should be recognised, and to decide whether the prize should be handed to the exhil^itor, or to one or more of those who have aided in the production. Lastly, the Commissioners, in announcing their intention of giving medal prizes, do not I propose altogether to exclude pecuniary grants, either as prizes for successful competition, I or as awards under special circumstances, accompanying, and in addition to the honorary distinction of the medal. There may be cases in which, on account of the condition of life I of the successful competitor (as for instance, in the case of workmen) the grant of a sum of money may be the most appropriate reward of superior excellence; and there may be other cases of a special and exceptional nature, in which, from a consideration of the expense incurred in the preparation or transmission of a particular article entitled to a prize, com- bined with a due regard to the condition and pecuniary circumstances of the party exhibiting, a special grant may with propriety be added to the honorary distinction. The Commis- sioners are not prepared, for the present, at least, to establish any regulations on these heads. They consider it probable that a wide discretion must be left to the Juries, to be hereafter appointed, in respect to the award of money prizes, or the grant of money in aid of honorary distinctions ; it being understood that such discretion is to be exercised under the superintendence and control of the Commission. Articles marked " Not for Competition " cannot be admitted. Medals obtained 'pj-^g Commissloiiers decided to select bronze for the material in wliicli the by competition. ^ _ medals should be executed, considering that metal to be the better calculated than any other, for the development of superior skill and ingenuity in the medallic art, and at the same time the most likely to constitute a lasting memorial of the Exhibition. There are three bronze medals, of different sizes and designs, which were obtained by public competition. Three prizes of 100/. each, were awarded for the three designs of the reverses, which appeared the most meritorious, to the following artists : M. HipPOLYTE BoNNAEDEL, Paris. Mr. Leonakd C. Wyon, London. Mr. G. G. Adams, London. Three prizes of 50/. each were also given for the three best designs not accepted, as follows : Mr. John Hancock, London. Mons. L. Wiener, Brussels. Mr. Gayrard, Paris. (Mn. xxii., p. 2), One hundred and twenty-nine models were received, and were exhibited in the rooms of the Society of Arts. The obverses of the medals are heads of Her Majesty the Queen, and His Eoyal Highness the Prince Albert, executed by W. Wyon, E. A„ the medallist of the Mint, after the type of the Syracusan medals. The Committee appointed (consisting of the Hon. W. E. Q-LAdstone, the Lord Lyttelton, the Hon. T. B. Macaulay, and the Eev. H. G. Liddell, Head The inscriptions. Mastcr of Wcstminstcr School) to suggest inscriptions for the Prize Medals, recommended, for tlie medal to be executed after design No. 1, the following line, very slightly altered, from Manilius (Astronomicon, v. 737) : — " Est etiam in magno qusedam respublica mundo." Por the medal from design No. 2, the following line from the first book of the Metamorpkoses of OviD (v. 25) :— " Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit." Por the medal from design No. 3, the following line from Claudian (Eidyll., vii. 20) :— " Artificis tacitai quod meruere manus." Constitution of Under the general conditions by which the juries were constituted, it was provided that there should be one jury to each of the 30 classes into which the Exhibition had been divided. The number of jurors in each jury was determined by the amount of articles exhibited in each class, and the greater or less diversity of the subjects included in it, but no abstract idea of the relative importance of the classes was involved in the numbers attached to them. The list of the 30 classes has already been given (see p. 23), with the number of jurors appointed to each class. In addition to the juries there described, it was found necessary to appoint three sub-juries ; one subordinate to Class V., for carriages, and two subordinate o Class X., viz., for musical and for surgical instruments. The increased number of jurors for these tliree sub-juries was 22, of wbom half were foreigners. To facilitate tlie working, especially with reference to the foreign jurors, the 30 classes were collected into six groups : — Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, forming the group of Eaw Materials. Classes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, forming the group of Machinery. Classes 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, forming the group of Textile Fabrics. Classes 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, forming the group of Metallic, Vitreous, and Ceramic Manufactures. Classes 26, 27, 28, 29, forming the group of Miscellaneous Manufactures. The thirtieth class forming the group of Fine Arts. A classified list of subjects under the province of each jury was prepared, and formed the limitation to each class, being the same as that upon which the arrange- ment of articles in the building had been made. The constitution of the juries was thus regulated:—The jury in general consisted of an equal number of British subjects and of Foreigners. If Foreign Commissions did not send a sufficient number of Foreigners to represent one-half of the jurors in each class, the deficient numbers might be completed by the appointment of British subjects, or be made up by the persons named by the Foreign Commissioners in London. Country as well as metropolitan districts were represented on the jury. Each jury was presided over by a chairman nominated by the Commissioners, and he was aided by a deputy chairman elected by the jury. Juries were able to appoint one of their own body as a reporter. The chairmen of the thirty juries were associated as a body, and called the " Council of Chairmen." In the absence of a chairman, the deputy-chairman took his seat at the Council. The Council of Chairmen was constituted, as far as practicable, of British subjects and Foreigners in equal numbers. The first and chief duties of the Council of Chairmen were to frame the rules for the guidance of the juries. The Council had to determine the conditions under which the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class medals respectively were to be awarded, and to define the general principles to which it would be advisable to conform in the awards in the several departments of the Exhibition. It was the wish of the Commission that medals should be awarded to articles possessing decided superiority of whatever nature that superiority might be, and not with reference to a merely individual competition. The Juries were reminded that " the three classes of medals are intended to distinguish the respective characters of subjects, and not as first, second, and third in degree for the same class of subjects." It was the function of the Council of Chairmen to see that the awards of the individual juries were in accordance with the rules before they were considered final. The propriety of pecuniary grants to individual exhibitors as considered by the Commissioners only on the recommendation of the several juries, sanctioned by the Council of Chairmen. The mode of appointing the English jurors was as follows :—Those towns which AppoinlTTiPnt of exhibited to a considerable extent in any of the classes were invited to send a list of names of persons who would eflttciently represent the knowledge of those classes as jurors. It was necessary to state according to the classified jury list, the subdivisions of the class with which the person recommended was specially ac- quainted ; and all nominations were made in classes, and not in the aggregate. D As it was necessary to reduce the lists to tlie standard number for eacli jury, the Commission charged itself with this duty. Those persons who had been recommended as jurors, but who from the small numbers of the jury were not placed on it, might, on the application of a jury, be called in on special occasions to give aid, under the title of associates, but without a vote, and Foreign The nomination of the foreign jurors was conducted on a somewhat diiferent jurors. principle. The Foreign Commissioners submitted, that a fuller representation of the foreigners of all nations in the body which it was proposed to constitute for the purpose of confirming the award of individual juries would be secured, by referring the awards for confirmation to a general meeting of the juries of allied subjects, according to the groupings already spoken of. And the Commissioners assented to this modification. The selection of jurors for each foreign country was of course left to that country; persons of skilled knowledge being chosen to represent those classes of objects in which the country was a considerable exhibitor. It was recommended that in cases where the Central Commission was too remote to obtain the nomination of the jurors in sufficient time, the Foreign Commissioners should put themselves into communication with the diplomatic representatives of their respective countries in London. The number of jurors allotted to each foreign country by the Commissioners, upon the suggestion of the Foreign Commissioners, was as follows:—Austria, 15; Zollverein, compre- hending Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, Wurtemburg, &c., 19 ; Belgium, 11 ; North Germany, comprehending Bremen, Hamburgh, and Hanover, 3; Den- mark, 1; France, 32; Greece, 1; Holland, 2; Portugal, 2; Eussia, 6; Italy, comprehending Sardinia and Tuscany, 6; Spain, 3; Sweden and Norway, 1; Switzerland, 4; Turkey, 3; United States, 21 ; Egypt, 2. If exhibitors accepted the office of jurors, they ceased to be competitors for prizes in the class to which they were appointed, and these could not be awarded either to them individually, or to the firms in which they might be partners. Juries were at liberty to take evidence when a majority of the jury deemed it advisable, and to name the persons to be consulted. Jurors of another class might also be called in aid by a jury, when a knowledge involved in that class was required. Juries were empowered to act in matters of detail by sub-com- mittees, but no award could be made except by the majority of the jury. Before a jury could finally make its awards, it was necessary they should have been submitted to a meeting of the juries of allied subjects, as indicated in the groups. These meetings of allied juries had power to confirm the award of the juries, and to investigate any disputed decisions. Before, however, the aAvards were published, it was requisite they should have been submitted to a Council, con- sisting of the chairmen of the juries, in order to secure uniformity of action, and a compliance with the regulations originally laid down by that body. The awards of a jury, when reported by the Council of Chairmen as being made in conformity to the rules, were final. The juries were aided in the general transaction of the business by a person named by the Eoyal Commissioners, who himself, or by a deputy approved of by the Commission, was present at their deliberations, for the purpose of explaining the rules of the Commission. This nominee of the Commission, who was Dr. Lyon Playfaie, did not have a vote in any of the juries, or at all interfere in the adjudication of awards. The Exhibition is open to tell its own tale, and is now submitted to the judg- ment of the world. All that has been done has been the work of a short and anxious period of sixteen months. During that time, Her Majesty's Commissioners have assembled together upwards of forty times, to discuss and determine all principles. When the Commissioners were not sitting, every important detail of action was considered by His Royal Highness, the President, and by Lord Granville, as Chairman of the Finance Committee. From time to time, as their services have been required, the most distinguished persons in art and science have met in Committees, liberally to afford their assistance to the Commissioners. These gentlemen, to whom the Exhibition is thus indebted, are named elsewhere; and it may be permitted to append a list of the staff, materially strengthened by officers of the Royal Engineers, both of Her Majesty's and the Honourable East India Company's service, which has carried the work into execution, and also to acknowledge the effective aid of the Sappers and Miners who have been permitted by the Master Greneral of the Ordnance to bring their military discipline and business knowledge to aid in the arrangements of the Exhibition. The work is done, and the collection made of the productions of 15,000 exhibitors, working with the ability God hath given them. To these we may say with St. Paul,—"In lowliness of mind let each esteem others better than themselves." And to spectators we may reiterate the hope expressed by the Prince, that '' the first impression which the view of this vast collection will produce will be that of deep thankfulness to the Almighty for the blessings which he has bestowed upon us already here below ; and the second, the conviction that they can be only realized in proportion to the help which we are prepared to render to each other—therefore, only by peace, love, and ready assistance, not only between individuals, but between the nations of the earth." Henry Cole. Exhihition, Hyde Parh, 30th April, 1851. Postscript.—^The Exhibition closed to the pubhc on the 11th of October. The exhibitors and their friends were admitted on the 13th and 14th, and on the 15th, a meeting of the Commissioners, with their Staff, was held in the Building, to which the exhibitors, jurors, foreign and local Commissioners, members of Local Committees, and members of the Society of Arts were invited. The Exhibition was then officially brought to a close by the pre- sentation of the Reports of the Juries by Lord Canning, who, on behalf of the Council of Chairmen, read an address to Her Majesty's Commissioners, to which His Royal Highness the President replied ; after this the Bishop of London delivered a prayer of thanksgiving : the Hallelujah Chorus was sung—the meeting dispersed, and the removal of the articles from the Building commenced. H. C. im Oct., 1851. d2 DIRECTORY. HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS. President, His Royal Highness Prince Albeet. K.Gt., F.R.S. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., F.R.S. Rt. Hon. the Earl of Rosse, K.P., Pr. of R.S. Rt. Hon. the Earl of Ellesmere, F.S.A. Rt. Hon. the Earl Granville. Rt. Hon. Lord Stanley. Rt. Hon. Lord Overstone. Rt. Hon. Lord John Russell, M.P., F.R.S. Rt. Hon. Henry Labodchere, M.P. Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. Sir Richard Westmacott, R.A. Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S. Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, P.R.A., F.R.S. Thomas Baring, Esq., M.P. Thomas Bazley, Esq. Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P. Sir W. Cubitt, F.R.S., P. of Inst. Civ. Eng. Thomas Field Gibson, Esq. John Gott, Esq. Professor Hopkins, President of the Geological Society. Philip Pusey, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. John Shepherd, Esq., Chairman of the Hon. East India Company. Robert Stephenson, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. Alderman Thompson, M.P. J. Scott Russell, Esq., F.R.S. 1 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote, Bart., C.B. / Edgar A. Bowring {Acting Secretary). Secretaries. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Lt.-CoL Reid, R.E., C.B., F.R.S. (Chairman.) Henry Cole, Esq., C.B. Charles Wentwortii Dilke, Esq. Francis Fuller, Esq. George Drew, Esq. Matthew Digby Wyatt, Esq. (Secretary.) SPECIAL COMMISSIONERS TO COMMUNICATE WITH LOCAL COMMITTEES. Dr. Lyon Playfair, C.B., F.R.S. | Lt.-Col. J. A. Lloyd, F.R.S. FINANCE COMMITTEE. Rt. Hon. Earl Granville. Rt. Hon. Lord Overstone. Rt. Hon. H. Labouchere, M.P, Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. T. Baring, Esq., M.P. R. Cobden, Esq., M.P. T. F. Gibson, Esq., M.P. Sir A. Y. Spearman, Bart. S. M. Peto, Esq., M.P. COMMITTEE APPOINTED FOR ALL MATTERS RELATING TO THE BUILDING. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., F.R.S. Rt. Hon. the Earl of Ellesmere, F.S.A. Charles Barry, Esq., R.A., F.R.S. Sir William Cubitt, F.R.S., Pr. of I.C.E. Robert Stephenson, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. C. R. COCKERELL, Esq., R.A. I. K. Brunel, Esq., F.R.S. Thomas L. Donaldson, Esq., M.I.B.A. MEDAL COMMITTEE. Rt. Hon. Lord COLBORNE. W. Dyce, Esq., R.A. J. Gibson, Esq., R.A. C. Newton, Esq. Mons. Passavant. Dr. Waagen. M. Eugene Lamy. Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone The Lord Lyttelton. Rt. Hon T. B. Macaulay. INSCRIPTION COMMITTEE. M.P. The Rev. H. G. Liddell. The Rev. the Dean of St. Panl's. COMMITTEE APPOINTED FOR COMMUNICATING WITH THE LOCAL COMMITTEES OF THE METROPOLIS. Rt. Hon Earl Granville (Chairman). Most Noble the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G. Rt. Hon. Viscount Canning. Rt. Hon. Lord Ashburton. Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of London. Sir John Boileau, Bart., F.R.S. Francis Smedley, Esq., High Bailiff of West- minster. Edward Cardwell, Esq., M.P., F.S.A, Joseph Locke, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. W. Cotton, Esq. Thomas Gibson, Esq. Dr. Arnott, F.R.S. Joshua Field, Esq. Charles Manby, Esq., F.G.S. MEMBEKS OF COMMITTEES OF SECTIONS. Section I.—Eaw Materials and Produce. (a.) Mineral Kingdom. Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S., Pr. of G.S. Sir Henry T. De la Beche, C.B., F.R.S. Sir Roderick Murchison, F.R.S. Dr. Lyon Playpair, C.B., F.R.S. Richard Philips, Esq., F.R.S. (6.) Vegetable Kingdom. Philip Pusey, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. Sir William Hooker, LL.D., F.R.S. Professor Royle, M.D., F.R.S. Professor LiNDLEY, D.C.L., F.R.S. Professor Faraday, D.C.L., F.R.S. Professor Solly, F.R.S. Humphrey Brandreth, Esq. W. Fisher Hobbs, Esq. (c.) Animal Kingdom. Rt. Hon. Lord Stanley. Professor Owen, F.R.S. Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Professor Brande, F.R.S. Professor Hofmann, F.R.S. Section II.—Machinery. Rt. Hon. the Earl of Rosse, K.P., Pr. of R.S. Sir John Rennie, F.R.S. Sir John Herschel, Bart, F.R.S. Sir William Cubitt, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of I.C.E. Robert Stephenson, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. The Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. Philip Pusey, Esq. M.P., F.R.S. Professor Walker, F.R.S. Professor WiLLis, F.R.S. I. K. Brunel, Esq., F.R.S. Sir Baldwin Walker, K.C.B. The President of the College of Surgeons, Sir George Smart. (a) Agricultural Implements. Hon. Dudley Pelham, M.P. (Deceased.) Col. B. Challoner. Anthony Hamond, Esq. W. Miles, Esq., M.P. Joseph Locke, Esq. M.P., F.R.S. Philip Pdsey, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. Brandreth Gibbs, Esq. H. S. Thompson, Esq. J. V. Shelley, Esq. Section Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. Alderman Thompson, M.P. Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P. Thomas Field Gibson, Esq. Thomas Bazley, Esq. John Gott, Esq. Herbert Minton, Esq. Apsley Pellatt, Esq. R. Redgrave, Esq.,R,A. J. R. Herbert, Esq., R.A. H. J. TOWNSEND, Esq. J. JoBSON Smith, Esq. '..—Manufactures. J. H. Marshall, Esq., M.P. J. H. Vivian, Esq., M.P. Professor Graham, F.R.S. Professor Woodcroft. Professor Cowper. John Hardman, Esq. H. T. Hope, Esq., M.P. Sir John Guest, M.P., F.R.S. Pascoe Grenfell, Esq., M.P. J. D. MoRRiES Stirling, Esq.. F.R.S.E^ Sir John Boileau, Bart., F.R.S. Section IV.—Sculpture, Models, and the Plastic Art. Rt. Hon. the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T.,F.R.S.,Pr. S.A. Rt. Hon. Viscount Canning. Rt. Hon. Lord Ashburton. Sir Richard Westmacott, R.A. Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, P.R.A., F.R.S. Charles Barry, Esq., R.A,, F.R.S. Charles Baring Wall, Esq., M.P..^ F.R.S. Wm. Wyon, Esq., R.A. Edward Hodges Baily, Esq., R.A., F.R.S. D. Maclise, Esq., R.A. Thomas Uwins, Esq., R.A. LIST OF COMMISSIONERS, &c. APPOINTED ABROAD TO PROMOTE THE EXHIBITION OF 1851 IN LONDON. FRANCE. La Commission g6n6rsle, instituee par arret stance du 16 Mars, divisee en 6 Commissions position :* 1 ° Commission des Affaires administratives et de la Correspondence. M. Charles Dupin, de I'Academie des Sciences, President de la Commission G^n^rale. M, L>E Lessicps, Directeur des Consulats et des Affaires Commerciales au Ministere des Af- faires Etrangeres. M. deLavenay, Secretaire-General du Ministere de TAgricultm-e et du Commerce. M. MoNNy DE MoRNAY, Chef de la division de I'Agriculture. M. Fleury, Chef de la division du Commerce Exterieur. M. Delambre, Chef de la division du Commerce Int^rieur, M. Chicmin-Dupontes, Chef du Bureau des Faits- Commerciaux, Secretaire de la Commission Generale. 2° Commission des Arts Agricoles. M. Hericart de Thury, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. Tourret, Vice President du Jury Central. M. Payen, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. ArmandSeguier, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. DE Kergorlay, Membre de la Society Na- tionale et Centrale d'Agriculture. M. Monny de Morn ay. 3° Commission des Arts Mecaniques et de Precision. M. Pouillet, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. Armand Seguier, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. Morin, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. Combes, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. Michel Chevalier, Ingenieur en Chef des Mines. M. le Chatelier, Ingenieur des Mines. 4° Commission des Arts Chimiques et Metallm-giques. M. Balard, de I'Academie des Sciences. M. Hericart du Thury. es des 28 Fevrier et 11 Mars 1850, s'est, dans sa speciales, dont voici les attributions et la com- M. PaYEN. M. Michel Chevalier. M. Ebelmen, Directeur de la Manufacture Na- tionale de Sevres. M. LE Chatelier. 5° Commission des Tissus. M. Mimerel, President de la Commission des Tissus au Jury Central. M. Legentil, President de la Chambre de Com- merce de Paris. M. Barbet, Membre du Jury Central de 1'In- dustrie Nationale. M, Sallandrouze de Lamornaix, Membre du Jury Central. M. DE Lavenay. 6" Commission des Beaux-Arts et Arts divers. M. Fontaine, de I'Academie des Beaux Arts. . M. Leon de Labordb, de I'Academie des Beaux Arts. M. Armand Seguier. M. Ebelmen. M. de Lavenay. M. Delambre. Dans une deuxieme seance qui a eu lieu le 20 courant, ont ete eius Presidents des diverses Commissions:— M. Charles [ DUPIN. II. Commission des Arts Agri-JM. Hericart coles \ DE Thury. III. Commission des Arts Meca-\nyr niques et de Precision . . J^^^- combes. IV. Commission des Arts Chi-lM. Hericart mioues et Metallurgiques j de Thury. V. Commission des Tissus . M. Legentil. VI. Commission des Beaux Arts) -n et Arts divers . . . . jM. Fontaine. Tous les renseignements destines h la Commis- sion doivent etre adresses au Ministere de I'Agri- culture et du Commerce. I. Commission Administrative •< BELGIUM. President.—M. de Brouckerb, Bourgmestre de la Ville de Bruxelles, Membre de la Chambre des Representants, President du Jury I'Expo- sition Industrielle de 1847. Memhres.—M. Belleproid, Chef de la Division de I'Agriculture au Department de I'lnterieur. M. Benoit Faber, Deiegue de la Chambre de Commerce de Namur. M. Capita-ine, Fabricant h, Liege, deiegue de la Chambre de Commerce de cette Ville. M, Claes (Paul) DE Lembecq, Agronome. M. Kindt, Inspecteur pour les Affaires Industri- elles, au Department de I'lnterieur. M. KuMS, Fabricant Anvers, deiegue par la Chambre de Commerce de cette Ville. M. Manilius, Membre de la Chambre des Repre- sentants, deiegue par la Chambre de Commerce de Gand. M. Overman, Fabricant k Tournay, deiegue par la Chambre de Commerce de cette Ville. M. Partoes, Directeur du Commerce Exterieur et des Consulats au Department des Affaires Etrangeres. M. QuoiLiN, Secretaire General au Department des Finances. M. Romberg, Chef de la Division de I'lndustrie au Department de I'lnterieur. M. Simonis, (Armand), President de la Chambre de Commerce de Verviers. M. Spitaels, (Ferdinand), Membre du Senat, de- iegue par la Chambre de Commerce de Charle- roy. M. Van Hooff, Fabricant k Saint-Nicolas, deie- gue par la Chambre de Commerce de cette Ville. M. Vercruyse-Bruneel, (H.), Fabricant h Cour- tray, deiegue de la Chambre de cette Ville. M. Verreyt, Fabricant k Bruxelles, deiegue par la Chambre de Commerce de cette Ville. * Voir le Moniteur du 21 Mars 1850. NETHERLANDS. President—M. Jonkhdr D. R. Givers Deynoot, Directeur de la Societe pour 1'Encouragement de r Industrie k Haarlem, demeurant k Rotter- dam. Membres—M. le Docteur G, Simons, Direnteur de I'Acaddmie Royale h Delft. M. D. C. BuCHLER, Membre de I'lnstitut Royal des Pays-Bas, Vice-President de I'Academie Royale des Beaux Arts h Amsterdam. AUSTRIA.—A Commission formed, consisting of the following Members:— Prdsident—Herr Andreas Ritter v. Baumgart- NER, k. k. geheimer Rath, Sections-Chef im Ministerium der Finanzen, Vice-Prasident der k. k. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, &c. Prdsidentens-Stellvertreter—Herr Michael Rit- ter V. Sporlin, Fabriksinhaber, Mitgiied der Wiener Handelskammer. Vertreter der Ministerien—Herr Dr. Karl Hock, Ministerialrath im Ministerium des Handels. Herr Dr. MoRiz Ritter v. Besteneck, Sections- rath im Ministerium der Finanzen. Herr Joseph Kudernatsch, Sectionsrath im Ministerium des Bergbaues und der Landes- Cultur. Schriftfiihrer—Herr Heinrich Henking, Minis- terial-Secretar. Commissions-Mitglieder fiir Nieder-Oesterreich. Herr Theodor Hornbostel, Fabriksinhaber, Prasident der Wiener Handelskammer und des Meder-Oesterreichischen Gewerbs-Ver- Herr Carl Rosner, Professor der Baukunst und provisorischer Prasident der k. k. Akademie der Kiinste in Wien. Herr Carl Ritter v. Kleyle, Sections-Chef und Ministerialrath im Ministerium fiir Landes- Cultur. Herr Adam Ritter v. Burg, k. k, Regierungs- rath, Director des Polytechnischen Institutes und Vice-Prasident des Meder-Oesterreich- ischen Gewerb-Vereines. Herr Paul Sprenger, Sectionsrath der General- Baudirection. Herr A. Steinheil, Sectionsrath im Ministerium des Handels. Herr Jacob Regenhart, Kaufmann und Fabriksinhaber, Herr Johann Mayer, Groszliandler und Fabriksinhaber, Mitglieder Herr LuDWiG DamboCK, Fabriksin- der Wiener haber, Handels- Herr Joseph Zeisel, Fabriksin- kammer. haber, Herr Ludwig Hardtmuth, Fabriks- inhaber, Herr Gustav Hoeken, Sectionsrath im Minis- terium des Handels. Herr Franz Freiherr von Leithner, k. k. Regierungsrath und Fabriks-Director. Herr Alois Auer, k. k. Regierungsrath und Director der Staatsdruckerei, Herr Anton Schrotter, Professor der Chemie, Mitgiied der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Herr LuDWiG von Brevilliers, Fabriksinhaber. Herr Georg Endris, Groszhandlungs-Dirigent. Herr Theodor Gulchern, Fabriksinhaber. Herr Carl Leistler, Tischlermeister. Herr Matthaus Edler von Rosthorn, Gewerke. Herr Heinrich D. Schmidt, Fabriksinhaber. Herr Otto Schumann, Kaufmann. Herr Dr. Wilhelm Sghwarz, Secretiir der Wiener Handelskammer, Herr Emil Seybel, Fabriksgesellschafter. Herr Johann B Streicher, Claviermacher. Herr Ernst Weidlnger, Fabriks-Director. >in Prag. in Reichen- Gommissions-Mitglieder fiir Bdhmen„ Herr Franz Graf von Harrach, Fa- briksinhaber und Prasident des bohm, Ge werb - Vereins, Herr Carl Balling, Professor der Ciiemie & Vice-Priisident des bohm. | Ge werb-Vereins, Herr Johann B. Riedel, Kaufmann & Vorsteher des Handelstandes, | Herr Dr. Carl Kreutzberg, Fabriks-1 inhaber, i Herr B. voN Partheim, Fabriksinhaber j Herr Franz Richter, Fabriksinhaber. j Herr Johann Liebig, Fabriksin-) haber und Prasident des Gewerb- Vereines, Herr Wilhelm Sigmund, Fabriks-1 "^'^^S* inhaber. i Herr Carl Fischer, Fabriksinhaber in Pirken- hammer. Herr Eduard Leitenberger, Fabriksinhabei' in Reichstadt. Herr A. D, Mayer, Fabriksinhaber in Winter berg. Herr M. Mayer, Bergswerks-Director in Neu- Joachimsthal. Herr Joii. Reinhold, Fabriksinhaber in Warns- dorf. Commissions-Mitglieder fiir Mahren und Schlesicn. Herr Hugo Furst von Salm-Reifferscheid- Krautheim, Fabriksinhaber und Prasident der Miihrisch - Schlesischen Landwirthschaftsge- sellschaft. Herr Leopold Haupt, Fabriksinhaber. Herr Florentin Robert, Fabriksinhaber in Selowitz. Herr Philipp Scholler, Fabriksinhaber in Brunn. Herr Heinrich Zurhelle, Fabriks-Director in Namiest. Commissions-Mitglieder fiir Galizien die Bukowina und das Gebiet von Krakau. Herr Alfred Graf v. Potocky, k. k. geh. Rath und Fabriksinhaber. Herr Joseph Ruszegger, k. k. Gubernialrath und Bergwerks-Director in Wieliczka. Herr Carl Hausner, Groszhandler in Brody. Herr Vincenz Kirckmayer, Groszhandler, in Krakau. Herr Florian Seiger, Groszhandler, inLemberg. Commissions-Mitglieder fUr Ungarn, Croatien, Sla- vonien, Siehenhiirgen die Woiuvdina, das Temes- cher Banat und die Militdrgrdnze. Herr Graf Joh. Barkotzy, Grund- besitzer, Herr August L. Krause, k.k. Cameral- rath und Fabriken-Inspector, Ym Pesth. Herr Christ. J. Malvieux, Gro5:'Jmn dler, Herr Samuel v. Joob, Giiter-Director AJJSTRIA—co7itinued. Hen- Joseph Bitter v. Ferro, k. k. Sections- rath und Ministerial-Commissar^ in ISTagy- Banya. Herr Carl Walburg, Kaufmann, in Kronstadt. Herr Carl Meynier, Fabriksinhaber, in Fiume. HerrAuTONTsCHOPP, Groszhiindler, in Carlstadt. Commisslons-MitgUeder fur Steiermark, Kdrnthen, Krain, Triest, Gorz, Istrien, und Dalmatien. Herr Doctor Franz Hlubeck, Professor und Secretiir der Steiermarkischen Landwirth- schafts-Gesellschaft, in Gratz. Herr Dr. Carl Peintinger, \ Bergwerks-Director, I Herr Peter Tcjnner, Vorste->in Vordernberg. herder montanistischenLeh-1 ranstalt, ) Herr Thomas Ritter v. Moro,] Fabriksinhaber, I- m r j. Herr J. Scheliesznigg, Berg- ^^^S^^^^*' werks-Inspector, J Herr Heinrich Costa, Ober- amts-Director, Herr Willi AM Moline, Fabriks- Director, Herr Kaliman Ritter v. MiNERBi, Groszhandler und| Fabriksinhaber, Herr Carl Regensdorff, Groszhandlungs-Dirigent, in Laibach, ^in Triest. Commissions-Mitglieder fur das Lomhardisch- Veen- tianische Konigreich. Herr Graff Archinti, Fabriks- inhaber, ► in Mail and. Herr Ernst v. Mylius, Grosz- handlungs - Ges el Is chaft er, Herr Albert Keller, Fabriks- inhaber, Herr Joseph Ant. Realt, Fa- briksinhaber, Hen- PeterBigaglia, Fabriks- inhaber, Herr Ferdinand Zucchelli, Kaufmann, in Mailand. in Venedig. Commissions-Mitglieder fiir Tirol und Vorarlherg. Herr Caspar Litti, Fabriks- Director, ,. , , Herr Joseph Mayer, Kauf-I^^^^'^^^^" mann, Herr Melchior Jenny, Fa- briksinhaber, Herr Johan Kennedy, Fa- yin Vorarlberg. briksinhaber, Herr Anton Rhomberg, Herr Jos. Bettini, Fabriksinhaber, inRoveredo. Herr Johann Putzer, Groszhandler in Botzen. Commissions-Mitglied fiir Oher-Oesterreich und Salzburg. Herr Johann Ritter v. Dierzer, Fabriksin- haber in Linz und Vorsteher der Delegation des Nieder-OesterreichischenGewerb-Vereines. Herr Dr. L. Kompasz, IDelegirte des Med ^ ' \ Oesterr. Gewerb- Herr Math. Lechner, ( VereinesinSteyer. Herr Carl Mitterbacher, Fabriksinhaber, in Salzburg. PRUSSIA,—A Commission formed, consisting of the following Members Geheimeu Ober-Finanzrath von Viebahn. Geheimen Regierungsrath Delbruck. Director des Koniglichen Gewerbe-Instituts, Dr. Druckenmuller. Professor Dr. Schubarth. Fabriken Kommissionsrath Wedding. Fabriken Kommissionsrath Brix. Geheimen Kommerzienrath Carl. Geheimen Kommerzienrath Baudouin. Herr F. Zimmermann. Herr Weigerl. Herr Oertling. Herr Dr. Ludersdorf. Herr Bidtel. BAVARIA.—The Polytechnic Society of Munich. SAXONY.—M. le Dr. Weinlig, Conseiller intimd au Ministere de I'lnterieur. HAMBURGH.—The Society for the Promotion of Arts and the Useful Professions. Dr. W. A. Kramer (Secretary). BREMEN.—Dr. Henry Groning. LUBECK.—The Trades Committee of the Patriotic Society. WURTEMBURG.—Herr Sautter, President of the Central Society for Industry and Trade. GRAND DUCHY OF HESSE DARMSTADT. Privy Councillor Eckhardt, President of the Trades' Union of the Grand Duchy of Hesse. NASSAU.—The Chamber of Commerce of Nassau, through its President the Assessor Odernheimer of Wiesbaden. HANOVER.—Art-Union of Hanover. SWITZERLAND.—A Commission formed, consisting of the follomng Members Dr. Schneider, of Berne (President). M. BoLLEY, Professor, of Aarau. M. Colladon, Professor, of Geneva. Major CouRVOisiER, Neuchatel. M. Jenni, Manufacturer, of Claris. M. Sarasin, of Bale. M. Sulzberger, Manufacturer, of St. Gall. M. Ziegler Pellis, of Winterthur. RUSSIA. Two Commissions formed, one at St. Petersburgh and the other at Odessa. The Royal Commis- sioners to communicate with them through the Agent of the Imperial Finance Department (M. KLamensky), who resides in London. SWEDEN.—M. D. C. de Skoqman, Preside^t du College du Commerce. NORWAY. M. Langberg, Professor of Natural Philosophy. Captain Vergeland, of the Artillery. Colonel Garben, of the Engineers. M, Schinner, Architect. M, Yarbell, Mechanician. M. Vergman, Ornamental Painter. Who together form the direction of the Society of Arts at Christiania. DENMARK.—A Commission formed. TUSCANY.—A Commission formed, consisting of the following Members :— President.—The Chevalier Baldasseroni, Mi- nister of Finance and Commerce. Sir G. B. Hamilton, H.B.M. Minister Plenipo- tentiary at the Court of Tuscany. (Since dead.) Signor Corridi, Director of the Technical In- stitute of Florence. The Chevalier Brocghi, Ex-Director of ditto. The Marquis Ridolpiii, Deputy of the Academy of the Georgofili. Mr. Horace Hall, Deputy of the Chamber of Commerce of Florence. Count F. De Lardenel, Deputy of the Chamber of Commerce of Leghorn, The Marquis Mazzarosa, Deputy of the Chamber of Commerce of Lucca. NAPLES.—A Commission formed, composed of Members of the Reale Istituto d'Incoraggiamento. SARDINIA.—A Commission formed, including the Hon. Ralph Abercromby, H.B.M.'s Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Sardinia. SPAIN.—A Commission formed, consisting of the following Members:— Commissioners. El Almirante Duque de Veragua (President). Don Salustiano de Olozaga. Don Antonio Ramon Zarco del Valle. Don Juan Alvarez y Mendizabal., Don Alejandro Olivan. Don Jose Caveda. Don Christobal Bordin. Don Joaquin Alfonso. Don Antonio Guillermo Moreno. Don Juan Manuel Calderon. Don Buenaventura Carlos Ariban. Don Manuel Garcia Bavranallana. Don Cipriano Segundo Montesino. Committee. Don Salustiano de Olozaga (President). Don Juan Alvarez y Mendizabal. Don Antonio Ramon Zarco del Valle. Don Manuel Garcia Bavranallana. Don Cipriano Segundo Montesino (Secretary). TURKEY.—A Commission formed, consisting of the following Members:— President. Ismael Pacha, Minister of Commerce. Vice-Presidents. Salik Bey, Assistant of the Minister of Com- merce. Said Bey, Secretary to the President, M, Lafontaine, Secretary to correspond with England. Members. Nejeeb Effendi. Hajji Bekir Aga. YUSUF Hajjar. Seid Mustapha Effendi. Hajji Hashim Zadeh Emin Effendi. Balmoomji Zaden Salik Effendi. Gorghi Alesioglon. Yacoob Vartores. Elia Hava. GREECE.—A Commission formed, consisting of the following Members :— M. Lucas Ralli, President. M. SiMOS. M. C. N. Dossios. M. le Capitaine G. Tombazis. M. L. Caftangioglu. Professor Landerer. M, C, G. DOUROUTTI. M. G, P, ScuzES. M. DOMNANDO. M. S. A. Spiliotakis, Secretary. PERSIA.—The Mellik-oot-toojjar, Chief of the Merchants. CHILE.—The following Gentlemen have been appointed to correspond with the Commission in London:— Don Pedro Nolasco Mena, Chairman of the Society of Agriculture and Beneficence. Don Ignacio Domeyko, Professor of Chemistry. Don Julio Jarriez, Director of the School of Arts and Trades. PERU. The Minister of the Home Department {President). I Don Nicolas Pierola. Don Luis Fonceca. j Don Nicolas Rodrigo. VENEZUELA. A Commission formed. The Royal Commissioners to communicate through Mr. Milligan, Consul- General for the Government of Venezuela. UNITED STATES. The National Institute, in conformity with the wish of the Government, have appointed the following Gentlemen to form a Central Committee to correspond with the different Societies and Local Committees throughout the United States. Hon. Millard Fillmore, President of the United States, Chancellor of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Colonel Peter Force, President of the National Instititte. Hon, Jas. a. Pearce, United States' Senate, Member of the Board of Regents of the Smith- sonian Institution. Hon. Levi Woodbury, Member of the National Institute, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Commodore Lewis Warrington, United States' Navy, Member of the National Institute, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Professor Joseph Henry, Vice-President of the National Institute and Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution. Professor Walter R. Johnson, Corresponding Secretary of the National Institute. Professor Alexander D. Bache, Member of the National Institute, Member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and Superintendent of the Coast Survey. Commander Charles Wilkes. United States' Navy, Member of the National Institute, late Commander United States' Exploring Expedi- tion. Hon. W. W. Sea TON, Member of the National Institute, Mayor of Washington. Hon. Jefferson Davis, United States' Senate, Member of the Board of Regents of the Smith- sonian Institution. Lieutenant Matthew P. Maury, United States' Navy, Vice-President of the National Insti- tute, and Superintendent of the National Ob- servatory. Charles P. Stansbury, Esq., Recording Secre- tary of the National Institute. J, James Greenough, Esq., Member of the National Institute. Colonel J. J, Abert, Member of the National Institute, Chief of the Topographical Bureau. General Jos. G. Totten, Vice-President of the National Institute, Chief Engineer United States' Army. Thomas Ewbank, Esq., Commissioner of Patents. William Easby, Esq., Treasurer of the National Instittite. Dr. Leonard D. Gale, Member of the National Institute, Examiner of Patents. J. C. G. Kennedy, Esq., Member of the National Institute, Superintendent of CensuF. E-^RA C. Seaman, Esq., Member of the National Institute. Professor Walter R. Johnson {Secretary). FOREIGN ACTING COMMISSIONERS. America, United States of . . Austria . . . Bavaria . . . Belgium . . . Brunswick . . Denmark , Duchy of Nassau Egypt. . . . Electorate op Hesse Cassel . France . . Frankfort . Grand Duchy of Hesse . . . Greece . . . Hamburgh Hanover . . . Edward Riddle. N. S. Dodge, Secretary. Chevalier de Burg. Charles Busghek. Professor Dr. Sghaphautl. Charles Cuylits. Professor Varentrapp. Regnar Westenholz. Herr Assessor Odern- heimer. Capt. Abdul Hamed. I Herr Assessor Schreiber. ( Sallandrouze de Lamor- \ NAIX. M. p. Ellissen. I M. ROESSLER, M. Ralli. M. Noback. M. Stahlschmidt. Netheula Portugal Rome . Russia Sardinia Saxony Spain . Sweden & Norway Switzerland. . | Tunis .... Turkey . . . Tuscany . . , Wurtemburg Zollverein . G. GOOSSENS. F. J. Vanzeller. Sr. Carlo Trebbi. Gabriel De Kamensky. Chevalier Lencisa. Dr. W. Seyfparth, LL.D. Don Alfonso. Don Ramon de la Sagra. Don M. DE YsAsi. Charles Tottie. Dr. Bolley. Professor Colladon. Sig. Hamda Elmkadden. Edward Zohrab. Professor P. Corridi. Dr. Steinbeis. Charles Brand, m. schiedmayer. M. Von Viebahn. ACTING COMMISSIONERS AND ACTING AGENTS FOR COLONIES. East Indies, Indian Archipelago, &c.—Dr. Royle, Mr. Downing. Ceylon.—Mr. John Capper, 4 Sussex Place, Canonbury, Islington. Jersey and Guernsey.—Captain Childers, Mr. Clugas. Malta.—Mr. Gingell, 66 Cornhill. Cape of Good Hope and Natal.—Mr. Harrison Watson. Canada.—Sir Randolph Routh, Mr. Peter McGill, Mr. J. H. Drew, Mr, T. Houghton. Nova Scotia.—Mr. C. D. Archibald, 15 Portland Place. Barbadoes.—Mr. Reade. British Guiana (Demerara, &c.)—Mr. Ridgway, 42 Leicester Square. Bahamas.—Mr. Daniell, 18 Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square. Trinidad.—Messrs. Lightly and Simon, 123 Fenchurch Street. South Australia.—Messrs. Hallett and Co. Western Australia.—Mr. Barnard. New South Wales.—Mr. Barnard. New Zealand.—Mr. Moore, 30 Arundel Street, Strand. Van Diemen's Land.—Mr. McLachlan, 17 St. Helen's Place. DEPARTMENTS OF THE EXHIBITION DURING THE ARRANGEMENTS. The Acting Members of the Executive Committee—Lieut.- Colonel Reid, R.E., and Mr. C. W. Dilke (Control of Building and General Superintendence); Mr. H. Cole (Space and Arrangement of Articles). Juries—Professor Playfair and Lieutenant Ward, R.E. Preparation of Plans, and Superintendence of Building Ar- rangements—Mr. M. D. Wyatt. Clerk of Worlis—Mr. Earie. Architectural Matters, and Decoration of Building—Mr. Owen Jones. Engineering Superintendence—Mr. C. H. Wild. Corresponding Secretary—Mr. F. Duncombe. Registrar of Letters — Mr. Wade. Post Office Department—Mr. Osmond Jones. Finance—F. S. Carpenter, A.C.G. Clerks to Royal Commission—Mr. H. R. Lack and Mr. G. T. Wright. Superintendents of British Side of Building—Captain Collin- SON, R.E., and Lieutenant Grossman, R.E, Superintendent of Foreign Side of Building—Captain Owen, R,E. Assistants—Lieutenant E, F, Ducane, R.E,^ and Mr. Harman. Secretary—Mr. Wylde. Receiver of Goods, British—Mr, Belshaw. Receiver of Goods, Foreign—Captain Rafter. Space and Admission of Articles—Captain Owen, R.E., and Lieutenant Crossman, R.E. British Colonies—Dr, Lindley, Lieutenant Tyler, R.E., and Lieutenant Brownlow, Hon. E.I.C.E. Indian Collection—Dr. Royle and Professor Solly. Chinese and Persian Collections—Lieut.-Colonel Lloyd and Lieutenant Tyler, R.E. Registration of Designs-^CaTptain L. BOSCAWEN Ibbetson. Arrangements for Working Classes—Mr. A. Redgrave. Catalogue — Superintendent on Part of the Commission— Lieut.-Colonel Lloyd. Contractor's—Messrs. Spicer and Clowes. Scientific Editor—Mr. R. Ellis. Compiler— Mr. G. W. Yapp. Police—Superintendent for Commissiojier of Police — Mr. Pearce. Customs—M.Y. Rolls and Mr. Fairman. Royal Sappers and Miners—5th Company, Captain OwEN, R.E. 22nd Company, Captain Gibb, R.E. ; Acting-Ad- jutant, Lieutenant Stopford, R E. Admission of, and information to. Exhibitors—Captain GiBB, R.E,, Lieutenant Tyler, R,E,, and Lieutenant Gordon, R.E. Fire Arrangements—Captain Gibb, R.E. SUPERINTENDENTS OF CLASSES ON BRITISH SIDE. Class I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XL XII. XIII. XIV. Professor Ansted, Mr. R. Hunt, and Dr. Watson. Dr. Lyon Playfair, Mr. A. Phillips, and Lieu- tenant Ward, R.E. ^Dr. LiNDLET, Dr. Royle, and Mr. Matchwick. Mr. Hensman and Mr. Biddle. Mr. Hensman and Lieutenant Craster, E.I.C.E. Mr. Hensman and Lieutenant Walker, R,E. Captain Westmacott, R.E., and Commander E. A. Inglefield, R,N. Mr. Brandreth GiBBSand Ensign Soady, E.LC.E. Lieut.-Colonel Lloyd and Lieutenant Trevor, E.I.C.E. [■Mr. George Wallis and Mr. W. Hawkins. [Mr. Wallis. Class XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. I XXII. XXIII. XXIV,- XXV, XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. Mr. Wallis and Mr. Hawkins. Mr. DoDD. Mr. Owen Jones. Mr. Wallis. Mr. Lowe. Mr. Wallis and Mr. W. Hawkii^s. •Mr. R. A. Thompson. Mr. Lowe. 'Lieutenant Pasley, R.E. Mr. C. T. Thompson. Professor Ansted. Mr. C. T. Thompson. Mr. DoDD. Mr. Owen Jones. DEPARTMENTS SINCE THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION. Acting Members of Executive Committee—Lieut.-Colonel Reid, R.E,, Mr. DiLKE, and Mr. Cole. Juries—Professor Playeair, and Lieutenant Ward, R.E., Secretary. Building—Mv. DiGBY Wyatt. Clerk of Wo7-ks—Mr. Haite. Correspondence—Mr. Duncombe. Registrar—Mr. Wade. Post Office—Mr. Osmond Joxes. Finance—Mr. Carpenter. General Superintendent—Captain OwEN, R.E., Assistants Lieutenant Tyler, R.E., and Mr. Belshaw. District Superintendents—1. Mr. Connell ; 2. Mr. Thomp- son ; 3. Mr. DODD; 4. Mr. G. Perry; 5. Mr. G. T. Biddell ; 6. Mr. B. W. Hawkins ; 7. Lieutenant C. Pasley, R.E.; 8. Mr. G. H. Lowe ; 9. Mr. R. G. Wylde ; 10. Mr. Harman. East Indies, Mr. Downing. Admission to Exhibitors, ^C-—Lieutenant TvLER, R.E. Refreshment Rooms—Captain Ibbetson. Superintendent of Doorkeepjers—Mr. Murray. Customs—M]-. Rolls and Mr. Fairman. Police—Superintendent for the Commissioner of Police—Mr. Pearce. Fire Arrangements—Captain Gibb, R.E. Royal Sappers and Miners—5th Company, Captain Owen, R.E. 22nd Company, Captain Gibb, R.E. ; Acting-Adju- tant, Lieutenant Stopford, R.E. Catalogue—Superintendent on part of the Commission—Lieut.- Colonel Lloyd. Contractors—Messrs. Spicer and Clowes. Scientific Editor—Mr. R. Ellis. Compiler—Mr. G. W, Yapp. LIST OF JUEOES. Dr. Lyon Playfair, C.B., F.R.S., Special Commissioner in Charge of the Dej)artment of Juries. DEPUTIES. Raw Materials, John Wilson, F.R.S.E., late Principal of Royal Agricultural College, Machinery, Col. Lloyd, F.R.S., Special Commissioner. Textile Manufactures, Mr. GEORGE Wallis. Metallic and Fibrous Manufactures, Captain Boscawen Ibbetson, F.R.S. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Fine Arts, Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart., Secretary to the Royal Commission. SECRETARY. Lieutenant Ward, R.E., Secretary to the Department of Juries. Major Boyd, Interpreter. For Group A. . For Group B. . For Group C. . For Group D. . For Group E. and F. COUNCIL OF A.—Raw Materials. Class I. Sir Henry de la Beche, C.B., F.R.S. II. A. Dumas, Member of Institute, &c. III. Edward Lode, of St. Petersburgh. IV. Professor Owen, F.R.S. B.—Machinery. V. Rev. E. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S. Va. Earl Jersey. VI. Gen. Poncelet, Member of the Institute. VII. I. K. Brunel, F.R.S. VIII. Baron Charles Dupin, Member of Institute. IX. Philip Pusey, M.P,, F.R.S. X. Sir David Brewster, F.R.S. Xa. Sir H. Bishop. Xb. E. B. Denison. , Xc. J. H. Green, F.R.S. C—Textile Fabrics. XI. Sir James Anderson. XII. Professor Herrman. Xm. G.T.Kemp. XIV. Count Von Harrack, of Bohemia. CHAIRMEN. Class XV. Herr Von Hoegaerden, of Brussels. XVI. Hon. Col. Anson. XVII. M. M. Van de Weyer, Ambassador to the King of the Belgians. XVIII. Henry Tucker. XIX. Professor Bolley, of Switzerland. XX. William Felkin, of Nottingham.. D.—Metallic, Vitreous, and Ceramic Manufactures. XXI. Lord Wharncliffe. XXII. Hon. Horace Greeley, of New York. XXIII. Due De Luynes, Member of the Institute, XXIV. Lord De Mauley. E.—Miscellaneous Manufactures. XXV. Duke of Argyll. XXVI. Professor Roesner, of Vienna. XXVII. Signor Benedetto Pistrucci. XXVIII. Senor Don Joaquin Alfonso. XXIX. Viscount Canning. F.—Fine Arts. XXX, Herr VoN Viebahn, of Berlin. I. Mining, Quaerying, Metallurgical Operations, and Mineral Products. Sir H. De La Beche, C.B., F.R.S. (Chairman). M. Dufrenoy (Deputy Chairman and Reporter)- France. M. Faraday. F.R.S. M. C. J. M. Gernaert—Belgium. W. Logan, F.G.S. M. F. Schrieber, Zollverein. Richard Taylor, F.G.S. Professor Tunner, Austria. II. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes and Products generally. Jacob Bell, M.P. M. Dumas (Chairman)—France. T. Graham, F.R.S. (Deputy Chaii-man and Reporter). M. D. Galeani. George Gossletii—Austria. John Mercer, F.C.S. H. L. Pattinson, F.C.S. M. Varrentrapp—.^o/foerem. III. Substances used as Food. Sir J. P. Boileau, Bart., F.R.S. (Deputy Chairman). Joseph D. Hooker, M.D., R.N., F.R.S. (Reporter). Comte Herre de Kergolay—France. Dr. LiNDLEY, F.R.S. Mr. E. Lode (Chairman)—Russia. Hon, A. Smith—United States. IV. Vegetable and Animal Substances chiefly used in Manufactures, as Implements, OR FOR Ornament. Judge Duncan— United States. Professor Richard Owen, F.R.S. (Chairman). M. Payen (Deputy Chairman)—France. Dr. RoYLE, F.R.S. M. Ramon de la Sagra—Spain. Professor Solly, F.R.S. N. Wallich, M.D., F.R.S. M. Weyhe—Zollverein. V. Machines FOR direct use, including Carriages and Railway and Naval Mechanism. Chevalier de BuRG—Austria. M. L. Cappalletto—Austria. Professor Engerth—Austria. W. Fairbairn, John Farey. John Hick. H. Maudslay. Robert McCarthy— United States. Colonel MORIN (Deputy Chairman)—France. Rev. H. MosELEY, M.A., F.R.S. (Chairman and Reporter). Robert Napier. C. DE Rossius-Orban—Belgium. Va. Suh-Jury for Carriages. M. Aenoux—France. J. Holland (Deputy Chairman and Reporter). T. Button. Earl Jersey (Chairman). O. McDaniel— United States. M. Poncelet—Belgium. VI. Manufacturing Machines and Tools. M. Alois de Cristoforis—Austria. Professor CoRRiDi—Tuscany. Benjamin Fothergill. Charles Gasgoigne Maclea. John Penn. Guilherme Kopke. General Poncelet (Chairman & Reporter)—France. George Rennie, F.R.S. (Deputy). T. R. Sewell. S. Webber— United States. Professor Wedding—Zollverein. Professor R. Willis, F.R.S. (Deputy Chairman and Reporter). VII. Civil Engineering, Architectural and Building Contrivances. J. M. Rendel, F.R.S. Count Rosen—Sweden and Norway. Dr. J. V. C. Smith— United States, Dr. Neil Arnott, F.R.S. I. K. Brunel, F.R.S. (Chairman and Reporter). M. Combes (Deputy Chairman)—France. M. Conrad—Holland. William Tite, F.R.S. VIII. Naval Architecture and Military Engineering ; Ordnance, Armour, and Accoutrements. Major-Gen. Sir J. Burgoyne, K.C.B. (Dep. Chair.) Major Micheels—France. Lieut.-Col. CoLQUHOUN. Sir Baldwin Walker, K.C.B. Baron DuPiN (Chairman and Reporter)—France. A. Whitney— United States. M. Ch. Lesoinne—Belgium. — Watts. IX. Agricultural and Horticultural Machines and Implements. CoL Challoner. B. T. Brandreth Gibbs. A. Hammond. M. B. Holweg—Zollverein. B. P. Johnson— United States. Josh. Locke, M.P., F.R.S. C. M. Lampson—CTmYec? States. Professor Hlubeck—Austria. W. Miles, M.P. M. Moll—France, Baron Mertens d'Ostins—Belgium. P. PusEY, M.P., F.R.S. (Chairman and Reporter), Professor Rau—Zollverein. J. V. Shelley. H. S. Thompson. X. Philosophical Instruments and Processes depending upon their use ; Musical, Horological, AND Surgical Instruments. Sir D. Brewster, F.R.S. (Chairman and Reporter). Professor Colladon—Switzerland. E. B. Denison. J. Glaisher, F.R.S. Sir John Herschel, Bart, F.R.S. Professor Hetsch—Denmark. E. R. Leslie, R.A.— United States. M. Mathieu—France. W. H. Miller, F.R.S. Richard Potter, A.M. Professor Dr. Schubarth. Baron Segueir—France, W. Sterndale Bennet. M. Berlioz—i^rcmce. Sir H. R. Bishop (Chairman and Reporter). Dr. J. Robert Black— United States. Chevalier Neukomm. Sub-Jury A. for Musical Instruments. Cipriani Potter. Dr. ScHAFHAUTL—Zollvercin. Sir G. Smart. M. Sigismund Thalberg (Deputy Chaiiman)—Austria. Dr. Wylde. B. Suh-Committee and Associate Jurors for Horology. Professor Colladon— Switzerland. E. B. Denison (Chairman and Reporter). E. J. Lawrence. Baron Seguier (Deputy Chaii-man)—France. Sul'Jury C. for Surgical Instruments. Dr. Chadbourne— United States. J. H. Green, F.R.S. (Chairman and Reporter). James Philp. Dr, Roux—France. Dr. Lallemand—France. W. Lawrence, F.R.S. XI. Cotton. Sir J. Anderson, Lord Provost of Glasgow (Chair). Thomas Ashton (Reporter). M. C, BusCHEK—Austria. Col. R. E. CoxE—United States. M. Philip Ellisen (Deputy Chairman)—Zollverein. J. Aspinal Turner. W. Gray, Mayor of Bolton. George Jackson. M. KiRCHHOFFER—Switzerland. M. MiMEREL—France. XII. Woollen and Worsted. Samuel Addington (Reporter). Henry Brett. M. C. C. Carl—Zollverein. John Cooper, J.P. Henry Forbes, J. P. (Deputy Chairman). Dr. Von Hermann (Chairman)—Zollverein. George Lawton. Thomas Marling. M. Randoning—France. M. Samoiloff—i^wss^a. M. P. Schuller—Austria. M. Arm. Simonis—^e^^mm. XIII. Silk and Velvet. Samuel Courtauld. Lt.-Col. Daniells—Turkey. M. Arles Dufour (Deputy Chairman)- Thomas Jeffcoat. George Tawke Kemp (Chairman). -France. M. Mahler—Zurich. M. Antonio Radice—Austria. M. J. Vertu—Sardinia. Charles Warwick. Thomas Winkworth (Reporter). XIV. Manufactures from Flax and Hemp. William Charley (Joint Reporter). Count Van Harrack (Chairman)—Austria. M. Grenier Lefevre (Joint Reporter)—Belgium. M. Legentil—France. John McMaster. John Moir. M. Carl Noback—iV. Germany. M. Scherer—Russia. Charles Tee (Deputy Chairman). John Willkinson, J.P. XV. Mixed Fabrics, including Shawls, but exclusive of Worsted Goods (Class XII). W. Clabburn. M. Gaussen, France. Herr Van Hoegaerden (Chairman)—Belgium. N. Kingsbury— United States. John R. Lavanchy (Deputy Chaiman). John Morgan, William Prinsep (Reporter). Titus Salt, J. P. Frederick Schwann— United States. John H. Swift— United States. Sir Gardiner Wilkinson—Turkey. David Kemp. XVI. Leather, including S Hon. Col. George Anson (Chairman). J. B. Bevington. J. S. Cunningham— United States. M, Fauler—^mwc^. John Foster. AND Harness, Skins, Furs, Feathers, and Hair. J. W. Newman. J. A. NiCHOLAY (Reporter). M. Nottbeck (Deputy Chairman)—^Mssea. M. Roesslek—Zollverein. Edward Zohrab—Turkey. XVII. Paper and M. A. FiRMiN Didot—France. Thomas De la Rue (Deputy Chairman). Viscount Mahon, F.R.S. Dr. Seyffarth, LL.D.—Zollverein. XVIII. Woven, Spun, Felted, and Laid Fabrics, J. M. Beebe— United States. M. Chevreul—France. John Hargreaves. Alexander Harvey. Edmund Potter (Reporter). :Y, Printing and Bookbinding. H. Stevens— United States. G. Venables. C. Whittingham (Reporter). M. Van der Weyer (Chairman) —Belgium. when shown as specimens of Printing or Dyeing, M, Pahud—Switzerland. M. Persoz (Deputy Chairman)—France. C. Swaisland. W. SCHWARZ—Austria. Henry Tucker (Chairman). XIX. Tapestry, including Carpets and Floor-cloths, Lace and Embroidery, Fancy and Industrial Works. -Switzerland. Dr. BoLLEY (Chairman)- D. BiDDLE. Richard Birkin (Reporter). M. Falk—Zollverein. M. Fessler—Switzerland. Peter Graham (Deputy Chairman). M. Laimel—France. Robert Lindsay. Thomas Simcox Lea, J.P. M. Washer—Belgium. XX. Articles of Clothing for immediate, personal, or domestic use. T. Brown. William Felkin, Mayor of Nottingham (Chairman). M. Bernoville—France. M. Hulsse—Zollverein. T. Christy (Reporter). E. Smith. Elliott Cresson— United States. M. Phillip Waltner (Deputy Chairman)—Switzerland. XXI. Cutlery and Edge Tools. Joseph B. Durham (Deputy Chairman). M. C. Karmarsch—Zollverein. M. Nubar Bey—Turkey. Mr, Alderman Peace. M. Le Play—France. Lord Wharncliffe (Chairman and Reporter). XXII. Iron and General Hardware. Arthur Adams. M. Auer—Aust?'ia. W. Bird (Deputy Chairman). W. Dyce, R.A. (Reporter). M. GoLDENBERG—France. Hon. H. Greeley (Chairman)- ■ United States. Don Manuel Heredia—Spain. E. Stirling Howard. George Shaw. M. Ferd. Spitaels—Belgium. Dr. F. Steinbeis—Zollverein. Henry Van Wart. XXIII. Working in Precious Metals, and in their imitation, Jewellery, and all articles of Virtu AND Luxury, not included in the other Classes. Don Manuel Garcia—Spain. James Garrard. John Gray. M. Gruner—Zollverein. Henry Hope, M.P. (Deputy Chairman). Sallandrouze de Lamornaix—France. Earl of Lovelace—Turkey. Due DE LuYNES (Chairman and Reporter)—France. Westley Richards. Robert Younge, XXIV. Glass. E. H. Baldock, M.P. (Deputy Chairman). R. L. Chance. L. C, Duncan— United States. M. Jules Prison—Belgium. Lord De Mauley, F.R.S. (Chairman and Reporter). Robert Obbard. M. Peligot—France. Dr. SonvEi.m.-^ZoUverein, XXV. Ceramic Manufacture, China, Porcelain, Earthenware, &c. Duke of Argyll (Chairman and Reporter). Charles Baring Wall, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. (Deputy Chair- M. Ebelmen—France. man). M. Gabriel Kamensky—Russia. John A. Wise. W. MORTLOCK. AuGUSTO PiNTO—Portugal. M. F. Odernheimer—ZoUverein. XXVI. Decoration Furniture and Upholstery, including Paper Hangings, Papier Mache, AND Japanned Goods. Lord ASHBURTON (Deputy Chairman). John Lewis Aubert. N. Charles de Beyne—Russia. M. CoppENs—Belgium. J. G. Grace. M. Charles Crocco—Sardinia. John Jackson. M. W. Meyer—North Germany. M. RoNDOT—France. Professor RoESNER (Chairman and Repoiter)—Austria. Edward Snell. John Webb. XXVII. Manufactures in Mineral Substances, Slate, Porphyries, Professor Ansted, F.R.S. (Reporter). M. Bernardo de Bernardis—Austria. George Godwin, F.R.S. Sir Chas. Lemon, Bart., F.R.S., M.P. USED FOR Building or Decoration, as in Marble, }Ts, Artificial Stones, &c. M. Benedetto Pistrucci (Chairman)—Ttahj. M. Emmanuel Psycha—Greece. Lord Sudeley (Deputy Chairman). Viscount Hericart de Thury—France. XXVIII. Manufactures from Animal and Veg or included in Rev. Gorham D. Abbot— United States. Don Joaquin Alfonso (Chairman)—Spain. M. Balard—France. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., P.B.S. (Deputy Chairman). etaele Substances, not being Woven or Felted, OTHER Sections. Dr. E. Lankester, F.R.S. (Reporter). T. J. Miller. G. Peterson—Russia. T. A. Wise, M.D., Hon. E.I.C.S. XXIX. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Small Wares. Viscount Canning (Chairman). Arthur Henfrey, F.L.S. Professor Hoffman—ZoUverein. Warren De la Rue, F.R.S., F.C.S. (Reporter). John Joseph Mechi. M. Otto Schumann—Austria. Mr. W. K. Smith— United States. M. WoLOWSKi (Deputy Chairman)—France. XXX. Sculpture, C. R. COCKERELL, R.A. Lord COLBORNE (Deputy Chairman). J. Gibson, R.A. Lord Holland—Tuscany. Count DE Laborde—France. » C. Newton. A. Panizzi (Reporter)—Tuscany. ELS, AND Plastic Art. A. W. PUGIN. M. Quetelet—Belgium. Richard Redgrave, R.A. M. Seurmondt—Holland. M. G. Von Viebahn (Chairman)—ZoUverein, Dr. C. Waagen—ZoUverein. W. Wyon, R.A. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING. Had circumstances determined that tlie present industrial position of England The present should have been represented by the building alone, while other nations should tron"of"Engw have been allowed to indicate the scope of their resources by a display of choice building, as well specimens of all the varied branches of productions to which their efforts had of characteristics of late years been directed, it is singular to remark how few elements, essential to her commercial success, would have been lost sight of The courage of her both personal citizens would have been manifested in the vastness of the scheme, their energy, determination, and strength, in the surprising rapidity with which every operation had been carried on. The happy condition of the liberty of the subject would have been attested ^nd social, by the circumstance of its having been in the power of the people alone to will the existence of so vast a structure; while the fact that the whole expenses had been provided for without in any way trenching on the national resources, would have evidenced at once the wealth and the spirit of enterprise common to every class of society. That it should have been possible in any country to have so speedily collected Evidence given by such a vast quantity of materials, without previously sounding the note of prepara- exteiTof'nftk)nai tion, would have furnished strong evidence of the abundance of its native resources, production of and conveyed some faint idea of the extent of the stores of raw material kept ^ ' ever ready to supply the exigencies of sudden demand. That that raw material should have been moulded into forms so various, so complex, and so original, in so short a time, would argue that such a result could alone have been effected by the natives of a country in which a knowledge of the principles and practice of mechanics and machinery had been long deeply studied and widely diffused. Machinery, The facility with which the machinery employed must have been brought to bear upon the masses of raw material supplied, would have evidenced a power to produce, and to elaborate matter into manufacture, of the very highest order; Manufactures, while the grace with which the charm of decoration has been superadded, to so utilitarian a structure, would have served to show, that mindful as the English habitually are, of the practical and economical, they are by no means indifferent and objects of to the beautiful in the Fine Arts. ^'"^ Whoever had been enabled to trace through every stage the progress of the organization of Exhibition Building, from the first order given by the contractor, to the issue of Ifp^erat'Cfn'rup- the final directions for its opening, would have had an opportunity of realising the P^y*'^^^^^^p^'^ perfection to which the practice of connecting commercial co-operation in supply, E and mutual reliance in money and time bargains, with the methodical organization of labour, has been carried in England at the present time. It is by means of mSs!"^'"^^""^ tl^G experience acquired in the conduct of the vast engineering works which have of late years occupied the attention, and commanded the labours of some of her most intelligent citizens, that this country has been enabled to reduce to a per- fect system this power of subordinating the supply of materials, and of eliciting, in similar works, that precise description of labour from every individual, for whicli his natural characteristics or education may have specially qualified him. Combination and The firm throudi whose exertions the buildinff has been erected, in itself division of labour ... necessary to carry prescuts au cxcelleut modcl of thc commcrcial constitution necessary to produce out such works. ^ ... . . . . such great works with rapidity. While of its heads, one is remarkable for high scientific attainments, another possesses singular commercial aptitude, together with a minute knowledge of the working details of his business. Others again, bring to the common stock of intelligence a precise knowledge of legal and monetary transactions, together with experience acquired in many years' con- nection with speculations of great magnitude. The principal superintendents and foremen set in operation by this intellectual motive power, are each adapted to the particular duties they may be called upon to perform, and act precisely as the various portions of a well-devised machine, being at the same time maintained in as perfect control. Through these agents the labour of the artisan, skilled in his own department, profoundly ignorant in others, is brought into useful opera- tion ; and thus thousands are combined to realise the will of one directing mind. But for the perfect system of discipline, which frequent practice in directing the labours of masses of workmen has now made general throughout England, it would have been impossible to have fashioned, in so short a time, so novel and so vast a structure as this Temple of Peace, the gates of which may, we trust, be thrown open to the world at large, for many years to come. Division of the How far the ExMbition Buildiuff conveys a true idea of English constructive subject into— . ° . ^ ..^.^ I. The bniidin;> powcr, cau ouly be ascertamed by a minute examination oi its anatomy; and we n. Its creation, sliall therefore proceed to sketch in some detail its actual nature and appearance, and the successive steps by which it has grown into its present condition. The site for the building is the one originally proposed for it by H.R.H. Prince Albert at the first private meeting, held on the subject of the Exhibition, at Buckingham Palace, on the 30th June, 1849. It consists of a rectangular strip Vark'^^^^^^^ ground in Hyde Park, situated between the Queen's Drive and Rotten Row, and contains about 26 acres ; being approximately 2,300 feet in length, by 500 feet in breadth. Its principal frontage extends from east to west. Several lofty elms stretch across the centre of its length, and a few smaller trees are scattered over its area. These trees have for the most part been retained, and to the finest of them we are indebted for the existence of the beautiful transept roof; since, had they not presented difficulties to the construction of a roof of lower pitch, it is more than probable that the noble vault which now spans them would have been scarcely ventured on. The ground, although apparently level, actually falls, not less than 1 in 250 fi:om west to east. From the popularity of the spot, the ease with which it can be approached, the opportunities for ob- taining beautiful views of the building from every direction, and the facility with which it has been drained, and supplied with gas and water, it is scarcely possible that a site could have been found more admirably adapted for such a purpose, than the one upon which the building now stands. The principal entrance to the Exhibition is situated in the centre of the south The Building -.- • n TIT ^ ^ n n ^ • tt i principal side, opposite to the Prince of Wales s Gate, one of the mam entrances to Hyde entrance; Park. From this gate a good view of the southern faqade of the transept (shown in fig» No. 1) is obtained. Passing through a vestibule, 72 feet by 48, the Fig. 1. visitor finds admittance to the main building, and stands beneath the roof of the great feature of the whole, the transept. Above his head, at a height of 68 feet from the ground, springs a semi-cylindrical vault, 72 feet in diameter, which extends for a lene^th of 408 feet from south to north. On each side of the space " coupd a-i o ^ ^ _ J- on entering; SO covered, runs an aisle 24 feet wide. The coup d'oeil" afforded by the transept is represented in Plate I. Fig. 2. •2411. 48 11. 24 ft.aisle. 48 ft. avenue. 24 ll aisle. 72 ft. nave. 24 ft. aisle. 48 It. avenue 24ft. aisle. 48 ft. 24 ft. 48 It. Advancing about halfway along the transept, the visitor will find himself as nearly as possible in the centre of the building; and from this point his eye may its central point range eastward and westward along its vast nave, for a distance of upwards of 900 feet in each direction; the total length of the building being not less than 1848 feet. By reference to the ground plan given at page 1, and to fig. 2, a clearer idea may be formed of the manner in which the vast area, that thus opens itself to the view, has been distributed, than could be conveyed by many pages of description. The nave is a grand avenue 64 feet high and 72 feet wide, crossing its extent, the transept at right angles. On each side of it extend aisles 24 feet in width, and above them, at a height of 24 feet from the ground, are carried galleries, surrounding the whole of the nave and the transept; so that a complete circuit of communication is carried throughout the whole structure at that level. Beyond these first aisles, and parallel with them, at a distance of 48 feet, are and divisions on second aisles of similar width, and similarly covered for their whole width witli galleries on the same level as those over the first aisles. In order that tlie E 2 I Its lightness of proportion, no evidence of instability. General nature of materials. Quantities of wrought iron; Cast iron; Glass ; Wood. The plan divided into squares of 24 feet. Necessity of realizing the de- tail of one 24-feet bay,in order thereby to judge of the whoie area. The description of a 24-feet bay commenced. The foundations public may pass freely from one line of galleries to the other, bridges, at frequent intervals, span the 48 feet avenues, and at the same time divide them into courts, each of which has been so arranged as to present an " ensemble" to the eye of the spectator looking down upon it from the galleries. The width of 48 feet which we have described as thus subdivided, and the second aisles, are roofed over at a height of 44 feet from the ground. The remaining portion of the building in width consists of one story only, 24 feet high; in which, of course, there are no galleries. Ten double staircases, 8 feet wide, give access to these galleries. The airy lightness of the whole structure, and its immense dimensions, are the features which will no doubt first excite the wonder, and perhaps the timidity of the visitor; but when he learns how rigidly the strength of every portion has been investigated, with what care the connection of every part has been made, and that the whole of that which appears to him so complicated, is but the repetition of a few simple elements, he will throw aside alarm, and rest upon the con- sciousness that those most competent to investigate questions of force to overturn, and strength to resist, have spared no pains to assure themselves of the perfection of the parts, and the consequent stability of the whole. The lightness of the proportions will at once assure the spectator of the nature of the material which forms the main supports of the building. While the vertical supports consist entirely of cast-iron, the horizontal connections and girders are constructed of both wrought and cast iron. Of wrought-iron it has been esti- mated that no less than 550 tons have been used, and of cast-iron 3,500 tons. The whole of the roof, above the highest tier of iron frame-work, consists of wood and glass, and the external enclosures and face-work are constructed almost entirely of the same materials. It is estimated that 896,000 superficial feet of glass, weighing 400 tons, have been employed; whilst the quantity of wood used, in- cluding the whole of the flooring, has been no less than 600,000 cubic feet. In designing the building, care has been taken so to arrange that the position of every column shall occur at the points of intersection of lines, 24 feet apart, crossing one another at right angles, while in roofing and flooring the squares, into which the whole plan has been thus allotted, have been subdivided into others of 8 feet. This arrangement accounts for the beautiful regularity of the lines of the columns, &c., when viewed diagonally. In order to aflbrd some idea of the extent of mechanical difficulties involved in the erection of such a building, and to furnish, as it were, a scale by which to estimate the nature of the work, we shall proceed, before entering upon the subject of its general extent and arrangement, to describe the mode of construc- tion of one of the 24-feet bays or compartments, taken at random from the side aisle adjoining the main avenue. The exact situation of the four columns enclosing the space referred to having first been determined, holes were dug to such a depth as to lay bare the gravel; which extends, with scarcely a fault, over the whole surface of the site, at an average depth of between 2 and 4 feet. The size of the holes dug out for the foundations, and the quantity of concrete thrown into those holes in order to form a secure foundation for the superstructure, was determined by the estimated weight of that superstructure; and it was so arranged that, allowing for every possible contingency, under no circumstances should a pressure greater than 2J tons per foot superficial be brought to bear upon the foundation. Fig. 3. Those serving to convey away roof « ater; Ho .v connected with columns. On the surface of fine mortar, with which the concrete was covered, was placed The^base^p^^^^ a casting, which has been technically called a hase-plate. This casting is repre- sented in fig. 3. The lower part consists of a horizontal plate, having attached to it a vertical tube, corresponding in form with the column which it serves to carry. The con- nection of the plate with this tube is strength- ened by shoulders. The length of the whole of the base-plates being set north and south, in those through which roof-water is con- ducted, two sockets, issuing from the lower part of the tube, extend for some distance on each side in an opposite, or eastern and west- ern direction. Into these sockets cast-iron pipes 6 inches in diameter are inserted, serving as drains to convey away the water; which, passing through the columns above, and through the hollow tubes of the base- plates, escapes into the pipes referred to, and finds its way to capacious drains situated in the centre, and at the extreme east-end of the building, which, in their turn, convey the water to the main sewer in the Kensington-road. At the upper por- tion of the tube of the base-plate, four pro- jections with holes in them, are cast. At the foot of the column, which is of similar form to the base-plate, are similar projec- tions, with corresponding holes. The upper face of the tube, and the under face of the column, being planed perfectly flat and true, the holes cast in the projections of the one exactly fit those cast to correspond with them in the other. Bolts having been then dropped through the holes in both are secured by nuts; and thus the column is attached to the base-plate, almost as rigidly as if the two had issued from one mould. As a proof of the singular accuracy with which the whole of these base-plates have been set upon their foundations, it may be mentioned that in every instance, the holes in the upper face or ^bearing surface of the base-plate, have precisely corresponded with those cast in the under face of the columns, at the exact height at which it had been pre-arranged that they should be fixed; and the two (columns and base-plates) have been united without involving the necessity of inserting any packing between them. Pieces of canvas only, cut to the exact form of the bearing surfaces, and dipped in white lead, have been interposed, with a view to insure the joints remaining perfectly secure and water-tight. The tops of the base-plates rise 31 inches above the ground-fioor. The columns are 8 inches in diameter, and those on the groimd-floor are 18 feet The columns: 5^ inches high. The plan or horizontal section of these columns, which was the suggestion of Mr. Barry, is well adapted for its purpose, mechanically as well as artistically; for while it presents a pleasing variation from the ordinary circular form, the different flat bands upon it afford surfaces well suited for the con- Base Plate. noction and attachment of the necessary girders, which serve at once to support the galleries and roof, and to tie the various compartments of the building into one vast network. The columns are made hollow, in order to convey the water from the roof of the building; and the thickness of the metal of which they are composed varies, according to the weight each column is intended to support, from I of an inch to 1^ inch. The square faces already mentioned add, however, considerably to the sectional area of the metal, upon the amount of which the strength of the column in a great measure depends. Their strength; The extraordinary strength to resist compression in the direction of its length, which the cylindrical form conveys to any material, was illustrated by Professor CowPER, in a lecture delivered by him in the building to the members of the Society of Arts. In a series of experiments with a common quill, and even with a straw, Professor CowPER demonstrated the great force required to crush such slight objects, and, arguing from their comparative scale, illustrated satisfactorily the great strength of the columns in the building. Their attachment Bencatli thc Capital, whlch surrounds the upper part of the column, are con- to fonnecting- . , . -■ f ^ 1 rrn • pieces. cealed projections similar to those at the bottom oi the column. These projections serve to attach to the columns what have been technically designated as con- necting-pieces. TJie peculiar office of the connecting-pieces is to afford, by a small and consequently easily modified casting, the means of securely retaining, and connecting in all directions, the various girders throughout the building. In fig. 4, we have endeavoured to exhibit the peculiar formation of those portions of the connecting-pieces, which serve to effect the end desired. The projections, or, as they are technically termed, " snugs," are cast upon the upper The connecting- and lowcr portious of tlic connecting-pieccSj and act partly as brackets and partly piece*, books, clutcHng ovcr, supporting, and retaining, projections cast upon the ends The attachment to of tlic staudai'ds of thc ffirdcTs. In order to retain the girders in a vertical them of girders p p i • e position, and to prevent any lateral movement, the bottom lace oi that portion of the girder which rests upon the corresponding projection of the connecting-piece, is formed with what is called a tenon, which drops into a mortice-hole (A, fig. 4), cast in the face of the projection of the connecting-piece with which it comes in contact. The top face of the portion of the girder, over which the hook cast upon tlie upper portion of the connecting-piece extends, has a groove sunk upon its surface; a groove corresponding to it in width is also sunk upon the projection of the connecting-piece (C, fig. 4), and a small piece of iron is introduced between the two. This iron acts as a key or dowel, and prevents the two surfaces sliding upon one another. On the upper and lower part of the connecting-piece, between these projections (thereby con- which serve to retain the girders in their places, are cast holes, corresponding with columns) those at the top of the lower columns, and at the bottom of the upper columns; through which bolts being inserted, nuts (BB, fig. 4), fastened to those bolts, secure the columns and connecting-pieces together. A similar arrangement would enable any number of columns and connecting-pieces to be attached to one another, so as to make up one long length. In order to make sure that the shaft thus composed of alternate columns and serving to stiHen connecting-pieces, should be capable of maintaining itself in a perfectly vertical ofaftematr^^'"^ position, it was necessary that the whole of the surfaces of contact should be necthlg-ptecer'^' wrought perfectly true and flat. Every column and every connecting piece had, therefore, to be placed in a lathe ; and the bed or surface at each end faced to a perfectly true plane. When the number of these columns, base-plates, and connect- au bearing faces ing pieces is taken into consideration, it may be easily imagined that the labour ^^'^"^'^ entailed by this apparently simple necessity could scarcely have been performed in any workshops but those provided with extraordinary facilities and resources. In the connecting pieces of the 24-feet bay we are now describing, projections are cast upon three sides, so that girders may be attached in three directions; and thus extend in every direction except that towards the nave, and the 48-feet avenue or court on the other side. The girders, which are attached, as above described, to the connecting pieces. The girders sup- serve to support the gallery floor. As, in the construction of this floor, it had SoorT^ ^^^^^''^ been determined to bring the accumulation of pressure on the girders, upon points at 8 feet intervals, it became necessary, in arranging the form of the girders, to concentrate strength at those points. The vertical lines of the girder have, therefore, been arranged to occur at intervals of 8 feet, connecting the top and bottom tables; on the good proportion of which, to the load to be supported, and to one another, the main strength of the whole depends. Diagonal lines connect the junction of these standards with the top and bottom tables, and the principal parts of the girder present the form shown in Fig. 5. The girders are 3 feet deep, and the sectional area of the top table, (A, fig. 5,) xheii-details; which is of the T form, equals 5*31 inches, and that of the bottom, (B, fig. 5,) which is of a similar shape, but inverted, equals 7'64 inches. The areas of Fig. 5. the diagonal stmts or standards, and ties, average 3-50 inches. The breaking- weight of the girders is calculated, and has been proved by various experiments, to amount to not less than 30 tons. Every one of the gallery-girders which has been used has been proved upon the ground to a strain of 15 tons; and, in exceptional cases, where it has appeared reasonable to expect that an accumulation of weight would have to be borne, their dimensions of thickness have been in- creased, and the amount of proof has amounted to no less than 22^ tons. Their sufficiency A fcw simplc figurcs will clcarly exhibit the sufficiency of these girders to support the loads that are likely to be brought upon them. A bay of gallery- floor, measuring 24 feet by 24 feet, contains 576 square feet; and it has been "'^dead'^weight" ^"^^^^^ ^7 experiment, that it is impossible to load any surface with men to an amount equal to one hundred-weight per foot superficial. Assummg, then, 576 cwts., or say 30 tons, to be by any possibility accumulated upon such a bay of gallery-floor, the load will be distributed over four girders, any two of which have been found to be fully competent to support the load. In thus estimating the sufficiency of the girders, the load they might possibly be called on to support has been considered only as what is called '' dead and a moving Weight," or load to which no momentum of any kind had been imparted. In How tried:— ordcr, then, to test them under the action of a moving weight as well, a series of experiments was instituted. A perfect bay of gallery, 24 feet square, was con- structed, with connecting pieces, girders, flooring, &c., complete. Its surface By workmen; was first crowdcd witli thc contractors' workmen, as tight as they could be packed. The men were then set to walk over it, run over it, and, finally, to j ump upon it with all their force. In order further to observe the efiects which would be produced by a load to which a uniform, instead of an irregular motion, had been conveyed, a number of By soldiers soldicrs of tlic corps of Koyal Sappers and Miners were ordered to march over it, marching ^^^^^ -^^ ^^^^ finally, to mark time upon it in the most trying manner. The result of these experiments developed the correctness of the theory upon which the dimensions of the girders had been based, smce not the slightest damage was done to the bay of gallery ; and the fact was fully evidenced, that the quality of elasticity or springiness in the floor served to protect the girders from the eflect of sudden shocks, and prevented the danger of the communication to them of the accumulating momentum, generated by the possible isochronous movements of a crowd. By rolling round- Emboldened by the satisfactory result of these experiments, a yet more con- bhot m situ, elusive series was instituted. An apparatus was contrived by Mr. Field, the late President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, by means of which it was possible to draw, at a quick walking pace, over the whole of the galleries on which the public would have to tread, a number of 68-pounder shot, collected together so as to produce a uniform load of 100 lbs. per foot superficial. No damage whatever was produced by these rude tests, and they may be considered to have conclusively set at rest any doubts as to the sufficiency, in point of strength, of the gallery-floor, or of the girders which support it. Who made by. The wholc of tlicsc girdcrs are of cast-iron, and, together with the columns and similar castings, have been made in Staflbrdshire, at the foundries of the con- tractors, at the London Works, Smethwick, near Birmingham; at those of Messrs. A. and B. Cochrane, of the Woodside Iron Works, Dudley ; and at those of Messrs. Jobson's, of Holly Hall, near the same town. 25. VIEW OF THE INTEPaOR OF THE BUILDING FROM THE SOUTH El^TRANCE. ^^^^^ The floor, which is supported by these girders, consists of cross-beams, so The gaiiery^door under-trussed with iron rods, shoes, and struts, as to distribute the whole weight girders, that may be brought upon the floor pretty equally upon the eight points at which the ends of the beams rest upon the girders. Joists, stretching from the iron girders to the beams, and from one of the beams to the other, form the supports for a floor which is not more than IJ inch thick, but is at once amply strengthened, and rendered impervious to the passage of dust, by the insertion, in a groove cut in the edge of each floor-board, of iron-hooping, forming a tongue. A railing, designed by Mr. OwEN JONES, surmounted by a mahogany handrail, adds at once to the utility and the beauty of the gallery. The columns which rise at the gallery level are 18 feet 7finches long, and The columns be- are surmounted by connecting pieces, similar in all respects to those occurring and roof^ ^"^^ , beneath. To these connecting pieces are attached, transversely in one direction and longitudinally in two, cast-iron girders of similar form and scantling to those we have described; their office being to maintain perfectly true and rigid, the vertical shafts which carry the eye upward in one unbroken line from the ground to the roof which they serve to support. As the strength of an iron column practically depends upon its length being strengthened by 1- ' -I n 1 • 1 p T • T 1 111 1 division into limited, far more than upon its substance, the value ot dividing the whole length of the shafts reaching from the gallery to the roof into two parts by these connecting-pieces, and thus reducing the length of the columns one-half, must be First tier, readily appreciated. Above the second tier of girders rise columns of the same length as those last Second tier, mentioned, and on them again are placed connecting pieces, to which the girders supporting the roof are attached. These girders correspond with those support- ing the galleries, and exactly resemble those forming the tier immediately beneath them, in every respect except their thicknesses. The whole of the girders on the upper tier have been proved in the building to a strain of nine tons. By extending the area of our observations, we shall be enabled to include all the varieties of trusses employed to support the flat roofing over the whole extent Varieties of roof of the building. It may be well, therefore, to consider that our original limita- tion to 24 feet square has been enlarged by the addition of a space of 72 feet by 24 feet, being a compartment of the roof over the nave; and of an area of the same width by 48 feet, being a portion of the roof over the avenue which extends from east to west, beyond the aisle on each side of the nave. As we have stated that the latter of these portions of the building (the 48-feet The 48-ft. trusses; avenue) rises to a height of two stories only from the ground, it will be manifest that its roof-trusses must be attached at the level of the girders which serve to stiffen the main shafts of the nave, namely, at a height of 44 feet from the ground. These 48-feet roof-trusses are attached to comiecting pieces in a similar mode to that already described for the girders, with the exception that their vertical posi- tion is maintained by bolts passing through their standards and through the column, instead of by the system of keys as in the 24-feet girders. In fig. 6 a representation is given of the principal parts of one of these trusses. Their uetaiis of which, it will be seen, is constructed for the most part of wrought iron ; the few portions which are of cast iron acting only under compression. These trusses follow the general principle of division into 8-feet compartments ; and, consequently, the cast-iron struts or standards (A AAA, fig. 6) occur in positions corresponding with those in the gallery-girders already described. Fig. 6. Diagonals of similar width on face (B B B B B B, fig. 6) connect them, and, con- sequently, an uniform lattice-like effect is obtained. The top table of these trusses (C C C, fig. 6) consists of two pieces of angle-iron, set at the distance of an inch apart, their total sectional area equalling 3 inches. The bottom table (D D D, fig. 6) consists of two bars of wrought-iron set at a similar distance apart, and increasing in sectional area up to 3"38 inches, as they approach the centre of the bearing. Between the angle-irons at the top and the bars at the bottom of the truss, are passed the ends of the cast-iron standards and those of the diagonal ties; the sectional area of the principal of the latter equalling 2*75 inches. Eivets, (E E E, fig. 6,) passing through the angle-irons and bars, the standards, and the ties, connect the whole into one truss, which acts upon the principle of a rigid top table under compression, and a suspension-truss beneath; so pressing up the standards or struts as to raise the centre of the upper table to a camber of 4 inches, one of the objects of v/hich is to provide a sufiicient fall for the roof-water. One of these 48 feet trusses, complete, weighs about 13 cwt., and when, imder proof, having been loaded with a dead weight of 10 tons, deflected 3 inches, perfectly recovering its elasticity upon the removal of the weight. The 72-ft.trusses; Tlic clcar width of thc uavc being 72 feet, it was of course imperative to con- struct a third description of truss, the depth of which should not exceed that of the connecting pieces generally throughout the building, namely, 3 feet, and yet sufficiently strong to support the larger weight of roof due to the increased area of roofing it was called upon to support. The construction of this larger truss, as shown in fig. 7, corresponds in every essential particular with that of the 48-feet truss already described, with the difference that the scantling of the angle-irons and bars is necessarily much increased, and that the total length of 72 feet is divided into nine 8 feet lengths instead of six. The weight of one of these trusses complete is about 35 cwts.; the sectional area of the two angle-irons (A A, fig. 7) being 5*71 inches; that of the two bottom bars, at their maximum, 6*75 inches; and that of the principal diagonal ties 3*38 inches. When loaded under proof, with a dead weight of 16 tons, it deflected 6^ inches, and entirely recovered its elas- ticity on the weight being removed. A repetition of one or other of these varieties of trusses suffices to support any portion of the flat roof of the building; but in order to carry the great extra weight thrown by the transept roof upon the last 72-feet trusses of the nave, where it intersects the transepts it was found necessary to employ trusses of double depth, extra lattice-work, and much increased scantling. The construction Their details of construction. Tlie extra strong 72-feet trusses; their details of construction. Fig. 7. of these trusses is shown in fig. 8. In order to give additional support to them, four extra columns have been attached to those situated at the intersection of the nave and transept. Fig. 8. The direction of the 72-feet trusses of the roof of the nave being of course The roof trusses, transverse to its length, and the trusses occurring at intervals of 24 feet, it became lon^itHdSiy. necessary, in order to perfectly steady them, that timbers (shown in section and elevation at B B, fig. 7) should be thrown across from one to the other, in Box-gutters run- ning transversely over trusses, Connected longi- tudinally by Paxton gutters, &c. The Paxton gutters; Their details of construction : Their trussing; the direction of from east to west. These timbers are introduced at intervals of eight feet, being placed directly over the vertical standards of the roof trusses. Between the top of the truss and the end of these timbers is placed a box (shown in section and elevation at C C C, fig. 7), running along the whole length, and attached to the upper flange of the truss, forming a gutter of considerable capacity, for the purpose of carrying the water away from the roofs to the hollow columns, through which it ultimately descends to the drains. The peculiar form of the timbers, spanning from truss to truss, and the offices they are called upon to perform, together with the fact that no less than 20 miles of them are required for the construction of the roofing, render them worthy of a detailed description. They are now known as the Paxton gutters. The form of their section is clearly shown in fig. 9. Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12. Fig. 9. Fig. 12. D_Fig.ll. ^ D ^^S- ■ D They consist of pieces of timber 24 feet in length, five inches wide by six inches deep. On the upper surface, a semicircular groove (C, fig. 9), Ifth inch radius, is cut, in order to receive the external water from the roofs. On each of the two vertical sides of the timbers an oblique groove (B B, fig. 9) is cut, in order to receive the condensed water, which, trickling down the inner surface of the glass, finds its way to these small channels, and is carried along them to their ends, where oblique cuts connect them with the box-gutters. As the length of 24 feet would be too great for the gutter to carry itself without bending, or, as it is technically termed, " sagging," the alternative pre- sented itself of either very much increasing the scantling, or contriving some system of trussing. The former was rejected on account of its heaviness and unsightly appearance; it was therefore determined that a rod of iron (shown at A A A A, figs. 9,10, and 11) should be passed beneath the Paxton gutter, should be secured to its two ends by cast-iron shoes (B, fig. 10), and should press up, at eight feet intervals in its length, two cast-iron standards (C, fig. 11), so as to effect a camber or rise in its whole length of 2 J inches. So trussed, the gutter is capable of supporting no less a weight than H tons. A semicircular cut is given through the depth of the gutter at both ends, so that when two are placed end to end, the water may flow down to the box-gutters through a circular cavity. Twenty-seven notches are marked by a template, and cut on each side of the upper edge ; a few of these are shown at D D D, figs. 10 and 11. The Paxton gutter, tlius complete, is attached to a flanged iron plate, bolted on to the edges of the box-gutters, so that the parallel lines of gutter may form a con- tinuous tie from the eastern or western ends of the Building to the transept, and so that, should the wood shrink in length, it may not pull apart and distort the sides of the box-gutters. Three of the notches referred to as being cut on each side of the gutters, are Tiie ir connection larger than the others, and on them bars of wood, 2 inches by 1^ inch, grooved ^ for glass on both sides, are notched down. These bars (shown at A, fig. 12) form principal rafters, and, being set at a pitch of 2i to 1, are fixed to a ridge 3 inches by 3 inches, grooved for glass on both sides. The angle at which these are fixed being the one which Mr. Paxton, in numerous experiments, has found to be best adapted to the construction of similar roofs. One of the principal reasons which led to the adoption of eight feet and not Reasons for fixing more, as the pitch of these gutters from centre to centre, was, that the distance flJ^J'"?'^'^^^*'^ from ridge to gutter-edge might be covered with the largest sized glass that could be conveniently manufactured in one length, and that by that means the unsightly appearance, and frequently leaky condition, of joined glass, might be avoided. The method of construction of a 24-feet bay of this system of roofing is shown a 24-feet bay of in fig, 13, and from it the reader may be enabled to follow the description we are about to give of the construction of a length of roofing. Fig. 13. The gutters, principal rafters or main sash-bars, and ridge being fixed in how constructed, place, the long edge of a sheet of glass, 4 feet 1 inch, by 10 inches, is inserted into the groove of the principal rafter, and a sash-bar (shown in section at B, fig. 12), 1 inch by 1^ inch, also double grooved, is then put on to the other long edge of the glass. The sash bar is then brought down and secured at the top to the ridge, and at the bottom to the edge of the gutter; the lower edge of the glass bedding on putty about three-quarters of an inch wide. A sliglit blow to the lower end brings the upper edge of the glass home into the groove in tlie ridge. The glass being then pressed down, the putty is made good in the grooves externally, and by the repetition of this simple operation, the essentials of this system of roofing are constructed. Lightness one of Ouc amoug the many advantages of Mr. Paxton's roofing is its extreme light- Mr. Sxton'^^ness. In the instance of that of the Exhibition Building, the whole of the roohng. roofiug (tho Weight of the trusses that support it being of course deducted), weighs only 3i lbs. per foot superficial upon the average. In order to mitigate the intensity of the light, and at the same time to assist The canvas cover- in kccpiug tlic buildiug cool, a cauvas covering has been provided, extending over ' the entire area of the flat roof. The canvas is attached to the ridges, and allowed to hang down between them in a festoon. As one width of canvas is insufficient to reach from ridge to ridge, two are sewn together, the seam occurring in the centre, immediately over the Paxton gutter. The rain descending falls on the Its uses. canvas, and clings to it by capillary attraction, creeping down until it arrives at the seam, where it passes through the canvas, and falls into the Paxton gutter ; thus the danger of the passage of water which might take place through broken panes or imperfect putty-joints, is obviated, and the chances of leakage are con- sequently materially diminished. The flooring, In ordcr to trace continuously the course of the vertical supports from the ground to the roof, we have not interrupted our description by detailing the nature of the flooring; but as that is one of Mr. Paxton's ingenious con- trivances, it would not be right to allow it to pass unnoticed. In a paper, read by Mr. Paxton at the Society of Arts, on the 13th of November, 1850, that gentleman narrated the experiments which led to the origination of the present design, and stated that he had tried many methods, in order to find out the most suitable floors for the pathways of horticultural structures. After enume- rating the objections to the use of stone and close boarding, he mentioned, that "he had ultimately been led to the adoption of trelliced wooden pathways, " with spaces between each board, through which, on sweeping, the dust at once disappears, and falls into the vacuity below." He thus describes his application of these experiments to the Exhibition Building:— as described by " Wliilst thc accomplishmcut of this point" (the speedy removal of dust) " was most important in plant-houses, I consider it doubly so with respect to the " Industrial Building, where there will be such an accumulation of articles of delicate workmanship. Before sweeping the floors of the Great Building, the whole will be sprinkled with water from a movable hand-engine, which will be " immediately followed by a sweeping-machine, consisting of many brooms, fixed " to an apparatus on liglit wheels, and drawn by a shaft. By this means a large portion of ground will be passed over in a very short space of time." The boards for the floor are H inch thick, laid half an inch apart, upon joists 7 inches by 2i inches, which rest upon large timbers or sleepers, 13 inches by 3i inches, at intervals of 8 feet apart. Through the interstices left between the boards the dust passes, and the merits of this system of flooring are thus summed up by Mr. Paxton:—" It is very economical, dry, clean, pleasant to walk upon, admits " of the dust falling through the spaces, and even when it requires to be tliorouglilywashed, the water at once disappears between the openings, and the Conclusion of ^ " boards become almost immediately fit for visitors." construction of Having now endeavoured to furnish the reader with sufficient detail of a small portion of the building, to enable him to use it as a scale, whereby to estimate the quantity of labour represented by a structure of the general dimensions we General dimen- are about to enumerate, it may be stated that the total area of the ground floor is tltiesr"*^ 772,784 square feet, and that of the galleries 217,100 square feet. The galleries extend nearly a mile in length. The total cubic contents of the building are about 33,000,000 feet; there are nearly 2,300 cast-iron girders, and 358 wrought-iron trusses for supporting the galleries and roof, 30 miles of gutters for carrying water to the columns, 202 miles of sash bars, and 900,000 superfi- cial feet of glass. The width of the nave is, within 10 feet, double that of St. Paul's Cathedral, whilst its length is more than four times as great. With a general knowledge of the construction of the nave, we may imagine the visitor, returning to the transept, better qualified to enter into the mecha- The transept, nical details, and the amount of difficulties presented to his notice, by that great feature of the building. The arrangement of the vertical shafts, galleries, &c., is similar to that of the nave ; the main points of difference commencing at the level of the flat roof It will be remembered that the spaces to be covered at a height of its roof. 64 feet from the ground, are, firstly, a main avenue, 408 feet long by 72 feet wide; and secondly, two aisles, each 408 feet long by 24 feet wide. It was determined that a semi-cylindrical vault should span the larger of these areas, and for that purpose semicircular ribs (see Plate I.) extend from side to side, their ends being inserted into the hollow columns, whilst they are steadied by the insertion between, and at right angles to them, of stout timbers, 9 feet 2 inches from one another, acting as purlins. The structure of the ribs is shown in fig. 14. To quote from a paper descrip- Construction of tive of the building, read at the Institution of Civil Engineers, on the 14 th of transept roof. January, 1851, " they are made in three thicknesses of timber, cut into segments, Description " 9 feet 6 inches long, of a circle of 74 feet extreme diameter, the centre thickness " Transactions of " being 4 inches by 13^ inches, and the outer, or flitches, breaking joint with the Civil Engineers." " centre, being 2 inches by 13^ inches. The flitches are nailed to the centre thickness, and iths inch bolts, about 4 feet apart, on the segment, traverse and " bind together the three thicknesses. On the extrados, or outer circum- " ference of the wooden arch thus formed, two planks serving as a gutter board "11 inches by 1 inch, and a bar of iron 2 inches by |ths inch, are bent to the *' curve; and on the intrados, or inner circumference, a piece of timber, 7 inches " by 2 inches, moulded to correspond Avith the form of the columns, and a bar of " iron, 3i inches by 4ths inch, are also bent to the curve. Bolts, at intervals " of 2 feet from centre to centre, passed through the depth of the rib, unite these " additions to each other, and to the main rib, which, thus increased in scantling, " measures, complete, 1 foot 6 inches by 8 inches." In order to perfectly con- The transept roof, nect these ribs, so that any force exerted, by wind or other causes, tending to the displacement of any one of them, may be distributed over the whole mass, iron rods have been set diagonally, forming a complete reticulation over the whole inner surface of the roof. The main ribs are fixed spanning the transept, at intervals of 24 feet from centre to centre. Each of these 24 feet widths is divided into three parts, and at 8 feet from one another, and from the main ribs, minor ribs are introduced. Between them again, but being semicircles of larger The lead flats. The external enclosures. diameter, are fixed small ribs of wood, whicli being connected with the main and minor ribs by means of sash bars, become available as ridges. The space between Fig. 14. them and the ribs is glazed Transept Ribs. and fimshcd on the same sys- tem as that adopted in the flat roof of the building, the sash bars being set at an oblique angle, or " herring - bone " fashion, in order to assist the conduction of the water, and prevent its lodging against the lower putty bed of each pane of glass over which it trickles. Along the summit of this semi-cylindrical vault runs, from north to south, a narrow lead path, in order to afford access to the apex of the roof, and to provide a means of low- ering down workmen to repair any damage that may possibly happen to it. As the quantity of water discharged from this vault m^ust necessarily be con- siderable, it was deemed advi- sable that the 24-feet aisles on each side of it should be covered with lead flats, instead of the ordinary glass roofing. These lead flats presented also the further advantage of being so completely connected, as to form solid abutments, steady- ing the feet of the ribs. In order to convey any pressure in the way of thrust, that the ribs might exert, to those Section of Transept Rib, and springing of ditto. poiutS bcSt Capable of TCSlStmg Strain, horizontal trusses of wrought-iron were constructed beneath the lead flats, consisting of bars capable of being keyed up at any time from the lead flats, and thus any tendency to movement, on the part of any of the ribs, would be immediately transferred either to the extreme north and south ends, where their feet are securely tied together by the cast-iron girders which cross the transept at those points; or to the angles where the transept intersects the nave, and where the whole force of the vis inerticE of the nave roof would serve as abutment. The general effect produced by this semi-cylindrical roof covering the large elms beneath, is shown in Plate 1. The external enclosures or walls, as seen from within, on the two upper stories, consist of glass in wooden sash frames, inserted between columns 8 feet from centre to centre, and louvre frames for ventilation, surmounting the sash frames. On the ground story, boarding takes the place of the glass; and the height being 24 feet instead of 20 feet, an additional tier of ventilators is inserted. The columns at 24 feet apart being of iron, the intermediate ones, dividing that width into 8 feet compartments, are of wood. As no less than 1,500 sash frames have been used, they may justify a few The sash-frames, words of description. To quote again from the Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, we learn that " the sash frames are 2i inches thick, with seven " bars in their width; the bars being 2|- inches deep, double grooved for glass. " Wrought-iron bolts, -I inch diameter, pass completely through the sash bars and " sash frames, at the points where they are attached to the columns; and thus a " chain tie is kept up all round the building, in order to prevent displacement of the sashes either bodily or in portions, by the pressure of the wind. To further guard against the same action, timber bridges, 3^ inches byl-i- inch in the centre, are fixed across the middle of the length of the sash; and at the internal " angles, where the wind will exert its greatest force, iron rods, half an inch in diameter, are fastened from column to column, pressing against the wooden " bridge, and converting it into a continuous strut, bearing up against any force " applied to the exterior of the sash. In order to glaze the sashes, the glass " is slipped down between the bars, and provision is made for mending, by causing one groove to be cut deeper than the other, so that the glass may be " slipped in from one side, and puttied into its exact place. A similar pro- " vision is made for mending the roof glass." As whatever lateral force the wind may exert upon the building will be The action of principally received by these sashes, it may not be inappropriate, in considering Tnd on'theTu'iid- them, to advert briefly to the general question of the action of wind upon the '"^* building. On the 15th of January, 1851, a meeting was held at the Society of Arts, at which Mr. Fox, one of the contractors for the building attended, to aflbrd the members of that Society an opportunity of asking any questions as to the general points of stability and durability, on which they might desire information. One of the questions proposed was, " What would be the effects of the wind How described by " on such an extensive surface as the building presented, and what means were ^' " taken to counteract them ?" and as Mr. Fox's reply embraced with remarkable clearness the principal facts connected with the argument, we shall give it at length. Mr. Fox replied that the building rested on 1,060 columns on the ground floor, and the most likely direction for the wind to have any injurious eflect on the building, must of course be in the direction of its greatest width, " which was 1,800 feet as compared with 400 in the opposite direction. These columns rested on cast-iron plates based upon concrete; and there was no possi- " bility of their rocking about without the base-plates being broken. Above these plates were sleepers, that carry the floor. They were 13 inches in depth, " and fitted accurately up against the two sides of the column, and running " transversely from one side of the building to the other; so that it would be " very difficult to conceive that one of these columns could be possibly upset *' until it was actually broken in two. And again, at the top the columns are " united together by cast-iron girders 3 feet deep, and four columns are framed together, very much as they would frame a table. Now to break the column, F " they must exert a force equal to tliat of twice the transverse strength of the ^' column. According to the experiments it was found that six tons was the bearing weight, and 12 tons the breaking weight of the columns in the centre. " Now, 1,060 columns multiplied by six tons, the bearing weight, was equal to " 6,360 tons; so that it would be necessary to exert a force equal to 6,360 tons, " at a height of 24 feet from the ground, before they would be able to blow down the building, and he was now treating of the building independently of its bracings. The greatest force of wind ever known had been computed at 22 lbs. " to the superficial foot. Taking 28 lbs. as the force, and assuming that they " could have a gust of wind which would strike the whole side of the building " from top to bottom at the same moment, the total force which could be brought *' against it would be from 1,400 to 1,500 tons. Now, they had got power to resist it of 6,360 tons, not taking into account the bracings and the other con- " structions and ofiices which were within the building, and which must of *' course add to its strength. The building had been tested in the late gale, when " Colonel Eeid ascertained that the force of the wind was 19ilbs., and it did " no harm whatever; and that was at a time when the roof was not on, and the " building was quite exposed," The ventilators. The ventilators, to which allusion has been made, and which are shown in fig. 15, fulfil an important ofl&ce in the building, acting as the organs of respiration to the whole body. The total surface of ventilation is nearly 50,000 superficial feet, and the whole has been so arranged, that, by the application of one man's strength, at about 90 difierent points, the whole may be opened, closed, or set and secured at any desired angle, simultaneously. The venti- lators themselves consist of gal- vanized iron blades of an S form, 6i- inches wide, fixed on pivots at 6 inches from centre to centre. Of these there are eight in the wooden frame inserted between the columns and the sill on the ground floor, and six in those which surmount the sash-frames on the two upper stories. The section of the blade is of a novel form, and is calculated, when open, to afibrd the minimum interruption to the passage of the air, compatible with being weather-tight at all times. To each blade, in the centre of its length, are attached small iron brackets furnished with eyes, through which pins are inserted ; which pins are secured in a species of wooden rack. These racks are connected with cranks attached to iron rods, to which a movement of torsion is conveyed by screws and powerful levers. A moderate exertion of the strength of one man applied to one of these levers, sufiices to regulate, with facility, no less than 600 feet superficial of ventilation. The decoration. Hitherto the building has been considered only in a structural point of view. The vivacity of any impression it may convey to the casual visitor will, however, probably depend more strongly on the system of decoration which it has received from Mr. OwEN Jones than on any of the constructional details we have been describing. That gentleman, whose studies in Egypt and in the East generally, in Spain, and in other countries of Europe, had quaHfied him for the task, was enabled at an early stage in the progress of the building, to foresee the effect of the combination in perspective of its various lines. Serious apprehensions were at first entertained as to the propriety of the application of colour, usually devoted to the decoration of extended surfaces, to what were asserted to be lines only. Mr. Jones was, however, enabled to estimate how far the merging in distance of those lines would give them the appearance of surfaces, and the three tints of blue, red, and yellow have been distributed by him over the columns and girders, so that as the surfaces blended in perspective, each column has allied itself in colour with its fellow column, each vertical face of girder with the vertical faces of its fellow girders, and each sofiite, or underside, with its fellow soffites. Breadth and distinctness were given to the enunciation of each colour. The light of the sky appearing through the interstices of the roof, the principal portions of which have been tinted of a delicate blue, unites with the colour, giving it at once air and brilliancy. The effect of this mode of treatment has been to add considerably to the apparent elevation of the building. By varying the colours of the vertical and of the horizontal lines, and retaining each uni- formly, the eye is enabled to detect, at even the greatest distance, the direction and position of every part of the construction, and thus the otherwise endless confusion of the complexity of lines, is reduced to order and simplicity. Although a provision for the gratification of the intellectual tastes of the Tlie refreshment visitor has been the main object in the formation of the Exhibition Building, ministering to his more ordinary appetites has not been lost sight of Commo- dious refreshment rooms, with the accompaniments usually connected with them at large railway stations, have been provided around the trees at the northern extremity of the transept, and adjoining open courts towards the eastern and western extremities of the buildings, where the presence of the trees dictated their location. The official business connected with the conduct of the Exhibition rendered The offices, necessary the employment of a large staff of clerks, &c., for whom, and for the juries, &c,, a considerable extent of accommodation has been provided in offices placed on each side of the southern entrance. We have supposed our visitor to enter on the south side; admittance may. The entrances however, be also gained at the eastern and western ends, where similar vestibules, 72 feet by 48 feet, afford accommodation for turnstiles, check-takers, &c. Dis- posed at nearly equal distances from one another, on the four sides of the structure, are 15 exits, by passing through either of which the building may be quitted. In issuing from its precincts the visitor will pass through the spates of an iron The exterior of ... . . . the buihlin". railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones. Retreating to some distance, he will be enabled to take in a general impression of the whole building, as shown in fig. 16. From the north-west angle the most picturesque view is to be obtained, and from that position may be best appreciated the grand effect produced by Mr. Paxton's happy idea of raising the semi-cylindrical vault of the transept roof, above the tiers of terraces which extend on either side of it. For much of the grace of proportion and beauty of form, which from this point of view the visitor cannot fail to notice, the building is indebted to Mr. Bakry. Upon the form and distri- bution of the arches and filling-in frames, as well as of the columns, the sug- gestions of that gentleman exercised a happy influence. F 2 The details of an 8-feet bay of elevation. The spaces en- closed at eastern and western ends, The boiler-house. In fig. 17 we have given a view of a bay of the building, 8 feet in width; and from that and the other illustrations a tolerably correct idea may be formed of the nature of its external construction. At the east and west ends considerable spaces have been enclosed, for the purpose of affording accommodation for large objects, the weight or dimensions of which precluded their admittance into the building. At about 155 feet from the north-west angle, a structure, 96 feet by 24 feet, has been erected for the purpose of containing the boilers for generating steam, to be supplied to give motion to the various machines requiring to be exhibited Fig. 17. The water supply. Conclusion of Part I. of sub- jects—" The building as it stands." Commencement of Part II.-" Its creation." Arrangements subsequently to acceptance of tender. in operation. The external appearance of this building precisely corresponds with that of a portion of the main edifice of similar dimensions. It contains five boilers, equal to 150-horse power, and a large tank, serving as a balance-head to the water- supply. This supply consists of a 6-inch main, entirely surrounding the building; upon it, at intervals of about 240 feet, are placed fire-cocks ; and at different points in its circuit 16 4-inch branch-pipes enter the building, and lead so far into the in- terior, that fire-cocks placed upon their ends are so situated that circles of 120 feet radius drawn from each of them would inter- sect one another. The mains running on the north and south sides of the building are connected across the transept by a 5-inch main, from which, near the centre of the building, pipes diverge, leading east and west, for the supply of the various fountains placed upon the central line of the nave. Having endeavoured to convey some gene- ral idea of the nature of the building as it at present stands, it may be desirable to trace the successive steps by which it has grown into the form it now assumes. When it is remembered tliat the tender for its construction was not accepted by the Eoyal Commissioners until the 26th of July^ 1850, that possession of the site was only obtained on the 30th of the same month, and that the first column was fixed on the 26th of September, it will be manifest that into the intervening period must have been crowded arrangements, which, under ordinary circum- stances, would have required at least double that period for their completion. Details of construction had to be settled, elaborate calculations as to the strength and proportions of the several constituent parts to be made, machines for econo- mising labour to be devised, contracts for the supply of materials to be entered into, and thousands of hands set actually to work. How unintermitting since that period the labour must have been is testified by the fact, that the opening of the Exhibition takes place on the 1st of May, the day originally appointed. On the ground being given up to the contractors, the first work undertaken Hoarding com- was the construction of a hoarding to inclose the whole area of the site. This being given up to ^ ^ _ , . contractors. hoarding was formed by the insertion into the ground, in pairs, of the timbers ultimately to be used as joists. Between each pair of uprights were slipped the ends of boards, ultimately to be used as floor-boards; and these were secured by attaching together the two ends of the joists extending above them. Thus the expense of the hire of waste boarding was avoided; the timber composing the hoarding was completely uninjured; and the celerity with which the whole area was surrounded was truly remarkable. : The task of setting out the plan of the building was intrusted to Mr. Brounger ; The setting out. and the extreme accuracy with which the situation of every column was fixed, and the adjustment of every level was performed, reflects credit upon that gentleman. In order that the measurement of 24 feet, upon which the accuracy of How proceeded the whole plan depended, might be indicated with extreme precision, poles of thoroughly-seasoned pine were fitted with gun-metal cheeks, or small pro- jecting plates, the ends of the poles extending a few inches beyond the cheeks. The measurements were taken by laying one pole on the other, so that the inner edges of the gun-metal cheeks, set at precisely 24 feet from one another, might be brought into contact. Thus the danger of any error, arising from the ends of the poles becoming damaged in use, was avoided. Stakes having been driven into the ground to indicate approximately the position of the colmnns, their precise centres were ascertained by the use of the theodolite, and marked by driving a nail into each stake at the exact point. When it became necessary to remove these stakes, in order to dig out holes for the concrete foundations, an ingenious method was resorted to, for at any time identifying the position occu- pied by the nail which had been removed. To effect this a right-angled triangle was framed in deal, at the two ends of which saw-cuts were made. Previous to the removal of the stake, the apex of the triangle was set to the nail indicating the situation of the centre of the column. Two other stakes were then driven beneath the saw-cuts, and two nails driven in at the ends of the saw-cuts. The wooden triangle being then removed, the centre stake was withdrawn, the hole made, and the concrete thrown in. The height of the surface of the mortar, varying with almost every column, was regulated by pegs driven to the correct level under the direction of Mr. Brounger. Another triangle of a somewhat similar character to, and having saw-cuts in the same position as, the one already described, having two of its angles adjusted to the two stakes remaining in the ground, determined the exact position in which the base-plates had to be fixed. As every casting was delivered on the ground, it received a careful examma- Castings ex- tion, and an immediate coat of paint. The girders, upon the perfect soundness gWers proted- of which the stability of the galleries and roof mainly depended, were subjected to a rigorous test, in a machine arranged for the purpose by Mr. Charles Heard Wild. One of Mr. Henderson's patent cranes was so placed, that, on a waggon containing girders being brought beneath its range, a girder was lifted from the waggon, and deposited upon a weighing apparatus. An account having been taken of its weight, the girder was again lifted by the crane, and carried forward to an extremely strong frame, the two ends of which corresponded in form and dimensions to the connecting pieces with their projections. The girder being securely confined in these clutches, a force was exerted upon it at the two points upon which the weight of the floors and roofing would have to be carried, that is Tlie columns and girders, how raised, steadied, to say, immediately over its vertical lines. The force thus communicated was applied by two pistons, forced upwards by a modification of Bramah's hydraulic press; the principle of which, it will be remembered, depends upon the power gained by forcing water (by means of a small piston) into a strong cylinder in which a larger piston works; the power being increased in the proportion borne by the area of the piston to be raised to the area of the small piston. A registering- apparatus affixed to the pipe leading from the force-pump to the testing-machine, afforded the means of adjusting the pressure exercised by the hydraulic press. A careful observation of this apparatus conveyed the assurance, that every girder, according to its ultimate destination, was proved to a strain of either 9, 15, or 22 tons. After testing, the girder was released from its confinement, again raised by the crane, and stacked in a convenient place ready for removal. So admirably were the various arrangements made for conducting these operations, that it was possible for a girder to be lifted from its waggon, weighed, secured in the testing-machine, proved, released, again raised, and finally deposited, in less than four minutes. In order to elevate the columns to their places, what is known in technical language as a pair of shear-legs was employed. This simple apparatus consists of two poles lashed together at their heads, and maintained in a steady position by ropes extending, from the apex of the triangle formed by the base-line of the ground, and the inclination of the poles, to one another, to stakes driven into the ground at a considerable distance. From the apex of the triangle a series of ropes passing 6ver pulleys were suspended perpendicularly; and, by means of this fall," the majority of the columns, girders, and other heavy portions of the construction, were elevated to their places. The operation of raising girders is shown in the Fig. 18. view, fig. 18, but on so small a scale as to convey only an imperfect idea of its detail. Modifications of the simple apparatus described sufficed to hoist almost every part of the necessary iron-work. A connecting-piece was at- tached to each column previous to its elevation; and so soon as two columns with their connecting- pieces were fixed, a girder was run up, slipped be- tween the projections of the connecting-pieces, and secured in its place. An opposite pair of columns having been similarly ele- vated, another girder was attached to them; and thus two sides of a square were formed, and main- tained in a vertical posi- tion by poles acting as supports to them. Two other girders being then hoisted, and slipped between the connecting-pieces on the remaining two sides of the square, a perfect table was constructed. The " shores " or supports were then removed, together with the shear-legs, and the whole apparatus was at liberty, for the purpose of recommencing a similar operation in an adjoining 24-feet bay. When a sufficient number of these bays had been completed, startino^ from the 'l^le second and \ ^ ^ third stories com- intersection of the nave and transept, to warrant the addition, the hoisting of the menced witiiout ■I- ' . scallolding—liow, columns for the first floor was commenced; more lofty shear-legs being of course employed. The extension of the ground-floor structure proceeding, as that of the first floor was carried on, a base was in turn afibrded for the columns of the third tier; and thus the iron frame work of the whole building rose from the ground, firm and secure, without involving the necessity of any scaflblding whatever. While these operations of actual structure were beins^ carried on, under the 'J'he preparation • T n HT T T in • of the other wrol immediate superintendence oi Mr. John Cochrane, the work of preparation was yet more vigorously pushed. The manufacture of the Paxton gutters, and the application of machinery to their formation, is so interesting, as to warrant a somewhat lengthened notice. In the year 1837, when Mr. Paxton commenced the construction of the Thegutter- 1 T 1 • making machin? Onatsworth conservatory, m which similar gutters were employed, machinery had not been brought to bear upon their construction. By the use of a con- trivance, the details of which were arranged by Mr. CowPER, a gentleman in the employment of Messrs. Fox and Henderson, a total length of upwards of 2,000 feet per day has been turned out, for many successive days. The pieces of timber destined to form the gutters are sawn into lengths of 24 feet, 6 inches deep, and 5 inches thick. Three of these pieces are fixed on the frame of a planing-machine, and by it are worked true and square. In figures 19, 20, 21, and 22 are given representations of the details of the gutter-making machine, erected at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's workshops, near the Thames, at Chelsea. Fig. 19 is a side view of a block of cast-iron, to which Fig.i9. steel cutters (AAAA) are attached by bolts and nuts ^ kA (BBBB). Four blocks, of similar construction, are fixed to four spindles, and by the action of drums on ^ ' '^q^ the same spindles, set in motion by bands moved by a / steam-engine of 20-horse power, the blocks are made ^ ' to revolve with extreme rapidity. Any piece of ^^^^ ^ / /^'^ timber exposed to the action of these cutters, must mL^^^^^^^^ obviously be scooped out into the form of the outline | ^WMMmi^^M^^ of the cutters attached to each block. By modifying ^ the form of the cutters almost any variety of section can be given to the timbers brought into contact with them. In the present case, the four sections A, B, C, and D (fig. 21), represent the successive action of the four sets of cutters lettered to correspond with them (on fig. 20), by means of which the larger cavity for the rain water, and the two smaller channels for the condensed water, are formed. The part removed by each set of cutters is shown by the hatched lines. Fig. 22 represents a plan of the machine, looking down from above upon the gutters, the gutter being removed in order to show the action of the cutters more clearly. The operation may be explained as follows:—The piece of timber, properly its mode of squared, is placed upon the roller marked E, it is then pushed on until it comes in contact with the roller marked F, the projecting points on which so far seize it as to propel it forward to meet the rapidly revolving set of cutters marked A. Passing onwards to B, it is subjected to a second action. By C a third operation is performed, and in passing through D, a perfect form is given to the piece of timber. Thus, while, the end beyond D presents the perfect section of a Fig. 20. The Paxton gutters—how completed for use on the ground. finished gutter, the other end;, which has not yet passed the set of cutters at A, remains in its original square form. In fig. 22, a vertical section is given, exhi- Fig. 22. biting the precise angle at which the cast-iron blocks are made to revolve, and the cutters to clear away the timber before them. 0 shows the section of the gutter acted on by the cutters, N the holdfast by which the gutter is kept in its place during the operation. By the use of this machine three feet of gutter can be made per minute, and, working night and day at this rate, the whole quantity required was completed in two months. Th^ Paxton gutters, thus prepared, were delivered on the ground, and after having been carefully examined, and the defective ones removed, they were con- veyed to other machines {vide fig. 23), fixed upon the ground, by means of which they were finished ready for use. A large circular saw, the spindle of which could be raised or depressed by the action of a lever, had fixed in the centre of one of its sides two gouges, adapted to produce, by rapid revolution, a semicircular groove. A frame, the exact length of the gutters, was fixed at right angles to the plane of tliis saw. In the centre of this frame a species of chair was constructed, capable of turning round, and a shoe was fixed at the extremity of the frame farthest from the saw. The end of a gutter about 24 feet long was thrust into this shoe, and its middle supported by the chair already mentioned. The end nearest to the saw was then pressed down, and secured by an iron strap. Thus retained in position, it was necessarily bent to precisely that camber arranged to be ultimately given to it by suspension-rods and struts. The circular saw, revolving rapidly, was then made to descend until its edge came in contact with the end of the gutter, which it cut to the precise length required, and at exactly the right angle. The axis of the circular saw was then still further lowered down, •until the gouges fixed on its side cut their way through the gutter, making a semicircular groove through its depth. One end being thus scooped out, the gutter was released from its position, turned round, and secured in a contrary direction in the shoe at the opposite extremity of the sup- porting frame. The other end of the gutter, thus presented in its turn to the saw, was then subjected to a similar process, after which it was removed, perfectly ready for the at- tachment of its iron bowstring. A machine of somewhat similar construction (though much simpler) to that by which the Paxton gutters were made, brought the ridges to their proper lorm. In the course of numerous experiments which Mr. Paxton had commenced as The sash-bars, early as the year 1828, the great necessity for providing some machine by which improvements in a quantity of sash-bars might be speedily and economically cut, was forcibly of, generally, impressed upon his mind. In the p'aper we have already quoted, Mr. Paxton thus describes the origin of machines of this description:—" In 1837 the foundations " of the great conservatory (at Chatsworth) were commenced; and in constructing " so great a building, it was found desirable to contrive some means for abridging " the great amount of manual labour that would be required in making the " immense number of sash-bars requisite for the purpose. Accordingly, I visited '' all the great workshops of London, Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if any- " thing had been invented that would afford the facilities I required. The only " apparatus met with was a grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with " a steam-engine at Chatsworth, and which was subsequently so improved as to " make the sash-bar complete. For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, " 1841, awarded me a medal, and this machine is the type from which all the " sash-bar machines found in use throughout the country to the present time are " taken. As the conservatory was erected under my own immediate superin- tendence, I am able to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine. " It has, in regard to that building alone, saved in expenses 1,400Z. The length of each of the bars of the conservatory is 48 inches, only one inch shorter than those Fig. 23. The ridges. " of the Exhibition Building. The machine was first used in its present form in " August, 1838, and its original cost, including table, wheels, and everything com- " plete, was 201. The motive power is from a steam-engine employed on the " premises for other purposes, and any well-seasoned timber may be used. The " attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the expense of the power " required for it when in use is comparatively trifling. The sash-bars may be " made of any form, by changing the character of the saws. There is one par- " ticular feature in working the machine, namely, that the bars are presented to " the saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it, as is usual; and to the sides of the saw which are ascending from the table, instead of those which are " descending. These arrangements were necessary to suit the arrangement of the " teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars were presented to the saws " in the usual way, the wood was crushed, instead of being cut and cleaned. It is " essential that the machine should revolve 1,200 times in a minute to finish the " work in a proper manner." Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Sash-bar machine YIq gj^all uow procccd to dcscribc the modification of this machine, which is used for the ^ ^ , _ ' building. (Jue to the inventive powers of Mr. BiRCH, of the Phoenix saw mills, near Cum- berland-market, Eegent's Park, with whom a contract was entered into by Messrs. Fox and Henderson for the supply of all the sash-bars for the roof, the upright bars for the vertical lights, and the ridges. Two of the principal points of difference between Mr. Birch's machine and that described by Mr. Paxton are, that revolving cutters are substituted for saws, thus obviating diffi- culties incident to the grain of the wood; and that, by the addition of a second set of cutters, a plank passed between them is operated upon on its upper and under surfaces at the same time. In fig. 25 is shown a cast-iron block (somewhat si«nilar to those previously described in connection with the gutter-cutting machine), to which are attached a variety of cutters. The rapid revolutions of the spindle (A fig. 26) operate upon the planks submitted to the action of the cutters, in the manner shown in fig. 28. So soon as the plank, presented by the feed-roller, has been operated upon by the rapid revolution of these miniature adzes, it is carried on by the roller C, and is subjected to the action of circular saws of varying diameters, the lesser of which cut just sufficiently deep to form the groove for the glass, while the larger pass completely through the plank, and divide it into four finished sash-bars. In figs. 24 and 28 is represented the mode in which the sash- bars for the vertical lights are made, the hatched lines indicating the parts removed; and in fig. 27, the way is shown in which the sash-bars for the roof have been cut. Modifications in the cutters affixed to the spindle A, fig. 26, produce the variation in form. As delivered at the building;, the sash-bars were cut approximately only to The sash-bars— , . - T , . T , ? . , , J J how finishetl on then' length, and m order that it might not be necessary to execute any carpen- tiie ground, tering operation on the roof, it was requisite that they should be adjusted on the ground, ready for fixing. An arrangement of circular saws, set at the angles requisite to cut the ends of the sash-bars to accord with the pitch at which they would have to be presented for attachment to the ridges, served at once to cut a large number passed between them to a perfectly uniform length, and to form the necessary rebate for notching down upon the gutter edges. To ensure the gimlet-holes necessary for nailing down the sash-bars being made with perfect regularity, a row of five gouges were set in motion by a band from an adjacent steam-engine, passing over a series of drums. The sash-bars, placed at a proper angle to them, were moved along by boys, in the manner shown in fig. 29, and presented to the points of the gouges, by the rapid revolu- tion of* which the necessary nail-holes were pierced. Fig. 29. It yet remained to paint these sash-bars, and even tor that purpose the inge- The machine^^^ nuity of Messrs. Fox and Henderson provided mechanical assistance. A number sash-tars, of brushes were arranged in a frame, at right angles to one another, in such a manner that their bristles would just admit of the passage between them of a sash- bar. In a trough filled with colour a number of sash-bars were immersed, and one of them being lifted from it, loaded with colour, and presented to an aperture at one end of the series of brushes, it was passed through them to a corresponding aperture at the other end; by which process the whole of the superfluous paint was removed, and the sash-bar drawn out as neatly painted as it could have been by the workman's hand. This machine is represented in use in fig. 30. Morticing ma- chine employed. The making of the glass. To facilitate the putting together of the sash-frames and sash-bars, considerable use was made of a machine for making mortices and tenons, patented by Messrs. FuRNESS & Co,, of Liverpool While these various machines were busily operating in the preparation of the necessary framework to receive the glass, Messrs. Chance Brothers & Co., of Smethwick, near Birmingham, to whom the contract for its supply had been com- mitted, were not less actively employed. The large size of the sheets required (4 feet 1 inch by 10 inches), and the extraordinarily short time within which the Fig. 30. I!* Progress made in framing roof trusses : by means of drilling, punch- ing, and cutting, machines: immense quantity necessary had to be supplied, demanded the employment of numerous additional hands, and workmen had to be sought for from abroad to assist in the completion of the order within the requisite time. The mode of manufac- turing the description of glass employed is a great improvement on the old system of crown-glass making ; as by it the variation of the substance occasioned by the thickness of the glass, as it approaches the bull's-eye, is completely avoided. In the manufacture of sheet glass, the workman, having taken up a lump of glass on the end of his pipe, alternately blows, swings his ball of glass to and fro, and rolls it upon a metal table until it assumes the form of a long cylinder; the ends being then taken oif, and the cylinder cut in the direction of its length, the sheet of glass falls down, is flattened to a perfectly true face, and is then trimmed off and finished. During the preparation of the materials necessary to commence the construc- tion of the Paxton roofing, active progress had been made in the framing of the wrought-iron trusses requisite to span the central 72-feet nave, and the 48-feet avenues on each side of it. A steam-engine of 6-horse power gave motion to drilling, punching, and cutting machines, represented in figs. 31 and 32. By means of these, the necessary pieces of bar-iron were adjusted to their requisite lengths. The holes for rivetting having been marked upon them with templates, were punched out, and any larger perforations necessary for extra-sized rivets, drilled. The various parts, thus prepared for combination, were then arranged upon platforms, and the holes in the various portions being made to correspond, the operation of rivetting was gone through. A row of temporary forges was By rivetting up. constructed by the side of the platforms, and the red-hot rivets taken from them were passed through the holes, and hammered by the workmen into their requisite forms. While these active preparations for the construction of the roofing were in pro- The rate of deii- \ . „ ,.. PI IT ^^^y columns, gress, the daily supplies of castmgs of every description were ol the most abundant &c. nature; no less than 316 girders having been cast and supplied in one week. As fast as the columns came upon the ground, they were taken to their places and immediately fixed. Up to the 20th of September 77 columns had been supplied. Figs. 31 and 32. By the week ending the 25th of October, the average number fixed per week amounted to nearly 200, and that rate of supply was continued for several subse- quent weeks. The attention ol the contractors was next directed to the formation of the Tiie formation of the transept ribs. transept ribs. The choicest timber was selected for that purpose, and under the careful superintendance of Mr. Fowler, their form was set out upon a platform erected for the purpose, and the timbers for the first rib laid down. When the rib thus commenced was completed, it was made to serve as a template for the construction of a second; and thus one was fitted upon the others, until the pile had accumulated to four. Three of these having been then laid down in other places, the remainder were constructed upon them in a similar manner. As the preparations for putting together the main structure advanced, it was The progress of requisite to form the necessary wooden columns, sashes, matched and beaded jSvTork" generally. The increasing intensity of the work evidenced by- The number of hands employed. Raising of the 7a and 48-feet trusses; Facilities for the above. Tlie beginning of December the time of the climax of activity. Framing together of the transept ribs preparatory to raising. boarding, louvre frames, &c., for the external enclosures. The vertical sashbars, cut at the Phoenix saw-mills, were delivered by Mr. Birch in large quantities. Sash-frames, also cut at the same mills, were supplied, and these were fitted toge- ther by the contractor's carpenters, whose time and labour in forming mortices and tenons was much economised by the employment of the machine before alluded to, patented by Messrs. FuRNESS & Co. As supplies of the smaller castings necessary to complete the various portions of the structure poured in, the work of erection and putting together proceeded with wonderful rapidity. The progressive increase in the number of hands employed affords a tolerable indication of the increasing intensity of the work: — 1850. In the week ending Sept. 6, 39 men were employed. Oct. 4, 419 Nov. 1, 1,476 Dec. 6, 2,260 1851. Jan. 3, 2,112 and from that time, until within a month of the opening of the Exhibition, the average number has rarely fallen below 2,000. The task of raising to their places the 48 and 72-feet trusses, was accomplished with great facility in the following manner:—A single mast was maintained in a vertical position by ropes, similar to those described as steadying the shear-legs used for hoisting the girders. From the summit of this mast descended other ropes, with blocks and pulleys, for the purpose of gaining power in lifting. What is called a leading or guide-block, having been attached to the bottom of the mast, a rope passing through it was connected with a yoke drawn by a horse. The mast having been placed close alongside the line in which the roof-trusses had to be fixed, and one end of a rope secured to the truss, the draught of the horse caused the truss to ascend to the necessary height, being steadied in its ascent by other ropes secured to its two ends. When the truss thus hoisted was fixed in its resting place, the mast was moved along a plank by means of crow-bars, being maintained in a perpendicular posi- tion by the alternate slackening and tightening of the cords extending from its head to stakes driven into the grounds Having thus been moved 24 feet, it was ready for the operation of a second hoisting. Two of these great masts, fixed on each side of the transept, were used daily, and in one day as many as seven of the great 72-feet trusses have been raised to their proper position and secured, the apparatus for elevating them having travelled in a vertical position no less than 168 feet. Towards the beginning of December the climax of activity was arrived at, and the most trying operation in the whole construction of the building commenced, namely, the hoisting of the main ribs for the great transept roof The easiest and at the same time the most secure method of proceeding, with respect to the conduct of this operation, had for some time occupied the attention of the con- tractors. An ingenious suggestion, made to them by Mr. Wilbee, one of their foremen, was at once adopted, and, with certain modifications, it was promptly carried out. The floor for the lead flat was already completed, so that an admirable stage was prepared upon which to make the necessary arrangements. The ends of the column into which it was designed to drop the ends of the ribs, rose about four feet above the level of the lead flat, and on tlie tops of those columns timbers were laid, forming landing stages or tram-ways, to receive the ribs when hoisted. It was of course necessary to raise the ribs sufficiently high above the lead flat to enable their ends to descend upon the tram-ways. To effect this it was determined that two ribs should be placed on end, at a distance of 24 feet from each other, and framed together with purlins and diagonal ties, exactly as they would have to be framed in their finished state. Two complete sets of additional temporary ties were further introduced, to provide for the strain to which the ribs would neces- sarily be exposed from their altered position in the act of hoisting. The feet of the ribs were securely attached to stout pieces of timber, to afford the means of safely attaching the cords by which they were to be raised. Thus framed together, the ribs were moved on rollers to the centre of the square formed by the inter- section of the nave and transept. On the extra strong trusses which have been described as spanning the nave Provisions for at this point, two pairs of shear-legs were fixed at 24 feet from one another, and secured by ropes connecting them with distant portions of the building. These hoisting shears consisted of two legs on each side of the transept, each leg being formed of three stout scaffold poles lashed together at the top, and footed on planks laid across the lead flat. The heads of these shear-legs inclining slightly forwards, had connected with them blocks and pulleys from which descended ropes, attached to the four ends of the two ribs. The hoisting ropes connected with the sets of pulleys passed down from the shears to leading blocks, attached to the four columns at the angles of the intersection of the nave and transept. From these guide blocks they were led off" diagonally to four powerful crabs, so arranged that the gangs of men employed at each were placed opposite the end of the rib acted upon by the crab they worked; and thus the foreman of each gang was enabled so to regulate the exertions of his men as to make them correspond with those of the remaining gangs, and to maintain the two ends on each side in a perfectly horizontal plane. As the diameter of the semicircular ribs exceeded the width of the transept by Raising, their own thickness, it became necessary, in order that they might pass between the trusses, to commence by raising two of their ends to a considerable height from the ground; and to maintain their diameter at the same angle of inclination until they were hoisted above the columns into which they had to drop. On raising them to a height of about 65 feet from the ground, the highest ends were drawn in a horizontal direction, so as to hang over a portion of the lead flats, and thus room was left to allow the other ends to be lifted to a corresponding height on the opposite side. The ribs were shifted slightly in a horizontal direction until the ends came over the columns, they were then lowered down upon rollers placed upon the tram-ways above mentioned, and by means of these rollers the ribs were moved along to the furthest end of the transept. The place in the centre of the building occupied by the ribs thus hoisted was immediately taken by another pair, which were similarly connected, raised, and moved to within 24 feet of the first pair. When the whole of the ribs were thus elevated to their places, the spaces when raised, how between them were filled up with the necessary intermediate ribs and connections; ^ and thus the whole roof was framed together complete. The raising of the main ribs commenced on the 4th of December, and the Time occupied in whole sixteen were fixed in one week. It occupied about an hour to raise a pair of ribs from the ground to the level of the lead flat, buf the previous prepara- and number of tioHS involved a mucli longer space of time. Eleven men worked at each crab, men required. ox. and about 16 were employed on the lead flat, to guide the ribs in their ascent, and see to the safe condition of the shear-legs and tackle. Considering the anxious nature of this performance, it must be regarded as a most gratifying circumstance, that the whole operation was accomplished without any untoward occurrence. Glazing the ^ No sooucr had the skeleton of the transept-roof been completed, than the work of glazing commenced. For a considerable portion of the height of the curve, ladders and temporary scaffolds enabled the workmen to proceed with their labours; but in order to complete the upper part an ingenious box was con- structed, moving on wheels in the line of the gutters. This box was lowered down from the lead-flat at the summit to any portion of the roof. Glazing tiie nave The glaziug of the uavc roof presented formidable difficulties, from the great extent of work to be got through in so short a space of time. The ingenuity ol the contractors was, however, brought to bear upon the subject, and provisions were made by them for the simultaneous glazing of large areas, entirely indepen- construction of dcut of Variations of weather. 76 machines were constructed, each capable of machines; accommodatiug two glazicrs; these machines consisted of a stage of deal about 8 feet square, with an opening in its centre sufficiently large to admit of boxes of glass, and supplies of sash-bars, putty, &c., being hoisted through it. The stage rested on four small wheels, travelling in the Paxton gutters, and spanned a width consisting of one ridge and two sloping sides. In bad weather the workmen were covered by an awning of canvas, stretched over hoops for their protection. How used. In working, the men sat at the end of the platform next to whatever work had been last done; from which they pushed the stage backward sufficiently far to allow them to insert a pane of glass, and as soon as that was completed they moved again far enough to allow of the insertion of another. In this manner each stage travelled uninterruptedly from the transept to the east and west ends of the building. The dexterity acquired by the men in working the machines Quantity of work was vcry remarkable. By means of them 80 men in one week put in upwards of 18,000 panes of glass, being not less than 62,600 feet superficial. The greatest number of panes inserted by a man in one day was 108, being 367 feet 6 inches of glazing. A somewhat similar machine has been constructed for the purpose of effecting any repairs that may be necessary in the finished roof, with the differ- ence that its wheels travel upon the ridges instead of in the gutters, and that of course there is no aperture for the purpose of hoisting. Rapid supply of Taki'ug iuto account the innumerable quantity of small castings requisite, and small castings. extreme rapidity with which they had to be supplied, tlifeir quality and clean- ness is truly remarkable; and the fact of their having all issued from one foundry, that of the contractors at Smethwick, proves the great facility with which w^ork of that nature can be executed in England. Celerity with Among the later operations connected with the completion of the work, the ing of the nave most remarkable for the celerity with which it was conducted, was the ornamental roof was executed, p^'^^'j^g q£ navc roof. Irou straps^ attached to the trusses, supported a number of scaffold poles, on which a perfect cloud of boards was laid, and as many as between 400 and 500 painters, by these means, worked their way, with extreme rapidity, from one end of the building to the other. The magnitude of this great building elevated into serious undertakings matters Tjie^appi«^aUon which, under ordinary circumstances, are accounted little more than trifles, make the^gaiiery Hence machinery was applied to the formation of the entire length of hand-rail required for the galleries. In fig. 33 is represented a set of cutters (A fig. 33), by exposure to the rapid revolution of which, roughly-shaped strips of mahogany were instantaneously converted into smooth and cleanly rounded hand-rails (B fig. 33). A little sand-paper and French-polish sufiiced to bring them to their present excellent condition. Fig. 33. In summing up the description of any great engineering undertaking, it is too J'^'^JJJ'^'^yj^ often a painful task to have to record the loss of life so frequently involved. Considering the difficulties of construction, the necessary perils to which the workmen were exposed, and their habitual imprudence, arising, partly, from real indifierence to danger, and partly from bravado, it has been a source of congratu- lation that, in the performance of tliis contract, but very few accidents have occurred, and those, with two or three exceptions, of a slight nature. Having now brought to a close our description of the building as it exists, and Conclusion, of the processes by which its existence has been developed, it remains only to reiterate our conviction that the courage, energy, and strength represented by its construction should be regarded by every Englishman with emotions conducive to some yet higher manifestation of national capability; and at the same time to express a hope that the products of British industry (of which the building is but the shrine), may display, in a yet higher degree and in a yet more tangible and varied form, the sources of Commercial Power, so many indications of which it has been our happy privilege to trace in the edifice itself. M. DiGBY Wyatt. G SCIENTIFIC EEVISIOi^ AND PEEPARATION OF THE CATALOGUE. Peculiar circum The circumstaiices under which this work is published appear to call for some stances ot pro- ^ , , ^ -. . . . -, auction of Cata- obscrvations upon the method of its production. From the fact that it is without a precedent in the annals of literature, it follows that its preparation and pub- lication have been attended with peculiar, because unforeseen, difficulties. All those obstacles in the way of its completion which would necessarily develop themselves from the remarkable manner in which its contents have been created, and from the want of a guiding experience in the publication of works of this nature, have been contended with in its progress to a perfect state. The follow- ing may be considered as an outline of the manner in which the materials for the construction of this volume were collected, and of the system adopted to reduce them to a definite form, and as far as possible to a certain degree of consistency of expression and of harmony of proportion. It is not the least remarkable fact in connection with the Great Exhibition, Exhibitors the that the Catalogue may be really regarded as the production of many thousands ol' authors,—represented by exhibitors themselves. By a decision of the Executive Committee, every exhibitor was required, prior to the reception of liis articles at the Building, to have filled up a certain printed form, containing a description of his productions in the English language, accompanied with such general observ- ations as might be suggested by the peculiar character of the things described and intended for exhibition. These forms, which were to be to the Catalogue what the MS. of an author is to his proposed work, were framed Avith care, and were accompanied with instructions for filling them up, which suggested those points on which interesting or important information might be supplied, together with the descriptive account. There were four varieties, each appropriated to one of the four great sections of Raw Materials, Machinery, Manufactures, and Fine Arts. The essential characters of these forms were similar in each section, but the instructions for filling them up differed necessarily with the peculiar difierences suggested by each section. The subjoined form represents that used in sending in descriptions of machinery, and is a type of those used in the other sections: — Catalogue form. -List of Articles of MACHINERY to be exhibited by Exhibitor's Surname. Christian ISTame. Country. ^Address, stating nearest Post Town. Capacity in wliich the Exhibitor appears, whether as Producer, Importer, Manufacturer, Designer, Inventor, or Proprietor. No. of Articles. DESCRlPTfONS. Rules fur com- pilinjj forms for In order to facilitate tlieir classification on being returned by exhibitors, the classification of tliG forrns forms in the four different sections were printed in black, blue, red, and yellow, the latter applying to sculpture and fine art, the former to raw materials, and the intermediate ones respectively to machinery and manufactures. Every exhibitor was required to send in one of these forms, accompanied with a duplicate in every respect similar to it, and in so doing was supplied with a " receipt for catalogue forms," which was a guarantee for the reception of his goods into the Building. A very large number of these forms were printed and supplied to Local Committees, and to all exhibitors who applied for them. The instructions for filling them up were as follows :— Rules for Compiling the Catalogue. The Executive Committee are desirous of impressing upon Exhibitors that the formation of the Catalogue which, however great may he its hulk, must necessarily be compiled and printed in a very short time, will be much facilitated, if Exhibitors will have the kindness to follow the rules hereinafter xjrescribed when they furnish the descriptions of the Articles as they wish them 10 appear in the Catalogue. 1. Every Exhibitor should write the description of every Article or series of Articles he exhibits, on paper of the same size as the present page (namely, about 13 inches by 8 inches). The paper must be written on one side only. There should be a margin of one inch at the left side of the page. 2. Should the description extend beyond a single page, each separate page must be marked with the Exhibitor's name, and numbered consecutively, both at the head and foot. 3. To prevent errors in compilation and misprinting, it is desirable the handwriting should be very clear, especial care being taken with all names and technical terms. 4. It is indispensable that each Exhibitor should furnish the following particulars, and in the exact order prescribed :— I Exhibitor's surname .... Christian name. II. ... . Country Address, stating the nearest Post Town. III Capacity in which the Exhibitor appears, whether as Producer, Importer, Manufacturer, Designer, Inventor, or Proprietor. IV. The name and description of every Article of importance or class of Articles exhibited ; each Article or Class beginning a separate paragraph, e. g.— a Specimens of dyed Cottons, &c. h Specimens of dyed Silks, &c. 5. It is necessary that the descriptions of the Articles should set forth, as far as may be practicable, the following particulars :— As respects Articles to be exhibited In Section 1. Raw Materials and Pro- cesses, the descriptions should specify— a The commercial name in English, French, and German. 6 The scientific name. c The place where obtained ; the name of the mines and period they have been worked, should be given with minerals. d The place where exported. e The uses. / The consumption. g The superior excellence of the particular Specimens. h In the case of processes, such as dyes, or prepared materials, such as mixed metals; it should be stated whether the Article is patented or not. The novelty and importance of the prepared product, and the superior skill and in- genuity manifested in the process of preparation should also be very briefly pointed out. i Where price is an element for considera- tion, the price at which the importer or producer can sell the Article. j Any pai-ticular features which the Exhi- bitor desires to be noticed by the Jury, In Section 2. Machinery, the descriptions Raw Materials should specify— and Machinery. a The uses. b The novelty, if any, in the invention, c Siiperiority of execution. d Increased efficiency or economy. e The importance of the Article in a social or other point of view. / The place where produced. g Whether the Article is patented or not. h Where price is an element for considera- tion, the price at which the producer can sell the Article, ^■ Any particular features which the Exhi- bitor desires to be noticed by the Jury. In Section 3. Manufactures, the descriptions Manufa'-turcs. should specify— a The uses. b The novelty. c Superiority of execution. d Improved forms or arrangements. e Increased efficiency or economy. / New use of known Materials. g Use of new Materials. h New combinations of Materials. i Importance of the Article in a social or other point of view. b The uses. c The novelty in design or treatment. d Superiority of execution. e New use of known Materials. / Use of new materials. g New combination of Materials. h Improvements in processes of production. i The place where the Article was made. j If the Article is repeated in quantities for trade, the price at which it is sold by the Producer should be stated. k Any particular features which the Exhi- bitor desires should be noticed by the Jury. j The place or places where manufactured. k Whether the Manufacture is patented; whether the design is registered. I Where price is an element for considera- tion, the price at which the importer or manufacturer can sell the Article. m Any particular features which the Exhi- bitor desires to be noticed by the Jury. Fine Arts. In SECTION 4. FiNE ArTS, MoDELS, SCULP- TURE, and Plastic Art^ the descriptions should specify— a The name of the Artist or Designer, if the same should not be the Exhibitor. 6. Exhibitors are required to make their descriptions brief, and to confine tliem as much as possible to facts. 7. Two Copies, in the English Language, of the Exhibitor's descriptions, both being precisely alike, must be furnished before the Articles can be permitted to enter the Building. If an Exhibitor's Articles are sent in several packages, the list should indicate the contents of each separate package. 8. Her Majesty's Commissioners have consented to allow Illustrations of Articles exhibited to be inserted in the large Catalogue, after approval by the Executive Committee. Exhibitors desirous to avail themselves of this privilege must communicate their intention of providing Illustrations. the Illustrations, and state their character, whether Engraving on Wood, on Steel, or Litho- graphy. Communications are to be addressed to the Executive Committee, at the Building for the Exhibition, Hyde Park, London, marked on the outside, " Catalogue." 9. Exhibitors who may desire that their names and the descriptions of their productions should appear in any French and German Editions of the Catalogue which may be authorized, are requested to furnish at the same time with the two English Copies, a French and German translation of the descriptions, made out in all respects as before prescribed. That a careful attention to these instructions would have developed a vast amount of most valuable and interesting knowledge, can scarcely be questioned; and that in a considerable proportion of cases such has been the result, will appear Attention paid to ou examination of the contents of this volume. That such a degree of attention was not universal is only what was to have been expected, both in consequence of the pressure of time under which many exhibitors laboured, and also from the fact that a large proportion, occupied in exclusively industrial pursuits, were unused to literary composition. The forms, with their duplicates, on being filled up, were transmitted to the Executive Committee; the duplicate being retained by the Executive, the other copy was placed in the compilers' hands. The first step in preparing these forms for the press was their arrangement into classes corresponding to the thirty divisions decided upon by the Executive. The number and variety of objects embraced by the returned forms rendered this First stage of a tcdious and difiicult task. On its bein^ effected, the forms remained to be preparation for . ^ . • r ■> • n i • printing. cxammcd, and put into such a state as to satisfy the requirements oi the printer. They were consequently read, and as far as possible thrown into that state of connection of parts, and removal of superfluous material, which might enable them to be set up in a convenient form in type. Although much had been by these means efiected in the preparation of the material of the catalogues, the most important part of the labour involved, prior to its assuming its present form, remained to be accomplished. The scientific and Scientific revision technical iuaccuracics of a lar^e proportion of the returned forms, together with and correction. . ^ ^ . , ° their literary reconstruction rendered m a large proportion of cases absolutely necessary, demanded attentive revision and correction. Several considerations rendered this extremely difficult. Among these were the shortness of the period absolutely allotted for the completion of the work, the impossibility of verifying the descriptions given with the objects of which they treated, and the immense variety of subjects comprehended by the Exhibition itself, and necessarily described in these forms in a manner in many instances more or less imperfect. The occasion called for a large amount of peculiar knowledge—of knowledge not to be gained by study, but taught by industrial experience, in addition to that higher knowledge, the teaching of natural and experimental philosophy. To meet these requirements the following plans were devised, and carried into operation. A Plans adopted, number of scientific gentlemen gave their consent to undertake the revision and correction of proofs of the returned forms in their peculiar departments, with a view to remove from them those errors which might present themselves, and to supply what might appear requisite to give prominence to their really important features. In addition to this it appeared advisable, as critical observations were necessarily inadmissible, to relieve the tedium of mere description, and to assist in pointing out the leading features of interest in the objects described, or in direct relation with them, by appending, as the subjects of the proofs suggested, such brief annotations as might appear best calculated to effect these objects. As a certain degree of harmony of procedure was considered absolutely neces- suggestions as to . . , ^ . ^ . principles of sary, m order to give a consistent character to such corrections and annotations, correction and supplied as they would be from a variety of sources, a few suggestions of certain general principles were adopted, and as far as possible acted upon. It is not necessary to reproduce the whole of these suggestions in their original form; but since it is important that exhibitors should be informed of the principles which, to a great extent, guided and determined the corrections and annotations which are foimd in this work, they are here subjoined. Attention is particularly directed to suggestion 5, under the head annotations, by which it will be per- ceived that the character of critical notices has been strictly excluded from the annotations appended to the descriptions in this work. 1. Corrections. These will he chiefly of the following kind :— Corrections. 1. To correct in a general way any obvious typographical inaccuracies. 2. To correct with care all technical and scientific errors in names, places, and things. 3. Occasionally, if time permit, to recast badly composed sentences or expressions. 4. To delete redundancies and self-laudatory terms, or expressions that could in any way be so construed, or critical and extraneous statements. 2. Annotations. Many of the proofs will undoubtedly suggest interesting elucidatory notes. Annotations. As it is desirable that the same notes should not be repeated, the information which, under other circumstances, or in a volume of a different kind, it would be well to present in a mass, may be conveniently subdivided, and a portion appended to the most appropriate proofs on the subject to which it refers. Thus, for a vegetable or animal product, a line or two as to its history might be attached to one proof, a note upon the natural order or tribe yielding it to another, the uses to a third, the commercial importance, &c., to a fourth, ^c. In the selection of proofs for annotation, those of course will be preferred which are in themselves the most interesting and suggestive. It is considered desirable that these notes should as far as possible partake of the following characters :— 1. To be as short, clear, and definite as possible. Character of. 2. To have reference, as far as may be, if the article cannot be seen— a. To the article as described by the Exhibitor. h. To its uses, history, consumption, production, &c. (See Memorandum for the instruction of Exhibitors in preparing the descriptions contained in forms for the Catalogue.) 3. To be of the following average length— a. Articles of primary importance, as, for example, " cotton," " iron," " steam- engine," and such like, eight or ten lines. h. Articles of secondary importance, four and three lines. 4. The same annotations not to be repeated or appended to more than one proof. 5. Observations of a critical character, in either sense of that term, are inadmissible. So soon as the work actually commenced, a mechanical difficulty of no common pifficuities atten- ... . transmission proportions presented itself. On the distribution of proofs for the purpose of annotation and correction, they were necessarily cut up into separate portions, which had destinations as far distant as Germany and remote parts of the United Kingdom, whither they were despatched for the purpose of ensuring their scientific and technical accuracy. Many thousand proofs were thus scat- tered in various directions, yet all were required to be gathered to^'etlier again, and arranged precisely in the same form and order as that assumed prior to their dispersion. Some of these proofs were not more than three inches long, and not broader than a narrow ribbon, containing only two or three lines; the difficulty of determining and immediately affixing the proper place of such a minute strip in a work of such magnitude as the present, seemed to be great. A simple method of ascertaining not merely the place in the catalogue, but its entire history, its destination, annotator, and return was, however, contrived, and the Record of history history of every proof has thus been accurately recorded. The information thus of proofs. obtained, was so accurate and precise, that on the temporary delay of very small proofs, their original destination was instantly discovered, together with the date of transmission, and the name of the annotator to whom they had been sent. Much punctuality characterized the return of the dismembered portions of this large volume. Had not such been the case, the original plan of scientific and technical revision could not have been persisted in. As a general rule, it was considered advisable to limit annotations to an average of eight or ten lines in length; but in certain instances, where peculiar technical, local, or scientific information has been available, this rule has been to a very considerable extent departed from. Technological The lanffuaffc of the arts amonff various nations has always been ree^arded as of mistranslations. _ P_ . , . ° . • i i i • p i • i • extreme difficulty m translation. A considerable portion oi this work is neces- sarily written in this language, and it is therefore to be expected that, notwith- standing the precautions employed, errors of description may occur in those parts of it which describe the productions of foreign exhibitors. It is requested that these may be pointed out. In a number of instances technical terms have been explained by notes. As far as it was possible foreign weights and measures have been converted into English. Mottoes selected The iTLottoes ou the tltlc-pages of this work were selected and placed by His by Prince Albert. ^-^ t-* a Royal Highness Prince Albert. There is a peculiar feature in this Catalogue to which attention requires to be directed. This is the fact, that it embodies to a large extent the science oi commerce. An attempt has been made here to convert the changing and inaccu- rate conventional terms of trade into the precise and enduring expressions of science. In classes 1 to 4 of the Exhibition, are contained specimens of a vast proportion of the raw materials upon which human industry daily operates through- out the world. In the majority of the descriptions of the articles exhibited in these four classes, will be found the commercial names of the materials, together with their Catalogue vaiu- scientific equivalents. As an instance, may be mentioned the woods employed a,l)le as illustfci" . . ^ *^ tive of the sci- foT fumiturc, whicli are enumerated, with their commercial names, their Latin names, their native habitats, and the uses to which they are applicable. In the present edition of this work, prepared as it has necessarily been under highly unfavourable circumstances as to accuracy and correction, this attempt may not be as successful as in future editions; but such arrangements are made in order to obtain this important and valuable result, as will render future editions of this Catalogue permanently valuable in this respect, not only to the naturalist, but also to commercial men. That this feature of the Catalogue will not be without its fruit in the promotion of the objects of industry, may be expected from the knowledge of the fact, that hitherto, in consequence of the absence of such information in a collected form, the greatest difficulties have been experienced by commercial men in their endeavours to introduce into trade any new material of industrial importance, or to obtain adequate supplies of materials already known, but known under a variety of changing, local and unintelligible terms. In the seventeenth century, Egbert Boyle perceived the important results likely to arise from the " naturalist's insight into trades." It may be hoped that such results will now not fail of their accomplishment. The smaller Catalogue is an abstract of the present work. It was prepared by ^^^^JJ^y^^^^ condensing the revised and corrected slips forming the Illustrated Catalogue. For economy of space it was necessary to confine the descriptions in that work to an average length of three or four lines. On the first announcement of a descriptive Catalogue, erroneous ideas as to its size prevailed, to so large an extent as to lead to the fear that a sufficiency of type of the kind required could scarcely be obtained within the necessary time. Statements appeared which gave birth to the opinion that such a work could not be contained in less than ten volumes of eight hundred pages each; and for a considerable time it appeared probable that more than three such volumes would size, be required to complete this record of universal industry. It was soon rendered apparent that the estimates thus formed were incorrect. The articles contributed by a number of exhibitors—as in textile manufactures—were of a kind which did not admit of descriptions at length; and the returned forms of such articles were generally received written in the customary abbreviated language of com- merce. In cases of another kind, where descriptions at greater length were not only admissible, but desirable, economy of space has been obtained by the adoption of a condensed style. The Descriptive Catalogue has thus been reduced, notwithstanding the addition of annotations, to a convenient size. That a work produced under the circumstances in which this Catalogue appears should contain inaccuracies, can less be cause of surprise than would its complete accuracy. One of the greatest obstacles to its correctness has been the incessant necessity for alterations of place and insertions of fresh material. In its preparation, however, an attempt has been made to communicate to it a value enduring beyond that of the occasion of its production. The vast and wonderful accumulation of the products of human industry, of which it professes to be the exponent, is gathered only for a time. The intention of this Great Collection accomplished, and its objects realized, the industrial store must be again scattered ^l™""*^^"*^ among the nations contributing to its gathering. But this record of the history of the Grreat Exhibition must endure beyond the duration of the Exhibition itself May it remain to indicate to other times the successful accomplishment of the greatest conception of our own, and the favour of the Divine Providence effect- ing that result. Egbert Ellis. * ANNOTATORS OF THE CATALOGUE. Professor Owen, F.R.S. Baron Justus Ltebig, F.R.S. Professor Lindley, F.R.S. Professor Foebes Royle, F.R.S. Professor Bell, F.R.S., Sec. R.S. Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Professor Ansted, F.R.S. Professor Hosking. Professor A. De Morgan, M.A. Philip Pusey, M.P., F.R.S. Rev. J. Barlow, F.R.S. Rev. J. Booth, F.R.S. Capt. L. L. BosGAWEN Ibbetson, F.R.S. James Glaisher, F.R.S. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Robert Hunt, Keeper of Mining Records. Robert Ellis, F.L.S. Samuel Clegg, Jun., F.G.S. W. De La Rue, F.R.S. J, Spurgin, M.D. John Wilson, F.R.S.E. Henry Dibdin. W. C. Aitken. H. Maudslay, C.E. Robert Hendrie, Jun. J. A. Nigholay. • Official Revision and Sanction for Publication by Lieut.-Colonel J. A. LlOYD, F.R.S. Scientific Revision and Preparation by Robert Ellis, F.L.S. Historical Introduction by Henry Cole. Construction of the Building by M. DiGBY Wyatt, C.E., F.R.I.B.A. Classification of Subjects in the Thirty Classes into which the Exhibition is divided by Dr. Lyon Pl aye air, F.R.S. Compilation and Preparation of the Abridged Catalogue by G. W. Yapp. Technical information and assistance have also been rendered by Mr. G. Taylor, Mr. T. Battam, Professor Wallace, M.A., Mr. C. Tomlinson, Mr. John Graham, Mr. E. H. Denison, and other Gentlemen. Much valuable information and assistance have also been kindly furnished by the Royal Com- missioners for several of the Foreign States exhibiting. Their contributions have been inserted partly in the form of notes, and occasionally in that of a short introduction. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS IN THE THIRTY CLASSES INTO WHICH THE EXHIBITION IS DIVIDED. Class. RAW MATERIALS. I. Mining, Quarrying, Metallurgical Operations, and Mineral Products. II. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes and Products generally. III. Substances used for Food. IV. Vegetable and Animal Substances, chiefly used in Manufactures, as Implements, or for Ornament. MACHmERY. V. Machines for direct use, including Carriages and Railway and Naval Mechanism. VI. Manufacturing Machines and Tools. VII. Civil Engineering, Architectural, and Building Contrivances. VIII. Naval Architecture and Military Engineering ; Ordnance, Armour, and Accoutrements. IX. Agricultural and Horticultural Machines and Implements. X. Philosophical Instruments and Processes depending upon their use; Musical, Horological, and Surgical Instruments. MANUFACTURES. XI. Cotton. XII. Woollen and Worsted. XIII. Silk and Velvet. XIV. Manufactures from Flax and Hemp. XV. Mixed Fabrics, including Shawls, but exclusive of AVorsted Goods (Class XIL). XVI. Leather, including Saddlery and Harness, Skins, Fur, Feathers, and Hair. XVII. Pape^- and Stationery, Printing and Pookbinding. XVIII. Woven, Spun, Felted, and laid Fabrics, when shown as specimens of Printing or Dyeing. XIX. Tapestry, including Car] ets and Floor-cloths, Lace and Embroidery, Fancy and Industrial Works. XX. Articles of Clothino- for immediate personal or domestic use. XXI. Cutlery and Edge Tools. XXII. Iron and General Hardware. XXIII. Working in precious Metals, and in their imitation, Jewellery, and all articles of Virtu and Luxury, not included in all other Classes. XXIV. Glass. XXV. Ceramic Manufactures, China, Porcelain, Earthenware, &:c. XXVI. Decoration Furniture and Upholstery, including Paper-hangings, Papier Mache, and Japanned Goods. XXVII. Manufactures in Mineral Substances, used for building or decoration, as in Marble, Slate, Porphyries, Cements, Artificial Stones, &c. XXVIII. Manufactures from Animal and Vegetable Substances, not being Woven or Felted, or included in other Sections, XXIX. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Small Wares. FINE ARTS. XXX. Sculpture, Models, and Plastic Art. I. Mining, Quarrying, Metallurgical Operations, and Mineral Products. A. Mining and Quarrying Operations. 1. Quarries and open workings. 2. Streaming ; washing alluvial deposits. 3. Mines worked on the lode. a. Sinking of shafts. h. Cutting adits, c. Driving levels. 4. Mines worked on the bed. a. Sinking shafts. h. Driving levels, c. Cutting stalls or headings. 5. Salt deposits. 6. Ventilation; Safety Lamps, and other modes of Lighting. 7. Methods of raising Men, Ore, and Water. a. Raising Ore. b. Lowering and raising Miners. q. Draining. B. GEot^oGicAL Maps, Plans, and Sections. C. Ores and Metallurgical Operations. 1. Ores and the Methods of dressing and rendering Ores merchantable. a. Ores of the more common Metals, as of Iron, Copper, Zinc, Tin, Lead. h. Native Metals, as Gold, Silver, Copper, &c. c. Ores used for various purposes, without reduc- tion, as Peroxide of Manganese, &c. 2. Methods of roasting, smelting, or otherwise reducing Ores. a. The common Metals, as Iron, Copper, Zinc, Tin, Lead. h. The Metals more generally used in combination, as Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, Cadmium, Co- balt, Nickel, &c. 3. Methods of preparing for use the nobler Metals, as Gold, Silver, Mercurj^ Palladium, Platinum, &c. 4. Adaptation of Metals to special purposes. a. Metals in various Chemical states, as Iron in the H condition of Cast and Malleable Iron, Steel, &c. b. Metals in their progress to finished Manufac- • tures, as Pigs and Ingots, Sheets, Bars, Wires, &c. 5. Alloys, and methods of rendering more generally useful Metals and their alloys— a. Statuary, Bronze, Gun, Bell, and Speculum Me- tals. h. Brass, and alloys used as a substitute for it. c. White alloys, as Britannia Metal, German Silver, Pewter, &c. «■ d. Tj^pe, Sheathing Metals, and other alloys. D, NoN-METALiiic Mineral, Products. 1. Minerals used as Fuel— a. All kinds of Coal and derived products. h. Lignite and Peat „ „ c. Bituminous bodies and native Naphtha. 2. Massive Minerals used in construction. a. For purposes of construction generallj^— Siliceous or Calcareous Free Stones and Flags. Granites, porpliyritic and basaltic Rocks. Slates. h. For purposes of Ornament, Decoration, and the Fine Arts—• Marbles. Alabaster, Spar, &c. Serpentine and other hard rocks susceptible of high polish, c. Cements and Artificial Stones- Calcareous and Hydraulic Cements. Puzzuolanas, Trass, &c. Gypsum for plaster. Artificial Stones. 3. Minerals used in the manufacture of Pottery and Glass— Sands, Limestones, &c., for Glass-making. Various Clays and felspathic Minerals, as those used for Bricks, Tiles, and various kinds of Pot- tery and Porcelain. Siliceous, Calcareous, and other Minerals, used in Plastic Arts. 4. Minerals used for personal Ornaments, or for Me- chanical and Scientific purposes. a. Gems and Precious Stones. h. Models of Minerals and Crystals, &c. < . c. Collections of Minerals for scientific or educa- tional use. 5. Minerals used in various Arts and Manufactures. a. Simple bodies or compounds containing the Al- kalis or Alkaline Earths— Those used principally for culinary purposes or for Medicine, as Salt, Mineral Waters, &c. <." ■ Those used in various manufactures, as Sulphur, Borax, &c. 6. Earthy and semi-crystalline Minerals. Minerals used for grinding and polishing, as Grindstones, Honestones, Emery, &c. Lithographic Stones, Drawing Chalks, and Slate Pencils. Graphite. Earthy and other Minerals used as pigments, or for staining, dyeing, and colouring. Various Minerals used in Manufactures; as Alum Schist, Fuller's Earth, French Chalk, Casting Sands, &c. 6. Soils and Mineral Manures. II. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes and Pro- ducts generally. A. Chemical Substances used in Manufacture. 1. From the Mineral Kingdom, a. ]Non-metallic substances. Those used principally in their elementary state, as Sulphur, Phosphorus, &c. Acids, as Sulphuric, Muriatic, Nitric, Boracic, &c. Miscellaneous Manufactures, as Sulphuret of Carbon, Chloride of Sulphur, &c. 6. Alkalies, Earths, and their compounds. Alkalies and their Alkaline Salts, as Soda, Pot- ash, Ammonia, and the Carbonates, &c. Neutral Salts of the Alkalies, as Sulphate, Ni- trate of Soda, Saltpetre, Borax, &c. Earths and their compounds, as Lime, Mag- nesia, Barytes, Strontia, Alumina, &c. c. The compounds of Metals proper, as Salts of Iron, Copper, Lead, &c. d. Mixed Chemical Manufactures, as Prussiate of Potash, &c. 2. From the Organic Kingdom, and not included in Sections HI. and IV. 3. Manufactured Pigments, Dj^es, and miscellaneous Chemical Manufactures. (See also Section IV.) a. Pigments employed in House Decoration, and for colouring Woods. h. Pigments used for Textile Fabrics. c. Pigments used for Paper Hangings, and for felted and laid Fabrics generally. d. Artists' Colours. e. Miscellaneous Cliemical Manufactures, B. Rarer Chemicai. Substances, manufactured chiefly FOR THE USE OF THE SCIENTIFIC ChEMIST, 1. From Substances of the Mineral Kingdom. 2. ,, Vegetable ,, 3. ,, Animal ,, C. Chemical Substances used in Medicine and in Phar- macy, 1, From the Mineral Kingdom. a. Non-metallic substances and their compoimds. h. Alkalies, Earths, and their compounds, c. Metallic Preparations, 2, From the Vegetable Kingdom, w-hen shown for Pharmaceutical purposes. (See also Sections IH. and IV.) a. Vegetable Infusions, Decoctions, and Solutions, clear or saccharine, &, Tinctures, c. Extracts and Inspissated Juices. d. Resins, Gum Resins, and Oleo Resins and Balsams, e. Aloes, &c, /, Gums as Acacia, Tragacanth, &c, g. Essential Oils, Cajeput, Savine, Turpentine, &c. A, Fixed Oils, as Castor, Croton, Almond, Olive, &c, i. Vegetable parts, as leaves of Digitalis, Hemlock, roots of Jalap, Ipecacuanha, &c. y. Barks as imported, Cinchona, Cascarilla, Cus- paria, &c, k. Vegeto-Alkalies, their Salts and other Crystalline principles of medicinal substances, I. Vegetable Acids. m. Miscellaneous Compounds, 3, From the Animal Kingdom, a. Cod-liver and other Animal Oils for internal or external application. h. Unguents of Spermaceti, Lard, Oil, and combina- tions of them. c. Antispasmodics, as Musk, Castoreum, Civet, Am- bergris, &c. d. Phosphorus, Ammonia, and their products. e. Irritants, as Cantharides, f. Antacids, as Crabs'-eyes, Calcareous concretions of the Craw-fish, Cuttle-bone, &c. III. Substances used as Food. VEGETABLE KINGDOM, A. Agricultural Produce—Cereals, Pulses, Oil, Seeds, etc 1. Common European Cereals, 2. Cereals more rarely cultivated in Europe, 3. Millet and other small Grains used as food. 4. Pulses and Cattle Food. .5. Grasses, Fodder Plants, and Agricultural Roots. 6. The Flours or preparations of the above classes, 7. Oil Seeds and their. Cakes, 8. Hops and other aromatic plants used for like pur- poses, B. Dried Fruit and Seeds, 1. Raisins, Currants, Figs, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, &c. 2. Dates, Tamarinds, Dried Bananas, &c, 3. Almonds, Chesnuts, Walnuts, &c. 4. Cocoa-nuts, &c, C. Substances used in the freparation of Drinks. 1. Real Teas of all kinds. 2. Substitute for Teas, as Paraguay, Arabian, Ben- coolin, &c. 3. Coffee of all kinds, and Cocoa Seeds and Nibs. 4. Various substances, as Chicory Roots, Amande de Terre, Guarana Bread, &c. D. Intoxicating Drugs, Fermented Liquors, and Dis- tilled Spirits from unusual Sources. 1. Fermented Liquors and Spirits from unusual sources. 2. Tobacco. 3. Opium. 4. Kemp, and other Intoxicating Drugs. E. Spices and Condiments. 1. Cinnamon, Cassia, and their substitutes. 2. Nutmegs and Mace; Cloves and Cassia Buds. 3. Peppers, Capsicum, Mustard, Vanilla, Pimento, Car- damums, &c. 4. Gingei", Turmeric, &c. F. Starch Series. L Starches of all kinds prepared from Wheat, Rice, Potatoes, Maize, &c. 2. Arrowroots of all kinds, Tous les Mois. 3. Sagos from the Palms, Cassava, Tapioca, &c. 4. Lichens of all kinds. 5. Other Starchy Substances, as Portland Sago from Arum Maculatum, and from various like plants. G. Sugar Series. 1. Sugars from the Cane and Beet. ,, Maple and Palms. ,, Birch, Poplar, Oak, and Ash. Grape Sugar. 2. Liquorice, Sarcocoll, &c. ANIMAL KINGDOM. H. Animal Food and Preparations of Food as Indus- trial Products. L Specimens of preserved Meats. 2. Portable Soups, and concentrated nutriment as con- solidated Milk, &c. 3. Caviare, Trepang, &c. 4. Articles of Eastern commerce, as Shark Fins, Nest of the Java Swallow, &c. 5. Honey and its preparations. 6. Blood and its preparations. 7. Industrial Products, as Glue, Gelatine, Isinglass, Gluten, &c. IV. Vegetable and Animal Substances, chiefly used in Manufactures, as Implements, or for Ornaments. VEGETABLE. A. Gum and Resin Series. L Gums of all kinds of natural occurrence— Gums made artificially, as British Gum. Mucilaginous Seeds, Barks, Pods, and Seaweeds. 2. Resins— Resins and Balsams of all kinds. Gum Resins. Gum Elastics and Gutta Percha. Distilled Resins and Varnishes. B. Oil Series. L Volatile Oils, including Camphor. 2. Drying Fat Oils. 3. Non-drying Fat Oils, 4. Solid Oils. 5. Wax. 6. Distilled Fat Oils. C. Acids, as Acetic, Citric, Tartaric, Oxalic, &c. D. Dyes and Colours. L Indigos. 2. Madders. 3. Lichens and their preparations. 4. Dyeing Barks,| as Acacias, Quercitron, Mangrove, &c. 5. Woods, as Logwood, Brazil wood. Peach wood, Fus- tics, &c. 6. Flowers and Berries, as Persian Berries, Safflower, Saffron. 7. Miscellaneous, as Turmeric, &c. E. Tanning Substances. 1. Pods, Berries, Seeds, and Fruits of various kinds, as Algaroab, Acacia, Nib-nib and Divi-divi Pods, &c. 2. Barks of various kinds, as Barks of the Babool, Bra- zilian Acacias, Murici, Bucida, Gordonia. 3. Galls, and similar Tanning Materials. 4. Catechu, Kino, Gambeer, &c. F. Fibrous Substances, including Materials for Cordage AND Clothing. 1. Cottons of all kinds. 2. Hemp and Flax; Manilla Hemp and New Zealand Flax. 3. China Grass, Nettle Fibre, Plantain, and Pine Ap- ple Fibre. 4. Sunn, Jute, and other tropical substitutes for Hemn Flax. ^ 5. Coir, or Cocoa-Nut Fibre, Gc*muti, &c. 6. Rushes and Miscellaneous Substances, G. Cellular Substances. L Corks of all kinds. 2. Woods and Roots used for Corks, as the Ochroma lagopus and Anona palustris 3. Rice-paper of China. 4. Birch Bark, Pottery Bark, Citrus Rind, &c. 5. Substances used as Amadou. H. Timber and Fancy Woods used for Construction AND Ornament, and prepared by Dyeing. 1. Suited chiefly for purposes of construction, or for the Navy. 2. Suited chiefly for Ornamental Work. 3. Prepared Woods, as by Kyan's, Payne's, Bethell's, and Boucherie's processes. I. Miscellaneous Substances. L Substances used as Soap, as Quillai Bark, Soap Ber- ries (Sapindus saponarid), Soap ^ooi's, {Saponaria ojficinalis, ^'c). 2. Perfumes, as Pucha Pat, Vetiver, Spikenard, Tonka beans, &c. 3. Substances used mechanically, as Teazels, Dutch Rushes, &c. 4. Seeds and fruits used for Ornamental purposes, as Ganitrus Beads, the Ivory Nut, the Doom Palm, Coquilla Nuts, Bottle Gourds, &c. ANIMAL. J. For Textile Fabrics and Clothing. 1. Wool, Hair, Bristles, Whalebones. 2. Silk from the Silk-worm Bomhyx Mori, and from other species in India, e. g. Bombycilla Cynthia and Attacus Paphia. 3. Feather, Down, Fur, Skins. 4. Miscellaneous. K. For Domestic or Ornamental Purposes, or for the Manufacture of Implements. 1. Bone, Horn, Hoofs, Ivory, Tortoiseshell, Shagreen, Quills. 2. Pearls, Seed Pearl, Mother-of-pearl, Coral, and Shells generally. 3. Oils, Tallows, Spermaceti, Wax, I^ard. 4. Miscellaneous, as Sponge, Goldbeater's-skin, Catgut, Silkworm-gut, Bladders, &c. L. As Agents in the Manufacture of various Articles. 1. Glue, Isinglass, Gelatine, Bone-black, Ivory-black, Animal Charcoal. M. For the Production of Chemical Substances. Blood, Bones, Horns, &c., for the production of Phos- phorus, the Prussiates, the Superphosphates, &c. N. For Pigments and Dyes. 1. Cochineal and Carmine. 2. Dyes from the Galls of the Aphides. 3. Gall-stone, pigment from Ox-gall. 4. Indian dyes from the Coccus, the various kinds of Lacs. 5. Miscellaneous, as Sepia, Enena d'Orient, &c. MACHINERY. Machines for direct use, including Carriages and Rcdlway and Naval Mechanism. A. Steam Engines and Boilers, Water and Wind Mills, AND various other Prime Movers. 1. Boilers. 2. Land Engines. 3. Marine Engines. 4. Windmills. 5. Water-wheels and Tourbines. 6. Water-pressure Engines, as Richenback's and Arm- strong's. 7. Vacuum Power Engines. 8. Electro-Magnetic Engines, &c. 9. Miscellaneous. B. Separate parts of Machines, Specimens of Workman- ship. (See also Water and Gas Works in VII.) L As heavy Castings or Forgings in the rough; Cast- ings or Forgings, plain, intricate, or beautiful, in the Rough. H2 2. Specimens of Turning in Metals. 3. Specimens in filing and finished Work in Metals, such as Surfaces, Irregular Figures, &c. 4. Valves, Cocks, Pistons, Governors, &c. C. Pneumatic Machines. 1. Air Pumps. 2. Blov^'ing Fans. 3. Blast Engines for Furnaces, &c. 4. Miscellaneous. D. Hydraulic Machines, Cranes, etc., Pile Drivers, etc. (See also YII.) 1. Hydraulic Machines— Pumps and Fire Engines. Water Kams, Hydraulic Presses, &c. Water-meters, &c. 2. Cranes— Any sort of Crane motion and contrivances. Jacks of all sorts. (For Windlasses, Capstans, and Blocks, see VIII. E.) 3. Piling Engines.—(See also VII. A.) By hand power, or steam. Pile Savi'ing Machines. Pile Extractors, &c. E. Locomotives and Railway Carriages, &c. 1. Railway Locomotives. 2. Common Road Locomotives. 3. Railway Carriages, Trucks, and Waggons. 4. Railway Velocipedes, &c. &c., of all sorts, 5. Atmospheric Railway Apparatus. 6. Carriage Breaks. 7. Buffers, Couplings, &c. F. Railway Machinery and Permanent Way. 1. Permanent Way complete. 2. Sleepers. 3. Chairs, &Co 4. Rails. 5. Switches. 6. Turntables. • 7. Station Arrangements. 8. Signals. 9. Miscellaneous. G. Weighing, Measuring, and Registering Machines EOR Commercial and not for Philosophical Purposes. 1. Commercial Weighing Instruments. 2. Instruments of Measure. 3. Registering Instruments, Gauges, Indicators, and Telliales. V. a. Carriages generally—not including those con- nected with Rail or Tram Roads. A. For Town Use. Dress Vis-a-Vis. Landaulet. Dress Coach. Step-piece Landau. Dress Chariot, Barouche. Landau. Sociable. B. Travelling Carriages. Coach. Britska, Driving Coach. Droitska. Chariot. Fourgon. Britska Chariot. Invalid Carriage. Dormeuse Post Chariot. Sledges, &c. Post Chariot. C. For General Use. Basterna. Curricle. Brougham. Cabriolet. Double Brougham. Headed Chaise. Clarence. Tilbury. Pilentum. Stanhope. Cariole. Dennett. Domestic. Gig. Driving Phaeton. Irish Car. Mail Phaeton. Dog Cart. Cabriolet Phaeton. Pony Chaise. Park Phaeton. Invalid Bath Chair. Pony Phaeton. Velocipedes. D. Public Carriages. Mail Coach. Hansom's Cab. Stage Coach, Street Cab. Omnibus. Fly. Hackney Coach. Hearse. H ackney Chariot. Caravan. Glass Coach. E. Carts and Waggons op all Kijjds, not being Agri- cultural. VI. Manufacturing Machines and Tools, or f^ysfems of Machinery, Tools, and Implements employed Jor the undermentioned purposes. A. Manufactures of all Spun, Woven, Felted, or Laid Fabrics. 1. Machinery for the complete formation from the Raw Material of all Fabrics of Cotton, Wool, Flax, Hemp Silk, Caoutchouc, Gutta Percha, Hair. 2. Paper-making and Staining. 3. Printing and Bookbinding. B. Manufactures of JNIetals. 1. The manufacture of Metals from the Ore into Bars, Rods, Wire, Sheets, and other general forms ; also casting and polishing of Metal, &c. 2. The cutting and working of Metals by Machine Tools, such as Lathes; Machines for Planing, Drilling, Boring, Slotting, Sawing, Stamping, Shearing, Riveting, Punching. 3. Machines and Tools used by the Makers of Gold, Sil- ver, and Plated Goods. 4. Machines and Tools used by the Makers of Cutlery, Nails, Screws, Pins, Needles, Buttons, and metal- lic Pens, &c. 5. Machines and Tools used by Locksmiths, Die- sinkers, &c. C. Manufactures of Mineral Substances and Mining Machinery. (See also Section I.) 1, Machines and Tools for the preparation and working of all kinds of Glass, Stone, Granite, Alabaster, Slate, Clay, &c, 2. Machines and Tools used in the preparation and work- ing of Gems, &c, D. Manufactures of Vegetable Substances, 1, Machines and Tools for the preparation and working of all kinds of Wood. 2. Mills and other machinery for Grinding, Crushing, or Preparing Vegetable Products. E. Manufacture of Animal Substances. Machinery and Tools for working in Horn, Bone, Ivory, Leather, &c. F. Machinery and Apparatus for Brewing, Distilling, AND Manufacturing Chemistry. VII, Civil Engineering, Architectural, and Building Contrivances. A. Foundations and Building Contrivances connected WITH Hydraulic Works. 1. Application of the Screw Pile for the Foundations of Piers, Jetties, &c.. Beacons, and Ships' Moor- ings. 2. Pneumatic Piling, Machinery illustrative of the mode of sinking and guiding the Cylinders, also Contrivances for overcoming difficulties where obstructions are offered to their sinking. 3. Coffer-dams on soft and rock bottoms, and Appa- ratus connected with them. 4. Foundations of Lighthouses exposed to the violent action of the sea. 5. Diving-bells, Helmets, and Apparatus connected with them. 6. Boring Tools, and Contrivances for ascertaining the stratification on Sites of intended Structures. B. Scaffolding and Centerings. 1. Scaffolding for the erection of Brick Chimney Shafts, Columns of Masonry, ToM ers, and Spires. 2. Portable Scafibldings, Ladders, and Fire Escapes. 3. Scaffolding for the erection of Monolithic Blocks, as Obelisks, &c., and for the hoisting of great Weights. 4. Fixed and Turning Scaffolding for the repairs, &c., of Domes, &c , internally and externally. 5. Scaffolding and Contrivances for the erection of large Girder Biidges (as Britannia Bridge). 6. Centerings for Arched Bridges, Domes, and Vaults. 7. Centerings for Tunnels, Shields, and Contrivances for facilitating their excavation. C. Bridges, Tunnels, and Engineering Contrivances FOR CROSSING RiVERS, RavINES, &C. 1. Timber Bridges. 2. Cast-iron Bridges. 3. Wrought-iron Bridges (Girder or Lattice). 9^ 4. Turning or Swing Bridges. 5. Lifting or Bascule Bridges. 6. Draw and Rolling Bridges. 7. Suspension Bridges. 8. Temporary Bridges. (See also VIII. M.) 9. Floating Bridges, as across the hamoaze, and to receive Railway Trains, as across the Iiumber. 10. Examples of Brick and Stone Bridges. D. Dock, Harbour, River, and Canal Works. 1. Docks and Slips for the building and repair of Ships. 2. Mercantile Docks, and Arrangements connected therewith, for the loading and unloading of Ships. 3. Sea and Canal Locks, Gates and Entrances, Stop- gates, Sluices, &c. 4. Marine Railway Slips and Hydraulic Docks. 5. Harbours of Refuge. 6. Breakwaters, Piers, Jetties, YvTiarfs, and Landing- piers. 7. Groynes, Sea-defences, &c. 8. Perpendicular Lifts for Canals, and other Engineering Contrivances instead of Locks. 9. Dredging-machines, Hedgehogs, and other Machines employed in Harbour Works, for removing Shoals, &c. E. Lighthouses and Beacons. P. Roofs, Buildings, and Contrivances for covering LARGE Areas. 1. Examples of Timber and Iron Trusses. 2. Roofs for Markets, Railway Stations, &c. 3. Roofs for Theatres. 4. Fire-proof Buildings, arranged so as to be applicable to the economical methods of construction. 5. Coverings for Roofs. G. Water-Works, and the Engineering Contrivances connected with the Obtaining, Storing, and Distri- bution OF Water in Towns. 1. Well-sinking and Boring, and the Apparatus con- nected therewith. 2. Storing, Filtering, and Distributing Reservoirs, and the Contrivances connected with them. 3. Contrivances for maintaining and producing efficient Heads, and the Apparatus connected with Street Mains. 4. Services, and Apparatus connected with Domestic Water Supply. (See also V., B.) H. Gas-Works, and Contrivances connected with the economical Production of Artificial Light. 1. Retorts and Distillatory Apparatus. 2. Condensing, Separating, and Purifying Apparatr>s. 3. Governors and Station Meters. 4. Gauges, Valves, and contrivances connected with the Mains for the Distribution of Gas. (See also XXII.) I. Sewerage, Cleansing, Paving, and the Contrivances connected with the Sanitary Condition of Towns. 1. Forms of Sewers, their Entrances and Junctions 2. Contrivances for Cleansing, Flushing, and 'Venti- lating Sewers. 3. Contrivances for removing and distributing Se\^"lge. 4. Traps, and other means of preventing emanations. (See also XXII.) 5. House Drains, and the Internal Sanitary arrange- ments of Houses. (See also XXII.) 6. Pavements. J. Warming AND Ventilating Domf.stic Residences, and the Contrivances connected therewith. 1. Arrangements for Warming, as with Hot Air, Water, Steam, &c. 2. Contrivances for preventing Smoke, and Chimney- sweeping Machines. 3. Contrivances for Ventilation on a large Scale. K. Miscellaneous. VIII. Naval Arcliitecture, Military Engineering; Ordnance, Armour, and Accoutrements. A. Illustrations by Mooels of Shipbuilding for ur- poses of commerce. 1. Ships. 2. Barks. 3. Brigs and Brigantines. 4. Snows and Ketches. 5. Schooners. 6. Sloops and Cutters. 7. Luggers, Barges, &c. B. Illustrations by Models of Shipbuilding for pur- poses OF War. 1. Ships of the Line. 2. Frigates. 3. Sloops, Corvettes, and Brigs. 4. Cutters, Brigantines, Ketches, Schooners, Barges, &c. 5. Bomb or Mortar Vessels, Fire-ships, Gun-boats, &c. C. Illustrations by Models of Shipbuilding for the application of Steam or other Powers. 1. Great War Steamers. 2. Steam-vessels of large burden for long Passages. 3. Steam-vessels for Inland, River, or Lake Navigation. 4. Sailing-vessels fitted for the temporary appliance of Steam or Human Power. 5. Miscellaneous. D. Vessels used for Amusement, and Sx^iall Vessels generally. 1. Seagoing Yachts of all kinds. 2. River Yachts, and Pleasure Boats of a smaller class. 3. Rowing Boats of all kinds. 4. Fishing Boats and Vessels. 5. Life Boats and Paddle-box Boats. E. Rigging, Anchors, Windlasses, Capstans, Sheathing, AND Articles connected with practical Sea- manship AND THE SAVING OF LlFE FROM SHIPWRECK. F. Infantry Army-Clothing and Accoutre.aients. G. Cavalry Army-Clothing and Accoutrements. H. Camp Equipage, such as Marquees, Tents, &c. I. Naval Gunnery, and AVeapons of Attack and De- pence more especiaxly adapted to Naval Pur- poses. J. Artillery Equipments, both in Garrison and the Field, Machines for Mounting and Dismount- ing Ordnance. 1. Garrison Equipments. 2. Field Equipments. 3. Machinery for Mounting and Dismounting and transporting Ordnance, Carriages, &c. K. Ordnance and Projectiles. 1. Guns. 2. Howitzers. 3. Mortars. 4. Shots, Shells, and other Projectiles. L. Small Arms. L Rifles. 2. Muskets. 3. Carbines. 4. Pistols. 5. Lances. 6. Swords. 7. Bayonets. 8. Cartridges. M. Military Engineering, Field Equipments, Methods OF Passing Rivers and oTHEa Obstacles, the Attack and Defence of Fortresses, and Field Fortification. 1. Field Engineer Equipments. 2. Military Bridges, Pontoons, Rafts, Boats, &c. 3. Field Fortification and Materials used in the attack and defence of Fortresses. 4. Permanent Fortification. IX. Agricultural and Horticultural Implements. A. Implements for Tillage. 1. Ploughs, including Subsoil Ploughs and Pulverisers. 2. Harrow^s. 3. Sacrifiers, Cultivators, and Grubbers. 4. Clod Crushers and Norwegian Harrows. 5. Rollers. 6. Digging and Trenching Machines. B. Drilling, Sowing, Manuring, and Hoeing Machines. 1. Pressers. 2. Drills. 3. Dibblers. 4. Horse Hoes. 5. Broadcast Sowing INIachines. 6. Contrivances connected with the distribution of Ma- nure, C, Harvesting Machines. 1. Machines for cutting Corn or Grass. 2. Tedding Machines for Hay. 3. Rakes for Hay, Corn, Stubble, &c. I). Barn Machinery. 1. Steam Engines, and Water-power Machines. 2. Horse Works. 3. Thrashing Machines. 4. Straw Shakers. 5. Winnowing, Corn Cleaning, and Barley Hummelling. 6. Crushing and Splitting Mills. 7. Flour and Meal Mills. 8. Chaff Cutters. 9. Corn Weighing and Meters. 10. Gorse Bruisers and Cutters. 11. Chicory Cutters. 12. Cider Presses. E. Field, Fold, and Yard Machinery. 1. Turnip-cutters. 2. Root Grating and Squeezing Machines. 3. Potato-washers. 4. Steaming Apparatus. 5. Feeding Apparatus. 6. Weighing Machines for Cattle, &c. (See G.V.) 7. Watering Engines, for Fire or Garden Purposes. (See D. V.) 8. Contrivances connected with the Stack-yard and Storing. 9. Contrivances for Fencing, Folding, &c. 10. Fittings for Stables, Cow-houses, &c. F. Agricdetural Carriages, Harness, and Gear. 1. Waggons, Carts, &c. 2. Brakes. 3. Separate parts, as Wheels, Axles, &c. 4. Harness and Gear. G. Drainage Implements. 1. Machines for making Pipes, Tiles, and Bricks. 2. Implements for Draining, and Tools, 3. Tiles, Pipes, and other Materials used in Draining. 4. Scoop Wheels and other Machines used in Draining or Lifting Water. 5. Machines and Contrivances for Irrigating Lands. 6. Sluices, Draw Gates, &c. H. Dairy Implements. 1, Churns, 2, Cheese-presses, 3, Miscellaneous Contrivances used in the Dairy. I. Miscellaneous Implements used in Agriculture.. 1. Rick Ventilator. 2. Ladders. 3. Pitch and Tar Melters. 4. Sheep-dipping Apparatus, 5. Farm Railway. 6. Models of Farm Buildings, 7. Alarm Gun for Protecting Crops. 8. Beehives. 9. Instruments for Cattle, Probangs, &c.. 10, Tree Remover, 11. Yarious Miscellaneous Articles. J. Garden Engines and Tools, X. Philosophical Instruments, and Processes depend- ing upon their use: Musical, Horological, and Surgical Instruments. A, Instruments for the Measurement of Space, 1. In fixed observatories, as Transits, Transit Circles, great Quadrants, Mural Circles, Zenith Sectors, Altarimeters, Equatorials, Collimators, &c. 2. For Nautical Astronomy and Observations, as Sex- tants, Reflecting and Repeating Circles, Dip Sec- tors, &c. 3. Astronomical and Topographical Illustrations, as Globes, Orreries, Planetariums, Maps, Charts, &c. 4. Optical Instruments, as great Refracting and Re- flecting Telescopes, with their appurtenances, equa- torial motions, &c. 5. Api^aratus subordinate to Graduated Instruments, as divided Object Glasses and Heliometers, Eye- pieces, Micrometers, Micrometer Microscopes, &c. 6. Survey Instruments. a. Topographical, as Base Apparatus, Theodolites, Repeating Circles, Geodetic Signals, Levelling Apparatus, Miners' and Prismatic Compasses, Pocket Sextants, Perambulators, Pedometers, b. Hydrographical, as Sounding jiachines. Patent Logs, Current Meters, Silometers. A. Instruments to Measure the Effects of Mechanical AND Physical Forces. 1. Mechanical, as Dynamometers, Tachj^meters. 2. Mass (Weighing Instruments), as Weighing Ma- chines, Scales, Chemical and Assay Balances. 3. Density, as Areometers and other Instruments to determine Specific Gravity, Invariable Pendu- lums, Atwood's jMachine. 4. To measure other Physical Etfects, including Me- teorological Instruments, as Barometers, Hydro- meters, Eudiometers, Thermometers, Pyrometers, Electrometers, Rheometers, Magnetometers, &c. C, Instruments to illustrate the Laws of Mechanical AND Physical Science. 1. " Kinematics,"—Instruments to exhibit and describe Motions and their Combinations, as Compasses, Pentagraphs, Instruments for describing Elliptical and other Figures, &c. 2. Mechanics, or Instruments to illustrate the Laws of Static and Dynamic Forces. a. Stereo-Mechanics, as for illustrating Mechanical Powers, accelerated and retarded Motion, Equilibrium and Parallelogram of Forces, Levers, Cathetometers, Centripetal and Cen- trifugal Forces, Elasticity, &c. b. Hydro-Mechanics, as Instruments to illustrate the Motion and Impinging Force of Waves, &c. c. Pneumo-Mechanics, as Apparatus connected with the Air-Pump, &c. 3. Instruments to illustrate the Laws of Corpuscular Forces, as Whitworth's Planes, Endosmometers, &c. 4. Instruments to illustrate the Laws of Sound. 5. „ „ „ Light. 6. „ „ „ Heat, 7. „ „ „ Electricity, in- cluding Voltaic and Thermo-Electricity, Magnet- ism, Electro-Magnetism, Magnetic Electricity, Dia-Magnetism, &c, D, Application of Mechanical and Physical Science TO Useful Purposes, not included in any of THE PRECEDING OR SUBSEQUENT SECTIONS. 1. Mechanics. ■ a. Stereo-Mechanics | when not included in Sections b. Hydro-Mechanics! describing their more ex- I tended uses. c. Pneumo-Mechanics, as Air Pumps, Rarefying and Condensing, Diving Bells, Air Balloons, &c. 2. Sound (not including Musical Instruments). a. Instruments to assist Hearing. b. Alarums, Bells. c. Models of Acoustical Buildings, &c. 3. Light—Instruments to assist Vision, as smaller Te- lescopes, Opera Glasses, Spectacles, Microscopes, Lenses, Mirrors, Signals, Visual Telegraphs, Light- houses, Optical Illusions, Gas and Solar Micro- scopes, Cameras, Photography, Polarization of Light, &c. 4. Heat—Apparatus for producing Heat, for Freezing, Thermostats, Burning Lenses, and Mirrors, &c. 5. Magnetism and Electricity—Mariner's Compasses, Electric and Electro-Magnetic Telegraphs, Elec- tric Light, applications of Electro-Magnetism as a Motive Power, Therapeutic applications of Electricity, Electrotype Apparatus and Speci- mens, &c. E, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Apparatus. F, Miscellaneous. X. a. Musical Instruments, A, Wind Instruments, 2. Metal- Wood— Flutes (also in Metal, &c.) Flageolets. Oboes. Clarinets. Bassoons. Serpents, French Horns, Trumpets. Bugle Horns. Cornets a Pistons, Cornopeans. Trombones. Ophicleides, B. Stringed Instruments. Harps. Violas. Guitars. Violoncellos. Violins. • Double Basses. C. Keyed Instruments with fixed Tones. Organs. Harmoniums. Pianofortes. Concertinas. Seraphines. Accordions. D. Instru31ents of Percussion. 1. Drums— 2. Cymbals— Bass Drums. Triangles. Kettle Drums. Side Drums. Tambourines. E. Automatic Instruments. Mechanical Organs. Musical Boxes, &c. F. MiSCEELANEOUS ArTICEES IN CONNEXION WITH MuSICAE Instruments. Tuning Forks, Tuning Hammers, Pitch Pipes, &c. Wire Strings, Catgut Strings, &c. G. Musical Diagrams. X. b. Horology. A. Great Clocks for Churches, Castles, Stables, and Public Buildings in general. 1. With 3 and 4 wheel Trains. 2. With Kemontoires and with various Escapements. 3. To strike the Hours, and the Hours and Quarters. 4. The various Compensation Pendulums in use. 5. The various modes of making the Work to carry the Hands, and communicating the motion from the Clock to the Hands, 6. Electric or Magneto-electric Clocks. B. Astronomical Clocks. 1. The various Escapements employed. 2. The various Compensation Pendulums used. 3. Equation Clocks. 4. Clocks, commonly called Journeymen Clocks, for Observatories. C. Clocks applied in Registration. 1. To register the Barometer daily for twelve months, or other periods. 2. To register Tides and Winds. 3. To register the punctual attendance of Watchmen and others. D. Clocks showing different Phenomena. 1. Cycle of the Sun and Moon, Eclipses, Moon's Age, Equation of Time, the Golden Number, Tides, &c. E. Clocks for the Common Purposes of Life. 1. Weight Clocks. 2. Spring Clocks with Pendulums. 3. Balance Clocks of various descriptions. P. Clocks and Time-pieces in Decorated Cases, commonly CALLED Ornamental Clocks, for Drawing- rooms, Libraries, &c. 1. In Metal Cases, Gilt and Lacquered. 2. In Buhl Cases. 3. In Wood Cases. 4. In China Cases. G. Sundries applicable to Clocks. 1. The various modes by which Clocks are kept going wdiile being wound. 2. The various Escapements employed in Clocks of different descriptions. 3. Various portions of Mechanism forming parts of, or applicable to. Clocks. H. Marine Chronoinieters. 1. Eight-day. 2. Two-day. 3. Thirty-hour. 4. The various descriptions of Compensation Balances applied to Chronometers. 5. The various descriptions of Pendulum Springs ap- plied to Chronometers. 6. Pocket Chronometers. L Pocket Watches of various descriptions. 1. For measuring Minute Portions of Time and regis- tering Observations. 2. With Compensation Balances. 3. „ Duplex Escapement. 4. With Horizontal Escapement. 5. „ Lever Escapement upon different constructions. 6. „ the old original Vertical Escapement. 7. Repeaters upon different constructions to strike the Hours and Quarters. 8. The same to strike the Hours, Quarters, and Half- quarters. 9. The same to strike the Hours, Quarters, and Minutes. 10. Clock-watches to strike the Hours and Quarters in a similar manner to Clocks. 11. Clock-watches, and, in addition, Repeaters. 12. Watches with Alarums. 13. Watches known by the denomination of Ladies' Watches, with the Cases decoratedln various ways. 14. -Various portions of Mechanism forming parts of Watches. J. Watches for different Markets— 1. As for Turkey, with three Cases and Turkish Dials. 2. For China, with peculiar Cases and Dials. 3. For India and South America. 4. For Home Country districts. K. Miscellaneous. X. c. Surgical Instruments. A. For Operations on the Eye. Special Instruments for— 1. Operation on the Eyelids. 2. Fistula Lachrymalis. 3. Strabismus. 4. Artificial Pupil. 5. Cataract. By Depression, By Extraction. a. Including Elevators in Silver and Ivory, Fine Bistouries, Trocars, Canulas, Styles, Sounds, various Needles, &c. h. Cataract Knives, Hooks, Capsular Forceps, &c. B. Operation on the Ear. Special Instruments for—■ 1. Exploration of the Aural and Eustachian Pas- sages, a. Sounds, Catheters, Speculums, &c. 2. The Conveyance of Air or Liquid into the Tym- panic Cavity. h. Pneumatic and other Syringes in Metal, Glass, Caoutchouc, &c. 3. The Removal of Foreign Bodies from the Meatus. a. Levers, Branch Forceps, &c. 4. Perforation of, and other Operations on, the Membrana Tympani. 5. The Conduction of Sound. a. Including all kinds of Acoustic Instruments and Contrivances, Ear Cornets, Speaking Trumpets, &c. C. Operations on the Nose—Nasal Foss-i; and Antrum. Special Instruments for—• 1. The Removal of Polypi. a. Various Forceps, Porte-ligatures, Serre- noeuds, &c. 2. The Removal of Extraneous Substances. 3. The Arrest of Haemorrhage from the Posterior Nares. a. Including all Contrivances for " Tamponne- ment." 4. Exploration and Injection of the Maxillary Sinus. a. Including Jourdain's Sounds, Catheters, &c. 5. Perforation and Injection of the Antrum. a. Including Liston's Drills, Antrum Syringes, Plugs, &c. D. Operations of the Mouth and Pharynx, Special Instruments for—■ 1. Hare Lip. 2. Operations on the Teeth (Dental Instruments). 3. Myotomy and Ligature of the Tongue. 4. Cleft Palate and other Operations on the Roof of the jMouth (Staphyloraphic Instruments). a. Including Obturators, Cleft and Notched Needles, Palate Llolders, Porte-Sutures, &c. 5. Excision of the Uvula and Tonsils. 6. Cauterisation and other Operations on the Pha- rynx. a. Tonsillar Guillotines, Pharyngotoraes, &c. 7. Salivary Fistula. h. Parotidean Canulas, Leaden Threads, &c. E. Opeiiations on tub Thorax and Respiratory Organs. Instruments for— 1. Tracheotomy and Laryngotomy. a. Including Marshall Hall's Tracheotome, Sampson's Springs and Tubes, &c. 2. The Removal of Foreign Bodies from the La- rynx, Trachea, and Bronchi. 3. Paracentesis Thoracis (Empj'ema). 4. Various Purposes. a. Including Inhalers for the administration of Chloroform, ^ther, and other Medicinal vapours, h. Instruments used to restore Suspended Animation, c. Respirators in all Materials. 5. Physical Examination of the Chest. a. Instruments for Auscultation, Percussion, and Admeasurement of the Chest; Stetho- scopes and Pleximeters in all materials; Spirometers and Stethometers, as suggested hy Quain and Sibson, &c. P. Operations on the Abdoaiinal Walls and Aliment- ary Canal. Special Instruments for— 1. Stricture and other morbid states of the (Eso- phagus, the removal of Foreign Bodies, &c. a. Including Oesophagus Bougies and Pro- bangs in elastic gum and other materials, CEsophagotomes, Gullet-forceps, &c. 2. The introduction and withdrawal of Fluids from the Stomach ; the removal of Poison, &c. a. The Stomach Pump and its appendages, Enema Syringes, &c. 3. The formation and maintenance of artificial Anus. a. Enterotomes, Porte-Sutures, &c., by Dupuy- tren, Blandin, and others. 4. Prolapsus Ani. a. All kinds of Rectum-Plugs, in metal, elastic gum, &c. 5. Fistula, Fissures, and Vegetations in Ano. a. Fistula Knives, Directors, &c. h. Porte-ligatures (on Luke's and Sampson's plan). 6. Hernia. a. Cutting Instruments for its radical cure. 6. Trusses and all artificial means of support. 7. Paracentesis Abdominis. 8. Physical examination of the Rectum. a. Various Speculums (by Hilton and others). G. Operations on the Genito-Urinary System in the Male. Instruments for—• 1. Lithotomy. a. Including Lithotomes, Gorgets, Staffs, For- ceps, Scoops, &c. 2. Lithotrity. a. Lithotrites, which disintegrate the Stone by Perforation. Ditto ditto by Concentric Pressure. Ditto ditto by Percussion. 6. Syringes and other Instruments to inject and explore the Bladder, c. Dilators, Sliding-scoops, and Apparatus to remove Calculi impacted in the Urethra; Instruments for Lithectasy, &c. 3. Urinary Fistula. a. Including all Urethroplastic Instruments, Urethrotomes, &c., for Recto-Urethral, Pe- rineal, and Recto-Vesical Fistulae. 4. Stricture, Prostatic and Vesical Disease, and re- tention of Urine. a. Every variety of Catheter, Bougie, Sound, Porte-Caustique, and Urinal; Curved Tro- cars for Punctui-e of the Bladder above the Pubes, through the Rectum, &c. 5. Phymosis. a. Apparatus employed by Jews. h. By the Profession. 6. Hydrocele. 7. Variocele. a. Including Instruments for obliteration of the Spermatic Veins (Ricords'), as well as these for simple support; Suspensory and other Bandages ; Scrotal Rings, &c. H. Operations on the Genito-Urinary System in the Female. Instruments for— 1. Exploration. a. Including Speculums in all Materials, Sounds, Dilators, &c. 2. Operations on the Uterus, Vagina, and Cervix Uteri. a. Lysterotomes and Instruments for Paracen- tecis Uteri (Lisfranc's and Simpson's), Uterine Scissors and dressing Forceps (curved and straight), Porte-Caustiques, &c. 3. Polipus Uteri. a. Vulcella and other Forceps, Porte-ligatures, &erre-na?uds, &c. 4. Prolapsus and Procidentia Uteri. a. Including Pessaries, Bandages, and artificial support of all kinds. 5. VesiCO-Vaginal Fistula and Recto-Vaginal Fis- tula. a. Hancock's new Instruments, Urinary Re- ceptacles, &c. 6. Obstetrical Purposes. a. Including all Midwifery Instruments, and Contrivances to remedy Lacerated Pe- rineum. I. Operations on the Extremities. Special Instruments for— 1. Amputations. a. Army (portable) and Hospital Cases, &c. 2. The Adjustment of Fractures. a. Including Splints, Inclined Planes, Pads, Slings, and Bandages, in all Materials. 3. The Reduction of Dislocations. a. Pulleys, Rings, Staples, &c. K. Operations on the Osseous System. Special Instruments for— 1. Trepanning. 2. Resection and Exarticulatiou, 3. The Extraction of Sequestra, &c. L. Operations on the Vascular System. Instruments for—■ 1. Vensesection. a. Cupping Instruments, Lancets, Leech tubes, &c. 2. The Control of Haemorrhage. a. Tourniquets, Compressors, Torsion For- ceps, &c. 3. Transfusion, 4. Aneurism. By Ligature :—a. Aneurism Needles, Porte-li- gatures, Sampson's Speculum, &c. By Compression: — h. INew Instruments, by Wyld, Bellingham, and others. 5. Nsevus. a. Needles, Porte-aiguilles, &c. (Liston's and Brodie's). 6. Varices. a. Including Elastic Bandages, Stockings, An- clets, &c. M. Autoplastic and Orthopedic Operations. Special Instruments for— 1. The various Taliacotian Processes. a. Rhinoplasty. h. Chiloplasty, &c. 2. Tenotomy and Myotomy. a. Including long-bladed Knives for the subcu- taneous division of Muscles and Tendons, &c. 3. Mechanical Compensation of Lost Parts. a. Artificial Eyes, Noses, Ears, Chins, Palates, Teeth, Hands, Arms, Legs, &c. 4. Orthopaedic Processes. a. Including all Orthopaedic Apparatus, Back and Leg Boards and Irons, Stays, Belts, Supports, Suspenders, Boots, Shoes for the cure of Bunions (Lanagan's). N. Dressing Instruments. a. Surgeons' Pocket Cases and their usual contents; Spring Bistouries, Tenaculums, Scalpels, Scissors, Forceps, Spatulae, Probes and Directors, Needles, Ligature-Silks, &c. O. Miscellaneous Philosophical Apparatus applied to THE INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OP DiSEASE. a. Microscopes, Engiscopes, and Lenses; Urinometers and Thermometers ; Volta-electric Apparatus ; va- rious illuminating Speculums ; Instruments in India Rubber for the application of Intense Cold; Hoo- per's Water Cushions for the reception of fluids of any temperature; Spongio-piline, Patent Lint, Plaisters, CoUodion, Nipple Shields, Breast-pumps, &c. P. Surgical Tables, Beds, Mattresses, Chairs, Cradles, Rests, &c. Q. Post mortem and Dissecting Instruments, and In- struments FOR Embalmment. R. Instruments applied to Veterinary Purposes. MANUFACTURES. XI. Cotton. A. Cotton Yarn and Thread. 1. Grey Twist in Hanks and Bobbins, from No. 20 to 600. "White and Bleached Yarn. Dyed Yarn, assorted Colours. „ Turkey-red and Pink. 2. Cotton Thread.— Two-fold Lace; 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9-cord sewings. Two-fold Lisle; knittings. Crochet Cottons. Wire Thread. 3. Crape Yarn— Bleached. Coloured. B. Calicoes. Sheetings (Grey and Bleached)— l and I Super. Shirtings (Grey and Bleached). Domestics. MadapoUams— \ and I, and 40-inch Printers'. Long-cloths (Plain and Twilled) - Imitation Irish. C. Cords and Beaverteens. 1. ^ ell and \ Cords. Genoa. Beaverteens. 2. Drabbetts. Twilletts. Fancy Drills. Grey Twills. Swansdowns. Jeans. Ticks. 3. Velvets and Velveteens. D. Muslins, &c. 1. Cambric and Jaconnet— Mulls and Books. Bishop and Victoria Lawns, &c. Jaconnet, Organdies, Lenos, and Fancy Checks for Printing (Grey and Bleached). 2. Figured Muslins— Lappets, Lenos, and Netts, White and Dyed. Jacquard-made Goods. Lappets, Japan Spots and Honeycombs. „ Striped and Corded. „ AUover and Diagonal Spider. „ Bengal Scarf Spot, assorted. Harness, assorted. „ Garments. Window Curtains. Spot. Book Jaconnet and Dacca Lappets. Lenos, Plain. „ Figured. Small Stripe and Check Doriahs. Mexican Lappets, Coloured and White. Turkey Gauze, White and Dyed. 3. Shawls, Handkerchiefs, and Dresses— Imitation Cambric Handkerchiefs, Plain and Em- broidered. Lappet Shawls. Book Muslin Dresses, Checks. Tapes and Cords. Book Handkerchiefs. Specimens of MadapoUams. Bleached Goods of various Finishes. „ Cambric Finish. „ Jaconnet Finish. Book MuGlins, Hard, Elastic, and London Finish. » richly Ornamented. E. Dimities, &c. \. Furniture Dimities, Plain and Figured—• Hair, Cord, and India, Plain and Figured. Quilting. Satteen and Twilled Jean. 2. Marseilles and Summer Quilts— Counterpanes (White and Coloured).- Toilet Covers (Plain and Coloured). Anti-Macassars. Grey Sheets. Window Hollands. Cotton Diapers and Damasks. F. CoLOURE-o WovEx Cotton. 1. Handkerchiefs for the Pocket, Head, Neck, and Shoulders— Imitation Madras and Pulicat. „ Java and Manilla Fancy White Grounds, Checks. Imitation Manilla Pine-Apple Cloth. „ White Cambric. „ „ Figured Borders. Cravats, assorted colours. 2. Ginghams. Common Light Grounds, assorted, Plain. „ Dark Grounds, assorted, Plain. Earlston Ginghams. Power-loom Seersuckers and Checks. Turkey-red grounds. Blue and Black heavy Checks. Muslin Ground, Stripes and Checks. Furniture, Stripes and Checks. Coloured Diapers. Crossover Stripes. Jean Stripes. Derries. Hungarians. Umbrella Ginghams. 3. Dresses, Scarfs, &c. Java Bugis, and Manilla Sarongs. „ Chindies and Scarfs. 4. Zebras— Blue and White Striped Dresses. Orange-pine „ Blue-pine. „ Robe de Chambre. G. Oiled Calicoes or Cambrics tor Packing. XII. Woollen and Worsted. A. Broad Cloths. 1. Single Milled, 52 to 63 inches wide. Wool-dyed Woaded Colours— Blue. Black. Medleys. Oxford and other Mixtures. N.B. The term "Medleys" includes all Wool - dj^ed Colours, excepting Blue and Black. Wool-dyed, common colour, unwoaded. Black. Medleys. Oxford and other Mixtures. Drab. Piece-dyed, Woaded Colours— Black. Blue. Fancy Colours. Piece-dyed, unwoaded. Black. Scarlet. Gentian. Other Fancy Colours. A. Broad Cloths— 2. Double Milled, 52 to 57 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 3. Medium-Cloths, 54 to 63 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 4. Ladies'-Cloths, 54 to 63 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. \. 5. Venetians, 54 to 58 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 6. Army-cloth, 52 to 54 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. L 7. Beavers. Subdivided same as No. 1. . 8. Pilots. Subdivided same as No. 1. 9. Mohair, 54 to 58 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 10. Cloakings, 54 to 58 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 11. Tweeds- Single milled. Double milled. Treble milled. 12. China Stripe Cloths, list, piece dyeci, -i^^id other Cloths, 60 inches wide. 13. India Cloths, piece dyed, 60 inches wle. 14. Billiard Cloths, piece dyed, 72 to 81 Inches wide. ' 15. Elastic Glove Cloth, 54 to 70 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 16. Union Cloths, Cotton Warps, piece dyed, 52 to 54 inches wide. 17. Double Colours, piece dyed, 54 to 63 inches wide. B. Narrow Cloths. 1. Cassimere double milled, 27 to 29 inches wide. Subdivided same as Broad Cloths, No. 1. 2. Cassimere, single milled, 27 to 29 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 3. Doe-Skins, treble milled, 27 to 29 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 4. Doe-Skins, double milled, 27 to 29 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 5. Doe-Skins, single milled, 27 to 29 inches wide. Subdivided same as No. 1. 6. Cashmerettes, 27 to 29 inches wide. All Colours. 7. Tweeds, Wool dyed, 27 to 29 inches wide. Double milled. Single milled. 8. Fancy Trowserings, C. FliANlSEL. 1. Saxony Flannel. White. Coloured. 2. Various Flannels. Lancashire. Real Welsh. Imitation Welsh. Bath Coating. D. Blankets. 1. Cloth Blankets. 2. Superfine Blankets. 3. Medium Blankets. 4. Ordinary Blankets. E. Woollen Cloaking. 1. Plain. 2. Mixtures. 3. Fancy. J'. Serges. Long Ells, White and Coloured. G. Tartans. 1. Plain. 2. Fancy. H. Worsted Stuff Goods. 1. Fabrics composed entirely of Wool. Merinos. Shalloons, Says, Serges, and Plainbacks. Calimancos, Plain and Figured. Eastings, Princettas, Serges de Berry. Coatings. De Laines. Alepinas. Durants and Buntings. Moreens. Damasks. Damask Aprons, Damask Table Covers, &c. Eussels. Camlets. 2. Fabrics composed of Wool and Cotton. Cobourg and Paramatta Cloths. Union Double Twdlls. Plain Orleans Cloths, Single and Double Warps. Plain Muslin de Laines, Bareges, Sec. Shawl Cloths. Union Coatings. „ Eastings, Princettas, and Serges de Berry. Stockinetts. Fancy Eastings. „ Worsted and Cotton Goods. Figured Cobourgs, Orleans, &c. Aprons, plain and figured. Linings, plain and figured. Union Damasks. „ Damask Table Covers, &c. 3. Fabrics composed of Wool and Silk. Silk-warp Cobourgs and Orleans. „ Double Twills. „ Coatings. „ Bussels. Silk-weft Eastings. Silk-warp Damasks. 4. Fancy Goods composed of Wool, Silk, and Cotton. 5. Fabrics composed of Alpaca and Mohair mixed Avith Cotton or Silk. Plain Alpaca Lustres. „ Mixtures. Twilled Alpaca Mixtures. Plain Mohair Lustres. Silk-warp Alpaca Lustres. Alpaca and Mohair Linings. „ Mohair, and Silk Fancy Goods. „ Umbrella and Parasol Cloth. I. WooLLENj Worsted, Alpaca, and Mohair Yarns. XIII. Silk and Velvet. A. Silk Yarns. 1. Spun Silks. 2. Thrown Silks. 3. Sewing Silks. B. Plain Silks. 1. Gros, Sarsnets, Persians, Satinets, Armures, and other plain Silks. 2. Satins, black or coloured. 3. Armozines, Barattees, and Serges. 4. Serges and Lutestrings, for Parasols and Umbrellas. 5. Brussells, Ducape, Satin, and other plain Cravats for Men's wear. 6. Satin twilled and other plain Handkerchiefs for La- dies' wear. 7. Bandanas, Corahs, and other Cloth for Printing. 8. Spun Silk Handkerchiefs (for printing,) C. Fancy Silks. 1. Shot, striped, checked, watered (moire), shaded, clouded (chine), or striped with satin. 2. Floret, Damask, Tobine, Brocade, and other Figured Silks. 3. Figured Vestings, Cravats, and Scarfs. 4. Figured Handkerchiefs, Scarfs, Aprons, and Veils, for Ladies' wear, 5. Parasol and Umbrella Silks figured, or with figured borders. 6. Furniture Damasks and Brocades. 7. Gold and Silver Tissues, figured and plain. 8. Figured Pocket Handkerchiefs for Gentlemen's wear. D. Velvets. 1. Plain Velvets, black and coloured. 2. Plain Terry. 3. Figured and Embossed Velvets. 4. Plush (Ladies', &c.) 5. Hat Plush. E. Gauzes and Crapes. 1. Lisse, Areophane, and other Gauzes. 2. Plain and coloured Crapes. 3. Figured Gauze (Blonde, &c.). 4. Fancy Gauze or Crape Handkerchiefs. F. Plain Ribbons. 1. Sarsnet and Lutestring Ribbon. 2. Satin Ribbons. 3. Gauze Ribbons. 4. Velvet Bands or Bindings. G. Fancy Ribbons. 1. Shot, striped, checked, shaded, clouded (chine), or striped with satin. 2. Figured or Brocaded. 3. Gauze or Crape, with brocaded or cut figures. 4. Embossed Satin. 5. Figured or checked Velvet. XIV. Manufactures from Flax and Hemp. A. Flax Fibre. 1. Steeped, scutched Flax Fibre, both system B 2. Unsteeped Flax Fibre from dried Straw. 3. Hackled Flax from both systems, and Hackled Tow. 4. Tow from both systems, and from the unsteeped process. 5. Tow in the forms to mix with Wool. 6. Flax, Hemp, &c., prepared as a substitute for Cotton and Silk. B. Linen Yarn and Thread. 1. Linen Yarn, Thread, &c.: English, Scotch, and Irish (Tow and Linen Yarn, 1^ to 400 lea). 2. Hand-Spun Thread as used for some fine Cambrics, &c. (240 to 800 lea). 3. Dyed Yarns and Threads of various colours. 4. Dyed Yarns and Threads to resemble Lustre of Silk. 5. Flax-Cotton, Flax-Fibre, Flax-Wool, and Flax-Silk Yarns. 6. Flax Thread from unsteeped Fibre. C. Plain Linens of all widths. Bleached, Unbleached, AND Dyed. 1. Canvas—- English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, and Russian. 2. Heavy Linens— As Crash, Huckabacks, Glass Cloths, and Sheetings : Yorkshire, Newark, Scotch, Drogheda, Courtrai, Ghent, Russia. Tubing for Irrigation, and Banding for IMachinery. 3. Irish Manufacture— Brown, Black, and coloured Linens. 4. Platillas, Creas, Britannias, German ditto ditto. 5. Irish Linens and Sheetings— Courtrai, Ghent, Bielefield, Prussian. D. Damasks, Diapers, Drills, and other Twilled Linens : Bleached, Unbleached, or Dyed. 1. Damasks and Diapers— English, Scotch, Irish, Saxon. 2. Drills- English, Scotch, Irish, French, Saxon, Russian. 3. Linen Velveteens, Linen Velvets, and Linen Cords. E. Cambrics, Cambric and Linen Handkerchiefs, Plain, Bordered, Embroidered, Plain Printed or Dyed ; Printed Linens, Lawns, Cambrics, Bleached, Unbleached, or Dyed. 1. Irish. 2. French. 3. Irish, Scotch, and Swiss Embroidering (in Cambric). F. Cordage of all kinds. Ropes, Lines, Twines, Nets, &c. XV. Mixed Fabrics, including Shawls; but exclusive of Worsted Goods. (Class XII.) A. Mixed Woven Fabrics. 1. Cotton Warp, plain, watered, or figured. Shot with Wool or Worsted. ^ or Dresses Damasks Mohair. Aprons, Shoe and " Linen ' Boot Cloths, Linings, " gj^ijj ' I Cravats, Vestings, " Silk'and Worsted, f Ponchos Pantaloons, Silk and Cotton. Shawls, Scarfs, Coat- China Grass. . l^g^' i^^^j^^^' Q^^l*" mgs, Plaids, &c. 2. Spun Silk Warp, plain, watered, or figured. Shot with Wool or Worsted. ] „ Mohair. Linen Dresses. Net Silk. > Damasks, „ Silk and Worsted. „ All Cotton. 3. Silk Warps, plain, watered, figured, or embossed. Shot with Cotton. „ Wool or Worsted. „ Mohair. „ Linen. „ Cotton and Silk. „ Cotton & Worsted graduated. 4. Linen Warps, plain, watered, or figured. Shot with Wool or Worsted. „ Mohair. „ Cotton and Silk. Silk. . . Vestings, &c. Tabinets; Poplins; Paramattas; Chalis, Bareges; Cashmeres, &c. 5. Cotton and Silk Warps, plain, watered, or figured. Shot with Cotton. ^ „ Mohair. „ Silk. „ Worsted. „ China Grass. For Dresses, Articles of Furniture, Shawls, &c. B. Shawls. 1. Woven Shawls. Chenille, all Silk or Silk and Cotton. Cashmere from the East. Imitation Cashmeres, that is, Harness or Jacquard Wove Shawls. Plain Silk and Satin. Figured Silk and Satin. Crape, plain and embroidered. Gauze, plain and figured. Lace, plain and figured. Shetland or knittted Woollen. Barege, all Wool and Silk and Wool. Grenadine and other thin texture, in Silk and Silk and Wool. Embroidered Lace, Silk, and Cashmere. Woollen, plain, tartan, and fancy. • : 2. Printed Shawls. Barege. Silk, including Silk, Grenadine, and other thin mix- tures. Cashmere. Chine, or Shawls printed on the warp before they are woven. XVI. Leather, including Saddlery and Harness, Skins, Fur, Feathers, and Hair. A. Leather. 1. Rough tanned Leather—• Tanned Butts. „ Crop-hides. „ Otfal, i. e. Shoulders and Bellies. „ Horse Butts. „ Dressing-hides. „ Horse-hides. „ Kips. „ Calf-skins. „ Seal-skins. „ Hog-skins. „ Bazils. „ Varieties. 2. Curried Leather— Curried Calf-skin, Russet {i. e. Natural Colour). „ „ Waxed {i. e. Black). „ „ Butts, Russett. „ „ Butts, Waxed. „ Kips, Russett. „ Kips, Waxed. „ Cordovan, Waved. „ Cordovan, Grain. „ Shoe-hides, „ Seal-skins. „ Dog-skins. „ Goat-skins. „ Boot-legs. „ Boot-fronts. „ Varieties. „ Saddlers' Hides. „ Rein-hides. „ Collar-hides. „ Chaise-hides. „ Pouch and Scabbard Hides. ,, Powder Hides. „ Bellows Hides. „ Pipe Backs. „ Bag Hides. „ Pig-skins. „ Hog-skins. „ Russia Leather. 3. Enamelled Leather— Black Enamelled Horse-hides. „ Cow-hides. „ Calf-skins. „ Seal-skins. „ Goat-skins. „ Roans. „ Skivers. Coloured Enamelled Calf-skins. „ Sheep-skins. Black Japanned Horse-hides. „ Cow-hides. „ Calf-skins. „ Sheep-skins. Coloured Japanned Skins various. l)yed Leather— Dyed Morocco, e. (Goat-skins) for Furniture and Coach Purposes. „ Roan, e. (Sheep-skins) for Furniture and Coach purposes. „ Morocco, for Shoe purposes. „ Roan ditto. „ Roan ditto. „ Morocco for Bookbinding and Pocketbooks, &c. „ Roan for Bookbinding and Pocketbooks, &c. „ Skiver ditto ditto. „ Calf ditto ditto. Striped Seal-skin for Shoe-binding, &c. „ Cape Sheep-skins „ „ Sheep „ „ „ Goat „ „ „ Horse-hide „ 5. Oil Leather— Buck-skins, finished natural colour. Doe „ „ Calf „ „ Lambs „ , Sheep „ „ Ox and Cow Hides „ Buck-skins, dyed or coloured. Doe „ „ Calf „ „ Lamb „ „ Sheep „ „ 6. White or Alum Leather— Alumed Horse-hides. „ Calf-skins. „ Sheep-skins strained white. „ Lamb-skins „ „ Lamb-skins coloured. „ Kid-skins for Gloves, White » » Dyed. „ Lamb-skins „ „ Sheep-skins „ „ Kid-skins for Shoes. „ Calf-skins „ „ Sheep-skins „ „ Varieties. Gaiter Leather. 7. Sheep and Skin Rugs— Sheep and Lamb, Brown Rugs. „ Coloured. „ White. Sheep Rugs for Cavalry Saddles. Angola Goat, Coloured. „ White. Various Wild Animal Skins for Rugs. 8. Parchment and Vellum. Sheep-skin Parchment for Deeds. „ „ Bookbinding, White. „ „ „ Coloured, Vellum for Bookbinding, White. „ „ Coloured. „ Painting. „ Tambourines. „ Drum-heads. „ Gunpowder-sieves. B. Saddlery and Harness. 1. Harness ; Carriage, Gig, Cart. 2. Saddlery. 3. Whips. C. Miscellaneous. 1. Leather Manufactures, such as Bellows, &c. 2. Braces, Webbing-belts, &c. D. Skins and Fur. 1. Sable and Martin— Russian or Siberian Sable . . .v Hudson's Bay Martin or Sable, next n^l'^^^^'^T'^^-''^''^ • • As manufac- The or th American or Canadian tured forMufFs, Baum or Wood Martin, a native ot, rp. ^ t^.^tv, mings, CulFs, the Forests of Germany, &c Stone Martin, living in rocks, old ruined castles, buildings, &c. English Martin Dyed Sable and Martin . . . . &c. Otter— NootkaSound, orSeaOtter-i As used in China for Hudson's Bay and North | Royal robes, and by American Otter European Otter . . Pull-dyed Otter . . Fox- Hudson's Bay and North Ame- the Russians,Chinese, Greeks and Persians, for Caps, &c. rican Black and Silver Fox Blue Fox . White Fox Red Fox . Cross Fox Grey Fox Army Clothing and Accoutrements,and for Hearth-rugs and Sleigh coverings. As used abroad for Dresses, and in this country for Coat-linings,Car- riage Wrappers, Ottomans, Foot- Kitt Fox 1 Muffs, &c. European Red Fox 4. Bear— Black Bear of Hudson's Bay^ and North America Brown, or Isabella . Grey „ European Grey and Black Bear .... Polar or White Bear 5. Beaver— Bsaver from Hudson's Bay 1 As made into Muffs, and North America . I Tippets, Cuffs, and Manufactured . . . . j other articles of Ap- Dyed ditto J parel. 6. Swan. Swan Skin . . Swan Quills 7. Goose. Goose Skin . . | ^^^^ Swansdown. Goose Down. . 3 8. Mink. North American and Hudson's Bay Mink; as used for Muffs, Tippets, Cutis, &c. 9. Buffalo, for Sleigh Coverings, Open Carriages, and for Railway purposes. 10. Hudson's Bay and North American Skins. Lynx . . • ^gg(j America, w^hen dyed, for Muffs and Tippets, and in the undyed state by the Chinese, Greeks, and Persians. The Rac- coon as linings of Shakos and Coats in Russia and Germany. auu Lynxcat Dyed Lynx Raccoon. Wolf . . Fisher . Wolverin 11. Ermine or Weasel tribe. Ermine Weasel Polecat or Fitch .... Russian Fitch Dyed Fitch Kolinski and Dyed Koliiiski Kolrosk and Dyed Kolrosk 12. Seal. South Georgia, Shetland, and Falkland Isles . . Lomar's Island and Cape . The Plucked and Manufac- tured Seal Seal when dyed The Greenland and New- foundland Hair Seals The Labrador Spotted and Silver Seal The same in its dyed state .} 13. Musquash, or large North American Rat, for Ladies' wear, as for Muffs, Boas, &c. Opossum . . !> Perewiazka . ^ ' 14. Hare and Rabbit. White Hair from Russia and i For general pur- poses of Ladies' Apparel. Men's Coats and Ladies' Dresses, Muffs, Capes,Cuffs, Caps, Waistcoats, Shoes, Boots, &c. the Polar Regions . . European or Grey Hare Hudson's Bay and North Ame- rican Rabbit. . . English Rabbit . . Flemish Rabbit . . Silver Grey Rabbit . White Polish Rabbit Black and Blue Rabbit Australian Rabbit Dyed Rabbit . . . Muffs, Tippets, Linings, Cuffs, &c. 15. Lamb, &c. Grey Russian Crimea Lamb Black Ukraine Lamb Black Astrachan Lamb Persian Grey Lamb Persian Black Lamb Hungarian Lamb . Spanish Lamb . . English Lamb . . 16. Squirrel. Black Russian . . Blue Siberian . . Kazan Siberian . . American Squirrel English Squirrel . Indian Striped Squirrel Flying Squirrel . Dyed Squirrel . , 17. Chinchilla. African Chinchilla Buenos Ayres Chinchilla Lima or bastard Chinchilla 18. Cat. Dutch Cat or Jennet . . . European Cat Wild Cat African Cat For general pur- poses of Dress. For Ladies' wear, and for Muffs, Tippets, Cuffs, Linings, Trim- mings, &c. As made into vari- ous articles of Ladies' Dress. For Coat Linings, Sleigh Coverings, Travelling Bags, &c. 19 20. 21 ;:1 For Ladies' use. Various purposes. cs. Grebe . . . Eider Duck . Penguin . . Tartar Foal . Angora Goat Dyed Goat . Skins from the Tropi Lion . . . Royal Tiger. Cape Tiger . Leopard . . Panther . . Zebra . . . Antelope . . Black Monkey vinteater . . Miscellaneous—Moose Deer. Deer. Roebuck. Badger ; the hair of the European badger, as used for shaving-brushes, &c. Mole, as made into articles of Ladies' apparel. Feathers. Mounted for Ornamental purposes and for Furni- ture. 22 1. Ostrich. Aleppo . . Magador . . Alexandria . Senegal « . Cape ... Algoa Bay . Dyed .... 2. Marabouts. Marabout Stork Adjutant . . Paddy or Rice Bird White . . Grey . . Dyed . . 3. Rhea. Long Flossy . Short Flossy . Brown . . 4. Osprey. Large" . . . Small Egrett, 5. Emu As worn in Plumes on Court occasions by Knights of various Orders, and for Mi- litary purposes, also in their application to general Dress for Ladies and for Funeral Plumes. i As Plumes for Head Dresses, Bonnets, Trimmings for Dresses, Muffs, Tippets, and Fans, and as us*ed with Gold, Silver, or Pearls. The Feathers known by the Plumassiers as " Vulture's," and used for Ladies' wear, made up into fanciful forms, and for military purposes, in America; the common sorts made into dusting- • brooms. ■The Feathers of the small Egrett, as used for Ladies only, Those of the large Osprey for Ladies, and the Feathers of the back, as used for Military Plumes I, for the Hussar Regiments. The Feathers varying in shades, as used in their na- tural colour for Ladies' Bonnets, and dyed darker colours and black. 6. Birds of Paradise. The Large Emerald The Small Emerald The King Bird . . 7. Heron. The Heron . . The White-bellied Darter . . . 8. Ibis. The Birds, as worn by per- sons of rank in the East, also by Ladies in Europe and America, arranged as a Bird. The Feathers of the head, and breast of the Andrea cinerea, as used for Ladies, and by Knights at their in- stallation. Those from the back of the Plotus anhinga, as used in England by La- dies, and in the Eastern Countries by Princes and . persons of Rank, j The Feathers of their natural < scarlet colour, as made into I Wreaths for the Head. C For Ladies' Bonnets and I Military Plumes. J The Down of these Birds as \ used for Ladies' Plumes and ' Trimmings. (The Feathers of the neck, back, and tail made into Plumes for Ladies' and Children's Hats and Mili- tary Plumes. For Plumes and Screens, rrhe Feathers marked with j eyes, as used, the small for j Plumes, the large for Tiaras \ for the head. Made into Trimming. {The Feathers forming the wing of this Bird as used for the Highland Bonnet. (The Feathers of the Jay, Duck, Grebe, and Tucan, as also several Birds fiom the J Tropics, in their applica- l tions to Ladies' dresses. F. Hair. 1. Hair as^a substitute for Human Hair, Curls, Fronts, &c. 2. Ornaments in Hair, as Plumes, &c. (See also XXIII. C.) 3. Hair Cloth for the purposes of Furniture. 4. Hair for miscellaneous purposes, as for stuffing Fur- niture. Swan Turkey Cock Peacocks . Argus Pheasant Common Pheasant. 9. Miscellaneous Wigs, Bracelets, Guards, XVII. Paper and Stationery^ Printing, and Book- binding. A. Paper in the Raav State as it leaves the Mill. 1. BroM^n Paper and Packing Papers. 2. Millboards and Glazed Boards for pressing. 3. Printing Papers. 4. Drawing Papers. 5. Writing Papers. 6. Tissue Papers, white and tinted. 7. Papers tinted in the Pulp. 8. Tracing Papers, made so in the Pulp. 9. Papers ornamented in the Water-mark. 10. Cartridge Paper. B. ARTicr.ES OF Stationery. 1. Envelopes, plain and ornamental. 2. Embossed and Lace Papers. 3. Printed Fancy Papers and Surface-coloured Papers, Printed and Embossed Ornaments. 4. Wedding Stationery (Cards, Papers, and Envelopes). 5. Mourning Stationery (Cards, Papers, and Enve- lopes). 6. Specimens of Ornamenting, Glazing, and Packeting Writing Papers. 7. Sealing-wax and Wafers. 8. Pens. 9. Small Wares for Stationery. 10. Tracing Paper, made transparent by Varnishes. 11. Inks of all kinds. C. Pasteboards, Cards, &c. 1. Playing Cards. 2. Message Cards, j)lain and ornamental. 3. Drawing Boards. 4. Mounting Board, plain and ornamental. 5. Pasteboard and Cardboard. D. Paper and Scaleboard Boxes, Cartons (Carton- nerie). All kinds of Boxes and Cases made of Pasteboard and Paper (not being Papier-maclie), plain or ornamented. E. Printing (not including Fine Art Printing). 1. Type-printing generally. 2. Printing Inks and Varnishes. F. Bookbinding, &c. 1. Binding in Cloth. 2. „ Vellum. 3. „ Leather. •4. „ Velvet. 5. „ Wood, Papier-mache, or Metal. 6. Albums, Scrap-books, Portfolios, Music-books, Ma- nuscript-books, Memorandum-books. 7. Ledgers and Account-books. 8. Blotting-cases, Desks, Cabinets, Pocket-books, Card- cases, Note-cases, &c. 9. Porte-monnaie, and other Articles of a similar na- ture. Turkey-red, Bandanas printed. „ „ discharged. „ Chintz pattern. Printed Border Handkerchiefs. Imitation Cambric. „ Fancy Muslin. Imitation Java batticked Handkerchiefs. Printed Aprons. 3. Printed Shawls and Dresses. Shawls, assorted Colours . . J part with fringe, „ Turkej'-red, or purplej part without. Java Sarongs batticked. „ Turkey-red. Java Slendrongs, Turkey-red, and batticked. Malay Chindey or Imitation. Bombay Patolio. Siam Shawls. Scarfs. XVIII. Woven, Spun, Felted, and Laid Fabrics, when shown as specimens of Printing or Dyeing. A. Printing or Dyeing of Woollens, or any Mousse- line de Soie, de Laine, or Alpaca Mixture. 1. Mousseline de Laine, de Soie, &c.— ' Made of all Wool. „ Cotton and Wool. Cashmere— Made of all Wood. „ Cotton and Wool. Barege—• Made of Silk and Wool. „ Cotton and Wool. „ all Wool. „ Cotton, Silk, and Wool. Balzarine, plain and figured— Made of Cotton and Wool. „ Silk and Wool. „ Cotton, Silk, and Wool. 2. Printed or Dyed Cotton or Silk Warps, afterwards woven, known as Chine. 3. Printed Woollen Table-covers. „ „ Japanned. 4. Printed and Dyed Silks— India Corahs in the Grey. „ dyed. ,, printed in England. India Bandanas (tied and dyed in India). „ Choppahs (printed in India). British Corahs in the Grey. „ dyed. „ printed. British Twills in the Grey. „ dyed. „ printed. British Spun Silks, printed. British Cambrics, printed. „ dyed. British Spun Silk Dresses, dyed. „ „ printed. British Corah Dresses, printed, India Corah Dresses, printed. Printed China Crape Shawls. B. Printed Calicoes, Cambrics, Muslins, Velvet, and Velveteens— 1. Cottons printed by Machines only. „ by Block only. „ partly by Block and Machinery. Turkey-red, printed or dyed. „ „ Mules. Muslins printed by Machinery. „ by Block only. „ partly by Block and Machinery. Prints and Furniture by Machine only. „ by Block only. „ partly Block and Machine. 2. Handkerchiefs for the pocket, head, neck, and shoulders. Single Colours, blue ground, &c. Assorted Colours, fast and loose, B. Dyed Cotton Goods. Cambrics and Madapolones, assorted Colours. „ Turkey-red. Imitation blue Morries and Basstas. Long Cloths of all kinds. Mull and Book Muslin of all kinds. Cotton Drills (blue). Velvet. Velveteens. D. Dyed Linen Goods. Printed Linens. Cambric Handkerchiefs. Lawn Shirt Fronts. Lawn Hankerchiefs. E. Dyeing or Printing or Leather, Hair, Fur, etc. XIX. Tapestry, including Carpets and Floor-cloths, Lace, Embroidery, Fancy and Industrial Work. A. Tapestry, 1. Carpets of all kinds in which the Pattern is produced by Weaving or by the Hand, in the manner of Tapestry proper, including Hall Carpets, Rugs, Stair, &c. a. Axminster Carpets, Flax or Jute, Chain,Woollen, or Worsted Pile, worked by hand. h. Table and Chair Covers, &c., worked in the same way. c. Patent Axminster Carpets, manufactured at Glas- gow, made firstly as a woven Fringe, and that adapted afterwards to a thick Flax surface. d. Patent Tapestry Carpet, Pattern printed in warp, any number of Colours used ; Table-covers and Curtains, made in same way. e. Patent Tapestry Rugs, Velvet Pile Surface, with a thick weft shoot of Cotton, Flax, or other material. /. Brussells and Velvet Pile Carpet. g. Tapestry Brussells Carpets, called Moquette, of a fine quality. h. Kidderminster and Venetian Carpet. i. Patent Mosaic Tapestry and Rugs, where the cut Wool is fixed to a ground by caoutchouc, &c. j. Printed Felt Carpet, Plain and Printed Druggets, Printed and Embossed Cloth for Table-covers and Curtains. k. Patent Printed Carpets with Terry Pile Surface; the same Moquette for Curtains or Furniture. I. Cloth Embroidered by Machinery for Table- covers or Curtains. 2. Matting of Hemp, Cocoa-nut Fibre, Straw, Reeds, and Grasses, for Floor and Walls. 3. Oil-cloth for Floor or Table, whether painted or printed. 4. Woven or Embroidery, Crochet and Net Work. 5. Counterpanes and Quilts for Bed-covers ; Quilting and Dimity for Bed-room Hanging. 6. Ornamental Tapestry of Silk, Wool, Linen, Mohair, Cotton, or of these * Materials mingled together, or with Metal Wires, whether woven in the Loom or of any kind of Needlework, but of Patterns having so much artistic excellence as to entitle them to be exhibited in Section XXX. as Works of fine Art. B. Lace. 1. Pillow Lace, the article or fabric being wholly made by hand (known as Valenciennes, Mechlin, Honi- ton, Buckingham) ; or guipure made by the Crochet Needle; and Silk Lace, called " Blonde" when white, and Chantilly, Puy, Grammont, and Black Buckinghamshire when black. 2. Lace, the ground being Machine-wrought, the Orna- mentation made on the Pillow and afterwards ap- plied to the Ground (known as Brussells, Honiton, or applique'e Lace.) 3. Machine-made Nets and Quillings, wholly Plain, whether Warp or Bobbin (known as Bobbin Net, Tulles, Blondes, Cambraie, Mechlins, Malines, Brus- sells, Alen9on, &c.). 4. Lace, the Ground being wholly made by Machine ; partly Ornamented by Machine and partly by Hand, or wholly Ornamented by Hand, whether Tam- boured, Needle-Embroidered, or Darned. 5. Lace actually Wrought and Ornamented by Machi- nery ; comprising Trimming Laces of every de- scription. Veils, Falls, Scarfs, Shawls, Lappets, Curtains, &c. C. Sewed and Tamboured Museins. Ladies' Collars, Cuffs, &c. Children's Robes. Handkerchiefs. Trimmings and Insertions. Vest Pieces. Shirt Fronts. Mantles. Dresses. Curtains, &c. D. Embroidery. 1. Gold and Silver and Glass. 2. Silk, as Shawls, Dresses, Mantles, Table Covers, and Curtains, &c. 3. Berlin Wool, Chair Covers and Fancy Articles for the Drawing-room. 4. Embroidery by Machinery. E. Fringes, &c. 1. Fringes, Tassels, Gymps, &c., suitable as Trimmings for Upholstery. 2. Ditto for Dresses and other tine Work. Fc Fancy and Industrial Works. 1. Berlin Wool Work. 2. Needlework. 3. Miscellaneous Industrial Works. XX. Articles of Clothing for Immediate Personal or Domestic Use, A. Hats, Cap§, and Bonnets. 1. Hats, made of Silk, Beaver, or other materials, for Men. 2. Caps, for Men, 3. Bonnets of Straw, Silk, or other material. a. British Chip Bonnet made from the Poplar. h. Willow Bonnet. c. Brazilian Grass Hats. d. Tuscan and Leghorn Plaiting and Bonnets. e. Straw Plait Bonnets. /. Straw Trimmings and Bonnets. g. Horse-hair Trimmings and Bonnets. h. Silk and other Bonnets made by Milliners. B. Hosiery. 1. Cotton. 2. Woollen. 3. Linen. 4. Silk. C. Geoves. 1. Made of Leather or Skins. 2. Made of any other materials. D. Boots, Shoes, and Lasts. 1. Made of Leather. 2. Made of other materials. E. Under Clothing. L For Ladies. 2. For Gentlemen. F. Upper Clothing 1. For Ladies, including all kinds of Millinery. 2. For Gentlemen, including all kinds of Tailor's-work. XXI. Cutlery and Edge -tools, A. Cutlery, such as Knives and Forks, Pen and Pocket Knives, Razors, Scissors, and Shears. L Knives and Forks— Table, Dessert, Carving. Dessert or Fruit, with plated and silver blades. Cake and Melon Carvers, „ „ Fish Knives and Forks, „ „ 2. Spring Knives— Pen and Pocket Knives of every description. Hunting and Sportsmen's Knives. 3. Knives of all other descriptions— Paper Knives of all kinds. Desk or Office Knives. Palette Knives. Knives for Hunting and Self-defence, as Ccuteaux- de-Chasse, Bowie Knives, &c. Knives for Kitchen and Domestic Purposes, as Cooks', Oyster, Onion, Bread and Butter, and Cheese Knives, Knives used in various Trades, as Butchers', Shoe- makers', Glaziers', Gardeners', &c. 4. Scissors and Shears—■ Ladies' Work and Cutting-out Scissors of every description. Nail, Button-hole, Barbers', and Trimming Scissors. Shears used in various Trades, as Tailors', Brush- makers', &c. Garden and Sheep Shears. 5. Razors of all kinds. 6. Miscellaneous— Corkscrews, Button-hooks, Boot-hooks, Nail-nip- pers, Nail-files, Tweezers, &c. B. Files and other small Edge Tools, not included IN Manufacturing Tools in Section VL 1. Files and Edge-tools used by Engineers, Smiths, or other Metal Workers. 2. „ for purposes of Building, by Masons, Bricklayers, and Plasterers. 3. „ for fine Metal and other work, as for Clock and Watch makers. Jewellers, Lapida- ries, Engravers, and Blodellers, 4. „ for Wood-work, as for Carpenters, Joiners, Cabinet-makers, Coopers, &c. 5. „ for Leather or Skins, as for Saddlers, Cur- riers, Shoemakers, and Bookbinders. 6. Drawing, Artists', and Engraving Instruments. 7. Files and Edge-tools for other purposes than those specified. XXII. Iron and General Hardware. A. Brass Manufacture. L Cabinet and general Brass Foundry, consisting of Hinges, Fastenings, Escutcheons, Bell-pulls, Brass- foundry used in Ships, Knockers, Door-springs, Castors, &c. 2. Plumbers' Brass Foundry, Cocks, Valves, Pumps, Water-closets, &c, 3. Stamped Brass Foundry, Cornices, Curtain-bands, Finger-plates, &c. 4. Gas-fittings, Brackets, Chandeliers, Pillars, Gas Burn- ers, and Consumers' Meters, &c. 5. Tubing, plain and ornamental. 6. Metallic Bedsteads, Brass and Iron. 7. Chandeliers, Lamps, and Candelabra, for Oil, Candles, or Camphine, and Lamp Chains. 8. Railway and Carriage Brass Foundry, and Signal Lamps and Lanterns. 9. Bronze Figures, Busts, and Chimney Ornaments. 10. Bells, House, Church, Ship, Table, &c., and Alarums. 11. Candlesticks, Table and Bedroom. 12. Monumental Brasses and Ecclesiastical Brass-work. 13. Copper and Steel Plates for Engravers. 14. Miscellaneous. B. Copper, Zinc, Tin, Pewter, and General Braziery. 1. Kettles, Coalscuttles, Coppers, Saucepans, Steamers, Plate-warmers, &c. 2. Bronzed Tea and Coffee Urns, Kettles, &c. 3. Tubing—Copper, Tin, Lead, &c, 4. Pewter, German Silver, and Britannia-metal Tea- pots, Basins, Dishes, Spoons, Ladles, Inkstands, &c. 5. Coffin Furniture—Plates, Escutcheons, &c. 6. Zinc Articles generally. C. Iron Manufacture. (See also I. and V.) 1. Stoves, Grates, Fenders and Fire Irons, Kitchen Ranges, Cooking Apparatus, Smoke-jacks. 2. "Warming Apparatus, for Halls and Rooms, Ships, &c,, either by Water, Coal, Coke, Wood, Charcoal, or Gas. 3. Shower, Vapour, Air, and Warm-water Baths. 4. Ventilators—Metallic and others. 5. Pipes and Gutters, &c. 6. Locks and Hinges, 7. General Ironmongery. 8. Ice Machines. 9. Knife-cleaning Machines. 10. Letter-copying Machines and Presses, 11. Saddlers' Ironmongery. 12. Hollow Ware, cast and wrought, tinned and ena- melled. 13. Sj)ades, Shovels, Pickaxes, Hoes, Rakes, Garden-rol- lers, &c. (See also S. IX.) 14. Nails, cut, cast, and wrought, in Iron, Copper, and other Metals. 15. Screws and Railway Bolts, &c. 16. Iron Safes, Cash-boxes, fire-proof and otherwise. 17. Horse-shoes. 18. Gates, Railings, Hurdles, and Stable Fittings. 19. Mangles, Washing Machines, &c. D. Steel Manufacture. 1. Tools and heavy Steel Toys, Hammers, Vices, &c. 2. Steel Ornaments, and light fancy Steel Toys,Brooches, Buckles, &c. 3. Steel Pens and Metallic Pens. 4. Needles, Fish-hooks, and Fishing Tackle. E. Buttons, etc. 1. Buttons—Metallic, Florentine, Pearl, Bone, &c. 2 Metal Boxes, Watch Boxes, &c. F. Wire Work, &c. 1. Wire Gauze, for Window Blinds, Fencing, Phea- santry. Birdcages, &c. 2. Wire—Iron, Brass, Steel, and Copper. 3. Pins—white and black. 4. Hooks and Eyes. 5. Metallic Wire Baskets. 6. Wire Rope. XXIII. Workino in Precious Metals and in their imitations; Jewellery, and all Articles of Virtu and Luxury not included in the other Classes. A. Communion Services. As Altar-dishes, Flagons, Chalices, Patens, Plates, &c. B. Articles of Gold and Silver Plate, for Decora- tive Purposes and Presentation Pieces. 1. Racing Prizes, Testimonials, allegorical, historical, and emblematic Groups and Compositions, Shields, Centre Pieces, Vases, Tazzas, Ewers, Salvers, Candelabra, &c. 2. The same Articles made in hammered or repousse metal. C. Smaller Articles for more General Domestic Use. 1. For the Dinner Table; as Smaller Candelabra v/ith branches. Candlesticks, Centre Pieces, Soup and Sauce Tureens, Covered Dishes, Smaller Mounted Dishes, Flat Dishes, Flower-stands and Epergnes, Dessert Services,Table and Dessert Knives,Spoons, and Forks, Salvers, Bread and Cake Baskets, Claret Jugs, Wine Coasters, Cruet Frames, Mustard Pots, Salts, &c. 2. Breakfast and Tea-table Service ; as Tea and Coffee Urns and Kettles, Tea and Coffee Pots and Stands, Sugar Basins, Milk and Cream Jugs, Ewers and Basins, Toast Racks, &c. 3. Dressing and Library Table and Travelling Utensils ; as Inkstands and Writing Appendages, Dressing Cases and Instruments, &c. 4. Miscellaneous ; as Watch and Clock Cases, Toys, Pen- cil Cases, Seals and Keys, Filagree Baskets and Ornaments. D. Electro-plated Goods of all descriptions, compre- hending ALL THAT CAN BE EXECUTED IN SiLVER AND OTHER MeTALS. E. Sheffield and other Plated Goods. Centre and Side covered Dishes and Warmers, Soup Tureens, Cruet Frames, Li(][ueur Frames, Pickle ditto. Candlesticks and Branches, Candelabra, Bread and Cake Baskets, Snuffers and Trays, Tea and Coffee Services, Teatrays, Hand Waiters, Claret Jugs, Decanter Stands, Sugar Stands, Flower Stands, Nut Crackers, Grape Scissors, Mustard Pots, &c. F. Gilt and Or-molu Work. 1. Gilt by the Electro process. 2. Gilt by amalgamation, or " Water Gilding." 3. Imitation Jewellery and Toys. G. Jewellery. 1. Works exhibiting the Precious Stones and Pearls, as Diamonds, Rubies, Sapi^hires, Emeralds, Opals, Turquois; and the manner of setting them iu Crowns, Coronets, Stars, Orders, 'J L'iaras, Head Or- naments, Bouquets, Necklaces, Bracelets and Armlets, Presentation Snuff Boxes, Brooches, Ear Pendants, Medallions, Studs, and Buttons. 2. Ornaments similar to those of the former class, in which are exhibited the setting of the inferior Stones, Amethysts, Topazes, Carbuncles, Aqua- marines, Jacinths, Crysophrases, Carnelians, Onyxes, whether plain or set. Cameos or Intaglios, Engraved Shells, &c. &c, 3. Ornaments made of Gold, whether plain or ena- melled; as Bracelets, Brooches, Necklaces, Ear- rings, Pins, Waist-Buckles, Chains, Buckles, Studs, Chatelaines, &c. &c. &c. 4. Jewellery by imitations of Precious and other Stones. 5. Ornaments worked in Ivory, Jet, Horn, Hair, and other materials, of which the Precious Stones or Metals do not form the principal feature. H. Ornaments and Toys worked in Iron, Steel, and other Metals which are neither Precious Metals nor Imitations of them, as Chatelaines OF Steel, Chains of Steel, Sword-hilts, Cut Steel Shoe and Knee Buckles, Berlin Iron Ornaments, Chains, Necklaces, Bracelets, etc. I. Enamelling and Damascene Work. 1. Enamelling of subjects on Gold and Precious Metals. (Except when shown in the Section of Fine Arts.) 2. Damascene Work, or insertion of one Metal iu another, not included in the above-named Classes, as forming a minor ingredient in some more im- portant species of Manufactures. J. Articles of Use or Curiosity not included in the PREVIOUS EnUxMERATION. XXIV. Glass. A. Window Glass, including Sheet Glass, Crown Glass, AND Coloured Sheet Glass. 1. Crown. 2. Sheet. 3. Blown Plate Glass, silvered and unsilvered. 4. Coloured Sheet, Pot Metal, or flashed. 5. Glass Ventilators. 6. Glass Shades, round, oval, and square. B. Painted and other kinds of Ornamented Window- Glass. 1. Enamelled, Embossed, Etched, painted white, or co- loured Window Glass. 2. Painted and Leaded Window's. C. Cast Plate Glass. 1. Rough Plate. 2. Ground and polished, silvered and unsilvered. 3. Pressed Plate. 4. Rolled Plate, white and coloured. D. Bottle-Glass. 1. Ordinary Bottle-glass, including Moulded Bottles. 2. Medicinal Bottle-glass, including Phials, &c., blown and moulded, of all kinds and shapes. 3. White Bottle-glass, Blown, Pressed, and Moulded Bottles. 4. Water-pipes and Tubing. E. Glass for Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus. 1. Glass for Matras, Retorts, and other kinds of Chemi- cal and Philosophical Apparatus. 2. Water-pipes and Tubing. F. Flint Glass or Crystal, with or without Lead, WHITE, coloured, AND ORNAMENTED FOR TaBLE Vases, etc. 1. Blown. . 2. Moulded and Pressed. 3. Cut and Engraved. 4. lleticulated and spun with a variety of colours, in- crusted, flashed, enamelled of all colours, opales- cent, imitation of Alabaster, gilt, platinised, sil- vered, &c. 5. Glass Mosaic, Millefiori, Aventurine, and Venetian Glass Weights, &c. 6. Beads, imitation Pearls, &c. 7. Chandeliers, Candlesticks, and all Glass Apparatus for Lamps, Candlesticks, Girandoles, Wall Brackets, with or without drops, &c. G. Optical Glass, Flint and Crown. 1. Rough Discs of Flint and Crown, to make Lenses for Telescopes, Microscopes, Daguerreotype and Calotype Apparatus, &c. 2. Flint and Crown, blown or cast in plates for the Optician. 3. Thin Glass for Microscopes, 4. Refractive Apparatus, Prismatic Lenses for Light- houses. (See also Class J.) XXV. Ceramic Manufactures,—-Porcelmn, Earthen- ware^ ^'C. A. Porcelain, Hard. 1. Chinese. 2. Japanese. 3. Continental, as Berlin, Meissen, &c. B. Statuary Porcelain. 1. Statuary. 2. Parian. 3. Carrara. C. Tender Porcelain. 1. English Porcelain, soft or tender. 2. French, with Silicious body. D. Stoneware, Glazed and TJnglazed. 1. Ironstone, or Stone China, glazed. 2. White Scone body, unglazed. 3. Coloured body, Jasper. „ 4. „ Egyptian black, unglazed. 5. „ Red, „ 6. „ Cane, 7. „ Drab, „ 8. Brownware, with salt glaze. (The Lambeth, Ches- terfield, and Beauvais manufactures are included in this class.) 9. Chemical utensils. (These are made both in Stone- ware and Hard Porcelain). E. Earthenware. 1. White body for Printing, Painting, or Enamelling in different Colours. 2. Common Cream-colour. 3. Green glazed ware. 4. Rockingham „ 5. Delft ware. 6. Majolica ware. 7. Mocha and Dipped ware. 8. Common Lead glazed ditto, tor utensils. 9. Coloured body. Turquoise. 10. „ Drab. 11. „ Olive. 12. „ Buff. 13. „ Cottage brown. F. Terra Cotta. 1. Vases and Garden-pots. 2. Ornaments for Architecture. 3. Encaustic or Inlaid Tiles. 4. Tesserae of various colours, compressed from pow- dered clay. .5. Superior Plain Tiles for Pavements, ditto ditto. 6. „ Bricks, ditto, ditto. 7. „ Roofing Tiles, ditto, ditto. 8. Chimney Pipes. 9. Common Bricks. 10. „ Roofing Tiles, &c. G. Ornamented or Decorated. 1. Ornamented on Bisque— Painted by hand. Printed and transferred in various colours. 2. Ornamented on the glaze. Painted by hand. Printed by the press. Printed by hand. Gold Lustre. Silver „ Steel Enamelling in various colours. Gilding. H. Productions for Architectural Purposes. XXVI. Decoration Furniture and Upholstery, includ- ing Paper-hangings, Papier-mache, and Japanned Goods. A. Decoration generally, including Ecclfsiastical Decoration. 1. Ecclesiastical Decoration generally. 2. Ornamental coloured Decoration, as executed by hand. 3. Imitations of Woods, Marbles, &c., ditto. 4. Relievo Decoration, mechanically produced. B. Furniture and Upholstery. 1. Cabinet Work, plain. 2. Cabinet Work, carved or ornamental. 3. Marqueterie, inlaid Work, in Woods, &c. 4. Buhl or Sletallic inlaid Work. 5. Chairs, Sofas, and Beds, and general Upholstery. C. Paper-Hangings. 1. Damask Patterns. 2. Flower Patterns. 3. Flock and Metal Papers. 4. Decorative Paper-hangings by Block-work. 5. „ ,, by any other Process. 6. Machine-printed Paper-hangings. D. Papier-mache, Japanned Goods, Pearl, and Tortoise- shell Work. 1. Papier-mache, japanned, inlaid, and decorated. 2. Papier-mache (not japanned), produced in ornamental forms for decoration. 3. Japanned Goods in Iron, &c. 4. Pearl and Tortoiseshell Work. XXVL Manufactures in Mineral Substances used for Building or Decoration, as in Marble, Slate, Porphyries, Cements, Artificial Stones, S,c A. Mi^NUFACTURES IN COMMON StONES. 1. For Building, and constructions not strictly decora- tive. 2. For Decorative purposes, B. Manufactures in Slate. 1. For Construction. 2. For Decoration. C. Manufactures in Cement and Artificial Stone. D. Manufactures in Marbles, Granites, Porphyries, Alabaster, Spar, etc., for useful or op.na- MENTAL Purposes. 1. For Construction and external Decoration. 2. For internal Decoration (not Furniture), as Chimney- pieces, &c. 3. For articles of Furniture, as Tables, &c. 4. For pvirposes of mere Ornament. E. Inlaid Work in Stone, Marble, and other IMineral Substances. F. Ornamental Work IN Plaster, Composition, Scagliola, Imitation Marble, etc. G. Combinations of Iron and other Metals with Glass AND OTHER SuBSTANCES FOR VARIOUS USEFUL PUR- POSES. 1. For Architectural purposes. 2. For Miscellaneous purposes. I XXVIII. Mamtfactures from Animal and Vegetable Substances, not being Woven, Felted, or included in other Sections. A. Manufactures prom Caoutchouc. 1. Impermeable Articles. Boots. Holdsworth's Life Preservers. Captain Smith's Life Preservers. Hydrostatic and Air Beds. Water and Air Cushions. Gas Bags. Printers' Blankets. Cloaks, Capes, Coats, Paletots, &c. Boots and Shoes, Over Shoes, or Goloshes. Fishing and Deck Boots. Ship Sheets. Bellows. Air-pump Valves for Steam Engines. Sponge Baths and Bags. Prepared Water and Air proof Textures of every description. 2. Elastic Articles. Railway and other Carriage Springs, and Buffers. Valve Canvas. Knee Caps. Surgical Bottles. Pump Buckets and Valves. Bands and Rings for Letters and Packages. Writing Tablets. Trouser Straps. Gussets for Boots. Vest Backs. Washers for Flange and Socket Joints. Driving Bands for Machinery. Railway Felt. Wheel Tires. E. Smith's Torsion Springs for Window-bliiids and Shades. Door Springs. Dr. Bell's Sewer and Sink Valves Hodge's Projectile and Lifting Straps. Air-pump Valves. Elastic Webbing. Cricket Gloves and Balls. Stoppers for Decanters, Bottles, Jars, and other vessels. 3. Articles in Caoutchouc—Moulded, Embossed, Co- loured, and Printed. Bas-reliefs. Bags. Maps, printed on Caoutchouc. Sheets, in Colour. Embossed and Printed Ornaments. Garters, Bracelets, &c.. Embossed, Coloured, or Printed. Bottles, Embossed and in Colours. Embossed Sheets for Seats and other Purposes. Vulcanized Articles combined with Metal—such as Decanter Stoppers, Inkstands, Cocks and Taps for Fluids, Hinges, Locks and Bolts, Wheel Tires, Plugs for Cisterns. Linings of Vessels, &c. B. Manufactures from GurrA Percha. 1. For Waterproofing Purposes. 2. For Agricultural Uses, as Tubing for Manure, &c. 3. For Maritime Purposes, as Speaking Trumpets, Life Buoys, Life Boats, Cords, Tiller Ropes, &c. 4. Decorative Uses, as Ornamental Mouldings, Brackets, Medallions, Picture Fi^ames, &c.» 5. Surgical, Electrical, and Chemical Uses, as Dissolved Gutta Percha for Wounds, Stethoscopes, Splints, Ear Trumpets, &c., Carboys, Funnels, AcidVessels, Covering of Telegraph Wire, Insulating Stools, &c. 6. Domestic and Miscellaneous Uses, as Soles for Shoes, Linings of Cisterns, Conveyance of Water and Gas, Hearing Apparatus, &c. C. Manufactures from Ivory, Tortoiseshell, Shells, Bone, Horn, Bristles, and Vegetable Ivory. D. General Manufactures from Wood (not being Fur- niture). 1. Turnery. 2. Carving, &c. 3. Coopers' Work of all kinds. 4. Basket and Wicker work. .5. Miscellaneous Wood work. E. Manufactures from Stkaw, Grass, and other similar Materials. F. Miscellaneous Manufactures from Animal and Vege- table Substances. XXIX. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Small Wares. A. Perfumery and Soap. B. Articles for Personal Use, as Writing Desks, Dressing Cases, Workboxes, when not exhi- bited IN connexion with Precious Metals (XXIII.), AND Travelling Gear generally. C. Artificial Flowers. D. Candles, and other means of giving Light. E. Confectionery of all kinds. F. Beads and Toys, when not of Hardware, Fans, etc. G. Umbrellas, Parasols, Walking-sticks, etc. H. Fishing Tackle of all kinls. Archery. I. Games of all kinds. J. Taxidermy. K. Other Miscellaneous Manufactures. FINE ARTS {So far as they come within the limitations of the Exhibition). XXX. Sculpture, Models, and Plastic Art. A. Sculpture as a Fine Art. 1. In Metals simple, as Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Zinc, Lead, &c. 2. In Metals compound, as Bronze, Electrum, &c. 3. In Minerals simple, as Marble, Stone, Gems, Clay, &c. 4. In elaborate Mineral Materials, as Glass, Porce- lain, &c. 5. In Woods and other Vegetable Substances. 6. In Animal Substances, as Ivory, Bone, Shells, Shell Cameos. B. Works in Die-sinking, Intaglios. 1. Coins, Medals, and Models of a Medallic character in any material. 2. Impressions struck from Dies for ornamental pur- j)oses. 3. Gems, either in Cameo or in Intaglio, Shell Cameos. 4. Seals, &c. C. Architectural Decorations. L Integral, in Relief, Colour, &c. 2. Adventitious, as Stained Glass, Tapestry, &c. D. Mosaics and Inlaid Works. 1. In Stone. 4. In Wood. 2. In Tiles. 5. In Metal. 3. In Vitrified Materials. E. Enamels. 1. On Metals. 2. On China. 3. On Glass. F. Materials and Processes applicable to the Fine Arts generally, including Fine Art Printing, Printing in Colour, etc. etc. 1. Encaustic Painting and Fresco. 2. Ornamental Printing, Chromo-typography, Gold- Illuminated Typography, Typography combined or uncombined with Embossing. 3. Lithography, Black, Chromo-lithography, Gold-Illu- minated Lithography, Lithography combined or uncombined with Embossing. 4. Zincography or other modes of Printing. G. Models. I. in Architecture, 2. Topography. 3. Anatomy. LYON PLAYFAIR. OFFICIAL UNITED KINGDOM. Classes I. to XXX. B ilT C QT PLAN OF THE BUILDING. KORTIL GAiXEKY nil 5 ink ^ SOUTH GAMjTrY^ ^' ° ' I. F]3..fk lu^mond 0. W- a.>pe*G Blue Lh:iii,Qaa. St^ve b = CXke B'iildirig is drrrdediri;: nxed.- tsjacci /.i teet ::jua.rc oeUveen 4 coluiiin-^^ u'ilch- axe marked, or, i-.. _.?ti.i-rs ;it Tich. r.oraer of tne sg^uare aui dj numbers along ilif sides ot xae z^uuiiiL? i Uiese iertecs and nunibens a?e majrkad oa ererj colTunii UL TLiie building, in v,-iu:e cbaxaeters it a'bout: 7 feet from-(lie gri. im.i.J 1 1^ I I, 'fei^ |r:i: io|i^^ ^ ^ If Pff ^soirft^^^^If"- r o :^ : \ ? ! M I I I 1 I Uo-i Uo^i- 1 I I 1 I I i I 1.-1 I I 1 M'^ I I cfearestT-s Jcirel Case Ji^aiiut Tie .South Willi,West of TTansBpl, ire several siainples of cenunLts [EncaTislic anl Taoaa.) ani of' "wall Uecoialioaa ■t«getliat witK specunens vjoaSs anllvoiy, anB.jamte'S amita-iuji^ of^W'^oi and stone i\ ' '] \ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' - 1 1 ! -|-f F F F F , , , , PC 1 1 1 s 1 SOKTtt CKXTKAI. r^LEBT ~~ SI A ' i , . -„-.±T\---:imi: :■ ill [lieJrbcles 3ie amM into Classes and mtiotts, aid tke Names of sucl. Qasses anl mtims are ^iren on tkij PW, inaikeiupoiL He iron gn-Sets of Ike Biijldin^.| rr 4_i_i_i_i_l_i_i_i_i_i_c^ H I'Li" ' FS U I ! i_ I I J \ III »F» I I „ . « I I a i_« i I rr"n " n - - - I I I t I I 1 T 1 r -Ul—l-UUl-'—Li_i_Li_'_'_i i_i_i_'_M_i_i I ' I ' ' I f ' L I ' I i L„1J ^LsL j. r'~- f_r^_:;M I 1 " "« I I I I I I Iicj.^B Jev. 116. TABLE TOP, IN SILVER, AFTER THE ANTIQUE. PRODUCED BY THE ELECTROTYPE PROCESS. EXECUTED BY MESSRS. ELKINGTON. EXHIBITED BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. TABLE OF GOLD AND SILVER ELECTROPLATE, EXHIBITED BY HER MAJESTY. H. E. H. THE PEmCE ALBEET, AND H. E. H. THE PEINCE OF WALES, IN THE FOUR SECTIONS OF THE EXHIBITION. HEE MAJESTY THE QUEEN. Main Avenue, East. 96 Portrait of Her Majesty on Sevres cliina, size of life, half length, by A. Ducluzeau, after a portrait by F. Winterhalter. Painted in 1846. 97 Portrait of H.R.H. Prince Albert, on Sevres china, size of life, half length, painted by A. Bezanget, after a portrait by F. Winterhalter. These portraits are exhibited jointly by Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert. The Great Diamond of Runjeet Singh, called '^Koh-i- Noor," or Mountain of Ligkb. Jewel-case in the cinque-cento style, designed by L. Gruner, Esq., and executed at the manufactory of Mr. Henry Elkington, at Birmingham. The material is bronze, gilt and silvered by electro-type process ; upon this case are portraits, on china, of Her Majesty, H.R.H. Prince Albert, and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, copied from miniatures by R. Thorburn, Esq., A.RA. The small medallions, representing profiles of their Royal Highnesses the Princes and Princesses, were modelled from life by [ Leonard Wyon, Esq. Class 23,—Central South Gallery. 1 Table of gold and silver electro-plate manufactured by Messrs. Elkington. The top of the table is an electro- type reproduction of a plate of fine workmanship, obtained and copied for Mr. H. Elkington under the direction of the Chevalier de Schlick. The eight subjects in bas-relief represent Minerva, Astrologia, Geometrica, Arithmetica, Musica, Rhetorica. The centre figure represents Tem- perance siUTOunded by the four elements. At the bottom of this plate is an inscription pointing to the artist. The table is designed by George Stanton, a young artist in the employ of Mr. H. Elkington, and a student in the Bir- mingham School of Design. Class 30.—Fine Art Court. 353 A cradle, carved in Turkey boxwood by W. G. Rogers, and designed by his son, symbolising the union of the Royal House of England with that of Saxe Coburg and Gotha. One end exhibits in the centre the armorial bearings of Her Majesty the Queen, stirrounded by masses of foliage, natural flowers and birds ; on the rocker, beneath, is seen the head of "Nox," represented as a beautiful sleeping female, crowned with a garland of poppies, supported upon bats' wings, and surrounded by the seven planets. The other end, or the back of the head of the cradle, is devoted to the arms of H.R.H. Prince Albert; the shield occupies the centre, and round it, among the arabesque foliage, the six crests of the Prince are scattered, with the motto Treu und fest." Below, on the rocker, is discovered a head of "Somnus" v^ith closed eyes, and over the chin a wimple, which, on each side, terminates in poppies. In the interior of the head of the cradle, guardian angels are introduced; and above, the royal crown is found embedded in foliage. The friezes, forming the most important part of the sides of the body of the cradle, are composed of roses, poppies, conventional foliage, butterflies, and birds, while beneath them rise a variety of pinks, studied from nature. The edges and the insides of the rockers are enriched with the insignia of royalty and emblems of repose. Class 24.—Central North Gallery, I. 27. 20 A pair of richly cut crystal glass candelabra, 8 feet high, carrying 15 lights each. The shaft composed of prisms upwards of 3 feet in length. Designed and manu- factured by F. and C. Osier, of Birmingham, and 44 Oxford Street, London. Class 19.—Central North Gallery, I, 30, 156 Axminster carpet, designed by L. Gruner, Esq., and manufactured at Glasgow, for Mr, Dowbiggen, 379 A Berlin wool carpet executed by one himdred and flfty ladies of Great Britain, The dimensions of this carpet are thirty feet in length, and twenty in breadth. The carpet has been produced in the following manner:— The pattern, originally designed and painted by the artist, has been subdivided into detached squares, which have been worked by different ladies, and on their completion the squares have been reunited, so as to complete the design. In the pattern, which consists partly of geome- trical, and partly of floral forms, heraldic emblems are also introduced. The initials of the executants are orna- mentally arranged, so as to form the external border. The whole design is connected by wreaths or bands of leaves and foliage, the centre group representing the store from whence they have been distributed. The carpet has been produced under the management of a Committee. The design by Mr. J. W, Papworth; the patterns were painted and the work executed imder the superintendence of Mr, W. B. Simpson. Class 19.—South Gallery, P. 15 to 17. Axminster carpet, designed by L. Gruner, Esq., and manufactured by Messrs. Blackmore Brothers, at Wilton, for Messrs. Watson, Bell, & Co. K 110 OFFICIAL DESCRIPTIVE AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. On the "^Bahamas" Counter. Specimens of Abyssinian saddlery. Two mules' sad- dles complete. Two brass ornaments suspended on the necks of mules. One large coloured wicker basket. A small one. Two horse saddles, one with bridle, the other without; brass ornaments for the face and neck of the horse. Two Abyssinian sheepskins, as worn by the natives over their clothes. Each of these is the skin of one sheep, the wool carefully dressed and extremely white. The baskets are good specimens of plaiting, and very flexible. The sandles of a very primitive construction, much re- sembling the old Moresco pattern, still retained in many districts in the South of Spain; and contrasting singularly with the elaborate and ornamental character of the head- gear, neck ornaments, &c., exhibited with them. On the "South Austraijan'' side. Abyssinian shield of buffalo hide, with silver orna- ments, and strip of lion's mane suspended from the boss. Diameter about 2 feet and a half. Two Abyssinian silver coronets of superior design. One of these, to which a sort of metallic fringe is attached, displays a strong resemblance to the sort of diadem figured in Bruce's Travels. The forms of these coronets are by no means deficient in elegance and simplicity. Two Abyssinian silver-gilt bracelets, apparently of some antiquity, and very much chased. Two fine cotton cloths worn by Abyssinians of distinction. Two Abyssinian double-edged sabres, the handles being made of rhinoceros' horn. The peculiar curve of the blade adapts the inside edge for the purpose of forage and grain-cutting. Two Abyssinian lances. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. South Transept. 15 Group in marble, '^Theseus and Amazons," exe- cuted at Rome by Joseph Engel, Esq., from Hungary, pupil of the Royal Academy. Class 3. 170 Three samples of grain grown on the royal farms at Windsor, consisting of wheat, oats, and beans, one bushel of each. Class 4. 139 Wool, the production of Cashmere goats kept by His Royal Highness at Windsor. It is imported with a portion of strong white hairs, which it is requisite to have picked out by hand prior to attempting to manufacture the finer portions. These strong hairs are afterwards useful in making coarse woollen cloth. Examples of these kinds of manufacture from this wool are exhibited in the Central Avenue. Class 27. 140 A block of Parret coal from West Wemyss colliery, Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, partly polished. 141 Garden seat, designed by L. Gruner, Esq., and executed in Fifeshire by Thomas Williams Waun, of Parrot or cannel coal, from the estate of Rear-Admiral Wemyss. Class 30. 350 Two slabs for tables, designed by L. Gruner, Esq., in the cinque-cento style, executed by Mr. Thomas Wood- ruff at Bakewell, in Derbyshire stones, in imitation of the Florentine mosaic. 351 Candelabrum in the cinque-cento style, designed by L. Gruner, Esq., modelled by Ant. Trentanove, and executed in scagliola in imitation of giallo antico, by L. Romoli. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PEINCE ALBERT, ON BEHALF OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES. 98 Shield presented by His Majesty the King of Prussia to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, in commemoration of the baptism of the infant Prince, for whom His Majesty acted as sponsor. The pictorial embellishments of the shield, the general plan for which was given bj the king himself, were de- signed by Doctor Peter Von Cornelius, and the archi- tectural ornaments by Counsellor Stiiler. The execution of the remaining portions—the goldsmiths' work, enamel, &c., were performed by M. G. Hossauer; the modelling by M. A. Fischer; the chasing by M. H. Mertens; and the lapidary work by M. Calandrelh. In the centre of the shield is a head of Our Saviour. The middle compartment, surrounded by a double line of ornamental work, is divided by a cross into four smaller compartments, which contain emblematic repre- sentations of the two Sacraments, Baptism and the Lord's Supper, with their Old Testament types, the opening of the fountain in the rock by Moses, and the fall of manna. At the extremities of the arms of the cross are represented the Evangelists, noting down what they have seen and heard in the Gospels, which are to communicate to all futurity the plan of man's sal- vation, and prove inexhaustible sources of divine revela- tion and doctrine. On the extreme points of the arabesques that rise above the Evangelists, are represented the Christian virtues of Faith, Hope, and Charity, and of Christian Righteousness. Around the entire centre stand in a circle the twelve Apostles. Peter is seen under Faith represented in the arabesque; on the right and left of him are Philip and Andrew; under Hope is James; on either side are Bartholomew and Simon; John is placed beneath the figure of Charity; on either side are James the younger and Thomas; under Righteousness is Paul; on the right and left are Matthew and Judas Thaddeus, going forth into the world to teach and to baptize, and to propagate the kingdom of the Redeemer. The relievo, which runs round the edge of the shield, represents the betrayal, the redeeming atonement of Christ, and his resurrection. Another portion represents Our Lord's triumphant entry into Jerusalem; a third portion the descent of the Holy Ghost, the preaching of the gospel, and the formation of the church. The fourth and principal compartment contains an allegorical repre- sentation of the birth of the Prince of Wales, and of the visit of the King of Prussia, accompanied by Baron Hum- boldt, General von Natzmer, and the Count von Stolberg, and welcomed by H.R.H. Prince Albert and the Duke of Wellington; a Knight of St. George being represented on the beach standing upon a dragon. The shield has been denominated the Buckler of Faith. The inscription on the shield runs thus :— FRIDEEICUS GULIELMUS REX BORUSSORUM ALBERTO EDUARDO, PRINCIPI WALLI^, IN MEMORIAM DIEI BAFT. XXV JAN. A, MDCCCXLII. ZoLLVEREiN, Octagon Room, No. 836. COUNT ERNEST OF COBURG-GOTHA. Fruit stones of various sizes, carved with a penknife. 142. GROUP IN MARBLE, THESEUS AND THE AMAZONS. EXECUTED AT ROME BY JOSEPH ENGEL, ESQ. I 169. PORTION OF A SLAB FOR A TABLE, DESIGNED BY L GUUNER. ESQ. EXECUTED IN DERBYSHIRE STONE BY MR. THOS. WOODRUFF. ICXHIBITED BY H. R. IT. PRINCE ALBERT. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. Model houses for four families, at the Cavalry Bar- of His Royal Highness, Prince Albert, President of the racks, Hyde Park, in connexion with the Exposition of Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring the Works of Industry of All Nations, built by command | Classes. Groimd Plan. His Royal Highness has had this building raised on his own account, with a desire of conveying practical in- formation calculated to promote the much-needed im- provement of the dwellings of the working classes, and also of stimulating visitors to the Exhibition, whose position and circumstances may enable them to carry out similar undertakings, and thus, without pecuniary sacrifice, permanently to benefit those who are greatly dependent on others for their home and family comforts. In its general arrangement, the building is adapted for the occupation of four families of the class of manufac- turing and mechanical operatives, who usually reside in towns, or in their immediate ^dcinity; and as the value of land, which leads to the economising of space, by the placing of more than one family under the same roof, in some cases, renders the addition of a third, and even of a fourth story desirable, the plan has been suited to such an arrangement without any other alteration than the requisite increase in the strength of the walls. The most prominent peculiarity of the design is that of the receding and protected central open staircase, with the connecting gallery on the first floor, formed of slate, and sheltered from the weather by the continuation of the main roof, which also screens the entrances to the dwellings. The four tenements are arranged on precisely the same plan, two on each floor. The entrance is through a small lohhy, lighted from the upper part of the door. The licing room has a superficial area of about 150 feet, with a closet on one side of the fireplace, to which warm air may be introduced from the back of the range; over K 2 the fireplace is an iron rod for hanging pictures; and on the opposite side of the room a shelf is carried above the doors, with a rail fixed between them. The scullery is fitted up with a sink, beneath which is a coal-bin of slate; a plate-rack at one end, drained by a slate slab into the sink, covers the entrance to the dust- shaft^ which is enclosed by a balanced self-acting iron door. The dust-shaft leads into a closed depository under the stairs, and has a ventilating flue, carried up above the roof. The meat safe is ventilated through the hollow brickwork, and shelves are fixed over the doors, A dresser-flap may be fixed against the j)artition. The sleeping apartments, being three in number, pro- vide for that separation which, with a family, is so essen- tial to morality and decency. Each has its distinct access, and a window into the open air ; two have fire- places. The children's bed-rooms contain 50 feet superficial each, and, opening out of the living room, an opportunity is afforded for the exercise of parental watchfulness, without the unwholesome crowding of the living room, by its use as a sleeping apartment. The parents' bed-room, with a superficial area of about 100 feet, is entered through the scullery—an arrange- ment in many respects preferable to a direct approach from the living room, particularly in case of sickness. The recess in this room provides a closet for linen ; and a shelf is carried over the door, with a rail fixed beneath it—a provision which is made in each of the other bed- rooms. The water-closet is fitted up with a Staffordshire glazed basin, which is complete without any wood fittings, and supplied with water from a slate cistern in common of 160 gallons, placed on the roof over the party and stair- case walls. The same pipes which carry away the rain- water from the roof serve for the use of the closets. Constructive arrangement.—The peculiarities of the build- ing in this respect are,, the exclusive use of hollow bricks for the walls and partitions (excepting the foundations, which are of ordinary brickwork), and the entire absence of timber in the floors and roof, which are formed with flat arches of hollow brickwork, rising from 8 to 9 inches, set in cement, and tied in by wrought-iron rods connected with cast-iron springers, which rast on the external walls, and bind the whole structure together; the building is thus rendered fire-proof, and much less liable to decay than those of ordinary construction. The roof arching, which is levelled with concrete, and covered with patent metallic lava, secures the upper rooms from the liability to changes of temperature to which apartments next the roof are generally subject, and the transmission of sound, as well as the percolation of moisture, so common through ordinary floors, is effectually impeded by the hollow- brick arched floors. The external and main internal walls are of patent bonded brickwork, which has the important advantages of securing dryness and warmth, * with economy of con- struction; another great benefit arising from the vise of hollow bricks is, that where they are laid double, in * Those who are conversant with the evils resulting from the ab- sorption of moisture by common bricks, and the consequent loss of temperature in rooms by evaporation, will duly appreciate these ad- vantages. parallel courses, without headers, as in the patent bonded brickwork, the internal face of the w^all is sufficiently smooth to render plastering unnecessary. In the present instance, where plastering has been resorted to, it is con- fined to one side of a thin partition, or to partitions formed with bricks not intended for the situation in which they are used. In regard to some other parts of the brickwork, it should also be observed, that owing to the erection of the building having been determined on late in the winter, many difficulties had to be contended with in obtaining a sufficient supply of hollow bricks ; and from accidental circumstances, disappointments were expe- rienced in reference to a considerable number, on which account the structure should be regarded rather as the pledge of future excellence in hollow-brick construction than as its full accomplishment. The glazed surface of the bricks used in the two upper- floor living-rooms, and at the foot of the staircase, may be referred to as a specimen of what can be accomplished by the skilful adaptation of fitting materials, and as highly creditable to their maker. Specimens of glazed bricks of clay from the north of Devon are also exhibited. The advantages afforded by the use of hollow bricks in securing an effective system of insensible ventilation, deserves particular notice. Fresh air is admitted from any suitable point of the exterior of the building to a chamber at the back of the living-room fireplace, where being warmed, it may be conducted to any convenient place of exit above the level at which the fresh air is admitted. Vitiated air may be conveyed either into the chimney flue or to any other suitable place of exit through the upper wall courses, perforated for this pur- pose, beneath the springing of the arch, or through the arch-bricks themselves. Suitable air-bricks and venti- lators have been prepared with these express objects in view. Internally French plaster has been used, as drying quicker, and having a harder surface than ordinary plaster. The floors, where not of Portland cement, are laid with Staffordshire tiles, excepting to the right-hand room first floor, which is of lava. The coping is in Portland cement. The external string courses and in- ternal cornices are patent bonded bricks set in Portland cement, with the splayed side outwards. The mode of fire-proof construction, and the general arrangement of the fittings, are such as have been used in the Model Houses built by the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes, to which the architect of this building, Henry Roberts, Esq., F.S,A,, also acted as honorary architect. In most parts of England, the cost of four houses, built on the plan of this model structure, with ordinary materials, and finished similar to the ground-floor apart- ments, may be stated at 440/. to 480/,, or from 110/, to 120/. for each tenement, contingent on the facilities for obtaining materials and the value of labour. Such dwell- ings, let at 3s, Qd. to 4s. a-week, would, after deducting ground-rent and taxes, afford a return of 7 per cent, on the amount of outlay. Where hollow bricks are obtain- able at a fair price, their use ought to effect a reduction of about 25 per cent, on the cost of the bzickwork, or eqiial on these four houses to about 40/. INTRODUCTION. The olbjects placed in this position are so in consequence either of tlieir size, or of their peculiar titness for such a site. On the southern side of the Western Entrance the objects are principally those which belong to Classes 1 and 27. Among these are fine specimens of the mineral fuel forming so valuable a feature in the geology of this country Several of the blocks of coal have been raised from deep pits by the ordinary lifting tackle, and present, from their size, a favourable idea of the mechanical facilities of extraction and means of transport possessed by the miners and railroads of England. The blocks of granite, of slate, of serpentine, of stone for grindstones, and of artificial cement, will likewise attract due notice. On the northern side of the West Entrance are large anchors, as those used in the Navy, a fine column of granite, specimens of colossal eartheii- ware, life-boats, the atmospheric recorder, hothouses, &c. The space within the Building, occupied by any of these articles, would have been great, while their intrinsic attractiveness might scarcely have been adequate to it. In their present position they are also better placed for examination.—E. E. WESTERN END. 1 Organ, John, Penzance, Cornwall—Manufacturer. Large block of serpentine from the Lizard, partly polished. [The serpentine of Cornwall is a green mineral, passing into yellow and red, the colour being often veined, spotted, dotted, and clouded. It is soft in the quarry, but becomes hard on exposure, and cuts readily, but its fracture is irregular. It is soft to the touch, but not greasy like steatite or talc; is indented by a blow of a hammer ; is infusible before the blo^vpipe; but parts with water by calcination, and hardens by exposure to heat. It is slightly acted on by acids. As a rock, serpentine is often mixed with other minerals, so that different specimens do not yield the same result on analysis. It usually contains, when pure, silica 42 to 44, magnesia 36 to 38, water 12 to 13, and is therefore a silicate of magnesia. Its colour is due to oxide of chromium, but it contains often much iron, and is some- times magnetic. The serpentine of Cornwall is considered to exhibit four varieties, differing much in hardness—these are called precious, common, steatitic, and calcareous; but the best kinds for ornamental purposes on a large scale are those found at Kennack Cove, the Balk, and Cadg- with, where large blocks can be obtained. The block placed outside the Building near the south-western exit will show the magnitude and capability of such blocks. A considerables quantity of the serpentine of the Lizard was formerly shipped to Bristol, for the manufacture of carbonate of magnesia.—D. T. A.] 2 Board, —, (Agent, Jabies O'Donohue, 5 Quickset Sow, New Eoad). Two figures in artificial stone. 3 Teagle, R. & W., 42 Hertford Street, Chelsea— Inventors and Manufacturers. A figure of Lazarus, in artificial stone ; cast taken from a carved wood figure. 4 Raysdale, W.—Producer. Blocks of gypsum used in the manufacture of plaster. 5 Robins, Aspdin, & Cox, Northfleet, and Great . Scotland Yard, Whitehall—Manufacturers. Slab of Portland cement. Iron testing-socket, for proving the strength of the cement. Bricks cemented together, equal to a pressure of three tons on the first brick. Beam of cement. Bricks, joined together with one portion of cement and four of sand. Step of Port- land cement. Block of cement, which bore a pressure of upwards of 250 tons, tested by Bramah's hydraulic press. Similar block, one portion of cement, and four of sand, which bore a pressure of 120 tons. Block of Portland stone of like dimensions, which broke under pressure. Brick beam, one portion of cement and three of sand; sustaining a weight of 31 tons. Bricks, joined together with one portion of cement, and three of sand, bearing a weight of one ton. Blocks of the hardest Yorkshire stone, joined by one portion of cement, and one of sand, sustaining a weight of three tons. [Portland cement is formed by calcining together lime- stone and some argillaceous earth, the result being a mass which rapidly absorbs a certain quantity of water, and then becomes solid, a hydrous silicate of lime. The advantages over natural hydraulic limes consist generally of greater hardness and durability, arising from the mixture of material being mox^ perfectly under com- mand,—D. T. A,] Outside the Building. 6 MoRPHET, Jonathan, Studfold, near Settle— Producer. Specimens of stone called blue flag, or Grauwacke. Obtained from Horton Wood quarries, which have been worked probably about 100 years. This stone is prin- cipally used for cisterns and partitions, and is useful for curriers' tables, tanks, &c. The quarries are about six miles from the Settle Station of the North-Western Railway. 7 Greaves, R., Warwick—Proprietor and Producer. Blue lias limestone, with samples of the lime in the lump and ground. Models in lias, Portland, and improved Roman ce- ment. Blocks of concrete, made in lias, Portland, and Roman cement, and ground-lias lime. Brick-work cut from the Copenhagen tunnel in the Great ISTorthern Railway, and set in lias lime. Orna- ments cut and set in the same, to show the adhesiveness of the mortar. Lias flag-stone, adopted for hall, church, and house- floors, being hard and dry. Lithographic stones. Floors in lias stone and lias cements. [The beds of lias in many parts of England, consisting of carbonate of lime mixed with from 20 to 35 per cent, of alumina, are well adapted for the manufacture of hy- draulic cements, and the nature of the clay greatly affects the value of the cement. Samples of the raw material, with varioiis applications of it, are, therefore, of great practical importance. The lithographic stones from the lias are not unlike those from Germany, but they have hitherto been little used.—f). T. A.] 8 Old Dblabole Slate Company (by J. Carter), Camelford—Proprietors. Slate slab, as raised from the quarries at Delabole. Slate cistern for holding water, liquid manure, oil, acids, &c., capable of containing 2,000 gallons. If used for water for domestic purposes, a self-supplying filter is attached, so that the water withdrawn at the tap passes through the filter. 9 Stirling, J., jun., Belvidere Road, Lambeth— Designer, Inventor, and Manufacturer. Specimens of slate.—(See Class 1, No. 209.) 10 White & Sons, Westminster—Manufacturers. Illustrations of the strength of cement.—(See Class 1, No. 130.) 11 Seeley, John, Keppel Row, New Road— Manufacturer. Mercury, after Giov. da Bologna, in artificial stone. 12 Welsh Slate Company. Barwis, W. H. B., Secretary, 1 New Boswell Court— Producer. Rough block of slate from the quarry of the Welsh Slate Company, at Festiniog, Merionethshire. Slabs of slate, sawn and planed. Roofing and other slates. The slates of Festiniog are of admirable quality, and obtained in slabs of very large dimensions, adapted to all the more important uses of the material. The quarries are extensive, and give employment to a large popula- tion.—D. T. A.] 13 -Sinclair, J., Forse, Thurso, Scotland— Produicer, A cistern or bath of Forse-Rockhill flag. Samples of the stone, showing the natural surface, the half-rubbed, and the full-rubbed surfa^je. Three portions of a passage of twenty-four feet long by six feet broad each, laid with the same pavement, showing the three different kinds of surface. The principal uses of the article are laying footways, courts, railway stations, floors of manufactories and ware- houses, kitchens, cellars, cottages, entrance halls, churches, &c. When used with iron girders, it renders mills, &c., fire- proof, and is useful for farm buildings, and for cisterns, baths, manure tanks, troughs in chemical works, coping, for garden walls, &c. The pavement is found at the Forse- Rockhill quarries, four miles west from Thurso, Caithness, and it is there manufactured chiefly by machinery. It is said to be of a hard, close, strong, and uniform quality, and impervious to wet. It occu.rs in beds of various thick- ness, from one inch to three or four inches, and from one foot to eighty or a hundred feet superficial. The stone has been worked for more than twelve years, and is sent in large quantities to London, Glasgow, and other towns. [The Caithness flags are well known and much used for various economic purposes, chiefly paving. They are quarried from the middle division of the old red sand- stone (Devonian) series, as developed in the north of Scotland. The schists yielding them are often dark coloured and highly bituminous, slightly micaceous and calcareous, and often resembling rocks of much greater geological antiquity. Obscure vegetable impressions, and the remains of extinct fishes, are very frequently found in them, and these are often of considerable interest in the natural history of the ancient inhabitants of o\ir globe.— D. T.A.] 14 Freeman, W. & J., Millhank Street, Westminster— Producers. An obelisk in granite. Sundry large slabs and blocks of stone. 16 Struthers, William Samuel, 7 Holywell Street, Westminster—Manufacturer. Slate water filter, the water being filtered in its ascent. [The filtration of water by ascension is a simple me- chanical process, of considerable use in the arts, and capable of many modifications. The cistern, in such case, is furnished with two perforated shelves or false bottoms, between which the filtering medium is packed. At some distance above these is a third shelf, with a water-tight communication through the intervening cham- ber and the filter-bed, and opening into the bottom of the cistern. The foul water being let into the upper chamber, a cistern passes down into the bottom one by means of the tube, and is then forced up through the filter-beds by the presence of the water in the column. The pure water is thus delivered into the intervening space, whence it may be drawn off" at convenience. Slate is an admirable material for cisterns of all kinds, from its great strength, perfect cleanliness, and complete imperme- ability to water.—D. T. A.] 17 Royal Dublin Society—Producers. Specimens of Irish flagging. 18 Sharp, Samuel, Commercial Road, Lambeth, Agent to Alexander Adam, Wick, N. Britain — Proprietor. Rockhill paving stones, from the original quarries, shipped from the port of Wick, showing the different thicknesses as they naturally arise in the quarries. 19 Furse, Thomas Wm., 96 High Street, Whitechapel— Inventor and Manufacturer. Specimens of waterproof artificial stone, as applicable for sewers and drains of large dimensions; for floor- ing churches, vestibules, public buildings, hospitals, and damp cellars. Drains for railways, &c. Drop-stone. Cistern of the same, containing bricks united with fusible Outside the Building. mineral cement, to prevent the ascent of damp in foun- dations, &c. Ornamental brick of the same. Sample of fusible mineral cement, which when gauged with 150 per cent, of dry sharp sand, unites bricks and stones so firmly that they cannot again be separated. 20 Carnegie, W. F. L., Kinhlethmont, Arbroath, Scotland—Proprietor. Flagstones and freestones, known as Arbroath pave- ment, from Leysmill Quarries, dressed by Hunter's stone planing machine.—(See Class 1, No. 198.) 22 Haywood, Jonas, Ardsley, near Barnsley— Producer. Grindstones from the Ardsley Oaks Quarry, Barnsley, used principally in Lancashire and Yorkshire, for the grinding of machinery, files, edge tools, needles, &c., and for building purposes. 23 Dove, Dugald, NitsMll, Hurlet, near Glasgow —Producer. Freestone block, from Nitshill quarry. Grindstone from the same quarry, three feet in diameter by six inches thick. [The sandstones and greenstones of Nitshill are chiefly or entirely of the carboniferous period, and include several kinds of various degrees of excellence.—D. T, A.] 24 Bedford, Bonson, Drake, & Co., Oaks Quarry, near Barnsley—Producers. Grindstones from the Oaks Quarry, near Barnsley, 9 feet 7 inches in diameter and 14^ inches thick, for grind- ing machinery; 4 feet in diameter and 6 inches thick, for grinding tools; 2 feet 6 inches in diameter and 9 inches thick, for grinding files. 25 Raynes, Lupton, & Co., Liverpool—Producers. Specimens of pure limestone, from Pentregwyddel quar- ries, near Abergele, Denbighshire; used in the rough state, in chemical manufactures, and as building cement (lime); and in the manufactured state, as a lithographic stone, &c. Specimens of stone, from Graig-lwyd quarries (Penmaen- Mawr, Carnarvonshire), cut into paving, channel, and kerb-stones, and arranged in a frame as they would appear in a street pavement ; and shown in a block, used as wheelers, or tram-road stones, channels, &c. [The stone from Penmaen-Mawr, here exhibited, is an extremely hard compact rock of igneous origin, admirably adapted, from its toughness, for all kinds of paving pur- poses. It is much used in the neighbourhood of Liverpool, and is also exported largely.—D. T. A.] 26 Penzance Serpentine Company—Producers. A block of rough serpentine. 27 Towler, Edward, Market Rasen—Producer. Stones adapted for paving, walling, road-making, and polishing, from Kirton Lindseys Tunnel Stone Works, con- taining 95 per cent, of carbonate of lime. Blue lias and hydraulic cement. 28 Franklin, P. S., Galway, Ireland—Proprietor. Block of stone, partly polished. Block of marble and paving-stones. 29 Brown, Rusby, & Booth, Sheffield—Producers and Manufacturers. Flags and steps. Block of sandstone, weight four tons. 30 Local Committee, Falmouth and Penryn— Producers. 34 Oakeley, Edward, Coed Talon, near Mold, Flintshire, Wales—Producer. Steam-coal from Coed Talon and Leeswood collieries, near Mold, North Wales, [This noble column of coal, said to weigh 16 tons, is from the main coal of the Flintshire coal-field, a seam nine feet thick, accompanied by five other beds of coal and four beds of ironstone. The quality of the coal is bituminous, and the proportion of ash less than 3 per cent. The Flintshire coal-field is a narrow strip, partly covered with new red sandstone, and extends 40 miles from north to south, with an ascertained breadth of from two to 12 miles, being cut ofi'by a north and south fault. The mines supplying the specimen extend over 1,300 acres, and were opened about 30 years ago. About 2,000 tons of coal per week are raised from them.—D. T. A.] 35 Buckingham, J., 13 Judd Place East, New Road (Agent to Messrs. Myers & Co., Bonville's Court Collieries)—Producer and Importer. Anthracite coal, from Tenby, South Wales. Specimens of patent artificial stone. 36 Round, D. G., Hange Colliery, Tipton, near Birming- ham—Producer and Proprietor. Specimens of iron ore. Specimen of coal from the thirty feet, or thick-coal seam of South Staffordshire, cut out of the solid coal. This specimen is of the largest dimensions that could be brought out of the mine up a seven-feet circular shaft. It measures eighteen feet in circumference, and weighs five tons. The rope used in lifting it is also exhibited; it was manufactured by Mr. Wm. A. Chubb, of Woodpark, Devonport. The chains used in sending the coal out of the mine are shown in connexion with the rope; the block was raised by means of the ordinary machinery employed in the colliery. The picks used in hewing the coal. [The thick coal-seam of Staffordshire, of which a com- plete section is given by the exhibitors, and of which also a fine block weighing five tons is shown by Mr. Round, does not extend over a very large area, consisting, in fact, of the accidental junction of several seams with very thin and carbonaceous bands. The whole are necessarily worked together, and below them are no less than eight other seams (one of them 9 feet thick) worked near Wolverhampton. The district yields much ironstone, and the coal is being rapidly abstracted: it is used to an enormous extent for manufacturing purposes and iron- smelting in the neighbourhood of Birmingham.—D. T. A.] 37 James & Aubrey, Swansea—Producers. A large block of anthracite, or stone coal, from Cwm- Uynfell, in the Swansea valley. [The great South-Welsh coal-field includes, at a mode- rate estimate, as much as 1,000 square miles of country, unequally divided between bituminous coal and an- thracite, the dividing line being nearly coincident with the Neath Valley, and the anthracite portion extending to the west. The anthracite has only recently been intro- duced into use, but is now recognised as a very important material, the different kinds being of great value for spe- cial purposes, and yielding sometimes as much as 92 per cent, of carbon. The pure Welsh anthracite has been found to evaporate 10 lb. 8§ oz. water, by one pound of coal, the best bituminous coal not evaporating more than Outside the Building. [United geological age between the bituminous and anthracite coals.—D. T. A.] 38 Ince Hall Coal & Cannel Company, Wigan— Producer. Blocks of Arley and Pemberton coal. 39 Cameron's Coalbrook Steam Coal and Swansea and LouGHOR Railway Company, 2 Moorgate Street—Producers. Specimen of steam coal (of a quality intermediate between bituminous coal and anthracite), from the mines near Loughor, in the county of Glamorgan, South Wales, which have been worked about eight years. It is exported from the ports of Swansea and Llanelly in the Bristol Channel. 40 Haines, Richard, & Sons, Denbigh Hall, Tipton, Staffordshire—Proprietors. Large specimen of the Staffordshire thick, or ten-yard coal; height, 9 feet 6 inches; circumference, 21 feet 10 inches; weight, 13 tons. Brought 70 yards underground to the bottom of the shaft, and raised from a depth of 165 yards by the ordinary steam-engine, with no other appa- ratus than that regularly in use. 41 Barrow, R., Staveley Works, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire—Producer, Coal from the mines of Staveley, county of Derby, raised from a shaft 459 feet deep. The block is estimated to weigh 24 tons.—(See Class 1, No. 255.) 42 Jones, Sells, & Co., 55 Bankside, Southwarh— Agents. Anthracite coal, from Llanelly, South Wales.—(See Class 1, No. 258.) 43 Davis, D., Efirwain, near Merthyr Tydvil, Wales- Proprietor. The Blaengwawr steam coal, from Aberdare. 44 Neath Abbey Coal Company, Glamorganshire— Proprietors. Brynddwey (or Bryndorway) coal. Obtained under a mountain lying between the vales of Neath and Swansea, and about three miles from the sea. The coal known by the name of Graigola is from the same seam. Anthracite coal—obtained from an eighteen-feet seam under the mountains, on the western side of the vale of Neath, and about twelve miles from the sea. 45 Price, T. P. & D., Tillery Colliery, near Newport, Monmouthshire—Producers. Steam coal, from Tillery, near Newport, Monmouth- shire, the produce of a newly-opened colliery (in the South Wales coal basin), upon the steam-coal vein, "the Elled," a 5-feet vein; the "big coal," an 8-feetvein; and the "I coal," an 8-feet 7-inch vein; all of superior quality. The coal is obtainable in masses of 50 tons weight, and is adapted for steam purposes, and for exportation. Analysis of Gwm Tillery Coal. i Carbon Coke .< Ash : Silica .... [Alumina . Oxide of iron Carb. of magnesia Carb, of lime Volatile matter Three- quarter Coal. 630 32 12 2 4 0 320 1000 Elled Coal. 660 36 18 4 2 0 280 1000 Big Vein Coal. 680 30 10 3 4 1 272 1000 These seams, of coal are said to be as rich, perhaps, as any in the South Wales basin. They lie upwards of 660_ feet in depth, and are brought up by two steam- engines of 100-horse power each (high pressm-e). The colliery is a new one, and capable of producing 1000 tons per day. 47 The Brymbo Company, Wrexham, Wales— Producers. Block of coal, from Brymbo, near Wrexham, N. Wales. 48 FiTZWILLIAM, Earl Charles William, Wentworth House, near Eothcrham—Producer. Pillar, exhibiting a complete section of the Barnsley thick bed of coal, from the Elsicot colliery, and showing the different portions applicable for steam-engines and manufacturing purposes, and for domestic uses. [The Barnsley coal is well illustrated in the Exhibition, as there will be found no less than three columns of it; two representing the whole thickness of what is called the thick bed, and the other from Silkstone, showing a beautiful variety of coal also found in the district. The situation of Barnsley, in the centre of the great coal- field of Yorkshire, and the abundance and quality of its coal, render it important among the inland towns producing mineral fuel. There are three principal varieties, viz., hard-stone coal, soft or tender coal, and cannel. The iridiscent or peacock coal may almost be regarded as a fourth. The coal is worked long-wall method.—D. T. A.] 49 Abercarn Coal Company—Producers. Block of steam coal. 50 GiLMOUR, A,, & Co., Kilmarnock, Scotland— Proprietors. Coal from Hurlford and Skerrington Colliery, near Kilmarnock, exported from the port of Troon, and used principally for steam purposes. The colliery has been worked for upwards of forty years. Thickness of seam, 11 feet. [The Kilmarnock coal-field, in Ayrshire, closely adjoins, and perhaps forms part of that worked a little to the south-west at Ayr. The coal is anthracitic for the most part, especially when near the trap dykes that intersect the district; but there are in the neighbourhood many seams of bituminous quality. As much as 150,000 tons of coal are exported annually from the Kilmarnock district. —D. T. A.] 52 Cruttwell, Allies, & Co., Cuom Celyn and Blaina Iron Works, Abergavenny—Producers. Fossil tree from the coal measures. [This fossil is one of those called by palaeontologists " Sigillaiia," appearing like the trunk of a tree stamped with a pattern in the regular rows in direction of its length. It is probably the trunk of the same kind of tree as that of which roots are found in infinite abundance in the fire clays beneath coal-bands. It was very common during the coal period. The stems exhibit no woody structure internally, having been for the most part hollow or succulent, and easily crushed; but they had a central woody axis, and an outer coating of bark, which is often found turned into coal. Leaves were probably originally attached to the scars, and were con- nected through the bark with the central woody axis,]— D. T. A.] 53 Bagnall & Gesson, West Bromwich, near Birmingham—Producers. Column of South Stafibrdshire thick coal—showing the different working seams as they exist in vertical section. Outside the Building. [The South Staffordshire coal-field is remarkable, in a geological point of view, for the absence of the mountain limestone and millstone grit, and the immediate super- position of coal measures on the Silurian limestones; and it differs also from other formations of the same kind by having a great preponderance of shales, and few inter- vening beds of sandstone. It is quite clear that the cir- cumstances of deposition must have been different, but the nature and extent of the difference it is not so easy to discover. The coal measures in Staffordshire are thus the only representatives of the carboniferous system, and they are almost entirely made up of shales, alternating with seams of coal and ironstone. The number of coal seams is only eleven, but the main bed in the middle of the deposit is upwards of 30 feet in thickness^ and it comprises, in fact, several beds of coal, separated by partings of shale so thin that the whole is worked together. This ten-yard coal crops out near Bilston, and extends from thence entirely across the southern half of the coal-field, where it forms the principal object of mining operations.—D. T. A.] 64 Cheesewring Granite Company.—Agent in London, Edward Turner, Belvidere Road, Lamheth—Producer. Granite column upon a pedestal about 30 feet high, from the Cheesewring granite quarries, on the Manor of Eollaton, near Liskeard, Cornwall, belonging to the Prince of Wales. The pedestal, cap and base to the column, worked at the Cheesewring granite wharf, Belvi- dere road, Lambeth, and the shaft at the quarries. [The quarries which have produced this noble column have not hitherto been much worked, but are capable of great extension, the magnitude of the blocks obtainable from them being almost unlimited. The granite will be seen to be of excellent quality.—D, T. A,] 65 EoDGER, Lieut. W., R.N., 9 Shawfield Street, King's Road, Chelsea.—Inventor and Patentee. Large anchor, manufactured by Fox, Henderson, and Co. 67 LoNGRiDGE & Co.—Manufacturers, Large anchor. 58 Brown, Sir S. Lennox, & Co.—Manufacturers. Large anchor. 59 Bateman, —, Inventor. Two life-boats. 60 Young, C. & Co., Edinburgh—Inventors and Manufacturers. Simultaneously-acting level-crossing gates for railways. 61 Dench, —, Producer. Two greenhouses on a new construction. The chief points of novelty are—1st. That by the peculiar con- struction of the lights, and the selection made in the materials to be used, putty and all other adhesive com- posts are entirely avoided. 2nd, That the glass can be put in or removed with such facility, that the bars and frame can be painted, the glass cleaned, and the whole effectually repaired at an immense saving upon the old system, 3rd. That it will not require such frequent repairs as ordinary greenhouses. 4th. That in the event of a fracture, it will not be absolutely necessary to wait for the assistance of a glazier to repair the same; the simplicity of the contrivance enabling any one to become his own glazier. 5th. That leakage—a universal com- plaint in the old system—is here guarded against by a peculiar grooved bar, which likewise assists to carry off evaporation, and renders ventilation more complete. 6th. That the glass being moveable, persons can erect greenhouses upon the property of others, and remove the same securely at the expiration of lease or rental terms. 62 Kent, A., Chichester—Inventor. New mode of glazing greenhouses. 63 Phiulips, Charles, Weston-super-Mare— Manufacturer. Flower, rhubarb, seakale, layer, and salad pots, of superior clay, for forcing, protecting, and strengthening the plants. Flower guards and seed basins. Garden tiles. Straw- berry tiles. Water tables. Striking pans. Cress tiles. 64 DouLTON & Co., Lamheth—Manufacturers. Large pipe in stone ware, and other articles. 65 Singer & Co., Vauxhall Pottery—Manufacturers. A still, and other articles in stone ware. 66 Ferguson, Miller, & Co., Heathfield, near G lasgow—Manufacturers. Pipes and other large stone ware. 67 Green, S, & Co,—Manufacturers. Large stone ware, adapted for chemical manufactures, household and other purposes. [Salt-glazed stoneware—of which there are many fine specimens exhibited by the above and other persons— differs from porcelain both in the quality of the clay of which it is constructed, and in the mode of glazing. The clay is obtained from Cornwall, Devonshire, and Dorsetshire, and consist largely of silica, the proportion of alumina being rather small, and the quantity of iron and lime inconsiderable. If either of these latter sub- stances is present in too large a proportion, it acts as a flux, and the material cannot withstand the intense heat of the furnace. If also any impurities exist that are destroyed during firing, a hole would be the result, which would completely destroy the value of the object if required for chemical use. The glazing of these vessels is effected by throwing into the vessels a quantity of very coarse salt shortly after the last charge has been added to the furnace-pipe; the salt is at once converted into vapour, and a perfect coating of glass is formed on every part of the vessels exposed, the soda of the salt uniting with the silica of the clay, while the liberated chlorine takes up the iron from the clay and escapes. Acids have no effect upon vessels thus prepared.—D, T. A.] 68 Grangemouth Coal Company, Grangemouth, Sunderland—Manufacturers, Sundry objects in stone ware, and fire clay; consisting of chimney cans, &c, 69 Garnkirk Company (Sprot, M, & T.) Sundry articles in stone ware, 70 Ramsay, G. H., Derv^ent Haugh, Newcastle— Inventor. Fire-clay goods. 71 Francis & Sons, Nine Elms—Manufacturers. Drain pipes manufactured by machinery. Outside the Building. 75 HosKEN; Richard, Penryn, Cornwall— Manufacturer. Granite obelisk and base (two pieces), being together 20 feet bigh, weighing about 15 tons. Exhibited to show the quality of the Cornish granite. Taken from the quarries at Carnseu, near Penryn. Of this material a great quantity was used in the construction of new London bridge. [The granite best known as Cornish, is that obtained from near Penryn, which has been long and extensively used for various public works in England. It is obtained from various localities, and several qualities are employed, the finer kinds being very good. The whole quantity shipped at Penryn varies exceedingly in different years, amount- ing sometimes to nearly 20,000 tons, but is generally far less, often not a fourth part. The approximate value may be stated at about Is. 9c?. per cube foot before export, and the weight is usually taken at 14 cubic feet to the ton.—D. T. A.] 76 At some distance from the western extremity of the building is a colossal equestrian statue of Richard Coeur de Lion, by the Baron Marochetti. The paving in the South Enclosure is laid down by three exhibitors, Mr. Sinclair, Caithness; Messrs, Brow^n, Rusby, and Co. Yorkshire; and Mr. Franklin, Ireland. EASTERN END. 100 KuLLGRiN, Sweden. _ Monument of granite in form of a cross, cut out of a single block, remarkably fine grained. 101 Standish & Noble, Bagshot—Importers and Producers. Cupressus funehris, or weeping cypress, 30 feet in height, from the green-tea country, Wheychow (Hwuy- chow), in the north of China, where it is used for orna- mental planting, and in burial grounds, whence it takes its name. Live plants were first imported into this country in the spring of 1849. Pieces of polished wood from the same tree. 102 , France. Life-boat, as at present in use in the French navy. 103 Legler, —, Paris. Ornamental fountain in cast-iron bronze, with figui'es, statuettes, &;c. 104 , India. Tent, the material manufactured at the Jubulpore School of Industry, in India, by Thugs. The pavement at the eastern entrance is laid by the Seyssel Asphalte Company, in their prepared asphalte. The pavement at the South, or Transept Entrance, con- sists of slate slabs from Festiniog, North Wales. INTRODUCTION. The intention in tlie collection of the objects in the four Classes of the first section—Eaw Materials and Produce—has been to give a practical illustration of those substances in the mineral, animal, and vegetable kingdoms, which human industry is constantly occupied in converting into the varied foims of manu- factured articles, or which are themselves, as in the case of fuel, the indispensable sources of manufacturing power. If, therefore, it is desired to obtain a philosophical view of this Exhibition and its multifarious contents, it will be found useful to commence the study by the examination of those materials, which, in other depart- ments, have been caused to assume forms so diversified. From the raw mineral it is thus possible to proceed through the various stages of its manufacture, until it is finally seen embodying the conceptions of the mechanic, the architect, or the artist. Many of the objects comprehended under these four Classes have little or no external beauty, and present, consequently, no appreciable value to the uninstructed. But if it be considered that, in the preparation of these materials for use, and in their application to the purposes of life, consists the daily toil of multitudes of the human family, then the Classes of raw materials appear to take on a new and interesting aspect. The present Class is divisible into the following sub-classes:—A. Mining and quarrying operations. B. Geo- logical maps, plans, and sections. C. Ores and metallurgical operations. D. Non-metallic mineral products. It comprises all that relates to the procuring of metal yielding mineral substances, to their mutual geological relations, and to the operations necessary for subduing them to the requirements of the manufacturer. It also includes the extraction of minerals used as fuel, of marine minerals used in construction, of minerals used in manufactures, for ornament and for agriculture. Specimens illustrative of each of these subjects are to be found in this Class ; and if it be studied attentively it will be discovered that objects representative of all that properly belongs to the Class are contained in this collection. This Class is partly contained within Avenue S. of the Building, and extends from the western entrance to the Sculpture Room. If the study of it be commenced at the Sculpture Room and proceeded with to the western extremity of the Avenue, it will be found that the metalliferous minerals and the objects illustrative of metallurgical processes generally, are first encountered, and subsequently the non-metallic minerals, fuels, stones, and geological specimens. The arrangement of the objects in the Catalogue is, however, in the opposite direction. Upon the walls of this avenue are arranged maps, plans, and geological sections, in addition to specimens of decoration belonging to Class 27, which have a certain relation with the present Class. Among the groups of objects which present themselves most prominently on entering the avenue at the Sculpture Room are large specimens of lead ore and of lead in various stages of preparation. Specimens of silver extracted from lead by the crystallizing process of silver and gold, of iron, copper, tin, zinc, and other metals, are arranged in order along the Avenue. To these succeed mining ajjparatus of various kinds, and models illustrative of mining processes. Mineral fuels, containing every variety of coal, with specimens of cannel coal in manufactured state, cokes, peat, and artificial fuels come next. Slates, with illustrations of their economical application, building stones, china-clays, cements, and artificial stones follow these, and are suc- ceeded by geological specimens, gems, &c., up to the western termination of the avenue. This Class is also illustrated by several large objects placed outside the Building; among these are artiBcial cements applied to various purposes, specimens of slate, flagstones, blocks of anthracite and other coal, pillars of coal exhibiting sections of beds of that substance, and columns formed of single blocks of granite. Several of these specunens are remarkable for their size, and furnish good illustrations of the mechanical facilities of extraction and of transport possessed by this country. The whole of this Class may be considered well illustrative of the mineral wealth of Britain. If our supplies of the more precious metals are limited, the resources of power and wealth are given to this country in the exhaustless stores of minerals yielding the viler metals, and a fossil fuel with which it has been endowed. The ore, the fuel for its reduction, and the material for the necessary processes, are all to be found in abundance, and generally in direct geological proximity to each other. The possession of these materials, added to the development of the means of their employment, and of the applications of their products, lie at the foimdation of the present commercial and productive greatness of Great Britain.—R. E. South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. 1 . Fossil fishes from the old red sandstone {Ceplialaspis). [The fossil fishes found in certain parts of the old red sandstone formation are of considerable value in marking the age of the deposit where the mineral character of the beds is very difierent from that ordinarily recognised. The specimen above referred to will be found to show very perfectly the general form of an animal so widely and clearly distinct from that of common fishes, that some doubt may be felt as to the identification. The relation has, however, been made out very satisfactorily, and several allied genera have been found in rocks of similar ancient date.—D, T. A.] 2 Powell, William John, Tishury, near Hindon, Wilts—Proprietor. Geological specimens :—A species of coral, from the sand of the upper oolite formation at Tisbury, found in a vein extending northward, and now converted into flint and chert. The hardest flints from this locality were originally manufactured into gun flints. [The town of Tisbury is on the Portland stone; but the lower beds of the Purbeck series, as well as the up- permost oolites, are quarried in the neighbourhood. A continuous bed of flint, about two inches thick, is seen in one of the quarries, and from this band are obtained beautiful specimens of coral in chalcedony. Some of the oolite of the neighbourhood is very fine-grained.— D. T. A.] 3 Carter, J., Delabole, near Camelford, Cornwall— Proprietor. Two specimens of rock crystal, taken from the slate quarries at Delabole, near Cornwall; used for jewellery. [The use of rock crystal in the arts is still very consider- able, as it is employed extensively in making spectacle glasses and for other optical purposes. It was formerly used for cups and various ornaments, and many finely cut specimens are exhibited from India, China, &c. The finest and largest crystals are from Madagascar, Switzer- land, and North America.—D. T. A.] 4 BoNiTTo, J. Nelson; Balleras, G. E., of London, Exhibitors; and Paris, E.—Producer. Specimens of emerald in the matrix from the mine of Muso, New Granada. [Emeralds of large size and perfect clearness are ex- tremely rare, and of great value, but found with flaws they are not so uncommon. They occur chiefly near granite in Siberia, Sweden, and New Granada, and in Africa, between Egypt and Ethiopia. The lightly coloured varieties are called beryl, and are found in the East Indies and Brazil. Emeralds have also been obtained from various parts of France, Ireland, Saxony, the Tyrol, and Connecticut, in the United States. Emerald is harder than quartz; its specific gravity is 2*73 (heavier than beryl), and it is generally found crystallized in a prismatic form. It is a silicate of alumina and a rare earth called ghicina, coloured by chrome.—D. T. A.] 5 & 138 Lentaigne, John, TallagM House, Dub lin—Proprietor. A specimen of limestone inclosing granite. Specimens of iron pyrites, from the great sulphur lode, Ballygahan mine, Wicklow; exported to Liverpool, &c, Sulphuret of copper, from same place. Sulphuret of lead, or galena; white carbonate of lead ; sulphate of barytes, with crystals of phosphate of lead ; all from Glenmolure mine, county Wicklow. Native gold, and imitation of a large piece (found some years ago), from the gold mines, county Wicklow. Silver (the property of Mr. Donegan, Dublin), from the Irish Mining Company's lead mines. Specimens of stratified breccia, composed of angular fragments of granite embedded in calx or impm-e lime- stone, and of gi^anite, from Crumlin quarry, near Tal- laght, county Dublin. Sulphuret of lead, from Killing mine, county Dublin; from Clontarf mine; from Lyrus, county Kildare; and other counties. Black oxide and other copper ores from Ballystein, county Limei-ick. Sulphurets of lead and copper, in fluate of lime, from Inveran, near Galway. Peacock copper ore, from Killarney mines. Oxide of manganese, from Glandore, county Cork. Bog iron ore, from Howth, county Dublin. Crystals of quartz, weigh- ing 84 lbs., from Donegal. [The iron pyrites of Wicklow is used in the chemical works of St. Helen's, and other places near Liverpool, for various processes where sulphur is reqxiired. It contains, when pure, iron 46'67, sulphur 53'33. This material is associated with the copper ores of Wicklow, and occurs in a vein traversing the copper lodes in a north-eastern and south-western direction. It is found at the surface, and is raised in large quantities, down to the depth of 50 feet, the lode varying in width from 4 to 36 feet. The native gold of Wicklow is remarkable for the com- paratively large qn.antities in which it has been found. Some of the lumps weighed from 18 to 22 ounces, and 945 ounces were collected during some operations cai-ried on by Government some years ago. The gold is asso- ciated with iron and quartz, in a bed of detritus varying from 20 to 50 feet deep. Considerable quantities of silver, as well as gold, have been found in Ireland at various periods in the history of the country,—D, T. A.] 6 Block of carboniferous limestone containing shells of Productus. 7 Breadalbane, Marquis of, Taymouth, Aherfeldy, Perth—Producer. Specimens from the silver-lead mine of Corriebuie, on the south side of Loch Tay, Perthshire, Specimens from the lead mines of Tyndrum, Perthshire. Chromate of iron, from the mine of Corriecharmaig, in Glenlochy, Perthshire, Hsematitic iron, from Glenquaich, Perthshire. Rutile, or oxide of titanium, from the north side of Loch Tay, Perthshire, Brown quartz, from Ben-Lawers, north side of Loch Tay, Perthshire, Granite and porphyry, from the forest of Glenorchy, in Argyllshire. Granite, from the q^iarries of Barrs and Inverliver, on Loch Etive, Argyllshire, [The mineral produce of Perthshire, illustrated above, is obtained from systems of veins, some of which, running N, W. and S, W., contain copper ores of various kinds, with some ores of iron; and others, runningN.N.E, and S.S.W,, contain chiefly lead ore. The veinstone is generally quartz, and the ores include several interesting minerals,— D, T, A,] 8 Leeson, Dr, H. B., Greenwich—Inventor. Models, crystalline minerals, and engravings; illustra- tive of the exhibitor's system of crystallography. The following are the principles upon which these models have been constructed:— When the atoms of any description of matter have arranged themselves through the intervention of certain natural forces, in a form characterized by the evident order and angular disposition of its bounding surfaces, such solid form is termed a crystal. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Every crystal may be referred to one or other of three classes or systems. These three classes are dependent on the relative direc- tion of three lines not all in the same plane, indicative of the direction from a common centre of origin of the natural forces by which the crystal has been formed; such three lines are termed the g-ubernatorial axes. The three classes are as follows:— Class 1. Rectangular. All the axes at right angles to each other. Class II. Oblique rectangular. One axis oblique to the other two, which are rectangular. Class III. Oblique. All three axes making equal oblique angles with each other. All the axes are of equal length, and in the second and third class the prevailing angle of obliquity is nearly (if not invariably) 101^ 49' 9-4", and its supplement 78° 10' 50-6". It is a very simple but important law, easily demon- strated, and greatly facilitating crystallographic investi- gations, that any plane of any crystal whatever must belong to one or other of the three following forms, which may be designated and defined as follows:— Trisecant. Cutting all three gubernatorial axes. Duosecant. Cutting only two axes, and therefore parallel to the third. Ultimate. Cutting only one, and therefore parallel to the other two. A set of fundamental forms, similarly constituted, belongs to each of the three classes. This circumstance, viz., the existence of such a set of forms, characterizes a class or system. Each fundamental form is produced by six similar and equal four-sided pyramids, one being placed at each end of every gubernatorial axis, so that the diameters of the base of the pyramid coincide with or bisect the other two gubernatorial axes. When the diameters of the base of the pyramid coin- cide with or are parallel to the gubernatorial axes, the form produced is trisecant. When, on the contrary, the diameters of the base of the pyramid, bisect or are parallel to the line of bisection of the gubernatorial axes, the form produced is duosecant. The sei-ies of fundamental forms is produced by a successive diminution in the height of the pyramid, according to a regular law. The diameter of the base of the pyi^amid in the trisecant series, and the sides of the base in the duosecant series, being a multiple of its height by some integer. When the diameter of the base becomes infinitely extended, or the height of the pyramid becomes 0, we arrive at the ultimate form, which is a cube in the rectangular class, a right rhombic prism in the oblique rectangular class, and a rhombohe- dron in the oblique class. The most frequent, if not the only series, is that in which the ratio of height in the pyramid to the diameters or sides of its base is as 1 to some power of 2, those actually observed being 2^, 2"'^, 2^, 2*, and 28. In this series w^e may pass from the trisecant to the duosecant, and from the duosecant to the trisecant forms, by a con- tinual replacement of edges by planes. Thus commencmg with the octohedron, and replacing its edges by planes, we pass to the dodecahedron, or first duosecant form. Thence to the trapezohedron, or second trisecant form. Thence to the pjrramidal hexahedron, or second duosecant form. Thence to a flatter trapezohedron, and so on, till we arrive at the ultimate form, or cube, when, by replacement of its edges, we may return to the dodeca- hedron, or first duosecant form. A new set of forms is produced by rotating, inverting, or altering the position of the pyramids 45°, so as to make trisecant pyramids duosecant, and duosecant pyra- mids ti"isecant; and next, by combination of two equal and similar fundamental forms, a set of forms having an eight-sided pyramid is produced at each end of the guber- natorial axes: thus, two octohedrons joined together pro- duce the triakis octohedron ; two trapezohedrons joined together produce the hexakisoctohedron, and so on. It appears as if these forms, like macled crystals, arise from a simultaneous development of two crystals in opposite directions, and then what would be re-entering angles are filled up, so that only the edges of the two crystals remain. 'Thus each eight-sided pyramid consists of planes joining the four lateral edges of one pyramid with those of the four lateral edges of another equal and similar pyramid. Lastly, from the forms thus described an infinite variety of others are obtained, first by the unequal development of particular planes, and next by composition of two or more forms. In natural crystals, it is frequently observed that certain planes are extended more than others ; indeed, it will be found that imequal development is the rule, and perfect forms are the exception. In the case of the diamond, which very commonly crystallizes in the regu- lar octohedral form, the octohedron is constantly un- equally developed, giving rise to the various forms ex- hibited in the drawing. When unequal development does not occasion the loss of any plane, the form is termed simply imperfect; but when, as in the passage of the octohedron into the tetra- hedron, or into the rhombohedron, certain planes are obliterated, the form is termed defective. The law of unequal development shows that whatever forms can be produced thereby from the series of forms already described, they may possibly have existence with- out any dimorphism in the substance examined. Pro- ceeding on this basis, the exhibitor has discovered that all the unequal-axed crystals are merely unequal develop- ments which have concealed the true character of the crystals, but which have been abundantly and conclusively explained by the small remnants of planes to which little attention has been heretofore directed, but which become of great significancy in relation to the law in question. 9 MiTCHEiii, Rev. Walter, St. Bartholomew's Hospital—Designer and Inventor. Series of models in paper, representing all the primary and secondary forms of crystals, and the most important combinations of these forms. 10 Dyer, William, Little Hampton, iiear Arundel— Proprietor and Inventor. Sussex coast agates, found on the sea-beach; many containing specimens of petrified sponges, sea anemones (Choanites Ednigii), and other zoophytes. Specimens fashioned and polished for ornaments. [The agates on the Sussex coast are, to a gi'eat extent, if not entirely, chalk flints in a peculiar state; and they frequently exhibit very beautiful indications of organic structui-e. The definition of agate generally in mineralogy has reference to an apparently banded structure, or con- centric arrangement of silicious matter, often showing different tints of colour. When of considerable size, the central part is generally clear. The essential material is, in all cases, silica, and the colour is, no doubt, due to metallic oxides, chiefly of iron and manganese.— D. T. A.] 11 Slater & Wright, Wiithy—Manufacturers. Specimens of rough jet, and articles manufactured from jet for ornamental pui-poses. [Jet is a variety of coal occurring abundantly in certain localities, but not associated with true coal. At Whitby it is found in the lias beds of that district, and has long been known and worked. It is also common in France (Languedoc), the Alps, Spain (the Astuxias), and Gallicia, and in the United States at Massachusetts. Very large quantities are used for ornamental purposes, and for rosaries, crosses, &c., in Roman Catholic comitries. The true jet is much lighter and pleasanter to wear than the numerous imitations that abound everywhere.—D. T. A.] South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 12 Webb, —, Calcot Farm, Reading—Producer. Portion of a fossil silicified tree from the sand. The horn of an ox dug up from the peat. 13 Ellis, R., Harrowgate—Producer. Collection of the different mineral waters of Harrow- gate, and their analyses. 14 Tennant, James, 149 ^^mwc?—Mineralogist. Four cases of minerals and fossils for educational, scientific, and ornamental purposes, A magnificent and gigantic crystal of emerald, the pro- perty of His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, by whose permission it is exhibited. [This collection includes, among other objects, a series of crystals of gems of very great interest, illustrating the mode in which such objects are found and may be dis- tinguished. It also exhibits a series of fossils useful in identifying rocks.—D. T. A.] 15 Nelis, John, Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland— Proprietor. Pearls, with specimens of the shells in which they are formed ; found in the deepest parts of the river Strule (fresh water), at the town of Omagh, county Tyrone. [The shell-fish from which these specimens of native pearl are derived is the JJnio margaritifera, and the pearls are second only in quality to those obtained from the true pearl-oyster, Meleagrina margaritifera. Pearl con- sists of concentric layers of membrane and carbonate of lime, and is partially soluble in acid.—E. F.] 16 CowiE, A., & Rae, W., Ellon, Scotland— Proprietors. Pearls from the river Ythan, Aberdeenshire. 17 HoRNE, —, Camherwell—Producer. Petrified eggs and nest from Goree Island, west coast of North Africa, lat. 63° 13'. 18 Mayo, William, 17 Silver Street, Wood Street, Cheapside —Inventor. Glass pipes for the conveyance of aqueous or aeriform flmds. The novelty consists in the invention of a perfect joint. A metallic fiange is firmly attached to the ends of the pipes without the use of any cement; the flanges are abutted, and secured together by screw coviplings. By means of these joints, glass pipes can be laid down by djuj ordinary workman; they can be altered, extended, or removed at pleasure, the same joints being available for any length of time. The glass pipes and joints exhibited are manufactured by Swinburne and Co., South Shields; the patentees, Mayo and Warmington. 18 A LowRY, J. W.—Producer. Diagrams of fossils. 19 Cook, A.—Proprietor. A large crystal of black quartz. (Batten, A., Agent.) 20 Macdonald, Major C.—Proprietor. A large series of turquoises in the matrix, in unpolished fragments, and manufactured into various ornaments. [Turquoise is a well-marked mineral of a peculiar blue colour—opaque, or only slightly translucent at the edge; it is hard, and takes a good polish, infusible, and un- affected by acids. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina, with a little oxide of copper as the colouring matter. It occurs chiefly in rounded lumps in Persia and Arabia. Large lumps are rarely pure, and the price is about that of the opal. False turquoises are common, and are manu- factured of the teeth of animals colom-ed by phosphate of iron. They are much less hard than the true stone.— D. T. A.] 21 Oldfield, Rev. —, Z>i/6/m—Proprietor, A mass of crystalline quartz adapted for various usefvil and ornamental purposes, 22 ToLAN, W.—Producer. A collection of polished agates from the Isle of Wight. [These Isle of Wight agates resemble those found on the Sussex coast, and exhibited by Mr. Dyer (10). The finest agates are from Oberstein (near a village of that name in the palatinate of Bavaria, situated on the river of Nahe, which enters the Rhine at Bingen), and from India. Very beautiful specimens of the latter are ex- hibited by the East India Company.—D. T. A.] 23 HiGHLEY, Samuel, jun., 32 Fleet Street— Collector and Preparer. Sulphur Minerals. 1. Native sulphur in rhombic crystals, from Sicily. 2. Native massive sulphur. 3. Native earthy sulphur. 4. Iron pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, from Cornwall, &c. 5. White iron pyrites, from Littmitz, near Carlsbad. 6. Radiated pyrites, from the chalk of Surrey and Isle of Wight. 7. Cockscomb pyrites, from Derbyshu-e. 8. Copper pyrites in crystals, from the Banat, &c. 9. Copper pyrites massive, from Staffordshire, &c. Crude Sulphur of Commerce. 10. Crude Sicilian sulphur, 11. Crude drop sulphur. Refined Sulphur. 12. Lump sulphur. 13. Roll sulphur. 14. Sublimed sulphur. 15. Sulphur vivum. 16 and 17. Sulphur precipitation, pure and (17) adul- terated. Crystallized Sulphur. 18. Crystals of sulphur from its solution in bi-sulphide of carbon. 19. Crystals from solutions of sulphur in camphine, made at temperatures varying from 77° cent. = 170-6° Faht. to 138° cent. = 280-4° Faht. 20. Crystals of sulphur deposited from sulpho-penta- chloride of phosphorus. 21. Crystals obtained by the fusion of sulphur. [Sulphur occurs native, in rhombic crystals; also mas- sive with earthy and bituminous impurities, and occa- sionally with arsenic and selenium. It is generally found in volcanic districts and near hot springs in formations of various geological date. It occurs abundantly with iron and copper (iron and copper pyrites), and also with the common ores of lead, &c. It is used in chemical manu- factures and in medicine; also for matches and gun- powder ; and in preparing vermilion, sulphuric acid, vulcanised caoutchouc, &c. About 80,000 tons of crude sulphur are annually furnished from Sicily.—D. T. A.] 24 Thistlethwayte, Henry F., TJie Vine House, Sevenoaks, Kent—Producer. A collection of gems and precious stones, chiefly ilhis- trative of such as are used for personal ornament. The principal part of this collection was formed by Mr. Hertz, with a view to show the great variety of shades of colour in each species of stone, and to prove the connection of some classes; such as the corundum, where the tints of the ruby, sapphire, and topaz, are distinctly seen in the same stone. In the class of zircons and jargoons, the same connection of colours is exhibited. The specimens of diamond are interesting in point of crystallization as South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. well as colour. The collection of pearls exhibit many varieties of colour both in the margarita and conch-shell specimens. [The colours of certain minerals are extremely useful to the mineralogist in the determination of species, and are presented in great varieties in distinct series, but some- times in very unconnected order. The most striking examples of series are found amongst gems, and are well illustrated in the collection described above, which is worthy of very careful observation and study. The gems which best exhibit series of colours are diamond, corimdum (oriental ruby and sapphire), topaz, emerald, garnet, and tourmaline. The 2d.rcons and jargoons are also remarkable, and highly interesting. In most cases, minerals that are nearly allied, and are homomorphic, present similar series of colom^; but in other cases, as in the diamond, the usual crystalline forms ex- hibit a more or less complex series in themselves. The principal colours of the gems are white, as opal, which is milk white; grey; black; blue, as some sapphires, which are Prussian blue, or the variety corundum, called ceylonite, which is indigo blue; green, as emerald; yellow, as topaz; red, as some zircons, garnets, ruby, &c.; and brown, as zircons. The varieties of colom* in pearls, extend from white and lead grey, through yellowish and pink, to black; the latter being, however, remarkable and rare exceptions, and the bluish or lead grey, being less valuable than more distinct tints. Some pearls exhibit much play of colour.—D. T. A.] 25 Jamieson, George, 107 Union Street, Aberdeen— Proprietor, Cairngorm stones from Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire, in the natural state, and cut into gems for jewellery. Aberdeen and Peterhead granite, cut and mounted in brooches and other fancy articles, as buttons, studs, desk seals, pen-holders, &c, A ram's head mounted in silver, as a snuff-box. Scotch pearls found in the rivers Don, Ythan, and Ugie, Aberdeenshire, The shell from which the pearls are obtained, [The Caii'ngorm mountain, one of those forming the gra- nite nucleus of the Grampians, and rising to the height of 4,080 feet, is well known, and has been long celebrated for the fine quartz crystals of white, pink, dark brown, and black colours which take their name from it, and are foimd either in the cavities in the rock or the debris of rivers. Of these crystals, the deep-yellow varieties, when well cut and set, are sold as topazes, and sometimes called Scotch topaz, while the darker varieties are called smoke topaz,—D. T. A,] 26 Cassels, Alexander, Edinburgh—Proprietor, Two curling stones used in Scotland in the national game of curling, made of the rock of Ailsa Craig, in the Firth of Clyde. A specimen of the rock in the rough state. The game of curling is practised upon ice during the winter. The Royal Caledonian Curling Club, of which His Royal Highness Prince Albert is patron, is composed of above 10,000 members, [Ailsa Craig consists of a single rock of grayish compact felspar, mth small grains of quartz, and very minute par- ticles of hornblende. The height is stated to be 1100 feet, its length 3300, and its breadth 2200. On the east it rises by steps, but from the south, round by the west to the north, it is more perpendicular, and divided into columns. It rises abruptly from deep water, about 10 miles west of the coast of Ayrshire, and 15 miles south of the Isle of Arran,- D. T, A,] 27 Kay, J,, Hayhill, Ochiltree—Manufacturer. Curling stone, made of greenstone trap, 28 Majendie, Ashhurst—Producer, White topaz from Van Diemen's Land, Rough and cut. 28 a Watkins, Rev. C. F., Vicar of Brixworth, Northamptonshire—Producer, Silicious fossils from the chalk beds of South Wilts in quartz agates, calcedony, «&c, A collection of chalk flints chiefly formed in some organic nucleus. [The very beautifiil series of specimens here exhibited admh'ably illustrates a variety of forms of organic bodies, which have been perpetuated by chalk flints, and which can have been only retained by a very rapid conversion of the original into silex. The bodies were in most cases either soft or readily decomposed, but are now sur- rounded by, as well as converted into, flint, the structure of which, imder the microscope, often betrays the most minute details of the animal substance. Collections such as that here exhibited are of great value to the naturalist, and are calculated to be of general use for purposes of instruction in an important department of geology,— D, T. A.] 29 Howard, Thomas, C.E,, Bristol—Producer. Collection of the sands, clays, building stones, marbles, coals, metals, and other minerals, belonging to the Bristol basin; a district bounded on the north by Thornbury and Tortworth, on the east by Chipping Sodbmy, Bath, and Wells, on the south by the Mendip Hills, and on the west by the Bristol Channel; including a geological range from the Silurian rocks up to the Oolites, with some alluvial and diluvial deposits. Geological map of England, showing the extent and position of the Bristol basin, relatively to the rest of the country. Part of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, coloured geologically, showing the details of the Bristol district. Sections from north to south, and from west to east. List of specimens of building stones, marbles, &c,, in six-inch cubes:— Oolite. Upper oolites, from the neighbourhood of Bath. Inferior oolite, from Dundry Hill, near Bristol. Lias. Blue lias (hydraulic lime when bm-nt), from Keynsham, near Bristol, White lias, from Radstock and Poulton, Somerset, " Landscape " lias, from Cotham, Bristol. New Red Sandstone and Calcareo-Magnesian Conglomerates. New red sandstone, found at Bristol. Coarse sandstone, from Easton, Bristol, Indiu-ated red sandy marl, from Chew Magna, Somerset. Fine-grained yellow conglomerate, found near Harley Place, Clifton. Fine-grained crystalline calcareous conglomerate, found near Dmdham Down, Indurated red sandstone with calc spar. Re-cemented magnesian conglomerate, from Clevedon, Somerset. Conglomerate with quartz, limestone, &c,, from Sea Mills, below Bristol, Conglomerates from Clifton, Bristol; and from the tunnel of the Bristol Waterworks, Harptree, Somerset, Silicious conglomerate with jaspery iron-stone, from Brandon Hill, Bristol, Conglomerate, from the Mendip Hills. Gypsum (sulphate of lime), from Windford, Somerset. Coal Measures. Pennant sandstones, from the middle part of the coal series. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Fine silicious grit (millstone grit, or miner's '^farewell rock"), from Bristol. Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone. Series of limestones and marbles from the defile of the river Avon, Clifton, Bristol. Old Red Sandstone, Silurian, Old red sandstone, from the banks of the Avon, below Bristol. Grey sandstone, from Tort worth, Gloucestershire. Red silicious conglomerate, from Markham Bottom, near Bristol. Transition limestone and sandstone, from Tortworth and Charfield, Gloucestershire. [The neighbourhood of Bristol is remarkable for the great variety of mineral produce which it yields, and the extended seiies of rocks observable within a moderate distance. It presents in the oolites, a series of building stones universally known throughout England; in the lias, a number of useful materials used for lime, cement, and other pm-poses; in the new red sandstone, mineral soils rich in agricultural produce; in the coal measures, a very large store of mineral fuel; and in the carboniferous limestone, admirable and beautiful building material, adapted for almost every variety of circumstance. The Mendip Hills supply an important series of metalliferous ores; and, in addition to these sources of interest, many illustrations of the extinct natural history of our country are obtained from almost all the formations down to those of the latest date.—D. T. A.] Amygdaloidal trap rock, from Damory, Gloucester- shire. Samples of the brick and pottery clays, with specimens of the mamifacture. . Samples of sands, used for commercial purposes, and of the deposit from which the "Bath scouring brick" is made. This brick is manufactured by Messrs. Ford & Son, Bridgewater. Samples of ochre, reddle (oxide of iron), fullers' earth, &c. Samples of strontian, massive and fibrous; gypsum, massive and fibrous ; barytes (sulphate of); lime, white and the brown, or hydraulic. Iron ores — hgsmatite, compact, silicious, stalactitic, reniform, &c. Ores of zinc: Blende (sulphur et); calamine (carbonate). Ores of lead: Galena (sulphuret); Avhite lead ore (car- bonate). Phosphate and muriate of lead. Manganese ore (black). Antimony ore (sulphuret). Specimens of quartz crystals (Bristol diamonds); crystals of calc spar ; geodes (locally, potato-stones), containing various crystals, agates, &c. Series of the various seams of coal, worked in the Bristol coal basin, showing the cleavage, fracture, &c. Maps and sections illustrative of the position and loca- lities of the specimens are exhibited with them. [This series of rocks, illustrating the economic geology of the Bristol district, is of considerable interest, as showing a large succession of beds, and the result, in some measure, of their close association at the surface. Of the substances vised economically, the sands for Bath bricks, ochres, quartz crystals, and geodes, are worthy of notice. Of the ochres, the red and yellow are found in considerable quantities and of very good quality. They are friable, and stain the finger. The red is of deep colour, between crimson and purple, and of strong body; the yellow of fine gold colour. They are dry and mix well. The Bristol diamonds are clear quartz crystals, chiefiy found near Clifton.—D. T. A.] 30 Fahie, James K,, Tipperary, Ireland— Producer. Copper ore, found on Lord Stanley's property, near Tipperary, and from Hollyford. Lead ore, found at Oola, near Tipperary. Minerals from several parts of the country. Anthracite coal, from Killanaule. Building limestone, found near Tipperary. Black and white marble, found at Mitchelstown, county Cork. Red and grey marble, found at Cloyne. Hydraulic limestone, found near Tipperary; a natural cement, produced in powder and biscuit. Artificial cement, prepared from chalk, alluvium, and pit clay; and stucco, for interior work; prepared from gypsum found in a limestone quarry near Tipperary. White clay, in its roiigh state, found near Caher, and prepared in biscuit and small bricks, used for stone ware and pottery. Black clay, in its rough state, fovmd at Kil- lanaule. Black fullers' clay, found near Caher, in a stratum over white clay. Felspar, from Lord Kingston's cave, county Cork. Draining tiles and pipes, made on Lord Stanley's pro- perty, near Tipperary. Sands, white silica, found at Killonan, useful for heavy iron castings and other purposes. White silica, found near Caher, used for pottery, &c. Manganese, found at Spring- house. Inorganic vitreous matter, the produce of green ash and elm, calcined in a brick-kiln by the exhibitor. Water, from a well in the rock of Cash el, lately dis- covered, about 150 feet above the general level of the su.rrounding surface. 32 A collection of minerals from the Mendip Hills, Somer- setshire. 33 Talling, —, Truro—Producer. Sundry minerals from Truro. 34 Minerals from Liskeard, Cornwall. 35 Ipswich Museum Committee, by the Rev. J. Henslow, President—Producer. Sundry minerals obtained from the neighbourhood of Ipswich, and used in the arts, as manure, for cement, and for some other purposes. [These minerals from the neighbourhood of Ipsmch include the cement stores found at Harwich and dredged ofi" that coast; the recently obtained nodules, containing phosphate of lime, now rendered available for agricultural piirposes, and existing abundantly near Felixtow; and some other materials, all tending to illustrate the mineral riches of the district. Similar collections for other loca- lities would be of great interest in local museums, and might be collected on a large scale at very small cost.— D. T. A.] 36 Paine, John M., Farnliam—Producer. Phosphoric fossils and marls from the upper greensand, the gault, and the upper part of the lower greensand formations. These fossils are stated to contain as high a percentage of phosphate of lime as ordinary bones; and they have been proved to be useful in fertilizing land. They are easily converted into superphosphate of lime, by the agency of sulphuric acid. The clean fossils contain from 50 to 70 per cent, of bone-eai-th phosphate ; the green marl (without fossils) contains from 4 to 15 per cent. The substances found are characterised by the almost total absence of carbonic acid, and are, therefore, the more valuable as a material for forming superphosphate of lime. These phosphoric fossils are to be found in greater or less quantities at the bottom of the chalk range of South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. hills throughout England. The fossils and marls are chiefly dng from the lands of the exhibitor at Farnham, in Surrey. Transverse section of pocket of hops of the choicest " Golding" variety, gi-own upon the phosphoric marl of the ''upper greensand." Entire pocket of the same as prepared for sale. Specimens of phosphoric fossils from the mammalife- rous crag of Suffolk; and of the ''Mineral Phosphate of Lime" or "Apatitfe/' from Estremadura, in Spain, and from New Jersey, in the United States. [The concretions of phosphate of lime, which were discovered by Mr. Paine in the cretaceous rocks near Farnham, in a state well adapted for economic use, and which are much employed for agricultural purposes, appear to exist in two or three bands in the upper green- sand and gault, not extending into the true lower green- sand. The concretions are occasionally formed about an organic centre, and appear to be instances of segregations of a mineral substance at one time generally distributed in a bed while being deposited at the bottom of a sea. The phosphoritic nodules are usually found in the Farnham district associated with green earth.—D. T. A.] 37 Lance, Edward Jarman, Frimley, Bagshot, Surrey—Producer. Specimens of minerals, in their raw state, as used in the arts (as iron from the Wealden formation, and the coal measures, &c.), arranged in trays, and named. Specimens of minerals, used as manures, as phosphate of lime and magnesia; sulphate of lime and alumina ; Cornwall sand, shell marl, &c. Specimens of cultivated soils or earths, arranged as they occur from London to Cornwall, being the abrasions of minerals. Specimens of corn produce; the effect of the admix- ture of fertilizing minerals and culture on silicious sand, in illustration of the preceding collection. Geological map of the British Isles. 38 Gill, William Eathorne, Truro—Inventor. Specimen of Normal guano, a manure: prepared from the refuse of the fisheries, as a superior fertilizer. This manure is obtained from precisely the same source as the Permdan guano; the sample exhibited was a conger-eel. It is chemically prepared with all its agri- cultiiral advantages undiminished. Fish refuse has ever been a well-recognised manure, especially along our coasts; but the demand has, for obvious reasons, been irregular, and the supply, as a consequence, still more so. By adopting, in our fisheries, the process of manufacture shown in the specimen, a regular market at all seasons of the year would be established, and the normal guano would thus become a means of supplying our farmers with a portable^, cheap, and valuable manure. [The large quantities of fish, particularly pilchards, mackerel, and hake, which are caught around the coast of Cornwall, render the preparation of a manure from the refuse, on most occasions, a comparatively easy under- taking. The value of fish manure has been long known, and it is not at all uncommon for farmers to go to con- siderable expense to obtain the offal from the nearest fishing towns ; and they value highly the refuse salt, which they obtain after the pilchard season, from the curing-houses, on account of the great quantity of pot- oil it contains.—R. H.] 39 Gould, Rev. S., Rectory, Beconsfield. Samples of clay, chalk, and sands. 40 SwEETMAN, John, Sutton, County of Dublin— Proprietor. Blue limestone, containing about 90 per cent, of car- bonate of lime. Dolomite, containing about 40 per cent. of carbonate of magnesia. Cement made with dolomite. Quartz rock for road metal. Steatite clay, for pottery or silicated soap. Silicated soap. Haematite iron ore. Black oxide of manganese, containing about 55 per cent, of oxygen. Umber. Yellow and brown ochre. White sand, for manufacture of glass. [Dolomite occurs in vai-ious places in Ireland, in veins in the limestone districts, particularly where intruded rocks are near. On the south side of Belfast Lough, at Holywood, it appears also as a distinct rock in a stratum about 60 feet thick. The best kinds contain from 18 to about 22 per cent, of magnesia.—D. T. A.] 41 Teschemacher, E. F., 4 Park Terrace, Highbury—• Producer. Collection of mineral and other manures. 42 Harris, J., 2 Rart Street, Mark Lane—Inventor and Manufacturer. Faecal manure, deodorised, containing the fertilizing properties essential to vegetation, and suitable for every description of soil and climate. 43 Silt, sand, turf, &c., from the Isle of Ely. 44 Ramsay, G. H., Newcastle (Agent, A. Hurst, 65 Mark Lane). Artificial manure, bone dust, and superphosphate of lime. 45 Mitchell, W. B., Sheffield—Producer. Sandstones, for purposes of construction, and grind- stones. 1, Millstone grit—Bull Hill Quarry. 2. Millstone grit —Reeves' Edge Quarry. 3. Blue sandstone—Green Moor Quarry. 4. Brown sandstone — Green Moor Quarry. 5. Blue sandstone—Brinkcliffe Edge Quarry. 6, Brown sandstone—Grenoside Quarry. 7. Brown sandstone— Wickersley Quarry. 8, Magnesian limestone—Steetley Quarry. Clay. 9. Fire clay and brick—Dore Moor Mine. 10. Fire clay, for crucibles—Storr's Mine. 11. Balbro brick clay; pressed brick. Coals. 12, From Soap House Colliery—Sheffield Bed. 13. From Birley Vale Colliery—Sheffield Bed, 14. From Mortomley Colliery—Sheffield Bed. 15. Handsworth converting coal. 16, Tinsley Park high hazel coal. 17. Tinsley Park furnace coal, 46 Nesbitt, J. C, Kennington—Producer. Phosphate fossils for manure. 47 Cawley, James, Pendell, Bletchingley—Producer and Manufactm-er. Stone from the siu-face of fuller's earth, used for build- ing purposes. Fuller's earth in the raw state, blue and yellow. Fuller's earth, blue and yellow, dried and prepared for use in the manufactm-e of woollen cloths, flannels, blan- kets, Scotch tweeds, and tartan shawls. Specimen of the spar found in the strata of the fuller's earth. All the above specimens were found and dug at the "Cockley pits " at Nutfield, Surrey. [The fuller's earth pits of Nutfield, near Reigate, are extensively worked, and supply large quantities of this substance to the clothing districts. There are two kinds, one greener than the other, owing to the presence of silicate of iron; but both exist under the same geological conditions, occurring in the lower cretaceous series, and differing little in chemical condition. Fuller's earth consists of about 45 silica, 20 alumina, and 25 water. When placed in water it almost dissolves. [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. .27. and when exposed to great heat it melts. It combines readily with grease, forming a kind of earthy soap, and for this reason is valuable in the mannfacture of cloth made of animal fibre.—D. T. A.] 48 Gawkroger & Hynam, 7 Prince's Square, Finsbury—Manufacturers. Fuller's earth, and purified dried fuller's earth, from Chart Lodge, Reigate, Surrey, and Cormonger's Pits, Nutfield, Surrey. [Fuller's earth, and its localities in England, are above described. The following is the mode of purifying and preparing the raw material for use:—■ The fuller's earth, after it comes from the pit, is baked or dried by exposure to the sun, and then thrown into cold water, where it falls into a powder, and the finer parts are separated from the coarser by a method of wash- ing in several tubs, through whichthe water is conducted, and where it deposits the different kinds in succession. These are used for different kinds of cloth, the coarser part for the inferior and the fine for the better kinds of cloth. The soapy combinations formed by fuller's earth with the greasy portions of cloth during the process of fulling, are supposed to serve the purpose of mordants in some measure,—D. T, A.] 49 Wilson, Sir Thomas Maryon, Charlton, Kent— Producer. Sands and loams for casting, from Charlton, next Wool- wich; sands used for glass and house purposes from Hampstead. 50 Rock, James, jun., Hastings—Producer. Lignite found in the summit tunnel of the Hastings and Ashford railway, 1-^ miles to the JST.N.E, of Hastings, about 90 feet from the surface, and 300 feet above the sea level. The strata dip from N.W, to S.E. at an angle of about 65 degrees. Clinker, containing a considerable quantity of iron, from an ancient cinder-bank on the property of Hercules Sharpe, Esq,, Sedlescomb, Sussex. Claystone, said to contain oxide of chromium. Fine white sand, from Hastings cliffs. [The lignite of the Hastings sand formation, near Hastings, has been long known, and corresponds in every particular with the lignites from Tilgate Forest, It occurs in nearly horizontal bands, thinning out into a mere film, and the largest masses do not exceed a few inches in thickness. It is very brittle, and burns with a bright flame; resembles jet, and contains included frag- ments of ligneous character. It is not unlike the Bovey coal. Ironstone was formerly extracted from some of the ferruginous sands of the Wealden, either in irregular concretions, hard, compact, and of steel-grey colour inside, or laminated, and often concentric. In some places it is of excellent quality, and when the country was covered with forest was much used in the manufacture of charcoal iron,—D. T. A,] 51 Ross, Thomas, Claremont, Hastings—Producer. Iron ore from the neighbourhood of Hastings, Tilgate stone from the East Cliff, Hastings. Hastings ^'granite" (locally so called). Clay, from a large bed lying under the sand-cliffs to the eastward of Hastings, Hastings hone-stone, rough and prepared. [The clay near Hastings underlies a thick deposit of white sand and friable sandstone, called the "Worth beds," The clay itself contains undulating seams of lignite. It overlies another bed also including lignite.—D. T. A,] 52 Specimen of fossil orthoceratite. 53 Whittaker, Jaj5IES, Wirksworth, Derbyshire— Proprietor, Specimens of marble, and vase made of the same. Specimens of grit sand, used for fine castings. White sand, used for scouring, Bcc. White lead ore, and stalactite. 54 Brodie, Peter B., F.G.S., Down Hatherley, Gloucester—Producer. 1, Limestone, from the Purbeck strata in the Vale of Wardour, Wiltshire, applicable to purposes of lithography. 2, Ironstone, from the top beds of the lower lias, Rob- inswood Hill, near Gloucester, Hewlett's Hill, near Chel- tenham, and Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire ; it occurs in beds, and occupies a considerable area in the Cotswold hills, 3, Septaria, found in the upper beds of the lower lias, Robinswood Hill, near Gloucester, in sufficient quantities to be iised for cement. 4, Iron pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, found in digging a well in the lias at Gloucester, 5, Limestone, forming an extensive bed in the lower lias near its base, and extending through Gloucestershire and Somersetshire. 6, Hard limestone of the lower lias, near Bidford, in Warwickshire, This stone takes a polish, and could be used as a marble. 7, Bone bed, a thin but extensive band at the base of the lower lias, charged with fragments of bones, teeth, and coprolites, which might be beneficial as a manure. It occurs at Wainlode Cliff, Coombe Hill, near Gloucester, Westbury-on-Severn, Somersetshire, and Wales, [All the above specimens, except the first, are from the lias, a deposit of calcareous clay widely distributed in the west of England, and ranging from the coast of Dor- setshire, at Lyme Regis, to the coast of Yorkshire, at Whitby, The upper and lower beds are often shaly, and yield materials for the manufacture of alum and other substances. The middle portion is more calcareous, and includes some bands of compact limestone. Where the carbonate of lime forms into nodules somewhat argilla- ceous, there are found septaria well adapted to the making of cement. In many places, the iron disseminated through the clay has collected into bands of impure iron- stone, which, however, is not likely to come into successful competition with other ores. The bone-bed may, if the expenses of transport be inconsiderable, be worth working as a cheap and effective mineral manure.—D, T. A.] 55 RiDDELL, Sir James Miles, Bart., Strontian— Proprietor. Various specimens of minerals. Harmotome, in large crystals, on calcareous spar. Morvenite, a variety of harmotome, on calcareous spar, amber colour. Crystallized calcareous spar, with annular iron pyrites, enclosing radiated sulphate of barytes. Brown calcareous spar. Crystallized calcareous spar, of a pink colour. Calcareous spar, on hexahedral tables enclosing icosi- tetral crystals. Hexahedral prismatic calcareous spar, penetrated with crystals of the same, of a different form, the obtuse solid angle of which partly protrudes from the terminal plane of the prism, Brewsterite, discovered near Strontian, Crystallized carbonate of strontian. Massive fibrous carbonate of strontian, with heavy spar. Sulphate of barytes with phosphate of lead. Sulphuret of iron. Gneiss. Gneiss passing into granite. Gneiss with red felspar. PouTH Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. Junction of gneiss with granite, intersected by a vein of felspar. Fine-grained granites. Syenites. Porphyritic granite. Syenite, with a vein of felspar. Eock, of carbonate of lime and serpentine. Granite studded with garnets, from the summit of Ben Eesipole, a mountain above 3,000 feet in height. A very large specimen of the same. Quartz rock. Sulphuret of lead, in a matrix of calcareous spar, from the Smithy Vein (Feedonald district). Sulphuret of lead with calcareous spar, a continuous string of lead ore, from the red vein of Feedonald. Crystallized sulphuret of lead (the primary cube), from the same vein. Sulphuret of lead, with sulphuret of zinc and crystal- lized calcareous spar in the cavities. Sulphuret of zinc and calcareous spar, from Corantee. Cubic sulphviret of lead with calcareous spar. Sulphuret of lead in calcareous sjDar, from Clashgoram mine (middle district). Sulphuret of lead; sulphuret of lead, embedded in calcareous spar; and sulphuret of lead, partly crystallized with calcareous spar—from Belsgrove Mine. Junction of granite and mica slate. Lias limestone; from the north side of the promontory of Ardnamurchan. Lias limestone, from the south side of the promontory. A large mass of sulphate of barytes, a substance consti- tuting much of the matrix or veinstone of lead ore. [At Strontian, in the western part of Argyllshire, a boss of granite is seen penetrating the gneiss, which abounds in the district; and a little further to the west, a large quantity of porphyry and trap occurs, covered, in two or three places near Ardnamurchan, by deposits of the oolitic and liassic period. In the granite, and near its junction with the gneiss, mineral veins are found, containing lead and copper; and in one of these was first obseiwed the mineral thence called strontianite, or strontites, a carbonate of strontia, usually associated with calc-spar, sulphate of barytes, and galena. The metal called stnMticm, obtained from this mineral, was first described by Sir H. Davy, and resembles barium in its properties and appearance. Car- bonate of strontia is chiefly used in the prodviction of the nitrate v/hich is employed in giving a red colour to fireworks, Harmotome and morvenite are hydrous silicates of alumina and barytes. Brewsterite is also a hydrous sili- cate of alumina, but contains strontia as well as barytes. The other minerals are well known. The lias is one of several small patches round the trap rocks of Ardnamur- chan, Morven, and the Isle of Mull, and contains numerous organic remains.—D. T. A.] 56 Dann, Thomas, Reigate—Producer. Greystone lime, from the lime-works, at Eeigate Hill, on the estate of the Countess of Warwick. 57 WoRTHiNGTON, WiLLiAM, NoHliwich, Chesldre— Proprietor. Specimens of rock salt, as prodiiced from the mines near Northwich, Cheshire. Specimen of refined salt, for curing fish. Fine high-dried table salt. Malvern salt, much esteemed for table use. Large-grained bay salt, used for various purposes. [The salt-mines of Cheshire are worked in the new red sandstone of that county, the salt being in large masses of irregular form associated with marl and gypsum. In its natural state it is of dull red colour, semi-trans- parent, and though sometimes cubical in crystal, more usually massive. The number of saliferous beds in the district is five, the thinnest of them being 6 inches, but the thickest nearly 40 feet thick, and they are worked at a depth of from 50 to 150 yards below the surface. The mode of working the thick bed is not much unlike that adopted in South Staffordshire for coal; but the roof being generally uniform and tolerably tough, and the mine without noxious gases, the works are more simple. The salt is blasted, and large pillars are left to support the roof. Upwards of 60,000 tons of salt are ob- tained from the Cheshire mines, and a large quantity is also manufactured from brine-springs and other similar sources, in Cheshire and Worcestershire. The greater part is exported from Liverpool.—D. T. A,] 58 Hill, John, Ringsend, Dublin—Manufacturer. Basket and pink salt for table use; Irish fine, or butter salt, and coarse or provision salt. [There are no natural deposits of salt in Ireland, and the various kinds exhibited by and prepared in that country are generally procured from the English salt mines.—D. T. A.] 59 ■ , Brassiiigton, Derbyshire—Producer. Wad and white-lead ore. 60 EoAKE, James White, Newbury, Berkshire— Producer. Specimens of soils which svirround Nevvbury, Berks, and the uses to which they are applied. Nos. 1 to 4. Various clays. 5. White. 6. Eed. 7. Yellow ochre. 8. Fine white sand. 9. Coarse sand. 10. Fei^ruginous sand. 11. Ochreous sand, used by iron founders. 12. Green sand, with oysters embedded. 13. Gravel, rough and peb- bly. 14. Calcined pebbles, reduced to coarse and medium grit. 15. Fine pebbles, with stucco made from it, to compare with a coloured fragment and tessera from Herculaneum. 16. Chalk from Kintbury, with shells peculiar to that deposit. 17. Whiting. 18. Limestone. 19. Stone lime. 20. Chalk lime, through which gas has passed. 21. Peat, from the Kennet valley. 22. Peat, condensed by Cobbold's patent process. 23. Peat, pul- vei'ised for horticultural uses, and disinfecting purposes. 24. Peat ashes, for the agriculturist. Samples of bricks, tiles, and pottery. [Newbury is situated on the lower tertiary beds imme- diately overlying the chalk, which crops out at a short distance from London to the north, south, and west. The river Kennet crosses the chalk from the west, runs through the town towards the east, and enters the Thames near Eeading. The tertiary deposits here include a mo- derate thickness of the London clay overlying the mottled clays and sands of the lower or plastic clay series, in- cluding a pebble bed, mottled red clays and sands, and the whole covered up with a little gravel.—D. T, A.] 61 Cow PER, John, Alston, Cumberland—Proprietor and Producer, Crystal of sulphate of barytes ; the largest on record, weighing 112 lbs. Specimens of witherite, or carbonate of barytes, re- markable for their beauty and crystallization; taken from a lead and carbonate of barytes mine at Fallowfield, near Hexham, Northumberland, where it is raised in the lump, in great abundance. It is extensively used in the manufacture of glass, chemicals, porcelain, &c. This extensive mine, now the property of Walton and Cow- pers, was thrown away as of no value, until lately, when the present proprietors bought the mines, and introduced the article, as a mining product, into the market. Sulphate of barytes, found in vatherite, Bromlite (baryto-calcite) on bitterspar and pseudo- morphous quai'tz ; from Brownley Hill, Barytes and galena, from Fallowfield, Coal, galena, shale, &c. Carbonate of lime, from Alston, L 2 South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 62 Dyer, William Bunt, ilfoW—Proprietor. White lead ore, carbonate of lead ore, from Jamaica mine. Assay, 60 per cent, for lead, and four ounces of silver per ton of lead. Blue lead (galena) and sulphuret of lead ores from Jamaica mine. Produce 80 per cent, lead and four ounces silver per ton of lead. It is used by potters for the purpose of smoothing earthenware glaze. 63 Cairns, J., jun., 96 Charlotte Street, Manchester— Producer. Carbonate of barytes, with specimens of lead ore, from Anglezark Moors, near Chorley, Lancashire. 64 Brookman & Langdon, 28 Great Russell Street— Proprietors. Specimens of black lead from Cumberland, in the raw state, and as hardened for wbq. Specimens of other minerals. [The Cumberland graphite is obtained from a large and very irregular vein cutting through the green slate and porphyry; and the mineral occurs in large lumps, found here and there expanding and thinning out with no appa- rent order. About 50 years ago, one of the largest masses ever discovered was suddenly met with, and yielded about 70,000 lbs. of the purer kind of black lead. Since then there has been nothing found of any value. The mines are near the head of Borrowdale, the entrance being about 1,000 feet above the sea, and as much below the summit of the mountain.—D. T. A.] 65 Brockedon, W., 29 Devonshire Street, Queen Square ■—Patentee and Manufacturer. Native plumbago:—Samples fi-om the mines of Borrow- dale in Cumberland, fine and crude: from Ceylon, Davis' Straits, Spain, Bohemia (called Mexican), Greenland, California, France (Poligny): nodules from India, &c. Samples of Cumberland black lead, prepared for con- densing into blocks by patent process. Specimens in powder, purified from grit, and in fine powder, ready for condensing, which has passed through apertures g^jij^,, th of an inch in diameter. Blocks which bave been condensed by a pressure of 5,000 tons. Slices of the blocks for pencil-makers ; points for Mordan's ever-pointed pencils; cedar pencils, by various makers, of Brockedon's patent Cumberland lead. Blocks made of Ceylon and other plumbagos, &c. The plumbagos exhibited in their natiiral state, are— Three very fine samples of the old black-lead, formerly found in Cumberland. The only native plumbago which could be cut into slices, and used in its natural state; the miners have long failed to supply such specimens. Two samples of Cumberland lead, containing too much grit to be used without purification. Samples of plumbago from Ceylon, crystalline and fibrous: this is the purest plum- bago known, being 98'55 pure carbon; but it is too fragile for use in cedar. Two samples from Davis's Straits and Greenland. One from California. Others from Spain and Bohemia (called Mexican), of these two the common pencils are made, when hardened by sul- phur. From none of these can a fine pencil be made, but the Cumberland. The manufactured blocks are from the second variety of the Cumberland, freed from grit, and reduced to an impalpable powder, of which a quantity is shown to form one of the blocks. From this powder the air is exhausted, when it is condensed in a dry state by an enormous pressure, which consolidates a mass weighing seven ounces under a force, in two blows, with a force of 5,000 tons, leaving it as compact as the natural; and from these blocks slices are cut, as shown: these are inserted in channels in the cedar. It is also cut into the lengths of the block as square threads; these are rounded, then cut to the proper lengths for the ever-pointed pencils. For the process by which the Cumberland lead can be freed from grit, and then solidified, the exhibitor obtained a patent, and pencil manufacturers use it only for their finest drawing pencils. [Graphite or Plumbago, a form of carbon commonly called black-lead, and sometimes, but incorrectly, regarded as a carburet of iron, is a well-known soft minei'al, crys- tallized in small hexagonal plates of laminated structure, infusible, burning with great difficulty under the blowpipe; consisting of from 85 to 98-55 per cent, of carbon, and having a specific gravity of 2-09 to 2-25; the purest being the lightest. It is found in metamorphic, generally in schistose, rocks, of various geological age, in masses or veins parallel to the lamination or stratification. The pure and valuable kinds are very rare, and have been ob- tained almost exclusively from the localities raentioned above. The variety from Ceylon is remarkably pure but soft; that from Greenland is also pure, but very hard. The latter, according to an analysis recently made by T. H. Henry, Esq., yields carbon 96'6, ash 3'4; but does not seem adapted for extensive use in pencil-making, owing to its hardness and paleness. It appears that the presence of a certain quantity of iron is favourable for its use in the arts. The method by which Mr. Brockedon has rendered several of the softer and less compact graphites available, and has also brought into use the fragments formerly too small for pencils, has been successfully applied to other materials for various useful purposes.—D. T. A.] 66 Keeves & Sons, 113 Cheapside—Inventors and Manufacturers. Cumberland lead and cedar wood, in the different forms in which they are used in the manufacture of drawing pencils. 67 Adair, E., Maryport—Manufacturer. Various materials used in black-lead pencil making ; with specimens of pencil manufacture, in its difierent stages. The cedar used is imported into London and Liverpool chiefly from South America. The foreign plumbago, of which common pencils are manufactured, is imported from Germany, the East Indies, Spain, and Mexico. The Cumberland black-lead is found only in Borrowdale, and is used only for the best pencils. 68 Wolff & Son, Church Street, Spitalfields— Manufacturers. A specimen of pure Ciimberland lead, without grit, as produced from the mines at Borrowdale. Block of the same compressed. Specimens of prepared and compressed Cumberland lead. [The Cumberland mines having failed to produce a continual supply of the pure plumbago, or black lead, for the use of artists, &c., the exhibitors are enabled, by their process of cleansing and compressing the crude or gritty lead, to produce solid blocks of pure plumbago equal to the finest quality originally supplied from the mines.] Specimen of Ceylon black lead. East India, as pro- duced from the mine. Block of Ceylon lead, prepared and compressed. Specimen of Malaga black lead (Spain), as produced from the mines. Block of Malaga lead, prepared and compressed. [Plumbago, or graphite, improperly called black lead, is a carburet of iron : the best quality of this is used for artistic purposes ; the inferior is employed in the manu- facture of crucibles, or chemical furnaces, as it stands a high tempera,ture. It is adulterated with lamp black, sometimes to the amount of 60 per cent., when sold for domestic purposes.—E. H.] South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 69 Banks, Son, & Co., Greta Pencil Works^ Keswick— Manufacturers. Specimens of pure Cumberland lead, and composition used in the manufacture of black-lead pencils. Specimens of the various stages of manufacture from the raw ma- terials to the complete pencil. Specimens of pencils in various styles of finish. 70 Rogers, Samuel Sandilands, Douglas, Isle of Man— Producer. Specimens of the earths and sands of the Isle of Man, 71 Tennants, Clow, & Co., Manchester—Manufacturers. Large groups of crystals of sulphate of copper. 72 Thompson, J., Northwich—Producer, Crystalline block of rock salt, quarried out of one of the exhibitor's mines, near Northwich. In the neigh- bourhood of Northwich are to be found the only mines of rock salt in England, numbering altogether about twenty distinct quarries. Rock salt has been an article of trade in this neighbourhood since the year 1670 ; it was then carried on the backs of horses to the nearest point of embarkation. Now the exports to foreign countries alone, are about 70,000 tons. The total con- sumption being about 100,000 tons. The rock salt is found from 45 to 50 yards below the surface, the inter- vening layers being composed of soil, gravel, quicksand, clay, marl, gypsum, &c. The first bed of rock salt is about 25 yards in thickness, but inferior in quality ; un- derneath this, is a bed or stratum of stone or indurated clay, blue and brown, about 10 yards in thickness ; below this is the second great formation, which is also about 25 yards in thickness ; the lower five yards of which is the only portion excavated, the greater mass being very impure. That within five yards, however, contains but few impurities, and is readily dissolved into brine, from which is manufactured the piurest and best of salt. The above specimen is not selected as a rare and pure block, but as a fair representation of the bulk of what is obtained from the mine. 73 Claxton, J.—Producer. Sands from Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 74 Squire, John & William, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, Hampshire—Producers. Specimen of pure white sand, used in the manufacture of best flint glass, taken from horizontal and vertical beds in the cliffs in Alum Bay, near the Needles, on the estate of William George Ward, Esq, It is exported from Tam- worth, and is extensively used by glass-makers, for its silicious properties. [The geological position of these beds of sand is at the base of the tertiary series, as exhibited in the British Islands, corresponding with the white and other sands at Woolwich, and the lignites and plastic clays of Paris, The thickness of this part of the series at Alum Bay is very remarkable ; and the sands being nearly free from iron and alkaline earths, are well adapted for glass- making,—D, T. A,] 75 Collinson, Charles, Mansfield—Vro^viQtov. Red casting sand, found only at Mansfield, and of value in the production of fine castings. Its qualities are fineness of grain, porosity, great purity and smooth- ness, which latter property contributes to give a high face to castings. 76 Relf, S,, Reigate, Surrey—Producer. _ White sand, from the Tunnel Caves at Reigate (called m use ''silver sand"), dug from the rock. 77 Morrison, George, Agent of Earl Somers, Reigate—Producer. Sand from the common, named Reigate Heath, valued for its grit, and used in the manufacture of glass. [These sands are from certain beds of the lower greensand series much developed in Surrey, and frequently exhibiting extensive tracts of sand, often without admixture of any argillaceous or calcareous matter,—D, T, A,] 78 Long, J., C.E,, Limerick—Producer. Building and ornamental stones from Limerick, &c. Sands and earths from the river Shannon, Nos, 1 to 18,—Marbles of various colours, obtained from the top beds of unworked quarries. The lower beds contain specimens of a better quality, and free from the blemishes which these exhibit. Worked in the counties of Limerick, Clare, King's County, Longford, and Galway. Nos, 19 to 28.—Building-stone, of various qualities of limestone and grit, from quarries at Limerick, and at various points along the Shannon. No, 23 yields the hydraulic lime, now used in building the new docks at Limerick, No. 59 is a stone adapted for inside staircases, and not readily soiled. These stones are suitable either for marble or building stone. No, 29,—Iron-stone; No, 30, iron nodule; and No, 31 bituminous coal, from county Leitrim. No, 32, anthra- cite coal. The iron ore and coal, Nos. 33, 34, 35, are found in the same district on the verge of the Shannon, near its source, whence a steam navigation extends to Limerick. Limestone, suitable for flux in smelting, as well as moulding sand, fire-clay, fire-stone, &c., are found in the same locality. The iron-stone is productive, nearly equalling the black band ore of Glasgow, and exceeding the Staffordshire and Welsh ores; the richest giving 61 per cent, of iron. The coal (No. 35) produces | parts of good coke, and is useful for illuminating purposes. An- thracite coal (No, 36) is found in Tipperary, Limerick, Kerry, and Clare, where extensive coal fields exist; but owing to the abundance of peat fuel in the district, they remain unworked, except for local purposes, such as burning lime, drying corn, &c, Nos, 37, 38.—Turf, heavy and light, found in abund- ance, and chiefly used for domestic purposes. No. 39,—Gypsum, obtained on the shores of Lough Allen, at the head of the Shannon, near the coal and iron mines, county Leitrim. No. 40,—Fire-clay, This clay is found of excellent quality, and equal to the Stourbridge clay, formerly im- ported into Limerick. Nos, 41, 42,—Moulding sand; the same, prepared for use. These sands are used in the Limerick foundries, Nos, 43, 44,—Building sands; dredged out of the bed of the river at Limerick, and requiring no screening or washing previous to use. No. 45,—Plaster sand; dug in pits near Limerick. No. 46,—Lime; produced from the building stones of the locality, which are found in abundance throughout the whole length of the river. [The coal worked near Limerick is from a number of small basins or troughs, ranges of hills running east and west, and the strata dipping on either side often at high angles. The coal is all anthracitic, and there appear to be six distinct seams, three of them however yielding the principal supply. The iron-stone of Ireland is gene- rally rich, some of it especially, averaging as much as 40 per cent, of iron in the natural state. The fire-clays from beds alternating with the coal, and others in the counties of Clare and Tipperary, afford admirable material for crucibles, and replace Stourbridge clay for various pur- poses,—D, T, A,] No, 47.—Flags. Flags of this kind of large dimensions are obtained in the county Clare. Exported from Limerick, No, 48,—Copper ore, from the Hollyford mines, couutY Tipperary. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Lead ore, from Ballyhickey mines, formerly worked, but not now in operation. _ Within four miles of the shipping port of Clare. Average, by assay, 77 per cent, for lead, and 15 ounces for silver in the ton of lead. Shell marl; dredged in abundance out of tlic Shannon; it forms the subsoil of the lowlands skirting the river. Silica. This silica is suitable for pottery purposes. [Shell-marl, such as alluded to in the above list, is usually the remains of the deposits formed by the ancient pleistocene sea. The organic remains which give rich- ness to this marl, and enhance its value for agricultural purposes, are remarkable for being of an arctic character. They appear to indicate the ancient extension of an icy sea like that of Greenland over the greater part of the British Isles during the geological epoch immediately preceding the present era.—E. F.] 79 Rouse, Capt., & Whitley, N., Truro—Producers. Specimens of sands, from various parts of Cornwall, used for agricultural and building purposes: the agricul- tural sands from Gwithian, Falmouth harbour, and Perran Porth; the others used for building purposes. [A very large quantity of fine white calcareous sand, consisting chiefly of minute fragments of shells, and containing much animal matter and some salt, is annually removed from the coast of Cornwall, in some places, to the interior, and used for agricultural purposes, for which it is well adapted. It has been estimated that as much as from six to eight millions of cubic feet of sand are annually thus removed.—D. T. A.] 80 Flatheb & Haden, 1 Castle Mills, and 2 Broad Lane, Shcffieli—Producers. Prepared Trent sand, or wharpe, used for buffing tip, or bringing to a surface, German silver, Britannia metal, brass, copper, &c. Prepared Welsh rothen-stone, used for producing the fine polish on silver, Britannia metal goods, &c. ; when mixed with one-sixth its weight of rape or sweet oil, it forms the polishing paste used for cleaning Britannia metal, brasses, tin ware, and other bright metal goods. [Most substances employed under the name of rotten- stone, or Tripoli, ' are essentially composed of silica in a peculiar state of subdivision, the actual particles of which the whole is made up being* crystalline, but the mass earthy, and often reduced by compression to a solid state, having a slaty fracture. In most cases, the origin may be traced to the remains of infusorial animalcules, and occa- sionally the presence of carbon, and a little resinous organic matter which shows this still more clearly. The name Tripoli is generally understood to apply to all the earthy varieties (of which there are several) in which silica exists nearly pure, bu-t in a very minute state of subdivision. Rotten-stone is limited to those which are light and friable, and of very fine grain. It occurs rather abundantly near Bakewell, in Derbyshire, amongst the carboniferous limestones, but is often met with in other rocks.—D. T. A.] Prepared lime, used for producing the bi-ight black polish upon German silver, electro-plated, and silver goods. 81 Solomon, Thomas, Truro—Producer. Varieties of hone-stones, used for sharpening edge- tools, from Perran Porth, near Truro; Lostwithiel; Feock, near Truro; Kenwyn, near Truro; and other localities. 82 Scram PTON—Leicester—Producer. Specimens of Whittle Hill whetstones and hones. 84 Meinig, Charles, 103 Leadenhall Street— Manufacturer and Dealer. Circular gi^indstones, for glass, mineral teeth, fine tools, &c.; made of sandstone, from the exhibitor's quarry in Bohemia, producing fine edge, and polished sui-face. Grinding lathe, mounted with these grindstones, with circvilar oilstones, &c. Mounting for flat oilstones, sharpening difierently on different sides. Specimens of dressed oilstones. Multiplying hand-frame for circular grindstones; oil- stones and polishing stones on Mr. Eden M^Donall's principle. Multiplying hand-lrame, with horizontal movement. [Grit stones or grinding stones are, all of them, varieties of sandstone; their abrading or polishing powers depending upon the degree of hardness of the stone; the size of the particles constituting the mass, and the silicious charac- ter of the stone. The Bohemian stones have long been imported from Germany, and used by jewellers for polish- ing small works, such as the settings around gems. These stones are fine and silicious, and for small work cut well, and keep a good point.—R. H. This large and important series of grindstones includes almost every kind used for manufacturing purposes in London, and obtained for various parts of the world. The qualities of the stones, their relative excellence, and their respective uses will be easily understood by a care- ful examination of the series.—D. T. A.] 85 Snow, W. P.—Producer. Specimen of rock from the Arctic Regions. 86 Bank Park Pyropoltte Works—Manufacturer. Figure in terra-cotta ; a bas-relief ornament. 87 Potter, William, & Co., 87 Aldgate, and Cromford, Derbyshire—Proprietors and Manufacturers. Specimens of fluor spar, calcareous spar, calamine, white lead ore, lead ore, sulphate of barytes, and sulphate of barytes manufactured as a pigment. Fx'om the Dinah, Goodluck, and other mines in the vicinity of Cromford, Derbyshire. 88 Falmouth Local Committee—Producer. Quartz, pebbles, and sand, from Swan Pool, near Falmouth, 89 NiCHOLLS, J., Truro—Producer. Fire-clay, used for stopping furnaces. 90 Whiteway, Watts, & Co., Wareham, Dorsetshire, and Kin'jsteignton, Devonshire—Producers. Blue clay, used in potteries, raised from the exhibitors' pits called Fxirzebrook, near Wareham, Dorsetshire. Black and carbonaceous clay, for pottery purposes. Pipe clay, for making tobacco pipes. Top clay, for brown stone-ware purposes. Alumine clay. Draining clay, for draining tiles; all from the pits of Kingsteignton. 91 King & Co., Stourbridge—Producers and Manufacturers. Glass-house pot, made of Stourbridge fire-clay, for melting the ingredients of flint glass. Model of glass-house furnace in fire-clay. Segment of D-sh?.ped gas i-etort, made of Stourbridge clay. Segment of round gas retort. These retorts are of greater durability than those made of iron. Crucibles used in fusing metals. Specimen of best clay, in its raw state, used in the manufacture of glass-house pots, peculiar to the Stour- bridge district, and obtained from the mines of the exhi- bitors ; and of the best black clay, used in the manufac- ture of crucibles, for melting steel. South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. [The well-known Stourbridge fire-clay consists of a material of considerable purity, existing in beds under- lying coal in the' coal-measures of the district. Similar beds of fire-clay, though rarely so good, occur elsewhere, and are extensively worked; but none have attained a reputation equal to that of Stourbridge in the manufac- ture of retorts and other fire-clay goods which have to sustain long-continued and intense heat. The chief ex- cellence consists in the absence of iron and of alkaline earths (which would produce fusion of the clay), and a certain amount of porosity admitting of a little expansion and contraction. In the raw goods, the quality is not seen, but in those that have been fired, paleness of colour and the absence of cracks are considered good marks of excellence.—D. T. A.] 92 Jenkins & Beer, Truro—Producers. Ochres, three in a powdered state, of difierent shades of colour, and one in lumps of two shades of colour; pro- duced at Kea, near Truro; used in the manufacture of paints, paper-hangings, &c. Exhibited on account of their clearness, fulness of colour, body, and cheapness. 93 Jenkins & Courtney, Truro—Producers. Specimens of Cornish china-stone, exhibiting its natural fracture: raised in the Great Bodilla china-stone quarries, St. Stephen's, Cornwall, and largely used in the potteries for the manufacture of the finer descrip- tions of china and earthenware. [China-stone and china-clay, both of which are most extensively used in the potteries, are produced in the neighbourhood of the great granite ranges of Cornwall and Devonshire: in the former county chiefly from the St. Austell granite, and also from Tregorming Hill to the south of Helstone, and from the southern granite of Dartmoor in the latter county. The decomposed granite of St. Stephen's, and the uses to which it and the clay produced from it could be applied, were discovered in 1768 by Cookworthy of Plymouth, who was the first person who made hard porcelain in this kingdom. To this discovery is due entirely the manufacture of porcelain, similar to that of china. The composition of this kaolin, or porcelain clay, varies in difierent localities, the average of the best Cornish clay giving an analysis—alumina, 24'6; silica, 44*30; lime, magnesia, and potash, 1-60; water, 8'74, The pure kaolin of Dartmoor being, alumina, 36"81; silica, 44*25; lime, magnesia, and potash, 2*20; water, ]2'7, With the increase of our porcelain and fine earthen- ware manufacture, the demand for these clays has largely increased; and to this must be added a large trade in the china-stone itself, which is used principally for glazing fine ware, the ordinary glaze bemg composed of decomposed granite, lime, flint, litharge, and borax. A large quantity of this clay of an inferior quality is used by the paper-makers and calico-dressers, for the purpose of giving weight and body to their fabrics. Men, women, and children are largely employed on these clay-works, which, when the clay is being clressed present a scene of active and curious industry.-^E. H.] 94 Thriscutt, C, St. Austell—Producer. China-clay as dug out of the earth, from Caudledown Clay-works; prepared, burned, and calcined. 95 Whitley, N., Truro—Producer. Clays of the district of Truro. 97 Minton, H. 8c Co., /S'/o/ie-^/^on-Trm^—Manufacturers. A collection of the various materials used in the manu- facture of all kinds of porcelain and earthenware. 1. Raw material.— Cornish clay in its natural state; and the same prepared for use; both from the Cornish Clay Company; the same fired. Cornish clay as prepared at Mr. Thriscutt's works, Caudledown; the same fired; Cornish stone from the Cornish Clay Company; the same ground and fired. Swedish felspaTt-; the same ground and fired. Blue clay, from Fayle's works, Dorsetshire, in the raw state; the same fired. Blue clay from Whitev/ay's works in Dorsetshire; the same fired, Gravesend flint in its natural state. Flints* calcined. Flints calcined and ground. 2. Glazing Materials.—East Indian tincal, or borax in its imported crude state. Boracic acid. Borax crys- tallized, from Mr, E. Woods of Liverpool. Oxide of lead. Fritt for glaze, Paris v/hite. Soda, Potash. Nitre. 3. Colouring Material.—Oxide of copper. Protoxide of nickel. Oxide of chromium. Oxide of tin. Peroxide of manganese. Oxide of zinc. Peroxide of cobalt. Smalt-blue. Oxide of antimony. Granulated gold. Granulated silver. 98 HiGHLEY, Samuel, jun., 32 Fleet Street— Importer. Collection of rocks and fossils, stratagraphically ar- ranged, to illustrate modern works on geology; from Dr. Krantz's establishment at Bonn. 99 Greaves, R,, Warwick—Proprietor and Producer, Two busts of Shakspeare, in cement. 100 Fayle, BexVJAMIn, & Co., Old Sic an Lane, Upper Thames Street—Proprietors, Specimen of blue potters' clay, as dug from the pits at Norden, Isle of Purbeck, county of Dorset ; used for the manufacture of earthenware; said to possess greater strength of body, and to shrink less than many other clays when exposed to high heat. 101 Phillips, William, Morley Works, near Flympton —Producer and Proprietor, 1. Specimen of disintegrated granite from Morley Works, Devon, in which the felspar is in a decomposed state, pure, and in a large proportion, compared with the quartz, schorl, and mica, 2 and 3. Prepared china clay, or decomposed felspar, the result of washing; used chiefly in porcelain, fine and common pottery, calico-dressing, and paper-making. 4. Specimen of clay for fire-bricks and crucibles.' 5. Plymouth porcelain; made by Cookworthy, the discoverer of china-clay in this country, 6 and 7. Porcelain made from Morley clay. 8 and 9, Pottery from this clay, made of 80 per cent, of clay, with flint and china-stone, [A. large quantity of china-clay is found on the south side of the Dartmoor granite, the quality of the clay being excellent, and the position exceedingly favourable for the supply of the Staffordshire potteries" by railway carriage. The china-clay of Devonshire possesses much interest, not only by its excellent quality, but also as the material from which Mr. Cookworthy, the first manu- facturer of porcelain in England, probably obtained his material. The process of purifying china-clay is at present simply mechanical, but is capable of much improvement, and the coarse parts of the clay are well adapted to the manufacture of brick of various kinds. The china-clay is obtained from the decomposition of particular varieties of granite,—D. T. A,] 10 and 11. Pottery of ordinary manufacture, with small proportions of china-clay, flint, and stone, 12 and 13, Bricks made from clay, 14, 15, and 16, Pottery and china, illustrative of the application and uses of this china-claj^, which has a larger proportion of alumina than other china-clays, and is free from metallic oxides. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. [The china-clay and china-stone used in the manufac- ture of the finer kinds of porcelain are chiefly obtained from decomposed granite; the felspar of the granite, under certain circumstances, yielding to the action of the wea- ther, and parting with its alkaline earths, and the harder, heavier, and coarser parts of the granite removed by me- chanical washing, either naturally or artificially. The purified material thus obtained is called kaolin; its specific gravity is from 2-21 to 2'26. Some of the finer kinds con- tain, when boiled for a short time in a solution of potash, about equal parts of silica and alumina, upwards of 10 per cent, water, and from 2 to 10 per cent, of free silica; the mineral being therefore represented by the formula A : S : + 2 Aq. The formula for felspar is 3 A: Si s -f K: Si 3, the potash being often replaced by soda, and the nature of the change may thus be understood. The best china-clay in England is obtained from Cornwall and Devonshire.—D. T. A.] 102 Pike, William & John, Wareham, Dorsetshire— Producers. Potters' or blue clay, from the island of Purbeck, Dor- setshire, used in British and foreign potteries. [The greater part of the best pottery produced in various parts of the world has Dorsetshire clay for its principal ingredient. Blue, or potter's clay, for making fine ware, should mix tough, be free from sand, burn a good colour, and bear a large proportion of flint. This clay is said to possess these qualities; and a piece of earthenware made by Messrs, T, J. and J. Mayer is exhi- bited, which contains no other but china-clay.] Stoneware clay, used in the London and Bristol pot- teries for the manufacture of stoneware and drain pipes. Pipe clay, for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. Alum clay, for the manufacture of alum. [A considerable quantity of clay fit for ordinary potters' work, and for the rnanufacture of tobacco-pipes, besides some alum schist, is obtained in the small peninsula called the isle of Purbeck, on the Dorsetshire coast. This little tract of land contains a curious series of cretaceous, "Weal- den, and oolitic deposits; among the latter is the Kim- meridge coal elsewhere described, and above the whole series are clays of the Hampshire basin, in the manufac- ture of which the coal is used. These plastic clays belong to the lowest tertiary deposits.—D, T, A.] 103 West of England China Stone & Clay Company, St. Austell, Cornwall — Producer, Specimens of china-stone and clay in the different stages of the process to which it is subjected prior to its being sent to the potteries and bleaching manufactories in various parts of the old and new world. They are obtained from the most extensive and ancient china-stone quarries and fallow clay beds in Cornwall. The Company holds the exclusive right of working over 3,000 acres of this county. These products have taken the first position in the markets hitherto, especially in Staffordshire, where they are most extensively used, and highly valued. The china-stone is exhibited in the state in which it naturally occurs; it forms the partially-decomposed gra- nitic ranges which stretch through the centre of Cornwall, where quarries are formed for the purpose of raising it: and next in the state after it has been subjected to the heat of the oven for the purpose of testing its vitrifying properties, The china-clay, or still further decomposed granite (the china-stone being, as it were, an intermediate stage), is found in large beds, where it is mixed up with the sand which formed a component part of the granite; this is termed the clay stope, of which there are one or two specimMis; by trituration with wate? the clay is sus- pended and carried off" from the sand, which is deposited in the passage of the clay water, to the pits in which it is allowed to stand, so that the suspended particles may fall to the bottom, and the supernatant liquor flow off"; the clay deposit is then placed in pans, exposed to the warmth of the sun, and bleaching power of the atmo- sphere ; when thoroughly dry, it is sent to the potteries in the state shown in the case, in large heaps of about 1 foot square: the process to which it is next subjected, that of burning, serves as the best test of its quality,—in which state there are one or two samples; and lastly, the combination of clay and stone shown in the manu- factured article, the china cards of the Company. 104 Truscott, Charles, St. Austell—Producer. Cornwall china-stone in its native state; as calcined; as ground; and as ground and calcined. Cornwall china- clay in its native state; as calcined; in a state for j^orce- lain; and in a state for bleaching and paper manufacturing purposes. 105 Grimsley, Henry, Oxford—Designer and Modeller. Terra-cotta statue of a female figure holding a dial, made in clay obtained from Shotover Hill, near Oxford. Clay, sand, and ochre, from the same place, showing fourteen diff'erent strata, to the depth of 25 feet. 106 Burnett, Nicholas, Black Hedley, Gateshead, Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Producer. Specimen of clay, found near Black Hedley. Articles manufactured from the clay, by Messrs, Thos. Fell and Co,, Newcastle, [This clay is of particularly fine quality, and the mate- rial manufactured from it exhibits marks of this in the surface it presents, and its uniform tint.—D, T, A.] 107 Martyn, Elias, St. Austell—Producer and Manufacturer, Specimens of china-clay, or kaolin, used in the Staff'ord- shire potteries, in bleaching, and in paper-making, China-stone. 108 Wheeler, Philip, & Co., St. Austell—- Proprietors. China-clay, or ''kaolin," for the mamifactm-e of earthen and china ware. Bleaching clay, used in the cotton and paper manu- factures. Clay, exported to France, &c,, for the extraction and manufacture of alum. China stone from quarries in the parish of Germoe, Cornwall. [The china-clay quarries in the adjoining parishes of Germoe and Breage, were the first worked in this country; and from this clay the earliest Plymouth china was made, —R. H.] 109 Browne, William, St. Austell—Proprietor. Specimen of china-clay, derived from the decomposition of felspar, extensively used in the manufacture of china, porcelain, and parian, for ornamental vases, busts, and all articles that require particular care and delicacy in moulding; and employed in the patent manufacture of ornamental stone, facing, flooring, and tiling, various articles of furniture, &c. [A very large quantity of valuable china-clay and china- stone are found naturally, and prepared artificially in Cornwall and Devon, chiefly from the St. Austell decom- posing granite, and the southern granite of Dartmoor. About 14,000 tons of prepared and 30,000 tons of natural china-clay are annually exported, chiefly to the potterfes. —D. T. A,] South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 110 MiCHELL, Sarah, St. Austell—Producer. White china-clay, for manufacturing china and earth- enware, also for bleaching paper, calico, &c. Ill Wandesforde, Hon. Charles, Castlecomer— Proprietor. Specimens of anthracite coal. Iron-stone. Fire-clay for fire-bricks. Slate-clay, for flooring-tiles, milk-pans, flower-pots, &c. Clay for making draining-tiles. Sand, for fire-bricks and moulding. 111a Specimens of china-stone and china-clay. 112 Beamish, —. Carbonate of barytes in lump and powdered. 112a Specimens of fire-clay. 118 Phippard, Thomas, Wareha7n—Proprietor, Potters', and pipe or brown clay, from Carey pits, with ware and tobacco pipes made from them; also silicious sand, for the manufacture of glass, 115 King, George, Demidge Lodge, Gazeley, near Newmarket—Manufacturer, Red brick earth as dug from the pit. Red building bricks, pamment bricks, and coping bricks made from the earth. 116 Enniskillen, the Earl of, Florence Court, Two kinds of clay, and drain pipes and tiles made of them. 117 Squires & Sons, Stourbridge—Producer. Model of a glass-house furnace, with pots of Stourbridge fire-clay, showing one in a working state; and of a pot, in which the glass is melted. 118 Anstey, S., 10 Devonshire Street^ Hoxton Fields —Manufacturers. Pots for melting iron, brass, gold, silver, antimony, &c. 119 Fisher, Frederick, Woolpit, Suffolk— Manufacturer. Specimens of Woolpit brick-earth. White building bricks. Pamment bricks and draining pipes. 120 Walker, R,, Victoria Works^ Beverley— Manufacturer, Carbonate of lime, from the quarry, Victoria Works, Beverley; and Paris white, manufactured from it. 121 Deering, James, Middleton, Cork, Ireland— Producer, Various materials obtained at Rostellan, county of Cork, Ireland, adapted for use in the manufacture of the better kinds of porcelain and earthenware. These include sam- ples as raised from the mine, which was opened in 1850, and the different substances as used in the arts, and arti- cles of earthenware and glass, manufactured from them. 122 Pease, Joseph, Darlington—Producer. Coal, from Pease's West Collieries, used for general purposes. Coke manufactured from the coal. Fire-clay, from above and below the coal. The same material in different stages of manufactiu-e. Ware produced from the fire-clay. Fire-bricks, pipes for sewerage and agricultural drains, coping ridge-tiles, paving quarries, &c. 123 HoDSON, Sir G., Bart., Hollyhrooke Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland—Proprietor. Silicious sand formed by the decomposition of the quartz rock of the Sugar-loaf Mountain in County Wick- low, It is foimd in all shades of colour, from pure white to dark orange, the latter being acquired by its admixture with a metallic substance. It is used in the manufacture of porcelain. 123a Long, John E, E,, County Roscommon—Producer. Specimens of drain pipes. 124 Smedley, Thomas, Well Street, ITolywell— Producer. Sand for glass making, and clay from Landidno, 124a Johnstone, William, County Leitrim—Producer. Specimens of drain pipes, 125 Lee, John, LL.D,, Rartwell, near Aylesbury— Proprietor. Samples of fine washed sand, from a sandhill in the parish of Stone, near Aylesbury, White, yellow, blue, and green glass prisms, made from the same. Two spheres of white glass, made from the same sand. [These sands are from soft beds of the lower green- sand series, of which there is a considerable thickness, forming a knoll at Stone, There is about 8 feet of whitish, sand below 7 feet of sand and sandy clay, containing impure fuller's earth. The lower green-sand terminates a little to the west, and is succeeded by the beds of Port- land stone, forming a distinct ridge nea Hartwell, but covered and obscured by beds of gravel,—D. T. A,] 126 Methven, David, & Sons, Kirkaldy, Scotland— Manufacturers. Drain-pipes, with collars; registered drain-pipes, with improved methods of joining, to save collars. Drain- pipes, showing a new method of joining the leading drains with the main. Sewer or water pipes. Ventilating roof-tiles, for stables or granaries. Vandyke border edgings. Mugs; a new method of dipped turning; a cheap imita- tion of printing. 127 North Devon Pottery Company, Annery, near B ideford—Manufacturers. Raw clay as raised from the pit. Gravel or sand, from the bed of the River Torridge, near Bideford. Mixture of clay and sand, prepared for manufacturing. Sewerage pipes of different dimensions and forms. Strong and cheap water-closet pan, for cottages, &c. Hollow brick, ornamental ridge and garden tiles, &c. made from the same. 127a Pipe-clay pipes, and sand for glassmaking. 128 BuLLER, T. W,, Bovey Tracey Pottery, Devon— Producer, Specimens of lignite or Bovey coal. Specimens of earthenware fired with Bovey coal, and showing the colour of the Kingsteignton clays. This is the only instance in which lignite has been successfully applied to the firing of earthenware in England, Exten- sive deposits of lignite exist both in France and Germany; but De Brogniart (Traite des Arts Ceramiques, vol, i., p, 222) says, that no one has yet succeeded in the manu- facture of earthenware with this fuel except at Elbogen, where it is used mixed with other coal. Patent stilts and cockspurs used in the manufacture of earthenware, [The Bovey coal is a thick bed of lignite, of compara- tively modern date, and existing in the state of bitumi- nized wood, generally coniferous. It is brittle, and leaves a considerable quantity of white ash when burned. It seems a lacustrine deposit, and extends seven or eight miles, having in some places eighteen or twenty beds of lignite, varying in thickness from one to three feet.— D, T, A,] 128a Gore, Charles William, Moreton-in-Marsh— Proprietor, Brown ochre, in its raw state, used for staining and South Side—Abeas S. 1 to S. 27. for common purposes. In its raw state it is a stone colour, and is used for houses, glass-houses, &c. When calcined, it is of a deep brown colour, and is used for facia, iron-work, &c.; it has a strong grit, and requires the use of machinery to pulverize, grind, and prepare it. 129 Fahie, J. K., Tippemry, Ireland—Prodiicer. White and black clay. Draining tiles and pipes. Felspar, from Cork. 129a Cooper, S.—Producer. Specimens of drain pipes from the river Shannon. 130 White, John Bazley, & Sons, Westminster— Manufact ur er s. Case, containing specimens of cement stones and those producing plaster of Pai'is, as used in England for building purposes; showing the raw stone, the powder calcined and ground, and cubes of cement in a set state. There are two kinds of cement stones: of each kind, as well as the gypsums, it may be well to say a few words. 1st. Natural cement stones. These include the Sheppey stone (Kent), and the Harwich stone (Essex), which pro- duce different varieties of the cement known as Roman cement, introduced by Dr. Parker about 50 years ago. These are both from the older tertiary deposits, and so also are the Hampshire cement stones found at Christ- church, Romsey, &c., which produce the Medina ce- ment. The Whitby stone (Yorkshire), is found in the lias formation, the cement produced being known as Atkinson's cement. At Wolverhampton and in Derby- shire cement stones occur in connection with iron-stone, which imparts to them a ferruginous tint. At Weymouth (Dorsetshire) similar materials are obtained from the Kimmeridge clay, but these are not extensively used for building purposes. Other districts yield natural cement stones, but the above mentioned are those most known in commerce: they are used very largely, both as mortars and stuccoes, 2nd. Artificial cements:—Portland cement is composed of carbonate of lime and the argillaceous deposit of the Medway and other rivers. These materials produce a cement of superior quality, both as to strength and colour. A large panel on a wall, representing a Roman Doric window opening, shows the colour of this cement, and its adaptation for external stucco. In illustration of its strength as a connecting material between bricks, stone, &c., are shown:—a beam of brickwoi'k, loaded with a heavy weight, indicating the value of bond courses of brickwork in cement, and the resistance they oppose to superincumbent weight and cross strain, A beam of tiles bedded in Portland cement, adapted for flooring pur- poses. Cubes of stone connected by Portland cement, showing its adhesive power as great in stone as in brick. Bricks made of Portland cement, to test its resistance to tensile force. Blocks of Portland cement which have been subjected to hydraulic pressure, to prove its resistance to compression. Portland cement combines with gravel, rubble-stone, &c., to form excellent concrete or beton; specimens are to ha seen in parts of a block in concrete stone made at the Digue of Cherbourg, under the direc- tion of Mons. ring^nieur Reibell; size of blocks, 15ft. by 8ft. by 6ft.; weight, 45 tons; specimen two years old. Part of a block made at Dover Harbour works, under the direction of James Walker, Esq., which has been exposed during three years in an isolated position to the action of the sea and shingle. Part of a block of concrete stone, made at Alderney harbour works; composition, 1 part cement to 10 parts gravel; weight of blocks 4 to 6 tons. Part of a block of concrete stone, 2 years old; the cement was used in a liquid state. Gypsums, or sulphates of lime, are found in many parts of England, particularly Derbyshire, ISTottinghamshire, and Cumberland; and when calcined and ground they produce the material known in commerce as plaster of Paris; and in combination with alum they produce the hard artificial cements known as Keene's, Martin'S; and Parian patent cements. Keene's cement is composed of sulphate of lime and alum; the intimate chemical combi- nation of these materials effected by calcination imparts to the stuccoes made from them, extreme hardness, by which they are adapted for use in those parts of buildings whei^e strength and durability are required, such as skirtings, columns, pilasters, and mouldings of all sorts; and they are not liable to be injured by fire, vermin, &c. As specimens of Keene's cement are shovrn — a skirting moulding, worked in the common quality of Keene's cement; two pavements, of which the ground is the com- mon quality, and the inlaid borders of the finer quality; large panel on wall, second quality, adapted for painting. Specimens, showing that in combination with colours, brilliant and forcible imitations of marbles, granites, &c., may be produced, the effect being aided by gilding and inlaying; large panel on wall, and pavement, illustrating the effect of colouring in this material, and its applicability to inlaid work, after the style of Florentine mosaic, at a cost not much exceeding the price of polished vein marble. [There are three very different processes of manufacture in the case of hydraulic cements and artificial stone, the one consisting of an admixture of caustic lime (with or without magnesia) with silica in a gelatinous state, thus producing in the final result a hydrous silicate of lime; a second, consisting of sulphates of lime burnt with alum; and the other, composed entirely of silica, and forming, in fact, a kind of glass. Each class of artificial stones will be found noted in describing the objects exhibited by different per- sons. The hydrous silicates of lime, manufactured arti- ficially, consist, as noticed above, of carbonate of lime mixed with argillaceous earth, and calcined with sand or powdered flint, when the alkali, acting on the silica at a bright red heat, produces a mass which, with the sub- sequent addition of water, becomes permanently solid. -D. T. A.] 130a Piper, T. & W., and White & Sons—Importers and Manufacturers. Wall panel executed in French plaster, showing its ap- plication as a hard and quick-setting internal stucco in place of lime rendering. 131 Blyth & Jacobs, 44 Baldwin's Gardens, Gray's Inn Lane, Holborn—Manufacturers. Gypsum dug from the pits; calcined, and prepared for manure. Specimens of plaster of Paris, with a collection of articles in the same. [Gypsum (hydrous sulphate of lime) occurs in various ways and various places very abundantly. In a semi- crystalline form it is called alabaster, and in crystals selenite. In the same combination without water, it is called anhydrite. Most of the gypsum used in the manufacture of plaster of Paris is obtained from tertiary deposits, of w^hich enormous masses exist in the neighbourhood of Paris, especially at the heights of Montmartre. This stone con- tains above 7^ per cent, carbonate of lime, and 3 per cent, clay, which greatly improves the strength of the cement made from it. It lies between marly beds, and is of fresh- water origin; but other beds equally extensive are of the triassic series occurring with common salt, and others again in the oolites of the Alps. Large quantities of gypsum are obtained from Lincoln- shire (Newark) and also from Derbyshu^e—the best from the latter place. The gypsum, heated from 250° to 270° Faht., parts with the whole of its water, and is changed into an anhydrous sulphate. In this state it is reduced to a fine povvder, and then, on being again mixed with water, becomes warm, and rapidly solidifies. This is not the case, how- South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. ever, if the temperature of calcination has been too high, since if it reaches 320^ the water is absorbed very slowly. The mode of calcining varies with the object required, the plaster used in constructions being less carefully burnt than that intended for fine casts. A harder and more perfect plaster than the common kind is sometimes made by adding alum during the process of calcination. This material dries more slowly, but is smoother than the ordinary plaster, and has a certain degree of trans- parency. The use of gypsum as manure depends on its supplying to certain soils lime and sulphuric acid,— D. T.A.] • 13lA MAnaspie, P-. & T., 31 Great Bnmsidck Street, Dublin—Manufacturers, Various samples of hydraulic and Portland cements, adapted for all kinds of building v/ork, both useful and decorative:—they are the first ever manufactured in Ire - land, and are all taken from the Irish mines. Specimens of Oriental marbles, in scagiiola, used for the interior decorations of houses. Specimens of green granites, verd antique. Sienna, black and gold, rousse brocade, and brocadelia. Specimens of green, blue, and yellow cements, adapted for tessellated and mosaic flooring, &c. [The ancient Romans paid particular attention to their cements and mortars, the durability of which is attested by the remains of their walls: their renowned hydraulic cement is said to have been prepared with a mixture of volcanic sand and lime. Hydraulic cements are such as have the property of hardening under water, and are pre- pared by the calcination of argillaceous limestone, or with mixtures of lime and argillaceous earth. It appears from the acute researches of M, Vicat, that silica is an essential element in the formation of a good hydraulic cement, the setting of which he attributes to the basis, silicate of lime, passing to the state of hydrate by the ab- sorption of water; for he found that alumina and magnesia did not give to lime the property of hardening under water, although they do not prevent the process of indu- ration : he believes that the oxides of iron and manganese do not contribute in any way to the goodness of the ce- ment.—W. D. L. R.] 131b Dyer, C. K.—Producer. Patent metallic cement. 131c Block of gypsum from county Monaghan, Ireland. 132 Go WANS, James, Edinburgh—Proprietor. Group in freestone, designed and executed by A, Han- dyside Ritchie, 92 Prince's Street, Edinburgh, This stone is from Redhall quarry. According to the analysis of Dr. George Wilson, of Edinburgh, the average percentage of peroxide of iron is not more than -052. It is said to possess the property of hardening by ex- posure to the weather, and of retaining its primitive surface. Specimen of freestone, from Binny quarry, forming the plinth of the group. Dr. Wilson, in his analysis, says, "^'This building stone which has been in use for many years in Edinbiirgh, has been analysed by me, and found to contain the same per- centage of peroxide of iron as the Redhall freestone, and I find that it exhibits the peculiarity of having diffused through it a quantity of native bitumen or asphaltum which acts as a protective varnish to the stone, and defends it from the action of the atmosphere," Specimen of Binny quarry bitumen candles, made from the nearly solid bitumen or mineral wax, which is diffused through the stone, and exudes in considerable quantity between its layers. Owing to its abundance^ the workmen use it for domestic purposes. Specimen of bitumen from Binny quarry, in its natural state. It has been found by Dr. Wilson to yield, on dis- tillation, pai^afiine, and a liquid hydro-carbon analogous to naphtha. Model of a steam crane, with travelling gear, worked from a horizontal shaft, and capable of raising 20 tons. Drawing of a steam crane, worked by crab gearing, attached to a horizontal steam-engine, and capable of raising 50 tons. Drawing of a boring machine, capable of boring holes to a depth of 40 or 50 feet, from 3 to 6 inches in dia- meter; used in conjunction with a galvanic battery for separating the large masses of rock in the quarry. It is stated that masses weighing upwards of 6; 000 tons have been dislodged by this operation from their beds. It is proposed to apply the same method to the working of coal-mines, blasting of submarine rocks, &c. ] 33 Freston, William, Hau-thom Cottage, Stroud— Producer. Building-stone from Painswick Quarries; from Sheeps- combe, and from Nailsworth Quarries. 134 Maxwell, Well wood, Munches, Dalbeattie, Scot land—Propriet or, Slab of granite from Graignair quarry, nea,r Dalbeattie, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, showing some of the styles in Avhich that stone may be dressed and polished. The value of this granite has been tried in the Liverpool docks and similar works ; it is adapted for ornamental archi- tecture. 135 Voss, James, Woodyhide, Corfe Castle— Proprietor, Purbeck marble, from quarries at Woody-hide, Corfe Castle, used in decorating the interior of the Temple Church, London; also used for dairies, hall tables, man- telpieces, &c, [The Purbeck series of beds occurs at the base of the Wealden formation, and immediately overlies the Portland series. It is best developed in the Isle of Purbeck, where it has a thickness of 275 feet, 55 feet of the upper part of which is useful stone. The beds called Purbeck marble consist, for the most part, of small Faludina;, cemented by carbonate of lime with much green matter. Other beds are composed of bivalves of the genus Cyclas. They are all used for building pvirposes,—D. T. A,] 136 King, Thomas, Morpeth—Producer. Block of freestone, from a quarry at Hartford Bridge, Northumberland, belonging to the Earl of Carlisle, with the proprietor's coat of arms cut thereon. The qtiality is shown by the fact, that a bridge adjoin- ing the quarry was built of this stone more tl)an 600 years ago, and the marks of the mason's chisel .are still visible on it. The same stone was used in the building of Miss Burdett Coutts' church in Westminster; and in repairing Windsor bridge. This stone is quarried by the exhibitor and shipped at the port of Blyth. 137 Sim, William, Inverary, Argyleshire—Producer and Manufacturer. Granite from the quarries at Inverary and Bonaw, Loch Etive, and from the Island of Mull, manufactured and arranged so as to illustrate their capabilities for works of utility, and for ornamental purposes. Model of a street, with the causeway, gutter, and kerb- stones full size, in their respective positions. Cubes of granite, showing the various kinds of work- manship generally put on granite; namely, coarse picked, fine picked, nidged, or axed, and polished. Three ballusters of Bonaw fine-grained granite, hewn with the hammer and chisel. Three slabs of polished granite. The granites of Inverary and the fine-grained granite of Bonaw are remarkable for hardness and extraordinary South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. [United resistance to tear and wear. They have been extensively used in paving the streets of Glasgow; and officially cer- tified by the Lord Provost and Town Council of that city to be the best ever used for that purpose. [The granite of Inverary consists of distinct patches, protruding through the gneiss. The granite is of fine quality, and much used. It is of two kinds, the one con- taining mica and red felspar, and the other hornblende and white felspar with the quartz.—D. T, A.] 138 Lentaigne, J., Tallaglit House^ Dublin— Proprietor. Limestone from Sutton, county Dublin, and from Clane, county Kildare. Porphyry, from Lambay Island, county Dublin. 139 Gelling, Frederick Lamothe, Castletown, Isle of Man—Producer. Marble, obtained from Coshnahawin and Skillicore, in the parish of Malew, Isle of Man, exhibited in several forms, to show its capabilities—in the rough, with one face polished; table in five pieces; turned specimens; a vase, &c. It can be raised of large size, and of great variety. Eed porphyry, and agate or pebble, with polished faces. [The limestone of Skillicore and Coshnahawin is of the carboniferous period, and is broken up into rhomboidal blocks, the intervals being often filled with quartz. The rock exhibits a beautiful variegated appearance, but is too much fractured, and appears to be too hard to be worked with profit as a marble.—D. T. A.] 140 Colles, a.. Marble Works^ Kilkenny, Ireland— Manufacturer, Bust pedestal of Kilkenny marble, from the Black Quarry. 141 Meredith, James Henry, Fowey, Cornwall— Proprietor. Slab of black porphyry, polished on both sides. Slab of red porphyry, polished on both sides. Slab of green porphyry, polished on one side, and partly polished on the other. Tessellated porphyry table, containing 54 specimens of indigenous stones raised in the parish of Withiel, in the county of Cornwall, from a por];)hyry quarry, which has been worked for fourteen or fifteen years; it was polished in the mills at Fowey Castle Mine, in the parish of Ty- wardreath. Porphyries are principally used for ornamental archi- tecture, such as floorings, ceilings, and sides of rooms, passages, porches, and entrances of various descriptions; tables, recesses, tessellated pavements, monuments, columns, &c. 142 EosSMORE, Lord, Rossmore Park, Monaghan, Ireland—Proprietor. Specimen of green granite from Eossmore Park, county Monaghan. 143 CouRTOWN, Earl of, Courtovon House, Wexford— Producer. Block of jasper. 144 Franklin, Plimeas Lewis, Galway, Ireland— Proprietor. Block of black marble, with polished surface. Black marble columns for statues, from quarries on the banks of Lough Corrib, near Galway; used also for ornamental marble works, monuments, tombs, &c. 145 Malahide, Lord Talbot de, Malahide Castle, londonderry—Producer. Specimens of Irish verd antique. 146 Hall, Joseph & Thomas, MarbleWorks, Derby— Manufacturers. Series of pieces of Derbyshire black marble, arranged in a columnar form, showing the process of turning, po- lishing, &c., from the rough block to the finished article. Similar series in Derbyshire alabaster, to illustrate the mode of manufacturing from the raw material. 148 Manderson, W.—Producer. Marbles of Ireland, of various colours, prepared at the Killaloe marble works, on the banks of the Shannon, and raised in the neighbouiing districts. Exported from Limerick. 149 Damon, Egbert, Weymouth—Proprietor. Polished slabs of septaria, or turtle stone, from the Oxford clay formation, Weymouth, Dorset. [The septaria, of which these are favom-able specimens, are obtained from all the principal clays found in England, and consist of concretionary portions in which the carbonate of lime, at first disseminated through the whole mass, had collected, during or before the final drying of the bed. The carbonate of lime, afterwards crystallizing, occupied a still smaller space, as it was deprived of all extraneous matter, and the crevices thus formed, have subsequently been filled up. There is often an organic centre to the concretions of which the septaria is formed. The name septaria is derived from the Latin septum, an inclosure.—D. T. A.] 150 MoNTEiRO, Luis Antonio, 2 Upper PMllimore Place, Kensington—Producer. Specimen of stalagmite, or Oriental alabaster, veined in colours, from Granada. 151 Quilliam & Creer, Castletown, Isle of Man— Producers. Slabs of Poolvash black marble, inlaid with red and yellow composition, to imitate encaustic tiles. Invented and designed by the Eev. J, G. Gumming. Plain polished slab of Poolvash black marble. Table of Poolvash grey shelly marble, with encrinital column. National tile one foot square. Poolvash black marble, with the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and the Isle of Man, in figures inlaid in red. Slab of black marble, for chess table, inlaid with various marbles of the Isle of Man. Marble candlesticks. Wreath of flowers in Poolvash black marble. 152 Bmlding material found in Sussex. 153 Specimens of Irish bmlding stones. 153a Trenchard, Trenchard John—Producer. Specimens of stone from the Eoxwell quarry, near Weymouth. 154 Sparks, W., Crewkeme—Collector. Specimens of stone from the counties of Dorset, Somer- set, and Devon:— Greensand, a silicious stone, from Blackdown Hills, Devon, used as a whetstone for scythes, &c. Purbeckmarble; Purbeckstone; Portland stone. Build- ing stone from Eidgway; and limestone from Langton Herring, near Weymouth. Building stones, white and calcareous, from Bothen- hampton, near Bridport, and Beaminster, Dorset; also from Bath, Doulting, near Wells, and Crewkerne, Somerset. Ferruginous stone, for public buildings, mill-dams, &c., from Hamdon Hill, Somerset, Blue lias limestone, for docks, railways, &c,, from Lyme Eegis, Dorset, from Curry Eivell, near Langport, and from Keinton, Somerset. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. White lias, from Beer Crowcombe, and from Twerton, Somerset. Gypsum, from the former place. New red sandstone, from Bishop's Lydiard, near Taun- ton, Somerset. Millstone grit, for paving, &c,, from the Pennant quar- ries, Hanham, near Bath. Carboniferous limestone, from St. Vincent's rocks, Clifton; from the Breakwater quarries, Plymouth, from Newton-Abbott; and from Kingskerswell, near Torquay, Devon. Granite, from Dartmoor, Devon, used for Government - works, Stonehouse. Marlstone or middle lias, from near Ilminster, Somerset, Mountain limestone from the Mendip Hills, near Shepton Mallett, Somerset. [Many of the stones referred to in the above list are of considerable value and interest. The whetstones first alluded to are manufactured from hard sandy concretions, found in the lower cretaceous rocks on the west part of the Blackdown hills, and quarried from galleries driven as much as 300 yards into the hill side. These concre- tions vary from 6 to 18 inches in diameter, and form a bed about 4 feet thick, available for scythe-stones. The beds above and below are employed for building pur- poses. The inferior oolites, worked at Crewkerne as building stones, are not specially remarkable for excellence, but the Hamdon-hill stone is durable and valuable. The Pennant grit is a rock much employed for building and engineering purposes, and belongs to the coal measures. The granite of Stonehouse and Dartmoor is a valuable and durable material.—D. T. A.] 155 Slab of green Connemara marble from the D'Arcy estate. 156 Mountain limestone from Weardale. 157 CuMMiNG, Rev. Joseph George, Castletown, Isle of Man—Producer. Pale marble (carboniferous limestone), from Scarlett, Isle of Man, Exported from Castletown, Castle Rushen (900 years old), King William's College, St. Thomas's church, Douglas, and Castletown pier, are built from these quarries. It is durable, and easily raised. 158 Champernowne, H. Dartington House, Tot^iess— Proprietor. Cubes of polished Devonshire marbles. 159 Tennant, James, 149, Strand—Mineralogist. The maps of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the of&cers of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. 160 Freeman, William & John, Millbank Street, Westminster—Producers. Several varieties of material used for constructions, namely:— Granites from Lamorna, near Penzance ; from Con- stantino, near Helston; from Carnsew, Mabe parish, and Polkanago, Stithian's parish, near Penryn; from Zennor, near St, Ives; and from Rosemorran, Gulval, Cornwall, Foggintor granite, county Devon; Aberdeen granite, and Peterhead granite, from Stirling Hill quarries, Aberdeen- shire; Dalkey or Dunleary granite, county Dublin; Ire- land, and Guernsey and Herm granite used for macadam- ising roads. Polyphant stone from Lewannick, near Launceston. Limestones.—Purbeck marble, from Swanage, Dorset; the top vein in the quarry, used anciently in churches and cathedrals. Purbeck stone, called Lauing vein, the second stratum from the top, used chiefly for door steps and street kerbs; freestone, third vein, used chiefly for building; stone, from Down's Vein, fourth from the top of the quarry, used for footway paving; stone, called fea- ther, fifth vein, used in church building; stone, five bed and cap used for carriage-way paving and building pur- poses; Portland. Portland stone, from West Cliff" and from Bill quarries; from the Waycroft quarries; from the Trade quarry, and from the Vera Street quarry, all in the isle of Portland. Portland roach, the upper part of the regular stone beds ; the lowest bed, used for troughs, sinks, &c, Bath stone, from the Farleigh Down quarries; from the Box quarries, and from Coombe Down quarries. Limestone, from Hooe lake, Plymstock; used for agri- cultural purposes, for footway pavements, and building. Caen stone, from the quarries of M. Jobert. Magnesian limestone, from the estate of the Misses Gascoigne; Huddlestone stone, near Sherburne, Yorkshire. Sandstones,—Darley Dale stone, from Stancliff" quarry, near Bakewell, Derbyshire; Cromwell bottom stone, from the estate of Samuel Freeman, Esq,, Southowram, near Halifax, Yorkshire. Bradford stone, from the quarries at Heaton, Potter Newton stone, and Gipton wood stone, from the neighbourhood of Leeds, Bramley Fall stone^ fromMeanwood quarries, near Leeds; and from Horsforth quarries, near Leeds, Gazby stone, from quarries near Bradford, Kentish rag, from the quarries of Mr. Bousted and Mr. Seager, near Maidstone. Fire-stone, from the quarries of Mr. Stedall, Godstone, Surrey. Slates and Schists,—Caithness slabs, used very exten- sively for paving, Valentia slate stone, from the island of Valentia, Kerry, Ireland: the slate is non-absorbent; experiments made by Messrs, Bramah showed that inch cubes required nearly six tons to crush them. Marble,^—Green, and black marble, from the estate of Mr, Martin, county Galway, Ireland. [Most of the materials commonly used in construction in London are illustrated in the above collection. The Cornish granites and the Portland stones may, however, be selected as requiring notice here. Of the former, those shipped from Penryn are the best known; but the quantity annually exported varies very greatly, and the qualities are also variable. The different kinds exhibited will give some idea of their appearance. The Portland stone is well known, and very excellent, but costly, and rather heavy; it contains 95 per cent, carbonate of lime, 1 silica, and 1 car- bonate of magnesia: specific gravity = 2-145, and cohesive power moderate. The upper beds above the freestone are the top-cap, skull-cap, and roach, the latter forming a good stone; the next bed is the best or top-bed, from 3 to 8 ft. thick, and this is succeeded by the middle or curf-hed, and an inferior bottom bed. The position of the Portland stone is in the upper part of the upper oolites.—D. T. A.] 161 Hutchison, John, Monyray, near Peterhead— Proprietor. Bust and pedestal in blue Peterhead granite. 162 NiCHOLLS, John, Trehejining, St. Colomh— Proprietor. Block of porphyry or elvan-stone, raised near Newquay, Cornwall; it is said to resist the action of the weather. 163 Local Committee, Falmouth and Penryn— Producer. Stone, from Porkellis, Wendron, suitable for building, roads, chimney-pieces, or tables. Stone from Forest-gate, Stithians; and from Church Town, about two miles dis- tant; from Mylor, near Penryn; and from Wendron. Granite, from Wendron. Stone, for road-making, extensively used on the Trm-o, Penryn, and Redruth trusts, from Pasko and Treluswell South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. quames, Gluvias. Stone, from Steven's quarry. Higher Treluswell, Gluvias; and from Newliam, Kea, Specimen of poi-phyry, found near Swan Pool, Fal- mouth, containing crystals of rhomboidal quartz. Quartz pebbles and sand, from Swan Pool beach. Magnetic iron ore, from Treluswell, near Penryn. [A large quantity of excellent road-stuff is obtained in Cornwall from the " elvans," or porphyritic dykes, which traverse many parts of the county: these elvans also sup- ply the chief building stones of the district. They are, however, not unfrequently met with in a decomposing state, and are then quite unfit for use. The stones ob- tained from Porkellis, near Wendron, sometimes nearly resemble sandstones. Many excellent stones, both gra- nite and elvan, are obtained near Penryn. The decom- posing porphyries and elvans yield occasionally a valuable fire-clay.—D. T. A.] 164 Hicks, Thomas, Truro—Producer. Varieties of porphyry, for various purposes. [The porphyries of "Cornwall and other districts, where the primary and protrusive rocks prevail, have been neglected up to the present time. In the decoration of Osborne, and some other of the royal residences, orna- mental stones of ''British porphyries, and other orna- mental stones, have been used. Many of them are of a beautiful description, susceptible of the highest polish, and all very durable. The greenstones, or as they are sometimes called ironstone porphyries, are now being introduced into London for road-making, and it appears to prove an exceedingly good material for that purpose. —R. H.] 165 Whitley, Nicholas, Truro—Producer. Varieties of porphyry. 166 St. Austell Combiittee—Producer. Specimens of building material. 167 LiSKEARD Committee—Producer. Specimens of building material, prepared in cubes. 169 RoDB, T. H,, Esq., Trehantha Hall, near Laun- ceston—Proprietor, Varieties of porphyry, for ornamental and building- purposes. 170 Jenkins & Stick, Truro—Proprietors. Varieties of porphyry, from Tremone, in Withiel. 170a Specimens of limestone glazed. 171 SowDEN, Matthew, Barley, near Leeds— Producer. Hard delf-stone grit, from a quarry at Burley, near Leeds, close-grained, strong, and durable; suitable for headstones, steps, &c., and generally for erections ex- posed to the weather. 172 Freeman, Samuel, Cromiveld Bottom, near Halifax —Producer, Laminated flagstone, from Pearson Brow Quarry, in Hipperholme, Yorkshire, and from Northowram, near Halifax, from Cromweld Bottom and Southowram, and from Hove Edge and Elland Edge, Yoi^kshire. Blackstone, from Ringby, near Halifax, and from the Elland Edge Quarry, a bed free from laminse. All these stones lie above the two known lowest beds of coal in England, and below the level of the other beds. The laminated stones are split into flags for paving, &c. Sandstone from the quarries at Greetland, near Hali- fax, Yorkshire; it lies below the level of any of the known beds of coal. [The lower coal measures of Yorkshire contain some excellent grits, well adapted for building and paving. Some of the latter are well known and very widely used throughout England.—D. T. A.] 173 Set of dressed blocks of oolitic freestone. 174 Haigh, John, Godley Cottage, near Halifax— Producer. Specimens of freestone from Northowram quarries, near Halifax. Block, in its natural state; block, variously dressed. Flag, for causeways and floors of buildings. Millstone grit, from Halifax. 175 Johnstone, George, Craigleith, Edinburgh— Producer. Stone from Carlingnose quarry. North Queensferry, Scotland, This stone has been extensively used in Scot- land, England, and Wales; more especially at Her Majesty's dockyards at Woolwich, Sheerness, and Chat- ham; for the breakwater at Warkworth (Northumber- land); at Newcastle, Sunderland, and Hartlepool; and in paving the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg, Stone from Barnton Mount quarry, near Edinburgh: this stone can be procured in large blocks, and in any quantity. Specimen of paving stones from the same granite quarry. Specimen of stone from Craigleith quarry, near Edin- burgh ; much used for stairs, landings, and fine pavings; may be seen applied to those purposes at the British Museum, Royal Exchange, Custom-house, &c,, London, [The Craigleith stone is a sandstone of the carbonife- rous series, consisting of fine quartz grains with a sili- cious cement, and occasional plates of mica. It is obtainable of any practicable length and breadth, and up to 10 feet thick. Weight, per cubic foot, 146 lbs. It consists of more than 98 per cent, of silica, and 1 per cent, carbonate of lime.—D. T. A.] 176 LuARD, Beedham, &Co., Caen, Normandy, and Caen Sufferance Wharf, Rotherhithe—Proprietors. A specimen of Caen stone, wrought on face. Four specimens of ancient Caen stone, from St. Ste- phen's Chapel, Westminster, 16th century; St. Stephen's Church, Caen, 11th century; and Kingston Chiirch, Sus- sex, 14th century; all in good preservation. Four specimens of Aubigny stone, wrought. Three specimens of ancient Aubigny stone from churches at Calvados department, and from the old castle of Wil- liam the Norman, of the 12th, 16th, and 17th centuries. A specimen of Ranville stone, from quaiTies near Caen, Three specimens of Scotch granite, of which blocks of 30 tons can be obtained, [The Caen stone, obtained in large quantities and of the finest quality from the quarries at Allemagne, has been long worked, and is well known in all parts of England and France, being used in many of our cathedrals and other public buildings. The quarries are entered by narrow galleries opening from the steep banks of the river Oi^me, and thus have the advantage of direct water communication at very small cost. The stone is soft in the quarry, of very beautiful rich cream colour and very even texture. It stands exposure well in France, but is better adapted for internal work in the climate of England. Several very beautiful works in this material will be found amongst the mineral manu- factures (Class 27), and in other parts of the building.— D.T.A.] South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. 177 SMITH;, TiLDEN, Vine Hall, Hurst Green— Proprietor. Limestone, raised frora a quarry on the property of Samuel John Mcoll, Esq., in the parish of Mountfield, Sussex, Two blocks of concrete, formed with the Mountfield stone lime. One block has been kept in a damp place since 1850; the other has been kept dry. The Mount- field lime is especially adapted for submarine works, as it possesses the valuable property of hardening under water. [The limestones of the middle part of the Wealden formation occur in the lower or Ashburnham group, and include a series of shelly limestones and shale resembling the Sussex marble. Extensive lime-works have been long cai-ried on near Battle, and the rocks are found to be much disturbed with faults.—D. T. A.] 178 BAKRY& Barry, Thomas and Jacob, Mawgan Si. Columb—Producers. Firestone, a soft-grained elvan or porphyry, from quarries near Newquay, used for lining limekilns and furnaces. [The elvans (porphyritic dykes) of Cornwall are used for vai-ious purposes of construction, but it is only occa- sionally that they yield firestones.—D. T. A,] 179 Kirk & Parry, Sleaford, Lincolnshire— Proprietors. Specimen of Ancaster stone, of the lower oolite form- ation, from the quarry at Wiisford, near Sleaford, Lin- colnshire. It is said to be a durable building material, used chiefly for dresssings and architectural decorations, and adapted for sculpture and ornaments of various kinds. It rises in beds, varying from 10 to 24 inches in thickness : the texture is close and uniform ; and it is stated that although it can be cut with an ordinary peg-tooth saw, like the Bath oolite, it will carry an arris equal to that of Portland stone. [Ancaster stone is a fine cream-coloured oolite, cemented by compact, and, often, crystalline carbonate of lime. There are numerous beds, the entire depth of workable stone being 13 feet, and blocks of 3 to 5 tons being obtainable. The stone weighs 139 lbs. 4 ozs. per cubic foot; absorbs very little water; cohesive power tolerably high; composition—carbonate of lime 93"6, carbonate of magnesia 2-9, with a little iron and alumina, and a trace of bitumen. Belvoir Castle, Belton House, and nume- rous mansions and churches in Lincolnshire are con- structed of this stone.—D. T. A.] 180 Foot, John, Abingdon Street, Westminster— Proprietor. Specimens of Best Bed Portland stone, and Whit Bed Portland stone, showing different samples of workman- ship. Specimens of Roach Portland stone. The backs show natural fractures. 181 Staple, Thomas, Stoke-under-Hamdon, near Yeovil —Producer. Blocks of Ham-hill stone (oolite), partially prepared to show the quality of the stone. 182 Rutherford, Jesse, Stone Merchant, Wingerworth, near Chesterfield—Producer. Stone from Wingerworth quarry, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Stone from Lion quarry, Wooley Moor, near Wine-er- worth. Chesterfield. Stone from Bramley Fall quarry, Wingei^woi^th, near Chesterfield: this stone is generally used in heavy works such as docks, bridges, &c.; the quarry has been known upwards of 500 years: the stone is obtained in blocks 45 feet long, 20 feet broad, and IG feet thick, each block weighing about 1000 tons. [The Bramley Fall stone is a light ferruginous brown sandstone, with an argillo-calcareous cement and very little mica. It weighs 142 lbs. 3 oz. to the cubic foot.— D. T. A.] 183 Walsh, John, Executors of, Leeds—Proprietors. Sandstone, from the millstone grit series, used for docks, bridges, locks, engine beds, &c. Potternewton stone, vised for landings, sills, &c. 184 Price, J., High Street^ Gateshead, Newcastle-upon- Tgne—Proprietor and Inventor. Freestone, from a quarry in Gateshead, used for build- ing furnaces for glass-houses. 185 Grissell, Thomas, 11 New Palace Yard, Westminster—Producer. 1. Specimen of magnesian lime stone, used in the con- struction of the New Houses of Parliament, Westminster, from quarries at Anston, in Yorkshire, belonging to the exhibitor, on the estate of the Duke of Leeds. 2. Specimen of this stone, dressed and polished. Specimen of the same stone, forming part of an en- riched parapet, at the New Houses of Parliament, West- minster. [The magnesian limestone used in the outside work of the Houses of Parliament was selected on the recom- mendation of a Royal Commission, and after careful examination, as the finest available material to be ob- tained. It is a compact semi-crystalline rock, consisting of nearly equal proportions of carbonate of lime and car- bonate of magnesia. It is of uniform and elaborate hard- ness ; not very costly, either to obtain or work; weathers well, and of good colour, and is remai'kable for its power of resisting compression. It is much heavier than most limestones, weighing upwards of 150 lbs. to the cubic foot.—D. T. A.J 186 TowNSEND, Richard, Clearwell, near Monmouth— Producer. Forest stone for steps, coping, &c. Ashlar blocks for paving, grave stones, wharf walls, and all kinds of buildings; from the Forest of Dean. 187 LiNDLEY, Charles, Mansfield—Proprietor. Twelve-inch cube of magnesian limestone, or dolomite from the Mansfield Woodhouse Quarries, re-opened 1840, after a lapse of several centuries, to obtain tiie supply of stones for the erection of the new Houses of Parliament at Westminster. Chemical analysis:—Carbonate of lime, 51*65; carbonate of magnesia, 42-60; silica, 3-70; water and loss, 2-05. The debris is largely used for the pro- duction of carbonic acid gas and Epsom salts. White calcareous sandstone. Chemical analysis:—Silica, 51*40; carbonate of lime, 26*50; carbonate of magnesia, 17*98; iron alumina, 1*32; water and loss, 2*08. Red calcareous sandstone. Chemical analysis :—Silica, 49*4; carbonate of lime, 26*5; cai^bonate of magnesia, 16*1; iron alumina, 5*2; water and loss, 2*8. From quarries which have been in work for four hundred years. These two sandstones are the connecting link between the magnesian limestone and the new red sandstone for- mations, partaking of the characters of both. [The magnesian limestones, valuable for building pur- poses, are chiefly or entirely those which present equal proportions of cai-bonate of lime and carbonate of mag- nesia in a semi-crystalline state. Such stone has a pecu- liarly pearly lustre when broken, but its colour, when worked, is light yellowish brown, not changing by expo- South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. sure. Its specific grayity is very high^ the stone weighing ■upwards of 150 lbs. the cubic foot. The cohesive power is very great^ and hardly rivalled by any limestone.— D. T. A.] 188 STOCKS; Michael, Shebden Hall, near Halifax— Proprietor. Specimens of ashlar building stone, from the Shebden- head quarries, near Halifax, The seam from which the specimens are obtained is between the lowest, or "Halifax beds," and the " Lowmoor beds " of coal; and between the lowest of the latter, or ''better bed" coal, and the Northowram flag-stone. The Halifax beds of coal imme- diately overlie the millstone grit. [The coal grits of Yorkshire supply a very good build- ing material, well adapted for local purposes. Where there is not too large a proportion of organic impurities, the sandstones of the coal measures may often be de- pended on; but there is apt to be a want of cementing ingredients to bind the sand and gritty particles toge- ther.—D. T. A.] 189 Bell, John, 25 Buckingham Place, Fitztvy Square— Designer and Manufacturer. Specimen of oolitic limestone, from the Oreton Bank Works, Stottesdeu, Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire. Chiselled, sanded, grounded, and polished marble, adapted for columns, pedestals, &c. 190 Clark, George Houstoun, Eotlierhithe—Agent. Specimen of Devon Haytor granite, from the quarries of the Duke of Somerset, Haytor Rocks, South Devon. Blocks of the largest dimensions can be produced from these quarries. London Bridge, Fishmongers' Hall, the columns in George IV.'s Library, British Museum, part of Tothill Fields Prison, and the pillars to the gates of Christ's Hospital, are all of this granite. Specimens of Bramley Fall stone, from the Fair Head quarries, Yorkshire, and from the quarries at Marshall Meadows, Berwick-on-Tweed. Specimen of Spanish marble, polished. 190a . Smith, Charles—Producer. Specimen of oolite limestone and blue granite. 191 Williams, William, 1 Wellington Street, Cardiff, Wales—Proprietor. Freestone from the Quarrella quarry, near Bridgend, Glamorganshire. It contains 99 per cent, of silica. Spe- cific gravity, 2-288. 192 Seymour, Zechariah, Street, near Glastonbury— Producer. Model of a flight of stone steps cut from the blue lias stone, and specimens of workmanship. 193 Porphyritic granite from Wexford. 194 Jennings, Benjamin, Hereford—Proprietor. Specimen of sandstone, from the Three Elms quarries, near Hereford. Exhibited on account of its strength and durability; it is said to stand equally well on its edge or on its bed; and to be suitable for cider-mills, sea-walls, railway purposes, &c. 195 Gumming, Rev. Joseph George, Castletown, Isle of Man—Producer. Black flagstone (Posidonia schist), from Poolvash, Isle of Man. Exported from Castletown. The quarries have been wrought upwards of 200 years. The steps of St. Paul's Cathedral are from these quarries: they were pre- sented by Bishop Thomas Wilson. Used largely for flooring, chimney-pieces, tomb-stones, and, as suggested by the exhibitor, inlaid vnth a red composition to imitate encaustic tiles. Easily and economically wrought. Grey marble (encrinital and shelly limestone), from Poolvash. Exported from Castletown. Used for tables and chimney ornaments. Black marble (lower carboniferous limestone), from Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. It is hard and durable, and takes a good natural polish; raised in blocks and flags of great size. Used for piers, floorings, tomb-stones, and burnt into a strong lime. Spanish-head flagstone (clay schist). It is exported from Port St. Mary, used for lintels and gate-posts, and in ancient times for Runic monuments, and is durable and slightly elastic in thin flags, and can be raised in squares of 16 feet each way. Peel freestone (old red sandstone), from Craig Mallin, Isle of Man. Exported from Peel. A large portion of Peel Cathedral was built of it in 1226. Granite, from South Barrule, Isle of Man. Quarries lately opened, and the church of St. John built from them. Old fonts on the island, were formed from boulders of this granite. Exported from Douglas, Peel, and Castle- town. Porphyritic greenstone, from Langness, Isle of Man. Good road material. May be obtained and shipped in any quantity at Derby haven. Haematite. Iron ore from the glebe vein, Maughold, Isle of Man. Exported from Ramsey. All the quarries on the island belong to the Crown. [The difierent building and road materials, above re- ferred to, will be found to present some rocks of con- siderable interest, hitherto little used for economic pur- poses. The marbles and other calcareous rocks are all from the carboniferous limestone, and entirely confined to the southern extremity of the island, near Castletown, where they occupy about 16 square miles, for the most part covered by tertiary gravel. The sandstones, schists, and granites are more abundant, but less valuable. Of the calcareous rocks, the black fiagstones of Poolvash contain much carbon and some argillaceous matter, and are very durable. The different marbles have the same properties as the carboniferous limestones of Derbyshire; and the porphyritic rocks are generally of good quality. - D. T. A.] 196 Stones used at Liverpool for building purposes. 197 Powell, Frederick, Knareshorough, Yorkshire— Collector. Building stones, from quarries in the immediate vicinity of Knaresborough. 197a RaynES, Lupton, & Co., Liverpool—Producers. Specimen of limestone for lithographing from Pentre- gwyddel, near Abergale. 198 Carnegie, W. F., Lindsay, Kinblethmont, Arbroath— Proprietor and Manufacturer. Flagstones, rough and planed, from Leysmill Quarries, Forfarshire, and freestone from Border Quarries, the property of the exhibitor. Flagstone, rough and planed, from Lord Panmure's quarries at Carmyllie, and freestone from Lochee Quar- ries, belonging to the Harbour Commissioners of Dimdee, of which the harbour and dock are constructed. Flagstone from Balgavies Quarries, belonging to Mr. Baxter, of Ellangowan. Flagstone, rough and planed, from Balmashanner Quarries, belonging to Mr. Watson Carnegy, of Lower. Old red sandstone shale, or stone-clay, and brick and tile from the same, manufactured by the exhibitor. Flagstone from Gaynd Quarries, belonging to Mr. Piers on. All these flagstones are generally exported from Ar- broath, and are known as " Arbroath Pavement." South Side—Akeas S. 1 to S. 27. 199 Long, W.—Producer. Flags from County Clare. 200 Hill, J., C.E.—Producer. Building material from Kilrush. 201 Taylor, John, ;S'iam/orc?—Producer, Marble, sandstones, slate, limestone, &c., all obtained within six or seven miles of Stamford. 202 Powell, W. J., Tisbury, near Hindon, Witts— Producer. Varieties of hard and soft building stone, from Tisbury. The hard from Chicksgrove quarry, 20 feet below the surface, forming part of the Portland bed. The soft from Tuckermill quarry, 5 feet deep. The hard is used for steps, pavements, tablets, monuments, &c. The soft, for fronts of houses, cornices, and general building pur- poses. Both are adapted for resisting the influence of the weather. A fish from the oolite formation at Tisbury. Specimen of part of a fossil tree from Tisbury, found in an excellent state of preservation in the oolite for- mation. 203 Drivek, William, 4 Lyon's Inn, Strand— Producer. Specimens from the Chevin stone quarry, Otley, York- shire. 204r The Lessees of the Stanhope Limestone Quarries—Proprietors. Polished specimens of the cockle strata in the car- boniferou.s limestone; from Weardale in the county of Durham. Specimen of the same in the rough state. The lime manufactured from this stone is valuable as an agricultviral manure. It is used as a flux in smelt- ing iron ore; also for purifying gas; for tanning, and for other chemical purposes. The analysis is as follows, viz.:—■ Carbonate of lime . . 95 • 1 Carbonate of magnesia 2 • 5 Earthy matter . . . 1 • 3 Eesicluum . . , . 1 • 1 100-0 205 '~ Slab of sawn slate, from Glanmore, county Wicklow, Ireland. 206 Sinclair, J,, Forse, Thurso, Scotland— Manufacturer. Slab of paving stone, from Forse Rock Hill Quarries, {See Outside, No. 13.) 207 Royal Dublin Society—Producer. Specimens of Valencia flags. 208 Dawbarn & Co.—Producers, Manufactured slate. 209 Stirling, Thomas, jun., Behndere Road, Lambeth —Designer, Inventor, and Manufacturer. Slate cabinet, illustrating the applicability of slate to the foi^mation of strong-rooms, powder-magazines, larders, venison-houses, partitions to rooms, water- closets, &c. The covering of the cabinet is formed by the bottom of a slate cistern, consisting of slabs of slate seciired together in panels by a method invented by the exhibitor. The same method is also applicable to the covering of the roofs of mansions with slate. Slate is adapted for use in fitting up the floors and compartments of public baths and wash-houses : and for stables, being applicable to mangers, stall divisions, linings, floors, and drains. It is also adapted for bal- conies, larders, wine-cellars, dairies, and various other purposes. Articles exhibited in the cabinet, &c., and in general use:— Patent self-acting filter on stand. Filter, which can be supplied by hand or made self-acting. Small slate cistern. Pickling trough. Samples of slate roll ridge ; common saddle-back slate ridge. Sunk channel in slate. Solid slate sink. Slate sink constructed of five pieces. Washing-basin for water-closet, &c. Ornamental loo- table top. Sofa and side-table ornamental tops. Chess, or ladies' work-table tops. Inkstand. Water-closet supply box for slate cistern. Waste, union screw, and drawing-off" tap for slate cistern. Samples of various nails and screws used in slate work. Half of roof covered with Delabole slab slates. Specimen of Bangor slab slating. Specimens of roofs covered with imperial slates from the Bangor quarries ; rag slates from the old Delabole quarry ; rag slates and green rag slates from Llanberis quarry ; red duchess slates with three green slate dia- monds ; slates from Fastiniog quarries, as cut by Mathews' patent cutting machine ; open space new quarry duchess slates from Llanberis quarry ; imperial slates from Aber- dovey quarries, near Machynlleth. Slate bed-room and dining-room chimney-pieces, from old Delabole quarries—in imitation of marble. Carved head-stone ; cut clock face, [The collection of slates referred to in the above description is calculated to give an idea of the best qualities introduced into the London market, with the kind of use to which most of them are applied. The chief localities are Cornwall (Delabole), Wales (Fes- tiniog, Penrhyn, Llanberis, &c,), Lancashire, and West- moreland, The Delabole is especially adapted for church and other roofs, and has been much used for this pur- pose. The slates, lettered A, are from the great quarries at Penrhyn, and shipped at Bangor, These quarries have as many as 10 levels, and employ upwards of 2,000 persons. Those marked B, are from Llanberis; C, from the Dorothea Slate Company's quarries, near Carnarvon; D, E, from quarries at Festiniog, shipped at Port Madoc; F, C, from near Machynlleth, North Wales, shipped at Aberdovey; H, from Delabole, Cornwall, shipped at Padstow; I, K, L, M, from near Ulverstone, in Lancashire, including some of the Westmoreland quarries, and shipped at Ulverstone, The present consumption of slate in London is to the extent of from 30,000 to 40,000 tons per annum. One third of this quantity is in slabs, and the rest in roofing- slates, which are in nine sizes, called respectively " ladies," countesses" (3sizes), '^duchesses" (2 sizes), '''queens," ''rags," and "imperials," From "ladies" (16 inches by 8) to "duchesses" (24 by 12), the slates are sold per thousand (of 1,200 slates), but above that size by the ton. The "ladies " weigh 25 cwts. the 1,200 slates, and the "duchesses" 3 tons. The regular-sized slabs vary from 1 to 6 feet in length, and 1 to 3 feet in breadth. A large quantity of slate slabs is now used for ornamental purposes.—D. T. A.] 210 Greaves, John W., Port Madoc, Carnarvon, Wa les—Pr opriet or, Slabs and slates from the quarry at Festiniog, with tools used in manufacturing the same. Blue lias lime. [Slate is extensively used in slabs for water cisterns and for covering roofs of slight inclination. For both these purposes it is jointed, and the joints are made with a cement, aided, as roof covering, by tongues in the joints and by covering fillets. But the most extensive employ- ment of slate is for roof covering; in the form known familiarly as slates. Slates are rent and dressed to sizes, and laid to lap and bond. Jointed slating is apt to fail M n.i [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. [United from tlie expansion and contraction of tlie raaterial, whilst lapped and bonded slating adapts itself to move- ment from changes of temperature or otherwise;, ^^ithout any derangement that can lead to failure.—W. H,] 211 BreadalbanE;, Marquis of, Taymouth, Aherfeldy, Perth—Producer, Slates from the quarries of Easdale, &c.^ in Argyll- shire. [The Easdale and other slate quarries of Argyllshire which have been worked for upwards of three centuries^, employ about 200 men and boys^, and export about 10,000,000 of slates annually, in about 300 vessels. The slates are not obtained generally in very large slabs, but most of the quarries supply a fair proportion of the larger kinds, used for roofing, and measuring 2 feet by 12 inches (Duchesses). They are worked in Easdale, Sell, and other small islands of clay slate, a little south of Oban, and near the large island of Jura. The quarries are of various dimensions; that of Ellenabeich being 300 feet long, 100 feet deep, and 150 feet broad, the quality improving in the depth. The other quarries are smaller; but those of Easdale are very valuable, and the quality excellent. The stratification of the beds of slate rocks s very much disturbed; but the cleavage is invariable, running N.E. and S.W., and dipping 50«^.—D. T. A.] 212 Limerick Local Committee—Producer. Roofing slates. These slates are from the Imperial Company's quarries near Killaloe; and, from their great durability, they have been adopted for use by the Board of Ordnance in Ireland. 213 George, J., 43 Edgware Road—'Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Model of a dwelling-house; a method of building with wrought iron and slate slabs, glass, and other materials, intended to secure stability, durability, and freedom from damp and vermin, to save space, and improve tem- perature and ventilation. Slate manger, with double swivel, to prevent crib-biting. Fencing in slate and iron. 214 Old Delabole Slate Company (by Jas, Carter), Gamelford—Proprietors. Specimen of Davey's patent ridge slate. Slate slab, used for flooring, landings, cisterns, &c. Roofing slates. [The magnificent quarries of Delabole have been opened for at least three centuries, and have supplied a large quantity of excellent slate. They are worked in the Devo- nian slates, near Tintagel, where they are chiefly shipped. The quality is good, combining lightness with strength, and resisting exposure perfectly. This slate is used not only for roofing, but also in large slabs for various purposes.—D. T. A,] 215 Williams, D., Bangor—Prodticer. Patent slate ridges and hip, from Bangor, Wales. 217 Cadell, Henry, Dalkeith, Scotland—Producer. Coal from Dalkeith Colliery, as a specimen of the general coal-field of Midlothian, with section showing the strata in the coal-field at a depth of 523 fathoms. [The Midlothian coal - field is not very distinctly bounded, but contains some kinds of coal much esteemed for household use. It is estimated that the district con- tains in all, 24 distinct seams, having a total thickness of 94 feet of coaL—D. T. A.] 218 Pennock, Tigar, & Co., Grove Hill ^yorJis, Beverley, and Hall—Manufacturers. Stucco paint to be used in oil or water. Beverley Cliff stone, or ptu-e Paris white. Sulphate of barytes from Yorkshire stone. Prepared Yorkshire cai'bonate of barytes. Beverley Cliff-stone, or cai-bonate of lime. Yorkshire sulphate of barytes. 219 Hunter, L.—Producer. Model of a coal mine. 220 Langdale, David, i?c/m6i(r^/i—Mining Engineer. Six sections of the Scotch coal field, from the upper red sandstone, to the carboniferous limestone, with spe- cimens of the coals and ironstones of Fifeshire and Ayrshire, 221 Bituminous Shale Company, 145 Upper Thames Street, and Warehavi, Dorset—Manufacturer and Producer. Specimen of bituminous shale, known as the Kim- meridge coal, obtained from the cliffs at Ivimmeridge, in the isle of Purbeck, in the county of Dorset, The quarries were opened in August, 1849, It is a combination of bitumen with clay, and from it are obtained, by dis- tillation, volatile mineral oil, grease, asphaltum, and manure—specimens of each of which are exhibited, [Bituminous schists or shale are not confined to any peculiar geological or topographical limits, and are pro- bably, in most cases, the result of the decomposition of large quantities of animal remains. The Kimmeridge coal is of high specific gravity (1 • 319), of dark-brown colour, and without lustre ; it effervesces slightly with acids, and burns readily with a yellowish, rather smoky, and heavy flame. It is a very local de- posit.—D. T, A.] 222 Cahill, M., Ballyconra House, County Kilkenny, Ireland—Producer. Peat charcoal, for deodorizing, mixing with manure, smelting, &c.; manvifactured in Urlingford Bog, county Kilkenny. 223 Turner, Samuel, Orchard Place, East India Docks— Manufacturer. Coal, and products of its distillation. Products from caoutchouc and from wood. [A number of highly remarkable and peculiar sub- stances arise from the distillation of coal, caoutchouc, and wood. Coal yields, in addition to illuminative gaseous products, various volatile oils, tar, ammonia in several forms, and a complex number of singular chemical substances in a state of vapour, or fluid. Caoutchouc yields a volatile oil in which it is itself soluble, and is largely distilled for the sake of this product, which is used in caoutchouc solutions and varnishes. Wood yields an inflammable fluid called wood spirit, and an impure acetic acid, and tar.—R. E.] 224 AzuLAY, Bondy, Rotherhithe—Producer. Patent artificial fuel, made of coal dust by pressure, without the admixture of any other substance. Coal-dust prepared for pressing. Charcoal made of refuse tan, by extracting pyroligneous acid, tar, &c,, from refuse matters. [The immense compression obtained by the hydraulic press, has been employed in the arts for producing cohe- sion between loose particles of various substances. In the present instance, the same force is used to unite the sepa- rate particles of coal dust into a solid mass, A block of great density is the result of the pressure,—R. E.] South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 225 OxLAND, Robert, Bncklcmd Street, Plymouth— Inventor and Manufacturer. A series of specimens of Dartmoor peat, and tlie pro- ducts obtained by its destructive distillation in cast-iron retorts. The top cut of the peat; the under cut; peat charcoal; pyroxylic spirit; chloroform made from it; peatine; heavy oil; paraffine; tar; acetate of lime; sul- phate of ammonia; and solution of caoutchouc in peatine. 226 Lyon & Co., Swansea—Producers. Two bricks of patent fuel. 227 Evans, George, 6, John Street, Adelphi— Producer. Specimens of peat, and its products, treated under Stone's patent processes, by the exhibitor. Peats and Gharpeats. Localities whence Obtained. Proprietors of the Lands. Devonshire (Dartmoor). Somersetshire. Lancashire. Flintshire. Scotland. Ireland. 229 Seyssel Asphalte Company—Producer. Raw material, and various products of asphalte. H. R. H.the Prince of Wales. Waring, Esq. Lord Burlington, Sir John Hanmer. Lord Willoughby de Eresby, Colonel Chatterton. Patent compound peat cokes, light and dense. Patent compound fuel, anthracite and peat charcoal. Ammoniacal liquor; watery product of the first distil- lation from peat. Sulphate of ammonia; liquid ammonia; acetate of lime; and pyroligneous acid. Paranaphthadipose; the general crude product of the first distillation from peat. Peatole; the heavy oil from paranaphthadipose, first distillation; the same rectified. Peatine, the peat from paranaphthadipose, Peupione, the light fatty oil of peat obtained frompeatole. Adiposole, fatty part of the residue of the distillation of paranaphthadipose. _ Peatpitch, pitch-like part of the residue of the distilla- tion of paranaphthadipose. Adipolein, residue after the distillation of peatole and peatine. Peacerine; waxy residuum of re-distillation of adi- posole. Paraffine, product of the forced distillation of adiposole. Bisulphuret of carbon, or spirit of sulphur, obtained from sulphur and charpeat. Sulphurettfed peat charcoal, after having served to carbonize the spirit of sulphur (fit for making gunpowder). Humic acid. Peat umber, obtained from certain peats. Panel of oak, graining with peat umber. Panel of rosewood, graining with peat ulmine. Peat blue; peat-varnish; and peacerine heel-balls. Huminate:—Stone's patent manures. Peat fire-lighters and revivers; peat plate powder. Digesting and mixing churn used in the preparation of the oils, &c., with prospectus. Specimen of black oak from the Flintshire Fen's moss; and of larch from the same. Laths rent from these. Specimens of lichens and mosses (Sphagna, &c.) con- cerned in the formation of peat, 228 CoBBOLD, Edward, 1 Hiqh Street, Kensington— Inventor and Producer, Peat, condensed without pressure. Various products obtained from peat. [The method adopted by the present exhibitor to pre- pare peat for economic use as fuel is altogether different from that adopted generally. He mixes the peat with a large quantity of water, reducing it to an impalpable mud, and then, by getting rid of the water, obtains a compact mass of considerable density. The mechanical means adopted are simple, and take advantage of centri- fugal force—the water being thrown off during rapid revolution.—D. T, A,] 230 Patent Fuel Company, 15 St. Mary Axe— Manufacturer. Specimens of Y/arlich's patent fuel, consisting of the following series:—Welsh steam fuel, manufactured at Swansea; North country fuel, manufactured at Middles- borough-on-Tees ; household fuel, manufactured at Dept- ford, from North country coal ; and locomotive coke fuel, manufactured at Swansea; with samples of the tar and coal used in the manufacture, [Warlich's patent fuel consists of bricks measuring 9 inches by 6^ and 5, and weighing about 12 lbs. They are dense and well made, require breaking before use, and when burning, give off little smoke, but they take some time to light. They contain carbon 90-02, hydrogen 5-5G, sulphur 1-62, ash 2-91. They are made of the dust of various kinds of coal mixed up with bituminous matter, and partly charred. The above analysis has reference to those manufactured of Welsh coal.—D. T. A,] 231 Great Peat-working Company of Ireland, Offices, 1 Agar Street, Strand—Producer, Samples of their condensed peat, prepared by Gwynne and Hay's patent. 232 Parsons, J., 2 Wharf, Eagle Wharf Road, New North Road—Producer. Two blocks of the patent fuel^ and a number of fire 33 Fitzgerald, Rev, RicharD;, Clare Vein Tarbert, County Kerry, Ireland—Producer. Small specimen of peat in its natural state. 240 Rogers, Jasper W., 88 St. Jaines's Street—■ Inventor and Patentee. Peat-fuel and peat-charcoal, made from peat moss, or sphagnum, produced from the peat or turf bogs of Ireland (which extend over 3,000,000 acres): known in France as 'Hourbe." Peat-fuels, Peat charcoal pow^der, for refiners and pyrotechnists, and for medical purposes. Granulated peat charcoal, for sanitary uses, in deodo- rization, &c. Peat charcoal manure, composed of equal parts of gra- nulated peat charcoal and sewage matter. Specimens of peat moss, taken from the bog of Allen, Ireland. 241 Ansted, D, T., Professor, King's College, London, —Proprietor. Diagram of a group of coal plants. 242 The Bideford Anthracite Mining Company. Maxwell, John Goodman, Chairman, Bideford, Devon—Producer, Anthracite coal, used for drying malt, lime-burning, &c. Compressed fuel, moulded in blocks. Mineral black paint, in powder, and mixed with oil or coal tar : mixed with the latter article, it is said to form a cheap, durable, and preservative varnish; appli- cable to shipping, out-buildings, &c. [The Bideford anthracite occurs in certain rocks of the carboniferous system, occupying a considerable portion of the county of Devon, and generally called the culmiferous series. The beds have been worked for upwards of a century, producing a moderate qviantity of coal; but the workings are not likely to be greatly extended. The thickness is very variable, averaging as much as seven feet, but sometimes diminishing to a few inches, and sometimes being 12 or 14 feet. To the depth of 8 or 10 fathoms it M 2 South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. has been generally removed by old miners by means of adit levels^ but shafts have been sunk more recently. The pigment referred to is a variety of the anthracite, probably formed by decomposed parts of it, and has been much used.—D. T. A.] 243 Mallet, Robert, C.E.—Producer. Anthracite coal from Castlecomer, Ireland. 244 Bagot, Chas., 12 Charlemont Place, Ireland— Producer. Specimen of turf, or peat. The products of turf are tar and a watery liquor; the former divisible into paraffine, heavy oil and light oil; the latter containing ammonia, carbonic acid, acetic and pyroligneous acid, and pyroxylic- The gaseous products are, carbonic acid, oxygen, hydro- gen, and nitrogen. 100 tons of peat are said to give 10,000 gallons of liquor, 1,000 gallons of tar, 6,269 feet of inflam- mable gas. The 1,000 gallons of liquor afford one ton of sulphate of ammonia, sufficient acetic acid to give 13 cwts. of grey acetate of lime, and 52 gallons of pyroxylic spirit. The tar yields 300 tons of paraffine, 200 gallons of light hydro-carbonaceous oil, and 100 gallons of more dense and heavy oil. Anthracite, or stone coal, from the coal-fields of Kil- kenny, county Tipperary, on the estate of Ambrose Goring, Esq., of Ballyphillip. [The Kilkenny coal district includes a series of basins, or troughs, separated into three or four parts by carboni- ferous limestone. The strata are sandstones and .shales, with fire-clay and several workable beds of anthracitic coal. The portion in the county of Tipperary extends for about 20 miles in length by 6 in breadth in the widest part. The beds are inclined at a high angle and undulate, the coal being worked by shafts to the centre or deepest part of the trough, and then upwards on both sides. There are only three beds in this district; two of them 2 feet ea«h, and the other 9 inches. It is estimated by Sir R. Kane that 50,000 tons per annum are raised. The coal is considered to be of fair quality. It yields from 3 to 8 or 10 per cent, of red ash, and contains 9 or 10 per cent, of volatile matter.~D. T. A.] 245 ; \ Specimen of bituminous coal from the Coal Island Mine, county Tyrone, Ireland. 246 ' Specimen of Irish coal, iron, copper, and lead ores. 247 Butler, Joseph Lawrence, Liverpool— Proprietor. Specimens of coal, cannel-coal, and coke, from different seams, worked by the Moss Hall Coal Company, at Ince, near Wigan. 248 O'Byrne, William Charles, 7 Montague Street, Portman Square—Proprietor. Specimen of the exhibitor's Slievardagh coal. [Slievardagh is in the county Tipperary, which contains a coal-field about 20 miles long, and 6 miles broad at the widest part; the coals lying in deep troughs, and consist- ing of three beds, one nine inches, and the others two feet deep. It was estimated by Sir R. Kane that 50,000 tons of coals per annum had been worked from this district up to the year 1845.—D. T. A.] 249 Russell, James, & Son, Bathgate, Stirling— Producers. Specimen of cannel or gas coal, from Boghead, near Bathgate, Scotland, chiefly used for the production of gas, of which it yields 13,500 cubic feet per ton; the specific gravity being '775. Chips of this coal are found to be so inflammable that, being lighted at a taper, they burn like a piece of wood. 252 Wylam's Patent Fuel Company—Producer. Patent fuel. 253 Powell, Thomas, Gaer, near Newport, Monmouth- shire—Proprietor. Specimen of Duffryn steam coal, raised at Aberdare in Glamorganshire, and exported at Cardifi"; stated to be well adapted for steam marine purposes. Specimen of bituminous coal from the Monjrthusloyne vein, raised at Lispentwyn, Monmouthshire; adapted for household and smithy purposes. Model of the apparatus used for the shipment of coals from boats or waggons at Cardift" dock, worked by a high- pressure steam-engine, and enabling vessels to ship 400 fcons per day. [The great coal-field of Soiith Wales, presenting nearly 1,000 square miles of productive coal area, and divided into an anthracitic and bituminous portion, yields also, and abundantly, that intermediate semi-bituminous va- riety, called steam-coal, of which the above and some others are well known, and adapted for general use in the Steam Navy. The Dufiryn steam coal is rather soft, free-burning, burns cleanly, without smoke, does not cake, and leaves a little white ash. Its specific gra- vity is 1 * 326. It yields 84 • 3 per cent, of coke, and con- tains—carbon, 88 • 26 ; hydrogen, 4 • 66 ; nitrogen, 1 '45; oxygen, 0^60; sulphur, 1-77; ash, 3-26. Its relative calorific value (carbon being unity) is 87 " 7.—D. T, A.J 254 Buckingham, James, ] 3 Jndd Place East, New Road—Producer and Importer. Specimens of anthracite from J. P. M. Myers & Co.'s Bonville's Court Collieries near Tenby, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, which have been worked 25 years. This anthracite has a crystallized structure, ignites quickly, and requires no stoking; it makes no clinkers or smoke, and eva.porates one-fifth more water than the best coke. It is uninjured by exposure to weather, having no pyrites. A fuel is manufactured into blocks from the small coal (culm) of this anthracite, which bvirns readily without smoke, and gives great heat. The anthracite is composed of— Carbon . . 94-18 Sulphur . , 0*59 Hydrogen. . 2-99 Nitrogen . . 0-50 Oxygen , . -76 Ash . . . 0-98 Its specific gravity is 1*4119. 255 Barrow, Richard, Stoxeleg Works, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, Coal, from the mines at Staveley, in the county of Derby, which belong to the Duke of Devonshire. This block of coal, 17 ft. 6 in. long, 6 ft. wide and 4 ft. thick, was raised from a shaft 459 feet deep. The coal is 6 ft. thick, and is valued for its cohesive strength and poAver of combustion, being in general use for steam-boats. Three small pieces of coal, cut with a saw, from the same mine, intended to exhibit its utility as ballast, or for stowage in steam ships going long voyages. It is extensively used in the manufacture of iron. [A gigantic specimen of this coal is placed outside the Exhibition Building. The southern part of the great central coal-field of South Yorkshire, and the adjoining counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, is now much worked, and contains several valuable beds of coal, and rapidly entering into general use. The pits are from 300 to 500 feet deep.—D. T. A.] 258 Jones, Sells, & Co., 55 Banhside, Southicark —Agents for the Proprietors. A block and pieces of anthracite from the Gwaun Cae Gurwen Colliery, near Llanelly, South Wales; particularly South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. adapted for use in kilns, in the manufacture of malt, and in drying corn. It is also adapted for use in close stoves, bakehouses, and wherever charcoal is used for heating or cooking, as it burns without smoke or soot. The seam from which the block is taken is 4 feet 6 inches thick. 259 Llangennech Coal Company, Port of Llanelhj, South Wales, 8f 6 Coal Exchange'—Producer. Specimens of free-burning, smokeless, steam coal, from the Llangennech colliery. [The Llangennech coal is dull, soft, and fibrous, with irregular fracture, burning to a red ash, and weighing nearly 57 lbs. to the cubic foot. It contains—carbon, 85-46; hydrogen, 4'20; nitrogen, 1-07; sulphur, 0-29; oxy- gen, 2-44 ; and ash, 6'54. Like other semi-bituminous coals, it burns without much smoke, and is therefore adapted for use in the Steam Navy.—D. T. A.] 260 Western Gaslight Company, 9 Holies Street, Cavendish Square—Producer. Specimens of the Newcastle cannel coal, from which the gas supplied by the Western Gaslight Company to the building of the Great Exhibition is made. Specimens of the cannel coke, produced in the manu- facture. 261 Atkinson, John, Coleford, Gloucester—Producer. A complete set of specimens of the workable seams of coal and veins of iron ore, from the Forest of Dean, placed in compartments, showing the name and thickness of each, and also the name of the works from which they are produced; vsdth two sections of the mineral basin, illustrative of the same. The case which contains the minerals is a specimen of the oak of Dean Forest. [The Forest of Dean coal-field is understood to occupy about 45 square miles; the total thickness of the deposits being about 3,000 feet, of which there is a thickness of 52 feet of coal distributed in 28 seams. It is remarkable for the great regularity of the deposits over a large part of the area, the beds dipping steadily towards the middle of the basin, and the millstone-grit rising and surround- ing it. There is, however, an extensive and remarkable fault crossing the field. The workable seams of the dis- trict are in three groups, the lowest of which have not yet been much worked, except near their outcrop, where they are reached by levels driven from the hill side. Some parts of the thicker seams measure as much as 12 feet.—D. T. A.] 262 Day & Twibell, Barnsley—Proprietors. A column of coal, three feet square at the base, showing the entire thickness, and all the different qualities of the seams or beds which ai'e found together, and generally known by the name of the Barnsley thick, coal, from the Mount Osborne Collieries, Barnsley, Yorkshire. About two-thirds of the entire bed or stratum produce house- fire coal, and one-third, coal for steaming, iron-smelting, &c. 263 Field, Coopers, & Faulds, Worsbro' Bale, Barnsley—Proprietors. Silkstone Main house coal, from the Silkstone bed— thickness of bed 5 feet 6 inches. Worsbro' Park hard or steam coal, and soft or house coal, from the Barnsley 10-feet bed. [The Barnsley coal is obtained from part of the great central coal-field of South Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Derbyshire, a district extending from Leeds to Notting- ham, and including as much as 650,000 acres of coal-field. The qualities of coal obtained are bituminous or house- hold coal, steam coal, cannel, and anthracite, varying much in quality in different localities. There are about 12 workable seams, the total average thickness being upwards of 30 feet, and the thickest seam is 10 feet. The total thickness of the upper carboniferous series here is estimated at about 550 yards. Much of the coal is worked on the long-wall method, and is of good quality, —D. T. A.] 264 Firth, Barber, & Co., Oaks Colliery, Barnsley— Producers. Coal for steam ships, for converting iron into steel, and for smelting iron. Coal for domestic fires, from the Oaks Colliery, Barns- ley^ Yorkshire. 265 Cory, William, & William, jun.. Commercial Road—Manufacturers. London-burnt coke, for locomotive and foundery pur- poses. [Coke is the fixed residuum obtained by burning coal in enclosed furnaces, and is generally obtained by the complete combustion of the volatile part of the coal, though large quantities are also produced by the econo- mical distillation of coal in the manufacture of common gas. Coking on a large scale is performed in sets of ovens or furnaces of peculiar form, each charged every 48 hours with from 2 to 4 tons of fresh coal. The dome of the furnaces being heated (generally by the heat left since the previous coking), the coal is lighted from the top by a wisp of straw, all the doors and vents being open, and when in a state of combustion, the draught is so continued as to produce a gradual and slow combustion of the whole mass from above downwards, the gases being consumed. The calcination lasts about 40 hours, and the coal loses 20 to 25 per cent, of weight, but gains in about the same proportion in bulk. The texture of coke is peculiar, and determines its value.] 266 Clarke, Egbert Couldwell, the Executors of, Silkstone, near Barnsley—Producers. Coal, from the old Silkstone Colliery, near Barnsley, Yorkshire. [The column of coal here exhibited is called peacock or iridescent coal, from the peculiar tints of colour which it shows, and which appear to be generally the result of some action of water on the surface and between the natural faces. This tarnish, rare in most collieries, appears to be particularly abundant in that from which the above specimens are taken. It is not quite clear whether it arises from a very thin film of foreign matter deposited on its surface, or whether the mechani- cal condition of the surface itself (as in the case of mother-of-pearl) produces the appearance of iridescence, —D. T. A.] Models of corf, and set of tools, as used by colliers at work in the mines, and in raising coal from the pits. 267 Nixon, John, & Co., Carc?/^—Producers, Merthyr and Cardiff steam coal^ obtained from the Werfa colliery near Aberdare and Merthyr Tydvil. This coal is used for steam purposes, more especially for steam ships going long voyages. Its weight is 82-29 lbs. per cubic foot; its specific gravity 1-31, It is said to produce very little smoke. The following is the analysis of this coal as given in the Second EeiDOii; of the Commissioners (Sir H. De la Beclie and Dr. Lyon Playfair) appointed by Government to test the coals suited to the Steam Navy:— South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. [United Carbon 90-27 Hydrogen 4'12 Nitrogen, with traces of sulpliur . 1"83 Oxygen 2-53 Ash 1-25 100-00 268 Ince Hall Coal & Cannel Company, Wigan— Proprietor, Cannel coal, with various vases, manufactured of cannel coal. The cannel coal yields 11-673 feet of gas per ton, which is composed of— Hydrogen 40-30 Light carburetted hydrogen 33-83 Carbonic acid 11-35 defiant gas and divers hydro-carbons . . 8-50 Atmospheric air 4-32 Carbonic oxide and aqueous vapour . . 1-53 Nitrogen 0-19 100-02 Specific gravity of gas . . 6*20 Coke per ton produced 13 cwt. 18 lbs. Specimens of the Arley and Pemberton coal, sent by the same exhibitors, will be found in the South Enclosure, beyond the western extremity of the Building. [The Wigan coal-field is a portion of that known as the Lancashire and Cheshire, or Manchester, great coal-field, which ranges nearly fifty miles in length, with a breadth of ten miles on an average. The productive coal area is thus nearly 400,000 acres, and is divided into three prin- cipal portions, of which the middle one includes the thick coal seams; and these are worked in various places, Wigan being not the least important. The principal coals are a good caking coal (Arley main) and a very valuable bed of cannel; the former well adapted for domestic purposes, the latter yielding a large quantity of gas. The total thickness of the carboniferous deposits is very considerable; but the number of seams of coal is large, and the thickness of many of them considerable. The cannel is of fine quality, and takes a high polish, as seen in some of the specimens exhibited.—D. T. A.] 269 Ramsay, G. H., Derwent Hcmjh, Newcastle— Inventor. Cannel coal, with carved specimens. Coke, and sample of coal from which it is made. Samples of prepared manure, for different crops. 270 Mitchell, Rev. W., A.M., T7oo^wc/i—Inventor and Manufacturer. Specimen of coal, or bituminous mineral. Vase, from the same. Pillars, with statues of Her Majesty and Prince Albert. Box, for holding postage stamps. Stamp for sealing letters. Railway or sea chessboard and men. Snuff-box, as made from raw material. Snuff-boxes, polished. Box, with bracelets; another with backgammon men; and one with shirt buttons. Razor and knife hones. The specimen of coal exhibited has recently been dis- covered near Edinburgh, and can be applied to the fine arts. It is of a brownish colotu", and ignites with facility: it does not soil the hands: and it admits of a brilliant polish. 271 Russell, John, Risca, near Newport, Monmouthshire —Proprietor. Specimen of black vein coal, raised at Risca, and ex- ported at Newport: the vein ranges from 9 to 16 feet in thickness, and is worked by pits at a depth of 144 yards. Specimen of Risca rock vein coal: the vein ranges from 4 to 5 feet in thickness, and is worked by pits at a depth of 100 yards. Sj^ecimen of new black vein coal, raised at Cwm Tilery, and shipped at Newport; the vein is about 5 feet in thick- ness, and is worked by pits at a depth of 130 yards: this coal is stated to be well adapted for steam vessels. Argillaceous iron ores from the lower coal measures of the South Welsh basin, raised at Risca. Fire-bricks manufactured at Risca. 272 Morgan, Richard, & Sons, Llanelly, Wales— Producers. Stone-coal, or anthracite, from Cwm Amman, Llanelly, Gelly Ceidrim. 273 Coal Trade of Northumberland and Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Producer. Map of the coal-field of Durham and Northumberland, showing the pits and railways, with the faults and other remarkable interruptions. Section of the coal-field, from and to given points, north and south; and a similar section from east to west. Synopsis of the coal seams, in explanation of the map and section. Working plan of a colliery, exhibiting the system of working and ventilating the coal mines. Various specimens of household, coking, manufactur- ing, and cannel coal. Specimens of coal from the carboniferous limestone formation of Northumberland. Specimens of the strata and rocks of the coal formation. Specimens of the strata and rocks of the cai-boniferous limestone formation. Specimens of coke. Safety lamps, used in the Durham and Northumber- land colleries. Drawings representing sections of Walbottle Colliery engine pit, in which the engines, pumps, &c., are shown. [The Newcastle coal-field is estimated to contain upwards of 360,000 acres of productive coal area in the count}^ of Durham, and nearly 150,000 in Northumberland. Of this 67,000 acres are now worked, and the average thick- ness of coal maybe regarded as 12 feet. An acre con- tains 4,840 square yards, and each cubic yard of coal is estimated to weigh a ton; so that it may be considered that the coal-field has contained more than 10,000 mil- lions of tons of coal, of which about one-eighth part is probably consumed, and the present annual consumption may be estimated at ten millions of tons, including the quantity destroyed and rendered unserviceable. The maps and sections exhibited illustrate the condi- tion of the district and the details of the coal-field. The qualities of coal are three: the common caking kinds, coarser kinds called splint coal, and cannel coal. They are all bituminous, but the proportions differ. The average quantity of gas from the caking coals is about 8,000 cubic feet per ton, the weight of coke being from 10 to 12 gv,^. The cannel coal has been much and profitably worked within the last few years, and yields a very much larger quantity of gas, amounting to 10,000 or 12,000 cubic feet the ton. The coal is worked in the Newcastle coal-field at a very great depth, exceeding in some cases 1,800 feet; and the areas worked from one set of pits are often very large, amounting to 500 or even 1,000 acres. The associated beds of the coal measures are grits and shales, and there are many slips and faults, some of them very considerable. The method of extracting the coal in the Newcastle coal-field is that called pillar-and-stall, which consists in first working a certain proportion of the coal by opening South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. galleries at right angles to each other, leaving large pillars of coal to support the roof. These pillars are afterwards remoTed, and the roof allowed to sink down, forming what is technically called the goaf. Owing to the large proportion of gas present in the coal, and the fact that such gas is given off readily from a newly-fractured surface, and on mixture with atmospheric air becomes highly explosive, it is necessary to take great care of the ventilation of the mines, and this more especially when the roof is partly fallen. The method of working has therefore reference to this, and the lights employed, where any danger is supposed to exist, must also be adapted to the peculiar condition of the mine. The models showing the mode of ventilation, and the structure of the ventilating furnace used to produce a strong current of air to circulate through the mine, together with the safety lamps (invented by the late Sir Humphry Davy), will illustrate these methods. The mechanical contrivances for drawing and screening the coals (separating the dust and small coal) are also very important in the economy of the district. There are nearly 200 pits or collieries worked in the district: the number of men and boys employed is about 26,000; and the average price of the coal as shipped for London is not more than lis. per ton. The estimated quantity of coal, sold in the year 1847, was about 7,730,000 tons.—D. T. A.] 274 The Brymbo Company, Wrexham, Wales— Producer, Minerals, &c., found at Brymbo, near Wrexham, Den- bighshhe, or in the neighbourhood. Main coal got at the Brymbo colliery. [The Brymbo colliery is in a part of the Flintshire coal- field illustrated by the specimen of coal exhibited by Mr. Oakeley. There will be found a magnificent squared block of this coal in the enclosure beyond the western extremity of the Building.—D. T. A.] 275 Eandall,, J., Coalport, Salop—Proprietor. Minerals and their associated fossils, used in the manu- facture of Shropshire iron. Also, specimens of clays, pottery, brick, tile, &c. Cement from the curl-stone, manufactured by M. Brosely. 276 Watney, Alfred, Llanelly, Yiales—Producer and Manufacturer. Specimen of pure anthracite coal, raised from a pit at Gwendraeth, Llanelly, Carmarthenshire. Two models of anthracite blast furnace (scale half-inch to one foot), situated at Gwendraeth, Llanelly, Carmar- thenshire, Pig-iron of excellent quality for foundery, tin-plate and boiler-plate purposes. Furnace cinder or slag, classified according to the quality of iron made simultaneously with each. Raw coal used in furnace; it burns without smoke, and bears the strongest heat without decrepitation. Raw and calcined clay ironstone. Limestone used as flux. Sandstone used for lining hearths and boshes of furnace. 277 Clive, J, W,—Producer. Raw and calcined specimens of a stratum of mineral substance found among the scaly iron ores of Clanway colliery, Tunstall, Staffordshire. Thirty-five samples of ironstone, coal, &c, 300 HuGGiE, Brothers, GatesJiead-on-Tyne— Manufacturers, Samples of plaited ropes for mining purposes. 400 Butterley Company, Alfreton—Producer. Specimens of coal and ironstone, and of organic remains in connexion with the Derbyshire coal-field, including analyses of the different coal strata. Iron in its different stages of manufacture, including pig-iron, refined metal, puddled, and merchant bar- iron, [The great central coal-field of England extends into Derbyshire, and the works at Alfreton and its vicinity have been long known as exhibiting in all no less than 30 seams of coal, whose aggregate thickness is 78 feet. The iron ore associated with the coal in this district is of excellent quality, and very abundant.—D. T. A,l 401 Baugh-Deeley & Co.—Producers. Iron chains used in coal mines. Improved vice. 402 Crutwell, Allies, & Co., Ctcm Celyn and Blaina Iron Works, Abergavenny—Manufacturers. Pieces of pig-iron, forge pig-iron, and refined metal; and cinder, or scoria, produced from them. Puddled, raerchant, and beat bar iron, with scoria. Finished rail, showing fracture. Specimen of sigillaria, from the lower coal measures, Cwm Celyn and Blaina Iron-vforks, Rails connected, showing a new mode of fastening. The mode of riveting the rails to the chairs with lateral pins or rivets is the patent invention of H. D. Bird, Esq., of Petersburg, Virginia. 403 Cawley, p., Soho, near Birmingham—Inventor. Complete model and section of a Staffordshire coal-pit, with apparatus for preventing explosions in coal-mines, by exhausting the combustible gases, and supplying pure air in its place, and for enabling the workmen to ascer- tain in what state the air is, in the workings of the mine, before going down. [The thick coal of Staffordshire is worked in a manner altogether different from that adopted either in North- umberland or Yorkshire, as there is constant danger of accident from the fall of the roof, besides that arising from the presence of gas which necessarily accumulates in large quantities in the upper recesses of the mine. The usual mode of getting the coal is by sinking a pair of shafts at convenient distances, and extending a pair of levels from the shafts. On reaching the intended limit of working, the coal is removed on one or both sides of the levels, for a distance of about 20 yards wide; but pillars of 7 or 8 yards square are left at intervals for the support of the roof. Between each side lane of this kind a larger and more effectual barrier is left, 16 or 20 yards wide, and this is called a fire-rib, and serves not only to prevent a crush of the roof, but to allow of a dam being afterwards constructed to confine the gases. A large quantity of coal is left below by this process of mining, amounting sometimes to one-half or even two- thirds of the whole. The ventilation of the thick coal mines is generally imperfect, owing to the large body of air to be moved; but more accidents occur from falls of the roof than from explosions. The workings are gene- rally left in the care of uneducated contractors called hutty colliers.—D, T, A.] 404 Brunton, W.—Producer. Model of a plan proposed for ventilating mines, with diagrams. South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. [United 405 Harrison, Ainslie, & Co., Newland Furnace, Ulverston—Producers. Hsematite iron ore, from Lindal Moor, in Furness, containing metallic iron, 66*47 percent.; oxygen, 28*50 percent.; silica, 3*43 per cent.; zinc, -71; moisture and loss, -89. Charcoal pig-iron and furnace cinder, from Fewland, Backbarrow, Duddon, and Lorn furnaces, said to be the only charcoal furnaces in Britain. 406 Farnley Company—Producer. Specimens of coal, coke, and iron-stone. 407 Dickinson, Thomas Friend, Newcastle-upon-Tyne —Producer. Specimen of haematite, or kidney ore, exported from Balcarry Bay; used to mix with poorer iron-stone. [These peroxides of iron vary in the quantities of iron they contain. Where they are crystalline they are usually found to consist—of iron, 70, and oxygen, 30. The un- crystallized varieties are generally not so rich, yielding oxygen, 30*66, and iron, 60*34. These ores afford a con- siderable portion of the iron manufactured in different countries; they are also, when ground, employed for polishing metals, and used as a colom-ing material.—- R.H.] 408 Moore, Joseph, M.D., 10 Saville Row— Proprietor. Iron ore, from the surface of the Arigna mines, on the western side of lake Allen, in the county of Roscommon. Calcined iron ore. Limestone rock. Fire-clay, used for making bricks for kilns and furnaces. Fire-bricks, made from the same. Moulding sand. Specimens of coal found in the locality. Peat turf, soft and hard. Charred peat for smelting. —Peat, called in Ireland turf, is used as fuel for domestic purposes; it may be used with advantage for smelting the iron ore, having all the effect of wood, and, when charred, of charcoal, which imparts to the iron the pro- perties so highly prized in metal .* prepared in wood fur- naces. Bar of iron, from the ore of Arigna. Bar of steel, converted from the same. Crystallized rock, having a fine fracture, being the surface rock of the district. Map of the works and section of the mine. [The river Arigna divides the Connaught coal-field into two parts. The southern division consists of a great moun- tain ridge called Brahlieve, at the base of which are the Arigna iron-works. The rocks within this district are similar to those of other coal-fields, consisting of sand- stone, shale, clay-ironstone, and fine fire-clay. The shale, which varies in thickness from 300 to 600 feet, rests on limestone rock, and is remarkable for its rich beds of iron- stone. Sir Robert Kane has given the following analysis of the clay-ironstone from Arigna:— Protoxide of iron . . 54*42 Lime .... 2*23 Magnesia . . . . 2*02 Alumina . . . . 1*43 Clay 8*65 Carbonic acid . . . 31*25 The mean of many analyses gives 40 percent, of metallic iron, as the average produce of the iron ore of this district. Sir John Guest reported on the Arigna mines in 1804, and stated the cost of production to be as follows:— 5 tons of raw coal at 6s. 4:d. it. 1 s. 11 d. 8 4 ,, ironstone, at 65. 1 4 0 1 ,, limestone 0 4 0 Labour .... 0 10 0 Rent and other charges 1 5 4 £4 15 0 Mr. Grif&th, in his report on the Connaught coal-field, estimates the cost of a ton of iron, produced in this locality, at only 3/. 2s. 5c?. The real working cost appears, however, to be somewhat between the two. These state- ments are important, as directing attention to a very in- teresting iron-producing locality, which does not appear to have received the notice it merits.—R. H.] 409 Schneider, Henry William, Ulverstone— Producer and Manufacturer. Red hsematite iron ore. Pig-iron, from Scotland, used therewith. Bar-iron, made from the two combined. Blister-steel, made from a mixture of iron ore and Scotch pig-iron. Cast-steel, made direct from the iron ore and pig-iron, without being first converted into blister steel. Shear steel, made direct from the iron ore and pig- iron, without being first converted into blister steel. 410 Solly &Co., Leahrook Iron and Steel Works, Tipton, Staffordshire—Manufacturers. Specimens of billet and bar-iron, made by the ex- hibitors. Specimens of the finest wire, and of all kinds of steel made from the exhibitors' iron : as blistered, spring, double shear, and cast steel. Specimens of saws, files, and a variety of other tools, and of fine cutlery, including a carriage-spring, all made from the steel manufactured from the exhibitors' iron. 411 Bird, William, & Co., 5 Martin's Lane, Cannon Street, City—Proprietors. Welsh pig-iron: cold blast, bright, mottled, and white pig-iron, and refined metal; from ^'Blaenavon" and Coalbrook Vale" iron works. Anthracite, bright, mot- tled, and white pig-iron, and refined metal; from Ystal- yfera and Yniscedwyn iron works. Scotch pig-iron, from the Gartsherrie, Calder, Govan, and Forth Companies' iron works. Bar-iron; common, best, and cable, marked GDP, made from Blaenavon pig-iron, and fractured, to show fibre and tenacity. The same made from Govan pig-iron. Staffordshire rounds, squares, flats, best and best scrap, boiler and sheet iron, BBH (crown) mark, with specimens of the fracttxre, and worked into different forms, to exhibit strength, tenacity, and quality, under various tests. A piece of chain, |inch diameter, proved to a strain of 19 tons. Staffordshire lion mark, made into chain and other forms, to show quality and great tenacity. Staffordshire bars in 10 feet lengths, from ^ inch to 6 inches diameter, as sam- ples of JB & S (crown) mark, A bar 7 inches diameter, 20 feet 1 inch long, weighing 1 ton 2 cwt, 3 qrs. 12 lbs. of best best iron. Staffordshire iron, in vaxious fancy forms, for sash, angle, and half-round iron. Scotch bar-iron, made into screws, nuts, nails, railway-spikes, and boiler- rivets. Railway-bars: a piece of rail of the usual quality, from the Pentwyn iron woi-ks, near Pontypool, fractured under ISTasmyth's patent steam hammer, to show the great strength and applicability of red short iron for rails. Sundry rail sections. Tin-plate iron, made at Brockinoor, Staffordshire^ from South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Ystalyfera anthracite pig-iron, and exhibited in the dif- ferent processes, from the puddled ball to the tin and terne-plate. The same in wire. Tin-plates : tin and black-plates, made at Llanelly, Glamorganshire, from Yniscedwyn anthracite pig-iron. Tin and terne-plates, of various sizes and thicknesses, of the brand Tin and black-plates from Lydbrook. Patent lap-welded boiler tubes, plain and enamelled, of various lengths and dimensions, brass ferruled. A tube 7 inches diameter, 13 feet 4-| inches long. Cor- rugated enamelled roofing-plates, in colours. Tire bars, fractured. The above-mentioned specimens are not manufactured for any special purpose, but are the fair average quality of each particular mark. These marks are well known to the trade, and are extensively used alike for home con- sumption as for export. [The iron furnaces of the United Kingdom, in number about 450, of which 7 per cent, may be out of blast, consume annually about 10,000,000 tons of coal, and 7,000,000 tons of ironstone, in order to make 2,400,000 tons of pig-iron, which is the estimated quantity for 1851, at an average cost of 48s. or 50s. per ton, taking all qualities, from No. 1 cold blast to No. 4 hot blast, in the range. The mill power (which can if necessary be ex- tended) at present produces annually 1,000,000 tons of rails, bars, boiler-plates, hoop-iron, and the various de- scriptions of manufactured iron required for different industrial productions, for export and home consump- tion. The home consumption is an average in weight of about 1| cwt. per head for the population, and from the facility with which it is procured by every manufacturer in the United Kingdom, it affords the means of subsist- ence and profit to a larger amount of industrial hands than any other.] 412 The Ebbw Vale Company, near Abergavenny, and 83 Ujyper Thames Street—Producer. Samples of coal and iron-stone, with foils, from the Ebbw Vale iron-works, in Wales, and the Coalbrook Dale iron-works, in Shropshire. Maps showing the strata, vertically, of the South "Wales and Shropshire mineral fields. Model of the mineral workings, taken both vertically and horizontally, of the Ebbw Vale estate. Working model of blast furnaces, showing the mode of using the gases and economising fuel. Pieces of various pattern rails, bar-iron, angle-iron, &c. Samples of rails, full length, and other descrip- tions. [The South Welsh coal-field has been elsewhere de- scribed. The Coalbrook-dale field contains 32 square miles of workable coal, the average number of seams being 17, and the average thickness of the principal seams three feet. The field is much faulted, some of the dis- locations amounting to 600 or 700 feet. The coal is of the kind called slate coal, and contains from 1 to 3 per cent. ash. The percentage of carbon is 56 to 64. Very excellent iron is made from several seams of clay-iron ore interstratified with the coal, and yielding upwards of three tons of ore per square yard. The Ebbw Vale coal is brilliant, brittle, lights easily, and yields a clear fire. It is light, weighing 53f lbs. to the cube foot. It contains 89-78 carbon ; 5-15 hydrogen ; 2'16 nitro- gen ; 1-02 sulphur; 0-39 oxygen, and 1-50 ash. The coal yielding the above analysis is that known as the " Ebbw Vale 4 feet steam coal." The mine is 400 to 500 feet deep.—D. T. A.] 413 SuTCLiFFE, John Clarkson, Bamsley—Producer. Model of Honey Well Colliery, Barnsley, showing the manner in which it is worked and ventilated. [The method of working coal, adopted in the Yorkshire mines generally, is that known as the long wall, and is distinguished from the Nev/castle, or pillar-and-stall method, by extracting at once all available coal, instead of first taking a small proportion and leaving the rest in the form of pillars. The selection of the method of working should depend on the conditions of the mine; and generally the long-wall system may be considered admissible where ironstone occurs with the coal, the coal being thin or the floor and roof soft, the royalty small, the general superincumbent mass compact, and the water not very troublesome. When, however, there is much gas, where the coal is deep and the quantity to be extracted from one set of woi-kings very considerable, and the water troublesome, it cannot generally be recommended. In working the long-wall method, it is usual to put a pair of levels from the shafts, and carry drifts at once to the extremity of the intended workings; and then, re- moving the coal from the end, the roof is allowed to fall, leaving only an air-way round the outside of the fallen mass {gob), cut in the solid coal. The gob is often partly filled with the rubbish removed in getting the coal.— D. T. A.] 413 a James, John, Blaina, near Abergavenny, Wales— ' Inventor. Model of a blast furnace for smelting iron ore. [^''Smelting" is the process of reducing an ore to the state of a metal. The ore is first calcined or roasted by being burned with coal in the open air, until the water, sulphur, and carbonic acid are driven ofi"; which, if not separated before going into the furnace, would injure the quality of the iron. The roasted ore, coke for burning, and limestone for a flux, are then thrown into the fur- nace, in the proportions of 14i tons of coke, 16 of roasted ore, and 6| tons of limestone for every 7 tons of metal required. The " blast" is the stream of air thrown into the furnace by machinery, for promoting rapid combus- tion ; the pipes conveying the "blast" are called the "tuyeres," and the ends from which the air issues are called the "nose pipes," or "nozzles," Some of the large Welsh furnaces contain 150 tons of ignited material, and 20,000 cubic feet of air are forced into them per minute.—S. C] 414 Dickinson, J., F.G.S., Inspector of Coal Mines, Birmingham—Producer. Section of the strata in the coal and ironstone mines at Dowlais and Merthyr Tidvil, South Wales. 415 Beecroft, Butler, & Co., Leeds, and 8 Fancras Lane, London—Manufacturers. Pieces of best double-fagoted railway axles, in the forged state, cut to show the mode of manufacture; and broken, to show the fibre in fracture. Pieces of best quality of railway tire-bar, in the forged state, cut to show the mode of manufacture; and broken, to show the fibre in fracture. Railway tires, and double-fagoted railway axles, best quality, and double-fagoted cart and carriage axles, in forged state, bent cold in different forms, to exhibit the toughness, soundness, and strength of the material. [As the speed of the locomotive steam-engine became developed, many results presented themselves which were South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. as unlooked for by the meclianic and engineer as the speed itself had been wholly unexpected. Among these none has been the cause of more anxiety, and none perhaps of more real danger, than the change which wrought iron in axles and in the tires of wheels is found to undergo when exposed to the severe friction induced by rapid speed under heavy loads. Metal that had been deemed tough and fibrous became brittle, and broke like cast iron. The specimens of railway tires and axles exhibited, in various conditions, and showing the structure of the metal in fracture, ilkistrate a method of obviating this re- sult.—W. H.] Double-worked cable-chain iron, bent cold. Tension bar-end, of best Kirkstall iron, torn asunder by 135 tons, by means of hydraulic pressure. Bar of iron in the rolled state. Walking-sticks made from the iron. Railway-carriage wheels of different materials and various construction. Waggon and mail axles on various principles. Improved Collinge's India and other axles. Registered self-acting regulating damper for high-pres- sure boilers. Registered improved moveable eccentric tumbler. 416 Winger WORTH Iron Co., Chesterjield, Derby sldre— Manufacturer. Iron ore and pig iron. Specimens of castings; wrought iron and steel made from the same. 4-17 BiDDULPH, John, Ciom Avo7i Works, Taihach, Glamorganshire—Manufacturer. Bar iron, sheet iron, tin plates, naphtha, and minerals. 418 Mills, Robert, Foxhole Colliery, near Swansea — Inventor. Model of an apparatus for opening and closing doors in mines, by a reversion of levers, one opening, and the other closing the door, on each side of the door; whether worked by the carriage drawn by a horse, or pvxshed by a man or a boy, the action is precisely the same. The principal advantage is to keep the doors regularly closed; the doors being at present attended to by boys, who are apt to fall asleep, leaving the doors open, and allowing the air to make its escape to the upcast pit ; thus leaving the working part of the pit unventilated, and in many cases causes serious accidents. The Foxhole Colliery, where this method is in practice, has been worked from 80 to 100 years; and there has not been an explosion of gas in it for the last 22 years. 419 Thomas, John Trotter, Coleford—Producer. Specimens of iron ores, from the Forest of Dean. 420 Ulverston Mining Company, /S'^a<ii^on—Producer. Furness iron ore (haematite) produced from mines belong- ing to the Earl of Burlington, and used in Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and South Wales, for mixing with inferior iron ores. 421 Montague, Arthur, Lydney, Gloucestershire— Proprietor. Specimens of the iron ore procured from the mines of the Forest of Dean Iron Company, and smelted at their iron works at Parkend, Gloucestershire, with the pig- iron, refined metal, and furnace scoria produced from it, viz. :— Argillaceous, calcareous, and silicious hsematite iron- ore. Best forge pig-iron. Refined metal. Blast furnace scoria. 422 Ainsworth, Thomas, Cleator, near Whitehaven— Proprietor and Manufactiirer. Iron ore (Hcematite) from mines in Cleator, No, 1. Pig iron from haematite ore only. 423 Bewick, Joseph, Grosmont, near Whitby— Producer and Agent, Calcareous ironstone from the iron mines of Mrs, Clark, of Hollins House, Grosmont, in the valley of the Esk. Sandstone from the estate of Mrs. Clark, at Fau'head, near Grosmont. Petrified shells found in the ironstone beds. 424 BiCKFORD, Smith, & Davey, Tuchingmill, Cormcall —Inventors and Manufacturers. Several kinds of safety fuse, adapted to convey fire to the charge in the blasting of rocks or of ice, or in sub- marine operations. The fuse consists of a small column of gunpowder, spun into the centre of a cord. The different kinds are made by adapting the coating to resist the pressure of water. Gunpowder not being allowed in the Exhibition, these samples are made with sand. [The safety fuse is considered to possess three great advantages over the ordinary mode of firing a charge : first, that of certainty both as to time and resistance to damp; second, that of safety; and thirdly, that of econo- my.—D. T. A.] 425 Page, J. R., Athenceum Club—Proprietor. Specimens of ironstone, from the Leitrim coal and iron basin. Also some specimens of the same in a washed state. Small pieces of the iron, from the same, reduced by means of peat charcoal. 426 MoNKLAND Iron and Steel Company {William Murray, 33 West George Street, Glasgow)— Producer. Specimens of the seams of coal, ironstone, limestone, freestone, fire-clay, and Roman cement, contained in the various strata of the mineral field of Lanarkshire. Specimens showing the relative quantities of coal, raw and roasted ironstone, pig iron, refined iron, and puddled iron, required to produce malleable iron. Specimens of white pig iron and malleable iron, square, round, flat and half round; rails, wheel-tires, angle iron, and nail-rods. [The coal-field of Lanarkshire comprehends about 150 square miles in that county, and contains from 20 to 30 seams of coal, of which five or six are generally worked in one colliery, having an aggregate thickness of about 20 feet. None of the coals are caking, and one kind (the columnar glance coal) burns without flame or smoke. About half the coal raised is used in the iron-works. The total consumption in 1845 was upwards of two mil- lions of tons.—D. T. A,] 427 Blackwell, S. H., Dudley—VvodMcev. A series of iron ores, illustrating the general iron- making resources of the United Kingdom. The follow- ing remarks have reference to this series:— The gross annual production of iron in Great Britain is now upwards of 2,250,000 tons. Of this quantity South Wales furnishes 700,000 tons ; South Staffordshire (in- cluding Worcestershire) 600,000 tons ; and Scotland 600,000 tons. The remainder is divided amongst the various smaller districts. One of the principal causes of the advantages possessed by Great Britain in the manufacture of iron, arises from South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. the number and variety of the measures of argillaceous and black-band ironstones which alternate with the beds of coal in almost all its coal-fields; and in consequence of which, the same localities, and, in many instances, the same mineral workings, frequently furnish both the ore and the fuel required to smelt it. So extensive are the ironstone beds of the coal mea- sures, that they furnish in themselves the greater part of the iron produced in Great Britain; but the iron-making resources of the kingdom are by no means confined to them. The carboniferous, or mountain limestones of Lancashire, Cumberland, Durham, the Forest of Dean, Dei^byshire, Somersetshke, and South Wales, all furnish important beds and veins of hsematite ; those of Ulver- ston, Whitehaven, and the Forest of Dean are the most extensively worked, and seem to be almost exhaustless. The brown haematites and white carbonates of Alston Moor and Weardale also exist in such large masses that they must ultimately become of great importance. In the older rocks of Devon and Cornwall are found many important veins of black htematite, and in the granite of Dartmoor numerous veins of magnetic oxide and specular iron ore. The new red sandstone furnishes in its lowest measures beds of hsematitic conglomerate. In the lias and oolites are important beds of argillaceous ironstones, now becoming extensively worked; and the iron ores of the greensand of Sussex, once the seat of a considerable manufacture of iron, will, in all probability, again soon become available, by means of the facilities of railway communication. In the following classification, the number of the blast furnaces in each district is given, and the ironstones of the coal measures are arranged in the definite order in which they occur in the different coal-fields; so that their position, in reference to the beds of coal alternating with them, is at once seen. The more important of the coal- fields are also subdivided into districts, showing the changes which occur in each, and thus giving a concise view of their general character. The other iron ores are arranged according to the geological formations in which they occur. The produce of the manufacture of iron in Great Bri- tain in 1750 was only about 30,000 tons ; in 1800, it had increased to 180,000 tons; in 1825, to 600,000 tons; in the following year the duties upon the introduction of foreign iron were either removed or rendered nominal, since which the production of iron has nearly quadrupled itself, being now about 2,250,000 tons. SOUTH WALES.-( Eastern Outcrop.) IVo.of Blast No. Series, Furnaces. Strata. In Out Principal Works :— Cwm Bran .... 1 Pontypool . *2 1 Abersychan .... 2 4 Pentwyn .... 3 Varteg .... 2 Gelynos .... 3 Blaenavon .... 3 2 23 Furnaces 12 11 Strata. 1 1 S'ictp Vein Mine, BUtenavon. Ft. In. Snap Vein Coal Ciial (not named) 2 I 2 2 B'dcJt Pins, Bleanavon. New Vein Goal, or EVcd Coal 4 0 Droidiq Coal, or Big Vein 4 0 Red Vein C>al . 3 3 3 Three Quarter Balls, Blaenavon. Ruck Vein, or Three Quarter Coal .... 8 0 Yard Vein Coal 2 6 4 4 Meadow Vein Mine, or Fw lacn, Blaenavon Mi adow Vein Coal 8 10 Old Coal 5 6 5 5 Spotted Vein Mine, Blaenavon. 6, 7 6 Bottom Vein Mine, Blaenavon. SOUTH WALES.—(North Eastern Outcrop.) General No. 13, 14 15 19, 20 23, 24 25, 2o 27 to 29 SO No. of Series. Principal Works : — Clydach Nant-y-glo . Coalbrook Vale Blaina Cwm Celyn . Beaufort EbbwVale . Victoria Sirhowey Tredegar 50 Furnaces Strata. Soap Vein Mine, Coalbrook Vale. — Four courses, =1 inches. Average yield about 2,000 tons per acre. Black Band, Coalbrook Vale.—One course, not very generally worked : only very local. Soap Vein Coal Black Pins, Coalbrook Vale.—Ten irregular courses of nodules in about 15 feet of ground. Yield about 4,500, tons per acre. Elled Coal Big Vein Coal Three-quarter Balls, Coalbrook Vale.— Worked with three-quarter coal: three courses (two irregular). Yield per acre very variable, averaging about l,i^00 tons Three-quarter Coal . . Bwdellog Coal Engine Vein Coal Yard Coal Blackband, Nant-y-glo.—Worked with the Old Coal over which it lies, very local in extent, but of very good quality, and forming an important measure at' Beau- fort and Nant-y-glo. Old'Cual Spotted Pin, Coalbrook Vale.—Tavo courses — 4^ inches in 4 feet ground. Yield per acre, about 1,200 tons. Little Pins, Nant-y-glo.—Two courses = 5 inches in 3 feet ground. Yield per acre, about 1,400 tons. Red Vein, Coalbrook FVi/e.—Three courses = 6^ inches. Y^ield per acre 1,800 tons. Big Vein, Nant-y-glo.—Worked with bot- tom coal. Two courses = 0 inches. Yield per acre, about 1,700 tons. Bottom Coal Blast Furnaces. Ft. Out 1 3 1 1 In. The beds of coal in this division of the coal-field are all bituminous. The principal coals only are given in this section. The ironstones are principally argillaceous, although some important beds of blackband or car- bonaceous ironstone exist locally. The total thickness of the coal measures, in this series, from the Soap Vein Mine to the bottom coal is about 150 yards. SOUTH WALES.—(Northern Outcrop.) General No. of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. Principal Works:— In Out Rhymney .... 8 2 Dowlais .... n 3 Ivor ..... 3 1 Penydarren .... 5 Cytharfa .... 6 1 Hirwain .... 4 Duffryn and Furnace Ycha 8 Ynysfach .... 4 Aberdare .... 6 Aberammon 2 *1 Gadlys .... 3 70 Furnaces . 60 10 Strata. Ft. In. 32 I Givrid Mine, Dowlais. 33, 34 2 Soap Vein, Douinis.—Tliree courses = 6 inches, worked with Soap Vein Coal. South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. [United SOUTH WALES.—(Northern Outcrop)-continued. General Nu. 35, 36 37, 38 39, 40 42, 43 No. of Series. 47 48, 49 50, 51 52, 53 54, 55 56 57 Soap Vein Coal. Upper Black Pins, Dowlais.—Three courses = 4 inches. Lower Black Pins, Dowlais.—One course = 3 inches. Yard Coal Upper Four Feet Coal. Dowlais Big Coal Black Pin Soap Vein, Dowlais. — Five courses =: 11 inches. About 17 yards beneath big coal. Ras Las Coal . Brass Vein Mine, Dowlais.—Two courses = 'Si inches lying immediately on Brass Vein Coal. Brass Vein Coal Little Pins, Dowlais.—Eight courses = 16 inches. Three Coals . Little Vein, Dowlais.—One course = 5 inches, lying over lattle Vein Coal. Little Vein Coal Big Blue Vein, Dowlais.—Three courses = Sk inches, lying 4 feet above Lower Four Feet Coal. Lower Four Feet Coal Spotted Vein, Dowlais.—Three courses = 12 inches, in 8 feet ground, lying about 5 yards below Lower Four Feet Coal. Red Vein, Dowlais.— Four courses = inches in 8 feet ground, about 5 yards underneath Spotted Vein. Little Blue Vein, Dowlais.—Six courses = 14 inches in about 12 feet ground. Jenkin Pi7is, Dowlais.—Eight courses = 12 inches in about 10 feet ground. Lumpy Vein, Dowlais—Three courses = 6i inches in al)out 6 feet ground, worked with Lumpy Vein Coal. Lumpy Vein Coal Top Rosser Mine, Dowlais.—One courses 5 inches. Bottom Rosser Mine, Dowlais. — Three courses = 8 inches in about 5 feet ground. Ft. 2 0 Total average thickness of measures from Gwrid Mine to Bottom Rosser Mine about 320 yards. In the last 100 yards of this, there are five workable beds of coal varying from 2 feet to 9 feet thick: and 62 dis- tinct courses of ironstone varying from 1 to 5 inches thick, many of which, however, are necessarily not work- able. SOUTH WALES.—(Central Anticlinal District.) General No. of No. ^Series. Principai. Works :— Cwm Avon . Oak wood Garth Maesteg Llynvi Neath Abbey 20 Furnaces Strata. Upper Blackband, Llynvi.—One course =: 20 inches ; worked at Llynvi, Maesteg, and Cwm Avon. Albert Seam Victoria Seam . Lower Blackhnnd, Llynvi.—One course = 12 inches. These beds, about 22 yards apart, are perhaps, for extent of area and general quality, the most important Ulackbands yet discovered in the South Wales Coal- Field, although not nearly equal in Blast Furnaces- Ft. In. SOUTH WALES. —(Central Anticlinal District)—continued. General No. Goto 62 63, 64 65 to 67 68 69, 70 No. of Series 82, 83 thickness to the Blackband in the parish of Gellygaer, in the central part of this coal-lield. Yard Vein Two and a Half Feet Vein . Two Feet Vein Cae David Vein Cockshut or Scwd Mine, Llynvi, Fire Clay Vein, Llynvi. Fire Clay Vein . , Yellow Vein, Llynvi 1 These three courses Pin Balsog, Llynvi I of mine lie in about Black Pin, Llynvi . j 24 feet of ground, and are worked together in tlie patches or open works of this district. Upper Si> Feet Coal . Double Pin, Llynvi. Truro Coal Lower Si,v Feet Coal . . Big Vein, Llynvi 1 These three courses Pin Ha/kin, Llynvi > lie in about 38 feet Furnace Mine, Llynvi \ of ground, and are worked together in the same way as Nos. 5, 6, and 7, in patches or open works. Furnace Vein Cual Seven Feet Coal Coal and Mine Seam, Llynvi. Cual and Mine Vein . Cw"M Avon Series. Wernddu Seam , Wern Pistyll Seam Tor Mynydd Seam White Seam Jonah Seam Blackband, Cwm Avon.—Thickness varies very much, at Cwm Avon about 7 inches, Oakwood 22 inches. Cwm Bir Seam . . Black Seam . , . Golden Seam . Cockshut Seam Big Mine, Cwm Avon.—Lies under Upper Cockshut Rock ; one course of 12 inches. Middle Big Mine, Cwm Avon.—Lies be- tween tvvo Cockshut rocks; one course of 6 inches. Lower Big Aline, Cwm Avon.—One course of 4 inches ; sometimes worked with New Mine coal, about 2 feet under it. New Mine Vein Balling Seam . Balling Mine, Cwm Avon.—Two courses. Finery Seam . Sulphury Mine, Cwm Avon.—Three courses = 7 inches. Sulphury Seam . Four Feet Seam Cefn Glo Balls, Cwm Avon—This corre- sponds with the Furnace Vein at Llynvi and Maesteg, worked extensively there in patches: 16 inches worked at Cwm Avon by level. Big Seam Middle Clay Vein, Cwm Avon.—One course. Clay Seam Coal and Mine Seam . Five Feet Pins, Cwm Avon.—Two courses. Five Feet Seam Lower Four Feet Seam Jack Mine, Cwm Avon. Ft. The total thickness of measures from Wernddu Seam tc Lower Four Feet Seam is about 800 yards. The beds of coal in this division are all bituminous. Several im- portant beds of coal and various measures of ironstone are known to exist below the Lower Four Feet Seam coal; but the entire extent of the lower beds is not yet proved in this division of the South Wales coal-field. South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. SOUTH WALES.—(Western or Anthracite District.) No. of Series. Principal Works :— Venalt Ystalyfera Yniscedwin . Banwen Onlhvyn or Brin Cvvm Ammon Trim Saren . Gweudraith . Branere 34 Furnaces Strata. Blachband, Ystalyfera.—14 inches thick, very locaL Yields about 2,750 tons per acre. Black Pins, Ystalyfera.—Two courses = 8 inches. Yields about 2,400 tons per acre Soap Vein, Ystalyfera.—'Vhree courses = 9 to 10 inches. Yields about 2,750 tons per acre. Soft Vein Coal. Penny Pieces, Ystalyfera—Three courses with scattered balls. Yields about 3,600 tons per acre. Fenturin Coal . TFIiite Pins, Ystalyfera.—Sometimes called Coedfalda Mine: Four courses about 16 inches in 14 feet ground. Yields about 4,80'i tons per acre. fFkite Vein Coal BlacTi Vein Mine, Ystalyfera.—Two courses =: 8 inches. Yields about 2,400 tons per acre. Black Vein Coal Little Vein Mine, Ystalyfera.—Ten courses in 18 feet ground, got with Little Vein Coal. Yields 7,000 tons per acre. This is the most important measure of iron- stone in this district. Little Vein Coal Billets, Ystalyfera. Harnlo Mine, Ystalyfera.—Two courses. Harnlo Coal Big Vein, Ystalyfera.~T\\o courses = 6 inches. Yielding 1,800 tons per acre when worked by level : if worked in patches 16 feet ground, all interspersed with stone. Big Vein Coal. , Black Vein Coal Brass Vein, Ystalyfera.—Five courses in 13 feet of ground. Yielding 3,500 tons per acre. Brass Vein Coal Three Coal Vein Bryalley Vein Coal . Little Brass Mine, Yniscedwin. Little Brass Vein Middle Vein Coal Cwm Fil Mine, Yniscedwin.—Three courses. Jjiwer Vein Coal Little Blue Vein, Yniscedwin. Big Blue Vein, Yniscedwin. Gnappog Mine, Yniscedwin. Pin Mawr Mine, Yniscedwin. Blast Furnaces. Ft. Out In. _ The beds of coal in this district are all anthra- cite. The measures of ironstone extremely numerous and important, but principally worked in patches or open works. All the measures in this series bear the appear- ance of having been subjected to an extremely high tem- perature ; which has been in all probability the cause of the conversion of its beds of coal into anthracite. SOUTH WALES. -(Southern Outcrop.) General No. of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. Pkincipat. Works :— In Out Pentyrch 2 Tondu 1 1 Cefn Cwsc . 1 2 Cefn ('ribbwr I Dinas *3 11 Furnaces 7 4 SOUTH WALES.—(Southern Outcrop)—conf;?zMerf. General No. 116,116a 117,117a 118,118(/ 119 120 121 122 123 124,124a 12.5,125a 126 126al266 126c 126<f 126e mf 126g 126h 126j mk 1261 No. of Series Strata. Rock Vein Coal Double Vein Coal . . Little Vein Coal Bridge Vein Coal Lanthern Vein Coal . Small Bodur Coal Great Bodur Vein Sooty Vein North Vawr Vein South Vawr Vein Second Vawr Vein . . Third Vawr Vein Slattog Vein . Six Feet Vein . SiiP Feet Ironstone, Cefn Cwsc, — Four courses = 9 inches. South Nine Feet Coal. Nine Feet Balls, Cefn Cwsc—Seven courses = 17 inches. Fiery Vein Coal Fiery Vein Ironstone, Cefn Cwsc. — Six courses = 14 inches. Five Quarter Vein Great Gribbur Vein Gribbvr Balls, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses = 6 inches. Upper Spotted Vein, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses — 4 inches. Spotted Balls, Cefn Cwsc—Two courses =. 4 inches. Middle Spotted Vein, Cefn Czfsc—Two courses = 8^ inches. Lower Spotted Vein, Cefn Cwsc.— Two courses = 4^ inches. Variegated Pins, Cefn Cwsc—Two courses = bi inches. Yellow Vein and Balls, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses = 8 inches. Upper Red Vein, Cefn Cwsc—Two courses = 3 inches. Upper Red Vein Balls, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses = 6 inches. Lowest Red Vem, Cefn Cwsc — Two courses = 4 inches. Pin Rhybwr Balls, Cefn Cwse.—One course = 3 inches. Black Balls, Cefn Cwsc—Two courses = 3 inches. Double Balls, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses = 6 inches. Black Pins, Cefn Cwsc.—One course = 3 inches. Upper Blue Veins, Cefn Cwsc.—One course — 4 inches. Blue Vein Balls, Cefn Cwsc—Two courses = 4 inches. Lower Blue Veins, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses = 3 inches. Lumpy Balls, Cefn Cwsc.—One course = 5 inches. Pin Garu Balls, Cefn Cwsc.—Two courses = 8 inches. Small Gribbur Coal The iron ore principally used at the Pentyrch works is haematite, from the carboniferous limestone on the south of the South Welsh coal-field. The annual production of iron on the south outcrop is about 25,000 tons. SOUTH WALES,—(Upper or Red Ash Series,) l26ato 1266. Blacliband; Jos. Latch, ^ C(*, — Colfatch Colliery, Gellygaer, Glamorganshire. This Blackband lies in four course.s, res- pectively 22, 6, 8, and 6 inches thick. Total thickness, 3 feet 6 inches. It lies in 6 feet of ground, and yields upwards of 7,000 tons per acre. Its position is very high in the coal measures above the Mynyddis-mwyn Vein of coal. The South Wales Coal-field extends over an area of upwards of 800 miles. Both from its extent and the varied character of its numerous beds of coal and iron, it may be considered as the most important of all our coal- fields. The upper measures furnish the best Red Ash coals for household purposes, whilst its lower measures are well adapted for iron-smelting, and for steam coal. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S, 27. The number of furnaces now in blast is 143, averaging about 100 tons of iron each per week: or a gross annual production of 700,000 tons, and requiring 2,000,000 tons of ironstone, principally furnished from this coal-field. The annual production of coal is estimated at from 5 to 6,000,000 tons. In 1796, the annual production of iron in South Wales was 34,011 tons, and in 1823, 182,325 tons; since which time the production has been nearly trebled. In the eastern part of the district the coals are bitu- minous ; as they approach the west they gradually become semi-anthracitic; and in the western district all the coals are anthracitic. From the great area of this coal-field, and the great variety in character, both of its beds of coal, and its measures of ironstone and blackband, it will, in all pro- bability, long remain the most important iron-making district in the world, NORTH WALES. General No. 131-133 134-13' 139 140—145 14G—IGO No. Of Series. Principal Works :— Ilhuabon Brymbo . 5 Furnaces Strata. Three Yard Coal Brassey Coal . Upper Yard Ironstime, Rhuabon.—Four iv- regular courses (No. 1 to No, 4), ave- raging about 7 inches. Upper Yard Coal Red Coal Ironstone Balls, Rhuabon. Red Cual Stone Coal IronsUme, Rhuabon. — Four courses (No. 6 to No, 9). Stone Coal Half-yard Coal Two Yard Coal Ironstone, Rhuabon. Lower Yard Coal Ironstone, Rhuabon. Lower Yard Coal /Fall and Bench Ironstones, Rhuabon.—6 courses = 12.} inches (No. 12 to No. 17), lying in about 7 feet of ground. TFalland Bench Coals Lhcynemion Ironstones, Rhuabon. — 15 courses (No. 18 to No. 32), averaging 30 inches, all worked with the coal in three lifts. AVill yield 8,000 to 9,000 tons per acre. Llwyriemion Coal . Blast Furnaces. Out 1 1 The production of iron in this district is very limited: the coals are principally thin, but good in quality: and the ironstones, although lean, furnish very good iron. The only important works now in blast are the Ehuabon and the Brymbo. The Brymbo series appear by themselves, SHROPSHIRE. General No. of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. Principal Works :—■ In Out Madeley Wood 3 Made ley Court 2 *1 Tlie Castle .... 1 1 Light Moor .... 2 Horse-hay .... 2 *1 Lawley .... 1 Hinkshay .... 2 Stirchley . . » • 4 Dark Lane .... 2 New Lodge .... 1 1 Donnington . • « . 3 SnedsHill .... 2 Langley .... 1 1 Ketley .... 1 1 33 Furnaces 23 10 SIIROPSHIRK—contiVmt'c?. General No. 162, 1 164, 1 166, 1 170, 1 172 176 177 iVo. of Series. Strata. \ Ft. i In. Chance Pennystone, Donnington Wood. Fungous Coal . . .30 Blachstone, Donnington Wood. Brick Measure, Dnhnington Wood, Ballstone, Donnington Wood. Top Coal . . .56 Three Quarters Coal . .20 Double Coal . . . 5 10 Yellow Stone, Donnington Wood. Yard Coal Blue Flats, Donnington Wood. ' White Fiats, Donnington Wood. Main Pennystone, Donnington Wood (No. 1),'Madeley Court (_No. 2). Sulphur Coal . . .70 Clunch Coal . . .30 Tivo Feet Coal . . .20 Clod Coal . . .24 Little Flint Coal . .20 Crnwstone, Madeley Wood. Black Plats (position not given). Annual production of iron about 90,000 tons. This field was one of the first important iron-making dis- tricts of the kingdom; but from its limited extent, the production of iron in it has remained, for a considerable period, nearly stationary. The quality which it produces is very good. The coal measures of Shi'opshire were probably once connected with those of South Stafford- shire—indeed, of the identity of some of the measures in the two districts there can be little dovibt. This is especially evident in the Whitestone and Cakes of the one, and the Pennystone of the other; and a great resemblance between all the measures of the two fields may also be traced, the diff'erence in their thickness, &c,, not being greater than might be expected at such distant points, judging from actual changes that ai'e known to occur in some of the South Staffordshire beds, over comparatively a small space of ground. SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE, General No. of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. In Out 148 Furnaces . 105 43 Strata.—Dudley Distuic i'. Ft, In, Brooch Coal 2 6 178—179 1 Brooch Ironstone, Dudley. Little Coal (_not worked.) 180, 181 2 Pins Ironstone, Dudley. 182, 183 3 Penny Earth Ironstone, Dudley. 184 4 Ten Foot Stone, Dudley. Thick Coal 30 0 185—187 5 Grains Ironstone, Dudley. 6 Gubbin Ironstone, Dudley. 188 Gubbin. 189 Cannock. 190 Rubble. 191 Brown Stone. Heathen Coal . , 3 0 Bottom Heathen Coal. 2 6 192, 193 7 White Ironstone Binds, Dudley. 194, 195 8 White Ironstone, Dudley. 196, 197 White Ironstone, Broe.lmoor. 198,199 9 Cakes, or Bluestone, Dudley. Sulphur Coal . 4 6 New Mine Coal 2 6 Fire Clay Coal 200, 201 10 Fire Clay Balls, Dudley. Bottom Coal .... 0 The Dudley Division of the South Staffordshire and Worcestershire coal-field is principally celebrated for the Ten Yard, or Thick Coal, so named from its being 30 feet thick, and which may well be termed, par excellence, ''The Thick Coal." This is the largest and most im- portant bed of coal in the kingdom, and is of excellent South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. quality, both for houseliold purposes and for the manu- facture of iron. When undisturbed by faults, and of average quality, this bed of coal, with the associated thin coals and ironstones, is worth at least 1,000/. per acre. The quality of iron made is very superior. It was in this district that coal was first used, in the year 1619, for the purpose of smelting iron. The Gubbin and White Ironstones are the principal ironstones of this district. The Gubbin measures will average about 1,500 tons per acre ; the White Ironstone varies much both in quantity and richnese. It yields from 1,000 to, occasionally, 3,000 tons per acre ; 1,-500 1;ons may be taken as about the average. Wolverhampton Distkict. Ft. In. Sulphur Coal . 2 0 New Mine Coal 6 6 Fire Clay Coal Poor Robin's, Bunher's Hill. 9 0 202, 203 I 204 2 Fire Clay Balls, Bunker's Hill. 205 3 Rough Hill White, Darlaston. Bottom Coal 10 0 206, 207 4 Gubbin and Balls, Bunker's Hill. Mealy Grey Coal 2 3 208, 209 5 Blue Flats, Bunher's Hill. 210, 211 6 Bristol Diamonds, Darlaston. The space of groimd occupied by the above mea- sures from the Sulphur Coal to the Bristol Diamonds is about 90 yards. These measures occupy a position in the general coal series, below the Thick Coal of the Dud- ley District; and attain in the Wolverhampton Field a miich greater thickness and importance than at Dudley, where scarcely any of the above measures of coal and ironstone prove workable. The ironstones are all of ex- tremely good quality, averaging from 30 to 35 per cent. From the low cost at which they are generally raised, the number and variety of the measures both of coal and ironstone contained in so small a space of ground, and the superior quality of the iron produced, the Wolver- hampton Division of the South StaflFordshire coal-field may be considered as one of the most important, in pro- portion to its area, of any of our iron-making districts. Kentley a\'d Birch Hills District. 212, 213 1 Drown Stoue, Bloxwich.—This is the only measure of Blackband in the South Staf- fordshire Coal-field. It lies underneath the lowest Heathen Coal, in two courses averaging about 12 inches, and does not prove south of Bentley. Tlie other mea- sures of this district do not vary greatly from those of Wolverhampton. The annual production of iron in South StaflFord- shire and Worcestershire is nearly 600,000 tons. It is considered to be the second most important iron- making district in the kingdom; for although the pro- duction of pig-iron in Scotland is equal to that of this district, yet it far surpasses Scotland in the manufacture of wrought-iron; whilst the superior quality produced also gives it pre-eminence over that of Wales. i Coventry and Bedworth Coal Field. 214,215 1 Bedivorth Balls, Bedworth.—Two courses, forming an exceeding 1 good and impor- tant measure of Ironstone, raised exten- sively for transport to the South Stafford- shire Coal-field. NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE. General No.of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. Principal Works :— In Out Silverdale .... 1 4 Apedale .... 2 2 Kidsgrove .... 3 Goldendale .... 2 i Etrnria .... 3 Longton .... 2 i 21 Furnaces 13 8 NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE—cowfmMerf. General No. No.oJ Series. Strata. Gutter Coal . • Red Shag Coal. , Ft. 2 2 In. 6 0 220 1 Bassey Mine, Fo!ey Colliery, Longton.— Four courses thickness 2 to 3 feet: in some places (as at Apedale) it attains the great thickness of 6 feet. Bassry Mine Coal . . S;iJncrojt Loal . . , Great lluw Coal . Cannel Row Coal 2 4 8 5 3 0 0 0 221 2 TVood's Mine, Foley Colliery, Longton.— Four courses =10 inches. 222 3 TVood's Mine Coal Deep Mine, Foley Colliery, Longton.—Four courses. 1 0 223 224 4 5 Deep Mine Coal C/ialJiy Mine, Fuley Colliery, Longton.— Four courses. New Mine, Foley Colliery, Longton.—Two courses. 3 9 225 226 6 New Mine Coal Hanbury Mine, Fvley Colliery, Longton.— Two courses. Neiv Ironstone, Foley Colliery, Iiongton.— Five courses =16 inches in 3i feet of ground. 1 8 221 228 8 9 Knowles Coal . Prior's Field Mine, Foley Colliery, Longton. —Three courses. Knowles' Mine, Foley Colliery, Longton.— Four courses = 2 feet 3 inches. 6 0 Bay Coal Kiaer Loal ... Ash Coal 2 3 7 6 0 0 229 10 Little Mine, Fuley Colliery, Longton. Little Mine Coal 4 G 230to236 1 to 7 Series from Shelton Colliery, Hanley. Red Shag Ironstone. Gutter Mine. Bassey Mine. Penny Stone. Deep Mine. Chalky Mine. Gubbin Stone. 237to2lS 1 to'3 Series from Apedale, near Newcastle. Blackband Ironstone—4 to 5 feet thick. Red Shag — e feet thick. Red Mine—9 feet thick. Bassey Mine — 7 feet thick. Cannel Mine. Black Mine. Rusty Mine. Chalky Mine. Little M^ne. New Mine. Broivn Mine. Thickband. Gold Mine. These last two series are not numbered according to their position in the coal measures. Many of them belong to the same measures as those of the Foley Col- liery, Longton, although named dififerently. The North Staffordshire coal-field, although not of great importance directly, as an iron-making clistrict, its annual produce being only about 55,000 tons, is jet of great importance from the amazing extent of iron- stone which it contains, and the large quantities sent thence to the South StaflFordshire, and the North Welsh iron districts. No other kno^^^l coal-field contains anything like an equal number and extent of ironstone measures. From the Bassey Mine to the Knowles Mine, a series of measures at the Foley Collierj'-, Longton, of only 250 yards in thickness, there are nine distinct workable measures of ironstone. At Apedale, the Blackband, Ked-shag, Bassey Mine, and Eed Mine, ironstones, are respectively 4, 6, 7, and 9 feet thick. In consequence of so large a proportion of the cheapest worked ironstone measures being Blackband or carbon- aceous, and also from the inferior quality of its coals, the iron of this district is inferior. The thickness of the coal measures already known, is upwards of 1,100 yards, con- taining 32 seams of coal, varying in thickness from 5 inches to 8 feet. Of these, there are 14 beds below the Little Mine coal, all of which, excepting one, are from 2 to 7 feet thick. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. YORIiSHIRE.—(Northern District.) General No. of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. Principal Works :— In Out Bowling .... 3 2 Low Moor . , • • 1 2 New Begin . • . . 2 0 Shelfe .... 1 Bierley .... 3 1 Farnley .... 1 16 1) urnaces > . 10 6 otratd. Ft. In. '■ ^f' hits Bed Aliney Yield, per acrej 1,200 tons. 300 lop r lats. j-iOvv r itits. 302 White Balls. 303 JVIiaale Balls. 304 Low Measure. Cual .... 4 2 Black Bed Mine, Low Moor. 305 Top Balls. 306 Flat Stone. 307 Middle Balls. 308 Eough Measure. 309 Low Measure. 310 Basset Stone. Black Bed Coal 2 3 Better Bed Coal 2 0 Annual production of iron about 25,000 tons. The quality of iron made, very superior. The Low Moor and Bowling marks are especially celebrated. The beds of coal in this district are exceedingly thin. The Better Bed Coal is the only one used for iron-making purposes. The White Bed and Black Bed Mines of this district probably correspond with the Thorncliffe White Mine and the Clay Wood Mine of the southern division of this field. YORKSHIRE.—(Southern District.) General No. of Blast No. Series. Furnaces. Principal Works :— Out Worsbro' Dale Elsecar .... Milton .... Thorncliffe .... Chapel town .... Holmes .... Parkgate .... 13 Furnaces 5 8 Strata. Ft. In. Low Wood, or Hobhimer Coai 9 6 311 1 Swallow Wood Mine,Miltun.—YieldiS about 312 1,500 tons per acre. 313 Flats. Balls. Bottom Measure. Swallow Wood Coal . 4 9 314 ! 2 Ledgett Mine, M/tow,—Yields 1,800 tons 315 per acre. 316 Flats. Balls. Bottom Measure. 317 3 Tankersley Mine, Milton.—Yields 4,000 tons 318 per acre. 319 Top Measure. Middles. Bottom Measure. Deep End Coal 5 10 320 4 Thorncliffe, or Old Black Mine, Parkgate.— 321 Yields 1,500 tons per acre. Balls. Holing Measure. Parkgate or Manor Coal 7 6 322 5 Thorncliffe Whitt: Mine, Parkgate.—Yields 323a 1,500 tons per acre. 3236 Flats. Balls. Holing Measure. Thorncliffe Thin Coal 3 0 324 6 Black or Clay Wood Mine, Parkgate. 325 Balls. 326 Brown George. Whetstone. Silkstone Coal . 4 0 Mortomley Coal 3 0 Annual production of iron about 20,000 tons. Thick- ness of measures from the Hobbimer to Mortomley beds of coal, about 430 yards. The entire thickness of the coal series is, however, much more. The measures thin out rapidly towards the north. DERBYSHIRE. General No. of No. Smes. 335-33^ 338 339 340 341 342 343 S44 3-15 316 347 348 349a3496 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 358 359 360 361-373 Principal Works :— Unston Renishaw Staveley Duckmanton Brimington Moor Newbold Wingerworth Clay Cross MorleyPark . Alfreton Butterley Codnor Park . West Hallam Stanton 29 Furnaces Strata. Yard Coal Measure and Balls Rake, Stavdey.—YiQld per acre about 2,500 tons. Whetstone; Flampards; White Mea- sure ; Cub; Old Bear; First Balls; Flat Balls; Bottom Measure. Main Hard Coal Dunsill Coal Swallow Wood Rake, Stanton.—Yield per acre 3,000 tons. Tunnel Coal (not worked ) Tan Yard, or Pender Park Rake, Staveley. neld per acre 2,000 tons. Red Measure. Balls. Cockle. Ruff, or Cement Rake, Alfreton. —Yield per acre 1,800 tons. Top Measure. Balls. Bottom Measure. Brown Rake, Butterley.—Yield per acre 2,500 tons. Balls. Top Measure. Bottom Measure. Thin Coal (not worked). Black Rake, Butterley.—Y'"ield per acre 2,000 tons. Top Measure. Bottom Measure. Yard or Ell Coal Main Soft Coal Pour Rake, Alfreton. Blue Rake, Butterley.—Yield per acre 900 tons. Lower Hard Coal . Spring, or Bidding's Rake, Alfreton. Dog-tooth Rake, Staveley.—Yield per acre 2,000 tons. White Measure. Sugar Plum Measure. Marble Measure. Balls. Snail Horn, This rake is called Wallis' Rake, at But- terley, south of which it does not prove. Brown Measure, Clay Cross.—Y^eld. per acre 800 tons. Furnace Coal . Nodule Rake, Mmiey Park.—Yield per acre 1,600 tons. Cinder Measure. Balls. South of Clay Cross the Nodule Rake is known by the name of the Dog-tooth Rake. Three Quarter Balls, Clay Cross. Three Quarter Coal . Black Shale Rake, Stnveley.—Yield per acre from 4 to 8,000 tons. Whetstone; Chitter; Cheeses; Bear; Top Blues; Lower Blues; Old Man ; Old Woman ; Double Chit- ter ; White Balls ; Flampards; Red Measure ; Dun; Beams; Roof Measure; Bottom Balls. 21. MINERAL MAP OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, BY ROBERT HUNT. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27, BERBYSnmE—continued. General No. of Ft. In. Nu. Series. . — 374, 5, 6 15 Striped Rnke, Kirk Hallam.—^Yield per acre 2,500 tons. Clod Coal 5 6 377 16 Green Ch>se Ralte, Morley ParTi.—Yield per acre 1,000 tons. Balls. Bottom Measure. Co(tl .... 3 0 378 17 Holly Close Rake, Morley Park. — Yield per acre 1,200 tons. Balls. Measure. 379 18 Black, or KeHand's Rake, Morley Park.— 380 Yield per acre 3,000 tons. 381—383 Three Measures. 3h4 Balls. 385«3856 19 Bacon Flitch Rake, Alfreton. 386 20 Yew Tree Rake, Morley Park.—Yield per acre 1,000 tons. Coal .... 1 6 Kilhurne Coal . 5 0 387-394 21 Honcycroft Rake, Stanton.—Yield per acre 6,000 tons. Chitters; Tufty Balls ; Barren Beet; Grindstone Measure; Grindor's Wife ; Big Balls; Bottom Fiat!); Brick Measure. 395-399 22 Civilly Rake, Stanton.—Yield per acre 4,000 tons. Eachell Measure; Chance Ball si; Bottom Measure; Chitters ; Coal Measure. Furnace Coal . 2 3 400-404 23 Dale Moor Rake, Stanton.—Yield per acre 3.000 tons. Clunch Balls ; Roof Measure Balls ; Roof Measure ; Over Bottom ; Bottom Balls. Annual production of iron about 60,000 tons. Average thickness of coal measures, from magnesian lime- stone to Kilburne, or lowest worked coal, 600 yards. Many of the beds of ironstone lie in such a thickness of measure as only to be workable to advantage by open work or bell-pits. Where these means of working can be adopted, the produce per acre is oftentimes very large; in the Honeycroft Rake it is 6,000 tons per acre; in the Black Shale 8,000 tons. NORTHUMBERLAND, CUMBERLAND, and DURHAM. NORTHUMBERLAND, CUMBERLAND, and DVRUAM—continued. Genpral No. 405 406, 407 408—410 411,412 A^O. of Series Principal Works :— Walker Tyne . Wylam Hareshaw . , Redesdale Birtlev Witton Park . Taw Law (^onsett and Crookhead Stanhope 38 Furnaces Strata. Blackbnnd, Hadley, Northumherland. Blackhand, Haydon Bridge.—This bed pro- bably occupies the position of one of the beds of coal underneath the Great Lime- stone, and forms an interesting- instance of the manner in which thin beds of C'oal sometimes change into beds of Blackhand Ironstone, It averages, probably, three feet in thickness. Brillstune, Haltwhistle, Nurtlmmherlund. BiiUstone, Nent Head, Cumberland.—These measures (Nos. 3 and 4) lie in the Plate bed over the Great Limestone, and in aViout 6 yards of ground : they have been worked extensively on some parts of the out-crop. Average yield 30 to 35 per cent. Blast Furnaces. Out General No. 114, 415 16, 4r 418 419 420 421 422 423 No. of Series. Brown Hf:ematite, KilJwpe Fell, near Nent Head. — This bed corresponds with the Fell Top Limestone bed of this district; which in this locality is converted into a bed of Brown H.iematite, probably owing to its being intersected by a considerable number of small veins carrying iron "riders." It is from 3 to 7 feet thick, and of good quality. Brown Hcematite, Nent Head.—This bed corresponds with the little limestone bed of this district. It is about 7 feet thick, quality very variable. Brown Hcematite, Silly Hole Vein, Alston. Brown Hrematite, Manor House Vein, Alston. Broivn Hcematite, Nest Vein, Alston. Brown Hcematite, Stanhope, Durham. Brown Hcematite, St. John's Chapel, near Stanhope. Carbonate of Iron, Stanhope. Carbonate of Iron, Alston. Ft. In. Annual production of iron about 90,000 tons. The iron works of this district are gradually increasing in importance, the cost of fuel being so low as to permit ores to be brought from many different localities. The black bands of Scotland and of Haydon Bridge, the brown hoematites and white carbonates of Alston and Weardale, and the argillaceous ironstones of the lias of "Whitby and Middlesborough, are all used for the supply of the iron-works of this district. The h^own hcematites deserve especial attention. They are found associated in very large masses, with the lead veins of this district, and occasionally they occur as dis- tinct and regular beds. They contain from 20 to 40 per cent, of iron. Sometimes they exist as '^riders" to the vein, sometimes they form its entire mass, and, in this case, they occasionally attain a thickness of 20, 30, and even 50 yards. Their employment for iron-making purposes is only recent; but the supply of ore which they can fur- nish is almost unlimited, and when some better means of separating the zinc and lead associated with them shall have been discovered, they will, doubtless, be found to be of great importance. Remarkable changes sometimes occur in the character of the metalliferous veins of this district; the same vein which at one point bears prin- cipally lead ore, changing to a calamine vein, and then again to brown htematite, LANCASHIRE and WEST CUMBERLAND. General No. 430 431 432 No. of Series. Principal Works :— Cleator Iron Company 3 Furnaces ( Hcematite, Cleatm- Iron Ore \ JVhitehaven. \ Hcematite, Harrison, Ainslie Co., Ulver- [ stone.—Clay ore lying close to surface. In Out 3 0 Co., near Ft, lT Blast Furnaces, The production of iron in this district is very limited, being confined to the Cleator woi-ks, and one or two small charcoal works in the Ulverstone district. The quality of the latter, charcoal being used for fuel, is very superior, and the produce commands the highest prices, as it combines, with the fluidity of cast-iron, a certain malleability, especially after careful annealing. The iron of the Cleator Works is smelted with coal, and though, in consequence, not equal to the other, is yet of superior quality. The ore, both of the Whitehaven and the Ul- verstone and Furness districts, is raised most extensively for shipment to the iron works of Yorkshire, Staffordshire, and North and South Wales. In quality, these ores be considered as the finest in this kingdom, and the supplies which these districts are calculated to produce are very great. The large percentage of iron which they contain, from 60 to 65 per cent., and their superior quality, also enable them to bear the cost of transport, and they [Official Illustrated Catalogue." South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. are becoming every day of greater importance. They are found, both as veins traversing the beds of the moun- tain limestone formation, transversely to the lines of stratification, and also as beds more or less regular. The former is the general character of the Ulverstone and Furness ores, no clearly defined bed being, as yet, known in that district, whilst at Whitehaven there are two, if not more beds of irregular thickness, but with clearly defined floors and roofs, and oftentimes subdivided by regular partings. These beds attain a considerable thick- ness, occasionally 20 or 30 feet. The area over which they extend is not as yet well known; but they have been worked extensively for many years, and the workings upon them are rapidly increasing. They lie beneath and close to the coal measures, which both furnishes the necessary fuel, and also important beds of argillaceous ironstones for admixture. FOREST OF DEAN. General No. No. of Series. Blast Furniici'S. Principal Wouks: — Cinderford .... Forest of Dean Company . In 1 Out 5 Furnaces 5 Ft. IT 433-438 1 6 Hcematite. Annual production of iron about 30,000 tons. The ores of the Forest of Dean are carboniferous, or moun- tain limestone ores, lying beneath the coal measures, which are not here productive in argillaceous ironstones as in the other principal coal-fields of the kingdom. Be- sides the limestone ore, there is a bed of ore in the mill- stone grit measures; but which is only worked very locally. The limestone ore occupies a regular position in the limestone measures, although in itself exceedingly irregular, assuming rather the character of a series of chambers than a regular bed. These chambers are some- times of great extent, and contain many thousand tons of ore, which is generally raised at an exceedingly low cost, no timbering or other supports for the roof being required. The supply of ore producible in the Forest of Dean is almost unlimited. The iron made from it is of a red short nature, and especially celebrated for the manufac- ture of tin plates. Its superior quality always commands a high price. This ore is raised extensively for shipment to the iron-works of South Wales. It was worked at a very ancient date either by the Romans or the Britons, as is evident from the remains of old workings along the outcrop of the ore bed. This ore averages from 30 to 40 per cent. General No. 439 No. of Series. 440 441 444 4i5 Geological Formation: Granite and the Older Rucks. Compact Micaceoins Iron Ore, Hennoch, Devon.— Found in lodes varying from 1 to 12 feet w ide, bearing east and w est. These lodes are in coarse grained porphyritic granite. The ore is associated with Quartz, Clay, Schorl, and Hornblende. It contains 60 per cent. Soft Micaceous Iron Ore, HennocJi.—Found associated with No. 1. Magnetic O.vide, Hay tor, Devon.—I'ound inter-stratified with a compact Felspathic and Horblende Slate. It is assjciated with Asbestos, Actynolite, Garnet, Opal, Quartz, and Clay. It contains 70 per cent. Compact Brown Iron Ore, Bishap\teiyriton, Dev,in.—Found in irregular masses, in Limestone. It contains GO per cent. Compact and Crystallized Brown Iron Ore, Biixham, Devon.—Found in irregular masses, in Limestone. It contains 55 per cent. Re I Ha;matitc,Shevioch, Cornwall.—Vound in lodes in Clay Slate. Brown Hcematite, Sheviocli, Cornwall. Ft. The micaceous iron ores and the magnetic oxides of Dartmoor (Hennock, &c.) are only just beginning to be known. The quality of iron which they pro- duce is of a superior description, and is calculated to make the finest steel. These ores are not at present raised extensively; but will doubtless become more so when their character is better known, and the localities in which they are found more thoroughly explored. They are sent principally to the South Wales Iron District. General No. No. of Series Ft. In. Geological Farmntiim. Granite and the Older RocJis. 446 447 448 \ 2 3 [Pi/so!itic Iron Ore, Tremndjc, Caernarv^m- 1 shire. These iron ores have, at different pei-iods, been worked to a considerable extent for transport to South Wales. They are of inferior quality; but the large masses in which they lie, enable them to be raised at a very trifling expense. They are found at Tremadoc, Pwllheli, Carnarvon, Island of Anglesea, and many other localities round the North Welsh coast; and will doubt- less at some period, prove of importance, fi'om the great extent to which they are there developed. General No. 449 450 N„. of Series. Geological Fm-mition. GrauwacTie. Hcematite, Brendan HUls, S'me-> sctshire. Soft Hcpmntitp, Brendan Hills, Somersetshire. —Found in lodes varying from 1 to 'i feet in thickness, in Grauwacke and Gray Slate. These lodes are not at present worked extensively; but they form the site of very old and extensive workings, probably by the Ancient Britons. Ft. In. 451 452 453 454 455 Geological Formation. New Red Sandstone. Fine Hcem'ititic Conglomerate, Newent, (iloiicesiershire. Ham ititic Conglomerate, Newent, G 'ouces- tershire. Hceinatitic Conglomerate, Brockwell, near JVotton Courtney, Somersetshire. Hcema'itic Conglomerate, Brockwell. Hcpinotitic Conglomerate,Fravipton Catfcrell, Sumrrsetshve. Ham'iti ic Conglomerate, Cuwbridge, Sjuth Wahs. These hgematitic conglomerates are found at the base of the New Red Sandstone, and generally occupy the position of its lowest bed. Their character as work- ing ores is very variable, being sometimes mixed up with so much extraneous material as almost to be worth- less; but occasionally they exist in regular beds, and contain so large a proportion of haematite as to become of considerable importance. General N->. No. of Series. Ft. In. 457 458 409 1 2 3 Geological Formation. Lias, ^c. ^Inmstone, Whiihy. .460 461 4 5 1 Ironstone, Middh sborough. 462 6 Silicious Irnnsione, Shvelby, near Lincoln.— Bed 2 to 8 feet thick. 463 464 7 8 1 Silicious Ironstone, near Northampton. The clay ironstones of the lias are only just beginning to add to our iron-making resources. They furnish an instance of the unexpected development of national wealth, arising from the facilities afforded by railroads. Nos. 1, 2, and 3, are raised along the outcrop of the beds along the coast from Whitby to Scarborough. The cost of raising is trifling. Nos. 4 and 5 are from an important bed recently opened at Middlesborough. The thickness South Side—Akeas S. 1 to S. 27. of the bed is very irregular, sometimes attaining a thick- ness of 12 or 14 feet ; its average thickness is about 6 feet. Nos. 7 and 8 are from the oolite, near Northamp- ton. They are at present of no commercial value; but are curious, as showing the almost universal dissemination of this important ore. Grneral No. (if Ft. In. Geological Formation. Green Sand. 4fi5 1 2 I Ironstone, Sussex. 466 These specimens are of great interest, as belong- ing to the formation which was formerly one of our principal sources of iron; but which, furnishing with its ores no fuel to smelt them, was abandoned, upon the ex- haustion of its forests, by the iron trade for the coal fields, where all the requisites for this manufacture exist. Perhaps, like the lias of Whitby, &c., the greensand of Sussex may again, by means of railroads, at no distant period, furnish the iron trade with additional supplies of this important ore. 428 Stirling, J, D. Morries, F.R.S.E., Scotland, and 13 Great Cu7nberland Street, London—Inventor and Producer. Pig iron :—Scotch, hot blast. A. Same iron containing malleable iron scrap.—Process patented in 1846. A a. The same mixture of malleable and cast-iron melted together, and the pig (or ingot) broken to show the com- plete union of the metal. B. Specimens of castings of the mixture, called '' tough- ened cast-iron," and the breaking weights. Cc. Improved patent malleable iron, showing the fibrous structure produced in iron naturally cold short. Process: the addition of zinc or calamine to iron in the puddling furnace. The strength of the iron is thus greatly in- creased. D. Hardened, or anti-laminating iron, for the top bar of rails, tires of wheels, &c. This iron, or alloy of iron, has the character of steel, is said to wear well, and not to laminate. J'J. Rails composed of C c and D, to show the difierence of the two sorts of iron. F. Tires of (7 c and D. G. Bell metal, consisting chiefly of iron. G g. Bells of the same metal, stated to be superior in tone to common bell metal, at a diminished cost. If. Common zinc cake, broken to show the fracture. H h. Zinc alloyed with about five per cent, of iron, to show the difi'erence in fracture from the preceding. I to 0 0. Alloys of copper and other metals with the alloy of zinc and iron.—Patented in 1846-48. P. Sheets of zinc, and alloys of zinc covered with tin, and alloys of tin. Q. Sheets of iron covered with zinc, and alloys of zinc, and subsequently with tin, and alloys of tin. Several other alloys and specimens exhibited for strength, structure, and cheapness. [The Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures, gives the following as the results of experiments on Mr. Mor- ries Stirling's iron. The tensile strength of No. 1 Calder hot-blast iron is, per square inch, 13,735lbs., or 6"131 tons. The same iron, mixed with about 20 per cent, of malleable iron scrap, breaks with a weight of 25,764lbs., or 11-502 tons. Bars of Brymbo iron 1 inch square, and 4 feet 6 inch bearing, of Nos. 1 and 3, break respectively at 365 lbs. and 416 lbs. The Calder No. 1, not given by the Com- missioners, breaks at about 390 lbs. to 400 lbs. With 20per cent, malleable iron, the Calder breaks at 623 lbs.; and when the proper proportion of scrap is used, the breaking weight is about 800 lbs. Asquare inch of Calder, No. 1, is crushed by 72,193lbs., or 32-229 tons, and 75,983 lbs., or 33-921 tons. A square inch of Morries Stirling's mixture as above, by 125,333 lbs., or 55-952 tons, and 119,457 lbs., or 53-329 tons.—R. H.] 429 Bankart, Frederick, & Sons, JRedjacket Copper Works, near Neath, Wales — Inventors and Manufacturers. Various stages of the process of copper smelting, as practised at Redjacket Works, according to the exhibitors' patent process. [This process is as follows:—Copper pyrites reduced to a fine state of division are roasted at a moderate tempe- rature : the result is, that the sulphur of the ore com- bines with the oxygen of the air, and thus becomes con- verted into sulphuric acid. The copper is also oxidized; and the acid combining with it, a sulphate of oxide of copper is produced. A second roasting, with an addi- tion of rich sulphur ore, converts all the metal into this salt. It is now dissolved in water, and the copper pre- cipitated by iron. It has been found that the copper thus prepared is of remarkable purity.—R. H.] Patent fuel made from small coal, without any foreign admixture ; invented and patented by William Rees, Pembrey, Carmarthenshire. Pure native carbon, found in the collieries of Messrs. Penrose and Starbuck, Vale of Neath, and electrodes manufactured from it by the exhibitors. 430 Abercarn and Cwythen Collieries Company, Newport, Moninoidhshire, Proprietors—E. Rogers, F.G.S., Exhibitor. Block of Abercarn stone ; a hard compact sandstone, which resists the action of the weather and of fire : it forms a part of the carboniferous (or coal-bearing) strata in South Wales. Weight 168 lbs. to the cubic foot. The block is formed in the shape of an obelisk, for the purpose of exhibiting on each face different modes of workmanship in the dressing of the stone. Block of Abercarn and Gwythen charcoal-vein coal, adapted for steam-ships, and used in the steam marine of the English, French, and Spanish Governments, the Hon. East India Company, &c. This coal is said to resist the action of the weather in any climate, and reference is made to another specimen of this coal, placed at the Western Entrance of the Building, which has been raised and exposed to the weather some years. Block of Abercarn rock-vein coal, used as a fuel for domestic purposes in the West of England and Ireland. Specimens of charred coal and tin plates manufactured from the same; this charred coal is stated to be prepared by a process which deprives it entirely of sulphur, and gives it a peculiar mechanical structure, making it as light and pure as wood charcoal, and entirely super- seding the necessity of wood charcoal for refining or smelting iron. A complete set of tools used in mining, and plans, showing the application of electricity to blasting in mines. In a paper accompanying these, the exhibitor states:—• It has been often noticed, that, since the application of gunpowder for blasting, few if any improvements have been made in the methods adopted for cutting through hard rocks; and the great exi^ense of main- taining engine power for pumping and winding during the long period required to sink shafts through such rocks has been and is still the sole cause of some of the best and richest tracts of minerals in Great Britain lying idle and unproductive, and has been the principal cause of the loss of life, so serious and often occurring from explosions in mines. The improvements, or rather the new system, now introduced will be better understood, after a review of the methods and tools heretofore used. The oldest method of pumping or taking up the water from the bottom of the shaft during sinking; was the N 2 South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Hogar pipe; this was about four feet in length, made of leather, and stiffened by rings of metal; the constant damage this was liable to in blasting caused it to be almost abandoned, and in its place the stock and slide pipe was introduced. This consists of two cast-iron pipes sliding into each other as a telescope, and kept tight in the joint by a stuffing-box: this contrivance is not only expensive in first cost, bvit liable to breakage and heavy to handle. Both these modes of pumping are subject to a still greater defect; the pump can only be made nearly under the pump trees, so that during a long time of the sinking it often occurs that only two or three men can be effectually employed in the shaft: this, in some of the large shafts (say, in a common size used in South Wales, 18 feet by 10 feet) causes serious delay to the progress of the work. In boring, it has been customary to use a borer, the body of which was made of wrought iron, and the bit or end of the borer of shear steel welded on to the iron. No attempt ajjpears ever to have been made to fix any definite proportion between the size of the stock or handle and the breadth of the bit; and from this cause a very great portion of the power of the striker has been uselessly expended. The use of cast-steel borers is, in some respects, en- tirely new as applied to mining, and by the superior hardness of cast steel as compared with shear steel, greatly expedite the process of boring, and save expense; they have also an advantage in transmitting the force of the hammer to the bit, on account of their stiffness or rigidity; and, further, to pi'event loss of power, it is of importance that the bit should be so proportioned to the handle or stock as to work freely in the bore-hole, and, at the same time, spring or bend as little as possible under the blow of the hammer. The following propor- tions appear to answer these conditions:— Diameter of Octagon Cast Steel. 1 inch n „ H „ ■••5 }> -t I -■^2 >) Breadth of Face of Bit. 1^ inch If 2 „ U „ The suction-pipe now used by the exhibitor is about 20 feet in length, is made of gutta percha, and supersedes the iise of the leather Hogar, and stock and slide; it is not liable to accident, and can be repaired easily; it enables the pump-hole to be made in any part of the shaft, and a greater number of men to work in the shaft at one time. The introduction of electricity as the power for blasting in connection with the improvements before explained, may be said to constitute a new era in the history of mining. The apparatus at present used for blasting is a Grove's battery of six inches square: this is placed in some con- venient position near the top of the shaft; two copper wires, coated with gutta percha, are carried down the shaft, and these are connected to other wires inserted in a small cartridge which is placed in the charge of powder for blasting; the cartridges are formed thus— e, f, are two thin copper wires covered with gutta percha, and twisted together at g, g, to any length required, ac- cording to the depth of the hole; 6 is a piece of wood placed to separate the wires to the distance of about fgths of an inch apart, so that the fine platinum wire in- serted and soldered into the copper at a shall not be liable to be broken in tamping, or otherwise injured; and further to guard against this, a thin case or tube of pine Fig. 1. wood is tied over the wire and distance piece of wood at c, d, and the platinum wire covered with fine powder, the end of the tube secured at h by paper covering, and the whole case varnished over with a solution of shellac in naphtha. This plan of preparing the cartindge is found by experience very certain and effective ; but many other modes can be easily used to obtain the same end. Fig. 2. Let fig. 1. be the section, and fig. 2, the plan of a shaft in course of sinking. Let d, d, d, d, be the wires leading to the electric battery, then at a, a, a, is shown the manner in which the holes are placed to first penetrate a stream of rock (or ''enter it" as termed by miners); where one hole only can be fired, the difficulty and delay of entering South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. very hard rock is often serious, and a work of great cost and time. By the method now used three or more holes are bored as shown at a, a, a, and all fired at the same instant of time from the electric battery: the effect of this is to lift up and separate the entire rock contained in the space between a, a, a; after this as many holes as are re- quired are bored in the position shown at b, h, b, b, and simultaneously exploded; the effect of this is to rend the rock from the side of the shaft in masses weighing tons each; three or four holes if well placed when fired simul- taneovisly produce more effect than double the number of holes would do if fired separately. Perfect safety from accident to the miners while blasting is secured; and it is not necessary for any workman to leave the bottom of the shaft until the arrangements for firing are completed, and the power of the battery to produce the blast tested, [The Abercarn stone, worked in the coal-grit of Mon- mouthshire, has an argillo-silicious cement, and is rather micaceous. There are 25 feet of workable stone, and large blocks can be procured. It is very durable, and not expensive. It weighs about 168 lbs. to the cubic foot. —D. T. A.] 431 Wales, J., Newcastle—Producer. Model of coal mine, old flint wheel, and Davy-lamps. 432 Wood, H. L., Newcastle—Producer. Underground working of coal. 434 Taylor, R., F.G.S., London—Proprietor. Model of the machinery and apparatus used for dressing the inferior copper ores called halvans, at the Tywarn- haile mines, the property of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, in the Duchy of Cornwall, consisting of—• Crushing mill, which pulverizes the ore more effec- tually than the common stamping mills. Reservoir for receiving the pulverized mineral, and passing it, by the action of a stream of water, to the shaking trunk. Self-acting shaking-trunk, in which the mineral is sepa- rated into proper sizes, for the subsequent processes, by means of a revolving cylindrical sieve, instead of the or- dinary process of shaking or stirring it with shovels in a stream of water. A tye, for cleaning the rough grain ore which does not pass through the cylindrical sieve, and preparing for sale part of the ore which settles at the head. Double lever jigging machine, for dressing the poorer portion of the mineral from the tye, technically called the tails: by a single operation of this machine, the earthy matter is separated from the ore, and rendered fit for sale. With some qualities of halvans, the use of the tye is dispensed with, and the rough grain comes direct from the shaking sieve to the jigging machine. Round huddle, for dressing the fine-gTained mineral, which passes through the sieve and settles in the shaking- trunk ; the ore which it contains is rendered fit for sale by being twice huddled. Slime pit, for receiving those portions of the mineral which are redviced to so fine a powder as to be carried away, in the shaking and other processes, by the stream of water. Self-acting trunks, for removing a large proportion of the earthy matter contained in the slimes; when thus concentrated, the slime ore is rendered fit for sale, by being twice huddled. S^^ecimens of the mineral in its several states of pre- paration, and of the clean ore, accompany the model. 435 RuEL, Hugh William, 175 High Holhorn— Manufacturer and Producer, Crucibles for assaying, &c. 436 MoREWOOD & Rogers, Steel Yard Wmrf, Upper Thames Street—Inventors and Manufacturers. 1. Patent galvanized tinned iron corrugated sheet, used in the erection and roofing of buildings; fire-proof. and not liable to be attacked by vermin. Possesses great strength, combined with lightness, 2. Patent galvanized tinned iron sheet, corrugated, and curved; used in the construction of roofs, verandahs, &c, 3. Patent galvanized tinned iron sheet, ajiplicable to most of the purposes for which zinc, iron, or tin-plate are used, 4. Sheet of galvanized tinned iron. 5. Patent stamped tile of galvanized tinned iron, used for roofing of buildings. Is more easily fixed than any other kind of metallic roofing; is less liable to be dis- turbed by the wind, or otherwise get out of order; and also packs close for shipment All the above possess the strength of iron, with per- fect protection from rust. 6. Sample of exhibitors' patent tin-plate, more durable and cheaper than the ordinary tin-plate; used for many of the purposes to which tin-plate is applied, and is manu- factured in various-sized sheets up to 8 feet long and 3 feet wide, 7. Specimens of moulded gutters and architectural mouldings, made of exhibitors' patent galvanized tinned iron. 8. Samples of Morewood and Rogers's patent plumbic zinc. A new article, consisting of sheet zinc encased in lead; combines the strength of zinc with the power of lead in resisting the action of acids, &c, 9. Sample of patent ferric sheet lead, A new article, combining the pliancy (and power of resisting weather and acids) of lead with the strength of iron. Used for roofing, and other purposes to which sheet lead is applied. May be used much thinner than sheet lead, which renders it cheaper than that material, and it is not liable to pucker and crack from the action of the sun. 10. Sample of exhibitors' patent compound iron and copper wire, the copper being external ; possesses the strength of iron combined with the durability and con- ducting power of copper. Used for electric telegraph and most purposes to which copper wire is applied. 11. Sample of exhibitors' patent compound iron and brass wire, the brass being external, 12. Sample of exhibitors' patent compound iron and lead wire; possesses the strength of h'on with the dura- bility and economy of lead. 437 ViEILLE MONTAGNE ZiNC MiNING COMPANY. H. F. ScHMOLL, General Agent, 12 Manchester Buildings, Westminster—Producer. Colossal statue of The Queen on her throne, in the attributes of royalty, eighteen feet high, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by M. Dantin, sen., and cast in zinc by M, Paillard, Paris. (Nave—Foreign side.) Busts of The Queen and H.R.H, Prince Albert, life size, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by Francis, Statuette of Sir Robert Peel, two feet high, in imita- tion of bronze, sculptured by Noble. Eos, favourite greyhound of H.R.H. Prince Albert, life size, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by Francis; all cast in zinc by Karl Schroder, of London, Model of sections of Her Majesty's ship "Albion," two- decker, of 90 guns, bolted with zinc bolts and painted with zinc paint; by Philip Trant, working shipwright of the Royal Dockyard, Plymouth; these bolts and butts do not rust like iron bolts; they have great strength and durability, and are cheaper than copper bolts. Model of a frigate of 50 guns, sheathed with zinc and painted with zinc paint; also by Trant. [Castings in zinc are bronzed in two ways: one is simply the application of a kind of paint, and the other is by producing on the stirface an actual coating of copper by erectro-chemical action. The use of zinc bolts is of very recent introduction; they appear less liable than iron to corrosion, unless they form part of a galvanic current, when they are rapidly destroyed. Zinc castings bronzed are very dui'able, and can be produced at a moderate cost. —R, H,] South Side—Akeas S. 1 to S. 27. [United 437a Jack, Charles, 8 and 9 Tottenham Court, New Road, and 80 Uiyper Thames Street—Importer and Manufacturer. Specimens of perforated zinc, of various patterns; mouldings, sash bars, blinds, and other articles of general utility; manufactured from the zinc imported by "La Vieille Montague Zinc Company of Belgium." 438 Glover, T., Clerkenwell—Inventor and Manufacturer. Meters; and the large gas-meter for measuring the gas supplied to the Exhibition Building. 439 Berger, Frederick, 12 Comhill—Producer. Specimens of native red and grey copper ores, from Trenance mines, Cornwall. These deposits were taken from the lode now working in the serpentine formation, being part of a slab of copper of 30 feet in length; pro- duce 96 per cent. The grey ore produces 78 per cent. [The general condition of copper in the serpentine rocks is curious. Fissures running through these rocks are filled in with heterogeneous matters, an occasional slab of native copper being found in the crack. It has not hitherto been usual to discover more than a few isolated patches of copper ore; and Trenance mine, on the junction of the serpentine with the hornblendio slate, is a remarkable exception, producing native copper, the grey sulphuret of copper, and the red oxide of copper.—R, H.] 440 BoLiTHO, Edward, Penzance—Producer. Model of a reverberatory tin smelting furnace and cir- cular table, 51 inches in diameter. The table revolves on rollers. The model stands in the centre of the table, and is surrounded by specimens of various ores prepared for smelting, as well as products from the smelting works. [ISTear this is placed a model of the dressing floors, in one of the mines of the Duchy of Cornwall, in which will be found illustrations of the mode of washing, &c. The tin ores containing arsenic and sulphur are submitted to a roasting process to expel these, and such as contain wolfram are treated by some chemical method, such as that devised by Mr. Oxland, and elsewhere de- scribed. The tin ores are then submitted to the smelting process, as shown in this model, a portion of carbon being employed to prevent the oxidation of the metal.—R, H.] 441 LoNGMAiD, William, London—Manufacturer. Rock salt, chloride of sodium, from Cheshire. Ore, cupreous pyrites, containing sulphur, copper, silver, oxide of tin, iron, silica, &c., from Cornwall. Salt and ore, mixed and ground. Sulphate ash, the calcined product of the former, containing sulphate of soda, chlorides of silver and copper in a soluble state, and oxides of tin and iron, silica, and other insoluble matters. Bleaching powder, hypochlorite of lime, the chlorine of which is obtained by passing a current of dried air through a close furnace (heated externally) in which the ore and salt are in process of calcination. Silver and copper precipitate, and their produce. Glauber's salts, crystallized sulphate of soda. Salt cake, anhydrous sulphate of soda. Black ash, con- taining caustic and carbonated soda, sulphide of calcium, and coal. Crude alkali, the lixiviated product of crocus. Purified alkali, or carbonate of soda, obtained from the former. Crystallized carbonate of soda. Bicarbonate of soda. Insoluble portion of sulphate ash. Crocus, oxide of iron, separated from the former by elutriation —iron the produce. Tin ore, binoxide of tin, obtained from the residual matters of the insoluble portion of sul- phate ash, by further elutriation, as practised at the mines of Cornwall and Devon, in heating tin ores—tin the pro- duce. Roman, or blue vitrol, sulphate of copper, obtained from copper precipitate, by oxidizing the precipitate and treating it with sulphiiric acid. Carburetted oxide of iron. Black ash waste. Black and brown iron paint. Limestone, carbonate of lime. [The following is a simple explanation of the essential details of this process:— Copper pyrites (the double sulphuret of copper and iron) is combined with salt (chloride of sodium), and roasted at a certain moderate temperature. By this, a double de- composition is effected. Sulphate of soda is produced by the combination of the sulphur of the ore with oxygen, to form, first, sulphuric acid, which then unites with the soda of the chloride of sodiiim. The copper is also converted into a soluble sulphate, the iron being left in a state of peroxidation, and the chlorine liberated, which is employed in the manufacture of bleaching powder.—R. H.] 441a Richards, Alfred, Redruth, Cornwall—Designer. Sectional model of East Pool Mine copper lode, Corn- wall; showing its direction by an east and west line marked at the base of the model, and the underlies by a perpendicular shaft. The excavations show where the lode has been developed, and whether it has been worked profitably; the levels, winzes, pitches, &c., are labelled. This method of modelling is considered to have an advantage over sections drawn on paper, as it shows the direction and underlies of the lodes. 442 BreadALBANE, Marquis of, Taymouth, Aheifcldy, Perth—Producer. Specimens from the copper mine of Tomnadashin, on the south side of Loch Tay, Perthshire. 443 Redruth Local Committee, Redruth— Collectors and Producers, Specimens of copper ore from various mines in Corn- wall: illustrations of the various processes it undergoes in preparation for the market, together with the methods for. determining the percentage of pure copper. Spe- cimens of the stratum in which the ore is found. No. Description of Ore, 1 Mine. Parish. Stratum. 1 Yellow ore . Alfred Consols Gwmear Slate. 2 Yellow with fluor spar. Wheal Buller. lied ruth Granite. 3 Ty w arnhayle . Illogan . Slate. 4 V\ heal Buller. lledruth Granite. 5 6 1 Yellow ore . . . | East Crofty . Treviskey . Illogan . Gwennap Slate, 1 Granite i cv Slate. 7 South Frances Illogan . 8 Yellow, grey, and black Ctirn Brea . Illogan . 9 Grey ore Treviskey . Gwennap 11 Grey ore South Bassett. Illogan . Granite. 11 Black and grey . South Frances lUog-an . 12 Black in Gosan . Wheal Buller. Redruth 13 Black in Gosan . South Frances Illogan . [The county of Cornwall is the most important mineral district of the United Kingdom, for the number of its metalliferous minerals, many of which are not found in any other part of our islands. At a very early period of our history, mines were worked around the sea-coasts of Cornwall, of which the evidences are still to be seen at Tol-pedden-Penwith, near the Land's End; in Gwennap, near Truro; and at Cadgwith, near the Lizard Point. The traditionary statements that the Phoenicians traded for tin with the Britons in Cornwall, are very fairly supported by corroborative facts; and it is not impro- bable that the Ictes, or Iktis, of the ancients was St. Michael's Mount, near Penzance, In the reign of King John, the mines of the western portion of England appear to have been principally in the hands of the Jews. The modes of working must have been very crude, and their metallurgical processes exceed- ingly rough. From time to time the remains of furnaces, called Jews' houses, have been discovered, and small South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. blocks of tin, known as Jews tin, have not unfrequently been found in the mining localities. Till a comparatively recent date, tin was the only metal which was sought for; and, in many cases, the mines were abandoned when the miners came to the " yellows," that is, the yellow sulphuret of copper. The greatest quantity of tin has been produced by streaming" (as washing the debris in the valleys is termed); and this variety, called '' stream tin," produces the highest price in the market. The conditions under which these deposits occur, are curious and instructive. At the Carnon Tin Stream Works, north of Falmouth, the rounded pebbles of tin are found at a depth of about 50 feet from the surface, beneath the bottom of an estuary, where trees are dis- covered in their place of growth, together with human skulls, and the remains of deer, amidst the vegetable accu- mulations which immediately cover the stanniferous beds. According to Mr. Kenwood's measurement, the section presents first about 50 feet of silt and gravel; then a bed of 18 inches in thickness of wood, leaves, nuts, &c,, resting on the tin ground, composed of the debris of quartz, slate, and granite, and the tin ore. At the Pen- tuan Works, near St. Austell, similar deposits occur, proving a material alteration in the level during the period expended in the formation of this deposit. Tin is also worked out of the lode in many parts, the ore occurring both in the slate and the granite formations. The modes of dressing" the tin ore, preparing it for the smelter, and the processes of smelting, are illustrated in the Exhibition. There has been a remarkable uniformity in the quantity of tin produced in Cornwall during a long period, as will be seen from the following table:— Price per Cvvt. Years. Tons. s. 1750 1,600 1760 1,800 1770 2,000 1780 1,800 3 0 1790 2,000 3 15 1800 1,500 5 0 1810 1,400 7 0 1820 1,700 3 5 1830 3,500 3 0 1840 5,000 3 15 The produce of this metal within the last few years has been as follows:— Years. Tons. 1844 7,507 1845 7,739 1846 8,945 1847 10,072 1848 10,176 1849 10,719 The copper mines, now so important, were so little worked until a recent period, that, in 1799, we are told in a Report on the Cornish mines, ''it was not imtilthe beginning of the last century that copper was dis- covered in Britain." This is not correct, for in 1250, a copper mine was worked near Keswick, in Cumberland. Edward III. granted an indenture to John Ballanter and Walter Bolbolter, for working all ''mines of gold, silver, and copper:" but that the quantity found was very small is proved from the fact, that Acts of Parliament were passed in the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VL, to prevent the exportation of brass and copper, " lest there should not be metal enough left in the kingdom fit for making guns and other engines of war, and for house- hold utensils:" and in 1665, the calamine works are encouraged by the Government, as "the continuing these works in England will occasion plenty of rough copper to be brought in." At the end of the seventeenth century, some "gentlemen from Bristol made it their business to inspect the Cornish mines, and bought the copper for two pounds ten shillings per ton, and scarce ever more than four pounds a ton." In 1700, one Mr. John Costar introduced an hydraulic engine into Cornwall, by which he succeeded in draining the mines, and "he taught the people of Cornwall also a better way of assaying a,nd dressing the ore." The value and importance of the copper mines since that period has been regularly increasing. During a term of about 30 years, 220 mines have sold their ores at the public sales. The following table, from a report by Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.P., represents the progress of copper mining, from 1771 to 1837:— Years. Tons of Ore. Tons of Total Value Standard Value Copper. of Ore. per Ton. £. £. 1771 27,896 3,347 189,609 81 1780 24,433 2,932 171,231 83 1799 51,273 4,223 469,664 121 1800 55,981 5,187 550,925 133 1802 53,937 5,228 445, <-94 111 1805 78,452 6,234 864,410 170 1808 67,867 6,795 495,303 770,028 100 1809 76,245 6,821 6,720 143 1812 71,547 549,665 111 1814 74,322 6,369 627,501 130 1816 77,334 6,697 447,959 98 1818 86,174 6,849 686,005 135 1821 98,426 8,514 605,968 103 1825 107,454 8,226 726,353 124 1827 126,710 10,311 745,178 106 1831 146,502 12,218 817,740 100 1837 140,753 10,823 908,613 119 The produce of the copper mines of Cornwall, since 1845, has been as follows:— Ore Copper Money Value. Years. in Tons. in Tons. s. 1845 162,557 12,883 919,934 6 1846 150,431 11,851 796,182 6 1847 155,985 12,754 889,287 0 1848 147,701 12,422 720,090 0 1849 146,326 11,683 763,614 0 1850 155,025 12,254 840,410 0 With the improvements in the construction of the steam-engine, the facilities for working the mines have been increased. The first steam-engine employed in the county was set to work at Huel Vor Tin Mine, near Hel- stone, in 1713, by Newcomen; but it was not imtil the reconstruction of the engine was effected by Watt, that steam power was generally employed for draining the mines. The rapid advance made by Cornish engineers in the perfection of their engines will be seen by the follow- ing return of the duty, that is, the performance of each, which is reckoned by the number of millions of pounds lifted a foot high by the consumption of a bushel of coals:— Name of Mine. Highest Duty. Stray Park, 1813 . . . 29,000,000 Dolcoath, 1816 . . . • 40,000,000 Consolidated Mines, 1822 44,000,000 Consolidated Mines, 1827 67,000,000 Fowey Consols, 1834 . . 97,000,000 United Mines, 1842 . . 108,000,000 South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. A brief statement of the qviantity of coals consumed per month, in a few of the principal mines, will show the extent to which steam power is now employed. Bushels of 94 lbs. Fowey Consols, 1835 . . . I01,2i6 Godolphin, 1839 ... . 129,801 Fowey Consols, 1840 . . . 203,699 United Mines, 1842 . . . 84,862 Two examples of Cornish engines may be seen near the Metropolis, one at the East London Water Works, and the other at Brentford. The lead mines of Cornwall have produced of the argentiferous sulphuret, during five years, the following number of tons of ore:— Callington . Huel Mary Ann Cornubian . E, and VV. Haven Huel Trelawney , Camelford E. Huel Kose N. Huel Rose Cargol . Oxnams Huel Rose . Huel Penrose Holmbush . New Quay . Porthleven . Pentire . . Cubert . . Leman . Huel Concord Huel Trehane Herodscoombe Herodsfoot . Great Callestock Moors Callestock . Treyorden . Huel Fenhale Huel Golden Cartheu Consols 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 950 1,138 166 1,249 957 625 192 334 873 420 16 280 529 883 413 1,296 180 7,883 5,191 6,424 5,333 30 4,758 84 75 *55 306 95 i 964 505 188 47 470 269 *57 375 378 399 107 1J6 11 12 '60 154 io2 '73 8 *82 34 136 354 *68 30 73 30 30 312 459 37 375 721 1,050 109 116 179 '28 50 80 45 The produce of zinc is not easily attainable, but it is now somewhat considerable, as is also that of arsenic, and of the iron pyrites, used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The number of individuals employed in 59 Cornish copper mines, was computed by Sir Charles Lemon, in 1837, to be— Men .... 10,624 Women . . . 3,802 Children . . . 8,490 The men alone work underground; the women and children are employed on the surface, picking and dressing the ore. Mr.W. J. Henwood estimates the number employed at— Men .... 18,472 Women . . . 5,764 Children . . . 5,764 30,000 Beside the minerals peculiarly industrial, a very large variety of beautiful mineralogical specimens are produced in the county. A large trade in kaolin—china-clay—is carried on; and of the building and ornamental stones of Cornwall, granites, slates, porphiries, serpentines, and other kinds, a considerable variety in the natural state, and wrought into articles of use and ornament, will be found in the Exhibition. The accompanying map is intended to furnish information as to the metalliferous mineral wealth of Great Britain generally, and the site of diflferent mines is represented by symbols which will render the map intelligible as a means of reference in studying the metalliferous minerals in Class 1.—R, H.] 444 Grylls, S., & Redruth Committee- A large mass of copper pyrites. -Producer 445 Lean, J., West Caradon Mine, Liskeard—Producer, Grey and native copper ore. 446 PucKEY, John, St. Blazey, St. Austell—Agent. Mass of copper ore, about 1,500 lbs. in weight, from Par Consols Mine, St. Blazey, Cornwall. This specimen contains some quartz and chlorite, and shows the " walls" and inclination of the lode. [The produce of this mine for some years has been as follows:— Copper in Tons. Cwts. 464 Years. 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 -R. H.] Ore in Tons. 5,655 6,065 6,101 8,470 12,228 7,152 557 625 914 736 641 Total Value. £. 30,881 35,144 42,953 52,353 47,249 44,090 447 Wellborne, W. Specimens of iron ore. Bodmin—Pro ducer. 448 Taylor, J., Comwcdl—Producer. Iron ores from Restormel. 449 Drew, Joseph, St. Austell—Producer. Iron ore, magnetic and oxidulated, from the Trerank mine, near St. Austell. Brown hsematite, from the same mine. Iron ores. Red haematite, from Treverbyn mine. 450 Bennett, Carr, & Co., Moorgate Street—Producers Copper ores, gossan, &c., St. Brenard, Cornwall. 451 Taylor, R.—Producer. Mining tools, as used in the Cornish mines. 452 Duchy of Cornwall—Producer. Sections of Cornish copper mines. 453 Devon Great Consolidated Copper Mining Company, Tavistock—Producer. Specimens of copper ore. 454 Seccombe, Samuel, Phcenix Mines, Lisheard— Producer. Specimens of tin and copper ore, and gossan. Pieces of copal and of the stratum from the side of the lode.—All from one lode in Phoenix mines in the parish of Lenking- horne, near Liskeard. Specimens of fire-bricks. Specimen of native copper from West Caradon mine. Piece of barytes from Wheal Mary Ann. 455 Wellborne, W., Bodmin—Producer. Specimens of tin ore and tin. 456 Readwin, T. A., Winchester Buildings—Producer. Tin stone, from Wheal Augusta, St. Just. 457 Diamond, J., Tavistock—Producer. Specimens of tin ore. from Wheal Mary. 457a Bird, J., Wallwyd, Merioneth, Wales—Proprietor. Specimen of silver lead ore, weighing350 lbs., contain- ing 16 cwt. 3 qrs. 10 lbs. of lead per ton, 82| oz. of silver per ton of lead, extracted from the great Cowarch silver lead mine, which has been in work seven years, and is situate on the Browddwy estate, the property of the exhibitor. Exported from Aberdovey, North Wales. 458 CoLLETT, Wm. R., Gort, County Galway—Producer, Cahirglissaun silver-lead ore; found in carbonate of lime between Gort and Kin vara, County Galway, Ireland. The parting assay of Messrs. Johnson is— South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Lead 45 Copper 21 Sulphur 23 Antimony and arsenic ... 8 Silver I'l Earthy matter and loss . . 1"9 100-0 About 30 tons of this ore have been raised last year. It is much esteemed in the market. 459 BleE; Robert, Bedmth—Inventor. Safety bucket to be used in mines for drawing up per- sons or produce. This bucket is furnished with guides to run in grooves which extend along the whole depth or shaft of the pit. To the guides are fixed strong crooks to which the drawing-rope is attached. So long as the tension of the rope continues, the crooks are held in over the bucket. Should the rope break, and its tension consequently cease, the crooks are immediately thrown out by springs, which constantly act on them, and cause the crooks to take hold on the iron staves of strong ladders fixed at the back of the grooves throughout their length. 460 PoLKiNGHORNE, W., Fowey Consols Mine, Tyeward- reath— Inventor. A synopsis of the Cornwall ticketings for copper ores from 1800 to the present time; together with a synopsis of the Swansea ticketings from 1815 to the same period; which contains the following information, viz., the standard, produce, price, and quantity of copper ores sold, amount of money realised, and the quantity of fine copper produced, with the respective fluctuations for each year, as well as for every six years; exhibiting also the totals and averages for the whole period collectively. The object of this synopsis is to show to all interested in the copper trade, at one glance, the state of the copper market during the past half century. The novelty of this document consists in its arrangement, and the in- vention of the diagram, which shows the different valua- tions of the standard each year by coloured lines, differ- ing in length, so that for the highest, lowest, or inter- mediate years, the observer, by following the line, can at once obtain the information he requires without scan- ning the columns. This synopsis, from its valuable tabular matter, will be useful not only to miners, but to statists in general. 461 MiCHELL, F.—Producer. Pick for dressing granite. 462 Arthur, J.—Inventor. Apparatus for lifting pumps from mines full of water. 463 Eddy, J.—Inventor. Apparatus for lifting pumps. 464 Tresize, T., Perran Foundei^y—Kakev. Model of improved smelting furnace. 465 Vincent, T,, Redmth—Producer. Model of a steam-engine by a working miner. 466 HosKiNG, R., Perran Foundery, Falmouth— Producer. Model of compound valve for pumps. 467 The Truro Local Committee—Producers. Articles illustrating lead, from East Wheel Rose, near Truro, Pentire Glaze, near Wadebridge, and other Cornish mines, [Wheel, or wheal, appended to the names of most of the Cornish mines, is a corruption from an old word, probably Cornish, Huel, which was employed to signify a mine. East Wheel Rose has proved the most productive lead mine in the west of England, the returns of lead from this mine being for a few years as follows :—• Years. Ore in Tons. Lead in Tons. 1845 7,883 5,191 1846 4,729 3,114 1847 6,424 3,854 1848 4,758 2,856 1849 5,333 3,191.—R. H.I 468 The Truro Local Committee—Producers. Articles, illustrating tin, from various Cornish mines (supplied by George ISTicolls Simmons, Mr, Hemy Bor- row, of Truro; Capt, Webb, of St. Austell; Capt. Evans, of St. Agnes; Mr. J. N. R. Millett, of Penzance; and other gentlemen, from Great Beam Mine, near St, Austell, Budnick Mine, in Perranzabulal, Rocks Mine, in St. Agnes, Friendly Mines, in St. Agnes; Mineral Court Mine, in St, Stephen's, and from various mines in the Penzance district), exhibiting the ore in its various stages until it leaves the miner's hands as black-grain tin. A block of white tin very free from impurity, the produce of Mineral Court Mine, supplied by the shareholders, and a rude smelted block of tin supplied by Mr. G. N. Simmons, found in Ladock, near Truro, and supposed to have been smelted when the Phoenicians traded to Cornwall for tin. [Tin appears to have been raised in Cornwall from a very early period. Traditionary evidence, supported by strong corroborative facts, appears to prove that the kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea were supplied with tin from Cornwall by the Phoenician merchants at a very early date. The circumstance of this metal being found in the beds of streams, and in deposits at the base of the primary rocks, from which it could be obtained without much labour, may have been the cause of its being early known to the Britons. The oxide of tin is usually found deposited in beds in water-worn pebbles, and mixed with the debris of the neighbouring hills. There can be but little doubt that these tin deposits are the result of the disintegrating action of the atmospheric causes and of water; some of the tin beds, 30 or 50 feet from the present surface, con- tain vegetable matter, as branches of trees, and large logs of wood; and at Carnon stream works, human skulls were discovered amidst the debris, 53 feet below the surface. Tin is also found in the lode, either as peroxide, cupreous-sulphuret of tin, or tin pyrites, the analysis of the peroxide giving—peroxide of tin, 96-265; silica, 0-750; peroxide of iron and manganese, 3-395. Many indications of early tin-mining are to be found in Cornwall, as stated in a preceding note. For many centuries the Dukes of Cornwall drew a large revenue from its tin. The tin when smelted into blocks was forwarded to the nearest coinage town, there to be stamped by the Duchy officers, who cut a piece off" the corner of each block, which was retained as the Duchy's dues. In 1337, Edward the Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall, and then the average profit of the coinage was 4,000 marks per annum. In 1814, tho revenues to the Duchy from tin was about 8,500^,, and tlio average tin revenue from 1820, to the abolition of the coinages in October, 1838, has been estimated at 12,000/., per annum. In 1750, about 2,000 tons of tin were pro- duced in Cornwall, and in 1838, about 5,000; since that period the quantity cannot be accurately ascertained, the trade in tin being in the hands of a few, and the purchases of ore being usually made by private contract.—R, H.] South Side—Aeeas S. 1 to S. 27. 469 Local Committee, St. Austell—Collector. Alluvium, in which stream tin ore is found. The ore as prepared for sale. Specimens of pebbles of tin ore. Building stones from the vicinity of St. Austell, pre- pared in cubes. 470 Welborne, J. W., St. Austell, and 38 Albemarle Street—Producer. Slab of rosin tin ore, from the Par Consols Mine, near St. Austell, Cornwall. Stone of the magnetic oxide of iron, from Roche Rock iron mine. Sulphuret of copper, or yellow copper ore, from Bodmin Wheal Mary Consols, near Bodmin. 471 White & Grant, i)a/A?^'-<r?^oc/^ iioac?, Glasgow— Inventors and Manufacturers, Patent safety cage and detaching catch for mine-shafts, to prevent accidents from the breaking or over-winding of ropes or chains. 472 HosKiNG, R., Perran, Cornwall—Inventor. Reversing apparatus, for horse whim and stamping machinery. 473 Swansea Committee, Swansea—Manufacturers. Specimens of copper ore, and of calcined ore, blistered and refined copper, &c. 474 Taylor, John, London—Producer. Collection of rare and metalliferous metals. 475 Thorne, William, Barnstaple—Proprietor. Pseudomorphic spathose iron, showing the structure of box and slipper specimens; yellow sulphuret of copper; peacock copper; foliated mundic and crystallized white quartz; from the Virtuous Lady Mine, near Tavistock, Devon. [These singular formations are due to the deposit of the sulphuret of iron upon crystals of sulphate of lime, which have been dissolved out subsequently. They have been rarely met with in any other mine.—R. H.] Crystallized white iron, with lead and Fahlertz ores, containing silver, from the Combmartin Mines, in JSTorth Devon. Specimens of killas, or clay slate, white iron, crystal- lized white quartz, mundic, and lead and Fahlertz ores, from the Wheal Golden Mine, Perranzabuloe, Cornwall. Hydraulic cement and raw mineral paint, from Bicking- ton Quarry, near Barnstaple, Devon. Ashlar-stone, hone-stone, clay, and granite gravel, from Tavistock, near Barnstaple. 476 GooDHALE & Reeves, for the Emgerige Nickel Work, Vigersund, via Drammen, Norway—Proprietors and Producers. Nickel ore; from mines in the district of Ringerige, in Norway (about thirty miles north-west from Christiania), worked only last year: containing 2*80 percent, nickel, with 40*46 sulphur, 56*03 iron, and 0*40 copper, [The Norwegian mines have lately attracted much at- tention in this country on accoLint of the cobalt and nickel ores they contain,—R. H,] 477 Johnson & Matthey, 79 Hatton Garden— Manufacturers. Specimens of metals and metallic compounds:—Pla- tinum crucibles, with capsule covers; and with ordinary covers. Capsules, spatula, and large basin of this metal; oxide and sponge platinum. Palladium; part of an ingot; a cup, soldered with fine gold; another, smaller, raised with the hammer; alloy of silver and palladium used by dentists and philosophical instrument makers; oxide of palladium; and its salts, red and yellow. Iridium; pure metallic in vase ; and the native alloy, as used for nibs of pens; its oxide and salts. Rhodium; metallic in vase ; its crystal of sodo-chloride; oxide; and phosphuret. Uranium; its oxide; glass vessel showing the colour produced by the oxide of uranium, [Platinum was discovered by Ulloa in 1735, but it was first rendered available by Dr, Wollaston, The largest supply of the metals platinum, palladium, iridium, rho- dium, and uranium, is obtained from the Uralian Moun- tains ; some is procured from the alluvial deposits of Brazil and other parts of South America, These metals, except uranium, are commonly found combined. Uranium is procured from pitchblende, uranite, and other minerals found in Cornwall and Bohemia.—R. H,] [The colour produced by mixing a minute portion of the oxide of uranium in a mass of molten glass is one of the most beautiful colours obtained by art. It is a charming golden green of an opalline lustre, so peculiar as to distinguish it from all other colours in glass,— R. E.] 478 Pimm, Henry, & Co., 29 Newhall Street, Birmingham—Manufacturers. Gold and silver leaf, and bronze powders. 479 Mathison, G. F., Hoyal Mint Refinery—Producer, Sulphuric acid process of separating gold, silver, and copper. 480 Pattinson, Hugh Lee, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Inventor. Specimens to illustrate the exhibitor's process for the separation of silver from lead: viz., original lead; crys- tallized lead; slabs of lead, to show the form of the crys- tals; rich lead; plate of silver obtained by submitting rich lead to cvipellation. Large drawing to illustrate the process. [This process of desilverizing lead is founded on the physical fact, that lead crystallizes at a temperatiu-e above that at which silver solidifies, and in this process of aggre- gation, the silver is separated from the commoner metal. It is effected by the use of hemispherical cast-iron pans, holding about three tons of metal, which are heated by a fire below them; the argentiferous lead is placed in these, and melted, after which the fire is withdrawn, and all made air-tight below. The workman now begins to agi- tate the mass, which he does with an iron rake, removing the solid parts from the edges, as solidification takes place. With an iron strainer the solid crystals are removed as fast as they are formed; these are nearly pure lead, the liquid mass left behind being rich in silver. This process is repeated three or four times, the mass left after the last operation, which contains from 3 to 400 ounces of silver to the ton, is then submitted to the process of cupellation, by which the lead is oxidized, and the silver left in a state of purity behind. By the original method, lead ores containing less than 20 ounces of silver to the ton scarcely paid the expense of working. By this process, ores containing only three ounces to the ton, are made to yield their silver.—R. H.] 481 Hallett, George, Broadwall, Blackfriars— Manufacturer. Antimony. Sulphuret ore, from Sarawak, Borneo, Leghorn, Tuscany; oxide ore, from Algeria. Refined sulphuret of antimony, commercially known as " Crude Antimony:" used in medicine, dyeing, pyrotechny, and chemistry.—Metallic antimony, commercially known as "Regulus," mth fracture shown; designated as ''Best bowl Regulus." Metallic antimony, more highly refined, exhibiting its naturally crystallized, or fernlike surfaces, and its fracture; commercially known as ''Best French qua- South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. lity Regulus."—Used principally to harden other soft and ductile metals; viz., with lead and tin for printing types; with copper and tin (and sometimes lead), for Britannia or Queen's metal, pewter wares, &c. Melted with tin, it has of late been used as an anti-friction alloy, for rail- way axles and other bearings, in metallic rings or collars for machinery, &c. As this alloy is not so much heated by friction as the harder metals, less grease is con- sumed. 482 Hunt, John (per C. Boyd, 15 Addison Road, Keyisinjton)—Inventor. Machine for washing poor slimy ores, employed in Brittany. 483 A Collection of Minerals, Contributed by agents and workmen connected with the lead mines of Allendale, Alston Moor, Weardale, Cald- beck, and Keswick, including 2,000 specimens, aiTanged and cemented together by Mr. Isaac Robinson, of JSTent- head, for the Great Exhibition of 1851, tinder the general superintendence and direction of Mr. T. Sopwith, and a Committee of Mining Agents connected with the above districts. The following: is a cataloo;ue of the above minerals:— Name of Mineral. Locality. Contributor. Matrix of quartz . . . Quartz Sulphuret of zinc and ) carbonate of iron . j Qua^^z Carbonate and sulpha- \ ret of iron . . . . j Fluor,cappedwith quartz Car'iionate of lime . . . Sulphuret of zinc, with 1 carbonate of iron . 3 Fluor Sulphuret of zinc w ith ) carbonate of iron . ( Madrepore coral, crys- tallized with quartz and carbonate of iron Quartz Quartz, with carbonate of iron and sulphu- ret of zinc .... Fluor and sulphuret of { iron 5 Fluor,cappedvvith quartz Sulphuret of zinc, with ) iron pyrites ... 5 Fluor,capped with quartz Sulphuret of zinc and { carbonate of iron . 3 Carbonate of iron and ^ lime with sulphuret V of zinc ) Quartz Fluor Carbonate of iron . . . Fluor Fluor,cappedwith quartz Fluor, covered with ^ arragonite .... 3 Quartz Quartz with sulphuret ^ of zinc 3 Fluor, with carbonate | of iron 3 Carbonate of lime . . . Sulphuret of zinc and \ carbonate of iron . S Carbonate of iron, sul- phuret of zinc with quartz Brokvn blend Fluor Sulphuret of zinc and \ arragonite . . . . ^ Sulphuret,capped with ) quartz 5 Fluor and carbonate of ( iron 3 Quartz, with sulphuret 1 of zinc 3 Carlionate and sulphu ret of iron, witli sul phuret of zinc . . West Allendale Nenthead . Nenthead . Nenthead . Nenthead . Allenheads Nenthead . Nenthead . Teesdale. . Nenthead . Nenthead . , Nenthead . Nenthead . Allenheads Allenheads Allenheads Allenheads Nenthead . Alston Moor Nenthead . Allenheads Nenthead . Nentliead . Weardale Mines Nenthead . Nenthead . Nenthead . AUenhea's Garri<^ill. . Nenthead . Nenthead . Allenheads Nenthead . Nenthead Nenthead . Nenthead . Nenthead . Nenthead Matthew Millican. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Hobinson. Isaac Robinson, Thomas Cain. W. B., Leah Mines. Isaac l^.obinson. Jacob Walton. Thomas Watson. Isaac Robinson. Thomas Cain. Isaac Robinson. Jacob Walton. W. B., Lead Mines. W.B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Mines. Isaac Robinson. Robert Broadwood. Isaac Robinson. W. B., Lead Mines. Thomas Cain. Isaac Robinson. W. B., Lead Mines. William Wallace. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robinson. W. B., Lear Mines. William Hayton. Isaac Robinson. Jacob Walton. W. B., Lead Mines. Isaac Robinson. William Hayton. Isaa" Robinson. Jacob Walton. George Rutherford. John Froest. Name of Minehal, j Locality. 39 Quartz and sulphuret^ ' of zinc Fluor and quartz • • . Arragonite tinged with") | iron 3 j Quartz, carbonate of iron, and sulphuret of y.inc Sulphuret of zinc . . Carbonate of iron and | sulphuret of zinc . 3 Fluor,cappedwith quartz Carbonate of iron and J fluor y Carl ionate of lime . . . Fluor, covered with | quartz ^ Quartz upon sulphuret | of zinc ( Fluor Sulphuret of zin<", car- \ bonate of iron, and > quartz j Yellow tluor, capped ) v.ith quartz. ... 3 Carbonate of lime on ) quartz 3 Carbonate of lime on \ quartz 3 Quartz, capped with \ carbonate of iron . 3 Quartz Carbonate of lime . . . Phosphate of lead . . . Fluor, with carbonate^ of iron 3 (""arbonate of lime . . . Sulphate of barytes . . >ulphiiret of lead . . . Sulphuret of lead v\ ith ^ iron pyrites. . . . j Quartz Sulphuret of lime ■) upon quartz. ... 3 Fluor Arragonite Iron pyrites Quartz Huor, with iron (sul-^ phuret) 3 Fluor and carbonate of > iron 3 Sulphate of barytes, \ tin^^ed with iron . 3 Sulphate of barytes, ) tinged with iron. . 3 Fluor Fluor and carbonate of) lime 5 Sulphuret of lead and \ yellow fluor . . . j Fluor upon quartz . . . Quartz Sulphuret of zinc and \ carbonate of iron . j" Carbonate of lime . . . Quartz upon fluor . . . Fluor,capped withquartz Fl uor and carbonate of ) lime 3 Green carbonate of ^ copper and suiphu- | ret of copper . . . / Yellow fluor ..... Arsenic, phosphate of) lead andmiingane.se 5 Arsenic, phosphate of) lead,and mantjanese 3 Carbonate of lime . . . Fluor, covered with 1 carbonate of iron . 3 Limestone,\v ith a weak \ string of lead ... 3 Plate Hazle Green carbonate of^ copper 3 Quartz Carbonate of lime . . . Sulphuret of zinc and') quartz 3 Arsenic, phosphate of \ lead <■ Arsenic, phosphate of\ lead S Green carbonate of j copper...... 3 Nenthead . . . Allenheads . . West Allendale Nenthead . Nenthead . Nenthead . Allendale . Allendale . Garrigill. . Weardale . Nenthead . Allenheads Nenthead . Nenthead . Garrigill . . Garrigill . Nenthead . Nenthead . Nentliead . Caldbeck Fells Allenheads Allenheads Westmoreland Nenthead . Garrigill . . Nenthead . Nenthead . Allenheads Nenthead . Allenheads Nenthead . Allenheads Allenheads Keswick. . Keswick . Allenheads Allenheads Allenheads Allenheads Nenthead . Nenthead . Teesdale. . Weardale . Garrigill . . Allenheads Caldbeck Fells Nenthead . . Hesketh. . . Hesketh . . . Alston Moor. Allenheads . Nenthead . • Nentliead . . Nenthead . • Stavely, West- moreland . Green Castle. Nenthead . . Nenthead . . Caldbeck Fells Caldbeck Fells Caldbeck Fells Contributor. Isaac Kobinson. Isaac Robinson. Wallace Millican. Jacob Walton, Isaac Robinson. Thomas Watson. W. B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Mines. William Hayton. W.B., Lead Mines. Isaac Robinson. W. B., Lead Mines. Joseph Hayton. William Wallace. William Thompson. William Wallace. Jacob Walton. Isaac Robinson. William Wallace. Sam. Merryweather. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robii"son. Isaac Robinson. Tliomas Wilkinson. Joseph Walton. Isaac Robinson. William Hayton. W. B., Lead Mines, William Hayton, W. B , Lkad Mines. Jacob Walton. W. B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Mini s. Jacob Walton. Jacob Walton. W, B., Lead Minks, W. B., Lead Minks. W. B., Lkad Mines. W. B., Lead Mines . Isaac i^oliinson. Isaac Robinson. Thomas Watson. W. B., Lkad iMines. Joseph Walton. W. B., Lead Mines. Sam. Merryweather. Ro' ert Thompson. Joseph C. Cain. Joseph C. Cain Joseph C. Cain. W. B., Lead Mines. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robinson. Joseph C. Cain. T. B. Leonard. Thomas Watson. Isaac Robinson. Joseph C. Cain. Joseph C. Cain. Sam. Merrvweather. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Name of Mineral. Carbonate of barytes . Sulphuret of copper . . Carbonate of lead . . . Blue and green car- ) bonate of copper . ) Fluor, capped with quartz Earthy carbonate of lead Fluor spar and sulphu-1 ret of lime .... 3 Sulphuret of zinc and \ carbonate of iron. . 5 Arsenic, phosphate of) lead with manganese J Sulphuret of lead and \ carbonate of iron . j" Cyalend Carbonate of lime . . . Arsenic, phosphate of lead, and sulphate of barytes Quartz Copper Arragonite Quartz Carbonate of zinc . . . Blue carbonate of copper Fluor,capped\vith quartz Cycular arragonite. . . Fluor and copper pyrites Phosphate of lead . . . Blue fluor Quartz (/arbonate of barytes. . Sulphate of barytes . . Fluor and carbonate of ^ iron ) Carbonate of lead . . . Sulphate of barytes . . Fluor Oxide of manganese . . Carbonate of lime. . . Fluor Fluor and carbonate of\ lime .3 Green carbonate of^ copper 5 Carbonate of iron and \ quartz 3 Matrix of quartz.... Arragonite, Quartz, blend, and car- \ bonate of iron. . . 3 Phosphate of lead . . . Quart/- Sulphuret of iron . . . Carbonate of barytes. . Green carbonate of \ copper 3 Blue carbonate of zinc . Fluor Fluor and carbonate ot\ iron ....... 3 Fluor and carbonate of V iron 5 Fluor and quartz . . . Sulphate of zinc and ^ carbonate of iron . 5. Sulphate of zinc and \ carbonate of iron. . ( Fluor, quartz, and car- \ bonate of lime . . 5 Blue and green car- \ bonate of copper . 3 Green malachite. . . . Arsenic, phosphate of ^ lead ] Fluor " Carbonate of lime . . . Sulphate of barytes . . Sulphate of zinc. . . , Quartz Fluor and carbonate of) iron .3 Carbonate of lime . . . Sulphuret of zinc and l carbonate of iron. . 3 Sulphuret of zinc and carbonate of iron and fluor Carbonate of lime . . Arsenic, phosphate of lead Carbonate of lime . . Phosphate of lead . . Carbonate of lime , . CarboiiaU; of lime . . Alston .... Nenthea I . . . Weardale . . . Hesketh. . . . Weardale . . . Teesdale .... Nenthead . . . Nenthead . , . Caldbeck Fells. Nenthead , . . Alleuheads . . Nenthead . . . Caldbeck Fells. Nenthead . . . Driggith. . . . Nenthead . . . Nenthead . . . Cross Fell. . . Caldbeck Fells. Allenlieads . . Alston .... West Allendale Caldbeck Fells . AUenheads . . Alston Moor. . Nortliu mberland Westmoreland . AUenheads . . Alston .... Westmoreland . AUenheads . . Caldbeck Fells. Nenthead . . . AUenheads . . AUenheads . . Caldbeck Fells, Nenthead . . . West Allendale West Allendale Nenthead . . . Caldbeck Fells . Green Castle. . Nenthead . . . North umberland Caldbeck Fells. Caldbeck Fells. AUenheads . AUenheads . . AUenheads . . AUenheads . . Nenthead . . . Nenthead . . . Weardale . . . Caldbeck Fells, Caldbeck Fells. Caldbeck Fells. AUenheads . . Nenthead . . . Westmoreland . Nenthead . . . Nenthead . . . AUenheads . . Alston Moor. . Nenthead . . . Nenthead . . . Nenthead . . . Caldbeck Fells Alston Monr. . Caldbeck Fells . Alston Moor. . West Allendale Contributor. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Emerson. Joseph C. Cain, W. B., Lead Mines. William Wallace. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robinson. Joseph C. Cain. Isaac Robinson. W, B., Lead Mines. James Armstrong. Joseph C. Cain. Isaac Robinson, Joseph Peart. Wm. Stephenson, Jacob Walton, Jacob Walton. Sam. Merry weather. W, B., Lead Mines, J. Farrell, Matthew Millican. Sam. Merry weather, W. B., Lead Mines. Jacob Walton. Jacob Walton. Isaac Robinson. W. B., Lead Mines. Jacob Walton. Isaac Robinson. W. B., Lead Mines. Joseph C. Cain. William Hayton. W. B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Mines. Sam. Merryweather. Thomas Cain. Matthew Millican. Wallace Millican. John Froest. Sam. Merryweather. Ralph Lindsay. 1 saac Robinson. Jacob Walton. Sam. Merryweather. Sam. Merryweather. W. B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Mines. W. B., Lead Minks. W. B.j Lead Mines. Isaac Robinson. Isaac Robinson. W, B., Lead Mines, Sam, Merryweather. Sam, Merryweather. Joseph C, Cain, W. B., Lead Mines. William Wallace. Isaac Robinson. Jacob Walton. Isaac Rutherford. W. B., Lkad Mine^'. Joseph C. Cain. Isaac Robinson. William Wallace. William Wallace. Joseph C. Cain. Joseph C. Cain. Sam. Merryweather. Joseph C. Cain. Wallace Millican. 484 SopwiTH, Thomas, F.R.S., &c., Allenlieads, Northumberland-—-Inventor and Producer. Specimens of lead ores and associated minerals, with examples of the various stages of progress, from their being excavated in the mine and carried through the sevei'al departments of v^ashing and smelting, until fm*- nished and ready for the market in the form of a cake of silver, and a pig, or piece of lead,known as W. B. Lead. The specimens of minerals usually associated with lead ores are collected from various mines, and are fitted together in a separate case, under the direction of the exhibitor, by Messrs. Cain and Wallace of Nenthead, and others. The general arrangement of the strata in which these ores and minerals are found, is exhibited by a section of part of the lead-mining district belonging to Went- worth Blackett Beaumont, Esq., at AUenheads, in the county of Northumberland, and from whose mines the specimens of lead ores and examples of processes during conversion into lead and silver are taken ; and a further illustration of the geological structure of this part of England is given by an isometrical plan and section by the exhibitor, showing a considerable tract of mining ground in the manor of Alston Moor, in the county of Cumberland, The principal phenomena of minera,! veins and dis- placement of the strata in which lead ore is obtained in the north of England, are shown by dissected models invented by the exhibitor, and examples of the finished products are contained in a sepai-ate case, from Mr, Beau- mont's smelt-mills, under the direction of his agent, Mr. Thomas Steel. This collection, the general nature of which is here briefly indicated, is intended to illustrate the geological position and usual products of the north of England lead- mines. The following is the order of the five several portions, and which are more particularly described under these several heads in the sequel:— I. Sections of Strata at Allenheads and Alston. II. Models to illustrate Mineral Veins, etc. III. Minerals associated with Lead Ores. IV. Examples of the various stages of progress from the Mine to the Market. V. Lead and Silver prepared for Sale. I, As the express object of this collection is to afford a general view of the whole of the principal features relative to the extensive and important departments of British industry connected with lead-mining, and as this information is more expressly intended for the use of those who are not locally conversant with the physical conditions under which lead ores are itsually obtained, the exhibitor has, in the first instance, thought it neces- sary to present clear and distinct views of the geological structure of the district in which the chief lead-mines of the north of England are situated, in order that, without going into purely technical details, which are only of local interest, the several strata and order of super- position may be readily understood. As an approximate comparative view of produce, it may be considered that the lead raised in Mr, Beaumont's mines amounts to about one-fourth of the quantity raised in England, about one-sixth of the produce of Great Britain, and about one-tenth of that of the whole of Europe, including the British Isles. They have been extensively worked from time immemorial; part of them are situated in the manors belonging to Mr. Beaumont in the dales of East and West Allen, in the south-west part of Northumberland, and others are situated in the wild district of moors which forms the western extremity of the county of Durham. This part of the country happens to be at once the centre of the island of Great Britain, and by far the most elevated part of it, which is thickly populated, for, scattered over hills and dales which present an aspect of verdant cultivation, mixed with heathy moors, are to be found some thousands of inhabitants, nearly the whole of them either employed in lead-mines or smelting-mills. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. or indirectly deriving a livelihood from some connection^ with lead-mining business. Allenheads forms a central position in the midst of these mines, and the agent's house, shown on the section, is exactly 1,400 feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest house of its magnitude in Great Britain,—nor are many of the cot- tages of shepherds, and other moorland habitations, of greater elevation. The datum, or base line of the Allenheads section, is 700 feet above the level of the sea. The drawing, 16^ feet in length, is on a true scale of 100 feet to an inch; by a true scale being meant, that the lengths and heights are projected to the same scale or proportion, so that a true miniature profile of the country is given, as well as a correct reduction of the relative size of the various rocks. The extent of country thus shown is not quite 4 miles, being 3 miles 1,220 yards. The sj)ectator is supposed to be looking to the north, and the section commences at a point about half a mile eastward from a place called Kilhope Head, which is conspiciiously marked in all English maps, inasmuch as the three coimties of Northumberland, Durham, and Cumberland all meet in one spot. At about three- quarters of a mile from the point of commencement, the section represents the hill called Kilhope Law; it is on the boimdary line of the counties of Northumberland and Durham, and is the highest point of land in the last- named county, being 2,206 feet above the level of the sea. But out of the limits of this section, and about 10 miles south-west from Kilhope Law, the same strata which are here delineated reach an altitude of 2,901 feet above the sea, and this is the highest elevation attained by the rocks which form the carboniferous or mountain limestone of the north of England. Such being the stratification of the central portion of the narrow part of the island, of which the coal-fields of the Tyne and Wear form the extremity on the east, bordering the German Ocean for some distance north and south of Newcastle, while a similar coal-field is found at the western extremity near Whitehaven, it may be observed, with reference to these coal-fields, that they lie over or upon the mountain limestone formation. The coal-beds so extensively worked in the Newcastle and Dui'ham coal-mines, or collieries, gradually rise to the west, and one by one crop out, or bassett, according to the undulations of the country. At leng-th, at about 20 miles west of the German Sea, the lowest of the coal-beds crops out, and from beneath it gradually appear the lime- stone strata, which continue to rise nearly coincident with the general rise of the coimtry until they reach the summit of Cross Fell (2,901 feet); and this general and very gradual inclination of the strata, a feature of the greatest importance in practical mining, is clearly and accurately delineated in this section. In a thickness of about 2,000 feet of the alternating beds of sandstone, clay, and limestone, which form the strata of the mining districts of Allendale, Alston, and Weardale, there is one single stratum of limestone called the great limestone," the veins in which have pro- duced nearly, if not quite, as much ore as all the other strata put together. This stratum is delineated on the section, and may be observed lying at a depth of about 850 feet below the summit of Kilhope Law, Somewhat exceeding 2 miles eastward of this, at Allenheads the top of the gi^eat limestone is 230 feet from the top of a shaft called Gin-hill Shaft. Its thickness, which is tolerably uniform over several hundred square miles of country, is about 60 feet, and it is from this stratum of limestone that nearly all the specimens in this collection have been obtained. The dislocations of strata which constitute for the most pai-t important mineral veins, are exhibited more in detail in the series of geological models which form a part of this collection ; but some of the great features of displacement may be noticed on the section. At about a quarter of a mile to the west of, or left- hand direction from, Kilhope Law, the great limestone and all other associated beds are thrown down a depth of about 150 feet for a space of nearly 700 feet; and again, at the distance of nearly a mile from Allenheads, a vast dislocation takes place, by which the great limestone, it will be seen, is brovight nearly to the sm^face, the amount of displacement being about 400 feet. It is in the great limestone that by far the most extensive portion of the workings of Allenheads lead-mines are situated, and the galleries drawn on the section convey a general idea of the position of the mines. In a great thickness of strata above the great limestone only two beds of that rock are found. One of these is called " little limestone;" it is from 10 to 12 feet thick, and is 75 feet above the top of great limestone ; the other is still more inconsiderable, being only 3 or 4 feet thick, and is 440 feet above the great limestone. It is remarkable with what exactness this thin bed is found near the summit of hills, the inter- vening spaces having apparently been removed by denu- dation, so as to form in one case a gap of 6^ miles, and in another of If miles, in which the Tell Top limestone is entirely cut off. But beneath the great limestone, as will be seen by the lines of blue colour, are several beds of the same descrip- tion of rock, viz., at distances respectively of 30, 106, 190, 250, and 287 feet, and the thickness 2, 24,10,15, and 35feet. These are known by descriptive local names, and com- prise all that are of significance as regards lead-mining operations. The Allenheads mines being situated for the most part at depths from the surface varying from 200 to 600 feet, are drained partly by ordinary water-wheels, some of which are shown on the section, and partly by the new hydraulic engines invented by Mr. W, G. Armstrong, and four of which are now in use for draining and other mining purposes at Allenheads mines.* The isometrical plan and section of Nentsberiy, by the exhibitor, is intended to exemplify the manner in which isometrical projection may be used in the de- lineation of mines and mining districts. In ordinary plans and sections, only one plane, or set of parallel planes can be truly represented, but by this method of projection three several planes may be combined in one drawing, and lines crossing at right angles, as, for instance, north and south lines intersecting east and west lines, may be correctly projected, and vertical lines added on the same projection. The area represented by this drawing is about one-fourth of a square mile, each side being nearly half a mile in length. It is situated on the Eiver Nent, midway between the som^ce of that river at Nenthead and the market town of Alston. It includes some of the most interesting and prominent features of the strata and mines in that district, and amongst others the aqueduct called Nentfine Level, originally projected by the celebrated Smeaton, the engineer, who held the agency of these mines in 1775. A copy of this section is deposited in the Government Office of Mining Records, and a further account of the several mining and other details is given in vol. ii. of " The Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne." II. Models to illustrate Mineral Veins.—Plans and sections, althoiigh of great use, and indeed indispen- sable for all well-conducted mining operations, are yet incapable of conveying information relative to solid forms in so complete a manner as may be accomplished by the vise of models, which are, in fact, a reduced rej^resentation of the actual form of objects. The utility of models is further increased when they are made in separate portions, so as to admit of being dissected and put together again. By this means, not only the surface of the earth, but even the interior of mines may be correctly represented. The models contained in the series now exhibited are exact duplicates of a series made for the Museum of Practical Geology, and copies of which, on a smaller scale, are published. The details which accompany the published models may be had separately; and the fol- lowing catalogue briefly indicates the principal points illustrated, as having a bearing upon the lead-mining districts :— * SeeTransac. Civil Engineers, 1850 and 1851. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Model No. 1 represents a square mass of part of the carboniferous, or mountain limestone strata. Tlie little and great limestone are both represented in this model, and the upper portion admits of being removed to show the result of the extensive denudation which is so con- spicuous throughout the mining dales of the north of England. Model No. 2 represents the principal seams or beds of coal in the district east of the lead-mines of the north of England, and situated, as regards geological sequence, above the mountain limestone strata. Model No. 3 separates into four sections, in order to illustrate the displacement of strata by what is called the 'Hhrow" of mineral veins, and the effects of denudation, which take away all sui-face indications of such displace- ment. Model No. 4 is intended to illustrate the deceptive appearances which are often presented at the surface by the successive outcrop of the same beds of coal, lime- stone, or other strata. Conditions which require the most careful considerations in agriculture as well as mining, and which are especially deserving of attention in the exploration of newly discovered lands. Model No. 5. Dislocations of strata require not only to be studied as regards the virtual section, but also as regards both horizontal and inclined planes. Whether the object of search be coal, limestone, or any other member of a series of stratified rocks, it will be obvious, on examining the divisional plane of this model, that an adit or level may be driven upon this plane so as to intersect the desired stratum, or wholly avoid it. Model No. 6. This represents the intersection of mineral veins and the disruption of strata caused thereby. The apparent shifting of a vein from its ordinary bearing is here shown to be only a result of ordinary mechanical displacement. Model No. 7 represents the surface denudation of mineral veins, by which an apparent complexity of form is introduced, as regards the outline of the strata on the curved contour of the surface. Models 8 to 12 represent varioiis conditions of strati- fied rocks in relation to their inclination, as compared with that of the surface, presenting conditions highly explanatory of facts which are of constant occurrence in mining, and of the first importance in geological surveys; but any detailed explanation of such phenomena would exceed the proper limits of this description. III. Minerals associated with Lead Ores.—The plans, sections, and models already described convey a general idea of the geological and mining conditions of the district from whence the specimens illustrative of lead-mining have been chiefly obtained. The remainder of the collection is arranged with a view to exhibit, first, the productions upon which the industry of the lead- miner has to be exercised; secondly, the processes by which he renders these productions fit for use; and thirdly, the results of his labour. In considering the best manner of following out any classification of this natural order or arrangement, the exhibitor had in view to exhibit the first named in a separate case, containing labelled specimens of the prin- cipal rocks, ores, and spars of Allendale and Alston, then in a series of cases to show the various processes, and finally, in another separate case, corresponding with the first, to exhibit the finished products of lead and silver. As regards the second and third divisions of this arrange- ment no alteration was made; but the first, now under description, was modified and altered under the following circumstances. A number of agents and other parties interested in lead-mining, and chiefly residing in Alston Moor, were anxious to send a collection of minerals collected from lead-mines to the Exhibition, and a working miner, Mr. Isaac Robinson, who was one of the parties, was anxious to fit up this case in a manner corresponding to some small collections which he had cemented together, and which had been much admired. As such a collec- tion formed, in point of fact, the essential feature of the first division, which had been contemplated, being speci- mens of the minerals associated with lead, it was con- sidered, at a meeting of the parties concerned, that it should be fitted up as proposed by Mr. Isaac Robinson, under the genex'al superintendence and direction of the exhibitor and others. This was accordingly done, and the case contains upwards of 2,000 specimens fitted together, not as a representation of any particular cavern, but grouped so as to present to view an example of almost every mineral substance \isually found in immediate con- nection with lead-ores. Some of the examples are in- teresting as ornamental spars. But spars are not alone useful as ornaments : they are partly used in the arts, and they also afford instructive indications in tracing the course of mineral veins. The whole of this case was cemented together by Mr. Isaac Robinson during the intervals of his ordinary hours of work. IV. Examples of the vauious stages of progress from the Mine to the Market.—This part of the col- lection is arranged in five cases, each containing six boxes of one square foot each, being in all thirty boxes. Fifteen of these boxes, in a line furthest from the front edge of the counter, contain specimens of lead-mining from the excavation of the ore in the mine, and showing the several stages of progress until ready to send to the smelt-mill; and the other fifteen boxes, in a line nearest to the front of the counter, contain specimens of the ore as prepared for smelting, and its various stages of pro- gress, until manufactured into lead and the silver sepa- rated ; these finished products being contained in Division No. 5 of this collection. Case No. 1.—Lead ore,, as first separated from the vein in which it is found, and which in this state is called "bouse" in the north of England lead-mines, and the places in which it is deposited at the surface are called bouse teams. The depositing of the ore in these places is greatly facilitated at Allenheads by the use of tipping frames, of a new construction, by Mr, W. G. Armstrong, of the Elswick Engine Works, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. This example is from a ^'flat" vein in Allenheads mines, in the great limestone, which rock forms the curiously laminated matrix with which the ore is intermixed. The ore and rock thus intermixed require to be separated, as is exhibited by the following examples. By a flat vein, or "flatts," is meant a horizontal extension of mineral substances to a considerable distance from the ordinary vertical or steeply inclined veins, which extend in the manner of fissures through the various beds of I'ock forming the district. The regular lamination of the ore is worthy of attention, as leading to speculations on the origin of mineral veins ; a subject of great practical importance. The example here shown is taken from a part of the " flatt workings," at a distance of about 20 feet from the principal or nearly vertical part of the vein. Case No. 2. ''Bouse," or lead ore, as extracted from the vein, and showing an example of the curiously polished surface, which is a frequent characteristic of veins, and which would appear at first sight to have been very carefully polished by artificial means, many of the surfaces being sufficiently clear to reflect the images of objects in a tolerably definite form. The local name of such bright and polished surfaces is " slickensides;" and the suggestion mentioned in the notice of the last speci- men, as to the value of scientific inquiry, applies with still greater force to the class of phenomena of which this is one of the most curious indications. Case No. 3 contains a portion of the ordinary bouse, or ore, as newly worked from the vein, and much inter- mixed with the materials contained in Cases 1 and 2, as well as with other earthy and sparry contents of veins. The produce of mineral veins varies from pure galena, of which some pieces are shown, to masses of rock in spar, in which the ore is so thinly disseminated as not to repay the trouble of extraction. Case No. 4. The intermixed rocks and ores shown in the preceding cases are first subjected to ''picking," and then to "washing," on a grate. The first of these operations separates from the general mass all such pieces of galena as are either not mixed with other substances, or which can be readily separated with a hammer on what South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. are called ''knoeking-stones/' and the second has the effect of clearing away all earthy matter. These speci- mens, picked from the heap and washing-grate, are ready for smelting after being reduced with a hammer to the size of the ore contained in Case No. 9. Case No. 5 contains ordinary "bouse/' or lead ore taken from the trunking-box after passing through the u-ashing- grate, being, in fact, a process of washing and sizing, with a view to the further operations exhibited in the following cases. Case No. 6 contains specimens of ordinary bouse, which from the size of the pieces and intermixture of rock and ore, require to be passed through the rollers of the crushing-mill. Case No. 7. Specimens of the same bouse, or ore, after having passed through the rollers of the crushing- mill. Case No. 8. So far the processes have consisted simply of extraction of the ore from its place in the mine,—of the pure samples of ore being picked out and washed and sized, ready for being smelted at once, without further operations,—of the remainder or poorer samples being washed and separated by an iron grate or sieve into two sizes, the larger having to be ground between rollers to red;ice it to the same size as the smaller, which had passed the grate, and when reduced to this stage, the whole is ready for an operation called "botching," which consists in placing the ore in a tub with water—the bottom of this tub is a sieve—and the whole is subjected to a rapid vibratory vertical movement, or shaking, by which a separation of the ore takes place. The water so far lessens the weight as greatly to facilitate the down- ward movement of the ore, which of course is much heavier than the spar and other materials connected with it. The vibratory movement is sometimes given by manual labour : a long arm, moving with a spring, is jerked up and down by a strong lad jumping on a raised stand, so as to produce the required motion. The same results may be obtained by machinery; and a model of a botching apparatus accompanies these specimens. It represents the mode in which the botching tubs are worked in some of Mr. Beaumont's mines in West Allen- dale ; and both the mode of applying the machinery, and the manufacture of the model representing it, are due to the ingenuity of Mr. Joseph Hetherington, one of the engi- neers or Wrights employed at these mines. The ore prepared as has already been described, and after being shaken in the " hotching-tub," the upper part is entirely waste or refuse, and is called "cuttings," of which this case. No. 8, contains a specimen. Case No. 9 contains lead ore as obtained from the bottom of the hotching-tub, and is ready for being smelted. Case No. 10 contains what is called " undressed smid- dum," being what has passed through the sieve of the hotching-tub into the box or case of water in which the hotching-tub vibrates. Case No. 11 is the "smiddum," after being dressed or cleared from all foreign substances in what is locally called a "buddle," and the ore, in being so washed, is said to be "huddled." Case No. 12. In all operations where a stream of run- ning water is employed to wash lead ores, it is obvious that many of the smaller particles will be carried away with the stream. These particles are allowed to settle by their specific gravity in what are called slime-pits, being merely reservoirs in which the water passes over a long space with a very tranquil movement. In the Case No. 12 is an example of the slime or deposit in these slime-pits, undressed. Case No. 13 contains a specimen of what is called "slime ore," having been extracted or separated from the slime shown in Case No. 12. This separation is effected by manual labour in what are called " nicking-trunks," and is made ready for a final washing or separation in the " dolly-tub." Case No. 14 contains slime ore obtained, not by manual labour, but by means of a patented invention of Mr. Bnmton's, by which the slime, being first freely mixed with water, is allowed to fall on a revolving canvas cloth, inclined at a moderate angle, and upon which also drops of water are constantly falling, so as to keep the surface well wetted. The heavier particles of ore being thus free to move, are carried xp the slightly inclined surface of the canvas, and so pass round a roller to a cistern below, in which they are deposited, while the lighter particles of earthy matter and spar are at once carried down the canvas by the stream of water. The ore thus obtained requires finally to be washed in the dolly-tub, after which it is fit for being smelted. Case No. 15 contains slime ore as taken from the dolly- tub, which is the last operation connected with the washing and dressing of lead ores, as usually practised in the lead-mines belonging to Mr. Beaumont, and in the lead-mines generally of this part of the kingdom. The German huddle is also occasionally used in dressing slime ores. A considerable improvement was made in this apparatus about 30 years ago by Mr. Robert Stagg, of Middleton, in Teesdale. Case No. 16 exhibits a specimen of "selected" or superior lead ore, in the form in which it is sent to and deposited at the smelt-mill, ready to be smelted. Case No. 17 contains an example of the ordinary or common lead ore, as prepared and ready for smelting. Cases Nos. 18 and 19 contain the same ores (select and common) after having undergone the operation of being "roasted," or exposed to a suitable temperature in a reverbatory furnace, the object being to free it from the sulphur contained in galena, pure specimens of which consist of lead 86*6 and sulphur 13*3. By this process the ore is rendered more easily reducible. Case No. 20. Grey slags formed in the process of ore hearth smelting, and from which the lead is afterwards obtained at the slag hearth. Case No. 21. Black slags, being the residuum obtained from the slag hearth, and which assume the granulated form from being made to flow, when in a melted state, into water. Cases Nos. 22 and 23 contain examples of the crystals of selected and common lead, as formed in the process of separating or desilvering the ore: patented by Mr. H. L. Pattinson, and first brought into operation at Mr. Beau- mont's smelt-mills. Cases Nos. 24, 25, and 26, contain specimens of the fume or deposit in the long flues connected with the smelt-mills : that in No. 24 being the ordinary fume collected in the flue. No. 25 the same, after being roasted for the ore hearth, and No, 26 the same, roasted for the slag hearth. The flues or chimneys are built of stone, 8 feet by 6 feet inside, and are upwards of 85 miles long. Cases Nos. 27, 28, and 29.-—Litharge in the ordinary round state, and two varieties of Timsed litharge which have been passed through a sieve. Case No. 30.—Skimmings from the surface of melted lead, showing iridescent hues, which are frequently of great intensity and beauty. V. Lead and Silvek prepared for Sale.—The follow- ing are contained in the large upright case which completes the several objects sent in illustration of lead-mining, viz.:— No. 31. Lead made from roasted lead ore^ and placed in a model-mould, same as No. 37. No. 32. Grey slag lead, in mould. No. 33. Selected lead, in mould. No. 34. Common lead, in mould. No. 35. Lead made from ore-hearth fume, in mould. No. 36. Lead made from slag-hearth fume, in mould. No. 37. Empty mould, marked W. Blackett, which name, or its initials, viz., W. B., form the well-known mark of the lead produced from Mr. Beaumont's mines. No. 38. A pig, or piece of common lead, weighing 12 stones, or 1:^ cwt. No. 39. A pig, or piece of selected lead, weighing 12 stones, or 1^ cwt. In the above examples, Nos. 31 to 37 are models of reduced size. The dimensions of the ordinary pieces of lead, as manufactured for sale, are shown in Nos. 38 and 39. The number of pieces usually manufactured at these SouTPi Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. mines in a year, if laid in one continuous line, would extend upwards of 70 miles in length. No. 40. A cake of silver produced from lead raised in Mr. Beaumont's mines, and weighing 8,000 ounces. 485 OxLAND, Robert, Buckland Street, Plymouth— Inventor and Manufacturer. A series of specimens illustrative of an improved process for dressing ores of tin; containing wolfram (the tungstate of iron and manganese). Invented by the exhibitor, for the separation of the wolfram from the ores of the Drake Walls Tin Mine, on the Cornish side of the river Tamar. This process is now in regular operation at the mine. In^ consequence of the specific gravity of wolfram, which is from 7-100 to 7 "500, being greater than that of the black tin of the mines or the pure native oxide of tin, which is only from 6*3 to 7*00, it has been found impossible to separate the wolfram from the tin oxide by the usual mechanical process of washing in a stream of water. This led to the necessity of adopting the patent chemical process explained with the descrip- tion of the series of specimens. No. 1. " Tin witts:" the ore obtained from the stamp- floors, where, subsequently to its having been crushed or stamped down to a suitable size, it has been washed in a stream of water, in order to separate the earthy particles with which it was associated. The clean " witts" contain native oxide of tin; black tin, or rosin-tin and wolfram, with iron and arsenical pyrites, generally containing some copper. In the course of washing, the ''witts" are sorted into different parcels, according to the size of the particles, and are known as jigged, marked A; flucan, B; smalls, or '^'smales," C; slime, D; roughs, or rows, E. The "witts" are calcined in a reverberatory furnace, usually constructed of fire-brick throughout, but the furnace, of which a drawing is exhibited, has been found to be as well adapted for this purpose, as for the process for which it was originally intended. The calcination is con- tinued until all the sulphur and arsenic is evolved. The residue No. 2 contains black tin, or native tin oxide, peroxide of iron, wolfram, some sulphate of copper, and a small quantity of earthy matter. By a series of washing operations on the burning hovise floors, the peroxide of iron, sulphate of copper, and earthy matters are removed, and the product obtained is No. 3, which consists of oxide of tin, with most of the wolfram. The process is in the next place employed for the removal of the wolfram. Its proportion having been ascertained by analysis, a quantity of sulphate of soda, or salt cake, is mixed with the ore sufficient to supply a slight excess of the equivalent of soda for the quantity of tvmgstic acid present; but with the sulphate of soda, must be mixed sufficient coal dust or charcoal to afford carbon or carburetted hydrogen, for the decomposition of the sulphuric acid and the conversion of sulphate of soda into sulphide of sodium. The mixture is exposed to heat on the bed of the furnace described below; a smoky or reducing flame is at first employed, but after the whole of the charge has been at a red heat for some time, an oxidating flame is necessary to complete the operation. Thus the sulphate of soda is first converted into sulphide of sodium, then the tungstic acid of the wolfram combines with the soda, producing tungstite of soda, setting the sulphur free as sulphurous acid, and leaving the iron in the condition of a light finely divided peroxide. The product No. 4, is drawn from the furnace into the wrinkle, or chamber beneath, and is thence removed whilst still hot into tanks containing water, which quickly dissolves the tungstate of soda. The solution is run off into receivers, and the residue is removed to the biirning house floors, where, by a series of washings, the peroxide of iron is removed, and the native oxide of tin obtained pure and ready for the smelting house, as seen in No. 5. An ore which had fetched only 42/. per ton has by this operation been so much improved in quality as to obtain 56/. per ton. The tungstate of soda, No. 6, is obtained in the crys- talline form by the evaporation to the crystallizing point of the solution in which it was separated from the tin. It is proposed to be used as a substitute for stannate of soda as a mordant for dyeing purposes. Tungstic acid, No. 7, may be employed for the same pur-pose, or for the manufacture of tungstate of the tungstous oxide with soda, a compound much resembling gold. The tungstate of lead, No. 8, and tungstate of lime. No. 9, are good white pigments (manufactured from the tungstate of soda), from which was also obtained the metallic tungsten. No. 10, and sulphuret of tungsten. No. 11. The former is for use in the manufacture of metallic alloys; the latter has been proposed as a sub- stitute for black-lead. The furnace is constructed in the usual manner, excepting that a cast-iron bed has been employed to prevent the loss that would arise from the reaction of the silica of the biicks, the soda, and the tin oxide on each other. The fire, after passing over the bed, is also made to circulate beneath it before passing away to the chimney. 486 Brucciani, D.—Producer. Fac-simile of the largest piece of gold found in California. 486a Ibbetson, Capt.—Producer. A model of the Isle of Wight, in metal. 487 Jordan, C, 37 Chapman Street, Manchester— Producer. Case containing 176 specimens of the useful metals 1 and alloys:— " Gold—Grain, standard, and red jewellers'. Silver—Virgin and sterling. Platina. Wrought iron—Best and common Coalbrook Dale ; best scrap for screws and rivets ; Low Moor and com- mon Horton's; also, S. R., 1. B., common, Horton's, and Keller's. Steel for mills —Winders; cast steel, Turton's, and Tur- ton's softened ; and shear-steel, all showing surface and fracture. Cast-iron—Rich Welsh pig, from Leeswood; and rich j Scotch pig from Gartsherrie, Glengarnock, Clyde, Dal- I mellington, and Dundy van; Yorkshire, Low Moor and I Leeswood; cast in sand, chilled, pig, and rich chilled; ■ also short pig, Staffordshire, rich mottled Welsh, and ^ cast in sand, showing surface. Nickel and Lead—Pure and commercial. Copper—Tile, native, shot cast, and malleable, all showing surface and fractiire. Tin—Block and grain. Zinc—Chilled and sand, showing surface and fracture. Bismuth—Chilled and sand, showing surface and frac- ture. Antimony—Chilled, showing fracture and longitudinal section. Arsenic, cobalt, mercury, manganese, potassium, so- dium, iridium and osmium, cadmium, and palladium. Alloys—Copper and tin, in various proportions, show- ing surface and fracture, &c. • Alloys of copper, zinc, tin, and lead, in various pro- portions, showing the same. Tutannia, for hardening tin, bobbin-bushes, &c. White bush metal, of zinc, tin, and tutannia, variously combined. Type metal, of tin, antimony, lead, and bismuth. Stereotype metal, of lead, antimony, and bismuth, in various states. Common type and music plates, of lead and antimony. Compositions of copper, tin, zinc, and lead in different states. Blanched copper, antimony and copper, and German silver, electrum, common and plate. Standard measures, composed of copper, tin, and lead. Manheim gold, of copper, tin, and zinc. Speculum metal, of copper and tin, in various mixtures. Speculixm of chilled copper and tin; Mr. Potter's, with trace of arsenic, and others. South Side.—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. Nickel and iron; fusible alloy; tutannia, for type- metal; iron and antimony; iron and zinc (not magnetic), will not rust; spelter solder; silver solder; tinman's and plumber's solder. These specimens display the surface, and where prac- ticable, the fracture of all the useful metals and alloys. Many of the alloys are new combinations, and are valuable in point of utility and economy. -Some of the alloys are intended for the small steps of machinery, &c,, composed of 16 oz. copper, 8 oz. zinc, 4 oz. lead, | oz. tin. This alloy has been used very extensively; it works well under the file and turning-tool; and its lasting properties are great. This is the cheapest metal that will answer for machinery pm-poses, especially if made from brass turn- ings. The alloy laade from pig iron and zinc turns and files very well, and is adapted for shaft-bearings, parti- cularly for such work as requires exposure to the weather. Portions of this metal have been exposed for several weeks without any appearance of rust. It is intended as a substitute for brass in many cases, being much cheaper. The magnetic properties of the iron are entirely neutral- ized ; hence, for some purposes, it will be superior to any other metal or combination. In speculum metals, the proportions of Newton (163 and 164),_ when cast in a hot chill, will take a more brilliant polish, and retain the brilliancy longer than any other combination; being cast in a hot chill prevents too sudden contraction, and the brittleness so often experienced. These _ cabinets of metals and alloys are intended as illustrations for the lecture-table, and for general reference in the manipula- tions of metals. 488 Garland, Thomas, Fairfield, Redruth— Manufacturer. Impure oxide of arsenic, obtained from tin ores (con- taining arsenical pyrites) by calcination. Commercial oxide of arsenic^ obtained from the fore- going by sublimation in reverberatory furnaces, and after- wards ground to an impalpable powder. A finer quality of the preceding. Lump arsenic, obtained from the preceding by sublima- tion in close retorts. [Arsenic is found native occasionally, but Is more fre- quently combined with other metals, of which iron, cobalt, nickel, silver, copper, antimony, and manganese are the chief. It is very soft but brittle, and volatilizes readily at a temperature of 365° I^ahrenheit. It combines with oxygen in white arsenic (arsenious acid), and with sulphur in realgar and orpiment. The former substance is used in medicine, in the manufacture of glass, &c. The sulphurets are valuable pigments, both in dyeing and in the fine arts.—D, T. A,] 489 Lowe, J., 30 Gracechurch Street—Part Proprietor. Copper, from the exhibitor's patent works, Penclawdd. 490 Rowlandson, Thomas, 7 Esher Street, Kennington—Patentee. Bluestone — a compotmd of bisulphuret of iron, sul- phuret of lead (galena), bisulphuret of copper, sulphuret of zinc (blackjack), &c., some silver and gold, obtained at the Isle of Anglesey; also at the Vale of Ovoca, Wicklow, Ireland. The zinc salts can be converted into chloride of zinc and sulphate of soda; these can be employed in a variety of forms for preserving animal and vegetable substances, deodorizing, &c. Specimens illustrating the processes by which the sulphuret is converted into sulphate of zinc, which is washed out, and leaves the lead, gold, and silver to be extracted in the ordinary mode by smelting, [1.] Specimens of ores and products from the Cwm-eisian Gold Mine, Merionethshire. [The existence of gold in many of the rocks of "Wales has been long known. There is every reason for believing that the Romans worked the mine at Gogofan, near Pump- sant, Caermarthenshire. This is not only proved by the remains of mine workings, which have been lately ex- amined by the mining geologist to the Geological Survey, but by the gold ornaments which have been found in the Vale of Cothy, near this spot, which are evidently of Roman workmanship. The mine at Cwm-eisian yielded gold disseminated through the quartz, but not being suffi- ciently remunerative, the works have been abandoned.— R. H.] 491 Harrison, J., Bakervale, Derbyshire—Producer. Lead ore, from Mogshaw mine, Bakervale. 492 RowE, Richard, Laxey Glen, Douglas, Isle of Man— Joint Proprietor. Silver lead ore, and blende ore, being the produce of the Laxey Mines, in Laxey Glen, parish of Lonan, Isle of Man. [Mines were worked at an early period in the Isle of Man, but the neighbourhood of Laxey first attracted attention at the commencement of the present century. In 1811, only three hands were employed; in 1848, there were at least 300 in the mine. The mine is situated about a mile and a half from the sea, up the Laxey Valley, where an adit is driven 400 fathoms into the heart of the mountain; from this adit the shaft has been sunk about 130 fathoms. The returns of lead ore for the last five years have been as follows;— Lead Ore. Lead. Years. Tons. Tons. 1845 327 155 1846 220 104 1847 375 247 1848 695 461 1849 815 546 In addition to this, about 200 tons of the sulphuret of zinc are annually raised.—R. H.] 492a €oates, W.—Producer. Specimens of lead ore from Tullyratty Mine, Strang- ford, Ireland, the property of Lord de Rob. 493 CuMMiNG, J. G., Isle of Man—Producer. Argentiferous galena, from the Foxdale Mines, con- taining 36 ounces of silver to the ton. [This lead ore is procured from a granite vein, running N.N.W. and S.S.E., nearly magnetic; it improves in quality, and increases in quantity downward, which is an unusual occurrence. It is now being worked at 50 fathoms from the surface.—R. H.] 494 Byers, Joshua, Stockton-on-Tees, Durham— Producer and Manvifacturer. Lead ore from Grasshill Mine, Teesdale, Silver and litharge from the same mine. Refined, common, and slag lead. Thin sheet-lead and lead pipe. 495 Burr, Thomas, William, & George, Shreicshury— Producers and Manufacturers. Mineral specimen, raised at the Snailbeach lead mines, Shrewsbury, weighing 12 cwt., containing cubes of lead and zinc ore, in conjunction with carbonate and sulphate of barytes. O [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] South Side.—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. [The produce of the Snailbeach Mines since 1845 has been as follows:— Lead Ores. Lead. Years. Tons. Tons. 1845 3,000 2,000 1846 3,852 2,700 1847 3,486 2,440 1848 3,463 2,436 1849 3,196 2,301 The returns for 1850 are not yet completed.—R. H.] Composition tube, being an amalgam of certain metals, calculated to resist the action of acids contained in water or gas. 496 The Duke of Devonshire, and his Agent, Capt. Eddy, Grassington—'ProdncerB, Specimen of the Devonshire lode at Grassington mines. Specimen of the gritstone, in which the lead occurs. Vein specimens from other lodes. Transverse section of the Devonshire lode. [The lode in the Grassington mines offers an exception to the common rule of lead veins in England, the whole produce being obtained in gritty beds alternating with the limestone and shale, and not in the limestone, as it usually occurs. The veins worked in this district are generally with faults, and the veinstone is chiefly calc spar, fluor spar, and barytes.—D. T, A.] 497 Pattinson & Cain, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Producers. Specimens of a peculiar ore of lead, viz., arsenio-phos- phate of lead, rarely found in such large masses. From Dry Gill Mine, near Hesket ISTew Market, Cumberland. [This appears to be the mineral called by Breithaupt, Kampylite, an arseniate of lead, in which the arsenic is partially replaced by phosphorus. The arsenio-phosphate of lead from this mine has been employed in glass manufacture, for the purpose of giving high transparency to the best flint or crystal, which appeared to be produced by the formation of a lead glass, which may be regarded as a phosphate of lead and silica. —R. H.] 498 Bennett, Thomas, 11 Woodbridge Street, Glerkenwell—Manufacturer. Specimen of uniform leaf gold, manufactured by steam machinery, for gilding large plain surfaces, and for ex- terior decorations; of an extra deep colour, for gilding looking-glasses, cornices, &c. 499 Smith, R., Blackford, Perthshire—Inventor. . Minerals from the Ochills, collected by the exhibitor. Two new alkaloids, "cytisuine," found in the bark of the laburnum in combination with meconic acid; and euphor- bine, from Euphorbia officinalis. Starch, from the tubers of the Lunaria biennis; and iodine, from the Polytrichum undidatum. 600 Phillips, Smith, & Co., Llanelly, Wales— Manufacturers. Series of specimens illustrative of the manufacture of tin plates. [To prepare tin plates, sheets of iron are carefully cleaned from all oxidation and from every trace of or- ganic matter: then being dipped into a saline solution, which serves as a flux, they are dipped into melted tin, which is diffused by heat over the surface, and the tin plates completed.] Pig-iron, as received from the blast furnace. Rough bar made from pig-iron, first melted and refined by blast and coke fuel, and converted into malleable iron in a charcoal fire, stamped and rolled into a rough bar. Bar-iron made from the rough bar heated with blast and coke in a hollow fire, hammered and rolled into a finished bar. Sheet-iron, known as black plate, rolled in case- hardened rolls from the bar-iron. Black plate cleaned in a preparation of sulphuric acid passed through planished rolls, and softened by heating in pots previous to being coated with tin. Sheet of black plate, partly tinned. Wooden boxes, each containing a specimen of finished sheets of different sizes and thickness. 501 Downman, H. H.—Producer. Wood impregnated with block tin. 502 Jenkins, William Harry, Truro—Producer, Specimens of arsenic:—White arsenic, arsenious acid, used in glass manufactories, in patent shot manufactories, for washes for sheep, to preserve the wool and prevent the fly, and for preventing smut in wheat, &c.; white arsenic, in crystals, and sublimated, for the same purposes. Realgar, sulphuret of arsenic, used by painters as orange red pigment ; orpiment, used by painters as yellow pigment. Varieties of rarer minerals from various parts of Cornwall. Specimens of wolfram from various tin mines in Corn- wall, used as a mordant in dying calicoes. Varieties of mundics, or pyrites, from various mines in Cornwall—Mangan Mine, an arsenuriet of iron. Wheal Withey, near Truro; Baldher Mine, near Truro; Royal Polberrow Consols Mine in St. Agnes; Wheel Andrew and Nangiles, near Truro, and others, a sulphuret of iron. Assorted specimens of pyrites of various qualities, from different mines, by the use of which, in combinations, a large produce of sulphuric acid is obtained. [The arsenical pyrites, and the copper and iron ores containing arsenic, are the common sources for this sub- stance. The ores are first roasted in ^'burning houses," and the volatile matters, sulphur and arsenic, collected in the flues. These are afterwards separated from each other by a more delicate process, so as to sublime one and not the other. Wolfram, tungstate of iron, has only lately been in- troduced into the market. The tungstate of soda and tungstic acid are proposed to be employed as a mordant, and a new crimson pigment is an oxide of tungsten.— R, H,] 503 Davey, Stephen, Redruth—Miner, Specimens of ores of zinc. 504 Cole, Edward Joseph—Producer. Rich specimen of tin ore, estimated to contain 60 per cent, black tin, raised January, 1851, from Risehill mine, near Tavistock. 504a Nicholson, Sir Arthur, Fetlar, Zetland— Producer. Specimens of clays, chromate of iron, black lead, and magnetic sand from Fetlar, Shetland Islands. [The chromate of iron is chiefly used in the production of chromate of potash, the ore being cleaned, pounded, calcined with a certain proportion of nitre, and evaporated after lixiviation with water. From the neutral chromate thus obtained, or the bichromate, are produced chromate of lead (chrome yellow); a green oxide used as an enamel colour in porcelain (chrome green); and a beautiful ver- milion (subchromate of lead). Chromic acid is also manufactured from the same mineral. Chromate of iron is obtained in England principally from the Shetland Islands.—D. T. A.] South Side.—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 505 Williams & Sons, County WicMow, Ireland— Producer. Sulpliur ore ; manganese ore, from Glandore Mining Company, [What is here not improperly called ' ^ sulphur ore" is iron pyrites (sulphuret of iron), found very abundantly in and largely exported from the county of Wicklow. It is used to an" enormous extent, in chemical works, for the manufacture of the various sulphur salts, as sulphate of soda, &c. The Wicklow pyrites is better adapted for such purposes than the Cornish, as it decomposes very readily on exposure.—D. T. A.] 506 Grey, John, Dilston, Corhridge—Agent. Blende and calamine from Alston Moor, Cumberland. Four plates of spelter, two whole, and two broken, pro- duced from the same. 507 General Mining Company for Ireland, Thoivias IVIaguire, Secretary, 2 Burgh Quay, Dublin—Pro- ducer. Silver-lead ore (argentiferous galena), from Shallee mines, Tipperary; exported from Dublin to the river Dee, in North Wales. This ore produces 75 per cent, lead, and from 44 to 54 oimces of silver to the ton. [The Shallee mines made their first return of lead in 1847, it being then 209 tons of lead ore, which produced 125 tons of lead. Since that time the quantity raised has been regularly increasing.—E,. H.] Silvery-copper ore (argentiferous sulphuret of copper), from Gurtuadyne, near silver mines, county Tipperary; exported from Dublin to Swansea, South Wales. This ore produces 12^ per cent. coj)per, and about 27 ounces of silver to the ton of ore. Copper ore (sulphm-et of copper), from Balljmoe, near silver mines, county Tipperary, exported from Dublin to Swansea, South AVales. Average produce, about 40 tons per month. This ore produces 25 per cent, of copper. Copper ore, from Lackamore, county Tipperar}^, similarly exported. This ore produces 36 per cent, of copper. Specimens of all these ores, as taken from the mine, and as dressed for market. 508 Royal Dublin Society of Ireland —Producer. Specimens of lead ore in its various stages; lead, lead- pipe; patent shot; sheet of copper. 509 His Grace the Duke of Bdccleuch, Drumlaivrig Castle—Producer, Model of the furnaces and pots employed on the Duke of Buccleuch's mines, at Wanloch Lead-hills, in Dum- friesshire, for separating pure silver from the rich lead ore of that district. Ficr 1 Fig. 2. 3 i ., . - ^ 1 ^- 1 ' H 10 -3 - 0 1(1 These engravings represent an elevation and sections of the peculiar arrangements adopted in these smelting works. Fig. 1 represents the section of the chimney ^^-ith the flue entering it from below. Fig. 2 shows the arrangement adopted for deprecating the fumes as they pass upwards, and also the hydraulic trap at the summit of the vertical flue of the exhausting chamber. Fig. 3 shows the mechanical arrangement for communicating a reciprocating horizontal movement to the hydraulic slide plate over the top of the chamber. Fig. 4 shows the 1 Fig. .5. — illihl lilli.illiillllllllJilllll 1 20 SO y 1 slide plate seen from above. Fig. 5 is a ground plan of the chambers, chimney, &c. The follo-\ving illustrations accompany the model. A block of pure silver, weighing more than 140 lbs.; separated from the rich lead, and purchased by silver- smiths as " unalloyed." («) Original lead as brought from the mines after smelt- ing, containing 7 oz. 9 dwts. 8 grains of silver. (6) Crystals of lead after passing thi'ough one proce«;s of crystallization. South Side—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. [United (c) The same, after a second crystallization, (d) Rich lead, containing 81 oz. 1 dwt. 8 gi'ains of silver; and now ready for the last process of oxidization, by which the silver is finally separated from the lead. (e) Marketable lead from the crystallizing process; and which contains from ^ to f of an ounce of silver per ton. (/) Models of the great ingot moulds employed for forming the pigs of lead of commerce. (g) Model of the great spoon-strainers employed for separating the pure, or nearly pure lead, from the molten liquid. The operation depends upon the property which lead possesses in weak alloys of crystallizing at a certain tem- perature, by which means those crystals, at the moment of forming, can be extracted, and thus separated from the silver mass. By a particular manipulation in transferring the con- centrated lead and silver from pot to pot, the mass is at last reduced to an alloy, containing some 80 or 90 ounces of silver to the ton of lead, and much beyond which point it is not found advantageous to crystallize. The rich lead is now simply melted in the refining fur- nace, on a very large cupel, formed of bone ash, exposing a great surface to the draught of air passing over it. The oxygen of the atmosphere is rapidly imbibed by the lead, which becomes the litharge of commerce. This is raked off" as quickly as it forms; and finally, the silver is left perfectly, or very nearly, pure, and run into ingots for the market. (g) Is the litharge or minium thus withdrawn from the melted surface. Model of the lead vapour-condensing apparatus, at Wanloch Lead-mines, as improved by the exhibitor. A collection of minerals from the Wanloch Lead-mines, or Lead-hills. [In all great smelting works of this class, the smoke rising from the furnaces is highly charged with noxious vapours, containing, besides other poisonous matter, a large quantity of lead ; many attempts have been made to obviate this nuisance, and the system adopted by the exhibitor has been found to be very successful. An oblong building in solid masonry, about 30 feet in height, is divided by a partition wall, into two chambers, having a tall chimney or tower adjoining, which commu- nicates with one of the chambers at the bottom. (See engraving.) The smoke from the various furnaces, eight in number, and about 100 yards distance from the con- denser, is carried by separate fliies into a large chamber; from thence, by a larger flue, it enters the first chamber of the condenser at the very bottom, and is forced up- wards in a zigzag course towards the top, passing four times through a shower of water constantly percolating from a pierced reservoir at the summit of the tower. The smoke is again compelled to filter a fifth time, through a cube of coke some two feet square, through which a stream of water filters downwards, and which is confined to its proper limits by a vertical grating of wood. The smoke having reached the top, is now opposite the passage, into the second, or vacuum chamber. This is termed the exhausting chamber, and is about five feet by seven feet inside, and 30 or more feet in height. On its summit is fixed a large reservoir, svipplied by an am- ple stream of water, always maintaining a depth of 6 to 10 inches. The bottom of this tank is of iron, having se- veral openings, or slots, 12 in number, about an inch in width, and extending across the whole area of the reser- voir, communicating directly with the chamber beneath. On this iron plate, works a hydraulic slide-plate, with openings corresponding in one position with those in the reservoir. This plate receives a horizontal reciprocating motion from a water-wheel or other power, driven by means of a connecting-rod and crank. In the middle of every stroke, the openings in the plate correspond with those in the bottom of the re- servoir, and a powerful body of water falls as a shower bath, the whole height of the vacuum chamber, and in domg so, sweeps the entire inside area, carrying with it every particle of insoluble matter held suspended in the vapours coming from the furnaces. The atmospheric pressure, of course, acts in alternate strokes as a blast at the furnace-mouths, and causes a draught sufficiently strong to force the impure vapours, through the various channels, in connexion with the water, the wet coke and exhausting chamber, until it passes purified and inert into the atmosphere. The water, saturated with particles of lead, &c., held m mechanical solution, finally passes into great dykes or reservoirs, excavated for the purpose; and there deposits its rich charge of metal. (A) Is the lead collected from this ''fume," or deposit, which contains about 33 per cent, of pure lead, and about 4 oz. 17 dwts. and 7 grains of silver to the ton. (0 The condensed fume roasted. The results of this arrangement are most apparent, and beneficial to the surrounding neighbourhood. Formerly, the noxious fumes passing from the shafts of the furnaces^ poisoned the neighbourhood; the heather was burnt up^ vegetation destroyed, and no animal could graze, or bird feed near the spot. Now, the heather is seen in luxu- riance close around the establishment, the sheep graze within a stone's throw of the chimney's base, and game on all sides take shelter.—J. A. L.] 510 Wallace, William, & Cowper, T., Nenthead, Alston—Proprietors. Carbonate of lead, from Little Eggleshope Lead Mine, in Teesdale, county of Durham. Minerals from Alston, 511 Barrett, Captain—Producer, Cobalt and copper ores from Conniston mines, near Kendal, Lancashire. 512 Blee, R., Redruth- Cobalt ores, from Cornwall. -Producer. 513 LisKEARD Committee—Producers, Various specimens, including iron pyrites; hornblende, and antimony. 514 MuscHAMP, William, Derwent Lodge, Sunderland— Producer. Specimen of Cally copper ore, a portion of a large block weighing 6 cwt., recently raised at the Cally mines, near Gatehouse of Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. The rock in which it is found, is brown killas, or clay slate. The lode is from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet wide, and is composed of sulphate of barytes, gossan, and other mineral soils. The ore generally lies in solid ribs or bunches, and is mostly unmixed with any matrix or vein stuff. In some places it has been found 4 feet wide. The ore is of very rich quality, being a compound of the green and blue carbonates of copper, black, grey, and yellow copper, yielding from 25 to 30 per cent, of metallic copper. It has been sold in the market from 20^. to 25/. per ton. 515 Dublin Society—Producer, Copper ore, from Knockmahon mines, Waterford, 516 Tennant, J,, Strand—Importer. Copper ore, from Lake Superior. South Side.—Areas S. 1 to S. 27. 517 Grauam^ John, Barrhead, near Glasgow—Producer. Greenstone, showing native copper, as found in the rock when broken. Native copper, as found in the fissures and crevices of the rock, from Boyleston quarry, Renfrewshire. [The greenstone of Renfrewshire occurs both above and below the coal-grits and coal. It is an intruded rock of variable but often very considerable thickness and extent, and is likely to contain small quantities of various metalliferous substances and native metals.—D. T. A,] 518 Berger, J.—Producer. Native copper, from the Lizard. 519 Brunton, W., Cornwall—Inventor. Safety fuse for blasting. 520 CoPELAND, G. A., Pendennis, Falmouth— Inventor and Manufacturer. Safety blasting cartridges, adapted for all kinds of blasting; intended to afford protection to the workmen from premature explosions, &c. The expedition in search of Sir John Franklin was furnished with them, by order of Her Majesty's Government, for ice-blasting in the arctic regions. 521 Offlahertie, H.—Producer. Lead ore, from Glengola mines. 521A MuRCHisoN, J. H.—Producer. Specimens of copper ore from the island of Kawaw, New Zealand. Specimens of the matrix of the silver- lead ore at Eeeralston, Devonshire. 522 Forbes, A. C, 12 Old Burlington Street—Producer. Two specimens of Cinnabar, from the mines of New Almaden, in Upper California; one of 141b, loz., the other of 131b. 2oz. On analysis by Dr. Hoffman, they are found to consist of:—Mercury, 67'25; Sulphur, 10-33; Inso- luble matter, 22'55. The insoluble matter consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, and traces of iron. On distil- lation with lime, 3,750 grains yielded 2,625 grains of mercury, or 70 per cent. The mine has been worked one year; and in the month of November 1850, it yielded 127,500 lbs. of pure mercury. This is exported from San Francisco to the ports of Span- ish America. [Cinnabar is the only important ore of mercury, but is found in several states, sometimes in crystals, in lami- nated and granular masses, in a fibrous condition, and mixed with bitumen to the extent of 6 or 8 per cent. It is soft: specific gravity =:8'1 when pure, and is a sulphu- ret of mercury (Hg. S.). The mines of Almaden, in Spain, and Idria, in Carinthia, are those from which the chief supply has hitherto been obtained; but the discovery of mercury in the mountains on the coast of California, some years since, promises to affect the supply very consi- derably, when sufiicient means are employed to work the mines extensively.—D. T. A.] 523 Davies & Taylor, Ahenjstwith—Producers. Specimens of lead ores. [The Cardiganshire mines were worked at a very early period, probably by the Romans. Henry VII. encouraged mining by several grants, involving privileges to those who would work these mines. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, there was a grant made of all these mines to Thomas Thurland and Daniel Hovighsetter, Germans, who v/orked them for some time. They eventually passed into the hands of Sir Hugh Middleton, who realized a large profit by working them. The present value of the Cardiganshire mines will be seen by the following liat of their produce:— MINES. Lisbnrne Mines Cwm-y-stwyth Esgair-hir Cvvm-sebon Llanfair Clydogau Goginan Gogerddan Mines Nanty-y-creiau Pen-y-bont-pren Cefn-cwm-brwyuo Bwlch Consols Nanteos Aberystwyth (small mine^i). Llanymaron Llanbadarn Bron-berllan Brynarian Cwm-erfin Daren Eisteddfodd Llwyn Malys Bwlch-cwm-erfiu Lead Ore Returns. Tons. Cwts. 2,733 0 583 0 55 206 ,160 131 1*2 10 635 177 31 40 116 29 20 15 32 0 18 0 Lead Eeturns Tons. Cwts. 1,804 0 333 0 33 134 766 87 V 7 425 lOS 20 R. H.] 524 Hunt, Robert—Producer. Mining map of Cornwall. 525 Arkansas Mining Company—Producer. Sample of Arkansas lead ore in a lump as cut from between the solid walls of a vein, measuring 24 by 20 inches, and 9 inches thick. Its weight is nearly 11 cwt. It contains also copper and iron ore, and the sulphuret of zinc, and is coated over with quartz mixed with barytes. 526 Hawke, E. H., Scorrier, Comwa//—Producer. Specimens of safety fuse. 529 Knipe, J. A., Clapham, Surrey—Designer and Proprietor. Geological map of the British Isles, and part of France. This map shows, besides the sites of the various mineral productions, and numerous geological sections of the soil (explained in English, German, and French), the inland navigation by rivers and canals, and the inland traffic by railways and principal roads ; also, the sound- ings and tidal observations round the coast, from surveys by the Admiralty, Trinity House, and Dr. Whewell. Geological and miueralogical map of England and Wales, with parts of Scotland, Ireland, and France. This map contains a select number of sections and notes of economic geology, the sites of minerals, and rivers, canals, &c., with their heights above the level of the sea. The preceding maps are published by H. Bailliere, 219 Regent Street; and Johnstons, Edinburgh. 530 Marriott, Mrs. Frederick, 3 Eastbourne Terrace, Hgde Park—Producer. Specimen of gold ore from the Mariposa mine, Cali- fornia, estimated to contain 45f per cent, of gold. Ano- ther specimen. {Main Avenue East.) 531 Devonshire, Duke of—Producer. Large quartz crystal. {Main Avenue East,} 532 Erskine, James, Scotland—Producer. Specimens of lead ore from the Black Craig Mines. 533 Webb, John & Charles, Rosoman Buildings, Islington—Manufacturers. Specimen of pipe as used at the exhibitors' soda-water works ; and diagram of the London strata. (^South Wall.) 534 Samuel, M. A., Miss, 23 Norland Square, Notting-hill —Producer. Specimen of sulphate of iron from Shakespere's Cliff, Dover. AN ACCOUNT OF THE NATURE AND EXTENT OP THE VARIOUS DEPOSITS OF MINERAL FUEL IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD. Accompanied by a Map, showing the extent and position of the principal Coal-fields of Europe and North America. By D. T. Ansted, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Prof. Geol., K.C.L. 1. General Account of Materials used for Fuel. The chief supplies of valuable fuel are, and always have been, derived immediately or distantly from the vegetable kingdom. Whether in the form of wood, peat, lignite, or coal of various kinds, the original sub- stance of all fuel has been found to have this origin, and thus it would seem that the power of vitality exerted in producing woody fibre has been from time to time stored up, as it were, into vast reservoirs, where it might be preserved safely and permanently for an indefinite pe- riod. In warm climates, where the growth of vegetation is extremely rapid, and comparatively little fuel is needed: or in the early periods of civilization, before men con- gregate in large masses in towns, or are actively employed in manufacture, there is little need of more fuel than is sup- plied by the natural growth of forests; but under other cir- cumstances, where forests are gradually removed, and the consumption of fuel at the same time increases, the reserved stores are greatly needed, and must ultimately be reckoned among the main sources of a country's wealth. The accumulations of mineral fuel in the Bri- tish islands may be ranked as one of those natural ad- vantages without which our country could not possibly have taken up and held for a long time the position she occupies among the nations of the earth; and thus, as one of the great and principal sources of its mineral treasure, the coal deposits of England demand and deserve our careful attention. The relative supply of other countries, and the activity and energy displayed in taking advantage of the existence of mineral fuel, must also be worthy of attention, as illustrating and explaining the condition of many manufactures, and the probable advance of the inhabitants of such districts in the refinements of civili- zation. Since the introduction of steam-power for all purposes of machinery, the consumption of coal has very greatly increased, and at present it would be difii- cult to set any limits to the use of so valuable a ma- terial. The changes undergone by vegetable matter when bu- ried in the earth and accumulated in large quantities, and the length of time needed to produce any marked alteration, are subjects rather more interesting, it may seem, to the chemist than to the practical man, who looks only for fuel that he may employ economically. But inasmuch as the real condition of coal varies consi- derably, and different kinds are valuable for different purposes, it is desirable that the whole history of coal and lignite beds, and of peat and turf, should be gene- rally understood by every one using any or all of these substances extensively. Vegetable matter consists of particles of carbon with minute proportions of several other elements arranged round minute cavities or cells, many of these being me- chanically connected to form the varieties of vegetable fibre. A large quantity of water is also present, and so long as the vegetable lives there is a constant change and circulation of material particles kept up, replacing and renewing the different portions. When death takes place there is a tendency to decomposition, or the sepa- ration of the whole into minute atoms, having no further relation to each other. But this is frequently checked by various conditions, such as the presence of some sub- stances derived from plants themselves, or the absence of sufficient oxygen gas to allow the change to take place, by mixing with the carbon, and becoming carbonic acid gas, the first step in the process of destruction. These causes operate constantly, but partially, and thus a large quantity of vegetable matter is always in the course of decomposition, while, in particular spots, a large quan- tity is constantly being accumulated. The latter con- dition is seen in our climate in the gradual but steady increase of peat bogs. The former is too common to require further notice. 2. Peat and Turf. Accumulations of vegetable matter may be chiefly composed either of succulent vegetation, grassas, or marsh plants, or of trees, and the structure and condi- tion of woody fibre is well known to be very different from that of grasses and succulent plants. There are thus two very distinct kinds of material preserved, the one undergoing change much less rapidly than the other, and perhaps much less completely. It is easy to prove that, from the accumulation of forest trees has been ob- tained the imperfect coal called lignite, while from marsh plants and grasses, mixed occasionally with wood, we obtain peat, turf, and bog. All these substances consist to a great extent of carbon, the proportion amounting to from 50 to 60 per cent., and being generally greater in lignite than in turf. On the other hand, the propor- tion of oxygen gas is generally very much greater in turf than in lignite. The proportion of ash is too variable to be worth recording, but is generally sufficiently large to injure the quality of the fuel. As a very large quantity of turf exists in Ireland, covering, indeed, as much as one-seventh part of the island, the usual and important practical condition of this sub- stance as fuel can be best illustrated by a reference to that country. This will be understood by the following ac- count of its origin abstracted from the " Bog Report " of Mr. Nimmo. He says, referring to cases where clay spread over gravel has produced a kind of puddle, pre- venting the escape of the waters of fioods or springs, and when muddy pools have thus been formed, that aquatic plants have gradually crept in from the borders of the pool towards their deep centre. Mud accumulated round their roots and stalks, and a spongy semi-fluid was thus formed, well fitted for the growth of moss, which now, especially spears of Sphagnum, began to luxuriate; this absorbing a large quantity of water, and continuing to shoot out new plants above, while the old were decaying, rotting, and compressing into a solid substance below, gra- dually replaced the water by a mass of vegetable matter. In this manner the marsh might be filled up, while the central or moister portion, continuing to excite a more rapid growth of the moss, it would be gradually raised above the edges, until the whole surface had attained an elevation sufficient to discharge the surface-water by existing channels of drainage, and calculated by its slope to facilitate their passage, when a limit would be, in some degree, set to its further increase. Springs existing under the bog, or in its immediate vicinity, might indeed still favour its growtli, though in a decreasing ratio; and here, if the water proceeding from them were so ob- structed as to accvimulate at its base, and to keep it in a rotten fiuid state, the siirface of the bog might be ulti- mately so raised, and its continuity below so totally de- stroyed, as to cause it to flow over the retaining obstacle, and flood the adjacent country. In mountain districts the progress of the phenomenon is similar. Pools, indeed, cannot in so many instances be formed, the steep slopes facilitating drainage, but the clouds and mists resting on the summits and sides of mountains, amply supply their surface with moisture, which comes, too, in the most favourable form for vege- tation, not in a sudden torrent, but unceasingly and gently, drop by drop. The extent of such bogs is also affected by the nature of the rock below them. On quartz they are shallow and small; on any rock yielding by its decomposition a clayey coating, they are consider- able ; the thickness of the bog (for example in Knock- laid, in the county of Antrim, which is 1,685 feet high) being nearly 12 feet. The summit bogs of high moun- tains are distinguishable from those of lower levels, by the total absence of large trees. As turf includes a mass of plants in different stages of decomposition, its aspect and constitution vary very much. Near the surface it is light-coloured, spongy, and contains the vegetable matter but little altered; deeper it is brown, denser, and more decomposed; and finally, at the base of the greater bogs, some of which . present a depth of 40 feet, the mass of turf assumes the black colour, and nearly the density of coal, to which also it approximates very much in chemical composition. The amount of ash contained in turf is also variable, and appears to increase in proportion as we descend. Thus, in the section of a bog 40 feet deep, at Timahoe, those portions near the surface contained 1^ per cent, of ashes, the centre portions 3j per cent., whilst the lowest four feet of turf, contained 19 per cent, of ashes. In the superficial layers, it may also be remarked, that the com- position is nearly the same as that of wood, the vegetable material being but little altered, and in the lower we find the change into coal nearly complete. Notwithstanding these extreme variations, we may yet establish the ordi- nary constitution of turf with certainty enough for prac- tical use, and, on the average specimens of turf selected from various localities, the following results have been obtained :— The calorific power of dry turf is about half that of coal; it yields, when ignited with litharge, about four- teen times its weight of lead. This power is, however, immensely diminished in ordinary use, by the water which is allowed to remain in its texture, and of which the spongy character of its mass renders it very difficult to get rid. There is nothing which requires more altera- tion than the collection and preparation of turf; indeed, for practical purposes, this valuable fuel is absolutely spoiled as it is now prepared in Ireland. It is cut in a wet season of the year; whilst drying it is exposed to the wea- ther; it hence is in reality not dried at all. It is very usual to find the turf of commerce containing one-fonrth of its weight of water, although it then feels dry to the hand. But let us examine how that affects its calorific power. One pound of pure dry turf will evaporate 6 lbs, of water; now in 1 lb, of turf, as usually found, there are f lb. of dry turf, and I5 lb. of water. The f lb. can only evapo- rate 45 lbs. of water; but out of this it must first evapo- rate the J lb. contained in its mass, and hence the water boiled away by 1 lb, of such turf is reduced to 4j lbs. The loss is here 30 per cent., a proportion which makes all the difference between a good fuel and one almost unfit for use. When turf is dried in the air, under cover, it still retains one-tenth of its weight of water, which reduces its calorific power 12 per cent., 1 lb. of such turf evaporating 5^ lbs. of water. This effect is sufficient, however, for the great majority of objects; the further desiccation is too expensive and too troublesome to be used, except in some especial cases. The char-acteristic fault of turf as a fuel is its want of density, which renders it difficult to concentrate within a limited space the quantity of heat necessary for many operations. The manner of heating turf is, indeed, just the opposite to that of anthracite. The turr yields a vast body of volatile inflammable ingredients, which pass into the flues and chimney, and thus distribute the heat of combustion over a great space, whilst in no one point is the heat intense. Hence for all flaming fires turf is applicable, and in its application to boilers it is pecu- liarly useful, as there is no liability to that burning away of the metal, which may arise from the local intensity of the heat of coke or coal. If it be required, it is quite possible, however, to obtain a very intense heat with turf. The removal of the porosity and elasticity of turf, so that it may assume the solidity of coal, has been the ob- ject of many who have proposed mechanical and other processes for the purpose. It has been found that the elasticity of the turf fibre presents great obstacles to compression, and the black turf, which is not fibrous, is, of itself, sufficiently dense. Not merely may we utilize turf in its natural condi- tion, or compressed, or impregnated with pitchy matter, but we may carbonize it, as we do wood, and prepare turf charcoal, the properties of which it is important to establish. The methods of carbonization are of two kinds :—1. By heating turf in close vessels; by this mode loss is avoided, but it is expensive, and there is no com- pensation in the distilled liquors, which do not contain acetic acid in any quantity. The tar is often small in quantity, and the gases are deficient in illuminating power, hence the charcoal is the only valuable product. Its quantity varies from 30 to 40 per cent, by weight of the dry turf. The products of the distillation of 1,157 lbs. of turf were found by Blavier to be—charcoal, 474 lbs., or 41 per cent. ; watery liquid, 226 lbs,, or 19*3 per cent,; gaseous matter, 450 lbs,, or 39 per cent,; and tar, 7 lbs., or 6 per cent.; but the proportion of tar is variable, sometimes reaching to 24*5 per cent, when coked in close vessels. The economical carbonization of turf is best carried on in heaps, in the same manner as that of wood. The sods must be regularly arranged, and laid as close as possible; they are the better for being large—15 inches long, by 6 broad, and 5 deep. The heaps, built hemi- spherically, should be smaller in size than the heaps of wood usually are. In general 5,000 or 6,000 large sods may go to a heap, which will thus contain 1,500 cubic feet. The mass must be allowed to heat more than is necessary for wood, and the process requires to be very carefully attended to, from the extreme combustibility of the charcoal. The quantity of charcoal obtained in this mode of carbonization is from 25 to 30 per cent, of the weight of dry turf. The charcoal so obtained is very light and very inflam- mable ; it possesses nearly the volume of the turf. It usually burns with a light flame, as the volatile matters are not totally expelled. This is shown by the com- position of a specimen analyzed with the following- result :— Carbon 89-90 Hydrogen 1-70 Oxygen and nitrogen . . 4*20 Ashes 4-20 100-00 For many industrial uses the charcoal so prepared is too light, as, generally speaking, it is only with fuels of considerable density that the most intense heat can be produced; but by coking compressed turf, it has been already shown that the resulting charcoal may attain a density of 1,040, which is far superior to that of wood charcoal, and even equal to that of the best coke made from coal. As to caloriflc effect, turf charcoal is about the same as coal cokes, and little inferior to wood charcoal. It is peculiarly important, in the preparation of the charcoal from turf, that the material should be selected as free as possible from earthy impurities, for all such are concentrated in the coke, which may be thereby ren- dered of little comparative value. Hence the coke from surface turf contains less than 10 per cent, of ash, whilst that of the dense turf of the lower strata contains from 20 to 30 per cent. This latter quantity might altogether unfit it for practical purposes. The above account of turf and its value, for which we are much indebted to the work of Sir Robert Kane, on the Industrial Resources of Ireland, will be found to apply in an important way to many experiments lately tried with this kind of fuel, and illustrated by several objects exhibited by Mr. Cobbold, Mr, Reece Rees, Mr. J, Rogers, and others. The products obtained for eco-. nomic use, by the more careful distillation of turf and peat, will be fully described by reference to the body of the Catalogue. 3. Lignite. Lignite also occurs in Ireland, especially on the shores of Lough Neagh, where it is partly used as fuel. The vast quantity of the lignite may be judged fi^om a boring at Sandy Bay, described by Mr. Griffith. In 76 feet of depth there occurred three beds of lignite, one of 20, one of 25, and one of 15 feet thick, giving a total thick- ness of strata of fuel of 60 feet; the remaining 16 feet were clay. Elsewhere, the beds of lignite are not so much developed; but as the area of this tertiary basin extends over 100 square miles, the quantity of fuel therein contained may be considered of much public interest. This lignite is intermediate between wood and coal, and is found ogti examination to present all the structure of wood, and is of a deep brown colour. When ignited, it gives off gaseous matter, which burns brilliantly, and leaves a dense black charcoal. Specimens are found to contain from 53-7 to 57'7 volatile matter, 30*0 to 33*6 carbon, 8 to 16 ash. The economic value of the lignite appears from those analyses about two-thirds that of average coal. The heat which it produces is more diffused than that from coal, and less intense. Indeed, in all respects as to application to industrial uses, the position of lignite is between those of coal and wood. The attempts hitherto made to render this fuel available for various economic purposes have not been very successful. At Bovey Tracy, in Devonshire, and at Brora, in Sutherlandshire, other beds of lignite occur, and have been partially used; and in various oolitic beds in York- shire similar mineral fuel exists to a small extent. None of these, as at present worked, present any features of considerable interest. Some beds of bituminous shale at Kimmeridge, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere, have been employed chiefly for local purposes. But the lignite of Ireland is far inferior, both in extent and calorific j)ower, to that of Germany, where fuel of this kind exists in several places, and to a vast extent. On the banks of the Rhine, in Nassau and its vicinity, and in the east of Europe, in Silesia, and in parts of Styria, deposits of this kind are exceedingly remarkable, and of great economic importance. Their thickness is sometimes enormously great, reaching to 120 feet, and even more, but the beds are generally detached and small, and more resemble drift accumulations than re- gular deposits. The value of these lignites for the ma- nufacture of iron must ultimately be very considerable, as there exist abundant supplies of iron ore in the imme- diate vicinity of the fuel, both in Austria and on the Rhine, and also in Silesia. The lignites of Germany often exhibit distinct woody structure, and can be referred to coniferous trees. They contain a somewhat large per centage of ash, do not form good and compact charcoal, and will not stand the blast of a blacksmith's forge. They are generally so wet as to require some drying before being used, and when exposed to the air they often crack. In texture they are tough, and sometimes exhibit sufficient remains of their origin as to resist effectually the blow of a hammer, or, if breaking, only parting in the grain of the wood. The change they have undergone has, therefore, been too small to have given them any of the essential characters of true coal, but they still are so far reservoirs of carbon that we cannot doubt of their being ultimately rendered available. 4. Nature and Distribution of Coal. True coal is so much altered from its original vegetable condition as to have left scarcely any traces of its true history. It is generally, however, associated with sands and clays, exhibiting numerous fragments of the ancient vegetation that obtained at the time of its formation; but these fragments are so far removed in every respect with the existing form of vegetation, as to afford little clue to the ancient condition of the earth in this respect. In coal all trace of true woody fibre has disappeared; the water originally present, and so injurious in the less altered forms of vegetable fuel, is entirely absent, or. if present at all, is so rather mechanically than chemically, while the water originally in the plant appears to have un- dergone decomposition, the hydrogen uniting with some pai-t of the carbon to form carburetted hydrogen gas, often existing in the cells and between the plates of the coal, under considerable pressure, and the oxygen being almost entirely removed. The former vegetable has now become a mineral substance, and lies in vast beds of variable thickness, and overlying each other to the extent souie- times of more than a hundred in a single district; such beds being regularly interstratified with deposits of sand and clay, and occupying a distinct geological position, being, with only a very few exceptions, confined to rocks belonging to the newer part of the palseozoic series. Between the Arctic Cii-cle and the Tropic of Cancer repose all the principal carboniferous formations of our planet. Some detached coal deposits, it is true, exist above and below those limits, but they appear, so far as we know, to be of limited extent. Many of these south- ern coal-fields are of doubtful geological age: a few are supposed to approximate to the class of true coals, as they are commonly styled; others are decidedly of the brown coal and tertiary period; while the remainder belong to various intermediate ages, or possess peculiai* characters, which render them of doubtful geological origin. The coals of Melville Island and Byam Martin's Island certainly appear to be of the true coal period. We know that coal exists at numerous intermediate points, from the 75th to the 27th degree of north latitude in America, and also that it is worked on the Sulado and Rio Grande rivers in Mexico, for the use of the steamers. Southward of the Tropic of Cancer, the existence of coal, corresponding with the European and American hard coal, is somewhat uncertain. There seems to be none on the South American continent, imless it be at Ano Paser, which needs confirmation, or in the province of Santa Catherina, in Brazil. On the African continent we have had vague accounts of coal in Ethiopia and at Mozambique, also at Madagascar; and quite recently we have had intelligence of large quantities of coal in the newly-ceded territory above Port Natal, on the eastern side of Africa; but we believe no geologist has examined those sites. In the Chinese and Burmese em- pires only brown coal appears to approach the tropic, but true coal seems to exist in the northern provinces. Southward of the Asiatic continent we are uncertain of the exact character of the coal deposits, such as occur abundantly at Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and neigh- bouring islands. Coal, however, exists in these islands, and is of fair workable quality. In New South Wales, the great coal-range on the eastern margin of that continent has sometimes been de- scribed as resembling the Newcastle coal in England, and sometimes it is described as of more ancient date. This coal differs essentially from that of any known European formation, but bears a strong resemblance to the Burdwan coal of India. We have not yet arrived at the period when we could pronounce with any approach to certainty on the actual number of coal-basins in the world; the total number must, however, amount at least to from 250 to 300 prin- cipal coal-fields, and many of these are subdivided, by the disturbed position of the strata, into subordinate basins.* These basins or coal districts are, however, grouped into a comparatively small number of districts, and even many of these are little known, and not at all measured. The greater number occur in Western Europe and Eastern North America, while Central and Southern Africa, South America, and a large part of Asia, are totally with- out any trace of true carboniferous rocks. The remarks, therefore, that will follow, chiefly refer to the coal of our own and adjacent countries, or of the United States and British North America. There are various kinds of coal obtained from mines worked in the tx'ue coal-fields, which may be grouped into bituminous coal, steam coal, and anthracite. Of * Taylor's "Statistics of Coal," Introduction, p. xxxvii. the first the cannel is a remarkable variety, the coarser kinds of it being called in Scotland " parrot/' and some- times splint coal. It contains from 40 to nearly 60 per cent, of volatile matter, and the proportion of carbon varies within the same limits. It burns readily, taking fire like a candle, and giving a bright light, and much smoke. The ash varies from about 4 to 10 per cent. This coal yields on destructive distillation a very large quantity of gas, and is profitably used for that purpose. The gas is not only large in quantity, but remarkably pure, and of excellent quality for purposes of illumina- tion. There is a large quantity of this kind of coal in the Scotch.coal-fields, and it has also been found in the Newcastle district, in the Wigan portion of the Lanca- shire coal-field, and in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire coal-fields. America yields cannel coal in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Cannel coal passes into jet, and may like jet be worked into various ornaments; but it is brittle, and not very hard. The seams are generally rather thin, although there are several im- portant exceptions in which the quantity is very con- siderable. The coal of Belgium from one basin (that of Mons) seems to be of this kind. Another and far more abundant kind of bituminous coal is that obtained abundantly in Northumberland and Durham, and commonly used in London and every- where on the east and south coast of England. This kind is also highly bituminous, burns with much flame, and takes fire readily, but it swells and alters its form while burning, often assuming a striking and very peculiar appeai-ance, illustrated by a column of coke ex- hibited by Mr. Cory, and also by other cokes shown by the coal trade of Northumberland and Durham. This caking coal, as it is called, yields, on an average of several analyses, about 57 per cent, of carbon, about 37'6 volatile matter, and 5 per cent. ash. Its specific gravity is 1*257, but sometimes higher. It leaves a. red ash in an open fire, but requires to be deprived of its volatile matter before being exposed to a strong blast, owing to its tendency to cement together in a solid mass, and prevent a free draft through the grate or furnace in which it is em- ployed. Not only the coals of the Newcastle coal-field in England, but those of France and Belgium generally, of Bohemia, and Silesia, in Europe, and of Ohio, in North America, are of the caking bituminous kind. The coal of Staffordshire, Yorkshire and Derbyshire, Lancashire, North Wales, and many other districts, con- tains nearly or quite as much bituminous and volatile matter as that of Newcastle, but does not cake and swell in the fire, and may, therefore, be employed directly where strong heat is required without previous coking. The coke obtained from this coal is little altered in appearance. The coal burns freely, will flame and give much heat, but is generally considered somewhat inferior for house- hold purposes to that of Newcastle. It yields 50 to 60 per cent, carbon, 35 to 45 volatile matter, and a small quantity, often less than 5 per cent., of ash. The ash is often white. Most of the coals from the inland counties readily show white lines on the edges of the beds, owing to thepressvire of argillaceous earth which efiloresces. In this respect they are less adapted for general use than the Newcastle coal, but many of them are of excellent quality. Next in order to the coals of the midland counties generally, are those of some parts of North Wales, and many districts in South Wales, which contain a larger per centage of carbon, very little volatile matter and bitumen, and often but little ash; which burn, however, freely and without smoke, and are well adapted for steam purposes and the manufacture of iron, or where a strong blast and great heat is required. Such coals exist not only in England, but in France, Saxony, and Belgium to some extent. They are often tender or powdery, dirty-looking, and of comparatively loose tex- ture, but they often stand exposure to the weather without alteration or injury. They are called steam coals, and the inferior kinds are known as culm. They contain carbon 81 to 85, volatile matter 11 to 15, ash 3, or thereabouts. Several varieties well known in commerce are exhibited by different proprietors, and the respective analyses will be found in many cases in the body of the Catalogue. The last kind of coal is that called " anthracite," and it consists almost exclusively of carbon. This coal is also called non-bituminous, as the steam coal is semi-bitumi- nous. The anthracites contain from 80 to upwards of 95 per cent, carbon, with a little ash, and sometimes a certain small per centage of volatile matter. They are heavier than common coal, take fire with difficulty, but give an intense heat when in full combustion with a strong draught. Anthracite occurs abundantly in the western part of South Wales, in the south of Ireland, in France, Saxony, Kussia, and in North America, and the use of them is greatly on the increase. Amongst other things it is used for hop and malt drying, and lime burn- ing with great advantage, but its chief use is in the manufacture of iron. The appearance is often bright, with a shining irregular fracture; the coal is often hard, but some varieties are tender and readily fractured. The ash of anthracitic coal is generally white. As a general rule the anthracites are deficient in hydrogen, but con- tain a certain proportion of oxygen gas. The following table represents the weight of water evaporated by one pound each of several principal varieties of coal, and is, therefore,—other things being the same—a good index of the relative value of these fuels:— Lbs. Oz. Common Scotch bituminous coal . 5 14 Hastings Hartley main, Newcastle . 6 14^ Carr's West Hartley, Newcastle , .75 Middling Welsh anthracite . . .715^ Merthyr bituminous coal (South Wales) 8 0 Llangenech steam coal, South Wales . 8 14^ Cameron's steam coal. South Wales .9 7| Pure Welsh anthracite. South Wales .10 8^ The relative importance of mineral fuel in various countries, as indicated by the actual coal area and the real production of different districts, may be understood by a reference to the subjoined table. This and other statistical facts are based chiefly upon the authority of Mr. Taylor,* but have before been given in their present form by the author of the present essay. + Coal Area Proportion Annual Countries. in Square of whole Production Miles. Area of the Country. in Tons. British Islands .... 12,000 1-10 32,000,000 2,000 1-100 4,150,000 520 1-22 5,000,000 4,000 1-52 550.000 1,200 1-90 3,500,000 1,000 1-20 United States of America 113,000 1-20 4,000,000 British North America . 18,000 2-9 It will thus be seen how extremely important the coal- fields of the British islands really are when compared with any others elsewhere. This is the case not merely in the total annual production and the proportionate extent of the deposit, but also in the great number of points at which the coal can be advantageously worked. This will be best seen by reference to the table appended. The beds with which the coal is generally associated in the British islands are various sands and shales (imperfect slaty beds) of different degrees of hardness; but the actual coal seams themselves often repose directly on clay of peculiar fineness, well adapted for fire-brick, and generally called under-clay. The under-clay is used in many coal districts for various purposes of pottery. Bands of ironstone (impure argillaceous carbonate of iron) are very abundant in certain coal districts, but are almost absent in others. The Scotch coal-fields near Glasgow, the South Welsh, Yorkshire, and some others, are rich in ironstone, which is the chief source of the vast quantities of iron manufactured in this kingdom. * '* Statistics of Coal," by R. C. Taylor (London, .1. Chapman, 1850). f" Elementary Courso of Geology" (London, 1848). Table of the Principal Coal-Fields of the British Islands. U3 a5 s ^^^^ Estimated Workable o a> Its cfl ^ 0) 05 =? tBed ickne: -beari es in Area in Acres. OJ o CS CO tn 1 Numl 1 Work Estim tliick 1 able ! 1 Thick 1 Feet, Total of Cc Meas ■ 1, Northumberland and Dur- ham District:— Newcastle Coal-Field 500,000 18 80 7 2. Cumberland and West moreland, and West Riding of Yorkshire:— Whitehaven and Akerton 80,000 7 8 2,000 Appleby (three basins) . 17,000 . . Sebergham (Cumberland) 1 3 3 Kirkby Lonsdale 2,500 4 17 9 3. Lancashire, Flintshire, and North Staffordshire:— Lancashire Coal-Field 380,000 75 150 10 6,000 Flintshire .... 120,000 5 39 9 200 Pottery, North Stafford - 40,000 24 38 10 sliire. Cheadle .... 10,000 4. Yorkshire, Nottingham- shire, Derbyshire, &c.: Great Yorkshire Coal- Field 650,000 12 32 10 Darley Moor, Derbyshire . I 1,500 Shirley Moor ft, Shropshire and Worcester- shire:— Coalbrook Dale, Shrop- 12,000 17 40 shire. Shrewsbury 16,000 3 Brown Clee-hill 1,300 3 Titterstone, Clee-hill 5,004 Lickey Hill, Worcester- 650 • shire. Bewdley .... 45,000 6. South Staffordshire:— Dudley and Wolverhamp- 65,000 11 67 40 1,000 ton. 7. Warwickshire and Leices- tersliire:— Nuneaton .... 4!), 000 9 30 15 Ashby-de-la-Zouch . 4i),000 5 33 21 8. Somersetshire and Glou- cestershire:— 50 9i) Forest of Dean . 36,(i00 17 37 • Nevvent, Gloucestershire . 1 ,500 4 15 \ 9. South Welsh Coal-Field . 600,000 30 loo 12,000 10. Scottish Coal-Fields:— Clyde Valley j Lanarkshire South of Scotland, several 1 1,000,000 84 200 13 6,000 small areas. ) Mid-Lothian 24 94 4,400 East-Lothian 60 180 13 6,000 Kilmarnock . . } .' } 3 40 30 Fifeshire .... 21 Dumfries Coal Region 45,000 10 55 6 11. Iri sh Coal- Fields: — 500,0 0 9 40 6 Connaught .... 200,000 Leinster, Kilkenny . 150,000 8 23 Munster (several) . . 1,000,000 The principal coal areas of Europe, apart from those of the British islands, are those of Belgium, France, Spain (in the Asturias), Germany (on the Ruhr and Saare), Bohemia, Silesia, and Russia (on the Donetz), Of these the Belgian are the most important, and occupy two districts, that of Liege and that of Hainault, the former containing 100,000, and the latter 200,000 acres. In each the number of coal-seams is very considerable, but the beds are thin, and so much disturbed as to require special modes of working. The quality of the coal is very various, including one peculiar kind, the Flenu coal, unlike any found in Great Britain, except at Swan- sea. It burns rapidly with much flame and smoke, not giving out an intense heat, and having a somewhat disagreeable smell. There are nearly fifty seams of this coal in the Mons district. No iron has been found with the coal of Belgium. The most important coal-fields of France are those of the basin of the Loire, and of these, St. Etienne is the best known and largest, comprising about 50,000 acres. In this basin are 18 beds of bituminous coal, and in the immediate neighbourhood several smaller basins, con- taining anthracite. Other valuable localities are in Alsace, several in Burgundy, much worked by very deep pits, and of considerable extent; some in Auvergne, with coal of various qualities; some in Languedoc and Pro- vence, with good coal; others at Arveyron; others at Limosin; and some in Normandy. Besides these are many others of smaller dimensions and less extent, whose resources have not yet been developed. The total area of coal in France has not been ascertained, but is pro- bably not less than 2,000 square miles. The annual production is now at least 4,000,000 tons. There are four coal districts in Germany, of the car- boniferous period, besides several districts where more modern lignites occur. The principal localities for true coal are near the banks of the Rhine, in Westphalia; on the Saare, a tributary of the Moselle; in Bohemia; and in Silesia. The total annual production exceeds 2,7 50,000 tons. Of these various localities, Silesia contains very valua- ble and extensive deposits of coal, which are as yet but little worked. The quality is chiefly bituminous, the beds few in number, but very thick, amounting in some cases to 20 feet. Some anthracite is found. Bohemia is even more richly provided than Silesia, the coal measures covering a considerable area and occupying several basins. More than 40 seams of coal are worked, and several of these are from four to six feet thick. The basin of the Saare, a tributary of the Moselle, near the frontier of France, affords a very important and extensive coal-field, which has been a good deal worked, and is capable of great improvement. No less than 103 beds are described, the thickness varying from 18 inches to 15 feet. It is estimated that, at the present rate of exti-action, the basin contains a supply for 60,000 years. On the banks of the Ruhr, a small tributary to the Rhine, entering that river near Dusseldorf, there is another small coal-field, estimated to yield annually nearly 1,000,000 tons. The whole annual supply from Prussia and the German States of the Zollverein, or Customs' Union, is considered to exceed 2,750,000 tons. Hungary and other countries in the east of Europe contain true coal-measures of the carboniferous period; but the resources of these districts are not at present de- veloped. On the banks of the Donetz, in Russia, coal is worked to some extent, and is of excellent quality, but it belongs to the older part of the carboniferous period. Spain contains a large quantity of coal, both bitumi- nous and anthracitic. The richest beds are in the Astu- rias, and the measures are so much broken and altered in position as to be worked by almost vertical shafts through the beds themselves. In one spot upwards of 11 distinct seams have been worked, the thickest of which is nearly 14 feet thick. The exact area is not known, but it has been estimated by a French engineer that about 12,000,000 of tons might be readily extracted from one property, without touching the portion existing at great depths. In several parts of the province the coal is now worked, and the measures seem to resemble those of the coal districts generally. The whole coal area is said to be the largest in Evirope, presenting upwards of 100 workable seams, varying from 3 to 12 feet in thickness. There are in North America four principal coal-areas, compared with which the richest deposits of other coun- tries are comparatively insignificant. These are the great central coal-fields of the Alleghanies; the coal-field of Illinois, and the basin of the Ohio; that of the basin of the Missouri; and those of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton. Besides, there are many smaller coal- areas which, in other countries, might well take rank as of vast national importance; and which, even in North America, will one day contribute greatly to the riches of various States. The Alleghany, or Appalachian coal-field, measures 750 miles in length, with a mean breadth of 85 miles, and traverses eight of the principal states in the American Union. Its whole area is estimated at not less than 65,000 square miles, or upwards of 40,000,000 of acres. The coal is bituminous, and used for gas. In Kentucky, both bituminous and cannel-coal are worked in seams about three or four feet thick, the cannel being sometimes associated with the bituminous coal as a portion of the same seam; and there are, in addition, valuable bands of iron ore. In Western Virginia there are several coal- seams of variable thickness, one, nine and a half feet; two others, of five, and others, of three or four feet. On the whole, there seems to be at least forty feet of coal distributed in thirteen seams. In the Ohio district, the whole coal-field affords, on an average, at least six feet of coal. The Maryland district is less extensive, but is re- markable as containing the best and most useful coal, which is worked now to some extent at Frostburg. There appears to be about 30 feet of good coal in four seams, besides many others of less importance. The quality is intermediate, between bituminous and anthra- citic, and it is considered well adapted to iron making. Lastly, in Pennsylvania, there are generally from two to five workable beds, yielding, on an average, about ten feet of workable coal, and amongst them is one bed trace- able for no less than 450 miles, consisting of bituminous coal, its thickness being from twelve to fourteen feet on the south-eastern border, but gradually diminishing to five or six feet. Besides the bituminous coal, there are, in Pennsylvania, the largest anthracitic deposits in the States, occupying as much as 250,000 acres, and divided into three principal districts. The Illinois coal-field in the plain of the Mississippi is only second in importance to the vast area already de- scribed. There are four principal divisions traceable, of which the first, or Indiana district, contains several seams of bituminous coal, distributed over an area of nearly 8,000 square miles. It is of excellent quality for many purposes; one kind burning with much light, and very freely, approaching cannel-coal in some of its properties; other kinds consist of caking, or splint coal. In addition to the Indiana coal-field, there appears to be as much as 48,000 square miles of coal-area in the other divisions of the Illinois district, although these are less known, and not at present much worked. 30,000 square miles are in the state of Illinois, which supplies coal of excellent quality, and with great facility. The coal is generally bituminous. The third great coal-area of the United States is that of the Missouri, which is little known at present, although certainly of great importance. British America contains coal in the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The former presents three coal-fields, occupying in all, no less than 5,000 square miles; but the latter is far larger, and exhibits several very distinct localities where coal abounds. The New Brunswick coal-measures include not only shales and sand- stones, as is usual with such deposits, but bands of lignite, impregnated with vitreous copper ore, and coated by green carbonate of copper. The coal is generally in thin seams, lying horizontally. It is chiefly, or entirely bituminous. In Nova Scotia there are three coal regions, of which the Northern presents a total thickness of no less than 14,570 feet of measures, having 76 seams, whose aggregate magnitude is only 44 feet, the thickest beds being less than four feet. The Pictou, or central district, has a thickness of 7,590 feet of strata, but the coal is far more abimdant, one seam measuring nearly 30 feet; and part of the coal being of excellent quality, and adapted for steam pur- poses. The southern area is of less importance. Besides the Nova Scotia coal-fields, there are three others at Cape Breton, yielding different kinds of coal, of which one—the Sydney coal—is admirably adapted for domestic purposes. There are here 14 seams above three feet thick, one being 11, and one 9 feet. Coal, existing generally in beds of moderate thickness, inclined at a small angle to the horizon, and often at very considerable depth beneath the surface, is extracted most commonly by the aid of pits or shafts sunk to the bed, and galleries (levels or drifts) cut horizontally, or in the plane of the bed to a certain distance. By a number of such galleries, cut at right angles to each other, the whole bed, within certain limits, is completely laid open, the overlying beds being supported by the masses of coal (pillars or columns) left untouched between the galleries. In this way about one-third of the coal can be extracted, and afterwards, on the supporting columns being also re- moved, the roof falls in, and the work is regarded as finished. This method is called technically the pillar and stall method," and is adopted in the Newcastle coal- field. In Yorkshire, and elsewhere, instead of such columns being left, the coal is removed entirely, and at once, without columns; the roof falling behind the work as it advances. This is the long-wall method. Other modes are occasionally followed when the condition of the coal requires it. Owing to the gaseous substances contained in coal, and given off not only on exposure to heat, but also to a cer- tain extent by pressure, many kinds of coal cannot safely be left during the process of extraction, without some defence from the open lights required by the miner in the mechanical operations of removing the coal from its bed, and conveying it to the pit bottom. An explosive gaseous compound is readily produced by the admixture of the gases given off by the coal, with common air, made to cir- culate through the workings, and, if neglected, this com- pound accumulates and travels on till it meets with flame, and then explodes, causing frightful destruction not only to the property of the mine-owner, but also to the life of the miner. Many contrivances have been suggested from time to time; on the one hand, to improve the ventila- tion of the mines, and on the other, providing means of illumination which would render accidents from explosion less probable, by removing the immediate cause. Ex- amples of both will be found amongst the models and instruments exhibited in this class, and to these the reader is referred. It is not likely that any contrivances can render absolutely safe an employment which of necessity involves so many and such serious risks as are connected with coal-mining; but much may, no doubt, be done to diminish the danger both from imperfect ventila- tion and open light. In concluding this notice of mineral fuel, it may be worth while to draw attention to the vast and overwhelm- ing importance of the subject, by a reference both to the absolute and relative value of the material, especially in the British Islands. It may be stated as probably within the true limit, if we take the annual produce of the British coal-mines at 35,000,000 tons, the value of which is not less than 18,000,000/. sterling, estimated at the place of consumption, and therefore including, to a certain amount of transport cost, necessary to render available, the raw material. At the pit mouth the value of the coal is probably about half this, or 9,000,000/. sterling, and the capital employed in the coal trade is es- timated at 10,000,000/. The average annual value of all the gold and silver produced throughout the world has been estimated to have amounted, in 1847, to nearly thirteen millions and three quarters sterling. We have therefore the following summary, which will not be without interest:— Value of the coal annually raised in £. Great Britain, estimated at the pit ■ mouth 9,000,000 Mean annual value at the place of consumption 18,000,000 Capital engaged in the coal trade . 10,000,000 Mean annual value of the precious metals obtained from North and South America and Russia . . 5,000,000 Total value of precious metals raised throughout the world in 1847 . 13,710,000 Mean annual value at the furnace, of iron produced from British coal . 8,000,000 (See the adjoining map for the relative positions of the coal-fields of Europe, and of the United States, and British North America.) INTRODUCTION. The results of the science directly illustrated by tliis Class will probably be more generally appreciated than the means by which such results are attained. But these are not to be sought among the chemical and phar- maceutical i)roducts, any more than are the beautiful mechanisms of other Classes to be found m association v/ith the raw mineral which supplied the material for their formation. This Class is principally contained in the South Galleky, and is most conveniently reached by ascending the stair near the south entrance at the transept. The objects in the Class are immediately encountered on gaining the Gallery. The Class is divisible into the following heads :—A. Chemical substances used in manu- facture. B. Rarer chemical substances for the scientific chemist; and C. Chemical substances used in medicine. The objects in this Class do not admit of more than a general grouping, into the chemicals of the chemical factories, and the more delicate and refined compounds produced in the laboratory. The former of these, inclu- sive of large specimens of alum, protosulphate of iron (copperas), and soda are interesting as representing a department of British commerce which has grown into importance within a very recent period. The manu- facture, especially of caustic and carbonate of soda on the great scale, has originated and developed itself in a degree almost unparalleled in the history of commerce within twenty or thirty years of the present time. The fires of the kelp burners on the shores of the islands of Scotland are scarcely now extinct, when vast factories, employing large numbers of individuals appear to produce in enormous quantities the same alkali, which was until recently scantily derived from the fused ashes of marine plants. The manufacture of this alkali, by an ingenious decomposition of common salt by the simple aid of sulphuric acid, chalk, sawdust, and coal, is now prosecuted to a vast extent for the supply of the industrial arts generally, the quantity used in medicine and pharmacy being comparatively insignificant. At some alkali works fifty and sixty tons and upwards of common salt are decomposed every week, and converted into caustic or carbonate of soda. The alum factories are not less extensive. At those establishments crystallizations on a scale emulating those of nature are constantly in progress. Some very large specimens of these crystals, and of those of other chemical compounds are placed in the Centjial Avenue, some of the masses being 8 feet in height. The manufacture of sulphuric acid, and of the compounds used by the dyer and calico-printer, also occupies a prominent feature of commercial enterprise. The prussiates of potash forming large masses of yellow and red crystals, and the green, but perish- able crystals of copperas, are illustrations of substances largely used in the arts, and the colours and dyes pro- duced by their assistance, present themselves in every direction, when the classes relating to textile printed fabrics are examined. The chemical works of this country are principally situated at Liverpool, at Newcastle-ujDon-Tyne, and at Glasgow. The area of ground occupied by some of them equals that covered by the Exhibition Building, and in the various departments as many as five or six steam-engines are employed. The chimneys of these works are in one or two instances 500 feet in height, and the workmen employed form a little population resident in the immediate vicinity of the works. The application of scientific chemistry to the purposes of medicine is scarcely less recent than the commercial development of chemical manufacture. Medicinal substances appeared for a period to have been overlooked by the chemist, and little attention was given to their preparation. This cannot now be said. The specimens of vegeto-alkaloids, the minerals used in pharmacy and of their compounds—of beautiful crystalline forms, indicate the progress made in the application of philosophic chemistry to the production of pharmaceutical pre- parations. A variety of compounds obtained by delicate chemical reactions, and from substances requiring great carefulness in manipulation, are also included in this Class. The whole Class, though not an extensive one, represents the growing attention of men of eminence to chemistry as a manufacture ; and of men of science to the application of chemical philosophy to the processes carried on on the smaller scale in the laboratory. The same facilities which exist in this country for the pro- secution of other departments of commercial and industrial enterprise have carried chemical manufactures to their present important and commanding position. The direct dependence of many of the arts upon the existence of and the accuracy of production in these chemical works cannot now be questioned.—R. E. Class 2.—CHEMTOAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS. South Gallery, 185 1 PoNTiFEX & Wood, Shoe Lane, Fleet Street— Manufacturers. A series of chemical and metallurgic products, illus- trating the different processes employed for the reduction of lead from its ores, and its subsequent conversion into white lead. Specimens of various colours and pigments, employed by artists and paper-stainers; crystals of tartaric and citric acid, sulphate of copper, &c. Melincrythan Chemical Company, Neath, Wales— Manufacturer. Sugar of lead, or acetate of lead. 3 Button, Charles, 146 Holhorn Bars— Manufacturer. Chemical products:—Acids — boracic, chromic, carba- zotic, gallic, pyrogallic, metagallic, phosphoric and glacial anhydrous, and uric. Alum—pure ammonia—chrome—potash—and soda alums. Ammonia nitrate, benzoate, and oxalate; and bin- oxalate (impure), remarkable for the size of the crystals. Arsenic iodide; barium chloride—oxide, and oxide hydrate; barytes nitrate; bismuth chromate and nitrate; cadmium chromate; calcium phospburet; cerium oxide and oxalate; cobalt acetate, nitrate, phosphate, and chloride; copper protoxide and suboxide; glucina iron sulphuret; lead nitrate, pure; lead chromate, fused; manganese sulphate; mercury nitrate, bichromate, and bicyanide; nickel sulphate; phosphate of soda and ammo- nia ; potash, pure ; potash chromate, silicate, and bin- arseniate; potassium iodide, bromide, and fluoride; silver nitrate; soda, pure; soda, nitrate; strontia nitrate; tin bisulphuret; tungstic acid; tungstate of soda; bitung- state of ammonia; uranium nitrate and oxide; zinc chloride and sulphate, pure; phosphorus; iodine, pure; and bromine, pure. 3a Reade, Rev. J. B., F.R.S., Stone Vicarage, Aylesbury —Inventor and Patentee. Cyaniodide of iron, or soluble Prussian blue, and iodide of potassium free from alkaline reaction. These products, the first of them being a new com- pound, are obtained by adding iodide of iron, with iodine in excess, to yellow prussiate of potash, the quantities being in proportion to the equivalents of the final pro- ducts. Prussian blue remains on the filter, and is per- fectly soluble when washed and dried; and pure iodide of potassium, as a residuary product, is obtained by evaporating the colourless filtered liquor, fusing and crystallizing. Equivalent of Cyaniodide of Iron. Iron 7 . . 196 . . 30-8 Cyanogen. . . . 9 . . 234 . . 36-8 Potassium 2 . . 80 . . 12-6 Iodine 1 . . 126 . . 19-8 Cyaniodide of iron , 1 . . 636 . . 100-0 Grains. Hence, if we take prussiate of potash . . 145*0 Iron^^ ^28}*°^^^'^^^^^^^°^^'^°'^ ' * Iodine in excess to be dissolved in iron. 37 "2 336-2 We have, on the whole, the following elements and final products:— Elements. Iron . . Cyanogen Potassium Iodine. . 50 61 62 163-2 336-2 Products, viz ,Pr'issian Blue, from 50 61 20-4 32-2 Iodide of Potassium from 41-6 131-0 163-6 172-6 Thus the iron and cyanogen, with a portion of the pot- assium and iodine, form Prussian blue of an intense colour, and perfectly soluble; and the remainder of the potassium and iodine form iodide of potassium, which, unlike the purest that can be purchased, has no alkaline reaction, when dissolved, on turmeric paper. The properties of this new Pi-ussian blue make it valu- able as a writing fluid and a dye; and the pure iodide of potassium, produced by this new process, is found to possess advantages in the preparation of calotype paper. In the preceding experiment water is not decomposed, and there is no formation of hydriodic acid; but iodine appears to play the part of oxygen, and imparts to the Prussian blue the same rich tone that is obtained from a per-salt of iron. Without excess of iodine, the preci- pitate is nearly white, but rapidly absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and is soluble. 4 Buckley, J., the Trustees of the late, Manchester— Manufacturers. Crystal of copperas, or sulphate of iron. [This substance is in reality an impure sulphate of iron. The copperas of commerce is obtained by exposing heaps of bisulphuret of iron, or iron pyrites, to moisture and air for a considerable period. The elementary con- stituents of the iron pyrites, sulphur and iron, are oxi- dized, and a sulphate of the protoxide of iron is obtained, which is washed out and crystallized. It is largely used in the art^ for dyeing, ink-making, and also in chemistry and medicine.—R. E.] 5 Evans, F. J.—Manufacturer. Naphthaline, from coal. 6 Wilson, John, Glasgow—^Manufacturer. Alum slate, raw, in the condition of bisulphuret of iron and alumina; found resting on the top of the coal in the mines. Three other specimens of the same slate, showing the progressive stages of decomposition. Sample of the same slate calcined. Tub of alum in the last stage of manufacture. Crystals of alum. Large specimen of the same. Bisulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Iron pyrites decomposed. Sulphate of iron (copperas) obtained from the same ore. Sulphate of ammonia obtained from ammoniacal water, one of the products of the distillation of coal. Naphthaline, obtained from naphtha; rare, in conse- quence of its size and purity. A group of the crystals of sulphate of iron is exhibited in the engraving, page 186. 7 Spence, Peter, Pendleton Alum Works, Manchester— Inventor and Manufacturer. Iron pyrites.—Bisulphuret of iron, obtained in nodules interspersed in coal; its most general use is to furnish copperas or sulphate of iron by spontaneous decompo- sition, when spread on the ground, on what are technically called copperas beds. Refuse pyrites, after being burned for the manufacture of sulphuric acid ; used for the patent manufacture of copperas, by digesting it with sulphuric acid diluted. Copperas crystals. Sulphate of protoxide of iron, manufactured by patent process. 80UTH Gallery. Crystals of Sulphate of Iron. The forms of the crystals of sulphate of iron are repre- sented in the above cuts. Schale, or schist, found overlying and underlying all the coal veins, and brought up in immense quantities in nearly all the coal workings, and also in the ironstone mining, the nodules of ii-onstone being imbedded in the shale. By a patent process, its own weight of alum can be produced, by acting on it with sulphuric acid, &c,, one ton of shale, of average quality, yielding one ton of alum. Shale, calcined for the manufacture of alum. Shale in the process or manufacture of alum. Alum of the first and second crystallization. Alum finished for the market. Patent zinc cement, or hydraulic mortar. Specimens of the waste materials from which the cement is manufactured. Bust composed of the cement. The cement laid on to wall. Manufactured entirely from refuse matters. The refuse shale, after the patent alum process, affords the silica and alumina; the refuse lime, after purifying gas for illumination, affords the calcareous ingredient; and the metallic constituent, zinc, is obtained as sulphate of zinc from the refuse of Wicklow pyrites, after its use in the. manufacture of sulphuric acid. The cement is hydraulic ; the affinity of oxide of zinc for oxygen prevents the oxidization of any iron, and its deleterious efiect on vegetation prevents the growth of moss on it surface. [Iron pyrites may be made to yield at least two valu- able chemical products, sulphur-, and sulphate of iron, or copperas. The first is obtained by heat, sulphate of iron by simply exposing the iron pyrites, which is a bisulphuret of h^on, to the weather. The mass absorbs oxygen from the air, a sulphate' of iron is formed, and is washed out and crystallized. The shale or scliist employed in the alum manufacture is a slaty clay found both overlying and underlying coal strata, and containing much pyrites.— R. E.] 7a Tennants, Clow, & Co., Manchester— Manufacturers. Sulphate of copper. Sulphate of zinc. Muriate of tin in crystals. Bichloride of tin. Nitrate of lead. Bichro- mate of potash. Prussiate of potash. Prussiate (red). Chlorate of potash. Garancine. Stannate of soda. Bi- sulphate of potash. Soda-ash. Sal-ammoniac; and pink salt. [The compounds here exhibited furnish a remarkable illustration of the extensive applications of chemistry to modern arts and manufactures. The series exhibited South Gatj.ery. contains many compounds unknown to commerce a few years ago. They are all employed in various processes of either dyeing or calico-printing.—R. E.j 7b Young, J,, Ardwick Bridge, Manchester— Inventor. Mineral oil. Paraffine. Stannates, with models of ajjparatus [This mineral oil occurs as a natural spring in a coal-pit at Riddings, near Alfreton. It is used largely for ma- chinery, the paraffine being very anti-frictional. Paraffine is one of. the most remarkable of products, and has received its name from its not having chemical affinity for any substance whatever. It is a result of the distil- lation of tar-oils.—R. E.] 7c Brown & Co.—Manufacturers. Muriate of ammonia. Sulphate of ammonia. 7d Dick, David, & Co., Burgh Chemical Works, Carlisle—Manufacturers. Copperas manufactured by Spence's patent process. 8 Dentith, W., & Co., Manchester—Manufactvirers. Ornaments of bichromate of potash, and of nitrate of lead. Chromate of potash, prussiate of potash, and Whitby alum, used by calico-printers and dyers. Green oxide of chromium, and oxide of zinc, used by china and earthenware manufacturers. [By taking advantage of the elegant forms which various chemical substances assume on crystallizing, and inserting baskets of wire, or similar articles, into a crys- tallizable solution, the form of the article is preserved, but the character is altered by the development of exquisite crystals, which give the objects a peculiar and remarkable appearance.—R. E.] 9 Kurtz & Schmersahl, Coimhrook Woy^ks, Manchester—Manufacturers. New colouring matters, and preparations for printing and dyeing in cotton, linen, silk, and wool. - Specimens of printing and dyeing by means of the pre- parations. Ultramarine, in different qualities. [Lapis lazuli is usually found in granite and crystalline limestone. The finely-coloured varieties are employed for vases, in mosaics and furniture, and are much prized. The pigment ultramarine is prepared from the mineral, by slightly igniting it, shaking the mass in water, and after reducing it to fine powder, mixing it with a resinous paste. This paste is then kneaded in cold water, which washes out the ultramarine, the impurities being retained by the paste. From the costliness of ultramarine its use was formerly confined to the artist; since, however, the discovery by M. Grumet (guided by the analysis of the pigment by MM. Clement and Desormes) of a method of preparing it artificially, its price has become gradually so much reduced as to admit of its very general employ- ment in the arts. For, although M. Grumet kept his process a secret, M. Gmelin and other chemists have published prescriptions for its production, and its manu- facture has been of late years much extended, particu- larly in Germany, though only very recently introduced into England. Ultramarine is a very permanent colour under atmospheric influences, but is decolorized by the presence of acids with liberation of hydro-sulphuric acid; hence, in its employment, the presence of acids should be avoided. Artificial ultramarine may be prepared, ac- I of equal parts of silica, carbonate of soda, and sulphur, first adding a sufficient quantity of a solution of soda to dissolve the silica. The result is a bluish-green mass, which, by ignition in contact with air, becomes blue. Ultramarine consists essentially of silica, alumina, soda, and sulphur; a small quantity of iron appears to be bene- ficial, but an excess impairs the beauty of the colour.— W. D. L. R.] 10 Hatmel & Ellis, 9 Siujar Lane, Manchester— Manufactui'ers. Copper and its compounds—Copper ore from the Burra-Burra mine, Australia; sheet, oxide, and sulphate of copper. Lead and its compounds—Lead ore; protoxide of lead; nitrate of lead. Tin and its compounds—Tin ore from Cornwall; tin granulated; tin salts, or protochloride of tin; sulphate of soda, or salt cake. Sulphur—Rough sulphur from Sicily ; roll, flowers, crystallized, lac, and black sulphur. Archill—Orchella weed from Angola; red archill; blue archill; cudbear. Ammonia—Muriate and sulphate of ammonia. [Copper, lead, and tin furnish highly important com- pounds for the use of the dyer and calico-printer. Sul- phate of copper, or blue vitriol, nitrate and acetate of lead, and protochloride of tin are the compounds most largely in use for these purposes, and are consumed in quantities altogether enormous in the Lancasliire print- works.—R. E.] 11 Howards & Kent, Stratford, Essex— Manufacturers. Barks yielding quinine and cinchonine, viz. 1, various descriptions of calisaj^'a bark [Cinchona calisaya). 2, Cara- baya bark {Cinchona ovata). 3, Cusco bark {Cinchona pubescens). 4, Carthagena bark {Cinchona cordifolia). 5—8, Specimens of red, crown, grey, and loxa barks, 9, Vari- ous descriptions of barks used for adulteration, 10, Cin- chona Australis. 11, Cascarilla macrocarpa, 12, Casca- rilla corua. 13, Cascarilla magnifolia, 14, Buena hexan- dra. 15, Exostema Peruviana or tacumez bark. IG, Laplacea quinoderma. Salts of quinine and cinchonine:—Disulphate, sulphate, citrate, hydrochlorate, phosphate, and tartrate. Nectandra Rodim, or green-heart bark, and its alkaloid bebeerine, [The tree from which the green-heart bark is obtained belongs to the natural order Lanracea, a family of plants yielding many powerful and valued medicinal agents, Nectandra Rodia^i has been shown by Dr. Maclagan to con- tain an important alkaloid, called from the native name of the tree {Bebeern) Bebeerine, or Biberine. Its effects are comparable to those of quinine. The tree flourishes in Demerara, and its wood is extremely hard.—R. E,] Refined camphor, with different kinds of rough cam- phor, &c.:—1, Japan or Dutch camphor. 2, China or Formosa camphor. 3, Borneo or native camphor, 4, Refined camphor. 5, Camphor in the glass in which it was sublimed. [The tree which yields camphor is Laurus camphor a. Japan camphor is considered the best, and is imported in tubs into the United Kingdom, but not in large quantities. Crude camphor from China is principally obtained from the island of Formosa, whence its com- mercial designation. Crude camphor is obtained from the trees yielding it by chopping up the branches and boiling them in water, when the camphor is separated either by cooling or sublimation. It is refined in this country by being re-sublimed.—R. E.] Refined borax, and articles from which it is made:—1, South Galleky. Tincal, or natural borax. 4, Artificial tincal. 5, East India refined borax. 6, English refined borax. 7, Modi- fied crystals. 8^ Octohedral borax. [The origin of boracic acid is extremely interesting. Its principal sources are the celebrated lagoons of Tus- cany, where it is obtained by a singularly simple and ingenious process. It rises with steam from the heated earth in a region where volcanic tumult is conspi- cuously manifest, and was formerly avoided by the super- stitious peasantry in its vicinity. This steam is condensed by being passed into basins partly filled with water, the boracic acid is held in solution, purified, evaporated, and crystallized. From 10,000 to 12,000 lbs. of this acid are thus obtained every day. Boracic acid is chiefly employed as a source of borax. Borax consists chemically, when pure, of a biborate of soda. It is, in its impure state, the tincal of commerce, and is obtained in large quanties from a lake in Thibet, on the edges of which it crystallizes, and is collected by the natives. It is also procured from lakes in China and Persia. The greater part of the borax of commerce is obtained from the saturation of boracic acid with soda. Borax is greatly used in the arts as a flux, and for glazing porcelain; also in medicine, and pyrotechny for making ''green fire."—R. E.] Tartaric acid, with specimens of the argols and tartars from which it is made;—1, Argols, various kinds. 2, Tartars, various kinds. 3, Crystallized tartaric acid. 4, The same, in the first stage of manufacture. 5, Powdered tartaric acid. Citric acid and the articles from which it is made:—1, Concentrated lemon juice. 2, Citrate of lime. 3, Crys- tallized citric acid. 4, Citric acid, in the first stage of manufacture. Antimony and preparations:—1, Antimony. 2, Black sulphuret of antimony. 3, Oxysulphuret of antimony. 4, Emetic tartar. 5, Antimonial powder. 6, Kermes mineral. Silver and preparations:—1, Silver. 2, Lunar caustic, o. Crystallized nitrate of silver. [Mtrate of silver, commonly called Lunar caustic, is a preparation obtained by the solution of metallic silver in jiitric acid. Chemical union takes place, and the solution being evaporated and crystallized, a solid nitrate is ob- tained. This is, for medical purposes, fused and run into moulds. This compound of silver, in a pure state, is of special value as a re-agent to the chemist; it is also extremely useful in the hands of the physician and surgeon. Very pure crystallized nitrate of silver is employed for the production of photographic pictures on paper, glass, and porcelain. When deposited on these surfaces, under peculiar circumstances, it is highly sensitive to the light.—P. E.] Bismuth and preparations:—1, Bismuth. 2, Oxide of bismuth. 3, Pearl white. Iron and preparations;—1, Iron. 2, Ammonio chloride of iron. 3, Tartrate of iron. 4, Oxide of iron, 5, Green vitriol. 6, Ammonio citrate of iron. 7, Ammonio tartrate of iron. 8, Citrate of iron and quinine. Mercury and preparations:—1, Mercury. 2, Oxide of mercury. 3, Binoxide of mercury. 4, Red precipitate. 5, White precipitate. 6, Crude calomel. 7, Crystallized calomel. 8, Calomel. 9, Hydro-calomel, sublimed under water. 10, Corrosive sublimate. 11, Sub-sulphate of mercury. Magnesia and preparations :--l, Magnesian shale. 2, Magnesian limestone. 3, Epsom salts. 4, Carbonate of magnesia. 5, Calcined magnesia. [The well-known substance called Epsom Salts is an important preparation of magnesia. It is, in some in- stances, procured by an ingenious system of employing the residual hydrochloric acid of alkali works, which is made to act upon native magnesian limestone; the lime is dis- solved out by the acid, and the residual matter, consist- ing chiefly of magnesia, is dissolved in sulphuric acid, purified and crystallized. In other cases it is largely obtained by simply acting upon magnesian limestone with diluted sulphuric acid; it is also obtained from the resi- dual salts of sea-water, from which common salt has been separated.—R. E.] Preparations of potassium:—1, Potashes. 2, Pearl- ashes. 3, Carbonate of potash. 4, Bicarbonate of pot- ash. 5, Sulphate of potash. 6, Soluble tartar. 7, Com - mercial saltpetre. 8, Purified nitre. [The difference in the chemical composition of the pot- ashes and pearlashes of commerce, is, that the one is chiefiy a caustic form of the alkali, and the other contains more of the carbonate. Both are alike derived from tho combustion of wood, America is the chief source of this alkali at present. Her immense primeval forests, upon which the efforts of man make but little impression, present an inexhaustible source of this valuable alkali. The wood is piled up in a pyramidal heap, and the ashes are collected, partly purified, and fused. Pearlash is prepared from the ''black salts," or impure caustic and carbonated alkali, by fusion in an open furnace. Potash is largely employed in medicine and the arts. About 100,000 cwt. are annually imported into Great Britain from America alone.—R. E.] Preparations of sodium:—1. Soda ash. 2. Subcarbon- ate of soda. 3. Subcarbonate of soda, absolutely pure. 4. Sesquicarbonate of soda. 5. Bicarbonate of soda. 6. Rochelle salt in the first stage of manufacture. 7. Pure Rochelle salt. 8. Rochelle salt, powdered. 9. Phosphate of soda. 10. Cubic nitre. 11. Purified nitrate of soda. 12. Glauber salts. 13. Hyposulphate of soda. [The last-named preparation of soda—^hyposulphate of soda—is a substance of great importance and peculiar interest to the photographer. It is readily soluble in water, and the solution dissolves, with great facility, the compounds of silver. After a Daguerreotype picture has been taken and developed bj mercurial vapour, the coat- ing of iodide and bromide of silver formed on the surface of the plate is instantly dissolved by washing it with this solution. The picture is afterwards dried and gilded. In the Talbotype, hyposulphate of soda is employed to remove the sensitive coating of silver, and thus fix the impressions so as to render them insensible to the further influence of light.—R. E,] Zinc and its preparations:—1, Zinc. 2, Oxide of zinc. 3, Acetate of zinc. 4, White vitriol. Iodine and its preparations: — 1, Seaweed, yielding iodine. 2, Kelp. 3, Commercial iodine. 4, Resublimed iodine. 5, Hydriodate of potash, 6, Biniodide of mer- cury. Opium and its preparations:—1, Opium. 2, Morphia. 3, Acetate of morphia. 4, Muriate of morphia. [Morphia is a powerful alkaloid, being the active prin- ciple of opium. The acetate and muriate are its most common preparations for pharmaceutical purposes.—R. E.] 12 Bell, Isaac Lowthian, Washington Chemical WorkSf Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Manufacturer. Specimens of Pattinson's patent oxichloride of lead; . also three landscape pictures, painted with colours pre- pared from the same. 13 King, John, Glasgow—Manufacturer. (Sole partner of the Hurlet and Campsie Alum Company.) Alum, slate, or schist, from the mines of Campsie, Stirlingshire, in three different strata, ovei'lying each other in the coal measures. South Gallery. The same ores in process of decomposition, and in a state of complete decomposition. Tlie insoluble portion of the decomposed ores mixed with alum schist in its natural state, after having been subjected to combustion. Muriate of potash, used in the alum manufacture. Manu- factured alum, once, twice, and thrice crystallized; or finished alum. A miniature reaching tun, showing the mode in which the finished alum is crystallized. Iron pyrites. Specimens of prussiates of potash. [At the foot of the Campsie hills there occur two or three beds of coal of the South Scotch coal-field, and some beds of alum slate, which decompose on exposure to the air. The beds have been much disturbed, and often exhibit intruded masses of trap. In preparing the alum obtained in an impure state from the decomposition of the bituminous and pyritous schist, much careful management is necessary. The admixture of a certain quantity of muriate of potash in these processes, renders the whole rather a mineral ma- nufacture than a simple preparation of raw material.— D. T. A.] 14 May & Baker, Battersea, Surrey—Manufacturers. Specimens of nitric acid. Crystals of nitrate of silver. Trinitrate of bismuth. Rough camphor, as imported. Refined camphor in refining glass; camphor, prepared for sale. Precipitated chalk. White precipitate of mercury. Corrosive sublimate. Crude calomel. Prepared calomel. Red precipitate of mercury. Turpith mineral. Ponder- ous magnesia. Acetate of potash; acetate of zinc. Oxide of zinc. Sulphate of zinc, and chlorate of potash. [Nitric Acid.—The aquafortis of commerce consists of impure nitric acid. It is obtained from the distillation of concentrated sulphuric acid mixed with nitrate of potash or soda. The commercial substance called Chilian, or Peruvian saltpetre, is nitrate of soda, and has largely been iised lately in the preparation of this acid. This acid is of immense importance in the arts, chemistry, and medicine.—R. E.] 15 Cook, Thomas Ainsley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Manufacturer. Crystallized carbonate of soda. Manufactured by the Walker Alkali Company. 16 Lindsay, G-., Sunderland—Manufacturer. Green vitriol, or copperas of commerce, a j)roto-siilphate of iron, extensively used in dyeing silks, woollens, and cottons, making writing inks, Venetian red, &c. It is manufactured from iron pyrites, procured from the coal mines, exposed to air and moisture; the excess of acid being saturated by digesting the lixivium with iron plates and turnings. [By heating proto-sulphate of iron to redness, it is de- composed, sulphurous and sulphuric acids being evolved, and sesqui-oxide of iron (Venetian red, colcothar^ jewel- ler's rouge) remaining.—W. D. L. R.] 17 MoBERLEY, W., Mulgrave Alum Works, Landsend, near Whitby—Producer and Manufacturer. Raw alum shale, as cut from the cliff, showing em- bedded nodules of cement stone ; the same after calci- nation. Alum meal, or alum as first crystallized. Half a cask of finished alum. Rough sulphate of magnesia, being the residuum ob- tained in the manufacture of alum, used for making refined Epsom salts. Refined sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts, purified by a new patent process. Patent double salt of ammonia and magnesia, for a manure for top dressing. Bones dissolved in sulphate of magnesia, for a manure. [Alum is manufactured at Whitby, by the combustion of the schists of the upper lias, which contain a certain quantity of iron pyrites and bituminous, or carbonaceous matter. The temperature being properly regulated, and water occasionally supplied, a double decomposition takes jilace, producing sulphate of alumina and sulphate of iron, together wdth a portion of sulphate of magnesia, if any magnesia is present in the alum schist. A subse- quent separation of the ingredients takes place. A certain quantity of the sulphate or muriate of potash is added, and the alum is crystallized. Alum is a triple salt consisting of a hydrated sulphate of alumina and pot- ash, soda, or ammonia; but a portion of the alumina is occasionally replaced by iron.—D. T. A.] 18 Pattinson, William Watson, Gateshead, Neiccastle-jipon-Ty7ie—Manufacturer. Large mass of crystallized alum, or sulphate of alumina and potash. Masses of pure sulphate of alumina, called in commerce concentrated alum. Specimen of bi-carbo- nate of soda.—Manufactured at the Felling Chemical works. [The alum of English commerce is obtained in large quantities from manufactories at Whitby, in Yorkshire. A horizontal bed of fuel, composed of brushwood or of small coal, is first made, and upon it pieces of aluminous rock are jailed. The fuel being kindled, the whole mass slowly ignites. More rock is piled upon it, until, in some instances, a vast heap of inflamed material, 100 feet high and 200 feet square, is raised, and continues to burn for months. The aluminous schist benig thus disinte- grated, and its chemical constitution changed, is lixiviated, the solution evaporated in large cisterns and purified, and sulphate of potash or ammonia is then added. The alum thus formed is dissolved, and crystallized by pouring the solution into casks made with moveable staves, called " rocheing casks." On removing the staves, an apparently solid barrel of alum is exposed. This is pierced with an instrument near the bottom, when the uncrystal- lized solution runs out. The mass, broken into lumps and dried, is the alum of commerce. The shipments of alum from 'WT;iitby in 1841 amounted to 3,237 tons. Ahmi is employed in medicine, in chemistry, and in the arts. Its most important use is as a mordant for dyers.— R. E.] 19 Richardson Brothers & Co., 17 St. Helen's Place, and 11 East Street, City Road—Manufacturers. Specimens of refined saltpetre or nitrate of potash, obtained chiefiy from the East Indies, and shijDped from Calcutta. This substance is used in the manufacture of gunpowder, oil of vitriol, aqua-fortis, and other chemical products, and also in curing provisions. [Saltpetre is distinguished as the special natural pro- duct of the surface soil of warm countries. India, Egypt, Persia, Spain, and Italy, yield our chief supply. It is obtained from the soil, on the surface of which it makes its appearance like hoar, by lixiviation. The solu- tion is then filtered, evaporated, and crystallized. It is principally imported into Great Britain from Calcutta and Madras. The amount imported from the East Indies and Ceylon in 1841, was 261,552 cwts. Its uses in chemistry, medicine, and the arts are familiar.—R. E.] 20 Stevenson, William, Jarrow Chemical Works, South Shields—Manufacturer. Crystals of soda converted into bi-carbonate of soda by exposure to carbonic acid gas. 21 Tulloch, a., Waltham Abbey—Producer. Saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur, used in the manufac- ture of gunpowder at the Royal Gunpowder Mills at Wal- tham Abbey. [Official Illustrated Catat.ocue.] South Gallery. 22 Mason, Charles, & Son, 11 Munster Street, Regent's Park—Manufacturei's. The royal premier blacking, shown on new calf-skin, blocked on large model of a foot; polished 12th April last. The same on old calf leather; polished 29th Nov., 1850. The French varnish, shown on ordinary calf leather. The waterproof varnish, shown on cow-hide shooting boot and patent leather harness. 23 Hills, F. C, Deptford—Patentee and Manufacturer. Nitrate of potash (saltpetre), made by the decomposi- tion of muriate of potash (chloride of potassium) by nitrate of soda, a patent process; the muriate of potash being obtained from sea-weed or kelp. Dome of sal ammoniac, sublimed from rough muriate of ammonia, made from the ammoniacal liquid produced at gas works, by the addition of muriatic acid. Cake of sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, or common smelling salts, sublimed from rough sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, made by the decomposition of sulphate of ammonia by carbonate of lime; the ammonia being pro- duced at gas-works. [Nitrate of soda has lately assumed high commercial importance from its value to the chemical manufacturer, and to the agriculturist as a mannj-e for wheat. It is found in immense quantities in South Peru, being ob- tained by lixiviation of the saline deposit in the soil, and is then evaporated and crystallized, dried and packed in bags, and conveyed to the coast by mules. In 1841, the imports of this article from Iquique amounted to 173,884 quintals. The term ''kelp" is applied to the fused ashes of several species of sea-weeds. The plants are collected, dried, and burnt, and the ashes form a melted mass, con- sisting of sulphates, carbonates, and chlorides of potash and soda, together with carbonate and sulphate of lime, alumina, and silica.—R. E.] 24 Hemingway, A. W., Portman Street—Producer. Double salts of iron. 25 PoNTiNG, Thomas Cadby, 32 High Street, Bristol— Inventor and Manufacturer. Marking ink and illustrative specimen; for writing and drawing on linen, silk, and cotton, without preparation. Shaving cream. Medicinal vegetable fluid extracts, made with cold water. 26 Clifford, G-., 5 Inner Temple Lane—Producer. Specimens of deeds, writings, books, maps, engravings, &c., injured by fire, water, age, dirt, smoke, &c., in a restored and unrestored state. The specimens exhibited show an indenture that was taken from the ruins of the great fire at Lincoln's Inn, January 14, 1849. The restored half, " without having been separated from the dirty half," cleansed, and flexibility imparted to it: having become hard, horny, and brittle, from the effects of the fire and water, any ordinary attempt to open it would have broken it. The writing on it has sustained no injury by the process. Two leaves of a book, two leaves of the ''Jurist" newspaper, and portions of parchment taken from the same fire, which were injured by fire, water, &c., are exhibited, with the one-half of each cleansed; also the halves cleansed of a map and several engravings injured by age, smoke, mildew, water, and dirt, &c., the whole having been previously in the dirty state. 27 Bramwell, Thomas, Heworth Chemical Works, Newcastle-upon- Tyne—Manufacturer. Crystals of prussiate of potass of commerce. Ferrocyanide of potassium of chemists, used for dyeing blue in place of indigo. [Ferrocjjanide of potassium is one of the most important chemical products to the dyer and calico-printer. It is obtained on the large scale by fusing animal matter with carbonate of potash and iron filings; cyanide, and sub- sequently ferrocyanide of potassitim, are produced. Its compound, formed on the addition of a salt of iron to ferrocyanide of potassium, is of the most beaiitiful blue colour, and is called Prussian blue.—R. E.] 28 WiNSOR & Newton, 38 Eathhone Place, and North London Colour Works, Kentish Town— Manufacturers. Artists' pigments, in the raw and manufactirred states, and in the various forms of preparation, for use in water- colour and oil painting, and in decorative art; including manufactures and preparations of the madder colours, cochineal, lapis lazuli, uranium, cadmium, chromium, and all the rarer kinds of chemical pigments. Sable, badger, hog hair, and other brushes and pencils employed in drawing and painting. Preparations of canvas, panels, millboard, apparatus, and boxes fitted for the use of artists. Palettes, and va- rious other implements and materials employed in the fine and decorative arts. Oxide of zinc. [Several of the rarer metals yield oxides, which form brilliant pigments. Some of these are useful in enamel painting, in consequence of their not undergoing alteration by the heat employed in that art. Oxide of zinc has lately been much employed as a substitute for white lead.—R. E.] 29 Fawcett, Benjamin, late of 73 Snow Hill, and 7 Sumner Street, Southwark—Producer. Plain and ornamental specimens in graining or flatting, produced by a kind of paint free from noxious eflluvia, and adapted for purposes to which white lead may be applied. 30 Cheshire, John, jun., Northwich—Manufacturer. A pyramid of best table salt, with several other speci- mens of salt. The salt springs in Cheshire are the greatest in Europe, and their annual production is up- wards of 800,000 tons of salt. 31 Spencer, John Alexander, 9 Westbourne Place, Hyde Park—Manufacturer. Case, containing chemical preparations:—Naphthaline (from coal-tar); sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts); benzoic acid (prepared by sublimation); cafleine (pre- pared from coffee); hydriodate of quinine; samples of cod-liver oil, 1849-50. 32 Watt, William, Dunchattan Chemical Works, Glasgow—Manufacturer. 1. Sea-weed, collected dry on the sea-shore ; which is burned and converted into 2. Kelp ; which, on lixiviation, is crystallized for 3. Sulphate of potash ; and 4. Chloride of potassium; and 5. Carbonate of soda (crude). The liquor is then decomposed by sulphuric acid, con- verting the iodides contained in the liquor into hydra- iodic acid; which, on oxidation and sublimation, 6. Iodine, is separated from it. 33 PiccioTTO, Moses Haim, 8 Crosby Square— Inventor and Manufacturer, Specimens of decolorized and purified gum arabic, ob- tained by a patent chemical process. When dissolved, it forms a clear mucilage, and may be used for pharma- ceutical purposes, for confectionery, for dressing silks,, lace, tulle, printing, &c. Sample of the original gum arabic from which the specimens were prepared. South Gallery. Specimen of ultramarine blue, for the first time manu - factured in London by Hocbstaetter's process. Pure crystallized mannitC;, prepared in Italy, and used for medicinal purposes. [Mannite is obtained from manna, the concrete juice of a species of ash {Omus Eiiropcea), by dissolving in hot alcohol and crystallizing. It is a peculiar variety of sugar.—R. E.] 34 Bullock, John Lloyd, 22 Conduit Street—• Manufacturer. A series of chemical products derived from substances used as food or medicine. 35 Naylor, William, 56/ernes/S'i^reef, Oxford Street— Manufacturer. Decorative copal varnish, made from Sierra Leone gum copal. White hard varnish, made of picked gum sanderach; and mastic varnish, made of picked gum mastic. Specimens of deal wood, stained to imitate different woods, without sizing; calculated to endure exposure, and admit of polish or varnish. The novelty claimed is the production of the stain without sizing. 36 NissEN & Parker, 43 Mark Zajic—Inventors. Specimens of tinted paper, chemically prepared in the pulp, for printing bank cheques upon. The chemical preparation renders any extraction of the writing by acids or alkalis immediately apparent. 37 Bullock, Edward, & Co., Galvmy, Ireland— Producers. Arran kelp, muriate, nitrate, chlorate, and sulphate of potash. Sulphate of soda, pure sulphur, commercial iodine, pure sublimed iodine, iodide of potash, iodide of lead, biniodide of mercury. Preparations from sea-weed. 38 Spurgin, T., Saffron Walden—VvoAxxcev. Root, stem, flower, and stigmata of saffron. [This plant is said to have been brought to England in the reign of Edward III. It was first planted at Walden, in Essex, a town to which it afterwards gave its name as a prsenomen.] 39 Hawthorne, James, 77 Charrington Street— Inventor. A new ink for staining oak and mahogany. Specimen of a common oak stave, cut in pieces, and stained various shades of colour. A stained mahogany frame. 40 Hall, Josiah, Queenhorough—Producer. Specimen of copperas, from the works at Queenhorough, in the Isle of Sheppey, with specimens of pyrites and of copperas in a granulated form. It is used in dyeing and in the composition of colours, and, in its new and granu- lated form, may be used for purifying gas. The pyrites are found on the shore of the north-east side of the Isle of Sheppey; about eight tons are produced weekly. The granulated form is claimed as the peculiar merit of the specimen; it is efi"ected by a refrigerator, and is used for dry mixing. River copperas has hitherto been objected to as being crystallized in a soft and imperfect manner: the present specimen is freed from such defects by a strict attention to the copperas bed. [Copperas is chemically an impure protosulphate of iron, and is obtained commercially by the decomposition of iron pyrites, or bi-sulphuret of iron, by atmospheric oxygen and water which is poured upon the beds R.E.] 41 Hopkin & Williams, 5 New Cavendish Street— Manufacturers. Pure tannin. Crystallized chromic acid. Benzoate of ammonia. Bin-iodide of mercury. Pui^e aconitine, used in neuralgic affections. Valerianate of zinc, iron, quinine, bismuth, and of iron and quinine. Cardole, said to be a new and powerful vesicating agent. Bromoform, per-bromide of formyle, a new anaesthetic agent said to be of greater power than chloroform. Dutch liquid, chloride of defiant gas, a new anaesthetic agent, said to be less irritating than chloroform. Iodoform, periodide of formyle. Pyrogallic acid, used in photography. Cyanuret of potassium. Citrate of iron and quinine. Suljihate of iron and quinine, a new and powerful tonic. Arseniate of soda, containing 15 atoms of water. Kreatine, from the juice of the flesh. Iodide of iron and quinine. [Tannin (tannic acid) is obtained from nut-galls, and exists in the bark of all the oak tribe. It is the active agent of the barks used in the art of tanning, forming insoluble compounds with the components of the skins of animals (leather), which it preserves from putrefaction. Chromic acid is a compound of the metal chromium and oxygen of a fine red colour: it parts readily with half its oxygen, and hence is a powerful oxidizing and bleach- ing agent. The salts of chromic acid are tei^med chro- mates, they are chiefly of a yellow colovir; the chromates of baryta, strontia, and lead are beautiful yellow pig- ments much used in distemper and oil painting and printing. Aconitine is a poisonous vegetable alkaloid, obtained from aconite (wolfstane, monkshood); it is used as a remedy in neviralgia. Valerianic acid (valeric acid) is a volatile acid belong- ing to the same class as acetic acid: it is obtained by oxidizing hydrated oxide of amyle (oil of potato spirit), as acetic acid (vinegar) is obtained by oxidizing hydrated oxide of ethyle (alcohol). It exists ready formed in the aromatic root of the Valeriana officinalis, from which it is obtained by distillation vdth water. Valerianates (va- lerate) are compounds of valerianic acid with bases. Used as a nervous stimulant. Formyle is a compound of carbon and hydrogen: it bears the same relation to wood spirit (hydrated oxide of methyle), as acetyle does to ordinary alcohol (hydrated oxide of ethyle) : it is the radical of formic acid, as acetyle is of acetic acid. Its compounds with iodine and bromine are iodoform and bromoform. Dutch liquid (oil of the Dutch chemists, olefiant gas) is the hydrochlorate of chloride of acetyle: it is obtained by mixing equal volumes of moist chlorine gas and ole- fiant gas.—W. D. L. R.] [Pyrogallic acid is obtained by heating the dried ex- tract of gallnuts, when it is collected by sublimation. In photography it is employed in extremely minute quanti- ties. The pictures come out without requiring to be developed by a second wash. But the action of this agent is so energetic that it is extremely difficult to manage, A solution of the proto-nitrate of iron pos- sesses similar properties for the use of the pliotogi-apher. —R, E,] 42 Bower, J,, Hunslet, Leeds—Manufacturer. Carbonate of soda, containing 59 parts soda, and 41 car- bonic acid, particularly adapted for scouring wool or woollens, as it removes grease without injuring the animal fibre. P 2 South Gallery. 43 Jenkins, William Harry, Truro—Inventor. Arsenical powders—" Arsenical compound :" a general preventive of foulness, barnacles, &c., on ships' bottoms, buoys, &c., and of dry-rot in buildings. 4-4: Fox & Barrington, 9 Clarence Street, Manchester— Manufacturers. Common salt. Brimstone (sulphur). Salt cake (of soda). Barilla, or black ash (ball soda). Soda-ash (im- pure carbonate of soda). Bleaching-powder. Nitrate of lead. Chlorate of potash. Super-sulphate of soda. Tin crystals (chloride of tin). Blue or Roman vitriol (sulphate of copper). Nitrate of copper. Yellow prussiate (ferro- cyanide of potassium). Red prussiate (ferricyauide of potassium). White, mottled, and yellow soda-soaps. 45 Barnes, James Benjamin, 143 Xew Bond Street— Manvifacturer. Valerianic acid—produced from the hydrated oxide of amyle, or oil of corn spirit, by oxidation ^vith chromic acid. Valerianate of potassa and soda—employed in the form- ation of most of the following salts:—Valerianate of am- monia, baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia, alumina, oxide of chromium, protoxide of nickel and cobalt, and oxide of manganese. Valerianate of oxide of iron, sesqui-oxide of iron, and oxide of zinc—employed in medicine as tonics and anti- spasmodics. Valerianate of oxide of lead—oxide of silver—sub-oxide of mercury—oxide of mercury—ter-oxide of bismuth— oxide of copper—oxide of cadmium—ter-oxide of antimony —oxide of tin—morphia—quina—cinchonia—strychnia— and oxide of ethyle. [This Valerianic acid and series of its salts, have been manufactured by the exhibitor, in the laboratory of Messrs. Savory & Moore, New Bond Street. Valerianic acid was discovered some years since, by Prince Lucien Buona- parte, and by him successfully introduced into medicine. It is of considerable interest to the chemist from the fact of its having been artificially prepared by M. Dumas, by acting upon amylic alcohol (oil of corn spirit) with caustic potash. The valerianic acid is naturally contained in the volatile oil obtained by the distillation of the valerian root, in very small proportions. The same acid, however, may be pro- duced artificially, by the indirect oxidation of the fusel- oil separated from crude spirits in the process of rectifica- tion, which is the cause of the whiskey flavor of grain spirit before rectification. The fusel-oil is heated with a large proportion of caustic potass, when hydrogen is disengaged and valerianate of potash remains. The acid is easily separated from the remaining valerianate of potash by distillation with sulphuric acid. This ofiers a beautiful and striking example of the artificial formation of an acid naturally formed by the process of vegetation of the ofiicinal valerian. It has the same composition and properties as the latter, and may therefore be advantageously substituted for it in all pharmaceutical preparations. The valerianates comprised in the series exhibited, were prepared with the artificial acid and obtained by oxidising the amylic alcohol with chromic acid; it is a colourless oily fluid, having a peculiar and disagreeable odour, and possesses all the properties and qualities of that which is obtained from the root of valerian; it forms soluble salts with bases, which are distinguished by the disagreeable smell of the acid, and also by a sweetish taste. The first specimen in the series con- sists of the pure acid; then follow the salts, being twenty-three in number, namely,—those of potash, soda, ammonia, baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia, alumina. chromium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, sesqui-oxide of hon, zinc, silver, sub-oxide of mercury, bismuth, copper, cadmium, antimony, quinine, morphia, and the oxide of ethyle (valerianic ether). Of these the potash salt resem- bles phosphorus in appearance, is soft like it, and when cut has a waxy lustre, is deliquescent, and when struck with any hard body produces a peculiar metallic sound, somewhat like that occasioned when a ball of camphor is struck in a similar manner. The valerianate of soda is in masses made up of small crystals and is deliquescent. The valerianate of ammonia, also in crystals, and like- wise deliquescent; of baryta, and of strontia also crystal- line ; of lime in crystalline scales; of alumina as a white powder; of chromium as a grey, of nickel as a green, and of cobalt as a beautiful peach-coloured powder; of man- ganese in fine rose-coloured scales; the persalt of hon, orange yellow, pulverulent, and sohxble in alcohol; zinc as a granular crystalline powder; silver as a grey, mercury and bismuth white powders; copper blue and pulverulent; cadmium in white crystalline scales; antimony white and pulverulent; quinine, in no definitely formed crystals; morphia, in fine tufts of acicular crystals. The valei^ianic ether is a colourless fiuid of a penetrating and disagree- able odour, its specific gravity is 0 894. Of the fore- going the valerianates of zinc, iron, and quinine have been the most extensively and the most advantageously used in medicine, and there exists no doubt but that those of potash, soda, ammonia, bismuth, oxide of ethyle, and other bases may be also very beneficially employed by the physician.] 46 Parrott, W., 7 Cleveland Street—Producer. Illustrations in oil and water colour, of an intense and semi-transparent brown colouring substance, derived from the smut of corn. 47 Wood & Bedford, Leeds—Manufacturers. Specimens of the varieties of lichen used in the manu- facture of cudbear, orchil and litmus, including Eoccella fucifurmis, Eoccella tinctoria, Ramalina farinacea, Parmelia perlata, Parmelia tartarea, Umhilicaria pustulata, and Gyro- phora murmia. Substances obtained from the preceding, by chemical analysis, including erythric, lecanoric, and roccellic acids, picro-erythrine, orcine, and ashes of Roccella fuciformis. Specimens of cudbear and orchil, and of their applica- tions in dyeing and staining. [Chemists have show^n the presence of a variety of singular chemical principles in lichens used by the dyer. The colouring principles are Orcine, Erythrine, Vulpidine, StrycJinochromine, Lecanorine, Usnine, &c. The colouring matter is iised largely by the dyer, and by the chemist for the preparation of test-papers.—R. E.] 48 Blundell, Spence, & Co., HvU, and 9 Upper Thames Street—Inventors and Manufacturers. Brunswick or chrome greens, of various tints and shades, used in oil painting and paper-staining. Greens.— For painters, paper-stainers, &c., having a base of copper, viz., emerald green, green verditer, mineral greens, &c., &c. Blues.—Chinese, Prussian, refiners, verditers, ultra- marine, &c. Ochres.—Yellow, red, brown, &c. Yellows.—Chromes, all shades. King's yellow, patent yellow, Dutch pink, &c., &c. Reds.—Red chrome, mineral and vegetable reds. Lakes.—Carmines. Lakes of all colours and shades. Browns.—Vandyke brown, umbers, terra de Sienna, York brown, &c. Blacks.—Vegetable, animal, and mineral. South Gallery. Whites.—Oxide of zinc, Cremnitz white, flake white, enamel white, satin white, Paris white, barytes (sulphate and carbonate), &c. Leads.—Red, orange, grey, black, white (carbonate). White lead (oxi-chloride); a new invention, patented by H. L. Pattinson, Esq., of ISTewcastle-upon-Tyne. Paints ground in oil, of every colour and variety of shade. Zinc white paint.—Unaffected by sulphurous gases, employed for a delicate dead white oil paint. Also a specimen of new drying oil, which assists its drying without impairing the delicacy of colour. Perma- nent and Paris green paints. Brunswick green paints. Metallic red paint. Anti-corrosion, of all colours and shades. Stucco paint, an oil paint'used with water; invented by the exhibitors. Patent dryer. Composition for ships' bottoms. Oils.—Linseed oil, raw, refined, and boiled. Rape oil.—Brown, refined for locomotive engines, and double refined for burning in lamps. Varnishes for coachmakers.—Body, carriage, filling, black japan. Varnishes for painters.—Oak, mahogany, black japan, furniture, japanners' gold size, quick-drying copal for furniture. Mastic or picture. White hard spirit. Paper varnish. Turpentine varnish. Green varnish for Venetian blinds, &c. Black varnish for ships and iron work. French polish. 49 Bankart, F., Swansea—Producer. Crystals of sulphate of iron. 50 Godson, Septimus H., Tenhm-y, Worcestershire, and Rutland Gate, London—Proprietor. Samples of native mineral waters. These mineral waters concentrated and tested, to show their mineral constituents. A phial showing the bromine present in the waters, extracted by ether, and floating in it. A phial with salts found in the Tenbury mineral water. 51 DiNNEFORD & Co., 172 New Bond Street—Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of magnesian minerals, and chemicals. Samples of Dinneford's pure fluid magnesia. [The principal minerals, of which magnesia forms an important part, are the sulphate (Epsom salts), the car- bonate (magnesite), the silicate (meerschaum, talc and serpentine), and the carbonate of lime and magnesia (dolomite). From any of these may be obtained the hydro-carbonate much used in pharmacy (magnesia alba), and also the earth magnesia (prot-oxide of magnesium); but they are chiefly manufactured either from the car- bonate or sulphate.—D. T. A.] 52 ScraLLiNG & Sutton, Brighton—Manufacturers. Samples of soda. Seltzer, and Fachingen water. Eflervescing lemonade. 52a Struve & Co., Eoyal German Spa, Brighton— Manufacturers. Artificial mineral waters, of similar composition to the springs at Spa, Pyrmont, Marienbad, Kissingen, Seltzer, Fachingen, Piillna, and Vichy. The factitious chalybeates are said to contain the carbonate of iron in solution, whereas in those imported, a part, or the whole is pre- cipitated. 53 Kane, William Joseph, Dublin—Manufacturer. Specimen of salt cake (sulphate of soda), made in brick furnaces, with complete condensation of the muriatic acid evolved. Specimen of bleaching powder, made from the muriatic acid condensed. [Bleaching powder is procured by exposing, in a stone chamber, powdered hydrate of lime, or slaked lime, to the fumes of chlorine gas, developed from a mixture of bin- oxide of manganese, coloride of rodium (common salt), and diluted sulphuric acid. After aji exposure of certain leng-th, the lime absorbs, and appears to combine with the chlorine, which it afterwards retains. It is, therefore, valuable for all purposes where the powerfully bleaching effects of chlorine are required, and is employed in vast quantities in the calico bleach-works, and similar esta- blishments for the bleaching of linen and other goods.— R. E.] Specimen of iron pyrites (bi-sulphuret of iron), from Messrs. Williams and Sons' Tigroney Mines, county Wicklow, Ireland. Specimen of manganese ore, containing 90 per cent, of per-oxide of manganese, from Glandore Mines, county Cork, Ireland. 54 Ward, Smith, & Co., Glasgow—Manufacturers. Iodine. Muriate of potash. Sulphate of potash. Alkali salt. 55 Fowler, John, 35 Bedford Street, Covent Garden— Chemist. Specimens of pure benzoic acid. 56 Lawrence, William, 163 Sloane Street— Manufacturer. Specimens of cod-liver oil. 57 Brown, Frederick, 12 Eccleston Place^ Pimlico— Patentee and Manufacturer. Colours manufactured from the oxide of zinc, applicable for painting in distemper, on porcelain and boards, for paper staining, and for oil-cloth. The qualities of these paints are stated to be their freedom from noxious properties, their permanency, and economy. They are not acted upon by gases. Spe- cimen board painted with various colours in zinc paint. 58 Ellam, Jones, & Co., Markeaton Mills, Derby— Manufacturers. Emery—Granular rhombohedral corundum-stone, from Naxos, in Asia Minor: consisting of alumina, 86*0; silica, 3*0; oxide of iron, 4-0; and crocus (oxide of iron), for polishing fine steel and plated ware. Mineral and vegetable colours (native and manufac- tured). Mineral — sulphate of barytes, carbonate of barytes, carbonate of lime, syenite, cannel coal, mineral white, mineral black, blue-black, lapis calaminaris, dream ochre, gold ochre, mineral yellow, metallic red, umber, white rotten-stone, brown rotten-stone, bole armeniac. Vegetable colours—Dutch pink, English pink, Bruns- wick green, Saxon green, Derby red. 59 Russell & Robertson, Omoa Fowidery, Holytown, Lanarkshire—Inventors. Specimens of white-lead paint, or ceruse, yellow chromate of lead, and red di-chromate of lead; manufac- tured by a new process, and solely in the humid way. The usual mode of converting blue lead into white lead, by the action of acetic acid, occupies six weeks or two months, whereas by the new process the same end is attained in one day, without endangering the health of the workmen. [White lead is the well-known pigment, which when ground in linseed oil is used in house painting. It is a carbonate of lead, generally containing hydrated oxide of lead, which is sometimes combined in the proportion of one atom of hydrated oxide to two of carbonate of lead. The most usual method (the Dutch) of manufacturing white-lead is likewise the oldest. It consists in exposing lead to the joint action of acetic acid vapour, moist air, and carbonic acid gas. The lead is cast in the form of stars or gratings, and supported a little above the bottom of earthen pots (in shape like garden pots), into each or which a small quantity of weak acetic acid is placed. Tho South Gallery. pots are then built up in alternate layers, with spent tanner's bark, until a stack is formed; each layer of pots being covered with boards. The fermentation, which soon takes place in the tan, serves the double purpose of fur- nishing carbonic acid, and raising the temperature of the stack, which reaches 140° Fah. After a lapse of six or eight weeks the metallic, or blue lead, as it is called, is converted into porcelain-like masses of white lead, which are levigated in water, washed and dried. About 16,000 tons are annually made in England by this process. A. very small quantity of acetic acid suffices for the conver- sion of a large amount of metallic into white-lead; as, after it has combined with a portion of lead oxide to form neutral acetate of lead, this salt dissolves another atom of lead oxide, which is removed by the carbonic acid as carbonate of lead, and the neutral acetate set free, again to take up a fresh portion of newly-formed oxide of lead, produced by the action of the air on the metallic lead. Most of the new processes depend on similar reactions, with this difference, that oxide of lead (litharge) is em- ployed instead of metallic lead: it is either made into a paste, with a small quantity of acetate of lead and water, or else dissolved either in a solution of neutral acetate, or neutral nitrate of lead, and submitted to the action of carbonic acid, produced by the combustion of coke or charcoal, which precipitates the dissolved litharge, leaving the acetate or nitrate at liberty to dissolve fresh portions. Another of the new plans consisted in precipitating a neutral salt of lead (the nitrate, for example) with an alkaline carbonate.—W. D. L. R.] 60 JoHNSOsr, J. R., 12 Bcmhside—Inventor. Extract of munjeet. Patterns of calico printed and dyed with the extract. Extract of madder. Patterns printed "topically" with the extract. Exhibited to illus- trate a new process of extracting, economically, the colouring principle of the Rubiaceai. Printed calicoes, to illustrate a new process of madder dyeing, which is intended to replace garancine. Pieces of calico printed topically with extract of madder. [Extract of munjeet, or munjeeth, is obtained from the roots of Ruhia cordifoUa, an East Indian plant. It is imported into England from Calcutta. It is not so largely used as madder, which is furnished by the roots of another plant allied to Ruhia cordifoUa. The colour produced is said not to equal that of madder in brilliance and permanence."—R. E.] 61 Scott, Langston, 41 Moorgate Street— Manufactui^er. Large vase and small glasses containing white oxide of zinc. Various small painted boards. Patent white zinc is principally used for house-painting in lieu of white-lead as being less noxious; but may be applied in the manufacture of crystals, paper-staining, card-enamelling, bleaching of lace, glazing of ware, for the down of artificial flowers, &c. It possesses great whiteness, gives a fresh tone to all colours, renders the paint or material prepared impervious to the action of gases, damp, &c., reflects artificial light, and preserves the materials. It is produced by destructive distillation, from zinc ore, or spelter, which is principally imported in large flat slabs from Silesia, Galicia, and Prussia: Rus- sia, Belgium, and China send smaller supplies; the great European depot is Hamburgh. [Oxide of zinc is now largely employed instead of ceruse, and is much less noxious than that preparation of lead.—R. E.] 62 Davy, Mackmurdo, & Co., Bermondsey— Manufacturers. Samples of carbonate of ammonia; corrosive sublimate; calomel; benzoic acid; citric acid; gallic acid; oxalic acid; salt of sorrel; acetate of zinc; nitrate of silver; chloride of barium; nitrate of baryta; tartar emetic crystals; sul- phite of soda; nitrate of ammonia; acetate of lead; glyce- rine; bisulphate of mercury; red precipitate; calomel in powder. 63 Dauptain, Gorton, & Co., 17 Wharf Road, City Road—Manufacturers. Four samples of ultramarine. 64 EsTCOURT, Samuel, 2 Green Terrace, New River Head ■—Inventor and Manufacturer. Sample of refined Indian blue, for the laundiy. 65 CoppocK, John, Bridport—Inventor. A chemical liquid for imparting the colour of mahogany and rosewood to common woods. A specimen of the prepared wood, polished, with a bottle containing the liquid; the sides of the block are left unstained, to show the natural wood. [The liquid commonly employed for staining wood so as to communicate to it the appearance of antiquity is a caustic solution of potash. The same efiect is also pro- duced by the use of soap leys, simply in consequence of the free alkali contained in that liquid. Other chemical fluids are likewise used for the same purpose.—R. E.] 66 Bell, Geo., & Co., 2 Wellington Street, Goswell Street —Manufacturers. Mineral paints, which quickly dry under water, and on metals exposed to extreme heat. They are suitable for ships' bottoms, or for damp walls. 67 Leifchild, J., High Hill Ferry, Upper Clapton— Producer. Specimens of dyes for silk.—Carmine from safflower, blue from indigo, and blue from prussiate of potash. [Safflower is yielded by a plant known botanically as Carthamiis tinctorius, belonging to the Asteracea;. The flower is alone used in dyeing. The plant is an annual, cultivated in Egypt, the Levant, &c.—R. E.] 68 Marshall, John, Leeds—Manufacturer. Nos. 1, 2, & 3. Acid and neutral extracts of indigo. 4 & 5. Carmine and liquid extract from purified in- digo. 6. Refined indigo. [Indigo is the produce of plants belonging chiefly to different species of indigo-tree ; it is also obtained, to a smaller extent, from others. The state in which it exists in the juice of these plants is not well understood. It appears to be in the form of a colourless, soluble com- pound, and is generally obtained by fermenting the bruised plant, during which ammonia is evolved, and a yellow liquor obtained, which, on the addition of lime- water, and exposure to the air, deposits the insoluble blue substance called indigo. For the purposes of dyeing, the indigo is dissolved in sulphuric acid, with which it forms a distinct chemical compound.—E. F.] 7 & 8. Red and blue orchil paste. 9 & 10. The same, of medium quality. 11 & 12. The same, of fine quality. 13 & 14. Red orchil liquor for silk dyeing. 15 & 16. Concentrated red and blue orchil liquor. 17 & 18. Cudbear. 19 & 20, The same, of good and best quality. 21 & 22. Violet carmine, and best concentrated cud- bear. 23, 24, 25, & 26. Valparaiso, Angola, Madagascar, and Cape de Verd orchella weed. [These substances are prepared from vai-ious lichens, amongst which the Roccella tinctoria, R. corallina, Lecanora South Gallery. tartarea, Variolaris lactea, and V. dealhata, have been espe- cially resorted to. These lichens are found on rocks on the sea-coast. The modes of treating them for the manu- facture of the different dyes is the same in principle, though varying slightly in detail. They are carefully cleaned, and ground into a pulp with water, an ammoniacal liquor is from time to time added, and the mass constantly stirred, in order to expose it as much as possible to the action of the air. Peculiar substances existing in these plants are, during this process, so changed by the com- bined action of the atmosphere, water, and ammonia, as to generate the colouring matter, which, when perfect, is pressed out, and gypsum, chalk, or other substances are then added, so as to give it the desired consistency; they are then prepared for the market under the forms now exhibited. - E. F.] 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, & 34. Ground lac-dye,— X, 00, 0, A (medium quality), D (medium quality), G (good quality), H (fine quality), and I (finest quality). 35. Essence of lac-dye. [The lac-dyes are prepared by extracting the peculiar colouring matter of the "stick-lac" of commerce. This latter is a resinoid substance, the result of a secretion of several different plants—the Ficus Indica, F. religiosa, Croton lacciferum, and others—occasioned by the punc- tures of a small insect (the Coccus ficus) made for the purpose of depositing its ova. The branches become encrusted with a reddish-coloured concretion, which consists of the inspissated juice of the plant, imbued with a peculiar colouring matter derived from the insect. The preparation of them is usually carried out in India, the remaining substances, seed-lac and shell-lac, being also articles of commerce. The colouring matter, or dye, is extensively used as a substitute for cochineal.—E. F.] 36. Ground Bengal turmeric. [Prepared fi'om the roots of the Curcuma long a. Used as a dye, and also as a condiment. —E. F.] Specimens of 36 kinds of European and native manu- facture of lac-dye in India. 69 Lee, Charles, 119 Lower Thames Street, City— Importer. Newly-invented black dyeing material, for dyeing silk. 70 Davies, John, Cross Street, Kmg Street, Manchester —Inventor and Manufacturer. Preserved size, clear and strong, for any climate; suit- able for carvers and builders, bonnet-makers, paper- hangers, and varnishers. 71 Lamplough, Henry, 88 Snow Hill—Inventor and Proprietor. 1. Socotrine Aloes, obtained from Aloes perfoliata. 2. Common Aloes, from Aloes Barbadensis. 3. Smyrna Opium, from Papaver Somniferum. Nat. Ord. —Papaveracae. 4. Myrrh, from Balsamodendron Myrrha. Nat. Ord. —Burseracese. 5. Russian Castor, from Castor Feber. Class.—Mam- malia. Order.—Rodentia. 6. Aleppo Scammony, from Convolvulus Scammonia. Nat. Ord.—Convolvulacae. 7. Brown Annulated Ipecacuanha, from Cephaelis Ipecacuanha. Nat. Ord.—Cinchonaceee. 8. Red Annvilated Ipecacuanha. 9. Rhubarbs—English Rhubarb. 10. Dutch Trimmed Rhubarb. 11. Chinese or Indian Rhubarb. 12. Russian Rhubarb, Residual salts from the destructive decomposition of animal substances. Specimens of chloropliospate of soda and potash; of effervescing salts; of crystals of prussiate of potash; and of sulphate of iron. Specimen of Prussian blue. 72 CouLSON, Jukes, & Co., 12 Clements Lane, Lombard Street—Proprietors. Mineral substances used for the manufacture of paint; in their natural state, and pulverized. 73 Peacock, George, Southampton Docks—Inventor. New description of metallic paint or composition, named "Anti-Sargassian," for protecting the bottoms of ships, &c., from the attack of the " Teredo-navalis;" preserving iron and copper sheathing from wear or fouling, and pre- venting wood from decay, with specimens of iron, wood, and copper, in the protected and unprotected state. [Those substances which prevent the decay of wood by chemical means, are generally such as combine with its nitrogenoLis principles, and in such a manner as to pre- vent or retard those principles from undergoing putrefac- tive change. Experience has fully proved the fact that the ordinary duration of unprepared wood exposed to causes of decomposition varies with different kinds, but that decay ultimately takes place in all. By the satura- tion of timber with different fluids, it is possible to avert or defer considerably these changes, and to communicate to the wood a durability far exceeding that originally possessed by it.—R. E.] 74 Stephens, Henry, ^4: Lower Stamford Street, Blackfriars—Inventor and Proprietor. Samples of wood stained by the colour manufactured by the exhibitor, intended to show that deal or other woods may be ornamented, and the beauty of the natural graining exhibited to the best effect, thus saving the ex- pense of painting and graining. 75 Hayes, P., & Co., Salford—Manufacturers. Rosin in the raw state. Spirits extracted from rosin, used for making varnish. Refined rosin oil, for coarse machinery, ships' masts, &c. Common rosin oil, for tramways, &c. Pine tallow, manufactured from rosin, for railways. Pitch. Rosin acid. Pine varnish made from rosin, for vessels. 76 Duncan, William L., Sydenham, Kent— Inventor and Producer. Cotton waste, used for cleansing purposes by railway and steam navigation engineers, &c. Sample, in its dirty state, after having been used for railway purposes. Cotton waste after a cleansing process, by which it is again reclaimed to its original value and usefulness. 77 Mason, Mrs. Betsey, 38 Doughty Street, MecJdenbargh Square—Inventor. Pooloo's Chinese cement, for repairing china, glass, porcelain, marble, all kinds of wood, jewellery, musical instruments, furniture, and metals; useful to the manu- facturer of and dealer in all goods, in the construction of which an adhesive composition is employed, especially for their repair. It is impervious to warm or cold water, and will resist the effects of intense heat. It also pos- sesses the advantage of being perfectly clean, and free from any unpleasant smell. Specimens of articles repaired by the cement. [The cement commonly used for joining broken china and glass is composed of isinglass soaked in v/ater till it is soft and then dissolved in alcohol; to this is added a little solution of gum resin, ammoniac, or galbanum and resin mastic, also in alcohol. When applied, it has to be gently heated to liquify it.—D. T. A.] South Gallery. 78 HuMFREY, C, Farnham Place, Southwark—Inventor and Manufacturer. Colours produced by the combination of fatty acids with metallic oxides and peroxides. Candles and refined fatty matters. 79 Dickson, George, & Co., 46 JDimdas Street, Edinh irgh—Manufacturers. Medicinal cod-liver, ling-liver, and skate-liver oils. Used in cases of pulmonary consumption, asthma, lum- bago, rheumatism, glandular swellings, and all diseases of a scorbutic or strumous nature. [God-liver oil has been long employed in the arts, but its use in medicine is recent. It has been given very ex- tensively within the last two years in a variety of dis- eases. It appears to be principally efficacious in tuber- culous affections, in the treatment of which many other remedies are often employed without success.—R. E.] Cod-liver ointment. Ninety per cent, of the consti- tuents of the oil is contained in this ointment. 80 Brearey, Wm. Arthur, Douglas, Isle of Man— Inventor. Refined oil. Pure oleine, for watches, clocks, chrono- meters, fine machinery, and instruments; free from acid or mucilage; not affected by change of temperature, and having no chemical action on metals. [For some purposes in the arts it is necessary to separate oil into its proximate constituents, elaine, or oleine and stearine. The former is the fluid portion, the latter the solid part which separates, at low temperatures, from the oleine. The separation is effected by cold and pressure.— R. E.] 81 Robertson, W., Banff, Scotland—Manufacturer. Cod-liver oil, manufactured by the exhibitor. Ex- tracted by steam-heat, and rendered almost colourless, without the use of charcoal or any other decolourising agent. Manufactured at the various fishing villages along the coast of the Moray Frith. Skate-liver oil. Manufactured by the same process. This article is more difficult to obtain. Change of tem- perature scarcely affects it. By some it is preferred to cod-liver oil. Sulphate of baryta and chloride of barium. [Chloride of barium is a crystalline compound of chlorine and barium, soluble in water. Its solution pro- duces a white insoluble precipitate of sulphate of baryta in sulphuric acid and solutions of sulphate; hence its use as a chemical re-agent for the detection and quanti- tative determination of sulphuric acid in analysis. Sulphate of baryta (permanent white), is a compound of sulphuric acid and oxide of barium; artificially pre- pared, it is extensively used as a pigment for water- colouring, but has not sufficient body to be employed as an oil paint. The native sulphate of baryta is used as an adulterant of white lead paint.—W. D. L. R.] 82 Linklater, J., 5 Sidney Street—Producer. Specimens of cod-liver oil. 83 Owen, Charles, Edinburgh—Manufacturer, Specimens of pure cod-liver oil. 84 King, William Waudby, SoJio Street, Liverpool— Manufacturer. Effervescent citrate of magnesia, manufactured by the exhibitor. This article is exhibited as an agreeable and efficient saline aperient, adapted for family use, for travellers and residents in warm climates, and as an economical medi- cine in general. Mixed with cold water it forms a plea- sant effervescing draught equal to soda water or lemonade. 85 Burt, Stephen John, 26 Farringdon Street— Proprietor. Cantharides (Cantharis^ vesicatoria), imported from Russia. Cantharidine, the active principle of the cantharides, alone, and in combination with alkaline and other bases. Cantharidine and potassa. Cantharidine and soda. Can- tharidine and lead. [The Cantharis vesicatoria of pharmacy is an insect belong- ing to the order Coleoptera, or beetles. Sicily, Spain, and Astracan are sources of our supply. In the present instance Russia has furnished the insect, and there is a large annual importation from that country. The Russian insects are larger than those of other countries. Cantharidine is ob- tained from an alcoholic tincture of the powdered insect, and possesses in an intense degree the blistering properties of the powdered cantharides.—R. E.] 86 Huskisson, J., W. & H., 77 Swinton Street, Gray's Inn Road—Manufacturers. Crystals of the following chemical substances :— 1. Bi-carbonate of soda. 2, 3. Rochelle salts, refined and unrefined. 4. Iodide of potassium. 5. The same, commercial. 6. Iodide of lead. 7. Bin-iodide of mercury. 8. Iodide purified. 9. 10. Tartaric acid and citric acid crystals. 11, Acetate of zinc. 12, Sulphate of potash crystals, 13, Purified sulphate of zinc. 14, Phosphate of soda. 15, Sulphate of iron crystals. 16, Carbonate of soda. 17, 18. Purified nitrate and bi-carbonate of potash. 87 Murray, Sir James, M.D,, Monktown, Dublin— Inventor. Bi-carbonate of magnesia, dissolved in distilled water; free from impurities. Specimen of fluid camphor and magnesia. Carbonate of magnesia in crystals, a dentifrice. 88 Sturges, Joseph, Kettering—Inventor. Preparation for preserving the turnip plant from the ravages of the fly. [The turnip-plant often suffers in its earliest growth, from the attacks of a small beetle, called the Haltica nemorum, which devours its cotyledon leaves, and thus arrests its further growth. A fine tilth and plenty of good manure generally ensure such a vigorous growth that the plant is enabled to throw out its second pair of leaves before any serious injury has been sustained.—J. W.] A proposed remedy for the smut in wheat, and also a preventive from the ravages of the slug, grub, and wire- worm. 89 Ward, John, Ramelton, County Donegal—Producer. Specimens of kelp manufactured from sea-weed. Iodine, muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, and alkali salt; all manufactured from kelp. 90 Kent, James Henry, Stanton, near Bury St. Edmunds—Inventor and Manufacturer. Dried pharmaceutical indigenous plants, in glass ves- sels, the lower parts of which exhibit the plants prepared for pharmaceutical purposes, and the upper portions of some of which display the botanical characters of the plants. Powdered conium, digitalis, and other indigenous phar- maceutical plants. Dried roots of indigenous pharmaceutical plants. Dried immature poppyheads, and extract made from the same. Specimens of pharmaceutical extracts, prepared from indigenous plants. t->ouTH Gallery. [The plan commonly practised for preparing herbs is as follows:—The herb collectors in the comitry put both stalks and leaves of the medicinal plants in bunches to dry on kilns. These bimches are afterwards hung up in the herbalists' shops, and exposed to the decomposing effects of light and of the atmosphere. The present plan is to reject all the stalks and dead leaves of the plants, to collect them fresh, and dry them immediately in a room heated with currents of pure air, and preserve them in glass or tin vessels free from the access of light and air. They will keep thus for an in- definite period of time.—R. E.] 91 Truman, Hanbury, & Buxton, 174 Brick Lane, Spitalfields—Producers. Malt and hops of various qualities, exhibited in the proportions used in brewing one gallon of porter and one gallon of ale, of medium strength. [Some conception of the quantity of hops annually pro- duced in Great Britain, principally in Kent, Sussex, Wor- cester, and Hereford, may be obtained from the fact that in 1842, the duty (2c?. per lb.), amounted to 260,978/, The plant belongs to the same natural family as hemp, CannahinacecB. Its botanical name is Hamulus lupulus. Of malt, the year 1842 produced in England andWf^les, alone, nearly 31,000,000 bushels, the duty on which amounted to 4,176,742/.—R. E.] 92 Godfrey & Cooke, 31 Southampton Street, Covent Garden, and 30 Conduit Street—Manufacturers. Carmine, the colouring matter of cochineal (Coccus cacti). Lake, from cochineal, soluble in alkalies and am- monia. Oxide of bismuth. Carbonate of ammonia, the basis of smelling salts, spirit of sal volatile, &c. Oil of amber. Salt of amber. Artificial musk, and tincture of artificial musk. Watchmakers' oil, for fine machinery. Spirit of sal volatile. Essence of ambergris. Tincture of myrrh, and sundry drugs and chemicals. [The beautiful pigment. Carmine, is a result of the pre- cipitation of an infusion of the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti) in water, by means of alum. The carmine of com- merce is so costly an article, that it is seldom to be met with in a state of purity. Pure carmine dissolves in am- monia. It is said, by some manufacturers, that a bright and clear state of the atmosphere is necessary to the pre- paration of carmine of the most brilliant colour.—R. E.] 93 Squire, Peter, 277 Oxford Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. A variety of pharmaceutical extracts and preserved juices of medicinal plants. Liquor of taraxacum (dan- delion). Solution of bi-meconate of morphia. Fluid ex- tract of Jamaica sarsaparilla. Cod-liver oil. Red rose leaves (dried without heat). Fine crystals of red ferro- prussiate of potash. Large perfect crystals of yellow ferro-prussiate of potash. [Pharmaceutical extracts were, for a considerable period, the most fallacious of all medicinal preparations. The high temperature to which they were subjected in the manufacture destroyed the active principle sought to be concentrated. Of late they have been prepared, in some instances, by evaporation in the cold; a current of air being driven over the surface of the liquid. They are also safely obtainable by using an apparatus similar to that employed in the sugar manufacture.—R. E.] A chloroform and ether inhaler. An apparatus for preparing infusions. 94 Smith, T. & H., 21 Duke Street, Edinburgh, and 69 Cole- man Street—Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of aloine, the cathartic piinciple of the aloes, discovered by the exhibitors in 1850; of gallic acid, in crystals; of crystallized mannite, extracted from dandelion root; of crystallized mannite, extracted from monkshood root, also discovered by the exhibitors in 1850; and of cantharidine, in crystals, the blistering principle of the Spanish fly, one part being equal to 400 parts of the powder of Spanish flies. 95 Bass, James, 81 Hatton Garden—Inventor. Specimens of concentrated medicinal infusions and decoctions, intended to obviate the inconveniences con- nected with infusions and decoctions as usually prepared. [The infusions of medicinal substances prepared in the ordinary way are extremely liable to decomposition, and soon become covered with fungi. The concentration of such infusions in a form in which they can be preserved for some time is consequently of importance. The prepa- rations are used medicinally by dilution with water; the infusions in their concentrated form preserving a degree of strength above that which it is advisable to adopt for medicines in their administration.—R, E.] 96 McCuLLOCH, Charles, Covent Garden Market— Producer. English and American herbs and roots. 97 TuSTlAN, J., Melcombe, near Banbury— Manufacturer. Petals of the red rose. Confection of the red rose. Extract of henbane. 98 TusTiAN & Usher, Melcombe, near Banbury— Manufacturers. English rhubarb, trimmed and untrimmed, and in powder. [Many attempts have been made to cultivate in Europe the rhubarb plant for the sake of its medicinal roots. In France, more especially, a place called Rheumpoli has been the scene' of a great experiment in this culture; and in the like manner Banbury, in Oxfordshire, has long been celebrated in the source of English supply. All these European rhubarbs have been found very inferior to that imported from Asia, the natural country of the drug.—J. L.] 99 Jennings, H. C, 97 Leadenhall Street—Producer. Starch, gums, and vegetable wax, from potato and wheat starch. 100 HoPWOOD, Henry, Richmond, Surrey—Proprietor. Sugar of milk, crystallized in the usual manner; and crystallized at a temperature of 120*^ Fahrenheit, in the dark. 101 Tennant, M. B., Brighton—Producer. A chemical production for labels or artists' designs, a product of a silvery hue to be thrown over drawings of every description by means of chemical agency said to be hitherto unknown. 102 Keating, Thomas, 79 ^S'z^. Paul's Churchyard— Importer. Kuosso, from Abyssinia {Brayera anthelrnintica').—The blossom of a tree 20 feet high, the native remedy so much esteemed for the removal of tape worm.—Dis- covered by Dr. Brayer. Sarsaparilla, from Paraguay (Smilax Papyracea).—The finest species of sarsaparilla known. The product of which has been foimd to possess valuable medicinal pro- perties, especially in its direct efficacy on the system, in the cure of a number of chronic complaints. Introduced by Dr. H. Scott. Radix Jalapae and Croci in Foeno, from Asia Minor.— Exhibited as the first medicinal products of these species imported from that countiy. Matico.—The new medicinal styptic, and vegetable astringent; efficacious in the suppression of haemorrhage from wounds, leech bites, dysentery, diarrhoea, and the South Gallery. dangerous prognostics of cholera, introduced by the late Dr. JefFrys, of Liverpool. 103 Watts, John, 107 Edgware Road—Manufacturer. Daphne Mezereum, bark of the root and stem. Daphne Laureola, bark of the root and stem. Cod-liver oil, made without water. Oleine of cod-liver oil. Tincture of hops, made with home-dried hops; and made with kiln-dried hops. Hydrochlorate ofmorphia, pure, in crystalline mass. The following extracts are prepared in open vessels, at a temperature of from 110° to 130° Fahrenheit:—Acetic extract of colchicum, from the fresh corms. Extract of gentian, from the dried root. Pure aqueous extract of aloes, from hepatic aloes. Extract of deadly night-shade, from the flowering plant. Extract of liquorice, from the fresh root. Extract of Turkey rhubarb, from the dried root. Extract of fetid goosefoot, from the flov/ering plant. Extract of hemlock, from the flowering plant. Elaterium, from the fresh fruit when nearly ripe. Inspissated ox- gall. Extract of henbane, from the flowering biennial plant. Exti^act of white poppies, from the fresh capsules. Extract of dandelion, from the fresh roots monthly, from October to February. Powdered hemlock, the leaves of the flowering plant. Powdered foxglove, the leaves of the flowering plant. 104 Duncan, Flockhart, & Co., Edinburgh— Manufacturers. Specimen of chloroform. [The inestimable results which have attended the intro- duction of the aneesthetic or painless mode of operating in surgery, renders the principal medical product em- ployed highly interesting. For this purpose it is inhaled from various forms of apparatus, and the inhalation is continued at intervals during the period of operation. Chloroform is obtained by distilling alcohol with a solu- tion of chloride of lime. Its peculiar fruity odour has also rendered it available for the production of artificial fruit essences.—R. E.] 105 Lea, Alfred, 150 Oxford Street—Inventor. Specimen of myrrhine, a preparation for medical use. 106 MoRSON, Thomas N. R., & Son, 19 Southampton Row, and Hornsey Road—Manufacturers. Specimens of crystallized salts of morphine, strichnine, cinchonie, with the pure alkaloids from which they are obtained, of pure aconita and veratric, gallic, tannic, and meconic acids, pyro-gallic and pyro-meconic acids, kreo- sote, &c. [To the chemist the preparations known as alkaloids, or vegeto-alkaloids, present many features of peculiar in- terest. They are also of the highest medicinal impoi-t- ance, acting, as many of them do, with extraordinary power over the animal economy, and supplying to the physician remedies of such energetic action as to enable him, in many cases, to reduce the bulk of medicine from an inconvenient and uncertain, to a convenient form. The crystallization of the vegeto-alkaloids is peculiarly beautiful, and their chemical constitution is extremely complicated. Morphia, quina, strychnia, and brucia, are among these peculiar products, and possess intense medicinal energies.—R. E.] 107 Macfarlan, John Fletcher, & Co., 17 North Bridge, Edinburgh—Manufacturers. Series illustrative of the manufacture of the salts of morphia, embracing opium, impure muiiate of morphia, pure muriate, and sulphate of morphia. Specimens of gallic and tannic acids, embracing galls; tannic acid, impure and pure; gallic acid, impure; com- mercial, pure. Specimens of sulphate of bebeerin, from green-heart bark, embracing the bark, and impure and commercial fiulphate and of the alkaloid. [Green-heart bark is yielded by the Bebeeru tree of Guiana. Its active principle, bebeerin, is employed in the form of sulphate, as a febrifuge tonic.—R. E.] 108 Pound, Matthew, 198 Oxford Street—Importer and Manufacturer. Imports from Calcutta: Indian bael, bela, bilva,matrura; the sliced and dried half-ripe fruit of the ^gie Marmelos, a native of the East Indies, more particularly the Malabar coast; a perfect ripe fruit also accompanies it. Extract of bael; combining all its properties, soluble both in spirit and water. Wine of bael, prepared with sherry; its medicinal properties consist in a modification of tan- nin, combined with a large proportion of mucilaginous and aromatic principle. Bark of the root of the ^gle marmelos, much esteemed on the Malabar coast for me- lancholia, hypochondriasis, &c. Soap berries, the fruit of a Sapindus; used in the East Indies instead of soap for washing. Capsules of the same, the portion in which its peculiar properties exist ; its medicinal preparations are the tincture and extract of the capsules, which are tonic and detersive. Jujube fruit, from the Zizyphus vulgaris of the south of Europe—imported from Paris; its properties are nutri- tive, mucilaginous, and pectoral, and from the jelly of this fruit the jujubes of commerce are prepared. Flaked cold cream. Ammonia tartrate of iron; ferri ammonio tartras; tartrate of iron and ammonia, atonic. [^gle marmelos, called ''Bel" in India, and by the English ''Bengal quince," is a shrub of the orange tribe, producing a very delicious fruit, the astriugent rind of which affords a yellow dye. The soap-worts to which the genus Sapindus belongs are tropical plants. The fruit of many species of Sapindus is used as a substitute for soap, as Sapindus saponaria, a West Indian plant, and Sapindus acuminata, LaurifoUus emarginatus, and Detergens, all East Indian plants. The species alluded to by the exhibitor is probably that last named. The jujubes of the South of Europe are the fruit of Ziziphus vulgaris, those of India of Ziziphus juj'uba, both plants of the buckthorn tribe.—E. F.] 109 Collins, Robert Nelson, Oxford Court, Cannon Street—Inventor and Producer. Disinfecting powder, for the removal of offensive smells. 110 Hattersley, W., 15 Lisle Street, Leicester Square ; _ and 136 and 137 St. George's East—Inventor. Elixir of sarsaparilla prepared without heat. Ill Davenport, John Thistlewood, 33 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury—Producer. Iodide of iron, saccharated 50 per cent, in brilliant lamellae, neutral and soluble, remains unaltered by the air; iodide of quinine in a neutral crystalline form; iodide of quinine and iron, in the form of syrup; iodide of iron, in the form of syrup; iodide of lead, crystals. Chloride of lead, crystals. Citrate of prot-oxide of iron, powder. Ammonia, citrate of prot-oxide of iron lamellaj. Citrate of sesqui-oxide of iron in lamellte. Ammonio-citrate of sesqui-oxide of iron (lamellae). Quinine, neutral sulphate, crystals, soluble. Citrate of quinine and iron, neutral soluble. Phosphate of iron, soluble lamellae; phosphate of quinine and iron, soluble lamellae. Benzoic acid, crystals. Caffeine, crystals. Hydrochlorate of morphia, crystals. Collodion, liquid plaster. Nitrate of silver, crystals. Fluid extract of dandelion, prepared by spontaneous inspissation of the pure juice. Solution of bi-meconate of opium entirely free from narcotine. Preparations of cotyledon umbilicus. [Collodion is a remarkable fluid prepared by dissolving gun cotton in rectified ether. It is used in surgery. Cotyledon umbilicus has lately been used as a remedy South Gallery. for epilepsy. Its employment has been attended in several instances with success.—R. E.] 112 NiXEY, W. G., 22 Moor Street, Soho—Producer. Specimen of cement. 113 Oyij:r, S., 2 York Street, Camden Town—Producer. Lint made of linen of different degrees of fineness. 114 Austin, James B., ^a?i6wr?/—Manufacturer. Decoctions and infusions of medical substances. Su- per-phosphate of lime. Sulphate of lime or gypsum. Fine white sand, found at Todmarton, near Banbmy. 115 Savory & Moore, New Bond Street, Kousso; a new remedial agent, imported by the ex- hibitors, for the removal of tape worm. That it is destructive of that parasitic disease has been satisfactorily shown. The plant has long been known in the East, and actively employed in Abyssinia. Dr. Pereira has given an elaborate account of this plant, which is known by the name of Braycra anthehnintica, from its properties and the name of its discoverer, Dr. Brayer. Wittstein and Martin have given chemical analyses of the plant. Sumbul; another new medicine, the introduction of which into practice in this country is due to the ex- hibitors. It is very beneficial in many nervous diseases, and in the treatment of epilepsy. Dr. Gramdlle has given a minute account of its medicinal properties. 116 Bell, J., M.P. Cod-liver oil, stearine, sarsaparilla, jiiice of taraxacum, otto of roses, &c. Salt, from the Droitwich Patent Salt Works. 117 The London Druggists—Producers. Balsams, &c.: Copaiba, storax calamita, black Sonso- nate, balsamito, and of Tolu. Barks: Canella, cusparia, winter's, mezereon, casca- rilla, Simaruba, Mudar, pomegranate, crown, ashy crown, loxa and jaen. Extracts, &c.: Dragon's blood, catechu, liquorice, aloes, churrus and rhatany. Expressed oils: Mace, cod-hver, linseed, castor, and croton. Essential oils: Peppermint, mint, dill, anise, angelica, geranium, citronelle, cloves, cinnamon, camomile, mnter green, ginger grass, cubebs, cajuputi, verbena, Indian grass, bitter almonds, lavender, sassafras, &c. Roots: Rhubarb, orris, cassava, angelica, mezereon, calumba, hellebore, ipecacuanha, marshmallow, rhatany, smilax aspera, sarsaparilla, ginseng, salep, par.iera brava, valerian, colchicum cormus, cuscus vitiver, &c. Seeds: Cardamoms, castor-oil, croton-oil, colchicum, cumin, anise, cedron, angelica, cocculus indicus, &c. Woods: Calumba, quassia, jalap, guaiacum, myras- permvmi of Sonsonate, Sanders, &c. Spices, peppers, &c.: Guinea pepper, chillies, nutmegs, mace, cassia lignea, cinnamon, cubeb pepper, cloves, almonds, calamine, camomiles, patchouli, gangah, manna, litmus, crabstones, pearls, red coral, dolichos, lactu- carium, chiretta, &c. Fruits, &c. : Colocynth, pomegranate, tamarinds, vanilla, tonka, and cassia fistula. Gums and resins: Ammoniacum, bdellium, frankin- cense, galbanum, gamboge, benzoin, styraceum, larch turpentine, New Holland resin, mastic, myrrh, AralDic, olibanum, sarcocol, scammony, opoponax, sagapenum, tragacanth, tacamahae, guaiacum, &c. Leaves, &c.; Petals of damask and cabbage roses, senna, buchu, kousso, myrospermvim, &c. Mosses: Ceylon, Corsican, Iceland, and Irish. 118 CoPNEY, WtLLTAM, Flouf/Ii Court, Lombard Street— Manufacturer. Crystals of citric acid, sulphate of copper, sulphate of magnesia, and o(?tahedra of alum. 119 Sturge, John Edmund, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Specimen of amorphous jihosphorus, and crystallized chlorate of potass. 120 OxLAND, J. & R., Fhjmouth—Manufacturers. Sj)ecimens of sugar, produced by the patent jDrocess of refining, invented by Robert and John Oxland, in which the acetate of alumina is used as a substitute for the blood and animal charcoal usually employed for defeca- tion and the removal of colour. 121 Pinto, Perez, & Co., Chemical Works, Zimehouse —Manufacturers. Specimen of acetate of lead, in very large crystals, rhombic prisms, slightly coloured, but exhibiting in a high degree its peculiar crystalline structure. Another specimen, in large groups of crystals, perfectly pure, and freed from colour. This salt is prepared from pyroligneous acid and litharge, which, when combined and purified by repeated crystal- lizations, yields such ciystals as are exhibited. The salt is extensively employed in the coloviring arts, especially in calico printing, and is also a powerful medicinal agent. It is highly poisonous. 122 Stevenson, J. C, Jarrow Chemical ^yorks, South Shields—Manufacturer. Large crystal of soda. 123 Riley, E., Museum of Practical Geology, Piccadilly, and Wandsworth, Surrey—Producer. Specimens of hippuric acid and compounds. 124 Greenish, T., 20 New Street, Dorset Square— Manufacturer. Superphosphate of iron; a new preparation of iron re- cently introduced by Dr. Routh, supposed to be the same salt contained in the blood. It is free from any ferru- ginous taste, and so, well adapted for children; believed to be more speedy in its action than the other salts of iron in cases of nervous debility, where there is a large quantity of phosphates voided by the urine, probably because it supplies directly to the brain the phosphorus, on the undue diminution of which the nervous derange- ment depends. Symp of superphosphate of iron, adapted for administering the remedy to children, and probably the best form for general use. Syi'up of poppies, deprived of vegetable albuminous matter, without injury to its medicinal properties; it may by this means be kept without the possibility of fermentation. SjTup of saffi'on, deprived of vegetable albumen, so that it may be kept without the deposition of the colour- ing matter. Tincture of columba and tincture of hops. Both tinc- tures are deprived of the albumen, and perfectly bright. 125 Trix, J., i'^e/cr—Producer. Extract of henbane from the wild herb. 126 Dixon, Son, & Co., Newton Heath, Manchester— Producers. Arthur Allbright—Patentee. Specimens of matches, made with Professor A. Schrotter's amorphous phosphorus. These matches are free from offensive smell, and from efiluvia injurious to the workers while they are making them. They give oxit a brilliant and sure light, when rubbed on the sanded part of the box. They Avill not take damp so readily as matches made in the usual way. They will keep in hot or cold climates, and in dry or com- paratively damp places. They are as cheaply and easily made as the common matches, and are less liable to fire in the process of making. They can be made to light sulphured wood, or stearine matches. The patent safety phosphorus employed in theh manufacture may be known by its producing no light in the dark under 4U0 degrees. SUBSTANCES USED AS FOOD. INTRODUCTION. Most of the objects exhibited hi this Class are so familiar as to require little preliminary notice. Substances used as food are derived either from the animal or from the vegetable kingdom, and may, consequently, be arranged under these two divisions—Animal and Yegetable. The latter are necessarily the most varied and the most important. Vegetable substances used as food may be arranged under the following heads : — A. Agricultural produce, such as cereals, pulses, oils, seeds, &c.; B. Dried fruits and seeds ; C. Substances used in the preparation of drinks ; D, Intoxicating drugs, fermented liquors, &c.; E. Spices and condiments ; F. Substances belonging to the starch ; and Gr. Substances belonging to the sugar series. Preserved meats, soups, honey, gelatine, &c., belong to the subdivision of animal substances. This Class is situated in South Gallery P, and is entered immediately on leaving the preceding Class, situated in the same gallery. Like the last, the amount of space occupied by it is very moderate, but the sub- stances it comprises are interesting, and deserve attention, not, as in the last case, from their connection with commercial enterprise and prosperity, but from their relation to the support and healthy condition of the artificer himself. The Class comprises a variety of agricultural produce—wheats of various kinds and of differing degrees of productiveness, together with specimens illustrative of the remarkable effect of hybridization, or the crossing of one variety of wheat with the pollen of another. Wheat is also shown in its various states of j^i'eparation for the purposes of food, or for the preparation of fermented liquors. Extensive collections of seeds of grasses, fodder-plants, and others for cattle food, are also exhibited, together with an arranged series of the vegetable productions of Scotland, including plants cultivated for their farinaceous seeds ; plants cultivated for their herbage or forage, for their roots, for their uses in the arts, manufactures, &c., for their medicinal properties, and for their timber. Preserved fruits and seeds of various countries are also contained within this Class, repre- senting those articles of luxury removed by their character and costliness out of the ordinary category of human food. Specimens of hops of different varieties, adapted for different purposes, are also shown, and repre- sent a department of agriculture more important in this country than in any other in the world. It has been estimated that upwards of 52,000 acres of land are devoted in England to the cultivation of this plant, about the half of which is in the county of Kent. The dwtj on hops amounts to about a quarter of a million sterling annually. A variety of substances used in the preparation of drinks is comprised in this Class. Specimens of different kinds of cocoas, in the natural and manufactured state, of coffee, and of tea, represent the ingredients con- tributing to form the liquid diet of millions of the human race, and each containing, according to recent discoveries, a peculiar nitrogenous princi])le, identically similar in each, though recognised under different names. New substances are also shown, intended to form substitutes for these articles. Starches, spices, and condiments represent the remaining division of vegetable substances. The division—animal substances—includes a variety of articles of preserved food ; among these are cases con- taining food preserved in air-exhausted canisters for lengthened periods. Isinglass, gelatine, honey, preserved soups and meats, belong also to this division. There are also some preparations from blood, and combinations of vegetable and animal substances for the purposes of food, together with milk reduced by evaporation to a dried state.—Pt. E. 1 LiGHToN, James, Frampton, near Boston, Lincolnshire— Producer. Glass of honey, 19 lbs., produced under an improved system of bee management. The honey is worked in the glass by the bees, and the glass requires no protection except a small piece of black calico, 18 inches square, to stand upon. 2 DouBLEDAY, H., CoggeshaU, Essex—Producer. Fine specimen of honeycomb. 3 CarletoN;, Edward, Blaris, Lisburn, Ireland— Producer. Specimen of camomile flowers. 4 Bentley, John Flowers, Stamford, Lincoln— Producer. Specimens of honey in the comb, free from pollen and brood cells, collected under Nutts' system of manage- ment, by ventilation. The weight of the produce of one stock of bees in 1849 is stated to have been 50 lbs. South Gallery. The accompanying cut represents the combs produced in the glass hives of the exhibitor. 5 Kitchener, Wm. Cripps, Newmarket, Cambridgeshire —Producer and Inventor. Two specimens of honey taken in 1850, from the same hive, and at the same time. Ventilated commimicator, for obtaining honey free from impurity or discoloratioj). 6 Button, Robekt William, 146 Fleet Street— Proprietor. A glass containing a honeycomb. 6 a Hamilton, George & Peter, Oldham— Manufacturers. Specimens showing the different stages in the manu- facture of flour from the wheat to the biscuit. 7 Hills & Underwood, Eastcheap—Inventors and Manufacturers. Samples of malt vinegar when first acetified, and when clarified; samples of brown malt vinegar, distilled vinegar, and distilled vinegar with vegetables. 8 BiVEN & Co., St. John's Lane, Gloucester— Manu fac turer s. Six bottles of champagne wine, manufactured in Eng- land from rhubarb stalk. 10 Roberts, William Henry, British Wine Works, Laverock Bank, Edinburgh—Maker. Samples of " champagne and sparkling hock," made in 1847 from Valentia raisins, grapes, sugar, sugar-candy, and honey, the extract being duly fermented. " Madeira," made in 1836, from malt and sugar extract. " Constantia and Frontignac," made from Valentia raisins, sugar, and sugar-candy. The " Frontignac" is flavoured by an infusion of elder flowers distilled. " Keeping beer," brewed in February, 1845, and Oc- tober, 1847. In the manufacture of this beer, which was not made for sale, sugar was introduced as an auxiliary to the malt and hops. Its value in this connection is great, as the beer thus brewed will keep sound for an unlimited period. 11 Copland, Barnes, & Co., 46 Botolph Lane, Eastcheap—Producers. Specimens of a new process of preserving fruits, jams, jellies, provisions, &c. These are hermetically sealed, and retain for years all their freshness of flavour and quality; and are prepared for use in the East and West Indies, and other tropical climates ; also for passenger ships on long voyages. 12 Gamble, John Henry, 33 Royal Exchange—■ Manufacturer. Canister, containing boiled mutton, found by Captain Sir John Ross, on Fury Beach, in latitude 72 deg. 47 min., and longitude 91 deg. 50 min. This is one of the canis- ters of preserved food, prepared by the exhibitor for the Arctic Expedition in 1824. It was landed from H.M.S. " Fury," on the beach where the ship was wrecked in Prince Regent's Inlet, and found by Captain Sir John Ross, in August, 1833, still in a perfect state of preservation, although annually exposed to a temperature of 92 deg. below, and 80 deg. above, zero. In 1849, when Captain Sir James Ross visited Prince Regent's Inlet in H.M.S. Investigator," he found the provisions still in excellent condition. That the canister exhibited has been pre- served above twenty-six years, and is still fit for food, is attested by Captain Sir John Ross. The food in this canister was preserved without salting. Three canisters of preserved mutton and vegetables, preserved by the same process by Donkin, Hall, and Gamble, at Blue Anchor Road, Bermondsey, in the year 1813. Canisters of preserved fresh beef, mutton, and veal; of fresh milk, cream, and custards; of fresh carrots, green peas, turnips, iDeetroot, stewed mushrooms, and other vegetables; of fresh salmon, oysters, cod-fish, haddock, and other fish; and of real turtle soup, mock-- turtle soup, ox-tail and other soups. Preserved hams for use in India, China, &c. Callipash, callipee, and green fat for making real turtle soup, all preserved by the same process. Also soup and bouilli, for emigrants and troops at sea. Pheasants, partridges, &c., preserved. The whole pre- served so as to keep in any climate, and for an unlimited length of time. [This method is the invention of M. Appert, in France, and was first practised in England by Messrs. Donkin, Hall, and Gamble. The process consists in placing the partially-cooked provisions into tin canisters, with a little bouillon or juice of the meat, then soldering on the covers, which have a small hole perforated therein. The tins are, after this, immersed, to a great portion of their depth, in a saline-bath heated above the boiling point of water, and left therein until the air has been expelled as completely as possible by the steam generated within them; the hole in the cover is now hermetically closed with a little solder, the tin being momentarily touched with a damp sponge to stop the egress of steam. The minute portion of oxygen still remaining in the tins enters into combination with the animal or vegetable matter at the induced temperature, and thus, further change is prevented. After the sealing of the tins, they are submitted to the ordeal of the testing-room, heated to a temperature above 100° Fahr.; if putrefaction takes place, the generated gases burst the tins, but those which pass uninjured remain perfectly good.—W. D. L. R.] 13 CoLQUHOUN, J. L., Lieut.-Col., R.A.—Producer. Fruit of the plantain {Musa paradisiaca) dried in the sun when fully ripe, and in that state analogous to the dried fig, raisin, date, &c.; from the province of Jalisco (Guadalajarra), Mexico, called ''Platano pasado." It is prepared in considerable quantities in the hot region {tierra caliente) of the western coast of Mexico, for consumption in the elevated districts of the interior. The specimen exhibited was imported in 1835, and is the remainder of a package of 75 lbs. weight, made up as customary in the leaves and fibre of the plant, after South Gallery. having been subjected to considerable pressure. The cost of production is very moderate. 14 Smith, Michael, Copper Alley, Dublin. (Agent in London, J. Kendell, 8 Harp Lane, Great Tower Street) —Producer. Preserved pig; large and small hams, cured upon the ''mild-cure" principle. 15 EiTCHiE & McCall, 137 Tloundsditch—Producers. Specimens of preserved meats, poultry, fish, &c., the produce of the United Kingdom; and of beef, the produce of Moldavia, preserved at G-alatz. " Goldner's Patent," The process is by forming a vacuum in the canister by means of steam, and preserving the meat, &c., in that vacuum. [It is a well-known fact that, in the absence of atmo- spheric oxygen, putrefaction is suspended, often entirely so. Such is the principle upon which the patent here adverted to depends. The vacuum must be very complete to render the preservation of food successful.'—E. E.] 17 Clay, John, Woodley Corn Mills, Bridbury, near Edgeleg, Stockport—Producer. Specimens of maize or Indian corn, with a specimen of American hominy produced from Maize, as used in America ; imported at Liverpool from New York. Specimens of English manufactured hominy from maize, and maize flour as a substitute for rice, flour, meal, potato, &c. 20 Leonard, J. & T. P., i/^ti//—Proprietors. Beef, prepared, cured, and rolled, so as to keep good for any length of time. The process of curing and mode of preparing were invented by John Tupling, in the exhibitors' employ. 21 Warriner & SoYER, 7 Upper St. Martin's Lane — Producers. Osmazone, or essence of meat. 22 Payne & Son, 328 Regent Street—Importers and Manufacturers. Specimens of curry powder, curry paste, mulligatawny laste, Delhi chutnee, and curry sauce. Pickled mangoes Mangifera), Limes (Citrus acida), bamboo (Bambnsa), and green and red bird's-eye chili, from the East Indies, Bengal Club chutnee and curry and mulligatawny pastes, manufactured in Calcutta, Pistachia nut and kernel (Pis- tacia), used in confectionery, East Indies. Cashew nut (Anacardium),'We^i Indies, Betel nut, the fruit of the Areca catechu, East Indies. Soy bean {Soja hispida), from which soy is made. Wild liquorice seed {Glycyrrhiza). Turmeric root and prepared turmeric {Curcuma), East Indies. Dahl, a species of lentil, much used in India. Paddy, rice in the husk. Gram {Cicer arietinum). Pre- served ginger, from the East and West Indies; candied ginger, China; green ginger, West Indies. Cum-quot, or China orange, preserved in China. Guava jelly, Jamaica. Litchis, East Indies. 23 Underwood, G. H,, Pendleton, Manchester— Inventor and Proprietor. Preserved meat. This article is preserved without the use of salt, and it may be kept an indefinite length of time vdthout deteriorating its quality; when cooked, it retains its nutritious qualities, and eats almost as fresh as recently-killed meat. 24 Linklater, J., 5 Sidney Street, Commercial Road— Producer. Specimens of preserved meats. 26 Whitney, James, Calver Hill, Hereford—Inventor. Beef preserved in a dry state, peculiarly adapted for the use of sailors, being free from salt. 27 Weatherley, H., 54 Theobald's ^'oac?-Manufacturer. Specimens of honey-drops. 27a Wheeler, Frederick, Rochester—Importer, Specimens of free-labour produce, loaf-sugar, coffee, rice, &c., as distinguished from the slave-labour produce of Cuba, Carolina, Brazil, &c. 28 Snowden, Robert, City Road and East Road— Inventor and Patentee. Samples of coffee, showing the woody fibre. Sample of the whole berry cofiee_, roasted in patent enamelled cylinders. Specimen of the crushed berry, showing the woody fibre, which is removed before grinding, by patent process. Sample of the woody fibr-e removed from the heart of the coffee berry, which, by the ordinary processes, is ground up with the coffee. Sample of patent purified coffee nibs, ready for grinding. 29 Lebaigue, Honore, 10 Little Titchfield Street— Importer and Manufacturer. Trinidad cocoa pod; cocoa from Grenada, St. Lucia, red Trinidad, grey Trinidad, Guyaquil, Maragnan, Caracas; Jamaica sugar, lump sugar, powdered sugar, arrow-root, tapioca; Iceland moss; Persian salep; cinnamon from Ceylon; cassia from China; vanilla from Mexico. Chocolate and cocoa, showing the various stages of manufactures: roasted cocoa, cocoa nibs, cocoa milled, bixtter of cocoa, cocoa mixed with sugar, chocolate, cocoa powder, chocolate powder. Chocolate of different kinds and shapes, and coffee. Samples of chocolate for invalids. Imitations of Lisbon, Italian, and Spanish chocolate, in cake. Fancy chocolate in drops, silvered, marbled, &c. Vanilla^, coffee, cin- namon, pistachios, liqueurs, pralines, cream, cigars, &c. Cake of chocolate, three hundred pounds weight. 30 Paris Chocolate Company, 252 Regent Street— Manufacturers. Large and small tablets of chocolate, of various qua- lities. Bourbon chocolate, of different kinds and qualities. French syrup of all kinds of fruit; almond and gum syrup. New chocolate-pot; new coffee-pot; and other articles. Chocolate is said to be superior to cocoa in powder, or, as it is aclled, ''soluble cocoa," for its nutritive qualities, and its facility of digestion. The new chocolate- pot is intended to render the preparation of this article for food more easy over a common coal fire. 31 Fry, Joseph Storrs, & Sons, Bristol—Producers. Specimens of the leaves, flowers, branches, and other parts of the cocoa-tree (from Trinidad) Theobroma Cacao (Theobroma signifies "Food of the Gods"). Trunk of the cocoa tree. Cocoa, or cacao nuts. Specimens of the ripe fruit from Trinidad and Grenada, with some cut open, showing the nuts within the pods. Cocoa nuts—dark red, grey, pale red, and Spanisli cured, imported from Trinidad. Cocoa nuts—dark, ripe, and bright; imported from Granada. Cocoa nuts—imported from Guayaquil and Para. Other varieties from South America, Vanilla pods from South America, used for giving a flavour to chocolate. Roasted cocoa nuts from Trinidad and Grenada. Husks of the nuts, called in commerce " cocoa shell," The kernel of the nuts, called in commerce " cocoa nibs." Pure chocolate and cocoa, ground and fit for use. Specimens of some of the chief varieties of chocolate and cocoas. Paste chocolate. Broma and chocolate powder. Granulated, soluble, and flaked cocoa. View of Port of Spain, in Trinidad, the principal ship- ping port of cocoa. View of Naparima in Trinadad, the chief locality for the growth of cocoa. Illustrations of the cocoa tree. South Gallery. Drawing, sliowing tlie processes of tlie manufacture of chocolate and cocoa. View of a ''dryinghouse" and ''cocoa walk" at Arima, in Trinidad, which was constructed solely with the tim- ber of one single tree of the cedar kind. [Theobroina cacao is the tree which yields the cocoa of commerce. It belongs to the natural order ByttneriacecB. Large forests of this tree, which does not attain a great size, exist in Trinidad, from which island, in 1841, upwards of two million pounds were imported into Great Britain. The total imports in the same year were upwards of three million pounds.—R. E.] 32 White, George Bailey, 147 Shoreditch—Importer and Manufacturer. Different specimens of the West India cocoa, raw, roasted, and manufactured. Chocolate in its various stages of manufacture, with samples of the different kinds. 33 Shinton, Richard, 29 Spencer Street, St. George's- in-the-East—Inventor. Samples of fine cocoa, free from all deleterious pro- perties. 34 MoNTEiRO, Luis Antonio, 2 Upper PhilUmore Place, Kensington—Manufacturer. Samples of sweetened chocolate, made of Carac^,as cocoa, without any adulteration or farina,ceous admixture; of Caraccas and British West India cocoas; and of British West India Islands' cocoa. Chocolate lozenges and con- fection of Caraccas cocoa, with other ingredients. 35 Lane, William Raynerd, 226 Strand— Inventor and Manufacturer. Essence of coffee, manufactured by a machine invented by the exhibitor. 36 Grut, Benjamin, 1 Sambrook Court—Importer. Cocoa (Theohroma cacao), a variety known in commerce as Caraccas cocoa; little known in England, and consumed chiefly by the Spaniards of Spain and South America. It is produced on a plantation in the interior of New Granada; will keep in any climate, and improve with age, if kept safe from moisture. 37 BuDD, Joshua Thomas, 82 Mount Street^ Grosvenor Square—Manufacturer. Extract of cocoa. 38 Benham, W. a., Cross Street, Queen's Square, Bloomshury—Producer. Samples of Trinidad cocoa in its separate stages; the cocoa-nut (cacao), in its raw state, as imported from Tri- nidad; the nut as roasted; nibbed and divested of its outer bark or shell; and finally, its manufactured state. [The consumption of cocoa, as an article of food, has greatly increased within the last few years. The West Indian kinds generally contain a larger proportion of the peculiar fatty matter (oil or butter of cocoa) than that wliich comes from New Grenada, and consequently are not so much valued. It forms a very digestible nutri- tious aliment, containing a peculiar azotized compound, Theobromine, analogous to that contained in tea and coffee. - J. W.] 39 Benson, W., 133 Oxford Street—Importer. Samples of Flor de Cabanas, Martinez, and Havanna cigars. Samples of tobacco. 40 Lambert & Butler, 141 and 142 Drury Lane— Manufacturers. Tobacco imported from America, Havanna, Holland, &c.; and specimens of the articles manufactured from it. [The total quantities of tobacco retained for home con- sumption, in 1842, amounted to nearly seventeen million pounds. Professor Schleiden gives a singular illustration of the quantity of tobacco consumed. North America alone produces annually upwards of two hundred million pounds of tobacco. The combustion of this mass of vegetable material would yield about 340 million pounds of carbonic acid gas, so that the yearly produce of carbonic acid gas from tobacco-smoking alone cannot be estimated at less than 1,000 million pounds—a large contribution to the annual demand for this gas, made upon the atmo- sphere by the vegetation of the world.—R. E.] 41 Bremner & Till, 60 Fenchurch Street—Producers. Samples of tobacco. 42 Jonas Brothers, 42 and 43 Leman Street, Whitechapel—Manufacturers. Specimens of cigars of home manufacture; and of tobacco, imported from the Havanna; with samples of the raw mateiial. 43 Jones, Ben., & Co., 39 Brunswick Square —Importers, Chest of foreign cigars, and various smaller boxes of British manufactured cigars, 44 LuNDY Foot & Co., Dublin—Inventors and Manufacturers. Snuff: Lundy Foot's high toast, Scotch, and stalk snuff, made solely from the leaf and stalk of Virginia tobacco. Cavendish, negrohead, and other forms of tobacco, manufactured in imitation of the foreign or American. 45 Taylor, Thomas George, Grove Street, Hackney— Grower and Manufacturer. Tobacco of English growth and manufacture. Leaves of the plant prepared by exposure in a confined, dry, light, and warm place. Samples of manufactured tobacco dressed with treacle and oil. Cigars, free from dressing. Snuff, resembling high-dried Welsh, pure. The stem of the leaf roasted and ground. [The botanical name of the tobacco plant is Nicotiana tabacwm. Its cultivation in England is said by Mr. Lou- don to be restricted to the extent of half a pole, and that only for botanical or medicinal purposes.—R. E.] 46 Hyams, M., 79 Long Lane, City—Manufacturer and Inventor. Cigars solely of British manufacture. Samples of ci- gars made of Havannah leaf, Columbian and Cuba tobacco, &c. A sample of straw cigars, as made in London, up to the year 1837, to show the improvement in the make of cigars. An improved cutting-board for making cigars, A case of clay pipes, the large bowls made of clay from the river Thames, A nest of racks; a model used for drying cigars. Implements for bundling and pressing cigars. A table cigar-case. A specimen carrot of Cuba leaf tobacco. Small samples of leaf tobacco, the produce of Columbia, Giron, Havannah, Germany, Florida, Maryland, &c. Sample of tobacco in its original state, and after having been adulte- rated with a preparation for flavoring. 47 Sales, Pollard, & Co., 57 Bed Cross Street, Cripplegate—Manufacturers. Cigars manufactured from Yara tobacco. It is shipped from the port of Manzanilla. 48 BucKLAND & ToPLiss, Barrington Crescent, Brixton—Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of "the aromatic cigarilla," for the use of smokers, being composed chiefly of British herbs, and diffusing an agreeable perfume. Other aromatic and medicinal cigars. South Gallery. [Ukited 49 Cohen & Orr, 41 St. James's Street—Importers. Eaw tobacco, and tobacco made into cigars by liand- labour at Havanna. 50 GooDES, George & Samuel, 12 Prince's Street, SIJ it a I fields—Manufacturers. Samples of British manufactured cigars ; also, an arranged series, showing the process of manufacture. 52 Richardson Brothers, Edinburgh— Manufacturers. Tobacco, imported from Virginia into Leith. Specimens of the raw material, as imported with the stalk on it, known as '4eaf," or unstemmed," tobacco; of the stalk extracted; and of "'strip," or "stemmed" tobacco, which, after being damped with water, is manu- factured into "twist," and made up into rolls; a cord is then wrapped round each 150, and put into a press for about a month, under a pressure of nearly five tons. The article, then, is "roll" tobacco. Leaf tobacco and stalk. Snuffs: black rappee, Scotch, and brown rappee. 53 The London Spice Trade—Importers. Samples of spices and the jDlaces of shipment:— No. 1. Mace, from Penang. No. 2—4. Nutmegs; brown, from Penang; luned, from Batavia; and wild, from Singapore. Nos. 5—7. Cloves, from Penang, Amboyna (Dutch produce), and Zanzibar. Nos. 8, 9. Cinnamon, from Ceylon. Nos. 10, 11. Cassia, from Canton. No. 12. Pimento, from Jamaica. Nos. 13—17. Black pepper, from Bombay, Tellicherry, Singapore, and Batavia. Nos. 18—21. White pepper, from Tellicherry, Penang, Singapore, and liatavia, Nos. 22—27. Ginger, from Jamaica, Cochin China, Calcutta, Sierra Leone, and Bombay. Nos. 28—30. Carraway seeds, from Holland and Moga- dore, and English. Nos. 31, 32. Coriander seeds, from Madras, and English. 54 Faulkner, Richard & Charles, 44 Jermyn Street, St. James'—Manufacturers. Specimens of English tart fruits, preserved in bottles, without sugar. 55 FoRTNUM, Mason, & Co., 182 Piccadilly— Importers. Preserved and dried fruits, and edible seeds, from various countries. Varieties of honey. 56 Clemens, John, 25 Mincing Lane, and Malaga— Producer. Specimens of Jordan almonds and raisins. 58 Spur, George, Boston—Manufacturer. Specimens of linseed cake prepared from English linseed. 58a Grace, D, Brighton—Patentee. Specimens of patent mushroom spawn. 59 Richardson, Timothy, & Sons, 6 Duke Street, Southwark—Proprietors. 1. Golding hops, grown in the district called " The Hill," in Mid-Kent, used for the finest ales. 2. Golding hops, grown in East Kent, used for the same purpose as No. 1. 3. Golden hops, grown in the heart of Mid-Kent, and used for the best brown beers. 4. Jones's hops, grown in various parts both of Kent and Sussex. 5. Grape hops, also grown generally through the hop plantations. 6. Colegate hops, a hardy plant, but of inferior flavoiu-; the cultivation of it has much increased of late years. 7—9. Hops grown in Essex, Suffolk, and Worcester. [These hops are samples of the varieties in most estima- tion for the purposes of the brewer. The Goldings take their name from that of the gTower who first introduced them; they.are considered to be the finest, richest, and most valuable in the market, varying, however, according to the soil in which they are grown, and the treatment they receive. Jones's are of a shorter growth than the otliers, and are thus useful by enabling the grower to make use of the poles which would be too short for the Goldings or other varieties. Colegates are hardy, but backward at harvest, running much to vine, and capable of gromng in comparatively poor soils. These qualities are, however, of advantage, as the infei^ior soils may thus be beneficially occupied by them, and their harvest takes place after the finer sorts are all in. The grape hop takes its name from its habit of growing in clusters like the grape. It is hardy, not so particular as to soil as the Goldings, and is generally very productive in yield.—J. W.] 60 Ashburnham, Juliana, The Dowager Lady, Broomham, near Hastings—Producer. A bag of hops, grown within three miles of the sea, in the parish of Guestling, Sussex. 61 Attfield, Charles, Famham—Producer. Pocket of Farnham hops. 62 Paine, J. M., Farnham, Surrey—Producer. Samples of hops of the "Golding" and "Farnham white bine " varieties, grown at Farnham. Other speci- mens are exhibited in Class 1, in connection with the rich phosphoric fossils which abound in the neighbourhood where these hops are cultivated. 63 Golding, Robert, Hunton, Maidstone— Manufacturer. Pocket of Mid-Kent hops. 64 Plomley, Francis, Maidstone—Designer. Drawing of a magnified view of the formation and growth of the hop fungus, from its earliest to its latest stage. 65 Masters, Algernon, Tonhridge—Proprietor. Four branches of dried hops. Samples of the same. 66 Peterson, Thomas, Trinity Chambers, Water Lane, Tower Street—Agent. Specimens of oilseed cakes. Vegetable oils and ma- nures. 68 Burn, Robert, North Merchiston Home, Edinburgh —Importer and Manufacturer. Cotton seed, seed-cotton, with oil, and oil-cake imported from the colonies. [Were the cotton with the seed to be imported, and the seed separated from it at home, it might be applied to agricultural purposes at a greater profit. The cost of seed, freight included, was M. per lb. from Charlestown to Port Glasgow. Cotton oil-cake is now ordered at the same price as linseed cake. The pi'oduce of oil-cake and oil from cotton-seed, is two gallons of oil to one cwt. of seed, leaving about 96 lbs. of cake ; 8 lbs. is the daily allowance for cattle in England. The exhibitor has a machine at work at Port Glasgow for extracting or sepa- rating seed from cotton wool.] 70 Sheppard, Alfred, /psir«c/i—Proprietor. "Eggshell white" wheat, and "Chevalier" malting barley, grown in Suffolk. Malt manufactured at Ipswich. South Gallery. Wheat 65 lbs, per bushel; chevalier barley 56 lbs, per bushel; and malt 43 lbs. per bushel. 71 The Truro Local Committee—Producers. Specimens of Cornish agricultural grains:—Black bar- ley, skinless barley, grown and supplied by J. D. Gilbert, Esq., of Trelissick, near Truro. Indian corn, grown and supplied by Colonel Scoble, of Nansalvern, near Penzance. Cornish red wheat, grown on the granite soils, especially adapted to the exposed situations in the neighbourhood of Penzance, and Cornish white wheat: the best sort to be grown on the high and exposed land of Cornwall; supplied by Mr. John Michell, of Feock, near Truro. Cornish barley, grown and supplied by the same, adapted for malting and grinding purposes. Agricultural produce, grown and supphed by the Rev, R. M. N. Eusticke, of Penwarne, in Mawnan, adapted for feeding cattle and poultry; grown on the poor and exposed peat soils of Cornwall. 72 Webb, Richard, Calcot Farm, Beading— Producer. Mummy Talavera wheat. Three grains of this wheat are said to have been fotmd in the hand of an Egyptian mummy, and sent to Mr. Dobree, President of the Agri- cultural Society in Guernsey, who planted the same in his garden, and forwarded the produce to Col. Blagrove the following year. This produce he has successfully grown as a spring crop, and from it the present sample, grown by the exhibitor, is a specimen, the quality and crop being alike good. [Much doubt has been raised as to the origin of the mummy wheats. The Egyptian wheat (Triticum compo- situm) is very different from the variety of common wheat (Tr. vulgare), called "Talavera." The Egyptian wheat has a head composed of three spikes, one erect in the centre, similar to the common wheat, and on either side another, not quite so large, attached to the base of the centre, and standing out at a small angle from it. Our climate is not suited to its growth, as, in the course of one or two years, the side spikes entirely disappear, and a coarse, thick-skinned grain is produced.—J. W.] Specimen of the Wellington apple. 73 Raynbird, Robert, Jlengrave, near Bury St. Edmunds—Producer. Sack of Kessingland wheat, grown upon a light soil, at Hengrave, Suffolk; this is a productive and new variety of wheat. Sack of Chevalier barley, grown at Hengrave. Sack of tick beans with white eyes, grown at Hengrave; a variety, called "Manchester white eyes." 74 Raynbird, Hugh, Laverstoke, Atidover Boad, Hampshire—Producer. Specimens of wheat produced by hybridization. Specimens of Hopetoun and Piper's thickset wheat— the variety from which the hybrids were obtained, by fer- tilizing its pistils with pollen from the stamens of the Hopetoun wheat. To effect this, the stamens of the flower of the thickset variety were removed before they had reached maturity, by opening each of the glumes and carefully picking out the stamens upon the point of a needle: the pistils of the flower being left perfect, were a few days afterwards fertilized by dusting them with the pollen from stamens brought from the Hopetoun variety of wheat; this produced a great number of varieties, par - taking more or less of the parent stocks, and from these the four specimens exhibited were selected. [In the hybridization of plants experiments are always of much interest, and often productive of very important results, as the good qualities of two varieties may be obtained, or their bad qualities be counteracted. Hybrids obtained by the judicious intermixture of species, fre- quently produce seeds capable of giving origin to plants combining the characters of the two different parents; but hybrids produced by species closely allied but really distinct gradually lapse into the one or the other of the originals, and thus become extinct.—J. W.] 75 Kendall, John, Trenerlin, Truro, Cornvxdl— Producer. Sheaf of white wheat, named " The giant straw wheat;" grown by the exhibitor in quantities of from 10 to 15 acres for the last 10 years. This wheat is stated to have pro- duced, on an average, 60 bushels per acre. Its supe- riority consists in the length, size, and stiffness of the straw, and in its abundant iDroduce. 77 Taylor, John, & Son, Bishojo Stortford, Herts— Manufacturers. Varieties of malt, viz.:— Amber, used in brewing ordinary ales and porter. Coloured, used for same purpose. White, used in brewing pale ales. Brown, used in brewing porter to give it flavour and colour. [The various colours described are given to the malt by the different temperatures to which it is submitted after the germination is stopped. The essential oil contained in the barley is acted upon by heat, and different flavours are also produced. In the brown malt the saccharine matter is partially carbonized, and a peculiar empyreu- matic flavour obtained.—J. W.] 78 Wellsman, John, Moidton, near Newmarket— Manufacturer. Sample of pale malt, manufactured from Chevalier barley. 79 Maund, Benjamin, F.L.S., Bromsgrove— Producer. Specimens of wheat, artificially hybridized, showing that its exterior form, and probably its chemical proper- ties, can be modified, and its productiveness improved. 80 Wrench, R., & Son, London Bridge—Producers. Specimens of various kinds of grain most familiar to the London market. 82 Payne, H., Birdbrook Moat, near Halstead— Producer. Varieties of grain, 83 Strange, William, Banbury—Producer. Samples of beans grown, in 1850, on stiff clay soil, without phosphate of lime or magnesia, and in cultivation, with 22 per cent, of phosphate of lime and magnesia. 85 Milne, Wm., Bhynie, Scotland—Producer. One quarter of Scotch barley oats. 86 Walker, Williabi, Mossat, near Aberdeen— Producer. Sample of Kildrummie oats. 88 CousENS, S., Great Bentley, near Colchester— Producer. White wheat, new variety; weight oi imperial bushel, 64 lbs. net. 90 Fox, John James, Devizes—Proprietor. Specimens of red straw-white Essex wheat, and of Nursery, Lammas, and Talavera red wheat, grown in Wiltshire. 90a Cahill, M., Ballyraggit, Kilkenny—Producer. Samples of wheat, oats, and barley, grown at Grove Kilkenny. 91 Stevens, Richard, Stamford—Producer. Sample of wheat, Collyweston white. [3.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] Q South Gallery. 92 Croughton, William Peel, Tenterden, Kent— Producer. Hoary white wheat; produce stated to be over five quarters per acre. Golden pod beans; produce, from which the sample is taken, stated at four quarters and six bushels per acre. 93 AsPREY, James, Sandleford, near Neu-bury, Berks— Producer. White trump wheat, grown on a very poor soil; weight, 67 lbs. per bushel. 94 FoRDHAM, Thomas, Snelsmore Hill East, near Neichury—Producer. Samples of hybridized white wheat; weight stated to be 66| lbs. per bushel. Prolific beans; weight stated to be 70 lbs. per bushel. 95 JusoN, W,, Red Hill, Shrewsbury—Producer. Samples of grain and fine flour. 98 Keene, William, 42 CornJull—Proprietor. Specimens of the '''forty-day maize" grown in England, from new sorts cultivated by the exhibitor in the Pyrenees. 99 Irwin, Elizabeth, Ballymore, Boyle, Boscommon —Producer. Black barley, grown at Ballymore, in the county of Eoscommon, Ireland, from African seed. [Black barley is a variety of the common two-rowed harlej {Ho7'deum distichwn). In the course of cultivation the dark colour gradually disappears. It is a heavy cropper, and requires care at harvest, as, when the grain is ripe, the straw below the ear becomes very brittle and apt to break off.—J. W.] 100 Bexley, Lord, Footscray, Kent—Producer, Bushel of white chittim wheat. 102 Gibson, Charles, Fitlochry, Berth—Producer. Four bushels of English barley, grown by the exhibitor near Pitlochry, about 600 feet above the level of the sea. Hand-spun and hand-woven shepherd check plaid, composed of natural black and white wool from black- faced Highland sheep. Hand-spun and hand-woven shepherd check plaid, com- posed of blue dyed and white wool from black-faced Highland sheep. 103 GuiLLEREZ, AcHiLLE Francois, 37 Castlc Street, Bdinburgh—'Producer. The lentil, or Errvm lens of botanists—known and ex- tensively cultivated in the earliest ages, especially in the East, being probably similar to the " red pottage" of Esau, The exhibitor has cultivated lentils at South Queens- ferry, near Edinburgh, for two years ; he has successfully grown and ripened in soil manured by sea-weed, the small lentil and the large red (the common, or Egyptian), [In Egypt, Syria, and Hindustan, lentils form at the present day a chief article of food among the labouring classes. They are also a common ingredient in French cookery,—J, L,] 103a Sadler, William James, Swindon, Wilts— Producer. " Lawrance's prolixus," crj^stal white. This wheat has qualities which are considered to render it highly deserv- ing of cultivation. The root is adapted to draw nourish- ment from an unusual depth in the soil, produces a strong straw, effectually resists the storm, affords a pro- lific yield ; and its colour and weight are good. Yield of sample shown, stated at 06^ lbs, per bushel. 104 GiBBS, Thomas, & Co., Half-Moon St., Biccadilly ■—Importers and Producers, Collection of dried specimens of grasses used in laying down land for permanent pasture, with seeds of the same. Specimens of wheat, barley, &c. ; collection of various agricultural, kitchen garden, and other seeds. 105 Lawson, Peter, & Sons, Edinburgh—Producers. Specimens of the vegetable productions of Scotland, comprehending all substances used for food in the chemi- cal arts and medicine, in manufactures, and in house and ship building. This collection is divided into six sections, as follows:— 1. Plants cultivated for their farinaceous seeds, to- gether with their straw or haidm, 2. Plants cultivated for their herbage and forage. 3. Plants cviltivated chiefly for their roots. 4. Plants cultivated for their uses in the arts, manu- factures, and for various economical purposes. 5. Plants cultivated for their medicinal properties 6. Plants cultivated for their timber, A detailed account of each specimen is contained in a catalogue printed by the exhibitors. 106 Jones, G,, Bedland, Bristol—Producer, Specimen of wheat, grown by spade culture and dib- bling, 107 H,E.H, Prince Albert—Producer, Three samples of grain grown on the Royal Farm at Windsor, consisting of wheat, oats, and beans, one bushel of each. 107a Wright, Henry, Antingham, near North Walsham—Manufacturer. Malt, manufactured from barley grown by the Rev. Cremer Cremer, of Beeston, near Cromer, Norfolk. 108 Gentile, Joseph Pascal, Harbertonford Works, near Totness, Detwn—Manufacturer, Macaroni and Italian pastes. Prepared flour. [The hard wheats are best adapted for the manufacture of these substances. They contain more gluten than the soft wheats.] Prepared flour and cocoa as a chocolate. Vegeto-animal food; a compound of the nutritious prin- ciples of meat and wheat, &c. 110 Watt, George, Upper Balfour, Banchory, Scotland—Producer. Sample of barley, gxown after turnips, in a five-course rotation, turnips, barley, hay, pasture, oats, with the ordinary farm-yard manure. Exhibited for quality. 112 Sutton, John, & Sons, Reading—Producer. Specimens of grain. Skinless Chevalier barley, a new variety. Purple-topped yellow hybrid turnip, valuable for late sowing, as a substitute for swedes, Lincolnshire red turnip, from the stock of Philip Pusey, Esq., M.P, 114 M'KiLLiCAN, James, Fiperhill, Cawdor, Scotland ■—Producer. Sample of perennial rye-grass seeds (Lolumi perenne), raised on the farm of Piperhill, Nairnshire. They are the produce of the third year's crop ; weight 37 lb. 3 oz. per bushel. Sample of white wheat, the produce of the first crop, from land formerly worthless, on the same farm, manured by 300 lbs. weight of Peruvian guano to the acre. Pro- duce per imperial acre about five qu.arters ; weight per bushel, 65 lbs. 1 oz;. 115 Illingworth, Alexander, Banchory Ternan, Scotland—Producer. English barley, weighing 591 lbs. per bushel. Scotch birley oats, weighing 44 lbs. per bushel. Perennial,rye- grass seeds, weighing 30^ lbs, per bushel. South Gallery. 116 Batty & Feast, 15 and 16 Pavement, Finshury Square—Inventors and Manufacturers. Vegetable productions preserved in distilled vinegar. A pine apple, with roots and leaves. An orange-tree, branches, and fruit, and branches of citron and fruit. Cucumbers, grown in England. A variety of preserved fruits and other comestibles. 117 CoLMAN, J. & J., 9 College Hill, Citij—Manufacturers. Specimens of starch, from wheat and rice, mustard, British gum, indigo blue, &c. The "satin glaze rice-starch" of the exhibitors pos- sesses the following advantages:—From its extreme fluidity it is more economical than common starch; it is free from mucilaginous matter; it does not require boil- ing, and the clearness, colour, and glaze, which it imparts are permanent. It is particularly adapted for lace, and the finer fabrics of linen, cotton, &c. ['''British Gum" consists in reality of torrefied starch. The granules of starch, in its ordinary form, are enveloped in a thin pellicle, insoluble in cold water. By roasting the starch, the membranous envelopes are burst open, and their granular contents are then readily soluble in cold water. It is used, among other purposes, for thickening the colours of calico printers.^—R. E.] 118 NoAK, "VY. & John, Covercroft Salt Works, Droitvcich —Manufactiirers. Sample of the brine from the salt-works at Droitwich, obtained at the depth of 173 feet below the surface. Specimen of rock salt: only a small quantity of this is obtained in the neighbourhood. Specimen of bay salt; an article supplied to dniggists. Hopper or Mai don salt; used as a dessert with wine, instead of olives. Coarse broad salt; exported for the fisheries. Brisk salt; used for chemical purposes, fisheries, and exportation. Lymington grained salt; used for curing bacon and butter and for exportation. Best cooking salt, superfine table salt, and refined table salt; used for various domestic purposes. Pickings, or cattle lickings, a valuable and useful ar- ticle for sheep or cattle, which they eagerly seek after and enjoy, [The salt manufacture of Droitwich, Worcestershire, existed at a very early period: it is mentioned as in operation at the time of the Roman invasion; then it was carried on in a primitive style, and at considerable ex- pense. The brine springs here extend over a very limited space of land, and are comprised within a circle of about 200 yards in diameter. Formerly the brine was obtained by boring: this process made it rise to the surface and run to waste; for, ascending through and mixing with the fresh-water springs, it was very much lowered in strength, and the manufacture of the salt, which was conducted by evaporation, was attended with great ex- pense, owing to the cjuantity of fuel required to vaporise the water. Within the last 50 years an improvement was effected by casing the pit with wood, and thus partially prevent- ing the fresh water mixing with the brine. More recently, the principle was introduced of sinking a shaft quite through the fresh-water springs, and then making the bottom and sides of the pit secure with iron cylinders, before boring down to the brine springs. By this means the brine is obtained at its fall saturation, or about 42 parts of salt in the 100; whereas formerly it varied be- tween 28 and 37 per cent. The exhibitors recently obtained a patent for improve- ments in manufacturing salt; and, by using very large evaporating pans of an improved construction, they obtain larger quantities of salt, at a considerable saving of labour to the workmen, who obtain better wages and longer intervals of rest. The source of the brine in Droitwich is inexhaustible, and exhibits no diminution of strength or quality: it lies at a depth of 173 feet from the surfacCj but as soon as it is reached by boring it rises up to the level. The salt manufactured here is exported largely from the ports of London, Gloucester, and Bristol. There are upwards of 70,000 tons per annum manufactured, of which 40,000 tons are used for domestic and agricultural purposes; the remainder is used chiefly for chemical decomposition and exportation. The Droitwich salt has always been cele- brated for its strength and purity.] 119 Dewar, Thomas, Newcastle-upon-Tijne—■ Manufacturer. Specimens of brown and white mustard seed, from which mustard for table iise is made. [The mustard of commerce belongs to the family of cruciferous plants. Its introduction as an article of extensive employment at the table, only dates from the beginning of the last century. It is principally culti- vated in the North Riding of Yorkshire.—R. E.] 120 Levy, Walter, 2 White Row, Spitalfields— Manufacturer. Specimen of Taganrog wheat; the same, granulated, with the flour and bran extracted. Samples of maccaroni celery and vermicelli. 121 Tucker, Richard Grant, Lenton, near Nottingham —Manufacturer. Starch, used by the lace-dressers in Nottingham. Gum substitute, used by cotton, silk, v/oollen, and wall-paper printers, for giving consistence to colours. Adhesive, or label gum, suitable for postage stamps. The residue, or glutinous matter, remaining after starch is extracted from wheat. [A large number of plants and vegetable substances contain starch. It is found in seeds, roots, tubers, and stems. It is often obtained from wheat which has become accidentally damaged. From its insolubility in cold water, it is easily washed out of any vegetable tissue which may contain it, and thus it may be partially sepa- rated from other substances present in the matter operated upon. But there are some from which it cannot be thus separated, and here, by an ingenious method, che- mical decomposition is employed to get rid of them. The liquor in which some of the starchy particles are contained is allowed to ferment. By this means the gluten, albumen, &c., become, in a great measure, dis- solved, and the starchy particles are left unaltered, and separate themselves by precipitation. The largest source of starch of late years Has been the potato, from which it is obtained simply by rasping and washing.—R. E.] 122 Tucker, Edward, Belfast—Manufacturer. Glue and starch, produced at Belfast. [The manufacture of the common and useful substance, glue, forms an interesting branch of the industrial arts. It is procured from the parings of hides, parchment, and refuse leather of all kinds. Such matters, after a prepa- ratory cleaning in alkaline water, are boiled in large vessels for some time. The liquid is then run ofl" and is found to be charged with an impure solution of gelatine; on cooling, the sheets of glue are left in frames to dry. This part of the process is often singularly affected by at- mospheric vicissitudes. The state of the air during thun- der-storms produces a remarkable eff'ect on the glue, and Q2 South Gallery. often spoils the manufactured product. The substance commercially called "gelatine" is a very pure description of glue obtained, like it, from animal substances carefully selected and purified, so as to be fitted for human con- sumption. It has been largely used of late as a substi- tute for isinglass.—R. E.] 123 Brown & Polson, Thrushcraig, near Paisley— Manufacturers. Patent powder starch, manufactured from sago flour (the exhibitors being inventors of this article). Patent soluble starch, granulated, manufactured from potato flour. Patent wheat starch, manufactured from wheat. Arrow-root, manufactured by the exhibitors. 124 WoTHERSPOON, RoBERT, Glenfield Starcli Works, Maxwellton, near Paisley—Manufacturer. Specimen of Glenfield patent powder starch, manu- factured from sago ; a new material, from which the starch is made. 125 Reckitt, Isaac, & Son, ffull—Manufacturers. Patent imperial wheaten starch, white and blue. Patent soluble starch, blue and white, made from potato flour. Patent sago starch. Potato flour, used as a raw material in the manufacture of starch, and for stiffening Manchester calicos, muslins, &c. Wheaten starch powder, used in perfumery and con- fectionery. 126 Shand & MucKART, Montrose —Prodncers. Samples of starch. 127 Miller, David & William, Musselburgh, near Edinburgh—Producers. Starch: household white, bleachers' wheaten, Royal blue, and sago flour. Scotch farina, Nos. 1 and 2. Arrow- root. 128 Jones, Orlando, & Co., Battersea—Inventors, Patentees, and Manufacturers. Specimens of starch manufactured from rice, and of rough starch, hair powder, and gluten, obtained in the process of manufacture. The process (patented in 1840) is the result of the dis- covery that a weak caustic alkaline solution has the pro- perty of separating starch from the gluten and fibrin with which it is combined in farinaceous substances. This process has enabled the patentee to substitute rice for wheat in the manufacture of starch: this substitution, besides other advantages, possesses that of preserving wheat for the more important purposes of human food. This starch requires no boiling —a point of great import- ance in its use; and, being less hygrometric than wheat starch, retains a more permanent stiffness and glaze. The rough starch obtained in the process is valuable for feeding purposes, and for stiffening coarse fabrics. 129 PiESSE, Septimus, 43 Molyneux St., Marylebone— Inventor and Manufacturer. Lactine or artificial milk, composed of yolk of eggs, gum acacia, honey, and salad oil; manufactured by the exhibitor. This material contains all the elements of natural milk from the cow:—-Caseine, albumen, gum, grape sugar, and fatty matter. On gradually mixing it with water, it forms either cream or milk, according to the rate of its dilution. Chemically, it resembles milk in its action towards re- agents, and, as in milk, we have the true emulsion of fatty matter (butter) in water, withovit the intervention of any alkali. Lactine keeps well for one or two years. On being mixed with water, it forms artificial milk, for the use of sailors on a long voyage. With coffee, tea, and chocolate, it acts like ordinary milk, from which it can scarcely be distinguished. Pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera) and pistachio-nut ker- nels, from the shores of the Mediterranean; imported by the exhibitor. The latter forms a cooling emulsion. The fecula, prepared like starch, is used as a cosmetic. It is very oily, sweeter than almonds, and is commonly eaten in the south of Europe and in India, at the dessert, and for confectionery. Pistachio-nut powder (the fecula of pistachio kernels), manufactured by the exhibitor. This powder is used for whitening and enamelling the skin, for removing redness of the features, for drying the hands, and preventing per- spiration—an advantageous substitute for the prepara- tions of bismuth, largely used for the same purposes, Patchouly plant {Pogostemon patchoTjy), a native of India and China; and essence of patchouly, a perfume distilled from it by the exhibitor. Sulpho-nitro muriatic acid, or everlasting chlorine, for disinfecting purposes and deodorising the sick chamber; invented by the exhibitor. The materials, employed slowly generate chlorine, and continue in action for several months. 130 Berger, Samuel, & Co., Bromley, Middlesex— Manufacturers. Specimen of rice starch, blue and white, made under the exhibitors' patent; also, samples of Madras and Bengal rice, from which this article is usually made. 131 Hall, Thomas, Lenton, near Nottingham— Manufacturer. Patent starch. 132 M'Garry & Sons, Palmerstouii and Ashtown Mills, i)?i6^m—Manufacturers, Specimens of linseed and refined rape oils. Linseed and rape cakes. Specimen of Irish mustard. Specimens of copper plates and lead pipes. 133 McCullum, Malcolm, 12 Cannon Street, Leith— Discoverer and Producer. Specimens of the rhizome, or creeping stem, of Typha latifolia, or "large red mace." The Gaelic name is "morthan;" the central part is edible in its raw state; when dried and separated from the fibres, it affords a meal, or flour, of a sweet and agreeable taste, which can be made into bread or starch. Sample of the meal. The fibres of the stem are a sub- stitute for lint. This plant grows in abundance in lakes and marshy places, and is very prolific. 134 Edwards, Henry, 32 Great Windmill Street, Haymarket—Inventor and Manufacturer, A mass of "custard powder," capable of producing 896 quarts. Composed of flour and other ingredients. 138 St, Etienne, Madame Daniele, Harberton Ford, Tutness—Agents, Tootal and Browne, 73 and 74 Piccadilly—Producer. Specimens of wheat-gluten, mixed with wheat flour, or potato-flour. Used chiefly as food, especially for invalids, in the form of soups, puddings, biscuits, &e. Specimens of vegeto-animal compounds for long voy- ages, &c,; prepared with wheat-gluten, and beef, veal, mutton, gelatine, poultry, fish, &c. ; the same with fruits. Used in the preparation of soups, puddings, pies, and other dishes. Specimens of chocolate, biscuits, &c,, improved in nutritive power by the addition of wheat-gluten. Specimens of starch and potato-flour, artificial sago, tapioca, arrow-root, &c. Specimens of gums. Potato-flour and starch gums, all soluble in cold water. Inferior gum-arabic, cleaned and granulated, with im- provement in the quality. All these gums used as substi- tutes for natural gum for printing, chemical, and general purposes. South Gallery. 139 Moore, Edw. Duke, Ranton Abbey, Ecdeshall, Stafford—Patentee. Essence of milk, requiring only the addition of water to produce perfectly fresh milk. Samples combined with chocolate, cocoa, and coffee. [In specimens similar to that described, inconvenience is often occasioned by the crystallization of the sugar of the milk, which is but sparingly soluble.] 140 Fadeuilhe, V. B., 19 Newington Crescent, Surrey— Patentee, Manufacturer, and Inventor. Consolidated milk for long sea voyages, and for me- dicinal and domestic use. After being dissolved in boil- ing water and reproduced in the form of milk, the solution will keep perfectly pure for four or five days; it may be boiled as often as required without "breakmg;" and is miscible with all kinds of spirits. [The preservation of the substance in question is due to the entire expulsion, by evaporation, and various other processes, of the watery constituents of milk. In the absence of a certain quantity of water putrefactive changes cannot proceed.—R. E.] 141 Glass, Geokge Michael, Brandon Street, Walworth —Inventor and Manufacturer. Gelatine for culinary and manufacturing purposes. 142 Gardner, John, M.D,, 51 Mortimer Street— Discoverer. Leaves of a tree, said to contain a nutritive crystalline principle, identical with that of Chinese tea (Theme), show- ing the leaves in their natural state, simply dried, also in various forms after having undergone the necessary preparations for use. 143 Assam Company, 30 Great Winchester Street, City —Producer. Samples of tea, the produce of Assam (Thea Assamica). Assam became a British possession in 182B, at the conclusion of the Burmese war. The tea-plant was found to be indigenous there, but this fact was not gene- rally known until the year 1834, In 1839, the Assam Company was formed. It is incorporated, and its object is the cultivation and manufacture of tea. Owing to impediments of various descriptions, its early operations were checked, and have been confined to the cultivation of about 1,000 acres. Until recently the results of the cultivation and manufacture of tea in a commercial point of view have not been ascertained. They are now fully established. The tea realizes in England high prices, and is con- sidered to be of fine qualities. It is entirely manu- factured by natives of India. 144 Saunders & Gatchill, Dublin—Agents. Chicory in all its stages, from the kiln-dried root to the ground dust, fit for use. ''Chicory" and endive greens, the root of which is used as a substitute for cofiee. The leaves are also largely used in a manufactured state, as a dye-stufi", called ''pastel," or imitation woad," of which they form the principal ingredient, for the purpose of rendering the colour permanent in woollen cloths. [Chicory is the Cichormn intybns, a plant of the order Compositse, indigenous in most parts of Europe.—E. F.] 146 Poole, Sarah Rebecca, Kingston-on-Tha7nes— Producer. Patent crystallized malt, used by porter brewers. Upon breaking a grain it will be seen that its substance has been converted into sugar; its properties consist in pro- ducing double the quantity of extract, and giving porter the desired flavour. 149 Perkins, Henry, Ilanworth Park, Middlesex—• Producer. A loaf of sugar, made by W. J. Evans, M.D. in Mr. Perkins' kitchen at one operation, and without filtration through animal charcoal, from canes grown by Henry Perkins in his hothouse, Hanworth Park, Middlesex. A bottle of rum which was also made at the same time, from the same canes, by Dr. Evans. 150 KiDD & Podger, Isleicorth, Middlesex— Manufacturers. Specimens of extra superfine flour dressed through Swiss silk machines, and manufactured from English wheat and Australian wheat. 152 Marriage, E., Colchester—Producer. Samples of flour. 153 M'Cann, John, Beamoyid Mill, Drogheda— Manufacturer. Coarse cut oatmeal, used for making stirabout, or porridge, in Ireland. 154 Stonehouse, Alexander, Farina Works, Dunning, Perth, and 43 Molyneux Street, Bryanston Square —Producer. Specimen of farina, used as food, and in manufactures. 157 Styles, Thomas, 148 Upper Thames Street—• Manufacturer. Ashby's prepared groats, barley, and pea-flour, for the production of pure gruel, barley-water, light puddings, and food for infants, pea-soup, &c. 159 Chitty, Edward, Guildford—Manufacturer. Specimens of flour. 160 Fitch, Fred. Chs., Steeple Bumpstead, Essex— Producer. Sack of fine wheaten flour, manufactured from Essex wheat. 161 Smith, J., Jlare Craig, Dundee—Manufacturer. Agent in London, J. Robertson, 48 Devonshire Street, and 35 Walbrook, City. Samples of patent oat flour. 162 Buck, P., & Son, Danhy Mills, near Middleham, Bradford—Producers. Double superfine flour; flne flour; wheat meal and oat meal. Exhibited for colour and quality. 163 Hattersley, W., 136 and 137 St. George's East, and 15 Lisle Street, Leicester Square—Producer. A preparation of tea. MANUFACTURES. INTRODUCTION. The present Class concludes the first section relating to Raw Materials and Produce. "VVitliin the limits of the present Class are included a great variety of substances employed in the arts and in manufactures. The Class is subdivided generally into substances of vegetable, and substances of animal origin. The former division comprises gums and resins, oils, acids, dyes and colours, tanning materials, fibrous and cellular substances, timbers, and miscellaneous articles applied to various economical purposes. The latter division includes materials for textile fabrics, for the production of chemical substances, and for pigments and dyes. The objects included in this Class are placed in South Gtallery P, and succeed those belonging to the preceding Class in order of arrangement. The Class, although enibracing a variety of substances, is not an ex- tensive one, regard being had to the space occupied. Among the substances of vegetable origin of interest in the arts, are oils of various kinds, together with their solid and fluid principles ; stearine and oleine, varnishes made by the solution of a variety of resinous substances in alcohol or wood spirit; specimens of wax, and of the same in a manufactured state. Interesting series of dyes and colours are also exhibited. The beautiful colours derived from various lichens by a curious chemical process, are shown with their application to textile fabrics, and gum. The splendid colours yielded by safflower, incligo, and other vegetable substances are also illus- trated. This Class is particularly rich also in its illustrations of the fibrous materials used for cordage and clothing. Specimens are shown of China grass, a fibrous product from Urtica nivea; of New Zealand flax ; of hemp of various growths—Indian, Egyptian, Belgian, American, and Russian ; and of flax from various countries. The fibrous substance commercially known as jute, is also illustrated. The fibrous material obtained from the husk of the cocoa-nut is exhibited in its various stages of manufacture and in its applications to the production of fabrics. Specimens illustrative of the application of new processes to the preparation of flax for spinning have also a place in this Class, and appear to promise useful results in the em]3loyment of this material in textile manufactures. Corks of different kinds, and new flbrous substances applicable to textile purposes and for paper, are also shown. The specimens of difi'erent timbers used for construction and ornament have great technical interest. The botanical names, habitats, and uses of the trees producing these woods are attached to their description in the Catalogue, This will enable the merchant to supply himself with accurate information upon a variety of fancy woods hitherto only recognized under their commercial appellations. In the space allotted to the preceding Class will also be found illustrations of various useful timbers. The preser- vation of timber is illustrated by several series of specimens indicating the progress of decay, and its arrestation in wood equally exposed. The substances derived from the animal kingdom include specimens of whalebone in difi'erent stages of manu- facture ; wools of various kinds in the raw state, and as cleansed from some impurities. Mohair, horse-hair, in various conditions of manufacture ; down and feathers. Some interesting results of the attempt to breed the silkworm in England, are exhibited in raw silks obtained, and in manufactured specimens. Raw and thrown silks of their natural colour and variously dyed are also shown. Animal oils, gelatine, glues, and pig- ments and dyes of animal origin are also included in the objects contained within this Class, The four Classes comprised within this section deserve and demand attentive study. The objects comprised by them form the materials out of which all that is beautiful and useful in this great collection has been created, and indicating in their various states the preliminary application of human industry to their preparation for further usefulness. The study of them is a valuable introduction to that of the other Classes, in which con- structive industry is illustrated as contrasted with that preparative series of operations exhibited by the objects inchided within the first section, 1'he consideration of results is more generally interesting than that of the processes leading to them ; but the latter study is unquestionably the most instructive. To the philosophic inquirer into the objects of this Exhibition, this section will probably appear the most interesting of all, as the development of raw material in all the varied forms assumed in those sections is observed in Machinery, Manufactures, and Fine Arts.—R. E. South Gallery. 1 Grigor, Jo, & Co., Nnrseries, Forres, Scotland— Producers. Native Scotch pine plants, of various sizes and ages, some of which are raised by a new method, v/hich pro- duces fibrous roots, and adapts them for bare and ex- posed situations. Larch plants of various sizes and ages. Weeping birch, one year old, from seed produced by native trees on the banks of the Findhorn, Morayshire; sown April 20, 1850. 2 King, Emma, Church Street, Edmonton— Producer. Specimens of anatomised plants, arranged as an orna- ment. 2a Cooke, E. W., IVie Ferns, Victoria Road, Kensington —Producer. Preserved pitcher plants. These natural pitchers are appended to the leaves of a plant, a native of the East Indies, growing in stagnant, swampy places; it possesses the faculty of distilling the purest water. The pitcher during the period of its growth remains closed; but when quite expanded and full of water the lid opens. The pitcher of some species will contain nearly one quart. The case contains specimens (which were dried in hot sand to preserve their form) of the following species, viz.:—Nepenthes RafHesiana (Singapore); N. ampullacea (Singapore); N. Loddigesii (Singapore); N. distillatoria (Ceylon). Also a specimen of Sarracenia, and a species of Gepha- lotus; which both grow on the ground. The palm and other seed-vessels are introduced merely for ornament. 3 Stevens, William, 1 Bock Place, Tottenham Road, Kingsland—Inventor. Preserved flowers, retaining their natural form; in- tended to form cabinet illustrations of botany. 3a Crowcher, C, jun.. Chapel Place, Liverpool Road —Producer. Specimen of calcined straw. 4 Pursey, William Henry, 14 Spring Street, Sussex Gardens, Paddington—Manufacturer. Flowers used as ornaments for garnishing meats, &c.; cat out of vegetables, such as carrots, turnips, beet-roots, &c. [This curious art gives exclusive employment to several persons in the Metropolis.] 5 Rock, Mary, 6 Stratford Place, Hastings—Producer. Ornamental stand, formed chiefly of a species of grass which grows on the cliffs at Hastings, and is used for ladies' work-baskets, table-mats, &c. The stand contains specimens of Hastings pebbles, [The Hastings pebbles are from the calciferous grit of the Tilgate beds which form the ''White Rock" of Hastings, but are often elsewhere seen in more tabular masses, resting on a very compact conglomerate, envelop- ing large rolled pebbles of variously-coloured quartz, and jasper and smaller ones of pure white quartz and flinty slate.—D. T. A.] 5a Tilley, Lieut., R,A,, Fivehead, Taunton, Somerset— Designer, A series of beautiful specimens of the leaves of various trees, anatomised, prepared, and arranged by the exhi- bitor. Perfect skeletons of the leaves of the sycamore, poplar, aspen, ivy, lime, and wild or wood-medlar trees (or of the Pseudo-platanus, Popnlus, Popnlus tremula, Hederahelix, Tilia, and Mespilus diffusa of Linngeus), grouped, dyed black, and displayed on a white drawing-board, to show their contrast in kind, texture, shape, and shade. Groupings of some of the above leaves, dyed and undyed, on a blue and white drawing-board, and placed I in a glazed frame, divided into compartments, one of which contains a vegetable or leafy picture of the year, shown by twelve growing and fading changes of the elm leaf {Ulmus campestris). Also strawberry leaves {Fra- garia vesca), displayed under the similitude of a snake, from their spotted resemblance to the skin of that rep- tile, overlaid by ferns brought from the island of Madeira by Mrs. Susan Farrent. In this specimen is exemplified one of the most difficult operations in vege- table anatomy. In a small circular gilt frame may be seen two anatomized pear leaves (Pgrus), having the ap- pearance of three, the one being whole, the other divided from the tip to the leaf stalk or stem, and the two parts laid open right and left. The minutest threads in the texture of the one side having its counterpart in that of the other ; a task of no small difficulty, when it is con- sidered that they previously vmdergo the double process of anatomy and dying, added to the frail and delicate nature of the mnterial operated on. Some of the ar- rangements are under-lettered with letters cut from the leaf in its different stages of growth and decay, [The whole of these specimens owe their origin to the accidental circumstance of the operator's going to the pond- side for water to refresh his flowers in the dry summer of 1840, when the fragment of an elm leaf floating into the dipper in its skeleton state siiggested the idea of effecting its anatomy by artificial means. He was then in his sixtieth year, and had never seen or attempted anything of the kind before.] 6 Harrison, Richard & Specimens of English and Alder, English, Apple-tree, English. Ash, English. Ash, American. Barwood, African. Beech, English. Beech, Dutch. Birch, English. Birch, American. Birch, Russian. Blackwood, East Indian. Blackthorn, African. Butternut, American. Boxwood, Turkey. Boxwood, Brazilian. Boxwood, European. Braziletto, Jamaica, Brazilwood, Pernambuco. (,'amphorttooil, Brazils, Camwood, African. Canarywood, Brazils. ('anazuetta. Cedar of Lebanon. Cedar, Havannah. Cedar (pencil). North America. Cedar (red). New South Wales. Cedar (white), New Brunswick. Cherry-tree, English. Chesnut (horse), English. Cocus, West Indies. Cocus (cut endwise). West Indies. Coromandel, Ceylon, Cotton-tree, Cypress, Egypt, Cypress, English, Ebony (black), African, Ebony (green % West Indies. Ebony (marble), Ceylon. Elm, English. Elm Pollard, English. Elm (rock), American. Fir, Scutch. Fustic, South American. Giraffwood. Greenheart, Demerara, Gumwood (blue). New South Wales, Gumwood (red). New South Wales, Plackmatack, Canada, Harewood, English. Hemlock, New Brunswick, Hickory, United States, Holly (white), English, Hornbeam, Englisli, Horseflesh-wood, Rio Janeiro, Ironwood, Brazils, John, Hull—Producers. Foreign Woods, Jakwood, East Indies. Kiaboca, or Amboyna (trunk of), Singapore, Kialjoca, or Amboyna (burr of) Singapore, King wood. Brazils. Kingwood, African. Laburnum, English, Lancewood (red), Cuba. Lignum-vitsp, St. Domingo. Lemon-tree, Sicily. Lime-tree, English. Locust-tree, North America, Logwood, Bay of Campeachy. Mahogany, Cuba. Mahogany, St, Domingo. Mahogany, .Tamaica. Mahogany, Honduras. Mahogany, Bahama, Mahogany, J-'anama. Mahogany, African. Mahogany, South Australian. Maple, I'-nglish. Maple (Birds'-eye), American. Maracaybo, Bay of. Mosatahiba, Rio Janeiro. Mulberry, Valparaiso, Niagara-wood, from the Falls. Oak, English, Oak Pollard, English, Oak, Mem el. Oak, Canada, Oak (wainscot), Riga. Oak, Dutch. Oak, Botany Bay, Oak, New Zealand, Oak (live). North American. Oak, Aiiicin. Oak, South American. Olivewood, Leghorn, Orange-tree. Palm tree. Palmetto, Palmyra, India. Paraiboo. Partridgewood, Brazils. Pheasantwood, Brazils. Pear-tree (plain), English. Pear tree (stained), English. Pear-tree (figured), English. Pine and Fir, American White. Pine and Fir, American Red. Pine and Fir, Baltic Red. Pine and Fir, Baltic White, Pine and Fir, American Spruce. Pine, Swiss, Pine and Fir. Pine (Pitch), United States. South Gallery. Lai ch, Scotch. Pine. Pine Fir. Pine Cowdie, New Zealand. Plane tree Lacewood, Levant. Plum-tree, Enj^lish. Poplar, English. Quassiawood, West Indies. QuMssiawnod, Brawls. Red Saunders, or llubywood, East Indies. Rosetta, or Damsonwood, East Indies. Rosewood, East Indian. Rosewood, Mexican. Rosewood, Brazils. Rosewood, African. Rosewood, Honduras. Sabicu, (^uha. Sandalwood. Sapanwood, Siam. Satinwood, St. Domingo. Satinwood, East Indian. Jay. Satinwood, Porto Rico Sassafraswood. Saul, East Indies. Snakewiiod, Surinam. Sycamore, Euirlish. Teak, Moulmeiu. Teak, African. Tambookie. Totario. Tuiipwood, Brazils. Tulipwood, Botany '. Tuiipwood, Fiencii. Valparaiso wond. Violetwood. Brazils. Walnut, En-lish. Walnut (bhick), Mexican. Walnut (black), American Willow, EnijHsh. Yellow-wood, East Indies, Yew, English. Zebrawood, Hrazils. Seveial specimens of unknown wood. 7 Burnett, Sir W., M.D., K.C.B., F.E.S., 53 lung William Street, London Bridje—Producer. Specimens of Burnettized and un-Burnettized timber, canvas, cotton, and woollen cloth, and raw hides, tested to demonstrate the efficacy of the process. Specimens of antiseptic and disinfecting solutions, and a drawing of the hydraulic apparatus employed for the preparation of timber, 8 Fitch, F. C, Steeple Bumpstead, Chelmsford— Producer. Specimens of English woods. 9 Sanders, W. Wilson, Wandsworth—Proprietor. Collection of woods, amounting to upwards of 700 specimens, from various parts of the world, arranged geo- graphically ; with scientific name, native or local name, native country, weight per cubic foot, principal uses or peculiarities; with specimens of veneers of the more beautiful or interesting woods. The block specimens are without varnish of any kind. The veneers are var- nished so as to show the beauty of the woods. 9a Evans, William, Castle Street, Sivansea— Inventor. Pieces of Welsh oak, prepared by a peculiar process, as a substitute for fancy wood, and useful for turners and cabinet makers: the process is both simple and cheap, A cannon lock of peculiar construction, designed to fire a gun by percussion. 10 Stowe, Henry, Buckingham—Inventor. Specimens of wood, stained without heat or moisture; the process being equally applicable to it when carved. 14 HoLTZAPFFEL & Co., 64 Charing Cross, and 127 Long Acre—Proprietors. Specimens of woods commonly employed in England for turnery. 15 GiLLOW & Co., 176 Oxford Street, and Lancaster— Proprietors. Specimens of St. Domingo mahogany. 16 Enderson, Henry John, 140 Praed Street, Paddington—Producer. Grained imitation of bird's-eye maple and other fanc^ woods, on deal. Imitation of inlaid marbles and fancy woods, on slate. 19 Scott, E., & Co., 83 Dean Street, Soho- Manufacturers, Walnut and rosewood veneers. 20 Newton, Chari.es Henry, Plough Bridge, Rotherhitke, Surrey—Manufacturer. Specimens of English and Foreign woods^ prepared on one side and rough on the other, to show the application of the patent desiccating process in the seasoning of woods. By this process, wood is seasoned and made fit for use in a few weeks. The moisture is evaporated by rapid cur- rents of hot air, by which decay and dry rot are, in a great measure, prevented. 21 Bethell, John, 8 Parliament Street, Westminster —Inventor and Patentee, Specimens of wood saturated with oil of tar, by the j)ro- cess called ^'^creosoting," Creosoted sleepers, which have been in use for years on the Northern and Eastern, and London and North Western Railways. A piece of unprepared wood, shomng the ravages of the teredo navalis. A piece shoving those of the limnoria terebrans, with a few holes bored by the teredo. Two slices, cut from creosoted piles, which have been four years in the sea, at Lowestoft harbour. Specimens of fish, prepared for manure, by the creo- sote oil. [Several plans have been patented, having for their object the prevention of timber from decay by injecting certain fluid substances into its pores, and by chemical and mechanical action preventing the growth of fungi—■ viz., Mr, Kyan's patent, in 1832, for impregnation with corrosive sublimate; Sir W, Burnett's, in 1836, for inject- ing chloride of zinc; Mr, Bethell's, in 1838, for impregna- tion with oil of tar; and Mr. Payne's, in 1841, for im- pregnation with metallic oxides or alkalies.—S, C] 21a Samuels, David, 71 Lehon Street, West Ilam, Essex — Inventor and Manufacturer. Picture frame of various English woods. 22 Classon, J,, Lndustrial Depot, Northumberland Buildings, Dublin— Manufacturer, Denoters of time, exhibiting days, months, and dates, and made of bog-yew, bog-oak, and various fancy woods, the growth of Ireland, Letter i-acks. Chimney-piece what-nots. Book carriers. Inkstands, Paper and enve- lope cases. Ticket trays. Nests of boxes, and frames for different purposes : made of the same materials. Packages of scouring powders, [These powders are produced from a j)reparation of freestone and alkali, and possess both mechanical and chemical propei^ties, which render them valuable for cleansing railway carriages covered with smoke and grease, and for purifying culinary utensils in general,] Different qvialities of peat or turf, and peat charcoal, adapted for manufactvmng purposes, deodorizing and manure. Specimens of fancy woods, the growth of Ireland; part of a mulberry-tree, perfectly soimd, from the gardens of Trinity College, Dublin; known to be more than 400 years old, presented by the Rev, Dr. Luby. 23 Brotherton, William, & Co., Flungerford Wharf —Importers and Manufacturers. Samples of rape seed, the produce of Holland and the East Indies. Rape seed bruised previous to extracting the oil. The oil as extracted, refined, and purified, Olive oil in its original state; and as refined for machi- nery. Almond oil as extracted; and as refined for the finer descriptions of mechanism. 24 Barclay & Son, 170 Regent Street— Manufacturers. Specimens of bleached wax; wax candles, white and coloured; sperm candles, white and coloured; stearins candles; candles of mixed materials; wax and composi- tion mortars for night lights and for heating dishes; with sundry small articles. South Gallery. 25 Freeman^ Messrs., 3 Vvigmoi^e Street, Cavendish Square—Manufacturers. Fine transparent wax and spermaceti lights, with plaited wicks, and other candles and night lights. Mate- rials in the unmanufactured state. Refined oils, &c. 26 Bauwens, L. F., Grease Works, Wakefield— Manufacturer. Products of various patent processes used in extracting pure oils and greases from the refuse soap-suds of woollen, silk, and other manufactories. 27 Rose, William Anderson, 66 Upper Thames Street —Manufacturer. Palm-oil grease, for fast trains. White grease, for machinery, &c. Liquid grease, for mining purposes. Clarified machinery oil, will not gum or clog. Clarified burning oil, to burn equal to sperm oil. Body, carriage, and oak varnishes. Ironwork black, equal to black japan, dries in half-an- hour. Red, blue, yellow, and purple paints supplied to Messrs. Fox, Henderson, & Co., for decorating the Ex- hibition Building. White zinc antioxide paint for ironwork, stucco, &c. 28 HiLLAS, Fleming, 5 Ordnance Eow, Lewisharn Eoad, Greenwich—Inventor, Purified animal, vegetable, and fish oils for lubrication and perfumery. 29 Miller, Tavepner John, i)ors(?^W7«ar/, Westminster —Importer and Manufacturer. Spermaceti oil in its original state, as imported from the South Seas. Rough spermaceti, when separated by filtration and pressure from the oil. Filtered spermaceti oil, used for illuminating purposes and for lubricating machinery. Block of refined spermaceti, the inside being hollow, to exhibit its natural crystallization. Bust formed of refined spermaceti, a new application of the article. [The sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, called also cachalot, is a carnivorous cetacean, living chiefly on cuttlefish, and having its mouth armed with teeth instead of whalebone. It is gregarious, and inhabits the open oceans of both eastern and western hemispheres, ranging between 60° N". L. and 60'-^ S. L., but abundant and pur- sued chiefly in the region of the line-currents between 7° N". L. and 7° S. L. It grows to a large size, the male to 60 feet in length, the female to half that dimension. The former yields 70 to 90 barrels of sperm-oil, the latter 20 to 30. The spermaceti is contained in cellular cavi- ties, occupying the anterior and upper parts of the un- wieldy head; from 200 to 500 gallons of this ''head- matter" ai-e yielded by a whale. One-sixth of the entire produce is the usual proportion. This matter is placed in hair bags, submitted to strong pressure, melted, and boiled with a weak solution of potash and in alcohol, then cast into moulds, when it becomes the crystalline sub- stance called spermaceti, which is itself a peculiar species of stearine. Cetine is its pmified state.—E. F,] 30 Ewen, James, 17 Garlick Hill, City—Manufacturer. Samples of clarified fats. 31 DuRANT, Richard, jun., 11 Copthall Court— Proprietor. Samples of raw silk, the produce of the various silk- producing countries, Italy, China, India, Turkey, &c. 32 Dodge, Mrs. Catherine, Godahning, Surrey— Producer. Silk produced by the silkworm, fed upon the leaves of the white mulberry, at Godalming, it being a first pro- duction. Specimens of the silk manufactured. 34 Hands & Leavesley, Coventry—Silk Dyers. Specimens of dyed silks. 35 DoxAT & Co., Bishopsfjate Street Without— Importers. Sample of Italian raw silk. 30 Howe, Joseph, & Co., Coventry—Dyers. Specimens of self-colours dyed from thrown silk:—- yellow gum; specimens of shade dyeing: showing perma- nency of colours for several yeai^s. 37 Jacquemot, John Mark, 36 Old Broad Street—■ Importer. Skeins of raw silk, the produce of a filature near Geneva, Switzerland. 39 Oliver, William, 89 John Street, Fitzroy Square— Producer. A slab of bird's-eye maple. 40 Sectional Committee on VEGETiVBLE Kingdom^ Exli ib it ion B uil ding-—Pro ducer s. Samples of the ordinary flax and hemp of commerce. French flax; Flemish flax; Dutch flax; Friesland flax; Archangel flax; Riga flax; English flax; Egyptian flax; New Zealand flax. Petersburg clean hemp; Petersburg half-clean hemp; Riga Rein hemp; Riga Pass hemp; American hemp; Egyptian hemp; brown India hemp; India scum hemp; Manillahemj); Italian hemp; Jute hemp. 41 Trent, Edwin Ward, Park Hemp Works, Old Ford —Manufacturer. JSTew Zealand flax as imported. New Zealand flax cleansed, from the same; cleansed by machinery, in- vented by the exhibitor. Tow, made in the operation of cleansing the flax. Fishing-lines, made from the same, showing what can be made from the least valuable portion of the flax. Samples illustrating the different modes of laying ropes or lines. Coil of rope made from yarn spun by the ex- hibitor's improved machinery, combining all the advan- tages of hand and machine spinning, without their defects. 42 Wright, Lemuel Wellman, & Co., 75 Cheapside— Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of China grass (Urtica nicea) as it comes from India (Assam) and China; and in various stages from the raw material, as manufactured in India and China. Also flax and China grass as prepared in this countrj^, for spinning into yarns for finer purposes. Specimens of broad cloth, in which it is mixed with wool in various proportions. Specimens of various kinds of paper made from wheat straw. 43 Donlan, M.J. J., 4: St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith —Inventor. The seeds of flax and hemp chemically prepared, by which their germinating powers are said to be augmented. Flax straw, produced from prepared seed, and flax straw produced from seed not prepared, sown on the same day, and on the same land; also samples of flax in dif- South Gallery. ferent stages of preparation^ produced from unsteeped flax straw. Samples of the ligneous or woody particle from the flax straw; these, when mixed with other ingredients,, are used for the feeding and fattening of cattle. Samples of sail-cloth, produced from unsteeped flax straw. Sail-cloths produced by these processes are said to have been used during five years without being afiected with mildew, heating, or premature decay. Samples of the Phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax, in difierent stages of preparation, and sail-cloth manu- factured from the same. [The Phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax, is a plant of very different nature from the common flax (^Linum usita- tissimwn). The former is an endogen, the latter an exogen. The New Zealand flax is a liliaceous plant.—E, F,] Samples of fine textures, threads, &c., produced from unsteeped flax straw, brought into a similar state to cotton incorporated with German wool; and also speci- mens of similar manufacture, produced from the Phor- mium tenax, or New Zealand flax plant. The above specimens are said to have been produced by iiew and peculiar processes. 44 GiLLMAN, Edwakd, Ttdckenham, Agent for Tao Nui, a New Zealand Chief—Producer. Specimens of the most useful of the New Zealand woods. Gum of the Kawri tree {Dammara australis) called Tino; a good varnish can be made from this substance. Bark of the Hinau tree {Blcera dentata); used by the New Zealanclers to prepare the flax for dyeing. Flax {Phormium tenax), prepared for dyeing by steeping in a strong decoction of the Hinau bark. Flax dyed black, by kneading and rubbing in black mud from a freshwater river. Shrimp net {Kotutu), made from shreds of flax, the pulp of the leaf not removed. Flax pai'tially disengaged from the leaf; also the shell (Kuku) used for the purpose. Flax in the first stage of preparation (Muka). Small cord made from the flax in the first stage of pre- paration. Flax prepared for weaving, by soaking it for two days in water, then twisting it into hanks, and beating it with a mallet on a stone. Mantles wove from flax. 45 Hives & Atkinson, Zeecfe—Importers and Manufacturers. Samples of flax grown in the Courtrai district, Belgium; line, sliver-roving, and yarn, from the flax. Fine cloth, manufactured from 280 warp and 320 weft. [The preparation of flax at Courtrai differs in no essen- tial respect from the ordinary method adopted at home. But the bundles, instead of being steeped in stagnant pools, are sunk in the clear waters of the River Lys. It is said that the waters of this stream have a peculiar effect in producing flax fibre of extraordinary whiteness and purity. The bundles, after having been steeped, are untied and spread out on grass to be dried. On the com- pletion of this process, the flax is again made up into bundles and undergoes its preparation for the market.— R. E.] Samples of flax from the Lokeren district, Belgium; line, sliver-roving, and yarn, 50 leas to 200 leas, from the flax. [The total annual production of flax in Belgium amounts, by a recent estimate, to about forty millions of pounds. Its total value is calculated at about two millions and a half sterling. This flax is of very superior quality, and is principally employed in the manufacture of the finest class of fabrics. Attempts are being now made on a large scale to cultivate this important plant in England and Ireland. Belgium exports aboal five millions of pounds of fiax to England. The flax grown in the Courtrai district is universally considered to be of the finest quality.—R. E.] Samples of yellow fiax, gro^\^l by John Warnes, Esq., Trimingham, Norfolk; of blue flax, grown in Yorkshire. Line, sliver-roving, and yarn, from 50 leas to 200 leas, from the flax. Piece of brovm cloth and piece of bleached cloth, 100 VN^arp and 150 weft. Specimen of Chinese reed. Samples of China gi'ass (a kind of nettle) in the raw state; softened; prepared for cutting and heckling; half- bleached and full-bleached line from this grass; sliver- roving from full-bleached line; tow; 250 leas spun from full-bleached line; 100 leas from tow; dyed line, yarn, and tow from the same. Piece of cloth, 200 leas warp and 200 leas weft. ['''China grass" is kno^m botanically under the name, Urtica nivea. It is extensively imported into this country from Assam, and from China.—R. E.] 46 Cator, Nelson, & Co., Selby—Manufacturers. Line stumps, or the raw flax plant with the seed attached, as pulled and dried: grown in Yorkshire. Flax manufactured from the line stumps, and prepared for the flax-spinners. The seed is taken off, the stumps then retted by an artificial process, and afterwards broken and scutched by machinery. 47 Long, J., C.E., Limerick-—Producer. Specimens of Irish woods. Bog oak; bog yew; bog deal; oak; elm; ash; beech; copper beech; black oak; sycamore; cheri-y ; apple; holly; poplar; maple; alder; spruce; Scotch fir; larch; walnut; arbutus; iaburnimi; and ever- green oak. These timbers are the growth of former ages, and are found embedded in the bogs of Ireland. [These timbers represent ancient forests, the remains of which are now buried beneath accumulations of peat and water, but in which wandered not only species of existing British mammals, but extinct races, like that of the Megaceros hihernicus, '''leading into the times when elephants, hyaenas, and other extinct quadrupeds appear to have tenanted this country."—J. L.] The black oak is used for fancy and ornamental work. The yew is a fine-grained timber of different shades. It appears to be a suitable timber for cabinet work, such as pianos, &c., being durable and capable of taking a high polish. The deal is useful for rough work. These timbers are in general used in carpentry and joinery, ship-building, house-building, coach-building, cabinet-making, machinery, farming implements, &c. The ordinary timbers, such as oak, elm, ash, beech, larch, maple, &c., are considered of superior quality and large growth. Specimen of Carrigeen moss; found in great abundance on the sea-shores in the counties of Clare and Kerry. ['''Carrigeen," or ''Irish moss," is a sea-weed. It is the Chondnis crispus of botanists, a fucus which grows abundantly on all the rocky shores of the British Isles. It is most plentiful at the edge of low-water mark. Chondrus mammillosus is another species often mixed with and used like the former. The plant is gathered from the rock, then washed and laid out to dry and bleach in the sunshine. It has emollient and demulcent proper- ties.—E. F.] Specimen of oak bark. This bark is supplied from the various counties around Limerick to the tanners of the city and neighbourhood. 49 AuAMS, —, BallyderTitt, Coleraine—Producer. Sample of flax. Kingdom.] USED IN MANUFACTURES. 199^'' South Gallery. 51 Robertson, Henry, 7 Salisbury Street, Strand— Producer. A vegetable fibre, indigenous to tbe British Isles, ap- plicable to the manufacture of fine thread and paper. 53 PicciOTTO, Moses Haim, 3 Deem Street, Finsbury Square—Producer. Specimens of fine flax, prepared in Italy by a peculiar process, applicable to all sorts of flax, steeped or un- steeped. By this process coarse produce may be brought to a great degree of fineness. 54 Mason, George, Yately, Hartford Bridge, Hants— Producer. 1. Flax grown, steeped, and prepared for market at Yately, North Hants. 2. Produced in Soiith Hants. 3. Produced at Cobham, Surrey, 4. Flax grown and scutched at the Farnborough workhouse, 5. Flax scutched by prisoners in county gaol, Winchester. 6. Refuse tow and flax manufactured at Yately. 7. Coarse tow and flax. 8. Models of tools used. 55 Marshall & Co., Leeds—Importers and Manufacturers. Siimple of Chinese grass, Urtica nivea (Ma, Chinese name), the white-leaved nettle of China, commonly called grass, in the state in which it is imported from the province of Canton, in China. Sample of heckled fibre from the same, ready for the spinning process, after it has under- gone a steeping similar to that of flax, and also a chemical or mechanical treatment, by which it is cleansed and softened. Samples of sewing thread, dyed and bleached, and of thread for lace, from No. 30 to 300 lea, made from this material, showing its capacity of taking a good colour, and producing an even wiry thread. Samples of fine drill, from the same material, bleached and coloured, showing the same qualities. Samples of Courtrai flax and of dressed line, also of sewing thread dyed and bleached. No. 25 to 240 lea, from the same, exhibited for quality and finish. 56 Babsham, John, Kinjston-on-Thames—Inventor and Manufacturer. The outer shell or husk of the cocoa nut {Cocos nuci- fera). Fibre separated from the same by a patent process. Brushes, manufactured from the fibre, instead of bris- tles. Door mat manufactured from the fibre. The fibre is cheap, and is preferable to bristles for durability. 57 Nightingale, Wm. & Charles, 64 War dour Street, Soho—Importers and Manufacturers, Bed feathers and downs, mostly used in England: the produce of the country, of Ireland, and of the northern portions of Europe and America. Horsehair and the hair of other animals, English and American, in various stages of manufacture for the pur- poses of weaving, stuffing, brush and sieve making, &c. 58 MoRRELL, Henry, 149 Fleet Street— Manufacturer. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of lead pencils: Black lead {plumbrigo), exported from Germany and other parts. Specimen of purified lead, and lead cut into plates. Cedar wood from North America, cut into veneer, and bottoms and tops for pencils. 1st stage.—Bottoms grooved and machine for grooving. 2nd stage.—Bottoms, showing the plate of lead inserted and tool used for cutting off. 3rd stage.—Tops, and tops glued on to bottoms. 4th stage.—Rounding machine and pencils in stages of rounding to completion. Paring tool to finish the ends. Specimens of rough and finished ends. Stamping machine and pencils stamped, &c. Pencils in various packages and sorts. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of sealing wax: 1, —The resins. Stick lac, a secretion from trees punc- tured by an insect (Coccus lacca), in the form of a reddish- brown resinous substance, having a crystalline fracture, enclosing the insect. Shellac produced from it. Lac dye, exported from the East Indies to England, and again exported into Germany, Russia, &c. 2. The colouring matter.^—Mercury. Sulphur. Sul- phuret of mercury or vermilion, the colouring matter used for red sealing wax. Rough sealing wax. Stick of sealing wax moulded, partly polished, and finished and stamped. Sealing-wax in packages, and of various qualities. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of wafers : Wafer tongs. Sheets of v/a,fer, as produced from tongs by the wafer composition being baked in them. Punches for cutting wafers of various sizes,, with samples of the wafers cut. Specimens of quills. 59 Heal & Son, Tottenham Court Eoad—Importers and Dressers. Specimens of bed feathers; Irish, English, Russian, Hudson's Bay, and Dantzic, in the raw state, and steamed and dressed. Specimens of Russian down, in the raw state, and steamed and dressed. Specimens of Greenland eider-down dressed. An eider-down quilt, composed of a fine satin centre, and surmounted by a border of white satin, embroidered with flowers and ornaments. Executed by James Houlds- worth and Co., of Manchester. A quilt of fine Greenland eider down, covered with blue and gold brocaded silk, designed and adapted to lay across the foot of a bed. 60 Blyth, Hamilton, & Blyth, 52 Little Britain, L^ondon, and Henry Street, Liverpool—Importers and Manufacturers. English and Dantzic goose bed feathers, in a raw state, white and grey; and in a dressed and purified state. English black horse-hair in a curled and manufactured state; and in the raw state. 61 English's Patent Camphine ComPxYny, Hull— Manufacturer. Oleaginous seeds, tar, and turpentine, and their pro- ducts. 62 Barker, Thobias, & Co., Breams Buildings, Chancery Lane—Inventors and Manufacturers. Spirits of turpentine, prepared by a new process, so as to render paint inodorous as soon as dry. Mastic varnish, for paintings, preventing bloom, &c. British Eau-de-Cologne and a variety of other scents essential oils, manufactured and purified by the above process. Hair dyes, essences, extracts, and pei'fumes. 63 Manning, James, 18 Coles Terrace, Barnsbury Boad, Islington—Manufactiirer. Varnish composed of various gums and pure spirits of wine: the materials are put into a glass barrel and made without the aid of heat. Portraits, &c., varnished to show its clearness. 64 Penney, Henry, 4 Toi-k Flace, Baker Street—• Manufacturer. Colourless linseed oil and copal varnish. A door on which the varnish has been applied. South Galleky. [United C5 S311TH, Ben. Thos. & Chas., 12 Church Street, Mile End New Town—Manufacturers. Emerald green. Chrome yellow, three shades. Ultramarine, three qualities (imported from Nuremberg). Chinese red. Pure blue. Oxalic acid, two qualities. Oxalate of potash. Chromate of potash. Nitrate of lead. Oxymuriate of tin. Colours of various kinds. 66 Jewesbuby, H. W., & Co., 1 and 2 Mincing Lane—• Brokers and Producers. Varieties of cochineal from Honduras, Mexico, Teneriffe, Java, and the West Indies. [Cochineal is an insect, the dried body of which yields the beautiful i-ed dye for which it is valued in commerce and the arts. The insect is obtained in large quantities from Mexico, the British West Indies, the United States, and Guatemala. It is bred with great care, and feeds on the Cactus cocMnellifer. Upwards of a million pounds were imported ten years since into the United Kingdom, and in every pound are contained not fewer than 70,000 insects! Cochineal, from its resemblance to seed, was formerly considered to be really a vegetable product. In the cactus stove at Kew the insect may be seen alive feeding upon the cactus of its native habitat.—R.E.] Varieties of lac-dye from Calcutta. ['^ Lac-dye" is a term commercially applied to a colour- ing matter extracted from stick-lac. The latter is con- sidered to be the resinous secretion of a tree on being punctured by an insect common in many districts of Eastern India. This insect is called Coccus lacca, and is found in enormous numbers in the forests of the moun- tains on the sides of the Ganges. The insect, when about to deposit its eggs, attaches itself to the branches of trees, and soon becomes enveloped in a layer of gummy matter which hardens on exposure. The insect dies, and her body shrivels into an oval bag containing a minute drop of red fluid. This is extracted from the lac, and, when formed into small masses, becomes the lac-dye of commerce. In 1848, 1,221,308 lbs. were imported into the United Kingdom.—R, E.] 68 Smith & Son, 14 Corbet Court, Spitalfields— Producers. Lichens from which archil and cudbear can be produced by steeping them in prepared ammoniacal solutions, so that the orcine they contain may, by combination with water, ammonia, and oxygen, develop colouring matter:— No. 1. Angola Orchilla weed [Roccella montar/nei), from Angola, coast of Africa. 2. Thick Lima Orchilla weed (7?. tinctoria), from Lima, South America. 3. Lima Or- chilla weed (R. fuciformis) from Lima, South America. 4. Canary Orchilla weed (-5. tinctoria), from the Canary Islands. 5. Canary rock moss (Parmelia jjerlata), from the Canary Islands. Pustulatus moss [Gyrophora joustiL- lata), from Norway. Eight samples of archil and two of cudbear, all made from Angola lichen, and used for dyeing and printing woollen, silk, cotton, mixed fabrics, and leather, all shades of crimson, violet, blue, and chocolate; used also in making stone blue and lake pigments. Samples Nos. 8, 9, and 10. Blue, violet, and red archil weed and liquor, as taken from steeping backs, used for dyeing leather and silk. 11 and 12. Red and purple archil liquor, for printers' use. 13. Extract of red archil, for printers' use. 14 and 15. Red and blue archil paste, for dyeing wool and silk. 16 and 17. Cudbear, of two qualities, for dyeing wool and silk. Specimens of woollens, silks, velvets, cottons, mixed fabrics and leathers, dyed and printed with archil and cudbear, also of stone blue and lake made with archil. [Lichens are flowerless plants of very low organization, living on air and growing usually on the grotmd, or on the surface of rocks and trees, in the form of crusts or branching leathery expansions. Many kinds of lichens are available for dyeing. The species of Roccella are most useful, but various kinds of Lecanora (as L. perella, which is the Perelle d'Auvergne, and L. tartarea, the cudbear), Variolaria, Urceolaria, Isidium, Lepraria, Parmelia, Sticta, Solorina, Gyrophora, Usnea, Evernia, Alectoria, Ramalina, and Cenomyce, many of which are not at present used, would produce colouring matter.— E. P.] 70 CooNEY, Charles, 60 Back Lane, Dublin—Manu- facturer. Samples of Irish manufacture in starch, indigo blues, vegetable gums, and blacking. 71 Saunders & Gatchell, Dublin—Producers. Pastel, or imitation woad, made from the leaves of the chicory plant, used in the dye-vat for fixing colours in woollen cloths. 72 Robinson, James, & Co., Huddersfield—Inventors and Manufacturers. Archil paste and cudbear, patent process. Liquid archil for dyeing and printing. Samples of worsted yarn dyed in best cudbear. 73 Halliday & Co., Quay Street, Salford. Post-office label gums. 74 Bruce, G., 52 Nelson Street, Liverpool—Inventor. Black varnish, for painting and preserving wood and iron-work, either for land or marine purposes. Blue- coloured composition for covering wood or iron, with or without a thin priming of paint. Red composition for the use of agriculturists, machinists, engineers, ship and steamboat builders. Green and stone-coloured composi- tion, applicable to general purposes. Spirit varnish for wood-work. 75 Long & Reynolds, Llackney—Manufacturers. Carthamus tinctorius (Lndicus), safflower. The colour- ing matter shown in the liquid and dry state. Used for the purposes of dyeing silk, cotton, &c. Sj^ecimens of its effects on those materials. [The colouring matter yielded by this plant is obtained exclusively from the flowers. It is of a beautiful pink colour, and is employed by dyers to produce the peculiar colour called 2^(^'>'>'C(^ciu. It does not, however, bear exposure to light well. Safflower is also employed in the preparation of the most costly descriptions of rouge. About 6,000 cwt. are imported annually into Britain, the greater part from the East Indies.—R. E.] 76 Sadler, J., 2 Gloucester Terrace, Regent's Dark— Proprietor. Mexican black and white cochineal, produce of the depar-tment of Oaxaca. The impoi-ts of cochineal (Cocus cacti) from Mexico, were, in 1839, 194,903 lbs.; but, in 1841, they had dimi- nished to 20,678 lbs. The cochmeal of white silvery lustre is most esteemed.—R. E.] 77 Burch, William, Sewardstone Mill, Woodford, Essex—Manufacturer. A series of substances and combinations used in the art of dyeing; showing, in various states, the woods, roots, flowers, metals, &c., from which dyeing colours are obtained, with aqueous decoctions and dried extracts. Various acids, and solutions of metals in acids; dyeing South Gallery. precipitates caused by the action of various metallic solu- tions on vegetable colouring matters ; and samples of the general effect of the colouring matters on cotton, silk, and wool. Samples of London skein silk, woollen, and cotton dyeing, in colours and shades. Samples of cotton, dressed as hard silk, and of fast cotton dyeing for Lisle thread gloves. The woollen dyes by P. J. Chabot, of Spitalfields; the silk dyes, by Rey- nolds & Son, Temple Street, Hackney Road (for further specimens by the above dyers, see Class 18). Opaque or precipitant colours used in oil painting and printing, and as water-colours on paper, book muslin, &c. An illustration of the art of block printing. Various gums and substances used in dyeing, printing, painting, dressing, &c., and in the preparation of colour- ing matters. 78 Moore, John, Littlecott Farm, rewsey, Wilts— Proprietor. Southdown ewe (stuffed), bred by the exhibitor, seven years old, but never shorn. Length of the wool 25 inches, weight 36lbs. 80 Henderson, Richard, Wooler, Northumberland— Producer, Fleeces of Cheviot wool, grown at an elevation of 2,600 feet above the level of the sea. 81 DoRRiEN, C, Sennicots, near Chichester—Producer. Specimens of merino wool, produced from two-year old sheep, sufficiently long and fine for shawl manufac- turers ; average weight of the fleece of each sheep, nearly 8 lbs. 83 Price's Patent Candle Company, Belmont, Vciuxhall—Manufacturer, Specimens of candles, vegetable tallow, palm oil, &c. 84 Rebow, J. G., Wivenhoe Park, near Colchester— Producer. Southdown sheep's wool. 85 MiLLNER, Robert, Dublin—Proprietor, Fleeces, long wool, wether and ewe, and male and female hoggets ; grown in the counties Meath and Galway, Fleeces, long and short wool, hogget, wether and ewe, mountain grown in the county Wicklow. 85a Sectional Committee on Animal Kingdom, Exhibition Building—Producers. Various kinds of wool. 86 Mannings, George, Wedhampton, near Devizes— Manufacturer. Diamond teg matching wool, for combing; and diamond clothing wool, from Southdown fleeces, the produce of the county of Wilts, 88 Sands, Wm., & Co., Mortimer Street, Leeds— Producers. Specimens of ''burry" wool in the original state, with specimens of the same cleaned by machinery. [By "burry" wool is meant, in the language of com- merce, wool containing a quantity of "burrs" or thorny particles derived probably from the spinous and other thorn-bearing plants of Australia, These it is necessary to remove previous to the preparation of the wool for textile purposes, and by ingenious machinery this is suc- cessfully accomplished.—G, T.] 91 Preller, C. a., 31 Abchurch Lane—Patentee and Manufacturer, English wether and hog wool. Mohair and fine Australian wool, in the raw state as imported; washed; and carded and balled. Tops, being the long fibres in slivers, to be spun into yarn for the manufacture of worsted stuffs, shawls, and hosiery. Noils, being the shorter fibres used by blanket and cloth manufacturers. Yarn, No, 70, spun from the Australian wool (com- monly called Botany) tops. The peculiar process of comb- ing by which the above tops have been manufactured is patented, [By the ordinary process the combs are heated to a high temperature, and oil is applied to the wool before being drawn out in the sliver. On the present plan the heat employed is not so great, but more equable, and the use of oil can be dispensed with. The tops are thus preserved clean and white, and better suited therefore for all fine fabrics. The specimens now exhibited are produced with- out oil.—G, T.] 91a Cahill, M., Ballyraggit, Lulkenny—Producer. Fleece of Leicester wool, from the flock bred by the exhibitor, at Grove, county Kilkenny. 94 Irving, G. Vere, Newton by Leadhills, Lanarkshire—• Producer. Fleece of an aged ewe of the black-faced Highland breed, unlaid. 95 Good, Floodman, & Co., LIull—Importers. Specimen of white Iceland wool. 95a Breadalbane, Marquis of, Taymouth, Aberfeldy, Scotland—Proprietor and Producer. Specimens of woollen yarn, made from the wool of the bison. 97 LippERT, David, 66 Albion Street, Leeds— Importer. Fleeces of German wool. [Wool is a kind of hair, characterised by an imbricated scaly surface, when viewed under the microscope, on which depends its remarkable felting property and its consequent value in manufacture. Most quadrupeds possess the woolly variety of hair as an under-clothing, but in a small proportion, and hidden by the smooth exterior coarser kind of hair. In the wild sheep (Ovis ammon and Ovis musimon), the woolly variety is developed in excess; and in the domesticated varieties the fleece has become improved by care and breeding until its original coarse character has disappeared.—R. 0.] 101a Smithson, T,, Bramley, Leeds—Producer. Samples of wool. 103 Horan, H,, 7 Stud Street, LsUngton—Manufacturer. Prepared Greenland whalebone of different colours, for covering whip handles, walking sticks, and telescopes, and various other purposes, with portions of black and white whalebone as cut from the palate. [The whalebone or Baleen, as it has been called, con- sists of numerous parallel laminae, descending perpendi- cularly from the palate of the Balcena mysticetus. Its object, in the economy of the animal, is to form an efficient strainer for its food, which is taken in with the water; and the latter, when the mouth is partially closed, is expelled, leaving the small Crustacea and other animals, which constitute the nourishment of the whales, entangled, as it were, in the lamiure of whalebone. Although a] I the species of Bala^na possess this substance, it is furnished South Gallery. in the largest quantities and of the finest qviality by the Balccna mysticetus, which is the object of incessant and eager pursuit^ not only for the value of this substance, but for the nixmense supply of oil which is obtained from the thick layer of blubber or cutaneous fat in which the body is enveloped. The length of the largest pieces of baleen in a whale 60 feet long, is frequently as much as 12 feet; and the laminae are ranged in two series, each containing about 300. in number.—T. B.] 104 Westall & Co., 69 Aldersgate Street— Proprietors. L Fins of whalebone from Greenland (Balccna mysti- cetus). 2. Fins from the north-west coast of America. 3. Fins from the South Pacific Ocean. 4. White fins, from the western coast of Australia {^Bala^na Australis). 5. Finner, of the hump-backed whale (^Balcenoptera Boops). 6. Thirty-four specimens of whalebone. [The fins or plates of ''balefen," or whalebone, are of an inequilateral triangular form, the largest, vfhich are of most value in commerce, being arranged in a single longitudinal series on each side of the upper jaw of the 'Svhalebone whales" {Balcenidce), descending vertically, and ending in a fringe of bristles: the smaller plates are arranged in oblique series, internal to the marginal ones. The base of each plate is hollow and is fixed upon a pulp developed from a vascular germ, which IkS attached to a broad and shallow depression occupying the whole of the palatal surface of the maxillary bones. The plates are so disposed as that their fringed terminations are directed downwards, and inclining towards the back part of the mouth, and they prevent the escape of the small marine animals which constitute the food of the great whales {Baloence), and for the prehension of which this singular substitute for the teeth is adapted. The baleen plates are smallest at the two extremities of the series; the large intermediate ones sometimes attain the length of 15 feet, being above a foot broad at their base. There are about 200 plates in the outer row on each side of the mouth in the 'Hrue whale" {Balcena mysticetus). Each plate consists of a central coarse fibrous substance and an exterior compact fibrous layer: but this reaches to a cer- tain extent only, beyond which the central part projects in the form of a fringe of bristles. The chemical basin of baleen is albumen, hardened by a small proportion of phosphate of lime. The baleen plates of the finners or hump-backed whales {Balcsnoptera) are smaller, and of less value than those from the true whales [Bala^na mys- ticetus),—0.] 105 Claussen, Peter, 26 Grcsham Street, London— Inventor and Patentee. Samples of flax prepared by the exhibitor's process, intended to show the universal applicability of flax fibre to the purposes of textile manufactures. The first set of samples ai-e intended to show the various processes resorted to in the preparation of flax into a material capable of being spun alone, or mixed with various proportions of cotton upon any of the ordi- nary cotton-spinning machines. The samples show, 1st, the flax in the straw as pulled from the ground, cut into appropriate lengths by suitable machinery. 2nd. As it appears after having undergone the first process of satu- ration in a solution of soda required to remove the glu- tinous substance adhering to the fibres. 3rd. The fibres as seen after the removal of the " shove," or woody part of the plant. 4th. The flax transformed into a cotton- like substance by the expansive force of carbonic acid gas produced by the action of an acid upon the soda, taken up by the fibres in the previous stage. The 5th, 6th, and 7th shows the same bleached, dried, carded, and ready for spinning. The remaining articles in this series are samples of mule and throstle yarn of various numbers, some of which are composed entirely of flax, and others of various proportions of flax and cotton. Both these descrip- tions of yarn are exhibited, bleached and dyed in various colours for the purpose of showing that flax, prepared upon this process, is capable of receiving the same opaque dye as cotton, and, in the mixed yarns, no difierence can be distinguished in point of colour or of shade between the two materials. Samples of grey and bleached, dyed and printed cloth woven from the j^arns, prepared as above, are also exhibited. The yarns formed of a mixture of flax and cotton are termed " flax-cotton" yarns. The second series of samples consists of yarns formed of various proportions of flax and wool called " flax-wool yarns," the flax being prepared, in many respects, in the same manner as when required for spinning on cotton machinery. The mixed woollen and flax yarns were spun on the ordinary woollen machinery. Samples of flannel and of woollen cloths, milled and dyed, woven from these mixed yarns, of various coloims. The third series contains samples of flax prepared for spinning alone or combined with short silk iipon the ordinary silk machinery. The flax so prepared is shown, dyed various colours, and possessing, unlike the samples prepared for the cotton machinery, the brilliancy of colour which is peculiar to silk. The yarns formed of equal or other proportions of flax and silk, which are termed flax-silk yarns," are shown d^^ed ; and, as in the case of the "flax-cotton," no difference of shade or colour is perceptible in the two materials. A quantity of silk, woven from "flax-silk" yarns, is also shown in this series. In the fourth series, samples illustrative of the exhi- bitor's mode of preparing flax for spinning upon the ordinary flax machinery, and for its manufacture into linen fabrics. A fifth series consists of various samples of hemp, jute, and the fibrous substances prepared, either in whole or in part, as above; and samples of cloth woven upon the Chevalier Claussen's circular loom for the purpose of showing the applicability of the invention to articles of hosiery. The advantages claimed as arising from the process, illustrated in the fourth series for preparing flax for the linen mamifactures, are its simplicity, rapidity, certainty, and cheapness. By this process a fibre nearly free from colour is procured, so that the after process of bleaching is greatly facilitated : the fibre is also pure when pro- duced, so that the same weight, or nearly so, of yarn, can be spun from a given weight of fibre ; and the loss in bleaching is very small, as it consists only of the removal of accidental impurities received in the process of manu- facture. The three first series of samples are intended to show the applicability of the flax fibre for textile manufactures, other than linen or cambrics. It can also be spun alone, on cotton machinery, by the ordinary cotton process. It has long been a desideratum with woollen manufac- turers of all classes to obtain a material cheaper than wool, possessing the same felting or "milling" properties. Cot- ton and China grass have not this property. The flax fibre is said to be stronger than the wool, and to mill equally with it. The sample shown was milled fi^om 54 inches wide (as it fell from the loom) to 28, its present width. To prove its felting properties fully, hats have been made from the fibre mixed with an insignificant portion of rabbits' hair. 1. Flax-seed and flowers (in wax). 2. Flax-straw with the seed-bolls on. 3. Flax-straw rippled or deprived of the seed-bolls. 4. Flax-straw as prepared by the farmer (by the exhi- bitor's machine). By this operation the straw is freed from the greater portion of the wood, and is reduced to one-third of its original bulk and weight, and the fibre is left uninjured, and in a fitter state for the next process. South Gallery. 5. Flax straw, as above, after having undergone the alkaline part of the process. 6. Flax-straw, as above, after having undergone the acid part of the process. 7. The fibre, as above, unbleached, scutched. 8. Flax-straw prepared, unbleached, and scutched. 9. Flax-straw prepared whole by processes 5 and 6, or not having undergone the breaking process described in No. 4. 10. Flax-straw, prepared and bleached as above, in the straw. 11. Flax, prepared, bleached, and scutched in the straw whole. 12. Flax-straw, prepared, broken by the exhibitor's machine (No. 4) and bleached in the bulk. 13. The same scutched. 14. Flax split according to the exhibitor's natural colour. 15. The same, bleached. 16. Linen yarns spun from fibre prepared by the above processes, i. e., from fibre, natural colour, whole; from the same, split; from fibre, bleached in the straw, whole; from the same split. 17. Linen cloths woven from each of the above- described yarns. Short Fibre. 18. Flax-straw cut into lengths for producing fibre to spin on cotton machinery, wool or silk, whole. 19. The same, having been partially deprived of its refuse (process No. 4), cut into short lengths, 21), The same, after the alkaline process, 21. The same, after the acid process. 22. The same, fibre split. 23. Flax-fibre, separated from the refuse, unbleached. 24. The same, separated from the refuse, bleached in the straw. 25. The same, unbleached and carded, fit for spinning on cotton machinery. 26. The same, bleached and carded for cotton ma- chinery. 27. The same, in slivers. 28. The same, in rovings. 29. The same, in yarn. Flax Cotton. 30. Flax-cotton—half cotton and half flax in wool,— as above. 31. The same, slivers. 32. The same, rovings. 33. The same, yarns, mule, and throstle. 34. Cloths, all flax, spun and woven on cotton ma- chinery. 35. The same, flax and cotton, spun and woven on cotton machinery. 36. Flax-cotton yarns, dyed by the ordinary cotton processes, showing that flax fibre takes colour exactly in the same manner as cotton. 37. Flax cloths, dyed and printed. 38. Flax-cotton cloths, dyed and printed. Flax Silk. 39. Fibre prepared for spinning on silk machinery. 40. Slivers of flax and short silk, mixed in various pro- portions. 41. Eovings made from such slivers. 42. Yarns made from such rovings. 43. Cloths made from such yarns. 44. Flax fibre (pure) dyed by the ordinary process for dyeing silk, showing the greater brilliancy of the flax when prepared by the patent process. 45. Flax-silk cloths dyed and printed. Flax Wool. 46. Flax fibre for mixing with wool (carded). 47. Flax and wool mixed together in equal parts. 48. Slubbings from the same. 49. Yarns from such slubbings. 50. Cloths produced from such yarns, woven on the exhibitor's circular loom. 51. Flax and wool mixed for flannels, 52. Yarns produced from the same. 53. Cloth produced from the same, 54. The same dyed. 55. Various samples of cloths produced from flax, flax- cotton, flax-silk, flax-wool, woven on Chevalier Claussen's circular loom, and intended to show the applicability of the invention to hosiery, &c, 56. Various samples of hemp, and other fibrous plants^ prepared either in whole, or in part, as above. 106 Royal Belfast Flax Improvement Society— Producer. Specimens of flax. 107 RoYLE, J, Forbes, M.D., F.R.S., Acton Green— Collector, Specimens of cotton. 108 PtrcKRiDGE, Frederick, 5 and 6 Kingsland Place, Kinjsland—Patentee and Manufacturer. Goldbeater's skin. The raw material, or skin of the gut of oxen. The material in its various conditions, as used for other purposes. The raw material manufactured into goldbeater's skin. Mould of skins, as used in France and Belgium, in which lea.f gold is beaten out for gilding. Flexible fine gold, silver, and other metals, for orna- mental purposes, in sheets of any length, [Goldbeater's skin is a membrane separated from animal intestine, attenuated by beating with a hammer, and subsequently prepared so- as to resist putrefaction.] 109 Staight, Thomas, 12 Wa/ftroo/e—Manufacturer. Specimens of turning and carving in ivoiy, viz., vase, pedestal and flowers; carved ivory candelabra; pedestal thermometers; ivory paper knives. Graydon's registered ivory chessmen, carved, the Crusaders. Specimens of carving in pearl, viz., card cases, work boxes, watch cases, paper knives, and tablets. Ill Tebbitt, W., 4 North Cresccjit, Bedford Square— Manufacturer, Ornamented box, calculated to contain four packs of playing cards, manufactured entirely from the two shells known in commerce as the mother-of-pearl and the New Zealand green-ear; surrounded by an elegant specimen of pierced work, intended as a border for the cover of a drawing-room table book; the cover to be of blue velvet. [The mother-of-pearl shell is a bivalve of the genus Aiicula. Several species are used in commerce. The ''New Zealand green-ear" is a univalve of the genus Haliotis, of which a kind lives in the seas of the Channel Islands, and is used also for the purposes of inlaying,—- E, F,] Lady's visiting card-case; subject, Belisarius, Taper candlestick; shoe-slip; door-handle; paper-knives; umbrella-hooks; and a ten-inch rule. The whole made by hand, and wrought exclusively by English workmen. 114 Mark WICK, Mark, 32 King William Street—• Manu factur er. Specimens of Markwick's patent " epithems" for medical, surgical, and veterinary purposes. "Impermeable spongio-piline," for applying heated fluids to the surface of the body, in lieu of poultices and fomentations. A spongio-piline sock; knee-cap; finger- stall; and breast-poultice. Irapermeable water-dressing. This material is intended for the application of lotions, either simple or medicated, to ulcerated surfaces. South Gallery. Impermeable "'pilme," for affording protection against cold and wet, &c,; in various forms, fitted in various parts of the person, and applicable to different uses, [The material here described consists of a soft and absorbent layer of sponge, or similar material, placed upon a sheet of thin caoutchouc. The impermeability of the latter prevents the evaporation of the liquid, and the combined material becomes a convenient substitute for an ordinary poultice,—R. E.] 115 Granville & Co,, 9 Gresham St. West—Proprietor; Burke, Wm, H., Tottenham—Manufacturers, India-rubber waterproof silk and cotton garments, sea- men's coats, and hats. Silk, satin, and cotton-covered air-proof cushions. Cotton air-proof pillow and swimming belt. Different makes of India-rubber webs. Mohair and genappe braids. India-rubber thread for weaving into webs. Patent mineralized rubber, imaffected by heat, cold, or grease, and without any of the efflorescence or smell of sulphurized or vulcanized rubber, [In addition to its combination with sulphur, caoutchouc has been mechanically united, by mastication, with other substances, such as antimony, &c. It is difficult to de- termine whether a true chemical union takes place in such combinations. But the caoutchouc undergoes con- siderable alteration in its properties, and acquires some new ones,—R. E,] 116 Rea, Ed^vard, 117 Wardour Street— Manufacturer, Lac insects, or coccus lacca; lac stick, Siam and Bengal, Products—Seed lac, orange and ruby; shell lac, orange and rviby, lump and button. Lac lake and lac dye, shell lac, lacquers, &c, Polish, varnishes, sealing wax; &c,; white lac, lac wax, yellow and white. Gum elemi, thus, or frankincense; sandrac; mastic, and varnishes. Dragon's blood, grass-tree gum, gum kauri, or Austra- lian copal, gum animi; copal; damur; rosin, rough tur- pentine, Canada balsam, varnish resin, oil varnish, colour- less paper varnish, resin varnish, &c.; purified rough turpentine, and spirits of turpentine, "varnish, &c, [Gum elemi and frankincense are furnished by plants of the order Amyridece, a family allied to the orange tribe; they are tropical. Gum sandrac, or sandarack, is the product of a North African tree allied to the juniper, probably the Calitris quadrivalvis. Mastich is derived from species of pistachia, natives of the Mediterranean region; they belong to the cashew- nut tribe {Anacardiacece), a family furnishing many var- nishes. Dragon's blood is produced by the Draccena draco, a liliaceous plant; the CalUtris draco, a palm; and the P^ero- carpus Draco, a sandal-wood tree, of the pea tribe; from the wood of the first and last named, and from the fruit of the second; they are all tropical. Grass-tree gum is from Xanthorrha:, an Austi-alian plant of the lily tribe. Gum animi is from the Hi/menasa cour- haril, and copal from other tropical species of the same genus, belonging to the pea tribe. The balsams and turpentines are resinous secretions from trees of the pine tribe. Canada balsam is from the Abies halsamea, or balm of Gilead fir. Damur is from Dam- mar a, a New Zealand pine.—E. F.] 117 Simpson, Humphrey, & Vickers, 23 Little Britain—Importers and Manufacturers. Various specimens of isinglass, cut and uncut. [Isinglass is the swimming bladder of sturgeons caught in the Caspian and Aral seas, and in all large rivers in Siberia; an inferior kind is also taken from fish found in the rivers of South America, in the Demerara and Ber- bice rivers, and in the East Indies. Formerly isinglass was torn up by hand, or cut with scissors; it is now rolled and cut by machinery.] 118 Dawson & Morris, 96 Fenchurch Street— Importers and Manufacturers, Specimens of Russian and Brazil isinglass. 119 SwiNBORNE, T. C, & G., & Co., Cor/neshall, and 1 Great Tower Street, London—Manufacturers. Refined isinglass and gelatines. Clarifying isinglass and gelatines. Glues, and manufacturer's gelatines. 120 Watt, W., & Son, Dumfries, Scotland^ Manufacturers. Glue made from pieces of hides and skins, principally used by cabinet-makers and joiners. 121 Abbott & Wright, Needham Market, Suffolk— Manufacturers. Two cakes of crown glue, manufactured from the hides and feet of cattle. 122 NiMMO, Thomas, & Co., Linlithgow, Scotland— Mamifacturers, Specimens of glue:^—Strong, for the use of joiners, &c.; refined, for paper-makers, &c,; and extra-refined gelatine. 124 Tucker, E., Pe//asi—Manufacturer. Specimens of glue. 125 DuFAViLLE, W., Bronghton House, LsVmgton— Manufacturer, Culinary articles: fish, crystal, brilliant, and various other gelatines; British isinglass, &c,; loose and in gela- tine wrappers. 125a Muller, F., 2 Hill Street, Hackney Boad— Manufacturer. Specimens of gelatine and glue, adapted for general use; but especially delicate cabinet-work. 126 Curtis Brothers & Co., 19 Coleman Street— Factors. Substances used for tanning leather: oak bark (Qnercus peduncnlata and sessilifiora?), English tree, in the rough, cleaned, chopped, and ground ; coppice, in the rough, chopped, and ground ; Flemish tree and coppice, cleaned and chopped ; Dutch tree, cleaned and chopped. Larch bark {Abies larix), Scotch, in the rough, and ground. Mimosa bark {Acacia), New South Wales, in the rough and ground. Babool bark {Acacia Arabica), Calcutta. Cork- tree bark {Qnercus suber), Larache and Rabat. Hemlock spruce {Abies Canadensis), United States, in the rough and ground. Sumach {Bhns coriaria), Sicily. Valonia {Qnercus wgilops), Smyrna. Valonia {Camata), Dragomestra, Morea. Divi-divi {Cvsalpinia coriaria), Maracaibo, Rio de la Hache, Savanilla. Myrobalans (Zl^rmma/ia), Calcutta. Terra Japo- nica {Nauclea Gambia), Singapore, in import package, and loose. Cutch {Acacia catechu), Pegu, in import package, and loose. [The active principle for which all these aii^icles are valued in the process of tanning leather is tannin, or tannic acid. It exists in greater or smaller proportions in each vegetable product named, being found principally in the bark. Except for the purposes of chemistry and medicine, tannin is not exti-acted from these substances, which are consequently employed, in a more or less comminuted state, in the conversion of the gelatine of the hides, &c., into tannate of gelatine, or leather,—R. E,] South Gallery. 126a Kitchin, J., 42 Commercial Sale Rooms, Mincing Lane—Producer. Shumac, in the leaf, and ground, from Palermo, used in tanning sheep and calf skins, moroccos, &c. 127 French, Beal, 51 Crutched Friars—Importer and Manufacturer, Cork, raw material; cork, manufactured by hand, [Cork is the exterior bark of Quercus suher, a species of oak native, cultivated in Spain, Portugal, and the south of France, A tree is ready for barking when it reaches 15 years in age, and between that and 30 years may be barked several times,—E. F,] 128 Holt, Edward, 24 White Rock Place, Hastings— Inventor and Manufacturer, Mosses, collected from various places in East Sussex, arranged in the form of a vase, and placed in an oak frame, with a description of the uses of the plants. Sea-weeds, zoophytes, corallines, &c., found on the rocks and coast of Hastings and St. Leonards, orna- mentally displayed in the form of a wreath, and placed in a carved gilt frame; with the various uses of the plants, for medicinal and other purposes, briefly described. Collection of sea-weeds, called the 'treasures of the deep," with shells and specimens of Hastings' pebbles, under a glass shade, collected and dried by Mar y Ann Holt. 130 Field, J, C, & J,, 12 Wigmore Street, Cavendish Sq., and 36 Upper Marsh, Lambeth—Manufacturers, Specimens of stearine, produced entirely from tallow; exhibited for hardness, whiteness, and transparency. A combination of stearic and margaric acids for candle- making and several other purposes of minor importance. 131 Groves, Nicholas, 58 Watling Street, Lublin— Manufactvirer, Specimens of parchment and glue of Irish manufacture 132 Peet, Thomas, 6 Frederick Street, Regent's Pari— Manufacturer. Corks, solely of British manufacture; cut by hand. 134 Breadalbane, Marquis of, Taymouth, Ahcrfeldy, Perth—Producer. Four squares of flooring, showing specimens of some of the woods grown in Perthshire and Argyllshire. Table, chair, and chest of drawers, veneered with roots of the natural Scotch fir, dug from peat bog in the forest of Glenorchy, Argyllshire. 135 Fauntleroy, Robert, & Sons, Potters Fields, Tooley Street—Producers. Ground Floor. S. 11, 12, 13, and 14. An extensive collection of foreign, hard, and fancy woods. An elephant's head, with tusks and grinders. A variety of teeth of elephants, hippopotamus, and walrus. Horns of the sea unicorn. Mother-of-pearl shells. Corozo nuts, or vegetable ivory. Coquilla nuts, &c. Names. 1. Amboyna, or Kiabooka (Pterospermum indicurri). 2. African black wood (Cocobolo prieto) 3. Angica 4. Barwood {Baphia nitida') 5. Beefwood, or Bully tree (Rohinia pana- cocd). 6. Botany Bay Oak (Casuarina stricta) . 7. Boxwood (^Buxus halearicd) . Boxwood {Buxus sempervirens) Boxwood Boxwood 8. Brazil wood {CcBsalpinia Braziliensiss) . 9. Braziletto (^Ccesalpinia Bahamensis) 10. Cam wood {Baphia nitida) . 11. Camphor wood (Camphora officinalis) . 12. Canary wood (Laurus indica) 13. Cedar (pencil) {Juniperus virginiand) . 14. Cedar (Cuba) (Cedrela odorata) . 15. Cocus wood (^A.merimnum ebenus) Cocus wood 16. Coromandel or Calamander {^Diospyros hirsuta). 17. Ebony (black) (Dioyt/ros melanoxylon) Ebony (black) (Diospnros ebenum) Ebony (black) (^Diosjiyros ebenaster) Ebony (black) {Diospyros melanoxylon 18. Ebony (green) (Amerimnum ebenus) 19. Fustic (^Madura tinctoria) . Fustic {Rhus Cotinus) ... 20. Hickory (billets) {Carya alba) . 21. Ironwood (Sideroxylon, 8fc.) 22. Jackwood {Artocarpus integrifolia) 23. Kingwood 24. Lancewood spars ( Guatteria virgatu) 25. Letterwood or Snakewood {Brosimum aubletii). 26. 'Lignum yUse {Guaiacum officinale) Lignum vitae {Guaiacum officinale) Logwood {HoRmatoxylon campedlianum) Madagascar red wood .... Maple (bird's-eye and Bock) {Acer saccharinum). Maple (Russian) {Acer tataricuni) Maple (English) {Acer campestre) Places of Produce. East Indies, Borneo, Amboyna Africa, Madagascar, &c. . The Brazils Africa (West Coast) . Guiana (Demerara) . New South "Wales Turkey . . . . , England, Spain, &c. . America .... East Indies The Brazils Jamaica and the Bahamas Africa (West Coast) . China, Borneo, &c. The Brazils, &c. The United States . West Indies, Havana Jamaica .... Cuba East Indies (Ceylon, Manilla, &c.) . Africa, West Coast . Mauritius and Madagascar Ceylon Bombay, &c.; Sumatra, &c. Jamaica and the Bahamas . West Indies (Cuba, also Savanilla) Ionian Islands (Zante) The United States . j- East Indies The Brazils West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica) Guiana and the Brazils {West Indies (St. Domingo, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Cuba, Honduras, the Bahamas). Australia West Indies, also Central America . Madagascar North America , [4.] [0 Siberia, &c, England .... fficial Illustrated Catalog UE.] Purposes. Cabinet-work. Turning, Cabinet-work and turning. Dyeing and turning. Machinery and turning. Turning and brush-making. Turning, machinery, and wood en- graving, &c. Turning. Dyeing and turning. Cabinet-work. Cabinet-work and turning. Pencils and cabinet-work. Cabinet-work. Turning, &c. Cabinet-work and turning. Turning and cabinet-work. Dyeing and turning. Dyeing. Handspikes, fishing-rods, &c. Machinery and turning. Cabinet-work and turning. Turning and cabinet-work. Gig shafts, archery bows, &c. Turnery and archery bows. Sheaves for ships' blocks, turning, and machinery. Turning. Dyeing. Turning and cabinet-work. Cabinet-work. R South Galleey. Names. 30. Nicaragua wood (^Ccesalpinia hoemat- oxylon, ^c). 31. Nutmeg wood (Areca catechu) 32. Palm-tree (black) {Cocos niepere) Palm-tree (red and brown) . Palm-tree (prickly brown) {Cocos gui- anemis). 33. Partridge wood (brown and red) {Hti- steria coccined). 34. Pheasant wood ( Heisteria coccined) 35. Yvinces-woodi (^Cordiageraficanthus) 36. Purple wood {Copaifera rubiflora) 37. Queen wood, or Jugcca wood (^Laurus cliloroxylon). 38. Red Sanders wood (^Pterocarpus santa- linus). 39. Rosewood ( Tr/q/jtoZomea) Rosewood {Amyris halsamifera^ Rosewood (^Dalbergia latlfolia) 40. Rosetta wood 41. Sabicu ..... 42. Sandalwood (Santalum album) 43. Sapanwood {Ccesalpinia sapan) 44. Sapodilla (^Fagara pterotd) . 45. Satin wood .... Satin wood (Chloranthus, ^c.) 46. Tulip wood .... 47. Walnut wood (Juglans regia) 48. Yew tree ( Taxus baccata) . 49. Zehra, wood (Omphalobium Lamberti) . An elephant's head, with tusks and grinders complete. Elephants' tusks . Elephants' tusks . Elephants' grinders Sea-horse, or hippopotamus, teeth (curved and straight) Sea-cow, or walrus, teeth Sea-unicorns' horns Mother-of-Pearl shells (white edge) Mother-of-Pearl shells (yellow) Mother-of-Pearl shells (black) Mother-of-Pearl shells (Bombay Mother-of-Pearl shells (Buffalo) Coquillonuts (^Attalea funifera), a kind of palm-tree, which yields the fibres now in use for coarse brooms, &c. Corozo, or Corusco, nuts {Phytelephas macrocorpd). Places of Produce. Central America, &c. The Brazils (Para) . East and "West Indies The Brazils and West Indies West Indies (Jamaica) The Brazils and West Indies East Indies (Calcutta, &c.) Brazils (Rio de Janeiro and Bahia) Honduras, &c I East Indies .... Cuba I East Indies .... Honduras East Indies .... fWest Indies, (St. Domingo, Porto I Rico, and the Bahamas) The Brazils .... Italy and Belgium England and Spain . The Brazils .... I Africa (West Coast) r Africa—Camaroon, Gold Coast, ( Angola, and the Cape Calcutta, East Indies, & Alexandria Africa . .... I East Indies and Africa . I Hudson's Bay Sincapore .... Manilla Tahiti Bombay South America Brazils Colombia . Purposes. Dyeing. Turning and cabinet-work, umbrella and parasol sticks, &c. Turning and cabinet-work, umbrella and parasol sticks, &c. Dyeing and turning. Cabinet-work, tui'ning, and brush- making. Ship-building and furniture. Perfumery and cabinet work. Dyeing. Machinery and turning. Brush-making, cabinet work, and turning. Cabinet-work and turning. Cabinet-work and gun-stocks. Archery bows and turning. Cabinet-work and turning. Cutlery, turning, carving, &c. Dentists and turning. Button-making, turning, and fancy . work. Turning. In the Nave.—A circular slab of Honduras mahogany,? ft. 6 in. in diameter. 136 Cross, Samuel, 57 BimMll Row—Proprietor. English-grown woods, with their botanical names and some of their various uses. FOREST AND PARK WOODS. No. Botanical Name. 1 Robinia Pseudacacia 2 Thuja occidentalis, or T. orientalis. 3 Fraxinus excelsior . 4 Pyrus aucuparia 5 Pyrus 6 Alnus glutinosa 7 Populus tremula 8 Fagus sylvatica Popular Name. Acacia Locust-tree American Arbor Vitas or Chinese. Ash . . . . Ash, Mountain Ash, Drooping Alder . Aspen, see Poplar, Beech . Habitat— Uses. Chair-making; cricket-stumps and turnery; posts, &c. Asia and America (scarce).—Fancy cabinet-work, inlay- ing, &c. Europe and North of Asia.—Every description of carriage building, agricultural implements, and felloes for wheels; handles of every kind; various turnery; bent for hoops and measures, Sec. Europe and Asia.—Pattens, clogs, hat-blocks, broomsticks, brush-boards, rollers for silk goods, and various toys and turnery ; makes the best charcoal for coppersmiths and gunpowder ; the bark used in light tanning. Europe.—Foundations of large edifices, and building in gene- ral ; oil-mill stampers, cabinet, chair, and bedstead-making; saddle-tree and last-making ; cut for screws ; plane-making, and tool-handles; wheelers' work, and felloes for wheels; large letters for printing, brush-boards, and bottoms of ships and barges ; turnery, firewood for pastrycooks, and glass-bending. South Gallery. FOREST AND PARK WOODS-continued. JVo. Botanical Name. 9 Fagus sylvatica 10 Betula alba 11 Buxus sempervirens 12 Abies cedrus . 13 JEsculus hippocastanum 14 Castanea vesca 15 Pyrus malus . 16 Cornus sanguinea 17 Ulmus . 18 Ulmus 19 Ulmus montana 20 Abies larix 21 Pinus sylvestris 22 Abies picea 23 Abies excelsior. 24 25 Corylus avellana 26 Carpinus betulus 27 Ilex aquifolium 28 Cytisus laburnum 29 Tilia europsea . 30 Syringa vulgaris 31 Acer campestre 32 Cerasus avium . 33 Quercus pedunculata 34 Quercus cerris . 35 Quercus ilex . 36 Platanus . 37 Populus canescens . 38 Populus nigra . 39 Populus fastigiata . 40 Acer pseudo-platanus 41 Salix caprea 42 Pyrus domestica 43 Liriodendron tulipifera 44 Cratsegus oxyacantha 45 Prunus spinosa 46 Rhamnus catharticus 47 Salix 48 Salix 49 Taxus baccata . Popular Name. Beech, White Birch . Box Cedar of Lebanon. Chestnut, Horse . Chestnut, Spanish. Crab . . . Dogwood Elm Elm, Dutch, or Sand Elm Wych Larch Fir Scotch Fir Silver Fir Spruce Fir Pine Fir Hazel Hornbeam Holly . Laburnum Lime Lilac Maple . Merry, or Wild Cherry Oak . . . . Turkey Oak . Evergreen Oak Plane Tree , Poplar, or Abele English Poplar Lombardy Poplar Sycamore Sallow, see Willow Service . Tulip-wood Whitethorn Blackthorn Buckthorn Willow . Willow, Weeping Yew Habitat— Uses. North America.—The same purposes. Bottoms of pattens and clogs, turnery, reels, and toys. European and Turkey.—^Wood engraving, turnery, fancy work, &c. Valuable as an ornamental tree ; available for fancy box- making, cabinet and other fancy work. Inlaying cabinet woi-k, Tonbridge ware, brush boards, stained ornamental work, and common buildings, £'wrqpe.—Carving, interior of ecclesiastical and other build- ings, cabinet-work, &c. (Very hard).—Engineering purposes, turnery, &c. Chiefly for skewers (small). Europe.—For bottoms of ships and barges, ships' blocks, gun- carriages, mast caps, piles for foundations, railway sleepers, wheelwrights' and millwrights' purposes; bored for pipes and pumps ; large turnery and culinary purposes; naves for wheels ; coffins, bellows, scale-board making, &c. Press-making, &c. Boat-building, and some of the above-mentioned uses. Cabinet-work, building purposes, railway sleepers, fencing, posts, gates, &c, ; the bark used for tanning. I Chiefly used for building purposes, railway sleepers, fenc- j ing, &c. Hoop handles, small turnery, fishing-rods, cotton-reels, pea- sticks, &c. Cogs for mill-wheels, mallets, skittles, and hard-turnery. Engraving blocks for silk and calico printing, fancy cabinet- work, whip-sticks, small turnery. Used for turnery. Carving purposes, musical instruments, pianoforte keys, cut- ting-boards, &c. Fancy cabinet-work, veneering; chair, musical instrument, and frame-making. Chair-making, &c. Ship-building timbers, as futtocks, knees, stem and stern posts, top-timbers, floors, and planks for covering the frame; barge and boat-building, dock-gates, and large buildings generally; railway-carriage building, liquor-back making, and engineers', wheelwrights', and carpenters' purposes ; railway sleepers, piles, cofiins, and furniture generally; stocks and spokes for wheels, posts, rails, and cleft-pales for fencing, &c. ; the red for fancy cabinet-work ; the bark the principal ingredient in tanning leather. (Scarce.) (Scarce.) Used by millwrights, &c., for cogs for water-wheels. Rough buildings, brush-boards, and many purposes for which beech is used. Breaks of railway carriages, and used in paper-mills ; leather- cutters' boards, and rough buildings, and sometimes for life-boats. Musical instruments, churns, turnery, bread plates, carving, chair-making, brush-boards, &c. (Scarce.) Used as lime-tree. (Very scarce.) Fancy cabinet and box-making. (Hard.) Used by millwrights for cogs. (Small.) Whip-stocks and walking-sticks. (Scarce and small.) f Cricket-bats and small turnery; split and wove for ladies' ( bonnets, foundations of hats, &c. Fancy cabinet-work and inlaying ; bows for archery ; rustic chairs, whipstocks, &c. ORCHARD WOODS. 50 Amygdalus communis Almond 51 Pyrus malus Apple . 52 Cerasus .... Cherry . 53 Cerasus .... Damson 54 Sambucus nigra Elder . 55 Juniperus communis Juniper . 56 Mespilus germanica. Medlar . 57 Mespilus .... Mulberry 58 Pyrus communis Pear Chair-making, turnery, &c. I Fancy chair, furniture, and turnery. Shoemakers' pegs, &c. (Scarce.) Fancy work and turnery. Blocks for engraving on chair-making, &c. ilk, cotton, &c., paper-staining 208* Class 4.—VEaETABLE AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES USED IN MANUFACTUKES. South Gallery. ORCHARD -WOOm—cantinuecL No. Botanical Name. Popular Name. Habitat— Uses. 59 Prunus domestica . Plum , , , . Fancy cabinet-work. 60 Juglans regia . Walnut , , . , Furniture and fancy cabinet work; gun and pistol stocks. 61 Juglans nigra . Black AValnut The same purposes. 62 Cydonia vulgaris Quince , . , , 63 Wild Pear . Best wood for receiving a black stain. Note.—The woods not marked with their uses are valuable for their fruit-bearing or ornamental properties. 137 Murray, Sir Wm. Keith, Bart., Dunnutta)', Stonehaven—Proprietor. Plank of Scotch fir (Pinus sykestris). Section of Scotch elm (Ulmus montana). 138 Dillon, Viscount C. H,, Loughlyn House, Lougldyn, Ireland, and Dytchley, Oxfordshire—Proprietor. Slabs of yeWj oak, and fir, from trees found in the bogs. 139 Payne's Patent Timber Preserving Company, Whitehall Wharf, Cannon Row, Westminster— Producer. Specimens of English woods subjected to Payne's patent preserving process. 140 Laxton, W., 19 Arundel Street, Strand—Producer. Bituminous black candle, and an embossed ornament from the Binney quarries, near Edinburgh, formed by the natural bitumen found in the joints of the stone quarry. MACHINES FOR DIRECT USE, mCLUDOG CARRIAGES, RAILWAY AND MARINE MECHANISM. INTRODUCTION. The objects contemplated by this Class form the most important series exhibited. They develop the appli- cation of a source or sources of power, either derived by man from simple combinations of elementary things, or supplied to him in the active forces of nature—in the winds, tides and rivers—or obtained by him from adapta- tions of dynamical laws. They represent also the means employed in effecting change of place, whether of inanimate matter or of man himself. The Class is a very large one, occupies a considerable amount of space, and, as the most direct representation of one of the jDrincipal sources of the industrial success and prosperity of Great Britain, it must receive a large amount of study and attention. The Class is subdivided into machines for direct use, including Carriages, Railway and Naval Mechanism, and Carriages generally, not including Railway Carriages, or similar vehicles. The first of these divisions is the most important, and comprehends—A. Steam-engines and Boilers, Water and Wind Mills, and various other prime movers ; B. the separate parts of Machines, specimens of Workmanship, &c ; C. Pneumatic Machines such as Air-pumi3s; D. Hydraulic Machines ; E. Locomotives and Railway Carriages ; F. Railway Machinery and Permanent Way ; and Gr. Weighing, Measuring, and Registering Machines for commercial purposes. The several divisions include—A. Carriages for Town use ; B. Travelling Carriages ; C. Carriages for general use ; D. Public Carriages ; and E. Carts and Waggons—not agricultural. The arrangement of the objects included in this Class, within the Building, extends over a large area. Commencing at Avenues CD. Prime Movers in action will be found scattered in different positions down those avenues, and on entering Avenues A. B. C. lower down, they are still found as low as Areas 30. Avenues D. E. and F. from Areas 19 to 30, contain some highly interesting Engines and Machines comprehended within this Class. Avenues F. G. are occupied by Locomotives, Railway Carriages, and Railroad Apparatus generally. Avenues G. to L, from Area 1 to 14, are filled with Carriages of everj^ description. In Areas G. H. and L, from 19 to 22, are found the largest specimens of Prime Movers exhibited, representing that peculiar form of steam-engine applied to the purposes of marine propulsion. The Prime Movers being employed in communicating motion to machines belonging to the next Class, are necessarily distributed among those machines ; but the other objects regarded by the Class have, as far as possible, been grouped in immediate proximity to each other. A number of Models, illustrative of Class 5, are found at the eastern end of that part of the Building containing machinery in motion. Steam-engines are so directly in relation with the prosecution of manufactures and locomotion, that they must always demand a certain degree of superior interest. A great variety is exhibited : these belong chiefly to the high-pressure class ; and motion is communicated to them by steam conveyed in pipes clothed with hair- felt running under the flooring. These pipes derive their supply from five boilers, arranged in the boiler-house, at a little distance from the north-west corner of the Building. The system adopted of clothing the pipes with thick hair-felt, and over that with a casing of painted canvas, has rendered it possible to carry high-pressure steam to a distance before thought to be impracticable. The pipes are supplied at intervals with globular water-traps, in which the water resulting from the condensation of the steam is collected, and whence it can be readily removed. The system of non-conduction is so complete, that no perceptible heat is experienced rising through the open flooring. The beam engines of a former period appear to be becoming replaced, in high-pressure engines, by those forms in which a direct communication of power is made from the piston to the crank, either mediately through connecting arrangements, or immediately by the attachment of the piston rod to the crank itself. To the latter class belong the steam-engines with vibrating or oscillating cylinders ; to the former, those in which the cylinder is fixed, and in which the rectilinear movement of the piston rod is converted into the curvilinear one of the crank and shafting, through the medium of vibrating mechanism attached to it. Several varieties of both these kinds of steam-engine are exhibited in motion driving cotton-spinning, weaving, and other machines. Rotatory steam-engines of different kinds are also exhibited: in most of these the curvilinear motion necessary for driving machinery is obtained without the intervention of the crank, and power is led off b}^ bands from the shafting directly operated upon by the engine. Some of these machines present the most singular and anomalous forms. There are some examples of new methods of converting rectilinear into curvilinear motion. [5.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] S NoETH Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. The Marine Engines, which are not in motion, form an extremely interesting study. The ponderous engines from the Soho Works, of the collective power of 700 horses, for driving the screw propeller by direct action, form a remarkable illustration of the revolution effected by progressive science, not only in the form, but also in the application, of the steam-engine. The time existed when the great improver of the steam-engine questioned the probable application of steam to ocean navigation; and it is remarkable to find these immense engines, exclusively adapted to steam navigation, proceeding from the works founded by James Watt himself. Upon these engines are wooden models of an attempt at steam locomotion made as early as 1785. Separate parts of machines and specimens of workmanship are also exhibited. Among the former will be recognised the enormous connecting rod, adapted to marine steam-engines, of the collective power of 800 horses. Some beautiful specimens of straight edges and flat surfaces are also shown. Hydraulic presses of various kinds are exhibited, and among them the vast machine which was employed to lift the Britannia tube into its place. The apxjlication of the same powers is also shown in other directions. Cranes of various kinds are found in this class—the peculiar form of the tubular iron crane, of the Derrick, and other cranes, will attract attention. The Derrick crane was employed in the construction of the building, and in placing the heavy machinery in situ. The high reputation enjoyed by the locomotive engine-makers of England is adequately sustained by the magnificent and costly engines found in this department. The stupendous wide-gauge engine—the " Lord of the Isles"—illustrates the peculiar features of construction introduced on that system, and conveys an overwhelming impression of speed and power. In contrast are the beautiful engines for express travelling—the Cornwall, and another, built on Crampton's patent: the driving wheels of the latter are eight feet in diameter. These engines are calculated for a high degree of .speed, with great power. Corrugated iron carriages, carriages built of Moul- mein teak, breaks, trucks, turn-tables, signals, specimens of permanent way, and all that relates to the railroad system, are therein abundantly represented. Carriages of every description are found in their proper place. Some of these are of new form and design, others combine new mechanical adjustments or adaptations, and others exhibit improvements instituted for particular purposes, as for convenience in travelling or for the removal of invalids. Public carriages, of new forms, are also found among others. This Class, viewed as a whole, indicates in what direction the current of industrial activity has been most successfully conducted in Great Britain. The workmanship employed in the reduction of ponderous masses of material into forms capable of exercising movement and developing force, is of necessity of the highest order; for an error of adjustment were fatal to the operation of these mighty engines, and the difficulty of accurate adjustment presents itself, at a rough estimate, proportionately to the size of the objects concerned. But spe- cimens of the successful application of mechanical skill in every direction, and to objects great and small, are found, and appear in forms which indicate that compactness and completeness of execution are not less regarded than perfection of adaptation. As the practical display of the sources of power at the command of this country, whether in their application to production or to locomotion, Class 5 is complete, and offers a wide field of fruitful investigation to the inquirer.—R. E. 1 Atherton, Charles, Dookyard, Devonport— Inventor. Pair of marine steam-engines of 25-horse power, con- structed with a view to apply the sway-beam principle in driving the submerged screw propeller. Drawing, to show the mode of applying the same prin- ciple to large engines for ships of war, which require the engines to be below the water-line of the ship. The air-pump valves are adapted for being worked with great speed, and the eccentrics and slides are arranged for being easily managed so that the engines may be quickly re- versed. The patent expansion gear is intended to be made one of the principal means of registering the varia- tions of expansion during the working of the engine, in order that the indicated working power and the corre- sponding consumption of fuel may be duly recorded; thus applying to marine engines a system of inquiry which has been attended with great advantage in the case of mining engines. Model of the expansion slide. 2 Powell, Edward James, 11 Hartland Terrace, Camden Tovm—Designer. Drawing illusti-ative of the various forms of patent screw propellers. 3 Smith, Captain. F. P., Greemvich. Various screw propellers. 4 Stothert, Slaughter, & Co., Avonside Iron Works, Bristol—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent combined propeller engine, patented by Ed- ward Slaughter. This system which has reference only to condensing propeller engines, purports to combine the advantages of a direct action, qviick working engine, with those of .the indirect slow working engine. In the latter, the speed requisite for the propeller is obtained by means of accelerating gearing driving on to a second-motion shaft. The new engine claims to avoid the disadvantages of both. It is assumed that, to attain the best possible form and angle of screw, it is in all cases desirabk to give a speed to the propeller shaft unsuited to the vacuum, supply, and bilge pumps, but especially to the former ; and that whereas the required number of revolutions presents no practical difficulty in those poi-tions of the engine where the passage of steam only is in question, very great difficulty, and an undue amount of wear and tear, as well as loss of power, attach to the rapid opening, closing, and constantly repeated shocks of large and nu- merous valves, required for the passage of water through the vacuum pumps for the process of condensation. So greatly is this difficulty estimated by some of the first naval engineers of the day, that the indirect engine, with its cumbersome and costly gearing, is preferred to the light, simple, and inexpensive direct-action engine ; and this preference obtains in spite of the very strong preju- dice entertained against the employment of gearing in any form on shipboard. Under the present system, direct- action to the screw shaft from the steam pistons is ob- tained, in connection with a reduced speed of the vacuum apparatus, by means of gearing of a lightness proportioned to the fraction of power reqmred, say part of the en- tire power of the engine. It may be said that direct- action engines are in successful operation, in which the vacuum apparatus is made to work, without difficulty, at the same speed as the steam pistons. JSTow, if this cannot be denied, it is submitted that the speed, and therefore the angle of the propeller, must be lowered to the speed suitable for the vacuum apparatus ; that they do so work at a considerable loss of power, by reason of the unduly large relative capacity of the air pumps, at a much increased ratio of wear and tear of machinery, and, as it can scarcely Fig. 3. Plan of the same. MAPaKE ENG1^'ES. MESSRS. STOTHEKT, SLAUGHTER, AND CO. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; a. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. be doubted, with much greater risk of accident. It will be readily understood that the system must be con- sidered irrespective of the particular arrangement exhi- bited which had in view to economise space in the vessel longitudinally; and that cylinders, disposed horizontally or otherwise, are equally applicable, and the horizontal disposition would be adopted for war steamers. In illus- tration of the above, the marine condensing engine exhi- bited (100 horses power), may be regarded as divided into two parts comparatively distinct one from the other, the steam portion working directly on to the screw shaft with all the simplicity of a high-pressure engine, at a speed of 120 revolutions per minute ; the vacuum appara- tus, as well as the supply and bilge pump, being made to work at the reduced speed of 40 reciprocations, or about the approved speed of paddle-wheel engines of same power. It may here be well to state that the relative capacity of the vacuum pumps and the steam cylinders must be calculated in reference to the difference of speed; and that, in practice, the vacuum produced in the con- densers, is found to be as perfect as that in any existing engines, viz., 28 and upwards. A pair of engines, iden- tical with these, is at work in the Bristol Channel. The system has been proved with equal success in a small ex- perimental vessel, in which the speed of vacuum appara- tus is only i instead of ^ of that of the steam pistons. The following advantages are claimed:—High speed upon the screw shaft, in connection with slow speed of vacuum apparatus, in the same machine. No reasonable limit to the high speed required for screw shaft, giving facility for securing the best form and angle for propeller. No rea- sonable limit to the reduction of speed required for va- cuum apparatus, with diminished risk of accident result- ing therefrom. Saving of power by reason of relatively reduced proportion of vacuum pump, and consequent saving of fuel. The Plate represents elevations and a plan of these engines as applied to river steamers. 5 TapliN, R., 7 Upper Woodland Terrrace, Woolwich —Inventor. Model of a telescopic funnel or chimney for marine boilers. This telescopic funnel or chimney is on the compound principle, and not simply telescopic. It is de- signed to accomplish the desideratum of striking the funnel of any steam vessel below the upper deck ; and the principle may be applied in a variety of ways. To paddle-wheel vessels it affords the power of working the sail nearest the funnel ; and while xiuder sail, the vessel is not hindered by its resistance to the air. To the screw vessel, in particular, it oflfers more advantages, as by re- lieving the deck of the cumbersome and unsightly appear- ance, as well as inconvenience of the funnel, it enables the vessel to chase or approach an object almost unob- served ; and if the masts, rigging, &c., be dispensed with, which is also possible, nothing but the hull might be seen, when steaming to effect some special purpose,, as a secret expedition, &c. 6 Watt, James, & Co. (late Boulton & Watt), 18 London Street, and Soho, Birmingham—Designers and Manufacturers. Marine engines, of the collective power of 700 horses, with four cylinders, 52 inches diameter, and 3 feet stroke, designed for driving the screw propeller by direct action at 65 revolutions per minute. The object of the inventor has been to combine light- ness and compactness relatively to the power, with sim- plicity of arrangement. These engines can be placed in the ship entirely below the water-line, whereby they are protected from the effects of shot in vessels of war; and in the mercantile marine the decks are left clear for passengers or cargo. Two working models, made in the year 1785, by Mr. William Murdoch of Soho, who was at that period con- nected with the firm of Messrs. Boulton, Watt, & Co. The first is of a "locomotive," showing the original application of steam for the purposes of travelling; and tried upon the common road in Cornwall, in 1785 and 1786. The second is a model of an oscillating engine, constructed at that early period for the purpose of illustrating Mr. Watt's patent of 178i, for making the cylinder work on its axis. 7 RouGHTON, R., Dockyard, Woolwich—Inventor. Improved slide-valve. 8 Penn, John, & Son, Greenwich—Manufacturers. Pair of marine oscillating engines. One paddle-wheel is fitted on the patent feathering principle; and the other on the ordinary plan. Collective power, 24 horses. Pair of patent marine engines on the trunk principle, arranged and adapted for the driving of the screw- propeller direct. Collective power, 60 horses. Fig. 1 represents a section of the patent marine trunk engines, the piston being at half stroke. Fig. 2 (p. 212) shows a section of the marine oscillat- ing engines at the air-pump. Working model of a pair of marine oscillating engines, as made and fitted on board H.M. steam-frigate ''Sphynx." Collective power, 500 horses. AVorking model of a pair of oscillating engines, used in riv^er vessels. Working model of a pair of patent trunk ejigines, as fitted on board H.M. steam-frigate ''Arrogant," 46 guns, and H.M. steam-sloop " Encounter," 12 guns. Collective power, 360 horses. An auxiliary or ''donkey" engine for pumping water into marine boilers when the larger engine is not at work. Venn. & Son's Patent Marine Trunk Engines. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Penn & Son's Marine Oscillating Engines. 10 Fossick & Hack worth, Stockton-on-Tees— Manufacturers and Inventors. High-pressure steam-engine boiler, with improvements. Locomotive and carriage, buffer and draw spring. 11 Hawthorn & Co., ZeiY/j—Manufacturers. High-pressure oscillating steam-engine, of simple con- struction, without slide-valves, eccentrics, or gearing. 12 Edwards, Thomas, Islington Foundry, Birmingham —Manufacturer. A five-horse-power patent direct-action high-pressure steam-engine, applicable for all purposes where steam power is required. The advantages of this engine are stated to be sim- plicity of construction, few bearings, its occcupying little room, and less liability to derangement than the ordinary beam-engine. 13 Hick, B., & Son, Bolton—Manufacturers. The steam-engine which drives Hibbert and Piatt's cotton machinery in the Exhibition Building. 14 Simpson & Skipton, Trafford Street, Manchester— Manufacturers. The improved short-stroke reciprocating high-pressure steam-engine, which drives Parr, Curtis, and Madely's cotton machinery in the Exhibition. The advantages claimed for this invention are as follow:—'The piston, receiving a reciprocative action from the steam, by reason of its mechanical arrangement, gives out a revolving motion, thus reducing the impetus at each return stroke; and from the fact of its containing the properties of the piston and crank combined, it is not subject to the same straining of parts. Although the piston of the ordinary engine at all times receives the full effective pressure of the steam (when the valve is open), there are positions of the stroke when this is useless, as when the crank is '^on the centre," consequently the shock is sustained on the several cottars and parts, which is much felt in overloaded engines; but by the arrange- ments submitted, the crank shaft, which is the piston shaft, receives this shock, which is somewhat diminished on account of the piston itself gliding gradually out of equilibrium into full effect (the same as the common crank, though divested of the intermediate parts). An advantage is also obtained by working a short stroke with a large effective area of piston, and, consequently, a great speed, with slow velocity of the piston through space, is obtained, compared with the ordinary engine,—thus the first motion can be attached direct to the main shaft, thereby not only dispensing with all intervention of wheel-work, and its necessary appendages, but also pro- ducing a steadier motion, consequent upon the engine not having multiplying gear, which must only increase any inequalities in the stroke. This arrangement of engine requires but slight foundations, compared with others, from the peculiar manner in which the power and resistance are compounded together, and from the fact of the capability of these engines to run at high speed, a large power can be concentrated into a small space; hence if such results be obtained, and the multiplying gear be dispensed with, and the number and weight of the parts be reduced, not only economy in first cost will be gained from its close approximation to the ordinary reciprocating engine, but also economy in fuel. Kingdom.] North Areas A. B. RAILWAY AND MARINE MECHANISM. 10 TO 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32: a. H. 1 TO 13, 213 & 19 TO 26. 16 Davies, Jonah & George, Albion Foundry, Tipton, Staffordshire—Inventors. Pair of patent elliptic revolving steam-engines. Self-acting steam-regulating damper, for high and low pressure steam. Feed nozzle for boilers. Patent sluice valve, for air, steam, or water. Equilibrium valve. Double beat for nozzles. Patent revolving blowing apparatus. 20 Joyce, William, (?rmiw2cA—Manufacturer. Steam-engine, high pressure, four-horse power, called the pendulous steam-engine. The principal advantages of this engine are: 1st. Its great economy of fuel, the average consumption being 3lbs. of coals per horse power per hour; 2nd. Its great simplicity ; 3rd. It effects a saving of about one-half the space usually occupied by engines of similar power Fig. 1 represents a side, and Fig. 2 a front, elevation of this steam-engine. 22 Joyce's Pendulous Hii^li-pressure Eiij. of " Woolf McNAUGHT, William, 26 Bohertson Street, Glasgow —Inventor. Patent double-cylinder steam-engine; a modification double-cylinder engine," in which steam is admitted at a high-pressure into a small cylinder from which it passes into a larger one, where it expands, and McNaught's Patent Double Cylinder Steam-engine. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. whence it finally escapes into the condenser. The pre- sent arrangement is designed to admit of the application of high-pressure steam, and the expansive principle, to engines originally constructed for working low-pressure steam. This is effected by placing the high-pressure cylinder at one end of the beam, and the low-pressure cylinder at the other. Power being thus applied at the two ends of the beam neutralizes the strain upon the main centre, and removes the cause of the shaking of the machinery and building, experienced in ordinary beam engines when heavily loaded. In the example exhibited, the arrangement is adapted for marine-engines, and offers the means of obtaining increased power in a limited space, with equable motion and strain. Montgomery's self-acting break for railway carriages. To the axle of each carriage is attached a break, acted on by a spring ; the shackle of each carriage is fixed to this spring, so that when the tractive power is withdrawn, the pressure of the breaks is applied. 24 Lynch & Inglis, Garratt Road, Manchester— Manufactiirers and Designers. One-horse portable steam-engine, for driving agricul- tural or other machinery. 25 Ceosskill, William, Iron Works, Beverley— Patentee and Manufacturer. A steam-engine. 26 Fairbairn, W., & Sons, Manchester—Inventors and Manufacturers. Six-horse steam-engine. 28 Macintosh, John, 5 Gray's Inn Square—Inventor. 1. Patent rotatory steam-engine. The novelty consists principally in the use of the flexible outside belt, whereby the friction is greatly diminished, and unequal wear obviated. 2. Patent rotatory steam-engine. Applicable where a great speed is required direct from the shaft. 3. Patent rotatory steam-engine. Applicable to the same purpose as the preceding. The peculiarity of this engine is in the construction of the piston. 29 Hodge & Batley, 9 Adam Street, Adelphi— Manufacturers. Steam-engine. 30 Ransomes & May, Ipswich—Inventors and Manufacturers. A five-horse power steam-engine. 34 BuTTERLEY Co., Alfreton, near Derby—Producer. Oscillating steam-engine, of 10-horse power, without a slide valve, the steam being admitted and exhausted through the trunnions by the motion of the cylinder. 85 Carrett, William Elliot, 13 Rockingham Street, Leeds—Inventor and Patentee. A steam-pump, combining a high-pressure engine, and an improved suction and force pump, designed and con- structed for filling low or high pressure locomotive, sta- tionary, or marine steam-boilers, and for fetching or forcing water any distance or height; it may, by disconnecting the pump, be used as a steam-engine for driving portable machinery for engineering works, the household or farm- yard, for working hydraulic presses, water-cranes, &c. A portable steam-pump, for lifting or forcing water. Applicable to the supply of steam boilers—locomotive, marine, and stationary. Also as a water-lift to work hydraulic presses, water cranes, &c. Fig- 1 shows a front, and Fig. 2 an end, elevation of the steam-pump. This apparatus is a simple form of high-pressure engine, with a lifting and a force pump combined; is portable and complete in itself, requiring no other fixing than the attachment of the steam and water pipes.—Invented by W. E. Carrett, engineer, Leeds, and registered Aug. 31, 1850. It is constructed to fetch or force water any re- quired distance in one continuous stream, without shock Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Garrett's Steam-pump, or injury to the pipes or machinery; and at an effective velocity. The pump can also be disconnected, when the engine is to be used singly for driving small machinery of the household or the farm-yard. [This patent steam-pump, which was adopted by the Royal Commissioners, in the Boiler-house, at the Ex- hibition Building, is an example of the application of steam-power for lifting or forcing water under any pressure, and for every variety of purpose. It sup- plies an important want frequently experienced in engineering, agricultural, and manufacturing works, of a ready means of lifting and conveying water supplies, without involving the trouble and expense of fixed machinery of complicated construction. It can be ad- justed to work under all varieties of pressure at a uni- form speed, and is capable of fetching or forcing water, at a maximum velocity, any required distance, without shock or concussion to the pipes. Size No. 1 of this apparatus is constructed to deliver 10 gallons per minute, at a pressure of 50 lbs. per inch, or 100 feet high. It will be obvious that, by increasing the size of the pump-ram, twice this amount of water can be raised one-half the height, or in any other quantity or proportion. For pumps from 2-horse power and upwards, side-rods and slide-bars are substituted in place of the cross-head movement, shown in the cut; the size of the whole apparatus, in both cases, being little more than that of the diameter of its own fly-wheel. The engine is complete and perfect in itself, and can, by its simple disconnection from the pump-ram, be used as a rotative power to work suitable machinery, &c. A peculiar feature of improvement in this pump, may be said to consist in the introduction of two accumulating vessels in connection with the influx and efflux passages—these, by their action, producing a continuous stream of water throughout the whole length of the pipes. Without a provision of this nature, the barrel of the common pump is only partially filled at each stroke, and the ram is consequently driven against the .surface of the water with a serious shock at &ach down-stroke. In this pump, the lower valve, at each ascent of the plunger, drains its water-supply from the bottom of the induction air-vessel ; which again is fully replenished by the suc- tional power from the reservoir. When the plunger descends, the water in the barrel is driven through the upper valve into the discharge air-chamber, and makes its escape thence in a continuous stream, under the pressure of the contained air. Thus the pump has a noiseless and perfectly smooth action, with a uniform delivery. Hence its capability to fetch or force water any required distance, at a much more effective velocity than has hitherto been accomplished, without the usual and expensive resort of a trio of lesser pumps in neutral connection, driven by a three-throw crank. The peculiar advantages of this continuous stream will be obvious; for, since the water is always in motion North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. in one direction througliout the pipes, it has not to be stopped and started at every return-stroke, and is there- fore better able instantly to follow the pump-ram the moment it changes the direction of its motion.] A portable high-pressure boiler of two-horse power, weighing 6 cwt. Complete in itself, and independent of all fixings and foundations. Constructed for working the steam-piimp, and for several other engineering, agricul- tural, and domestic uses. The funnel is capable of being unshipped and stowed away, thus rendering the whole easy of removal from place to place.—Provisionally regis- tered. A portable high-pressure boiler, so constructed as to be convenient for removal from place to place. 37 Evans, John, & Son, 104 Wardour Street, Oxford Street—Manufacturers. Six-horse power high-pressure oscillating steam-engine. Exhibited for simplicity of construction, economy in working, and portability. Patentees, Richard Want and George Vernum, Enfield Lock, Middlesex. 38 Maudslay, Sons, & Field, Lambeth—Designers, Manufacturers, and Proprietors. A small double cylinder direct-acting high-pressure steam-engine, for working a coining-press.—See No, 228, Class 6. A model of a gun-metal screw-propeller, so con- structed that the blades can be turned fore and aft from their proper position for propelling, and thus assume a line with the keel of the ship, so that, when steam-power is not used, and the vessel is put under canvas alone, no necessity exists for taking the propeller out of the water, as the blades will not offer any resistance to the progress of the ship. The exhibitors have fitted 23 vessels with screw machinery (some of the screw propellers being on this plan) of the collective nominal power of 4,380 horses.—Patented by Joseph Maudslay. Fig- 1 represents this screw-propeller when in use. Fig, 2 shows it when the vessel is under canvas alone. A connecting rod, fitted with its bolts and brasses; the latter lined with soft metal, and adapted to a pair of patent double cylinder marine steam-engines, of the collective nominal power of 800 horses. A model of a pair of direct-acting double cylinder marine steam-engines, fitted with paddle-wheels and im- proved feathering floats. On this plan the exhibitors have constructed marine machinery, since the patent was taken out, of the aggregate power of 19,130 horses, and some of them of 800 horses collective nominal power. —Joseph Maudslay & Joshua Field, patentees. Figs, 3 and 4 represent these engines, A model of a pair of direct-acting marine steam- engines, with oscillating cylinders ; on which principle the exhibitors have constructed engines of the aggre- gate nominal power of 2,100 horses,—Joseph Maudslay, patentee. Figs. 5 and 6 represent these engines. A model of a pair of direct-acting double piston- rod marine steam-engines, peculiarly adapted to shallow river navigation. The exhibitors have made engines on this plan for the Rhone, Indus, and Sutlej, of the aggre- gate nominal power of 545 horses.—Joseph Maudslay & Joshua Field, patentees. Figs. 7 and 8 represent these engines. A model of a pair of marine beam steam-engines, on which plan the exhibitors have completed 103 pairs, of the aggregate nominal power of 11,358 horses. Figs. 9 and 10 represent an end and side elevation of these engines. A model of a pair of direct-acting annular cylinder marine steam-engines, fitted with paddle-wheels and improved feathering floats. These engines have been fitted to some of the fastest packets in the Channel, and on this principle the exhibitors have manufactured 23 pairs, of the aggregate nominal power of 2,250 horses.— Joseph Maudslay, patentee. Figs. 1] and 12 represent these engines, A model of a pair of horizontal cylinder direct-acting marine steam-engines for driving a screw-propeller; so constructed as to occupy little space, and to be altogether below the water line. Figs, 13 and 14 represent an end and side elevation of these direct-acting engines, [These models are extremely interesting as illustrations of the various forms of the steam-engine applied in modern times to navigation. Propulsion by the paddle and by the screw, each require a peculiar adaptation of prime movers ; and those forms exhibited appear to combine the features of construction deemed best adapted for these purposes. The connecting rod gives a forcible impression of the power of these stupendous engines,] Fig. 1. Fig, 2, Maudslay's Patent Feathering Screw-propeller in Action. Maudslay's Screw-propeller, out of Gear. NoETH Aeeas a. B. 10 TO 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Fig. 3. Fig, 4. Side Elevation. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. End Elevation. Side Elevation. Maudslay's Annular Cylinder Marine Engines. le^^tJO"- Side Elevation. Maudslay's Horizontal Direct-acting Marine Engines for Screw-propulsion. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D, E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 39 Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co., Lincoln— Manufacturers, Eight-horse power fixed steam-engine of an improved construction. This engine is of the description known as having an oscillating cylinder, which reduces the num- ber of working parts, rendering it very simple and less liable to get out of repair. It is well adapted for working fixed barn machinery, saw-mills, corn-mills, &c. The following cut represents the steam-engine fixed and ready for work. The power may be communicated by a leather band over the fly-wheel, or through the medium of a spur-wheel and pinion. Clayton, Sliuttleworth, & Co.'s Oscillating Engine. 40 Pope, William, & Son, 81 Edgware Road, and Orove Foundry, Lisson Grove—Manufacturers and Designers. Improved oscillating cylinder steam-engine of four-horse power, with parallel valve gear acted on by an eccentric; its object is to effect economy of space, and efficiency in action. 41 Nasmyth, J., Manchester—Inventor. . A steam-engine. 42 DoNKiN, Bryan, & Co., Bermondsey— Manufacturers and part Inventors. Patent disc water-meter. Patent improved disc engine, intended to effect rotary action, with high speed, and in little space; it is free from dead points. Disc pump, with a rotatory instead of an alternating motion, and pro- ducing a continued stream of water without air-vessels or valves. 44 Armstrong, W. G., Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Inventor. Model hydraulic crane, for railway stations, docks, or quays. The power may be supplied either from the water pipes of a town, where the pressure is considerable, or from the action of a steam-engine with an accumulating reservoir. Model steam-engine, with plunger pumps, especially adapted to the working of hydraulic lifting machinery. Model of accumulator, for equalizing the working of the engine. Model corn-lift, worked by hydraulic power, for com warehouses. Model of machine for unshipping coals by hydraulic power. 45 Lloyd, Edward, Glyndwrdu, near Corwen, Wales—Inventor. Patent steam-engine, on the double-cylinder expansion principle. 46 Siemens, Charles W., Summerfield Cottage, Birmingham Heath, Birmingham—Inventor. Chronometric governor for a fifty-horse power engine. It consists of a conical pendulum, which is maintained in motion by a permanent power, independently of the velocity of the engine. This power is obtained by simply attaching a weight to the throttle-valve lever. A uniform angle of rotation is insured by means of a break, which is acted upon by the pendulum on reaching its desired incli- nation, and absorbs any excess of driving power which the weight may supply. A differential motion between the conical pendulum and the engine at once adjusts the valve to the altered condition of load or power. In Watt's centrifugal, and other governors, the power necessary to move the valve is only gradually accumulated by an actual change in velocity, and the valve is main- tained in its altered position on condition of an altered speed of the engine. The action of the chronometric governor is, on the contrary, immediate, and the regulation of speed abso- lute, however great the variation of load may be. This governor has been applied successfully to steam- engines, Barker's mills, and by the astronomer royal, to give smooth and accurate motion to astronomical instru- ments. Model of simplified chronometric governor, in which an expanding fly-wheel has been substituted for the more delicate conical pendulum. The action of this governor is illustrated by preventing a fly-wheel from being turned above a certain speed. Model of a variable expansion valve, consisting of a revolving cylinder divided in two in a helical curve cor- responding with a helical aperture in the outer shell. The governor moves one portion of the revolving cylinder endways, and thereby varies the time for the admission of steam to the engine. This valve should be applied in connexion with the improved chronometric governor, which has sufficient power to work it with certainty. Model of a surface condenser, showing an efiective and simple arrangement of condensing surface. Water-meter, in action, working under pressure. The novelty consists in the water impinging, in its passage, on two sets of helical blades which travel in opposite direc- tions (being right and left handed), whereby deflection of the current and the effect of local currents are compen- sated. Its advantages are simplicity and efficiency of action. Model of regenerative condenser, which possesses the new and useful property of returning the condensing and condensed water at the initial temperature of the steam, 212° Fah., previous to its release from the working cylinder, producing nevertheless an effective vacuum. When applied to high pressure-engines it allows a large proportion of the waste steam to escape, and condenses the remainder with a minimum of condensing water. It has been applied to engines of different sizes, where it has been found to effect a considerable saving of fuel. If applied to high pressure-engines, it produces an additional atmosphere's effective pressure upon the working piston, with a quantity of injection water little exceeding the quantity of feed-water for the boiler. A portion of the steam escapes uncondensed, and may be used to produce draught (in the case of the locomotive engine), or other purposes. The power required to work the air-pump of a common condenser is saved. The boiler is supplied with boiling-hot feed-water, &c. Working model of a regenerative evaporator, appli- cable to the evaporation of brine, cane-juice, and other solutions, and to the distillation of sea-water (converting it into fresh water), spirits of wine, &c. A circulating current of air is passed along the surface North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 G. H. 1 TO 13, & 19 TO 26. of the evaporating liquid^, and absorbs vapour at first from the cooler and^ by degrees, from the hotter end thereof. It then passes under the metallic bottom of the pan, and in proceeding toward the cooler end, the vapour which it contains is condensed, and yields its latent heat again to the evaporating liquid. Heat is continually supplied at the hotter end, and is abstracted at the cooler end, where the cold liquid enters the apparatus. The circulating current is divided into the principal cur- rent, which traverses the whole length of the apparatus, and into secondary currents, which return at interme- diate points, and are essential to the economical working of the system. The fire burns under a boiler, which supplies a steam chamber at the hottest end of the appa- ratus, and proceeds through flues traversing the evapo- rating current in its progress towards the chimney. By this means the evaporating current is superheated throughout its course to a temperature exceeding that of the liquid by about 15 per cent., and its evaporating power is greatly increased. The regenerative evaporater has been found to save about three-fourths of the fuel usually required to evapo- rate liquids. It has been applied on a large scale to the evaporation of brine, producing six tons of salt for every ton of fuel from a concentrated solution, instead of If tons, which are usually obtained from a ton of fuel. 48 BuNNETT, Joseph, & Co., 26 Lombard Street, City, and Deptford, Kent—Inventors, Patentees, and Manufacturers. Patent concentric reciprocating steam-engine for high or low pressure. The steam is worked expansively with- out gear or tappets. This direct-acting engine requires neither guides nor parallel motion; it is compact, and adapted for stationary, locomotive, or marine purposes. 49 CoLLiNGE, Charles, & Co., 65 Bridge Road, Lambeth—Designers and Manufacturers. Improved portable direct-acting high-pressure steam- engine of 5-horse power. 52 Rennie, George, & Sir John, 6 Holland Street, Blackfriars—Manufacturers & Licensees. Working model of Bishopp's patent disc engine of 40- horse power, fitted as auxiliary power to drive a screw propeller, in a model of part of the hull of a merchant vessel of 300 tons. One-fifth the full size. Engine 2-horse power. Disc engines have been used in factories, mills, &c., for several years past, and they may be employed to drive the screw-propeller in steam-vessels by direct action. The disc engine acts with a uniform force in a direction tangential to the crank throughout the revolution, with- out any rotary motion taking place within the cylinder; although such an engine be only half the bulk and weight of the engines at present applied to the screw- propeller, yet at the same velocity of the piston it makes three times as many revolutions in a given time as other engines. The disc engines on this construction are said to be equal to the best engines in economy of fuel; and are, on this account, better adapted to vessels, as expan- sion can be carried to a great extent without straining either the frames or the vessel. Model of H.M. Steamer ''Samson's" engines.—Power of engines, 467-horse power ; burthen in tons, 1,299; direct action weight of engines, 12 cwt. per horse-power. Model of H.M. Steamer "Bull-dog's" engines.—Power of engines, 500-horse power; weight of engines, 12 cwt. per horse-power. Model of a pair of marine engines, with four cylin- ders of the joint power of 800 horses, proposed for trans- atlantic steamers. Models of paddle-wheels.—Common paddle-wheel. Mo- difications of the common paddle-wheel on Mr. Eennie's patent principle. Model of a vessel fitted with patent paddle-wheels. [In the direct-action marine-engine, circular motion is communicated to the paddle-shaft immediately from the piston-rod, without the intervention of side levers, &c. This arrangement saves space, weight, and friction.—S. C] 53 Green. E., Phcenix Foundry, Wakefield—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent fuel economiser, applicable to steam-boilers, for heating the feed-water with the spare hea from the boiler flues. An apparatus for supplying rooms and buildings with pure warm air. 56 Watkins & Hill, 5 Charing Cross—Manufacturers. 1. Sectional model, to illustrate the construction of a condensing steam-engine. One face showing the whole of the valves and pumps moving at their exact times, and the other presenting an outside view of the engine. 2. Sectional model of a condensing steam-engine, with section of the boiler and furnace. These models are con- structed in metal for use in tropical climates. 3. Sectional model to illustrate the construction of the locomotive steam-engine. One face showing the forma- tion of the tubular boiler, and the action of the various working portions, and the other presenting the exterior appearance of the engine. 4. Improved mercurial barometric steam vacuum gauge, combined on the same metal frame and scale, with an atmospheric barometer, to give an accurate comparison of the vacuum and atmospheric pressure. 5. Sectional model to illustrate the construction of the marine steam-engine, without the boiler. One face show- ing the action of the pumps and valves, the other pre- senting the exterior appearance of the engine. 57 FiTZ Maurice, The Hon. Wm. Ed., Hamilton Lodge, Prince's Gate—Inventor. Patent rotatory steam-engine; stated to be light, simple, and cheap in construction, and not liable to get out of order; for driving the screw or other power it acts without requiring gearing of any kind. It is free from vibration, being its own fly-wheel. [The superiority of one piece of mechanism over another, designed to produce the same efiect, depends not on any saving of power, or on any increased mechanical advantage, but on the adaptation of the construction to lessen friction, to prevent straining, to preserve the elas- ticity of some parts, and to secure the rigidity of others; as also on the economy of space and material.—J. B.] Model of a patent steam - engine, illustrating a new method of converting rectilinear into rotatory motion, by the Rev. J. Booth, F.R.S. Constructed by J. Aspinall, London. Fig. 1. This model (fig. 1) illustrates a new method of convert- ing rectilinear into rotatory motion. It is a practical appli- cation of the geometrical principle, that if the extremities of a given straight line in motion always rest upon two fixed straight lines, at right angles to each other, the middle NoKTH Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. point of tlie moving line will describe a circle. The distance between the top of the cylinder and the axis of the shaft need not to be more than half the length of the stroke. This permits the machinery to be comprised in a very small compass. The friction on the slides is incon- siderable, and vanishes altogether when the engine is producing its maximum effect. The motion is produced hj a combination of levers, identical in principle with the common crank. This crank, called the sliding crank, is equivalent in power to a common crank of the same radius, having an infinite connecting rod, and the parallel motion of the connecting rod is exact. 58 Whitelaw, James, Jo/mstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland—Inventor. Improved steam-engine, for driving the screw-pro- peller direct, without wheels or other intermediate gearing, and for all kinds of machinery which work at a considerable speed.—(Drawing.) Centrifugal atmospheric churn.—(Model.) Centrifugal pump, for short lifts.—(Model.) 60 Wilding, William Henry, 2 Chesterfield Street, King's Cross—Inventor. Patent steam-engine, exhibiting a new method of con- verting reciprocating rectilinear motion into rotatory motion. Model, illustrating a modification of the same. Model of a patent submerged paddle wheel, combining the power of the ordinary feathering wheel, with the advantages of the screw, in being wholly under water. 61 Leigh, Evan, Miles Flatting, Manchester—Inventor. Patent steam-engine. 63 Williams, D,, Thomhill, Llandilo, Wales— Inventor, A furnace, for burning anthracite or smokeless coal, in marine, locomotive, and other steam-engines. 64 DoDDS & Sos, Bother ham—Inventors & Manufacturers, Four-horse portable steam-engine ; for all purposes to which portable engines are usually applied, but more especially for thrashing, &c. The particular features are, the direct motion given to the slide-valve by a return crank, and the arrangement of the cylinder face and valve, without the intervention of other machinery than the valve connecting-rod, no weigh-bar or cross-shaft being required; it is also easily accessible to repair. Model of locomotive engine, without boiler, fitted with the exhibitors' patent wedge expansive (cam) motion. Its simplicity consists in having only two eccentrics, instead of four, for working the valves, the strokes of which are adjusted or reversed by means of wedges or inclines; the motion to the valve is direct (without weigh- bars or other intermediate machinery, except the valve connecting-rod). A piece of Jessop's patent steeled tire-bar, for railway wheels. The wearing surfaces of the tire are converted into steel (either in the bar or after being welded into a hoop), but only so far as is necessary to maintain the working surface, by which all the toughness and ductility of the iron are retained, while the steel parts may be hardened and ground up, A piece of railway bar, with the wearing surfaces con- verted into steel by Jessop's patent process. Being steeled, the bar is of greater strength and durability; it does not laminate or splinter, and it presents a uniform hard-wearing surface. The process is believed to increase the strength of wrought-iron, and consequently allows rails to be made much lighter. Model of a railway bar straightening press, on truck. The straightening press does not indent the surface of the rail, as the hammer does, and will straighten much quicker. 65 SuRMON, Henry, & Co., New North Road, Hoxton— Manufacturers. Jukes's patent smoke-consiiming furnaces. 66 Redmond, Amedee Francois, Birmingham— Importer and Inventor, Working model of a steam-engine, showing three dif- ferent constructions of slide-valves: short slide, and long D valve ; and the exhibitor's patent double independent slide valve, to prevent back pressure from the exhausted steam. This model is worked by steam, and is furnished with an indicator, to show the comparative effect of dif- ferent slide-valves. 67 Ebbw Vale Company, 83 Upper Thames Street, and Abergavenny—Producer, An improved double-cylinder steam-engine, one-horse power. Invented and designed by Evan William, a blind man. 68 Clay, John, Edgeley, Stockport—Inventor, Smoke-consuming furnace. 69 Whitney, James, Calver Hill, Hereford—Inventor, Apparatus for preventing the bursting of steam-engine boilers, and other steam apparatus, by an improvement in the composition and adaptation of fusible metallic plates. 70 Constable, William, Photographic Institutimi, 57 Marine Parade, Brighton—Inventor. Model of the "Compensating Fly-wheel," an invention for converting a fluctuating into a constant force. The fly-wheel, as ordinarily applied to steam engines, effects two purposes—it carries the engine through the dead points of the crank revolution, and it does this effectually ; it also, in a measure, corrects the variations inseparable from a power communicated through a crank; this latter service, however, it performs only approxi- mately, and being fixed upon the main shaft, it transmits all its uncorrected irregularity through any train of machinery connected with it, in many cases to the great detriment of the manufacturing work it has to perform, and often occasioning the rapid destruction of the gear- work through which the power is transmitted. This defect is incurable under the existing method of using the fly-wheel; for although every augmentation of its weight will bring its oscillatory movements within a more limited range, yet no weight of metal will ever entirely correct them. In the scheme involved in the model, the hopeless task of compelling the fly-wheel to steadiness is abandoned, it being permitted to take up its oscillatory motion according to the force applied, while all the subsequent machinery is secured from partaking, in the slightest degree, of these oscillations. The means for effecting this, consists in releasing the fly-wheel from its rigid connection with the main shaft, and substituting for it a spring or springs, through which the force is conveyed, and then, by a further device, correcting the small remaining irregularity that results from the reaction of the springs when under different degrees of enforcement. It will be apparent to every mechanic that constructive arrangements comprehending these principles of action may assume a great variety of forms and combinations. The following is that adopted in the model, the essential parts of which are shown in its accompanying diagrams. It consists of a fly-wheel 3 feet in diameter, having six arms, hanging loose upon a cylindrical end of the main shaft; immediately behind the fly-wheel are three other arms, issuing from a boss which is fixed on the same main shaft. On the face of each alter-nate one of the fly- wheel arms there lies a spiral spring, which is partially compressed between two studs which are fixed to the arms of the wheel; a bolt passes freely through the springs and studs, which being drawn upwards (towards the rim of the wheel), forces the spring, by means of a collar at the lower stud, into closer compression. The bolt is connected with a roller on the rim, by a leather strap; the spindle of this roller passes through a hole in the rim, and carries, on the other side, a second roller, which, in like manner, is fastened by a second strap to a pin at the upper end of an arm of the boss, _ The fly-wheel, during the part of its revolution m North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. which, the steam has a power superior to the resisting force, will advance by acceleration, but the fixed arm not partaking of the increased speed, the space between the second roller and the arm of the boss will be increased, and by the action of the rollers the spring will be com- pressed ; that period being passed, and the impelling power falling below the resisting power, the latter will prevail, and bring back the wheel again to the place, with respect to the mean place, from which it started. Now, when the fly-wheel advances, by its oscillating move- ments, it will leave the arm of the boss behind, and the strap connecting it with the second roller will occasion the roller to move on its axis, which will result in the drawing up of the bolt, and compressing the spring ; and the reverse will happen when, through its oscillations, the fly-wheel loses speed; and thus the fly-wheel will go on oscillating twice in every revolution, the oscillations playing smoothly and harmlessly upon the spring. Now, if both the rollers be cylinders of the same dia- meter, the reactive force of the compressed spring, and the force dragging the led arm and main shaft, will be equal; and as constant variations will take place in the compression of the spring, an equal variation will occur in the force leading the arm; and although, to a great extent, an eqvialization will have been effected, the problem of the conversion of a fluctuating force into a constant force has, as yet, received no solution. But the rollers are not both cylinders ; the second roller is bounded by an irregular curve, a part of which— called the isodynamic curve—is so formed that, in its rotary motion, the lever of resistance within it, through which, and the second strap, the fixed arm acts against the force of the spring, shall become lengthened as that force increases, the curve offering in every position a lever of resistance proportional to the force of the spring. "With this final appliance, a perfect uniformity of force is obtained, and the problem proposed is solved. In order to explain the actual working of a specific steam engine with these appliances, suppose the model extended, in all its parts, linearly in the ratio of 3 to 10: the fly-wheel will then be of 10 feet diameter, and will have 1,500 pounds weight in its rim. The engine to be of 10-horse power, clear of all loss by friction or otherwise, in its own parts; strokes, 40 per minute. The steam may be applied to the piston at any amount of pressure, aud be worked expansively, or not. The springs, as in the model, to be 3 : coiled of steel wire, ^ inch in dia- meter; the coils to measure 2^ inches in diameter to the middle of the wires; the space between the coils, when the spring is relaxed, to be equal to the diameter of the wires; the number of coils, 70; its whole length, when uncompressed, consequently, will be 35 inches. Such a spring will suff'er compression of 1"17 inch for every 10 pounds of compressive force. It is proposed that each spring shall be confined between the studs, with a force of 40 pounds, by which the length will be reduced to 30*32 inches : this compression is not necessary to its proper action, but it keeps the length of the spring within convenient compass. The breadth of the rim to be 7 inches ; therefore, the circumference of a circle, at the middle of the rim, will be 29*6 feet; and the speed, at this place, will be 1,184 feet per minute. The mean force communicated, at any point in this circumference, will be equal to 279 pounds. Let this force be trans- mitted, through 3 springs to the arms, then we shall have a force of 93 pounds applied to each arm. A wheel thus circumstanced will have an oscillating motion of 1-26 inch from its mean place, and the mea- sure, between the extremes of its oscillations^ will be 2*52 inches ; and as the axis of the rollers is placed in this circle, the variations in the compression of each spring will be of the same measure (2-52 inches). Now, since the compression of the spring is 1 • 17 inches, with a force of 10 pounds, a compression of 2 • 52 inches will be the exponent of a force of 21 • 54 pounds, and 21-54 pounds will be the variation of force commu- nicated from the fly-wheel to the fixed arm; and since the mean force, applied to one arm, is 93 pounds, the max- imum force, when the fly-wheel is at the extreme of its advance, will be 103*77 pounds, and the minimum, in the contrary position, 82*23 pounds ; and this variation is so moderate, that, for most of the purposes to which steam-engines are applied, it would scarcely have any ap- preciable disturbing effect. For the final correction of this remainder, the isody- namic curve must have a length equal to the extent of the action or the springs, or the wheel's oscillations, 2 • 52 inches; and the radius of resistance of the mini- mum force must be to that of the maximum, as the smallest force of the spring is to the greatest, that is, as 82-23 to 103-77. With respect to the minimum weight of fly-wheel that may suffice in a given engine, under these arrangements, it must depend upon the range of action that can be obtained in practicable springs. In the case assumed, the wheel is supposed to have a rim of 1,500 pounds; if half that weight had been taken, the length of the arc of oscillation would have been doubled; and if we could employ springs in which the range of compression would be twice as great as in those proposed, when acted on by the same force, we should have a regulating power of the same efficiency ; and if we desire to perfect the uni- formity of force, we might do so by employing an isody- namic curve of twice the length, keeping the radii which constitute the levers of resistance of the length proposed in the first case, and the action of the engine would be the same. . This invention claims not only to improve, but to per- fect the action of the Reciprocating Steam Engine; it is simple, of easy and inexpensive construction, and but little liable to go out of repair. A proper method of trying the action of the model is, to stand at the right- hand side, holding one of the arms of the fly-wheel in the left hand; then applying the palm of the right hand to the fixed arm in advance, and forcing the arms apart. It will require a force of about 40 pounds to bring the springs into action. 76 Craddock, Thomas, Ranelagh Works, Pimlico— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent high-pressure, expansive, and condensing steam- engine, with tubular boiler and regulating damper. The novelty consists in the mode of condensing the steam and obtaining the vacuum without cold water, in the mode of fixing the cylinders of the engine at an angle, so that the two connecting-rods take hold of the same crank-pin, and in the construction of the valves, the expansive gear, and the regulating damper. 78 Ferguson, Daniel, Kilkenny, Ireland—Inventor. Registered boat-propeller and water-wheel. 82 MoRRELL, G., 149 Fleet Street—Inventor. Patent rotatory engine, fitted as a steam-engine. It may also be used as a pumping and forcing-engine, or as a blowing apparatus for blast-fvirnaces. The following cut represents the front elevation of the engine, and Front Elevation. tsection. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. section, or side elevation, with part of the side removed to show the internal construction. 88 Jenkins, George, 4 Nassau Street, Soho— Inventor and Patentee. New hydro-pneumatic engine. The object of which is to employ water pressure to drive the piston of the engine in one direction, and a vacuum being produced, to make use of atmospheric pressure to drive it in an opposite direction. 90 Read, Stephen King, 50 Paradise Street, Rotherhithe —Inventor and Maker. Double-action metallic pump, for domestic purposes; by fixing a hose on the nozzle, it will act as a powerful fire-engine. 91 Reed, Joseph Haythorne, Westbourne Lodge, Harrow Road—Inventor. Model of a new patent propeller, attached to a boat. 92 Phillips, William Henry, 16 Tot-k Terrace, Gamherwell New Road, Kennington—Inv. and Pat. The fire annihilator, a portable machine, for extinguish- ing fire. This apparatus will, when occasion requires, instantaneously discharge, with the power of steam, an atmosphere of gases and vapour, possessing the property of suddenly subduing and rapidly extinguishing fire, without saturating the unburnt property. The vapour emitted from the machine, by its expansive force, inter- mixes with the fire, whether in a confined space or in the open air, while the air about the fire is rendered inno- cuous. The property the vapour has of circulating in the flames, and permeating amongst the burning goods, gives it the power to extinguish fires that may be unap- proachable and inextinguishable by water. The machines and the chemical charges are not liable to get out of order by time or change of climate, and the management is so simple and easy that any one may use and recharge them. Directions for Use.—"With the knob of the stopper strike down the pin beneath it. A dense cloud of vapour in- stantaneously rushes forth, which being cast upon the burning materials extinguishes the fire. 1 I T Description of the Apparatus.—A and B, cases forming a close chamber to contain water up to the level of the screw vent-plug Z, and the air in the annular space above. C, a pipe forming the handle, and a screw-cap, Y ; this pipe may be stopped with a plug of soap at W. D, a perforated cylinder. E, the charge-case, also perforated. F, the inner lid, having a neck, X, to keep it down in its place. G, the cover, having a discharge-pipe, V. H, an iron-pin supported by a special spring. I, the stopper. K, the charge; composition of nitre and gypsum. L, the igniter, being a glass sheath, containing a bottle of mixture a chlorate of potass and sugar, and a small bottle of sulphuric acid. The action is as follows:—the pin being forced down breaks the igniter bottles; the siilphuric acid, fal- ling on the chlorate of potass and sugar, ignition takes place; the flame of the ignition mixture spreading over the upper surface of the charge, the charge instanta- neously ignites, and evolves heated gases, which, in their passage through the perforated cylinder, impinge against cylinder B, expand the contained air, and produce steam between A and B, by which the water is forced up through the tubular passage. The vapour of the water, mixing with the hot gases, escape together from the dis- charge tube, in a dense expansive cloud, and are con- tinuously delivered until the charge and the water are expended. 93 Fire Annihilator Company, Office and Depot 105 Leadcnhall Street, City—Producer. Patent machine for extinguishing fire in buildings, in ships, and in mines, invented by W. H. Phillips, Esq. 94 Hill, William, Blackheath Road, Greenwich— Inventor and Manufactiu^er. Registered flue-boiler and furnace for hot-water appa- ratus, as applied for warming buildings. 96 Simons, W. Vazie, South Shields—Inventor. Electro-magnetic machine. 97 Rhone, Edw., 7 Cooper s Gardens, Hackney Road— Inventor. Models of two revolving blade paddle wheels fixed on a skeleton hull, for propelling steam vessels. Their sub- mersion in the water obviates the lifting of back water and the creation of a great swell; the action of the wheels can be reversed on deck or belov;- without altering the speed or reversing the engine; and the motion of the wheels being uniform, they can be fixed either horizontally or perpendicularly. 98 Scott, Michael, 6 John Street, Adelphi— Inventor. Hydraulic machine for raising water or producing a vacuum in any situation where there is a fall of water or a running stream. 100 Erskine, Daniel, Clerk Street, Edinburgh— Inventor and Manufacturer. New land beam engine, having balance valves, with a new method of reversing, and other improvements for Eiskine's Balance Valves, &c., in Section. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. working the pit apparatus, and shutting off the steam at the pit's head. The figure represents the balance valves, and shows their method of action. New self-reversing beam engine, for planing machines and other purposes. Silver locomotive and railway, with a new method of reversing and of disconnecting locomotives and carriages when falling from the perpendicular. Circulating steam boiler for generating steam at experi- mental lectures. New hydraulic locomotive for propulsion. Horizontal water-wheel for large rivers, from 3 to 6 feet fall. Self-acting valve cock without ground surfaces. Gas water-meter, having a direct spindle which dis- penses with meter wheels; index and stop-cock. Highland shield. 101 "Whytehead, W. K., (7ornA^7?—Proprietor. 1. McNaught's steam-engine indicators, for measuring and recording pressures; used principally for ascertaining the power and working order of steam-engines, for which purpose a communication is made between the cylinder of the engine and the cylinder of the indicator. The varying pressure of the steam acting on the piston of the indicator, raises or depresses the pencil in opposition to the internal spiral spring, and registers itself on the paper. [To ascertain by this apparatus the pressure at various points of the stroke of the engine, the paper is moved by a string attached to some working part of the engine, so that its motion may coincide with that of the engine piston. By the shape of the diagram thus traced, the exact power given out by the engine (as distinguished from " nominal power"), the most advantageous adjust- ment of the valves, the friction of the engine, the power required by any portion of the machinery, the neglect or attention of the engine-driver, and the friction of the machinery when using different oils, can be ascer- tained. The instrument is fitted with two springs and a double scale, one for high-pressure steam divided to a small scale, and one for low pressure, to a scale of twice the size. The importance of an indicator may be estimated from the enormous amount of fuel consumed in this country for steam-power, a large qumtity of which would be saved were the value of the indicator better understood by the proprietors of steam-engines.] 2. Drawing of section of large indicator, showing the construction. 3. Indicator diagrams to an enlarged scale. 4. McNaught's oil-testing machines._ In spiniung, weaving, &c., a large number of small spindles are kept in rapid motion, and if lubricated with an inferior oil, tl\eir friction, and, consequently, the non-productive load on the engine, is materially increased. A small quantity of the oil to be tested is poured into the cup, a plate U then placed on the top of the oil, and the cup set in rapid motion. The plate is dragged round also, by the tenacity of the oil, and raises the weight on the steel- yard* by adjusting which, until an equilibrium is esta- blished, the friction of the oil can be read off on the scale. Invented by W. McNaught, C.E., of Glasgow. 5. Design for the application of McNaught's patent ex- pansive principle to a 30-horse engine. By this plan, high-pressure steam can be applied with safety to engines which have been designed originally for low-pressure steam only. A small cylinder is applied at the crank end of the beam, at about half-stroke, and the steam from it passes into the existing cylinder, where it expands, and whence it finally escapes into the condenser, in the usual way. By this means, a saving of from 30 to 40 per cent, of fuel is effected, and the power of the engine may be increased, if desired, to the same extent. 102 Potts, J., Stockton-on-Tees—Manufacturer. Complete working model of the high-pressure steam- engine, with several parts made of glass, as the cylinder and steam chest, showing the working of the piston and steam slides, and the internal structure of the engine. [This may be called the transparent high-pressure steam-engine, the invisibility of the steam being a cause of wonder to many observers. Such a model is of the greatest utility to lecturers and others engaged in teach- ing the principles of practical science,] 103 Hodges, B. J., Grove House Lodge, Outer Circle, Regenfs Park—Inventor. Working sectional model of a marine condensing steam- engine, for the use of schools and institutions. 104 Sharp, William Douglas, Swindon, Wilts— Inventor. Steam-engine, with improved valves, valve-gear, &c. The valves may be described as an elongation of the cylinder at each end in which the valves work; they are formed similar to, and of the same diameter as the piston, only that they are made hollow, with openings left in them large enough for the exhaustion. The ports form narrow openings extending quite round the cii*cum- ference of the cylinder. The advantage of this description of valve is, that it gives a. free inlet and outlet to the steam, which cannot be obtained with the slide-valve, especially at high velocities, as in the locomotive-engine, where the loss arising from this cause ranges from 30 to 50 per gent. Another advantage which this valve also possesses is, that the pressure on the back of the valve, which is so detrimental to the working of the slide-valve in locomotives and other high-pressure engines, is avoided. Although the eccentric is quite applicable for working this description of valve, a motion is substituted which has many advantages; which, with the reversing motion, will be understood from inspection. One valve-shaft is sufficient for a pair of engines, care being taken to make the angle between the point of contact of the cams with the valve-rods the same as that formed by the cranks. The mode of working expansively is only indicated by the cross-rod and the double joint on valve-rod. 105 Bevan, Hopkin, Llanelly—Inventor. Plan of a locomotive steam-carriage for common roads. 106 Beckett, E. G., S Joyyison Street, Strangeways, Manchester—Manufacturer. High-pressure steam-engine, suitable where small power is required. 108 Webster, Henjamin, 5 Straccy Street, Stepney, near Coiwncrcud Road East—Maker. Working model of a pair of oscillating engines, of 300- horse power, on a scale of inch to the foot, with eccen- tric paddle-wheels connected, showing the working of the engines, and the feathering of the floats. 112 Perry, Henry, Bromley, Bow—Manufacturer. Model of a condensing engine and boiler, complete and constructed to scale. 113 Shaw, B. L., Newhouse, Haddersfield —liYvenwv. Model of Whitham's patent hydraulic engine, designed as a substitute for the steam-engine in certain localities. This engine is said to have opened a great extent of mining ground in Swaledale, Stonesdale and Coverdale in Yorkshire, and in Weardale in Durham. 116 Linton, John, xS'c%, Yorkshire—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model ol an improved engine working high-pressure steam expansively, with power to cut off the steam at any part of the stroke, and finally condensing it, so as to effect a saving of fuel. \ North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 118 FiTT, William, Ponder s End—Designer. Working models of wind, water, and steam engines. Exhibited for economy and improved construction; the steam-engine is on the high-pressure principle, and has a peculiar arrangement for working the fly-wheel shaft with a single crank. The correcting machinery is so arranged as to admit of any one of the three engines to work separately. 119 Firth, T. & J., Eliza Street, Improved hollow furnace-bars. Fig. 1. Belfast—Inventors. Fig. 1 of the drawings is an elevation of this furnace- bar; Fig. 2, a cross section of three of these bars; A A are the bars, B B the bearers upon which they rest. The Fig. 2. Firth's Hollow Fire Bars. bars are slightly arched, so that they may, with a given amount of material, be stronger than if straight. The lower edge has a channel, C, cut in it from end to end, as shown in the cross section. The air rushing along these channels keeps the bars partially cool, and escapes in a heated state into the furnace at each end of the bars through the openings at a a, formed by cutting off the top coi-ners, 6 6. of the bars. 122 Hurry, H. C, 81 King Street, Manchester—Inventor. A model, showing improvements in lubricating. Pa- tent dated May, 1850. The novelty consists in forming a chamber for the oil within or about the part to be lubri- cated. The advantage assumed is, that perfect lubrication is thus obtainable without waste of oil. The annexed illustration represents, in section, a portion of the cylinder and piston of a stationary steam-engine, showing the im- provements exemplified by the model, as applied to stuff- ing-boxes, and to fibrously packed pistons; a a is a per- forated hoop placed in the middle of the packing, to form a chamber for the reception of oil about the part to be lubri- cated; c c is a reservoir for containing the supply; 6 6 are tubes of communication between the reservoir (c) and the hoop (a); e f is an apparatus for charging the reser- voir (c) periodically; this is also, in some cases, effected by a hole drilled down the piston-rod, or by a plug-hole in the cylinder cover, and an independent funnel of peculiar form. [In order to render the lubrication of machines effec- tual, the surfaces should be supplied with a fine stream continually flowing. The apparatus in question is in- tended to effect this result with a smaller amount of loss of material than usual.—S. C] Section showing Hurry's Lubricating Improvements. 124 Galloway, William & John, Manchester— Man ufactur ers. Patent lifting jacks, for raising, moving, or turning over heavy bodies; made of wrought-iron, and case- hardened. Patent steam-engine boilers, with new internal flues, by which the gases from two additional fires within the boiler are united and brought into admixture in a chamber, or throat, immediately beyond the fire-bar^i of the grates, so that by alternate ignition, the smoke oi the newly-made fire is effectually consumed. The vertical water-cones, in the back portion of the flue, being acted upon by the flame, are active agents in the generation of steam, and keep up a constant circulation of tUe water. One of these land-boilers of thirty-horse power is in operation in the Exhibition. 125 Flynn, W. p., 16 Summer Hill South, Cork— Inventor. Improved paddle-wheel, combining the action of the screw with that of the wheel. Pi'ovisionaily registered. 126 Terrett, Richard, 2 Homer Street, Lambeth— Inventor. Feathering paddle-wheel, and feathering windmill- constructed on an improved principle. Intended to save power, and prevent strain and friction. 127 Vallance, p., 1 Davies Street, Berkeley Square- Producer. Horizontal wind-mill. 128 WiLLisoN, Robert, Alloa, Scotland—Manufacturer and Inventor. Model of double-acting force and vacuum pump, adapted for mines. 129 Model copper boiler. North Aeeas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 130 Judge, Thomas, Hempstead—Inventor and Manufacturer. Crank to pass tlie centres without the use of a fly- wheel or second steam-engine. Two cranks, intended as a substitute for four bevel wheels used in turret clocks, to show the time on the dial. Gas consumer, which receives the soot that passes through the burner, and destroys it by effect of the same light. Carriage steps. Self-adjusting spirit level. 131 BicKLE, William, 18 Beading Street, Swindon— Designer and Manufacturer. Working model of a pair of non-condensing steam- engines, which stands within the compass of a shilling, and weighs three drachms; made, with the exception of the piston rods, of a fine white metal, 132 EcCLESHALL, Thomas, 2 Great Euston Street North, B irmingha m—Inventor. Submarine propeller for steam vessels. Its purpose is to supersede the present means of producing motion by the paddle-wheel or the screw, more especially the paddle- wheel. An atmospheric propeller for the purposes of navigation. Its object is to increase the speed of navigable vessels, and to avoid the expense of the mast and rigging of sail- ing vessels; the delays arising from contrary winds, so that a vessel may take her course direct; and to diminish many of the present causes of shipwreck from shoals, &c., when driven by stress of weather, as well as the risk of human life attendant upon rough weather. 133 Day, Henry James, 27 Lower Northampton Street, Clerkcnwell—Manufacturer. Oscillating-cylinder marine-engine, exhibited for work- manship. Diameter of cylinders, one-fifth of an inch ; length of stroke, one-fourth of an inch. 134 Hemming, George, 44 Lucas Street, Commercial Road East—Designer. Bird's-eye view of a 145-horse power marine engine, shown at an angle, and drawn to a scale from working drawings; illustrative of a method of laying down ma- chinery or buildings, so as to avoid the expense of a model. Bird's-eye view of a 280-horse power direct action marine steam-engine, shown perpendicularly. 136 Stevens, John Lee, 3 CopthallBuildings—Inventor, Models of a surface-propeller for steamers, &c,; of a water-wheel; of a registered omnibus ventilator; and of Robinson's registered safety-plug for boats, &c. Drawings of registered improvements in umbrellas, fire- tongs, and shovel. 138 Richards, Thomas, 2 Kidd Street, Woohvich— Manufacturer and Designer. Model of an apparat^is for connecting and disconnecting the engines from the paddle wheels, by a new method, intended to dispense with the friction strap. Models of propellers now in use, made to scale. 140 Keasley, W. H,, 7 Sinithjield Bars—Inxentor. A new application of the Archimedean screw, for pro- pelling small vessels by hand. Applicable to canals, the screw creating no swell, 141 Sbiith, George, 49 Lime Street—Inventor. Improved method of feathering the float of paddle- wheels. The novelty is in the simplicity of its action^ increased speed, and less straining of the vessel. 143 Hodgson, Robert, LJwell, near Epsom—Inventor. Patent parabolic submarine propeller, for steam-ships. The novelty consists in the application of the hollow para- boloid, as the form of the machine to operate on the water. By this means, its resistance, acting in parallel straight lines, is concentrated to the focus, which forms a mo- mentary fulcrum for propulsion. The water is then thrown off in the direction of the axis or plane of the vessel's course. 148 Paterson, Thomas, 15 Bupert Street, Haymarhet —Inventor. Model of a rotatory steam-engine. The invention con> sists in having each piston alternately fixed as a point of resistance to the steam, and revolving as a moving power. —Provisionally registered, 151 Haycraft, William Tutin, Greemoich—Patentee, Model of the anhydrous" steam-engine; designed to work with ''dry" steam, by means of a ''separator" of new construction, and a "siccator;" to which is added an expansion valve; this valve is specially applicable to loco- motive engines, from its readiness of action. The object of this engine is to prevent boiler explosions. The cylin- der is provided with a steam jacket, which is essential to its operation, [The object of this invention is to separate the steam from the water which generated it, and to apply it, in its separated state, to the working of the engine. For this purpose an apparatus called a "separator" is employed; another ''ailed a "siccator" is also used to keej) up the heat of the steam in its separate state, otherwise it would condense and lose its power.] 152 Elder, D,, Royal Adelaide Stea^ner, Leitli— Inventor, Model of an oscillating marine steam-engine, so ar ranged as to dispense with the ordinary slide valves, eccentrics, &c. 154 Scott, G., 22a Winchester Street, City—Inventor. Boiler cleanser. 156 Jones, William, 4 Tahemach Square, Finsbury— Inventor. Model of an improved paddle-wheel, in which the paddles rise vertically from the water, which prevents back water, and the consequent loss of power. The floats may be formed of sheet-iron, in one or more pieces, to slide into iron framework, and to move in plummer blocks fixed to the arms of the wheel, but not repre- sented in the model. 158 Deane, C. a,, 7 Henry Street, Hampstead Road— Manufacturer. Working model of a high-pressure pedestal steam- engine. 160 Pym, John, 52 Threadneedle Street—Inventor. Model of a submerged paddle-wheel, for propelling vessels, to work wholly or partially under water. The wheel has two shafts, one within the other: the inner one is a screw, the arms of the wheel have blades at their extremities, for a double-bladed paddle. On the arm or centre of each paddle (within the main shaft) is a pinion worked by the screw shaft, giving to the paddle a rotatory or propelling position at one part of the revolution of the wheel, and in a vertical or feathered position during ano- ther part of the revolution. 162 CoLEGRAVE, Francis Edw,, Rcrutid Hill, Brighton— Inventor. Model of a cylinder, fitted with patent slide valve, for diminishing friction. 200 Tuck, Joseph Henry, 22 Pall Jfa^/—Manufacturer. Lariviere's patent pneumatic govern'^r for regulating the speed of steam-engines, 201 Carnell & HoSKiNG, Per ran Foundry and Engine Works, near Truro—Inventors and Manufacturers. Treble-beat hydraulic valves and seats, particularly adapted for water-works, where large pumps are re- quired. [5,] [Offiotal Ilt<ustrated Catalogue.] T North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. The improvement in tliese treble beat hydraulic valves consists in making the outer beats as near as possible of one size, and allowing the water to act against the middle plate to lift the valve, which will give a third beat, and a third discharge of water, and consequently reduce the lift, prevent concussion, and increase the durability not only of the valve, but other parts of the machinery.—Registered 1851. 202 AsHBY, Jonathan, Croydon Common—Inventor. Screw friction clutch, for engaging and disengaging machinery, while the moving power is in motion. 204 Lees, T., Stockport—Inventor. Water-gauge, alarm valve, &c. 205 Newcomb, Thomas, 12 Norfolk Place, East Lane, Walworth—Inventor and Maker. Brass model of machine, for rolling tanned hides. Its objects are, increased speed in drying hides, less power in working, and a finer finish in the leather. The pres- sure on the hides may be varied from 1 cwt. to 2 tons. Brass model of patent furnace for marine or sta- tionary steam engines; it supplies itself with fuel, con- sumes its own smoke, and burns small coal. 206 Hasketh, —, Redruth—Inventor. A lubricator for machinery. 208 Gadd & Bird, Manchester—Inventors. An expansive piston. 300 Lloyd, George, 70 Gt. Guildford Street, Southwark —Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent centrifugal disc blowing machine. The centrifugal exhauster differs from the ordinary blower in requiring no outside case; the air or gas is drawn through the pipes, and discharged through the opening in the periphery, into the atmosphere. 301 Napier, J. R., Vulcan Foundry, Glasgow—Inventor. Portable rivet-heater, for iron ship builders or boiler makers. 304 Kennedy, M., 3 George Street, Camden Town— Designer and Manufacturer. Improved blast-fan, for blowing smiths' forges, and founders' furnaces, applicable also for ventilating and fumigating. 305 Wheeler, Edmund, 2 North Buildings, Finshury Circus—Inventor and Patentee. Equilibrium slide valves for steam engines, to relieve the valve from the pressure due to the elastic force of the steam. 400 Daly, John, Brass and Lead Works, Limerick, Ireland—Manufacturer. Bronze bell, mounted between two brass pillars, with the bust of Shakspeare on the top. Improved brass pump, for supplying kitchens, water- closets, cisterns, stable-yards, &c. 401 Merryweather, Moses, 63 Long Acre— Manufacturer. Carriage fire-engine to be drawn by two or four horses, London Fire Brigade pattern (Simpkins' patent), with 7-inch gun-metal cylinders, and spherical copper air- vessel; gun-metal pistons and valves in separate valve chambers; handles for 30 men, to fold up fore and aft; improved wrought-iron fire carriage, patent axles and springs; double delivery screws for attaching two lines of hose. Fully equipped with hose, suction-pipes, nose- pipes, jet-spreader, &c. Fig. 1 represents this engine, and the peculiar dress of the fire brigade. Merry weather's Carriage Fire-enyiue. Light carriage fire-engine, Simpkins' patent; country pat- tern for post-horses, with handles for 20 men. Equipped and furnished like the preceding. Patent metallic fire-engine, for tropical countries, to be drawn by hand. Ship fire-engine for six men; on the patent principle, with suction-pipes, delivery-hose, branch-pipe, &c. Cabinet fire-engine (fig. 2, p. 227), for mansions, picture galleries, &c. Two portable conservatory engines. A coil of best leather-hose, copper-riveted, with gun- metal union screws—London Fire Brigade pattern. A coil of patent seamless canvas hose, screw, &c., as before. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F, 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Merry vveataer's Cabinet Fire-engine. An improved short branch-pipe and nozzle fitted with Baddeley's jet-spreader.—Registered 1842. An improved metal breeching for connecting two sepa- rate lines of hose into one, or for dividing one line into two.—Invented by Lord Thurlow; registered 1844. Improved preventer (or fire-hook), capable of being lengthened indefinitely.—W. Baddeley, inventor. Six improved japanned leather helmets, and leather belts and axes, for firemen. Leather and canvas fire-buckets. Set of seven portable fire-escape ladders on hand carriage, with gmde wheels, safety-belt and rope, as sup- plied to the City police, &c. Domestic family fire-escape, simple and easily applied. Fireman's leather morion, as made at the establishment of the exhibitor in the early part of the 18th century. Old English leather black-jack, of the same period. Old English leather plate-basket, of the same period. 402 Shalders, William, jun.. Bank Place, Norwich— Designer and Manufacturer. Patent fountain pumps, engines, and hydraulic work- ing parts, in various metals, for beer, &c., and for house or garden cisterns. The advantages claimed consist in their reciprocating and rolling action, which is effected without leakage, friction, or liability of choking from such particles as are not easily prevented from entering without blocking up the entrance to their suction-pipes, as small stones, shingle, &c., or from cargoes of grain, pepper, rice, beans, &c., the evolutions of the connector quickly expelling such matters, without receiving material injury, but which with the valve leathers are the only parts that suffer at all; they will pump up even from the bottom of deep wells, and drive up to a higher level any puddled soil or half sand and half water, and that more econo- mically than by other means. Fountain pumps admit of more economical and simpler construction than the common piston and cylinder pumps, and by their admitting of either quick or slow motion without leakage or loss of power, they are easily applied to any motive force; they are cheap, simple, and durable, and, with common smiths' tools, the most complex are readily examined or repaired. 403 Stothert, Rayno, & Pitt, Newark Foundry, Bath —Improvers and Manufacturers. Iron crane for a dock or wharf, with improvements in the gib, and in the general arrangement and proportion of the parts. 403a Stothert, H., Bath—Inventor. Model of a plan for removing the sewage of London without disturbing the present arrangement of drains. 404 Fox, Henderson, & Co., London Works, Birmingham —Inventors. Derrick crane and model. Proving press and patent pipes. [This crane was put into actual service in lifting the heavy machinery around it into their present places, and is equally applicable for their removal at any future time. It was also employed in the construction of the building, and particularly in unloading and testing the cast-iron girders.] 405 Berried ale. Lord, 17 Hill Street, Berkeley Square —Inventor. Double-acting fire-engine, for privte houses; exhi- bited for power and ease of working. 40G Fourdrinier, E. N,, 38 Tkirclay Street, S inderland —Inventor. Patent safety apparatus, for preventing loss of life and property when a rope or chain breaks in shafts of mines and collieries. 407 Begg, W. G., 20 Market Street, Edinburgh— Inventor and Manufacturer. Safety cages, for mine shafts, to prevent the loss of life and destruction of property in mine shafts, when the rope or chain snaps. 408 Easton & Amos, Grove, Southwark—Part Inventors and Manufacturers. Improved patent hydraulic ram, originally invented by Montgolfier, in France, and patented by him in 1797 : the English patent has passed into the hands of the exhibitors. [This machine, which is self-acting, is composed of an air vessel and three valves, two for the water, and one for keeping up the supply of air. Upon pressing down the valve in the conducting tube, which opens downwards, the water escapes from it, until its mo- mentum is sufficient to overcome the weight, when the valve immediately rises and closes the aperture. The water having then no other outlet than the inner valve, rushes through it, by its generated force, com- pressing the air in the air vessel until equilibrium takes place, when the air reacts by its expansive force, closing the inner valve, which retains the water above it, and driving it up the ascending tube. By this reaction, the water is forced back along the conducting pipe, produc- ing a partial vacuum beneath the outer valve, wliich im- mediately falls by its own weight. The water then escapes until it has acquired sufficient force to close this, when the action proceeds as before. It is best adapted for the raising of moderate quantities of water, as foi: household or farming purposes.] 409 Baddeley, William, 29 Alfred Street, Islington— Inventor and Manufacturer. A portable, and simple farmers' fire-engine. It is also applicable as an agricultural force-pump. A portable fire-engine; two sizes. 410 Shand & Mason (late Tilley), 245 Blackfriars Road—Manufacturers. Improved brigade fire-engine, with complete set of tools and implements, worked by 28 men; is drawn by horses, and carries the firemen; has improvetnents in suction or inlet cock, air-vessel, and exit pipe; by means of the latter two, right angles are avoided in the passage of the water. This engine is represented in the accom- panying Plate. Mansion or factory fire-engine, for 20 men. Metallic fire-engine, for 14 men, suitable for any climate. Ship's fire-engine, for 6 men, mounted on wheels. The above are each fitted with metallic valves, draw water through suction-pipe or from cistern, and are mounted on four wheels, with locking-carriage and di'ag- handle. T 2 North Areas A. T3. 10 to 34; 0. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Hall fire-engine, for the interior of public buildings and mansions. Galvanised iron gardeu-engitie, with improved lever. Improved portable fire-pump, introduced by the Lon- don Fire Brigade, and found of great utility at the com- mencement of a fire. The same with pail, into which it can be instantly fixed. Hose-reel, with implements complete. Hose and suc- tion-pipes of various sorts, also various descriptions of fire-cocks. A series of experimental jet-pipes, used in determining the best form. Fire-buckets, fire-axes, Lon- don Brigade firemen's helmet, &c. Branch and jet-pipes, as used in floating fire-engines, for 120 men. The improved brigade fire-engine, several hose-reels, and 18 portable fire-pumps, have, at the request of the Executive Committee, been placed at their disposal, to be used in the event of fire. They will be found in various parts of the Building, under the care of firemen of the London Establishment. 411 James, John, & Co., 24 Leadenhall Street— Manufacturers. A patent weighing crane (fig. 1), This crane is adapted for raising heavy goods, and, at the same time, obtaining their weight by an adaptation of the principle of the steelyard. James & Co.'s Patent Weighing Crane, Fiof. 2. A small weighing machine for warehouse purposes (fig. 2). This machine is intended to weigh any description of merchandize from 1 lb. up to 21 cwt., and the principle xipon which it is constructed is applied to weighing ma- chines of all sizes. Its novelty is comprised in the ab- sence of all loose weights, in the counterpoise being so arranged as to admit of the free oscillation of the beam, and in the weights by which the goods are weighed being attached to, and forming part of, the machine itself. The large weight moves on a circular scale, and the small weight along a straight scale, the one indicating c\vts., the other lbs.—Patented. 412 James & Co.'s Small Patent Weighing Machine. The Bank Quay Foundry Com pany, Warrmgton— Manufacturer and Proprietor, Large hydraulic press, used for raising the Britannia Tubular Bridge. Explanation of the engravings (Plates 18, 19, 20) of the hydraulic press used for raising the tubes of the Britannia Bridge ; executed by the Bank Quay Foundry Company, Warrington, A—Wrought-iron Sandwich girders, weighing 12 tons each. B B—Cast-iron beams, 5 tons each. C—Jacket of cast and wrought iron, weight 8 tons. D D—Cylinder, cast-iron, weight 15 tons. E—Ram, 3 tons 13 cwt. F—Crosshead, cast-iron, 13 tons. IMPROVED BRIGADE FIRE EI^CINE. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. GGGG—Clamps. H—Chains. 11—Guide rods, wrought iron. K—Guide rod beam. L L—Valves. M—Distance pieces between wrought-iron Sandwich girders. Plate 18 represents a front elevation of the press; Plate 19 an end elevation; and Plate 20 shows its applica- tion in raising the Britannia tube, with the latter partly lifted. The internal diameter of the cylinder is 22 inches, the diameter of the ram is 20 inches, the external diameter of the cylinder is 42 inches, external length 9 feet 1^ inch; thickness of metal 10 inches; the water is forced into the cylinder through a pipe and valve L, the press is placed in the jacket C, and rests upon the cast-iron beams B B, which again are supported by the wrought-iron^ beams A A; the cast-iron crosshead F has wrought-iron links let in at the top, for the purpose of strengthening the part subject to tensile strain; the sides of the jacket also are strengthened with wrought-iron slabs, weighing 30 cwt. each, expanded first by heat and then fitted-on hot, and allowed to contract. To cast the cylinder, it required 22 tons of fluid metal, the additional quantity beyond its finished weight being required for the head, or git, which weighed 2^ tons. This head, or git, was kept in a fluid state for six hours after the run, by replacing the material after it became stifi*, with metal fresh from the furnace, and of the highest attainable temperature, for the purpose of supplying the space in this immense body of metal below, consequent upon the contraction. In three days afterwards the cylinder was partly denuded of its outer coat of sand, when it was found red hot: in seven days it was lifted from the pit in which it was cast, and in ten days, or 240 hours, it was sufficiently cool to be approached by men well inured to heat, for the purpose of dressing the remaining sand off it. The A A beams, for supporting the press, consisted of six vertical ribs of boiler plates, fgths thick, united by vertical strips, to preserve them in form; the 2| inch spaces between ribs were filled with American elm, so that the vertical rib was a sandwich of elm and iron. The top and bottom flanges were each formed by twelve wrought-iron bars, extending the whole length of beam. The top bars 7 inches wide, and the bottom bars 9 inches by liinch; the whole riveted together. The weight of each girder was 12 tons. In order to prevent the crushing at the ends, cast-iron plates were inserted instead of the wood. The weight actually supported by one pair of beams was 1,177 tons, but they were capable of sustaining 2,000 tons. The length between the bearing was 17 feet 4 inches. The ram was cast hollow and turned to bed truly, beneath the crosshead, which was bored to receive it. The crosshead was guided by two wi'ought-iron rods, 6 inches diameter, fitted in sockets on the top of the press, and keyed above into a cast-iron girder, K, built in the masonry. There were two sets of clamps: the one placed on the crosshead and rising with it, was immediately used for lifting the chain and tube, the under set was fixed on the cast-iron girders which support the press, and was used for securing the chain at the end of each lift, while the press was lowered, and the upper set of links removed; they are in all respects similar to each other. The wrought- iron clamping cheeks are slotted to fit closely beneath the slotted shoulder in the head of the links; they are withdrawn or closed by right and left handed screws, on turning which the cheeks recede from each other, or are drawn into close contact with the chain. To insure a parallel action, the screws are moved simultaneously l)y a winch and gearing; they are thus easily worked by one man. Thus at each stroke of the press the tvibe was raised 6 feet, the time occupied in one lift being usually from 30 to 45 minutes. Tlie lifting chains were manufactured by Messrs. Howard & Ravenhill; the clanips and valves by Messrs. Easton & Amos. The superintendence of the designs and con- struction of this machinery were entrusted by Mr. Robert Stephenson, the engineer, to Mr. Edwin Clark. The greatest weight lifted by the press at the Britannia biidge was 1,144 tons; the quantity of water used for each 6 feet lift 81^ gallons. " The pressure at 3 tons per circular inch equals 3*819 tons per square inch, which would raise a column of water 5"41 miles in height; this pressure would, therefore, be sufiicient to throw water over the highest mountains on the globe," This extra- ordinary fact is derived from Mr. Edwin Clark's work on the Britannia and Conway bridges. The following addi- tional extract shows indirectly the vast power of this machine:— ''If it were required that 1 lb. should raise the tube, or 2,000 tons, then one arm of the lever must be 448,000 times as long as the other; but if the 1 lb. move through a space of 1 inch, the tube will be only lifted :[^y-ooo th pai-t of an inch; and in order to raise the tube 100 feet the pressure of 1 lb. must be continued through a space of 83,522 miles; and, conversely, a pressure of 2,000 tons through a space of 100 feet, would raise lib. 83,522 miles; thus the descent of a clock-weight through a space of 6 feet overcomes the friction of the machine, and moves the extremity of an ordinary seconds-hand through a space of two miles in a week, and the descent of the tube to the water would maintain the going of an ordinary clock for 240,000 years," or the power expended by the press in lifting the tube 100 feet, if applied to an ordinary clock, would work it for a period of 240,000 years. After the first tube was raised, the cylinder met with an accident, described in the following terms by Mr. Clark:— ^ "In a little more than a fortnight after this operation the presses were removed ready for raising the next tube. They were lowered and raised again by means of capstans, with an 8-inch rope; and in this operation another accident occurred with the unlucky press. The cylinder was lowered from a cat-head at the top of the tower; the rope from the blocks led to a capstan on the beach, on which three turns only were taken; while the cylindei-, weighing 15 tons, was suspended at an elevation of 140 feet above the water, the rope unexpectedly surged on the capstan, and was dragged out of the hands of the men who were holding it; the cylinder descended with fearful velocity, dragging the rope through the block tackle and round the capstan, which fortunately became palled by the jerk. As the velocity increased, the cat-head in the tower gave way, and the cylinder fell on the stone shelf below, fracturing the masonry, and gliding off 50 or 60 feet into the Straits. Several men were injured, and a sailor who was serving out the coil of rope was dragged round the capstan and killed. None of the tackle was broken, and the press was easily raised by the ropes attached to it, and was found to be uninjured by the fall." [The weight raised by this single press at the Britannia bridge was 1,144 tons, and this was efiected with ease by the hydraulic press exhibited, A popular error pre- vails on the subject of gaining power by the aiDplication of machinery, and particularly with relation to the hy- draulic press, in which it appears that a small applied force produces immense results. In this case, however, as in all others, the power is only transferred and distributed. Water, and indeed all fluids, possess the property of pressing equally in all directions. If water is enclosed in an iron box, and the force of one pound is applied to but one square inch of its surface, this pres- sure is at once communicated to every square inch of the surface of the box. Bramah rendered this force avail- able by applying a packing around the moving pistons, which made them perfectly water-tight under any pres- sure. By the force pump, pressure is applied to the water in the small cylinder of the pump, and this fluid being connected with that in the large cylinder of the press, whatever force is applied to the water in the first, North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. is increased according to difference of the capacity be- tween it and the last, which was in this case as 1 to 354*3. Four such cylinders have been cast at Bank Quay Foundry, and they are, perhaps, the most powerful machines ever constructed,—R. H.] 413 Howard, Ravenhill, &c Co., King and Queen Iron Works, Eotherhithe—Inventors, Patentees, and Manufacturers. Link of a suspension bridge chain, formed of eleven bars, to illustrate the method for rolling bars for suspension bridges, and similar purposes. This process produces the bars of the form required at one heat, and is intended to supersede the uncertain and insecure method of welding on the heads; and to carry the fibre of the iron in the proper direction around the eye to resist the strain of the coupling pins. The bars ex- hibited form a link of the chains in all respects similar to those manufactured for the suspension bridge over the Danube at Pesth. The tubes of the Conway and Bri- tannia bridges, the latter weighing 2,000 tons, and lifted 100 feet, were safely raised by chains made on this principle. [With a force of about 10 tons per square inch of sec- tional area, the elasticity of wrought iron is wholly ex- cited, and in some cases surpassed. Engineers, therefore, do not subject it to this strain, even when the iron is perfect in the texture of all its parts; but as in the case of chains with welded heads, the texture can never be perfect, a still larger margin must be left; probably the strain permanently acting on it should not much exceed 5 tons per square inch. If by any process of manufacture these defects can be certainly removed, greater safety may be gained by a less expenditure of metal.—S. C] 414 GossAGE, J., 71 Florence Road, Deptford— Inventor. Improved portable engine-pump, designed for the use of ships, particularly for men-of-war. It may be used for a fire-engine, watering-engine, and wash-deck pump. It is available for all the purposes of a lift or force-pump ; also, as an auxiliary to, or substitute for, any fixed pump in use on board ships, in case of need, and can be used to wet the ship's sails, or worked in a boat to wash the ship's side, and extinguish fire. The principal peculiarities are, its portability and capa- city of working in less space, greater durability under action of sea-water, and its not being so liable to be in- jured from accident, nor to get out of order; metallic valves are used in lieu of leather, with vulcanized India- rubber discs between the piston caps, and its general con- struction is suited for all climates. It is not rendered inefficient by not being in constant use, or by being kept free from water. 415 Greatorex, Dan,, 9 Deshorough Terrace, Harrow Road, Paddington—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model (scale 1^ inch to a foot) of an improved hoist- ing machine, for raising or lowering goods; the machine can be worked by hand or steam, and its whole operation requires but one man. The principle is applicable to dinner-lifts for hotels and mansions. 416 Bellhouse, E, T., & Co., Eagle Foundry, Manchester—Inventors. Hydraulic press for packing cotton, or other material in bales ; worked by two hand-pumps ; with illustrative drawings. Model of the exhibitors' fire-proof hoist for mills and warehouses. This plan prevents the rapid communica- tion of fire from one story to another, by the interposition of fire-proof doors between each story; an arrangement is introduced which causes the doors to shut by their own gravity, when the cradle is removed. Model of the iron shell of a cottage. Brick-pressing machine, with W. Percy's self-lubri- cating piston. Small hydraulic press, adapted for making experiments in the compression of material. 417 Fairbairn, W., & Sons, Manchester—Inventors and Manufacturers, Patent tubular crane, manufactured by the exhibitors. [The following observations on this crane are extracted from a paper contained in the Reports of the British Association, communicated by Sir David Brewster:— " These structures indicate some additional examples of the extension of the tubular system, and the many ad- vantages which may yet be derived from a judicious com- bination of wrought-iron plates, and a careful distribution of the material in all those constructions which require security, rigidity, and strength. " The projection or radius of the jib of these cranes is 32 feet 6 inches from the centre of the stem, and its height 30 feet above the ground. It is entirely composed of wrought-iron plates, firmly riveted together on the prin- ciple of the upper side being calculated to resist tension, and the under, or concave side, which embodies the cellular construction, to resist compression. The form is correctly that of the prolonged vertebrse of the bird from which this machine for raising weights takes its name; it is truly the neck of the crane tapering from the point of the jib, where it is 2 feet deep by 18 inches wide to the level of the ground, where it is 5 feet deep and 3 feet 6 inches wide. From this point it again tapers to a depth of 18 feet under the surface, where it terminates in a cast-iron .shoe, which forms the toe on which it revolves. The lower or concave side, which is calculated to resist com- pression, consists of plates forming three cells, and vary- ing in thickness in the ratio of the strain ; as also the convex top, which is formed of long plates chain-riveted with covers ; but the sides are of uniform thickness, riveted with "T iron, and covering plates 4^ inches wide over each joint. This arrangement of the parts and distribution of the materials constitute the principal elements of strength in the crane. The form of the jib, and the point at which the load is suspended, is probably not the most favourable for resisting pressure. It never- theless exhibits great powers of resistance; and its form, as well as the position, may safely be considered as a curved hollow beam having one end immoveably fixed at A, and the other end, C, the part to which the force is applied. Viewing it in this light, the strengths are easily determined, and taking the experiments herein recorded, A dC we have by the formula W = a load of 63 tons, e the weight it would require to break the crane. With 20 tons the ultimate deflection was 3'97 —•64of a per- manent set = 3*33 inches, the deflection of the jib due to a load of 20 tons. The following constitute the experi- ments made at Keyham Docks:— " Experiments made to ascertain the resisting powers of a new wrought-iron tubular crane, erected at Keyham Dockyard, Devonport, November 8, 1850. Weight of Deflection at the Cargo in point of the Jib Tons. in Inches. 2 -32 3 -50 4 -65 5 -90 6 1-05 7 1-20 8 1-35 9 1-50 10 1-70 With this weight the crane was again tui'ned round ; the With 5 tons suspended the crane was turned completely round, without any altera- tion in the deflection. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. deflection in eight minutes increased to 1-85 inches, when it became permanent after sustaining the load during the whole of the night, a period of about 16 hours. On 9th November the experiments were resumed as follows :— Wei^'ht of Cargo in Tons. 11 12 13 14 15 Deflection at the point of the Jib in Inches. 2-05 2-22 2-40 2-60 2-80 Weight of Cargo in Tons. 16 17 18 19 20 Deflection at the point of the Jib in Inches. 3-00 3-20 3-50 3-73 3-97 On again turning the crane round with a load of 20 tons there was no perceptible alteration in the deflection, and the permanent set, after removing the load, was '64 inches. ''From the above experiments, it appears that the ulti- mate strength of the crane is much greater than is requi- site either in theory or practice, and, although tested with nearly a double load, it is still far short of its ultimate powers of resistance^ which it will be observed are five times greater than the weight it is intended to bear. " The advantages claimed for this construction are its great security, and the facility with which bulky and heavy bodies can be raised to the very top of the jib, without failure. It moreover exhibits, when heavily Fig. 1. loaded, the same restorative principle of elasticity strikingly exemplified in the wrought-iron tubular girder. These constructions, although different in form, are nevertheless the same in principle, and undoubtedly follow the same law as regards elasticity and their powers of resistance to fracture."] Description of the annexed engraving of the Keyham tubular crane:— Fig. 1 is a side view of the crane, with a portion of the side removed to the foot, in order to show the cast-iron cylinders built in the masonry, the rollers which encircle the body of the crane and support the stem vertically, with its rollers and bearings acting against the interior recess of the large circular plate a a, between the plate and the frame, which embraces the crane in a ring which contains the rollers, giving a rotatory motion to the crane in any direction. Imme- diately above the rollers, is a platform of 12 feet in diameter attached to the stem, on which the men stand to work the crane. This platform also enables a man, by turning a handle, to move the crane round in any direction at pleasure. Fig. 2 is a section of the body of the crane taken above the quay wall. The cells are carried along the concave side of the jib, where they terminate in two cells near the top, and also in two cells near the bottom, where the stem enters the cast-iron shoe already described. Fig. 2. SIDE VIEW 418 The Devonshire Great Consolidated Copper Mining Company, 17 Barge Yard Chambers— Producer. Models of two water-wheels, of 140-horse power each, erected at the mines of the above Company, for the pur- pose of pumping water from the one shaft by a plunger, and from the other by a drawing lift. Scale 1 inch to the foot. 1. Model of a wheel, 40 feet in diameter, by 12 feet in breast, pumping from the depth of 115 fathoms, or 690 feet, with 14-inch pumps, 7 feet 6 inches stroke, discharg- ing 60 gallons of water per stroke, and lifting at each stroke 69,000 lbs., the average velocity being 4^ strokes per minute. This wheel works a line of inch round iron rods, 390 fathoms or 2,340 feet; not exhibited on the scale of the model of the wheel, for the want of space, over pul- leys, ascending a hill, at an elevation from the wheel to the shaft of 384 feet above the wheel. This wheel pumps the water from the mine called ''WhealJosiah." 2. Model of a wheel of 40 feet in diameter, by 12 feet in breast, pumping water from a depth of 80 fathoms; 60 fathoms, or 360 feet, with 12-inch pumps; and 20 fathoms, or 120 feet, with 20-inch pumps, of 6 feet stroke, dis- charging 98 gallons of water per stroke; it lifts at each stroke 40,600 lbs. This wheel works a line of rods of 3^ inch round iron, North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 520 fathoms, or 3,120 feet, ovei* pulleys; in connection with the shaft at the mine, called ''Wheal Anna Maria." The water supplying these wheels is derived from the river Tamar, by the means of a leat two miles long, and by the water collected from the dressing floors on the various mines. The mines belonging to the Company, exhibiting the above-mentioned models, are situated about fourmileswest of Tavistock, in the county of Devon, on the banks of the river Tamar, which here forms the boundary of the counties of Devon and Cornwall. They are inlands, the property of his Grace the Duke of Bedford, who granted a lease of the mining set, from March 1844, for 21 years, at one-twelfth dues. The mining set, which is about If miles in length, by Ij in breadth, containing 1500 square acres, consists of the mines called "Wheal Maria," ''Wheal Fanny," "Wheal Anna Maria," "Wheal Josiah," and "Wheal Emma," on the principal or champion lode, running east and west; "Wheal Frementor" on the southern part, where an adit has been driven from the surface, near the Tamar, to intersect parallel lodes; and "Wheal Thomas," also near the southern boundary, where a shaft has been sunk to the depth of 40 fathoms, and an adit driven with a view of proving the ground in that direction. The ore is found in the killas, or clay slate, of the country, and consists of black, gi'ey, and yellow copper ore, the latter predominating. Operations at the mines were com- menced in August, 1844, and the great lode, from which the following large quantities of ore have been extracted, was cut in November following, at a depth of 17^ fathoms from the surface. The first sale of ore took place in February, 1845; since which date, monthly sales have been regularly made, and the returns to the end of March, 1851, with the amount realized, and dividends paid, are as follow:— Dividends Returns of Ore. Amount Realized. Paid. -^^ll'} 13,674: 12 0 120,382 14 5 55,296 1846 14,398 9 0 94,626 17 10 37,888 1847 14,413 6 3 102,889 12 3 15,360 1848 16,580 17 2 100,761 14 5 30,720 1849 15,431 18 0 104,624 1 7 34,304 1850 17,290 15 3 117,364 12 2 40,960 To Mar. 31, 1851 4,554 0 0 26,860 13 6 15,360 Tons 96,343 17 8 £667,510 6 2 £229,888 Engineer and designer of the models, Mr. Nathaniel Smith, Mary Tavy, near Tavistock. 420 Appold, J. George, 23 Wilson Street, Finshury —Inventor. Centrifugal pump for draining marshes, contains one gallon; it discharges its contents 1,400 times in a minute, and does 73 per cent, duty. This pump is adapted for a large quantity of water, with a low lift; has no valves in action; and is adapted for a tide pump. Manufactured by Easton & Amos, Grove, Southwark. 421 Bessemer, Henry, Baxter House, St. Pancras Road— Patentee and Manufacturer. 1, A centrifugal disc pump for land and sewer drainage, which is said to be capable of discharging 20 tons of water per minute, and will drain one acre of land per hour, if covered with one foot depth of water. The distinguishing features of this apparatus are, its combina- tion with the steam-engine (the disc and shaft of the pump serving also the purpose of fly-wheel and shaft to the engine), and the absence of all intermediate gearing, or any form of piston, slider, valve, stuffing-box, or rub- bing surface of any kind whatever in the pump; its great power in proportion to its weight, the small space it occupies, and the cheap rate at which, from its simplicity, it can be manufactured in comparison with other descrip- tions of pump. 2. Model of a pump for steam-ships, being a pre- cise copy of the exhibitor's original patent for the centri- fugal disc, dated 5th December, 1845. The model -will lift one ton per minute 20 feet high. The pump- case is divided into two compartments, in one of which is a centrifugal disc, and in the other a pair of emissive steam-arms, fixed on the axis of the pump, whereby a rotary motion is given to the disc, whenever steam is admitted to the arms. It therefore contains its own steam power, and may be used at any time to piimp the ship, even though her engines may be disabled. The full-sized pump, with a case of 3 feet 6 inches in diameter and 20 inches wide, will discharge from the ship 10 tons of water per minute. 3. A centrifugal disc pump for locomotive engines; it is self-acting, and will therefore supply water to the boiler while the engine is at rest. It consists of only one moving piece; has no valve, piston, slider, or stuffing-box; therefore neither steam nor water can leak from it. It is intended to run the vertical axis on a minei'al bearing, which requires no oil or lubricating matter: all heat from friction of the axis is prevented, by the axis being situated in the cold water supply-pipe; the action of the stone upon the axis gives it brilliant polish, but does not wear it away; and as there are no other rubbing surfaces, its stoppage or de- rangement is almost impossible, particularly as there are moving parts exterior to the case. The only material used is an alloy of copper, tin, and nickel. This pump is applicable to marine and stationary boilers, as it will supply them with water when the ordinary pump may be out of repair, or when the engine is stopping. The one exhibited will supply 900 gallons per hom^, equal to a boiler of 130 horse-power. 4. A small model worked by hand to illustrate the principle of the centrifugal disc. 422 Stocker, Samuel & George, 4 Arthur Street, New Oxford Street—Manufacturers. Patent pillar beer machines of various designs, and pump. Recess counters, having separate compartments for spirits and beer, designed by Samuel Stocker, jun. Patent seven-motion and other beer machines. New design for a spirit tap. Patent lift pumps for spirit warehouses, &c. Newly invented patent jar or bottle, intended to dispense with corking and uncorking; may be opened or closed instantaneously; is air-tight, and capable of being locked and secured without waxing, capsule, wire, or spring. Patent new pewter jDot which cannot be melted. Decanter and water bottle, with self- acting stoppers. Tapping cocks which cannot be injured by being driven into the cask; and anti-corrosive tap, made of oak and pewter. Apparatus for icing or warm- ing ale and other liquids. 423 Slack, James, 46 Commercial Road, Lambeth —Inventor. Polished slate cistern, with an improved patent rapid purifier, 5 ft. long, 4 ft. deep, and 3 ft. wide; calculated to produce 3,000 gallons per day of pure soft water. Portable stone-ware rapid purifier, to be fixed upon the floor. 424 Warner, John, & Sons, 8 Crescent, Jewin Street— Manufacturers. 1. Overshot water-wheel, with tln-ee pumps, in iron frame, for raising water to gentlemen's houses from a river, pond, or spring. This wheel is represented in the following cut (page 233), 2. Horsewheel and improved pumps for raising water from deep wells. 3. Double barrel pumps and air vessel, in iron frame, for raising water from shallow wells. 4. Double barrel pumps, in iron frame, for raising water out of shallow wells, 5. Treble barrel brewers' pumps, in iron frame, to be worked by steam, horse, or water power. 6. Patent \dbrating standard pump on plank, for the supply of water to closets and all house pux-poses. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 TO 26. Warner and Sons" Overshot Water-wheel. 7. Patent vibrating standard iron pump, for ponds or manure tanks. 8. Patent vibrating standard iron lift pump on plank. 9. Patent garden engine, with registered spreader. 10. Fire engine, with folding handles, for the use of mansions and small parishes. The articles numbered 6, 7, 8, and 9, are patented by the exhibitors. 425 Clark, George Delianson, 12 London Street, Greenwich—Inventor's Agent. Water-filter, a model in action, exhibiting a new mode, on the principle of natural filtration, self-acting, econtjmical, and applicable on a large scale for the supply of pure water to towns and districts. Model of same attached to a house-cistern, filtering the water as de- livered from the main; connected with a self-acting regu- lator or water-meter, which governs and registers the supply with accuracy; and also connected with an appa- ratus for cleansing sewers with waste water. 426 Deane, John, 1 Cross Wall, Dover—Designer and Inventor. A working model of a diver in his diving apparatus, consisting of a helmet, submarine dress, &c., in a reservoir of plate glass, containing about sixty gallons of water, the bottom of which represents the bed of the sea, with rocks, wreckage, &c., and the top a fortification, mounting -ten brass guns, formed from metal recovered from the wreck of the Royal George by the constructor. A glass model of a diving bell, representing two men supplied with air by a three-cylinder brass rotatory con- densing engine. Model diving helmet, submarine water- proof dress, &c. 427 Bywater, Witham M., 99 FiccacUlly- Designer and Manufacturer. Water-meter, suitable to any pressure. 428 Turner, E. W. K., 31 Praed Street, Paddington— Inventor. Model of an invention for improving the water supply. 429 BoTTEN, Charles, Clerkenwell—Manufacturer, Appold's self-regulating friction-break. The resistance of this machine when loaded to any fixed strain on the handle will not vary, whether it be well oiled and work- ing freely, or dry and with considerable friction. It is adapted for measuring labour in prisons, or ascertaining the amount of work performed by steam engines and other machines. Patented by J. G. Appold, Esq., Wilson Street, Fiusbury Square. 430 Underhay, F. G., 13 Wells Street, Grays Inn Road. A variety of patent cocks and valves. 434 M'NiCHOLL & Vernon, Brunswick Steam Saw Mills, Liverpool—Proprietors. (John McNicholl, In- ventor and Patentee.) Working model of patent steam travelling crane, for lifting and removing heavy weights at the goods-depot of railways, in timber-yards, foundries and other manufac- tories, and for the loading and discharging the cargoes of vessels. The three motions—^the horizontal, the trans- verse, and the hoisting—may be worked simultaneously, or independently, or any two in combination. — (See Plate 23.) 1. This machine is adapted for the purpose of lifting and removing heavy weights at the goods-depots of rail- ways, in timber-yards, foundries, and other manufac- tories, and for the loading and discharging the cargoes of vessels. 2. This is the first instance of the threefold motions of a travelling crane being worked from a stationary engine. The three motions, the horizontal, the transverse, and the hoisting motions, may be worked simultaneously, or either of them may be worked independently, or any two of them may be worked in combination. The model will exhibit the mechanical arrangements by which these effects are produced. 3. The efficiency of these machines may be judged from the circumstance that one of them, with a 50-foot span, will travel 100 feet in a horizontal direction, with a load of three or four tons attached to it, in 45 seconds; and during the time the whole platform with the load is so moving, the load may be moving across the platform at right angles with the motion of the platform itself; at the same time, also, the weight may be raised or lowered as required. Cranes, on this principle, are being erected where the span is 53 feet, and the length of the tramway on which the platform travels is 266 feet, so that "vvith one of these machines, the steam power is enabled to command an area of 14,098 feet. 4. In addition to the immense saving in time that is effected by these machines, the saving in the wages of labour is very great: one youth, at ten shillings per week, who travels on the machine (for the purpose of moving the handles in and out of gear), displacing the labour of six men, at the same time doing the work more efficiently. At a recent experiment, this machine re- moved 13 logs of timber, containing 1,050 cubic feet, and weighing 195 tons, a distance of 100 feet (one log at a time), and piled them in 275 minutes, at an expense in wages of about threepence. The machine had thus tra- velled 2,600 feet, and made 26 stoppages in the time named, with an average load of 30 cwt. for half the distance. Steam power can, by this plan, be readily applied to the ordinary hand-travelling ci-anes. The following are the j)articular features, to which at- tention is directed:— Its novelty, see paragraph 2, above. Its cheapness, inasmuch as one of these machines will displace two or three cranes of the most approved prin- ciples, hitherto in use. The great annual saving it effects in wages, as seen in paragraph 4, above. The rapidity and precision of its operations: see para- graph 3, above. Its freedom from liability to derangement. Several of these machines have been in use for upwards of six months, working daily from morning to night, without stopping one hour for repairs. This machine, like the ordinary hand-travelling crane, moves upon a tram-road laid upon longitudinal beams, raised from 15 to 20 feet above the level of the ground, the beams being supported at intervals by uprights, A square shaft, a (2J inch diameter), runs the entire length of the tram-road, and is attached to the longitudinal beams by moveable supports /), h, b. This shaft is con- nected at one extremity to the engine. l^pon it and re- North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C, D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. volving with it, is placed a drum, c, which works, by means of a leather belt, the pulley d attached to the moving platform; the pulley d is fixed on the shaft e, upon which are placed the bevil-wheels, which impart the threefold motion to the crane. The bevil-wheels//, which revolve on the shaft, are made so as to turn the bevil- wheel g, by means of the clutch-box h, which is attached to the shaft; so that by withdrawing the clutch-box from one of the bevil-wheels, and putting it in gear with the other, the motion of the bevil-wheel, g, is reversed, and when the clutch-box is out of gear, the bevil-wheel g is stationary. The bevil-wheel g is fastened upon the small shaft i, to the other end of which is attached the pinion i, which works the spur-wheel fixed to the roller-wheel k, and imparts the longitudinal motion to the whole plat- form. As the platform would otherwise move away from the drum c, which communicates the motion, it is made to slide freely upon the shaft, and being attached to the moving platform by means of the rod I, it always pre- serves its relative position with regard to the pulley d. The difficulty of making the drum pass over the numer- ous brackets that a long shaft must necessarily have to support it, is overcome by making the brackets swing on a centre, so that when the drum c, protected by the guard n, comes in contact with one of the brackets 6 b, it yields, as shown in fig. 1, and allows the drum to pass over it. Immediately it has so passed, the weight of the lower extremity of the bracket causes it to resume its position, and the machine passes on to the next bracket, where the operation is repeated. In order to prevent the shock that would be felt in putting in motion so heavy a body as a travelling crane of 50-feet span, carry- ing in addition to its own weight a load of three or four tons, a friction-roller, o, is made to press upon the leather belt that passes round the drum c and the pulley d, so that before putting the machine in gear the friction-roller is raised ; the machine is then put in gear, and the fric- tion-roller gradually lowered. The momentary slipping of the belt round the pulley d, when the weight of the friction-roller is only partially resting upon it, causes the machine to move forward with an easy motion; and, directly it is under way, the friction-roller is allowed to bear with the whole of its weight, and the crane then moves forward with its load at its usual speed of 100 feet in 45 seconds. The hoisting motion is obtained by com- municating the power through the bevil-wheels q q, and the shaft r, to the barrel s, round which the chain revolves. In order to render the hoisting motion independent of the transverse motion, the hoisting chain passes from the barrel round which it is coiled to the truck t, and after passing over the pulley u, under the snatch-block v, and over the pulley w, it is finally attached to the point x, at the extreme end of the platform. To hoist a weight, therefore, it is merely necessary that the handle y, which communicates with the clutch-box z, should be moved a few inches. The transverse motion is imparted to the load by means of the barrel 'a, which is worked from the shaft e, by the bevil-wheels 'b 6', and clutch-box 'c, in the same manner as the longitudinal and the hoisting motions. Two chains are attached to the barrel, in such a way that one winds when the other unwinds. One of these chains is attached to the small truck t, at'd, and the other is carried round the pulley 'e, and fastened to the truck at '/, so that by alternately putting the clutch-box 'c in gear with one or other of the bevil-wheels 'b % by means of the handle 'g, the truck, and with it the load, is moved backwards and forwards along the platform at right angles with the motion of the platform itself. Each of the above, the longitudinal, the transverse, and the hoisting motions, can be used independently of either of the others ; or any two of the motions may be used in combination; or the whole three may be used simultaneously. For instance, at the same time that a weight attached to the hook h' is being raised from the ground by the barrel s, the truck t, and consequently the load suspended on the chain, may be moved in the direction H or 'j, at the same time that the whole plat- form may be moving in a longitudinal direction. A waggon of heavy merchandize taken to a crane, can be unloaded and placed in a road-waggon by three men in one hour : without the crane, double the number of men working a whole day would be required to do the same work. Cranes that can be moved to the waggons are often advantageous.—S. C] 486 Tebay, J., Aldine Chambers, Paternoster Row— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent water-meter. 438 Fell, Richard, 33 Nicholas Lane—Inventor. Sea-water regenerator, to supply pure fresh water from salt or sea water, in whatever situation it may be required. For shipping purposes it supersedes the necessity of em- barking water. The expense is comparatively trifling. Patent self-cleansing filter; a peculiar feature consists in its being applicable either for a large reservoir or for a portable or house filter. New motive power, intended to supersede the use of all steam locomotives, by introducing compressed air to propel carriages upon railways, by maintaining a uniform pressure or force throughout the line, and having at all times a perfect command of the engine or carriages. Preservator; for obviating the necessity of bottling all kinds of liquors, requiring preservation from the atmo- sphere. By this machine, wines, spirits, stout, &c., can be kept on draught, and not only retain their full flavour, but they can also be removed from one vessel to another without being exposed to the atmosphere. 440 SiEBE, A,, 5 Denmark Street, Soho—Inventor. Improved self-pressure cock for steam boilers. 444 Fletcher, Thomas, 161 Westgate Street, Gloucester —Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved slide-tap apparatus for supplying fire-engines with water from the street plugs. It opens a two-inch waterway through the slide, and having a curved neck, it offers no obstruction to the passage of the water when in use. Double connecting branch for the supply of two engines. Improved slide tap to be attadhed to hose and swan's neck at the engine, so as to enable the fireman in attendance at the engine to shut off the water when desired. 445 SuMPTON, J., 14 Ebury Square, Pvnlico—Inventor. Plug or cock-box, on a new principle, for water-works or gas-works. 447 Broughton, R. H., Park Street, Brighouse— Inventor and Manufacturer. Self-acting machine, for regulating the supply of watei- in steam boilers. 448 Cheavin, Squier, Spalding—Inventor. A floating filtering pump. Specimens of metallic paste or cement, intended to prevent damp in walls, and to keep out wet. 449 Smith R., & Son, St. Mary Cray, ifenf—Inventors. New high-pressure fire-engine, for large public build- ings, docks, warehouses, and ships. Model of a newly-invented double-motion pump, with transparent glass tubes, showing the moveable parts of the inside of the pump. Figs. 1, 2. These figures represent the application of the fire-extinguishing apparatus to a private dwelling. The water-spreader. Fig. 3, e, being placed under the or- nament in the centre of the ceiling at e. Fig. 2. Fig. 1 shows the mechanical arrangements for obtain- ing the requisite supply and pressure of water: A is the water-pump ; B the reservoir for water ; C the suction- pipe; (/is the air-pump; and E the air-vessel. The sup- ply pipes are represented by the letters i? pp. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Smith and Son's High-pressure Fire-engine. 450 Nevill, John Patmore, 8 Crutched Friars— Inventor. Model of a macliine to work by hand in a sliip's hold, for discharging loose cargo. When used for com the buckets serve as measures. 452 -Manufacturer Selfe, Henry, Kingston, Surrey- and Inventor. Common pump with reserve chamber ; improved valves, and bucket of new construction. Models of several useful machines on improved principles. 462 Roe, Freeman, 70 >S'^rawc?—Manufacturer. Hydraulic ram for raising water to the tops of houses, where a fall can be obtained. [The hydraulic ram is a simple machine, containing a pTilse-mlve; a valve between the air-vessel and the body of the ram; and by a falling column of water acting on the pulse-valve closes it, thus letting a portion of water into the air-vessel. By a continuation of this action the air becomes compressed, and a portion of water finds its way to the top of the column; it is beautifully adapted for the supply of small towns, mansions, farms, &c.] Fountain basins of iron, for pleasure grounds, with all kinds of ornamental jets. {JS'orth Transept.) One of these fountains is shown in the cut. Freeman Roe's Ornamental Fountain. 466 Keith, George, 36 Piccadilly—Inventor. Liquid meter. 467 Beere, George, Gallaway House, Bath— Manufacturer. Archimedean screw for raising fluids; constructed with square canals. 468 Billinton, William, C.E., 31 Regent Street— Proprietor. Patent improved water-meter. 471 Burgess, D., Glasgow—Manufacturer. Hydrostatic press. 472 Firth, Thomas, Huddersfield—Manufacturer. Plates of machines in gilt frames. Working model of improved hydraulic press, with indicator and check. Hydrostatic press. 474 Downton, J., 4 Conant Place, Commercial Road, Limehouse—Patentee and Manufacturer. Patent engine-pump, used in the Navy; the principle of which consists in its having three boxes working in the same cylinder, with a three-throw crank, by which means a continued stream of water is kept up. 475 Clunes, T., 100 Lock Street, Aberdeen—Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered rotatory pump, that will act either as a common lift or force pump, and may be applied with advantage for a portable fire-engine, &c. 476 Little, Major Robert J., 4 Queen's Terrace, Woolwich Common—Inventor. An improved watercock, with double plug, for connect- ing pipes without breaking joints, with sectional draw- ings of the same. Designed by the exhibitor, and manu- factured by Frost, Noakes, and Vincent, 195 Brick Lane, Whitechapel. 478 Lambert & Son, Short Street, Lambeth— Manufacturers. Union joints and water-taps, with a new application of vulcanized caoutchouc. Locomotive and steam fittings. Description of the patent vulcanized India-rubber water taps: a is the body of the valve; 6 is the cover; c is the flexible diaphragm, confined at its edges, serving the pur- pose of a stuffing-box; d is the valve, wliich is held to its seating by the pressure of the water; e is the handle or knob, by means of which the valve is opened; by this arrangement it cannot be left open: there are other methods for opening and closing the same; the arrows denote the waterway when open. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Lambert and Son's Patent Vulcanized India-rubber Water Taps. 480 Wight, James, 95 Nelson Street, Tradeston, G lasgow—Inventor. Water-wheel and small cistern for regulating the water. The latenary water-wheel is intended to give more efiFect than can be obtained from the same quantity of water applied upon an overshot wheel of the best construction. The power is at once applied at the greatest extent of the leverage, without any increase in the diameter of the wheel, 482 CoLLlNGE & Co., 65 Bridge lioad, Lambeth— Manufacturers. Specimens of screw-lifting jacks. 484 England, G., Hatcham Iron Works, New Cross— Inventor and Manufactiirer, Patent traversing screw-jack, for raising and moving heavy bodies, both vertically and laterally. It is par- ticularly applicable to railway purposes, as in case of an engine being off the line of rails, two men, with this simple machine, can reinstate the engine upon the rails in less than half the time that 50 men could without it, although they may have all other known means at com- mand to assist them. 485 Bayman, Henry, 35 Old Gravel Lane, Ratcliffe —Inventor and Manufacturer. Double and single purchase improved screw lifting jacks. The principal feature in these jacks is, that one man can raise twice as much as by the common jack, without fear of accident, as they will not run down while taking up or lowering a weight. The single purchase is equal to the ordinary double, and is lighter. Adapted for railways, engineers, storing wool on board ships, &c. 486 Haley, —, Fromc Street, Somerset—Producer, Specimens of lifting jacks. 488 Gladstone, John, jun., & Co., Licerpool— Manufacturers. Railway screw jack of simple constniction, easily car- ried about by one man, and capable of lifting heavy weights. A jack is necessary in case of accident, such as collisions, carriages running off the rails, or in the event of either wheels or axles giving way, and as an aid in the removal of obstructions. 490 Thornton, J., & Sons, Binumgham— Manufacturers. 1. Patent coupling for railway waggons and carriages. Thornton and McConnell's patent. The carriages are secured together by means of hooks and links with cross bars, which are moved from the outsides of the carriages, and prevent the dangerous practice of going underneath and between the carriages for the purpose of coupling and uncoupling them. See figure annexed. Thornton's Patent Coupling for Kailway Waggons. 2. Patent steam-engine piston. Exhibitors' patent. The packing rings of this piston are adjusted by means of two conical surfaces, acted on by a spring and elastic discs. 3. Improved carriage axles, exhibiting different construe tions, manufactured from the Patent Shaft and Axle-tree Company's iron, each axle being comjjosed of at least nine different bars of iron welded together, prepared for this purpose, and insuring greater safety. 4. Hydraulic lifting j ack for railway engines and carriages. Its advantages are, the ease and steadiness with which a great weight can be raised by one person, the facility with wliich the loweinng of the weight can be regulated without labour, and its economy, since one man with this jack may lift 15 to 20 tons. Fig. 1 represents the hydraulic lifting jack. is a hollow vessel forming the base of the jack, and also a reservoir for the water; h, the cylinder ; c, the ram; d, the pump; e, the plunger; /, the slide; g, the pvimp- lever; h, conical pointed pin; i, a small air-ta]?. 5. Improved crown-head lifting screw jack; powerful, portable, and quick in its action. (See fig. 2.) North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Thornton's Lifting Jack. 6. Improved double bar wrench with solid handle for locomotive purposes ; manufactured for the exhibitors;, by Thewlis & Griffith of AVarrington. 7. Railway shovels for engine stokers, coke, and sough- ing; of improved shapes, 501 & 506 Great Western Railway Company, 16 Laurence Lane, Cheapside—Producer. Locomotive engine and tender, constructed at the Com- pany's works at Swindon. One of the ordinary class of engines constructed by this Company for passenger traffic since 1847. It is ca- pable of taking a passenger-train, of 120 tons, at an ave- rage speed of 60 miles per hour, upon easy gradients. The evaporation of the boiler, when in full work, is equal to lOOO-horse power, of 33,000 lbs, per horse—-the effective power, as measured by a dynamometer, is equal to 743 horse power. The weight of the engine, empty, is 31 tons; coke and water, 4 tons—^engine in working order, 35 tons. Tender empty, 9 tons; water, 1,600 gallons, 7 tons 3 cwt.; coke, 1 ton 10 cwt.—total 17 tons 13 cwt. The heating surfaces are, fire-box 156 feet; 305 tubes 1,759 feet. Diameter of cylinder, 18 inches; length of stroke, 24 inches; diameter of driving-wheel, 8 feet; maximum pressure of steam, 120 lbs. The actual consumption of fuel in practice, with an average load of 90 tons, and an average speed of 29 miles, including stoppages (ordinary mail train), has averaged 20-8 lbs. of coke per mile. A traversing-frame as used upon the Great Western Railway, manufactured by Mr. G. Hennett, Bridgewater, for transferring railway carriages from one line of rails to any other parallel line. Short inclined planes are attached to each end, up which the carriage is run upon the flanges of the wheels, and which are there raised clear of the rails by means of a pedal. The main lines of rails are usually lowered about an inch at the place where the frame is placed, so as to diminish by about half the amount what the carriage has to be raised. A model of a safety stop or switch for a siding, worked together with the signal by the same lever as the switch of the siding ; also of double signals for a junction line worked by the switchman. Manufactured by Mr. Richard Brotherhood, Great Western Railway, Chippenham, Wilts. The engine and traversing frame are placed upon a portion of permanent way of the construction adopted upon the Great Western Railway. 502 Brotherhood, Richard, Chippenham—Inventor. Railw:ay signal and stops, and patent tilt waggon. 503 Beckers, Gustavus Edward, Great Western Raihva;/, Paddimjton—Inventor. Registered self-acting railway siding stop. The object of this contrivance is to prevent accidents on railways caused by carriages or trucks getting acci- dentally out of sidings, and thereby occasioning collisions with passing trains. Any carriage or truck can be pushed into a siding, but cannot come out again without being purposely removed. 507 Lee, John, 103 Long Aa^e—Inventor and Patentee. Full-sized under carriage, with Lee's patent railway breaks and axle-box. These breaks act directly from the axle and box of the wheels with a wedge-power shoe, which bears against the wheels and rails. The shoe has a long surface bearing on the rail of 18 inches of com- pound adhesive metal. The inefficient breaks commonly in use produce only five-eighths, or at most one inch, of bearing or friction from the wheel on the rail, which greatly destroys the wheel tyre and rails, and is insuffi- cient as a stopping power. The friction on the rail of the exhibitor's break has the advantage of 18 to 1 over other breaks, by securing a certainty of biting the rails in wet, foggy, and slippery weather. This break being inde- pendent of the frame of the carriage, is free from the vmpleasant tilting motion and mephitic smell of the old breaks. It is brought into action by one revolution of a powerful screw; another half turn of the screw throws the whole weight of the carriage upon the wedge block- bearing of the break against the wheel and rail, thus freeing the tyre of the wheels from friction, and raising the wheels clear of the rails one-sixteenth of an inch, further rise being prevented; thereby saving the expen- sive wear and tear of the wheels' tyre and rails—a matter of great consideration in the current cost of the stock of railway companies. These breaks can be brought into action on inclines, and relieved again without stopping the train. Full-sized pair of Lee's patent carriage-wheels, with axletrees and axle-box. This patent invention is designed to prevent accidents when the axletree breaks—a circum- stance not of unfrequent occurrence with public convey- ances and railway trains, and is applicable to all kinds of carriages and machinery. When the axletree breaks the wheel will still retain its position, revolve, and carry on the carriage with safety to any distance. The bearings are more than triple the strength and utility of the solid axle. The draught of the horse is greatly reduced by it, and the bearing is proof against the heating or setting fast of the wheel: it carries a large supply of oil to last more than twelve months, and is protected from grit, &c. These wheels can be readily detached and replaced again. It very greatly obviates the sudden unpleasant jerk caused by the wheels coming in contact with projecting sub- stances. 508 Crampton, Thomas R,, South Eastern jRailway Com- p>cinj/, 15 Buckingham Street, Adelphi—Inventor and Patentee, South Eastern Raihvay Company's London and Paris express locomotive engine, the "Folkstone," Crampton's patent. [This engine is suspended from three points at the ends of the machine, the object being to insure the weights on the wheels being at all times the same, and thus producing the greatest amount of steadiness. Atten- tion is also called to the fact that the whole of the machinery is independent of the road: it is thus similar in its action to a fixed engine, and the risk of breaking the crank axle, which frequently occurs in inside cylinder engines, is considered to be thus avoided.] 509 England, George, i/cffc/iam/ro?i IFo/'/iS, New Cross— Inventor and Manufacturer. An improved locomotive engine. This class of engine is intended to reduce the locomo- tive expenses in proportion to the amount of traffic. The North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. principal dimensions are the following:—Cylinders, 9 inches in diameter; stroke, 12 inches; driving-wheels, 4 feet 6 inches; and weight, in full working order, 13 tons. It has been proved that this engine is capable of working express trains, of six first-class carriages, at a speed of 60 miles per hour, consuming only 8 lbs. of coke per mile; while, from the centre of gravity being very low, and from the consequent steadiness of working at the highest velocities, an increased degree of safety is obtained, besides doing little injury to the permanent way. It carries coke and water for stages of 50 miles, and is capable of ascending an incline with a greater load than any other engine, in proportion to the size of cylin- ders or expenditure of fuel. 510 Adams, W. Bridges, 1 Adam Street, Adelphi— Patentee and Designer. Light locomotive engine for railways, named "Ariel's Girdle," on four wheels, coupled to a four-wheeled com- posite tender; it makes a steady eight-wheeled machine, capable of lateral flexure for sharp curves. The tender contains water beneath the floor, and has a sledge break of peculiar construction, acting with friction on the rails to save the wheels; its handle being within reach of the driver. Eight-wheeled double railway carriage for first and second-class passengers. The wheels are left free to move laterally by means of swinging links and shackles, which enable the carriage to run round curves of 250 feet radius, A sledge break of peculiar construction is sus- pended from this carriage. The locomotive engine pro- duced at the Airedale Foundry, Leeds, by Kitsori, Thomp- son, and Hewitson; the carriage portion produced at Bir- mingham by Brown and Marshall. A spring for the locomotive engine, formed of patent ribbed steel; the rib, working in a corresponding hollow of the adjoining plate, reduces the friction and preserves the parallelism of the plates. Patent grease-tight axle-box. Model of a patent fish-jointed rail, bedded to the upper lip in longitudinal timber sleepers. Drawings illustrating the mode of forming this railway. Drawings of patent carriages, &c., low-hung for agricultural railways. A non-recoiling patent atmospheric railway bufier for ter- minal stations. 512 London and North Western Railway Company— Stewart, C. E., Euston Square Station—Secretary. Patent express locomotive engine, Liverpool,"—dia- meter of cylinders, 18 inches; length of stroke, 24 inches; diameter of driving wheels, 8 feet; heating surface in tubes, 2136 feet; and in fire-box, 154 feet; weight in working order, 32 tons; coke and water, 4 tons. The evaporation of the boiler at full work is equal to 1,140- horse power. Pressure of steam 120 lbs. per square inch. The engine has a very low boiler, and the greatest weight is on the extreme wheels, which insures steadiness. Ex- hibited for the great amount of heating surface, and the general construction. Made by Messrs. Bury, Curtis, and Kennedy, of Liverpool. The patentee, T. R. Cramp- ton, 15 Buckingham Street, Adelphi, London. (See Plate 50.) 513 London and North Western Railway Company— Stewart, C. E., Euston Square Station—Secretary. Narrow-gauge express engine, the Cornwall" (see the following engraving), designed by Mr, Trevithick, one of the locomotive superintendents of the London and North Western Railway. Cylinders, 17^ inches in diameter; length of stroke, 2 feet; diameter of driving wheels, 8 feet 6 inches; weight, 27 tons. Exhibited for improved construction, in the form and position of the boiler, the size of wheels, &c. Made at the Locomotive Works of the London and North Western Railway at Crewe. The " Cornwall" Express Narrow-gauge Engine.—London and North Western Railway Company, [The amount of power obtainable in a locomotive steam- engine is to be measured by the diameter of the cylinder, or rather by the area of the piston working m the cylinder, and the pressure of the steam; and the effect with which the power can be applied to produce speed as a result is dependent upon the rapidity with which steam can be pro- duced in the boiler; whilst the economy with which power can be obtained and effect given to it are estimated by the fuel consumed and by the absorption of power by the ma- chinery, and the demand which the engine itself and its tender make upon the otherwise available power. The high pressure which yields power, and the rapid evaporation which gives the means of applying the power directly to obtain speed, are dependent upon the effect with which heat can be applied to the water in the boiler; and hence the amount of surface exposed by a boiler in any North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. manner to the action of the fire in the furnace or fire-box, or to heat arising from it—that is to say, whether by means of tubes running through the boiler and forming flues to the heat from the fire, or by a casing about the fire in the furnace—is the measure of the capability of the engine in respect of both power and speed. The diameter of the cylinder, the length of the stroke, and the diameter of the driving-wheel of a locomotive en- gine, act and react upon one another. Increase in the dia- meter of the cylinder increasing the area of the piston, and thereby its means of applying the power generated in the boiler, is an advantage checked in a slight degree only by the consequent increase of the friction of the piston in the cylinder: increase in the diameter of the driving-wheel requires increased power to put and keep the wheel in motion, but it gives increased speed to the locomotive as a body with the same speed of the piston in the cylinder; but increase in the diameter of the driving-wheel re- quires increased strength in the cranks of its axle, and thereby greater length of stroke, whilst greater length of stroke increases the time of the stroke, and conse" quently the time of a revolution of the driving-wheel.— W. H.] 514 Knox, G., Tottenhall, near Wolverhampton—Inventor. Model of railway break carriage. 522 Fairbairn, W., Manchester—Manufacturer. Locomotive tank engine. 526 Wilson, E. B,, & Co., Leeds; and 2 Poets' Corner, Westminster—Manufacturers. A locomotive double boiler tank engine and screw- moorings. The peculiar features of this engine are, its having two separate fire-boxes and boilers, so arranged that the stoking can be performed at alternate intervals in each box. The class of engines is six-wheeled, having four wheels coupled by outside rods with inside cylin- ders and crank axle; the centre of gravity is low, and the greater portion of the weight is carried by the coupled wheels securing a large amount of adhesion. The figure represents a side and half-end elevation of the engines. \ 530 Williams, Charles Cave, Glasshouse Yard, Goswell Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. Railway carriage constructed entirely of East India Moulmein teak, unpainted, the object being economy. As varnish only is used instead of paint, a carriage can be repaired and got ready for work in a few days. [East Indian teak is perhaps one of the most valuable timbers for all purposes where lightness and strength are required. It is extremely durable, and resists to a con- siderable extent the invasions of fungi and insects. Its native habitat is the mountains of Malabar and other districts, where it grows to an enormous size. Its botanical name is Tectona grandis.—R. E.] 532 Henson, Henry H., Pinner, near Watford— Inventor. Patent improved covered waggon for the conveyance of merchandise by railway, constructed of wood and iron on a new principle. When closed, this vehicle is fireproof and waterproof, and any portion of the side or roof may be easily opened to load or unload. Fig. 1 shows an end, and Fig. 2 a side, elevation of this waggon. Fig. 1, Henson's Covered Waggon. End Elevation. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Henson's Covered Waggon, Side Elevation, 534 KiTSON, Thompson, & Hewitson, Leeds— Manufacturers. Locomotive tank-engine. Its dimensions are, cylinders, 11 inches diameter, with 22 inch stroke. Is carried on six solid wrought-iron wheels. The pair of driving wheels is 6 feet diameter, and two pairs of carrying wheels, 3 feet 6 inches diameter. Constructed to run light express trains: will run without tender; having two water tanks beneath the boiler, and foot-plate to carry 500 gallons of water, and sufficient coke space upon the foot-plate to run for a journey of 50 miles. The figure represents a side elevation of this engine. Kitson, Thompson, and Hewil son's Locomotive Tank Engine. 536 Hawthorn, R. & W,, Newcastle-upon-T^ne- Manufacturers, First-class patent passenger locomotive engine. The weight of the engine is distributed more uniformly than usual upon the wheels and axles, by their double com- pensating beam springs hh. The slide-valves are relieved from the extreme pressure of steam; and the link motion, together with the action of the slide-valves, much improved; all of which, with the steam-pipe (a), are patented by R. and W. Hawthorn. The fulcrum of the compensating beams, although here represented in the centre, may be varied to give any required weight upon the respective wheels and axles. 539 McCoNNELL, I. E., Wolverton—Inventor. Model of railway passenger carriage. 541 Haddan, John Coope, 29 Bloomsbury Square—■ Inventor. Specimens of patent papier mach^ for the exterior of railway carriages. Patent railway carriage—the wooden panels grooved or rebated in the framing, show the ordinary and the painted part, the improved construction, which consists of a covering of papier mache in large pieces, laid over and against flush framework. Exhibited for cheapness and durability; the paper panels will not shrink, and there are no grooves to retain wet, which rots the framing. Patent railway wheel, formed with wooden wedges to check vibration, and with wrought-iron nave, with tires not liable to burst from being in a state of tension. Railway wheel formed of plain bars and fiUing-up pieces; the bars are so bent, and the filling-up pieces so shaped, that the heat requisite for welding on the cheeks of the nave does not burn or injure the bars, while at the same North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. time tlie Spoked better* fesist torsion: vibration is checked by cvirving the spokes. Another, constructed of plain bars, one end of each being bent so as to overlap or lie round the one next to it, and form a wrought-iron nave; parts of the wheels before being welded together. 543 Patent Shaft and Axletree Company, Brunswick Iron Works, Wednesbury, Birmingham—Manufacturer, Patent railway-carriage axle, as finished by the forge hammer. Patent fagot, previous to its being welded and shaped into a patent axle. Central bar, used in the formation of the patent fagot radial bar, fractured to indicate the quality. Axle end, showing the perfect union of the radial and central bars in the welded fagot. Patent axle (broad gauge), four and a half inches diameter, bent and twisted, without fracture, in conse- quence of receiving the shock of a heavy train, going at the rate of sixty miles an hour. The patent mode of manufacture makes the axles equally strong throughout; the fagot is made in a cylin- drical form by the external bars being rolled so as to fit accurately around a central bar. Such a fagot, however large, is perfectly welded throughout its whole length at one heat. [5.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] U North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Patent link for suspension bridges, rolled into form at one heat; by avoiding the necessity of welding, and by the arrangement of the fibres of the iron in the same direction, throughout its whole length, a greater and more uniform strength is obtained. 650 Roberts, J. E., Holywell, Wales—Inventor. Electric railway whistle. 552 De Bergue, Charles, 9 Dowgate Hill— Inventor and Manufacturer. Specimens of patent vulcanized India-rubber buffers for railway carriages; they consist of alternate rings or blocks of vulcanized India-rubber and metal plates with a rod passing through both rings and plates; intended to be lighter, more compact, more easily applied, and less liable to injury than steel or other springs. When acted upon, these buffers offer a gradual and greatly increasing resistance. Patent station buffer, which acts by friction; the re- sistance being given by a tapering hulk of timber passing between plates of metal acted on by India rubber; its power of resistance is progressive, like the former. [In these springs the peculiar elastic properties of vul- canized India-rubber are made use of. Experiments have shown that by separating the elastic rings by non-elastic plates of metal, the effective elasticity is greatly increased. In action, their ratio of resistance increases with the amount of pressure; thus rendering them equally sen- sible to light as well as to heavy concussions.—J, W,] 554 Sandford,. Owen, & Watson, Phcenix Iron Works, Rotherham—Inventors, Designers, and Manufacturers. Patent railway wheels, three feet in diameter, made of wrought-iron, and welded into one piece. The manu- facture is effected by machinery, and is scarcely more ex- pensive than that of the common wheel, while it is much more secure, from its construction. Wheel, 3i feet in diameter, made by the patented pro- cess, and similar to the former, excepting that the spokes are welded to an inner rim, which is turned, and the tire shrunk on and secured in the ordinary manner. 555 Spencer & Son, Newcastle-on-Tyne—Manufacturers. Baillie's patent volute springs for railway and other purposes, applied in various forms. 555a Spencer, Thomas, Tividele, Tipton, Staffordshire— Manufacturer. Chambers' patent wrought-iron wheel. 556 Lacy, H. C, M,P., Eichmond—Producer. Patent railway sleepers. 557 Crestadoro, Professor Andrew, 22 Peel Street, Salford—Inventor. Model of a machine for applying animal power to the working of railways, consisting of a carriage, on which animals are placed to work the driving-wheels; with illus- trated drawings, showing the recent improvements by the exhibitor. 558 Warren, Peter, Foley Feyiton, Staffordslme Potteries ■—Inventor. Model of a driving wheel for railway engines, devised to prevent slipping when going up inclines. By the use of this wheel the engine may be reduced in weight, and the wheel rendered stronger, whilst it takes no more room than that now in use. [The power of a locomotive railway engine is avail- able for onward motion only by the bite or grip of the surface of the driving-wheel on the rail, and as the hite is created by the weight upon the wheel, the surfaces in contact being practically smooth, as the weight of the engine is reduced the hite becomes less tenacious, and the power of the engine may be expended in making the driving-wheel revolve without corresponding onward mo- tion of the train. The method exhibited appears to promise to obtain the requisite hite or grip of the driving wheel, or to prevent the wheel from slipping, or from tui-ning round without onward progress, by means independent of weight upon the wheel.—W. H.] Two pair of couplings for railway carriages, one for luggage and the other for passenger carriages, to prevent the breaking away; they may be used with or without springs, and may be connected to any other carriage or waggon. Model of a weighing and lifting crane that will weigh and wind in two inches square, without drum or wheels. By this crane it is stated that a man can lift and weigh one ton with more ease than he can half a ton with the common lifting crane. 559 Pizzie, W., Alhourne Mills, Marlborough—Inventor. Railway break, which can be instantly applied to every wheel in the train. 560 Dillon, James, 28 Upper Buckingham Street, Dublin— Inventor, Railway break. The friction-slides are attached to the support beams, which rest on the axles of the wheels by means of six iron lifters, which are moveable on pivots, but equally distant and equal in length, so as to lift the wheels of the carriage one-third of an inch off the rail, when broiight into a vertical position, by means of the guard turning a screw, which gives motion to the friction- slides ; it would be made simpler if the lifters were fitted to the axle of the wheels, and the friction-slides made equal to the distance between the axle of the wheels. 561 CooLEY, James, Spalding—Inventon. Model of self-acting apparatus for making signals on railways. The arrival of a train, or the removal of car- riages from sidings on to or over the main line, is imme- diately denoted by the action of the carriages themselves. 562 Perry, Henry James, 3 Greenwich Road, Greenwich—Inventor. An atmospheric railway vacuum, obtained by gutta percha tubing, in connection wioh an engine. Can either be worked by compression or exhaustion. 564 Tennant, M, B., Trafalgar House, Brighton— Inventor, Brass models of five patent railway carriages linked together, with auxiliary safety-wheels, and traverse bolts and socket buffers. The models are provided with apparatus showing that railway trains may be prevented from going off the rails either from the effects of collision or dangerous obstruc- tions, and from the danger of delay or stoppage occasioned by the slippery state of the rails, as in the case of Clay Cross Tunnel. 1st, The auxiliary safety wheels are intended to be applied to every foui-th or fifth carriage, midway between the front and hind-wheels ; they turn each on its own axis or pivot, i. e., without an axle arm ; they rise up and fall down, on passing over obstructions, to the extent of 10 or 12 inches, enabling the train to surmount the obstacles, hitherto so fatal, without verging off the rails; they may be set to a greater or less height, and made to drop down 10 or 12 inches below the level of the other wheels when they are forced up by accident, always re- taining possession of the rails, and to turn acute curves with great speed and safety, 2nd, The bolt and socket buffers are placed trans- versely instead of longitudinally ; they rise and fall simultaneously on a bolt or pivot at each side of the chain link, and are kept within each other by means of spiral springs introduced into the necks,' having been closely wound up by the shackle, which tends to prevent oscillation of the carriages. Kingdom.] North Areas A. B. EAILWAY AND MARINE MECHANISM. 10 TO 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 243 1 TO 13, & 19 to 26. 3rd. To guard against delay or stoppage of the train occasioned by the slippery state of the rails in snowy or bad weather, a leading carriage precedes the engine, loaded with sand, and has a seat for a look-out-man, who has the command of a handle to let sand out on the rails when required. The carriage is pointed in front to cut through the air, and has a gi-ated fender in front to remove all obstructions. As no great quantity of sand is at all times requu-ed, heavy goods could be substituted to give suflfi- cient gravity and tenacity of the wheels to the rails; and as the seat for the look-out man would necessarily be much exposed, glass shields could be formed. In proof of the efficacy of the above i^lan, the models have been tested on a circular railway 60 feet in circum- ference, by a train which was propelled at the rate of 40 miles per hour, over obstructions adequate to 12 inches in height, with unerring certainty, but which, without the apparatus, would fly instantly off in a tangent; and it is to be remarked that as the safety wheels bear no part of the weight of the carriages to which they are attached, old wheels, on the score of economy, can be employed; and on the other hand, the adoption of the principle would not be attended with great expense, and railroad travelling would be rendered comparatively safe on the only transit now left open to the public. Model showing the four processes of permanent flat roofing, impervious to rain. This species of roofing has been adopted at Queen's Road Colonnade Hotel, near the terminus at Brighton. 566 Murray, W., 20 Universitij Street, Bedford Square —Manufacturer and Licensee. Eccentric coupling for railway carriages. Loop coupling, for taking up ''the slack" between two carriages mthout recourse to the screw. 568 Clarkson, T. C, 111 Strrfnd—ln\enior. Railway buffers. 570 Sanderson, C, Baker Street, Reading—Inventor. Instrument for setting out railway curves. 572 Stevens, J., St. Leonard Station, Fdinhin^gh —Inventor. Railway signal. 574 Hemmingway, A., Halton, near Leeds, and 12 Denham Street, Vauxhall—Inventor. Model locomotive. 576 Cripps, W. Norris, 352 BellBam Road, Birmingham —Inventor. Model locomotive tender and carriage for reducing the danger of collision on railways, and for affording refuge to the engine-driver and stoker. The novelty of the invention consists in the construction of a cannage with longitudinal tubular beams and rods, in lieu of the solid timber or iron beams at present used, and in the arrange- ment of elliptical springs, forming together a perfectly ex- panding and collapsing carriage, capable of sustaining an immense shock without receiving injury. Any descrip- tion of body may be placed on the carriage; and a portion of the arrangement of springs is so designed as to be capable of being adapted to the form of every carriage in present use. It is considered that a train so fitted would suffer but little injury from shocks from front or rear. 580 DoDDS & Son, Rotherham—Manufacturers. Model locomotive. 581 FouRNESS, William, St. James's Street, Leeds— Inventor and Designer. Alarum for locomotive engines, steam-packets, or other useful purposes. The sound is produced by the action of steam upon metallic reeds. 582 LocKYER, Joseph Hooley, Leicester—Inventor. Model of a patent self-acting railway signal, for loco- motive engines, &c., to signal the arrival of a train at any fixed spot, applicable for signalling trains in the rear, in a rapid curve, or approaching a station. 586 Macbay, William, Royal Artillery Barracks.^ Woolwich —Inventor. Train of railway carriages, with break or luggage-van; containing self-acting collision-breaks, and other apparatus connected with the carriages, intended to prevent the destruction of the carriages and injury to the passengers. Design for connecting the various railway termini of the metropolis, and affording suitable railway commimi- cation to all metropolitan large towns. A section of a street, with improved kerb, for keeping the pavement clean; furnished also with a fire-annihilator and life-preserver. 588 Snowden, William Francis, St. Thomas Street, Weymouth, and King's Cross, Gray's-Lnn Road— Inventor. Working model of a new mode of assisting engines with carriages up and down hills on railways; it requires no alteration to be made on the engines, carriages, or rails in common use, and is chiefly intended to save the expense of deep cuttings, tunnels, &c. Model of a new method of reducing the labour of horses, with carriages going up and down Mils on common roads or streets. Two models of mangles, showing a new application of a roller attached to the centre of the frames of such machines, and acting on the top of the mangle-box. The roller being made of galvanized iron, prevents rust; and being heated by one or more heaters, or otherwise, it improves the gloss and removes the damp of mangled articles. 591 Parsey, a., 455 Oxford Street—Inventor and Patentee. Compressed air-engine, for locomotive and stationary purposes. 600 Young, Charles, & Co., Edinburgh—Inventors and Manufacturers. Simultaneous-acting level-crossing gates for railways, for the prevention of accidents; consisting of four gates or levers, all of which act together, on one being moved by the gate-keeper. These gates are placed outside the building, at the west end. 601 Barlow, Peter William, Blackheath—Inventor. Model of cast-iron permanent way, as constructed on a portion of the South Eastern Railway. Also, models of sleepers for points and crossings for railways. The novelty consists in casting the chairs upon a cast-iron plate, which takes the place of a wooden sleeper or a stone block. The advantages over the ordinary constructions are stated to be, greater durability, and an increased num- ber of chau-s or points of supports, which, being planed true as to line and level, afford the means of obtaining greater accuracy in railroad construction. 602 Barlow, W. H., Derby—Inventor and Patentee. Wrought-iron permanent way for railways. The rail is made to form its own bearing-surface in the ballast, without the aid of sleepers, chairs, &c. In use on the IMidland Railway. 609 Stevens & Son, Darlington Works, Southv-ark Bridge Road—Manufacturers, Proprietors, and Patentees. Model of railway junction semaphore signals. The platform is raised from the ground from four to eight feet, to afford the signal-man a good view of the line. The two signal-posts represent the meeting lines of rail- way. The arms and lamps are worked by the foot of the signal-man, leaving his hands at full liberty to pull U 2 NoETH Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. over tlie switches or shifting rails; on the removal of his foot from the stirrup and his hand from the switch lever, the signals re-adjust themselves, the arms standing out at right angles, and the lamps ''red," stopping both lines. Model of a double station signal, provided with an arm and lamp working simultaneously on each side of the post, to command both lines by moving either of the hand levers. 610 De Fontaine Moreau, Peter A., 4 South Street, Finshury—Importer and Proprietor, Vidie's patent warner, an apparatus intended to be placed above carriages, from which metallic plates descend into the cari-iages, indicating the name of the place or station towards which they are proceeding, or are stopping. On one side of the carriage an apparatus is intended to be placed, which can be put in action from the inside of the carriage, and serves to give an order or warning to the guard. At the time of starting all the metallic plates of a train can be reversed by turning a crank arm for that purpose; and the apparatus closes simultaneously with the door of the carriage. 614 HoBY, James Ward, Renfrew, near Glasgow— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent system of permanent way for railways, com- prising a length of 18 feet of single line, with double- headed rails, cast-iron longitudinal sleepers, folding keys, and cross ties. The following cut represents a cross section of this permanent way. Cross section of Hoby's patent Permanent Way. A is the rail, and B the folding-key. The part C is a cast-iron piece, with a stirrup, or recess, cast through it, which holds the wrought-iron bearer, and receives in the stirrup a wrought-iron cross-bar, D, set on edge, for the purpose of securing the gauge and the tilt of the rails. Two cast-iron longitudinal sleepers reversed, to show the mode of securing the tie-bar. Specimen of the folding keys applied to an ordinary chair and double-headed rail. Specimen of a wrought-iron sleeper, with cast-iron folding keys, applied to a double-headed rail. 615 G-reaves, H., 4tOrdsaU Terrace, Manchester— Inventor. Iron surface-packed railway sleepers, with rails; a sub- stitute for wood-sleepers. [The decay to which the timber substructure of rail- ways is subject renders the substitution of some inde- structible material advisable, even presuming the first cost to be greater.—S. C] 616 Samuel, James, C. E., 3 Duke Street, Adelphi— Inventor. Patent cast-iron, timber-bedded, wedge-trough perma- nent way for railways. Patent fish-chair, or improved joint-chair, applicable to existing railways without removing the present sleepers; and giving continuity to the rails. [There are two kinds of rail-bearings, the chair bearings, and continuous bearings for rails. "With chair bearings the rails are supported at fixed points, from 3 feet to 4^ feet apart, the rail bridging near the intervals. With continuous bearings the rails are laid or bedded upon timbers, termed sleepers, which are in their turn bedded upon the ground, or rather, upon that preparation of the railroad for the permanent way, ballasting. The connection between the rail and the sleeper is made so that the two act together, and are borne in every part alike by the ballast. A transverse tie is required to keep the rails in gauge, or immoveably at the same distance apart; as the conical form given to the face of the tire of the bearing wheels of railway carriages, to enable them to run upon curves without dragging, induces a constant efibrt to force rails. At low speeds, this tendency is not felt; but at high speed, this derangement is very manifest. The sleeper commonly used is of timber in the log, cut into two halves, so as to present its section uppermost, and its round hard surface to the earth. The joint chair is intended to secure the abutting ends of the rails.—W. H.] Patent improved "donkey-engine," for pumping water into steam boilers, to be used in locomotives instead of the present ''feed-pumps." Sectional model of patent double-cylinder "continuous expansion" steam-engine, in which the steam is made to exhaust from the first to the second cylinder, the cranks being set at right angles. 618 Dunn, T., Windsor Bridge, near Manchester— Inventor and Manufacturer. Apparatus for removing carriages from one line of rails to another. The following cut represents an end view of a traversing machine, patented by the exhibitor, and is shown in the act of removing a carriage from one line of rails to another. The principal feature in the invention is the rail or shelving at the lower edge of the machine. In the engraving the carriages are mounted thereon by easy inclined planes, A A, attached to the end of the traverser, and working inwards and upwards at the same time on spiral joints. Dunn's Patent Traversing Machine. Models, to scale, of traversing machine, being modifi- cations of the same; with drawings. Drawings of patent skeleton rail, or turn-table; of an improved chain-cable testing machine; of a hydraulic North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. machine, for forcing railway wheels on and off their axles, with improved regulating and revolving carriage; and of a patent improved portable copying press. 624 Ormerod, R., & Son, 8t. George's Foundry, Manchester—Patentees and Manufacturers. Patent traversing machine. The improvement consists in applying an oscillating frame, forming an inclined plane, up which the carriage is run, and which, when brought to a horizontal position, can pass over the rails. Its claim to superior efficiency arises from its not in any way interfering with the fixedness of the perma- nent line of rails. Figs. 1 and 2 represent a side eleva- tion and plan of this traversing machine. Dunn's patent turn-table—the rails of the platform are supported throughout their entire length by inclined planes or wedges, which are brought into action when re- quired, and render the table perfectly rigid whilst a train is passing over. Figs. 3, 4, and 5, represent a section and plan of the patent turn-table. Fig. 1. Ormerod and Son's Patent Traversing Machine. Fig. 3. The advantages claimed are, that the carriage to be removed may be received, sustained during the traverse, and discharged, by means of one and the same pair of rails, laid continuously^ or without breaks on an oscillating frame, and the carriage may be thereby transferred from one line of rails to another, without disturbing the fixed- ness of the permanent rails. In figs, 1 and 2, a a are the permanent rails of the line. b b are the traverse rails, fixed at such a level as to allow the flanches of the wheels (c c) of the truck to pass over the permanent rails of the line. i d d and e e are the sides and ends or fi-aming of the truck, supported by six wheels (c c) running upon the traverse rails already described. By the sides (d d) of the truck is supported the axes (/), upon the extremities of which axes are secured the two sides (g g) of the oscillating frame, h h are two transverse pieces, connecting the ends of the two sides {g g) of the oscillating frame together. To the sides (g g) of the oscillating frame are attached the rails {i i) upon which the carriage is supported during its removal from one line of rails to another. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. The raising or lowering of the oscillating frame, together with its rails (i i), is eflfected by the wedges (j j) acting upon the transverse connecting pieces (A h); and through the medium of the levers (/i and I) and rods (ri) either end of the rails {i i) may be depressed, and made to meet and rest upon the permanent rails (a a) of the line. On the carriage being received upon the rails (^ i) of the oscillating frame, the oscillating frame must be brought into the horizontal position by means of the wedges, and after the truck and its load are removed to the desired line of rail, the carriage may then, by the same means, be allowed to descend upon those rails in either direction, as required. In figs. 3 & 4, a, a, a is a section of rail on the main line of way; 6, is the girder upon which the rail is fixed; c, is a sliding beam, the top surface of which is planed, so that by the lever (^) and the wedge-shaped bearings (d), this sliding beam may be raised in contact with the under and planed side of the girders (6), whereby the platform is made rigid. When the platfomi is required to be turned, the sliding beam is lowered by the lever (/), and the platform is left to turn upon the friction pulleys {e e), two of which are shown in fig. 5. 628 CuBiTT, J., Great George Street—Producer. Permanent way of the Great Northern Railway, with Ransomes' and May's patent chairs, treenails, and wedges. 636 Thorneycroft, G. B., & Co., Wolverhampton,— Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of Briggs' patent compound railway axle. Piece of the pile from which the axle is made. Patent axle. Patent charcoal tire for railway wheels and rails, showing the arrangement of the charcoal and fibrous iron; the same after it has been subjected to the action of acid, showing the physical construction of the part upon which the friction more particulai4y bears. The figures 1, 2, and 3 show the arrangement of the charcoal and fibrous iron in this metal. Fig. 3. Thomeycroft's Patent Axles. 637 WoESDELL, George, & Co., Warrington— Manufacturers. Railway axle-forge, hammered, showing process of manufacture; bent cold, and having borne a pressure of 84 tons. Railway wheel-tire, forged and hammered: showing process of manufacture. Patent railway axle-box. 638' Ebbw Vale Company, 83 Upper Thames Street, London, and Abergavenny—Manufacturer. Section of every description of railway bars used on different railways. 639 PoTiER, William, 33 Green Street, Wellington Street, Blaclifriars Eoad—Maniifacturer. Gut wheel-bands used for all kinds of machinery, manufactured from the long or running gut of the sheep; this band can be split into three in its entire length, and worked as fine as the finest cotton. It is used by watch- makers and others for the drilling-bow. 640 Ransomes & May, ipsw;M—Manufacturers. Barlow and Heald's patent machines:—Railway turn- table for turning engines or carriages. Wild's railway switch or turn-out rail. Barlow's iron sleeper, as in use on a portion of the South Eastern Railway, Permanent way of the Great Northern Railway; with chairs, treenails, and wedges, on the exhibitors' patent. Registered water ci^ane, for supplying the tenders of locomotive engines with water. Patent railway chairs, with patent compressed treenails and wedges. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Compressed wooden treenails and keys, for railway chairs, and previous to compression. Patent compressed ship treenails, in various stages. Chilled cast-iron pedestal, or axle bearing. Broken pedestal, showing the depth to which the chilling has penetrated. 641 CoALBROOK Dale Company, Shropshire— Manufacturer. Square, round, flat, half-round and oval, bar iron; angle T and girder iron; sash bar and moulding iron; tire iron; engine-floor, and foot-plate iron. 642 Parsons, Perceval M., C.E., 6 JDuke Street, Adclphi —Patentee and Designer. Patent switches adapted to the ordinary double T rail. Single patent switch^ adapted to Barlow's patent broad flange rail. Patent crossing for railways, adapted to the ordinary double T rail. Normanville's patent axle-bos. The lower chamber of the axle-box, which contains the journal and bearing, is cast in one piece, and closed by means of an apparatus fitted to it, for the purpose of excluding grit or dirt, and preventing the waste of grease. Patent machine for dressing mill-stones, with a mill- stone to illustrate its action. With the aid of this ma- chine, it is stated that a boy can dress a pair of stones in less time and with greater ease than a millwi'ight on the old plan. 643 Baines, William, Birmingham—Inventor. An improved railway switch. The mode of forming the tongue of this switch gives it stiffness and a broad base to slide upon; when closed, it is locked under the main rail, and the point prevented from rising. The tongues clear their own track, by driving the dirt under the main rail, and not against it, as in the old switch. The cost of construction is less than in the ordinary mode of forming the tongue, which prevents them shutting close, obviating the necessity of personal attendance to keep them in working order, and also the liability of accident if ne- glected. An improved joint chair, the object of which is to sup- port more firmly the joints of the rail. An improved intermediate chair. The two jaws of the chairs are made exactly alike, and are oblique, instead of opposite to each other. The chairs are slipped on diago- nally, and when brought to right angles support the rail without any key or wedge. 644 Kennard, R. W., Falkirk Iron Works, Scotland, and 67 Upper Thames Street, London—Manufacturer. Specimens of various switches. 645 Biddulph, John, Cwm Avon Works, Taibach, South Wales—Manufacturer. One large flanch rail, 63 feet long, 56 lbs. per yard. One small flanch rail, 4 lbs, per yard. 646 Beecroft, Butler, & Co., Kirkstall Forge, Leeds, and 8 Pancras Lane, London—Manufacturers. Specimens of railway wheels and axles, particularly adapted for express and fast trains, viz., entire wrought- iron wheels, with solid wrought-iron bosses, forged in one piece, with single and double spokes respectively. Specimens of the same, with wrought-iron disc centres and wrought-iron bosses; the tires of the latter being dovetailed to the discs to supersede rivets and insui-e greater safety. Specimens of wrought-iron wheels, with wrought-iron spokes, and cast-iron centres, for ordinary and other trains. All the above wheels have tires, combining hai'dness of surface with touglmess of texture, and double-faggoted ^les of improved Kirkstall manufactm-e. Specimens of tires and axles of above manufacture, bent cold, in a variety of forms, to show toughness and superior quality. Specimens of 28 different kinds of improved patent axletrees, for carriages, phaetons, omnibuses, cabs, drays, and other vehicles, manufactured upon the newest and most approved principles, from best double-faggoted Kirkstall iron. A self-acting regulating damper for high-pressure boilers. A registered improved moveable eccentric tumbler, for the valves of steam-engines. 647 Derwent Iron Company, Shotley Bridge, Newcastle—Manufacturer. A rolled malleable iron-beam plate, used in the con- struction of marine engines, 17 feet 1^ inch long, 4 feet 6 inches broad, and 1| inch thick, weighing 1 ton 5 cwt. A rolled malleable iron plate, used in the building of iron ships, 20 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches broad, 5-8ths of an inch thick. A piece of rolled keel iron, used in building iron ships, A railway bar, measuring 66 feet 9 inches in length, 88 lbs. to the yard, and weighing 17 cwt. 1 qr. 26 lbs. A railway bar, 65 feet 9 inches long, 12 lbs. per yard. 648 Richardson, J,, 9 Wobum Buildings, Tavistock Square, St. Pancras—Designer. Table of the weights of wrought iron in ounces and decimals, from ^ of an inch square to six inches by three inches, extending to 1,058 different sizes, advancing suc- cessively by l-8th of an inch in each dimension of breadth and thickness. Also the weights of round iron of all the sizes usually manufactured, to six inches diameter. And the weight of hoop iron to six inches wide, advancing by one-sixteenth in thickness. 649 Mersey Iron Company, X^z^erpoo?—Manufacturer. Samples of patent rolled iron. 650 Leadbetter, James G,, Gordon Street, Glasgow— Inventor and Patentee. Patent inventions: — Canal-lift, or hydro-pneumatic elevator; a substitute for canal-locks. The same principle applied to a ship-lift, a substitute for slip-docks and grid- irons; and to a wreck-lift, for raising sunken ships. Railway turn-table, or weighing-machine. Swivel-bridge elevator. Furnace-lift, Crane, Tippliug-machine. Air- pump. 651 Richardson, Robert, 39 Moorgate Street— Inventor and Patentee. Patent ''fish joint" for rails. Wrought and cast iron '' fishing pieces," 652 Gompertz, Lewis, Kennington Oval—Inventor. Railway trains constructed to prevent collision, by means of a lever curved two ways, which acts on all the wheels and projects beyond the carriage, which is met by a roller on the reverse side of the opposing carriage, so as to turn the one out of the other's way. Square carriage wheels, termed scapers, intended to prevent the obstacles and friction of the road, and to travel with great facility and diminution of labour. Their object is to advance by steps as in walking, without jolting the carriage. 654 Cunningham & Carter, Addlsoyi Road, Kensington, and at Sydenham—Inventors and Patentees. Model of an atmospheric railway ou a new principle, and models of carriages. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 655 Harlow & Young, Paradise Street, Eotherhithe— Inventors and Patentees. Model of patent atmospheric railway, with metal valves and discs. 656 Jones, Thomas Moreton, Southampton Chambers, 53 Chancery Lane—Inventor. Model of a railway train and breaks. The invention is intended to stop railway trains within a short distance by means of breaks fixed to the carriages, of such a form as to take the wheels off the rails with ease and safety. The breaks are successively brought into action with a rapidity proportionate to the velocity of the train, so as to avoid the danger of sudden jerking. They only require the ap- plication of a lever near the engine, to set in motion a rod, which passes underneath the carriages and communicates with the separate breaks. By moving the train backwards, the wheels immediately become free of the breaks. A simple spring buffer is substituted for those at present in vise. 659 Crutwell & Co., Newport—Inventors, Model of permanent way for railroads. 660 BoYDELL, James, 54 Threadneedle Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. Pair of wheels placed under a truck, for facilitating the draught of heavily-laden carriages, especially on soft grounds. Applicable to the wheels of railway carriages, in certain circumstances. 661 Stanton, Robert, 73 Shoe Lane—Inventor and Manufacturer. Electro-magnetic engine. Locomotive steam-engine. 662 Long, Charles Albert, 1 King St., Portman Square —Inventor. Railway signal, worked by the agency of electricity; in- tended to obviate the danger of one train overtaking ano- ther. By the use of this signal, trains may always be kept at a given distance apart: a train on passing the signal-post causes a red board to be exposed in daytime, and a red light at night, which signals remain until the train has pro- ceeded a certain distance in advance. The changing of the signal depending on the distance passed over, and not on the time which may elapse after passing the post. 666 Banks & Chambers, German Street, Manchester— Mamifacturers. Railway-carriage wheel, upon Banks' patented invention for inserting steel segments in that part of the tire which is most exposed to friction by running upon the rail. Another, with part of one of the steel segments left out, so as to show the shape of the dove-tailed groove in the tire. The improvement consists in turning a dove-tailed groove in the hollowed or worn part of the tire, and insert- ing solid steel of a particular kind, instead of turning away the surface of the tire to the level of the worn part, or re-tiring the wheel. It is stated that the steel segments do not cost half as much as new iron tires, and that the wheel wears twice as long by this method. [The surface of the tire of a wheel running upon edge- rails—and all railways of recent construction, for travel- ling at least, are laid with edge-rails—bears upon a very narrow breadth of the rail, whilst the whole of the breadth of the rail is small compared with the requisite breadth of the bearing-surface of the tire. As the swerving of the wheel, and of its tire, is in practice very small, that part of the tire which bears upon the rail becomes worn and rendered concave, while the flange and the remaining surface of the tire remain unworn. In this condition the wheel no longer runs freely and smoothly over the rail, and it becomes necessary to put- it into the lathe, and then reduce the uneven part of the tire to obtain a new and even face at the depth of the concave groove, or to put a new tire on the wheel, unless the groove can be filled in and the worn part be restored without subjecting the wheel to either of the two processes.—W. H.] 668 Copling, J., jun.. The Grove, Hackney—Inventor. Railway signal, for instant communication between the guards, passengers, and engine-driver. 670 LiPSCOMBE, Frederick, 233 Strand—Inventor and Manufacturer. Contrivance for preventing vibration in railway wheels, and making them run without noise. Portable fountains, for drawing-room tables, conserva- tories, &c. 672 Eastwood & Frost, Morledge Tron Worhs, Derby— Manufacturers. Rolled bar, forming when bent a segment of a wheel; bar, forming the centre of a wheel, viz., the boss, arms, and rim. Wheel-centre, complete, for carriages; and for engines. The wheel is made of wrought-iron, from rolled bars, so as to give strength and lightness to the arms and rim, and so secure uniformity of weight throughout. 674 Dicker, John, Clarence Terrace, 2 EotherfieldStreet, Lslington—Inventor. Improved automatic apparatus for transfeiTing mail bags or parcels, on railways, at any speed, and capable of receiving and delivering them, from the weight of a single letter to that of 701bs. This apparatus consists of a wooden frame and net at- tached, shown in plan A; and an iron post B, fixed in the ground at the side of the railway in a direct line with each other; and a corresponding apparatus afiixed to the side of the carriage C, viz., a projecting arm D, to support and deliver the envelope E (with bags or parcels enclosed), into the net A, which is fitted with conveying guide- lines F, to receive them. These lines are of great im- portance, the acute angle being the part in which the envelope is griped to detach it from the locks; it also prevents the possibility of escaping. G is a folding-net attached to the side of carriage to receive the envelope from the standard B. This apparatus has been long employed with uniform success on the South Eastern Railway. Fig. 1 is a ground plan, and Fig. 2 an eleva- tion of this apparatus. c CARRIAGE ^ It^^^ °Jdei-1very A g (jj) DELIVERY RECEIVING NET STANDARD Dicker's Automatic Apparatus for Mail Trains. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Dicker's Automatic Apparatus for Mail Trains. 681 Tabor, J. A., Colchester—Inventor. Improved application of the whistle to locomotive steam-engines. The advantages are said to be as fol- lows:— The steam cannot be turned on the engine without first sounding the whistle. The signal is uniformly given at suitable intervals of time and space, without the agency of the engine-driver. It distinguishes an ^^up" from a ''down" train, and also branch from trunk lines. The whistle is placed at the front, instead of the back of the engine, thereby throwing the sound farther upon the line, and removing the vapour from the eyes of the driver, and the noise from the driver and the pas- sengers. 682 Jackson, P. R., Salford Rolling Mills, Manchester— Manufacturer. ' Locomotive and carriage tires: manufactured by a pa- tent process. Spur-wheel, moulded by a patent machine, which moulds wheels or pulleys of any size, form, or number of cogs. Registered stench-trap. Model of the patent powerful hydraulic press, capable of lifting upwards of 3,000 tons. The cylinder is very light and strong, and the press has been at work for years. 684 Chabot, Charles, 9a Skinner Street, Snow Hill— Improver. Models of three railway carriages, exhibiting the follow- ing improvements:—A rotary and self-acting break, by means of which a train in motion can be stopped witliout shock, and without wear and tear of the wheels or rails. The breaking power is communicated to each carriage in succession throughout the train. Locked buffers, by means of which oscillation is diminished, and the con- cussion occasioned by collision received upon the line of buffer-rods, instead of the carriage frames, by which the separation of the carriages and their liability to be thrown ofi' the rails is prevented. An economical form of spring, applicable to the buffer and draw-rods, and other pur- poses. 686 McNaught, W., 26 Robertson Street, Glasgow— Producer. Montgomery's self-acting railway-break. 690 Handley, William, 26 Great Earl Street, SevenDials —Inventor. Patent break for railway trains, designed to obviate the serious defects of the common railway break. The first advantage it presents is an improvement as to the perma- nent way, which is effected by the use of the long shoe; this, by having 18 inches of bearing surface upon the rails, will slide over the soft or bad places hitherto made worse by the application of the ordinary break, the wheels having only about one inch of surface. The ends of the rails will not be jumped up or flattened by the wheels coming in contact with them, which is now the case, as the wheels resting upon the shoe will in fact press such irregularities down. The second advantage is that, in the locomotive de- partment, the wheel tires are always preserved perfectly circular; and the shoe, by bearing up the wheel when the break is applied, prevents the flat places being formed, and also torsion upon the axles. The wheels, whether of wood or iron, are saved from being strained, and the tires, rivets, bolts, &c. are not so liable to get loose, an evil which is caused by their becoming heated. The carriage frame is also saved from being racked and twist- ed, as the patent break is suspended upon the axle only. This will cause a great saving in the repair of break car- riages. By the adoption of this break, a power is gained when applied to two wheels only, fully equal to the usual breaks applied to six, a feature of no slight importance in cases of danger. This power in retarding a train is also always the same, which is not the case with the common break. The different weights with which the carriages are loaded are continually altering the position of the blocks, which varies the number of turns of the screw necessary to apply the ordinary break; while in wet, greasy weather, it is almost impossible to skid the wheels. The patent break can be applied in less time, and with two or three turns only of the screw, whereas six or seven turns are required with that hitherto in use. It is also free from the usual unpleasant noise, smell, and sensation from friction. Lastly, considerable saving is eJBfected, both in the amount of stock required and in the wear and tear of railway apparatus. The necessity for the introduction of an improved railway break is universally admitted by all engineers and practical men. The breaks in common use are very in- jurious, both with regard to the durability of the wheels and rails. Timber blocks of poplar wood are made to bear hard upon the peripheries of the wheels, so as to stop their revolution. The result is the grinding of many flat places on the tire of the wheels and the abrasion of the rails, occasioning frequent renewal. 691 Chesshire, Edwin, Birmingham—Inventor. Model, showing the principle of an invention for lessen- ing the danger of collisions on railways. This object is proposed to be attained by suspending in bearing sockets, under the centre of the framework of every carriage of the train, a strong iron rod or tube with an expanding head at each end, to be called a ''safety buffer," and moving, when acted upon, in a longitudinal direction; and also by attaching at the hinder end of the train a strong van with a low centre of gravity, for the purpose of receiving the first shock of a collision, should it take place from behind; the engine tender being made to answer a similar purpose should the collision occur at the front. The force of the shock will throw the "safety buffers " into one continuous inflexible rod, by means of which its force will be transmitted to the opposite end. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; O. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. so as to protect the intermediate carriages. In the case of one train overtaking another, the latter, it is conceived, would be completely protected by this api^aratus. 692 Harvey, D., 3 Cumming Place, Pentonville Hill— Inventor. Models of a locomotive tender and carriage, on a scale of one inch to the foot ; fitted with Harvey's patent safety machine, for railway carriages, to disconnect the locomotive from the passengers' carriages in the event of the former starting off the line of rail. 693 Walker, William, Shrewsbury—Inventor. Railway break. [The break" is to the railway train what the shoe, skid, or lock is to an ordinary road-carriage, a means of checking its speed, by pressure upon the wheels of some of the carriages, so that they may revolve less freely, and thus destroy the momentum of the machine when it is desired to stop it. The master-break of a train is applied to the wheels of the tender, and is worked by the stoker, under the direction of the driver, whilst the guards act in aid only upon the carriage-breaks as occasion arises.—W. H.] 694 Gray, George, 42 Woodcock Street, Birmingham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a four-wheeled railway carriage or guards' van, fitted with a new and improved break," of great power and instantanous effect; it forms a direct communication between the guard and driver," and acts on the rails only. Amount of rail friction obtained, 15 feet; ordinary breaks have only four inches: its object is to effect a great saving in wear and tear both to wheels and permanent way," by rendering the '^locking or skidding" the wheels unne- cessary, and to prevent collisions, by stopping the train at one quarter of the distance required at present. A lamp in the centre lights the interior of the van, and it can be also made, by moving a snag, to exhibit a signal to the driver and guard to stop. The space under the guard's seat is for dogs, extra lamps, and tools, &c. Adapted to run either first or last in a train, and requires no "turn- ing." The "blocks" of this break are composed of alternate plates of metal and blocks of wood placed the cross way of the grain. A six-wheeled model of a similar van and break: a por- tion of the roof is removed, showing the internal arrange- ments. The "blocks" of this break are of one piece of wood, "shod" with metal plates. It has rather less friction than the former. Scale of both—two inches to a foot. Provisionally registeredi 697 Wilson, Charles, Engine-driver on the Leeds and Thirsk Railway—Inventor. Small locomotive engine. 698 Green WAY, Charles, Southport—Inventor, Patent turn-table for railways, consisting of a " cradle " or frame divided into compartments, in which are placed spheres or balls on which the table top rests, the whole revolving round a common centre. Greenway's Patent Railway Turn-table. Patent anti-friction axle. The novelty consists in a "cradle" or frame, by which rollers are kept in their proper position. Patent castor, for furniture. The novelty consists in the spindle being surrounded by friction rollers. 699 CowPER, Edward Alfred, 9 Kensington Park Boad, Netting Hill—Inventor. Detonating fog and accident signal for railways. It con- sists of a small flat tin box about two inches in diameter, with a slip of lead soldered to it to fasten it to the rail. It is filled with gunpowder, and contains a match which takes fire when crushed. 700 Lester, Thomas, C.E., 15 Ure Place, Glasgow— Inventor, Elevation of an outside cylinder passenger tank engine, and first-class carriage, for the Glasgow, Paisley, and Greenock Railway, Among some of the advantages of this engine are its lightness, being only about 13 tons, with its complement of water; the fact of engine and tender being combined and placed on one frame; the extreme lowness of the centre of gravity, giving an angle of stability of 75°; and its large heating surface. The car- riage is constructed with great regard to the comfort of passengers, and will hold about three times the number of the ordinary carriages. The engine and carriage con- structed at Greenock by Robert Sinclair. 701 Hattersley, William, 136 and 137 St. George's Street, East, and 15 Lisle Street—Inventor. Passengers' signal for railway and other carriages; for ready communication with drivers, guards, &c. It con- sists of a cylindrical tube or casing to be affixed to the top of each carriage, or at the side in an elevated posi- tion ; within the casing is placed a lamp which is secured by a spring lock, and remains hidden until, wishing to give the signal, a bell-pull conveyed to each compartment is pulled, the spring lock is withdrawn, the lamp is forced up, and the signal is made. It is equally available by day and by night.—Registered, 702 Elliott, Thomas, Queen Street, Stockton-on-Tees— Inventor and Manufactm*er. Working model of a rotatory locomotive steam engine: intended to save 25 per cent, in steam. 703 Jackson, John, 5 Victoria Grove, Bayswater— Inventor. Model of a railroad, with stationary engine for propel- ling carriages by compressed air 704 Green, William, 28 Frederick Street, Hampstead Road—Maker. Model of a first-class railway carriage, on an inch scale, without trimming, showing the framing complete. 705 Stoy, Hugh, 22 Ann Street, Lambeth—Inventor. Model of an invention intended to stop, almost in- stantly, the engines and carriages on railways. It is under the command of the stoker or guard; it acts on the wheels of every carriage, and can be put in action or relieved in a moment, [Power in the hands of the stoker or of the guard of a train, if acting with instant and certain effect upon the wheels of every carriage of the train, to break the speed and bring the whole body to rest as quickly as may be consistent with safety, having regard to the speed to be broken, is a desideratum,—W. H,] 706 Squire, John, & Co., b Barge Yard, City— Manufacturers. Specimens of the following articles, all manufactured of Dewrance's patent metal:—Locomotive axle and con- necting rod. Rocking shaft bearings. Locomotive slide blocks. Bushes for levers. Carriage axle bearings. Carriage axle bearings, and various other machinery bearings, of Babbitt's patent metal. Improved carriage axle-boxes, Meads' patent reciprocating gas-meter. Model of direct-acting steam-engine, and sugar-mill with latest improvements. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Sample of patent metal machinery for cotton weft. Crank shaft bearings, of Babbitt's patent lined metal, for a 300-horse engine. 707 Tldmarsh, Rich., 3 Jamaica Bow, Bermondsey— Manufacturer and pai-t Proprietor. Working model of James Smith Torrop's patent pas- sengers' railway and steam-boat time signal; a simple instrument by which passengers are informed at one view of the exact number of minutes that are to elapse before the starting of a train or steam-boat; and which provides a mode of notification to passengers as they are on their way to the station. 708 Melling, R., jun., 5 Coupland Street, Green Heys— Manufacturer. Model of a royal state railway carriage, 1^ inch to the foot (broad gauge), with promenade round the outside. 709 Pearce, T. B., 93 Newman Street, Oxford Street —Inventor. A railway revolving fog signal-light. A red or green light is produced by triggers being struck by a stop placed at the side of the tram-road. 710 Hoy, Joseph, 6 Bickering Place, Baddington— Inventor and Manufacturer. Railway signal (for day and night); to indicate ''all right," ''caution," "danger" or "obstruction," or "order to stop;" by one and the same movement, or action of a small lever. It can be elevated to any conve- nient height. This signal is shown in the annexed cut. TRIFORM RMLW&X SIGNAL v\ I, /A ALL ^^mmT C A.UTION FOR DAV AND Nl.GHT TO STOP Hoy's Triform Railway Signal. 711 Allan, A., Crewe, Cheshire—Inventor. Model of hydrostatic or floating turn-table, for turn- ing engines and carriages on railways, &c., on the floating principle; made entirely of wi-ought iron. Model of an improved crane, for lifting and moving wei 712 Watson, Thomas, 79 Brovost Street, City Boad— Inventor. A day or night signal for railways, &c. [The most perfect code of railway signals is that which is the most simple; one sign, either by day or night, must tell the engine-driver what he has to do, without chance of error; improvements in the machinery by which the signs are made, viz., by moveable discs, or arms, by day, and different-coloured lamps by night, tend to secure certainty of action, and, therefore, are of great public im- portance.—S, C] 718 Wharton, Wm., Euston Station—Inventor, Patent railway wheel. The body is principally of wood, the chief features are the radial bolts and wedges to compensate for shrinkage. Model of the same, quarter full size, with wood felloes: the tires can be put on cold instead of being shrunk on in the usual manner. Model of the same, composed wholly of iron. 714 HiNiTT, James, 22 Vauxhall Bow, VauxhaJl— Inventor. Locomotive engine and tender, working model; scale, inch and a half to the foot. 715 Mansell, Richard Christopher, Ashford, Kent— Inventor. Patent safety wheel for railway purposes, having its tire so secured that, in the event of a breakage, no part can leave the wheel, which would still remain service- able. The tire has no holes through it, is made conical on its inner diameter, and is pressed tightly while in a cold state on the disc or body of the wheel, which is made to receive it: it is furnished with an endless groove on each side, and is secured to the body of the wheel by means of two flanched retaining rings, which have their flanches placed into the grooves of the tire, and are bolted laterally through the end of each wedge, forming the timber disc or body. The iron boss is made in two parts, and constructed so as to be tightened in the event of any shrinkage of the timber. Manufactured by Messrs, Fox, Henderson, & Co., London Works, Birmingham, and other railway wheel manufacturers. 716 Angus, Francis John, 21 King Street, Bath Street, City Boad—Inventor, Railway accident detector, to give instant notice when the carriage is going off the line from the breaking of a spring or axle, or the connecting-chain; it can also be set in motion by any person in or on the carriage. It is equally useful in buildings where valuable pi-operty is kept, to detect any tampering with locks or windows. Model of a life-boat. 726 Fadre, Theodore, 2 Little Argyll Street, Begent Street—Inventor, New snow-sweeping engine, for clearing railways and roads from snow. Its power may be increased according to the duty required, and the same engine may be applied to railways and common roads by changing a pair of wheels. 728 Shaw, Joseph, & Co., 91 Baddock, near Haddersfield —Inventors, Patent signals and points or switches on railways. 732 Fairbairn, W., & Sons, Manchester—Inventors and Manufacturers, Locomotive tank engine, adapted for working with economy light passenger traffic. 739 AsHBURY, —, Inventor, Model of a railway truck. 750 Watts, Thomas, 3 Belham Blace—Inventor, Model of a girder suspension bridge for railways, in- tended to be suspended upon aerial supports at a distance of every 300 feet, proposed to establish a commimication by railway between England and France, 752 Barber-Beaumont, G, D., Twickenham—Inventor, Patent locomotive machinery; applicable to all opera- tions of draught, as a steam-tug, or as a substitute for an animal drawing in the traces, on the road or at the plough. 753 Bursill, George Henry, 9 York Terrace, Queen's Boad, Hornsey Boad, Holloway—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved pressure gauge, of easy adjustment. The graduated scale has, in addition to the two columns of resistance usually engraved upon it for a high-pressure gauge, a third column, which is the sum of the other two. 754 Gunn, Joseph, 3 Ehenezer Terrace, Turner Street, London Hospital—Inventor. Machine to be propelled by hand-power. 756 Bowler, John, Birmingham—Inventor. Model of a carriage to run on the rim of the wheels instead of the axles: there is no friction whatever on the axles. The wheels are one inch in diameter; in one North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. revolution of the wlieel the carriage gets as far again as the circumference of the wheel, and the propelling wheel does not touch the rail. By this method the carriage cannot slip on an incline. 758 Drury, Francis, 26 Albert Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington —Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of street church bell, invented, designed, manu- factured, and registered by the exhibitor. The weight of the bell is 2 cwt., corresponding in strength of tone, to the ordinary bell of 6 cwt., and in depth of tone to a heW of 14 cwt. Forged from one ingot of cast steel. 764 Morris, William, Priory Place, Dover—Inventor. A working model of a machine for ascertaining and recording the weight of goods. This machine is repre- sented in the annexed cut. Morris's Weigliing Machine. 765 Slight, J., 35 Leith Walk, Edinburgh— Manufacturer. Model of Henderson's patent Derrick crane for moving heavy weights. 766 Cadell, H., Thorneybank, Dalkeith—Inventor. Weighing machine. 770 NicHOLL, William Lewis, & Co., 16 Aldersgate St. —Manufacturers. Specimens of improved square-end scale-beams. Exchequer standard scales, weights, and measures; and various improved scales and weights, including a complete set of scales for bankers. Improved lever weighing-machines. Dial weighing machine. See the annexed cuts. Improved Lever Weighing Machine. Dial Weighing Machine. 771 Olliffe, Charles Richard, Pamsgate—Inventor and Proprietor. Fraud-preventor, for indicating the number of people admitted into a public vehicle, or exhibition room. The construction is contained in a small box, which can be made to any size, and to indicate any number up to 1,000,000. The model exhibited will indicate any number .up to 10,000. 772 Day & Millward, 118 Suffolk Street, Birrrdngham— Manufacturers and Inventors. Patent weighing machines. Platform weighing machine. Inverted counter machines. Druggist's scale for counters. Specimens of fishing reels. 774 Davidson, Jonathan, & Co., Barony St., Edinburgh —Inventors and Manufacturers. A variety of steelyards or weighing machines of differ- ent constructions, simple and accurate in performance; easily turned when fully loaded. The particular advantages claimed are compactness, durability, and accuracy; the under levers, beams, sup- ports, &c., are made of malleable iron, with welded steel centres, the bearers are lined with welded steel, &c. 775 Richmond, John, Bow, Middlesex—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved engine counter, applicable also to turnstiles for bridges, &c. This machine is represented in the an- nexed cut. Description of the counter :—The number of strokes made by the engine can be read off at one view without calculation. The leading or unit hand traverses the entire circumference of the large dial, and the hands of the three small dials, Nos. 2, 3, and 4, all revolve in the same direction. The first motion is given by a sliding bar and fixed spring, instead of a double pallet, so that the first wheel cannot be thrown more than one tooth by one stroke of the engine. No skip-wheels are employed, and the hands are all moved by a train of wheels and pinions, so that the motion is regular and progressive. It will be seen that the arrangement is very simple. No. 1, or the large circle dial, contains 100 divisions, and the large hand traverses one division at each beat or stroke. No. 2 dial also contains 100 divisions, each one of which is equivalent to one entire revolution of No. 1 hand, thus registering 10,000 strokes. No, 3 dial is divided in the same manner, registering 100,000 strokes ; and No, 4 dial is divided into 100 parts, registering 1 000,000 strokes. Thus any amount can be read off without error. Richmond's Engine Counter. 776 Craig, John, 51 ComwalUs Street, Livei'pool— Designer and Manufacturer. Portable weighing machine, furnished with an enamelled scale-plate to be vised at pleasure (see fig. 1). North Aeeas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H; 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Cotton, sack, or bale weighing machine, on wheels (see fig. 2). Craig's Weighing Machines. Library machine for weighing, also for measuring the stature. Chimney-arch and smoke-damper, to be applied in the first construction of chimneys. Its use is to allow the cold air of the apartment to mingle regularly with the heated air in the chimney, and prevent smoke. The damper is worked by a small rod at the back of the grate, and can be regulated at pleasure. When shut, it prevents all down-blasts, and is serviceable when the chimney is on fire. It can be removed when the chimney is to be cleaned, and easily replaced. A smoke-damper, to be applied to chimneys already built. 777 Yates, William, Bromley, Middlesex—Inventor. An indicator, for registering and detecting change of speed in steam-engines or machinery. 778 GooDFELLOW, James, 4: James Street West, Devonport —Inventor. Gauge for showing the height of water in steam-boilers, talc being used instead of glass. No change of tempera- ture will cause the talc to break. 779 Howe, George, 119 G^reai (7mW/orc?5'^,, Southwark— Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered transparent water-gauge, for showing the exact level of the water in steam-boilers, consisting of a glass tube fixed in the brass sockets, with vulcanized India-rubber rings, to prevent it from being broken by the expansion or contraction of the metal; when the tube is broken by accident, it can be tightly replaced in a few minutes. 780 Medhurst, Thomas, 465 Oxford St.'—Manufacturer. Improved portable compound lever weighing machine. 782 DoNBAVAND, W., 9ib Great Ancoctts Street, Manchester —Manufacturer. Bright steel box and scale-beam, mounted upon a brass pillar. 784 Pooley, Henry, Liverpool—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent locomotive engine weighing tables, which give the gross weight, and also the impact upon the rails of each pair of wheels and of each wheel separately. Their use is to enable the superintending engineer to adjust the springs of engines so as to obtain the proper amount of tractive power which is consistent with safety from ten- dency to run off the line at curves. Drawing, in plan and sections, showing the construction, and mode of erecting the same. Pcoley s Locomotive Engine Weighing Tables. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Fig. 2. Pooley's Locomotive Engine Weighing Tables. Drawing, in perspective, showing the construction of the patent railway weigh-bridge. The rails being omitted, this drawing will represent the weigh-bridge as used for carts or waggons on common roads. The adjustment is concealed and cannot be tampered with. There is no strain or wear except while weighing. Fig. 1.—Elevation of office and weigh-bridge. Fig. 2.—Shows the internal construction and arrange- ment; the walls, platform, &c., being removed. Fig. 3. Pooley's Weighing Machine. Drawing in plan, elevation, and sections of a patent lock weighing engine, for weighing canal boats and their cargoes. Patent dormant platform weighing machine, flush with the floor, to weigh from ^Ib to 2 tons, as used in the merchandise department of the London and North Western and other Railways, and for general weighing in warehouses. The accuracy of the results by this machine is equal to that of the beam and scales, whilst the economy of labour, space, and cost, is at least 50 per cent. It is only by such means that the heavy mer- chandise traffic could be despatched with sufficient rapidity. Fig. 3.—The warehouse machine, as it is seen inside. Machine of similar principle, on wheels, for use on wharfs, &c., to weigh 1 ton. Machine of similar principle, as used in parcel office and shops, to weigh 8 cwt. Machine of similar principle, for weighing animals, as used by agriculturists, made of various sizes. Machine for counter use, from ^ oz. upwards. Drawings, in plan and detail, of the first large establish- ment in England, of baths and wash-houses for the poor, erected by the Corporation of Liverpool, 1845-6.—Archi- tect, Joseph Franklin; Engineer, Henry Pooley, Assoc. Inst. C. E. [In the Whitechapel baths there were 137,519 bathers last year, two-thirds of whom were second class. The charge for a second-class warm bath is 2c?., for a cold bath Id. The washers during the last quarter, ending Decem- ber, were 7,888.] 801 Anderson, Joseph, Elgin, Scotland—Inventor and Manufacturer. Victoria car, a two-wheeled vehicle, seated for four, and convertible into a two-seated gig or car by a single tm-n of the key. Made with light springs, high wheels and low seats, to avoid danger from accidents. 802 Andrews, Richard, Southampton—Manufacturer. Light outside car, with imitation caning, on a new principle. 803 Andrews, J., 42 Great Brunswick Street, Dublin— Producer. Irish car. 804 Baskcomb, Geo. H., CMslehurst—Designer. Model carriage, with four wheels. It indicates the distance of ground it travels over, and marks the same minutely on a dial, placed so as to be always in view to the driver; it has spiral springs placed under the seat of the driving-box; an elastic bar, so placed as to relieve the feet from vibration; four preventive wheels, in case_ of accident; two arms provided with roller wheels, which protect the vehicle from collision, and a screw-break, by which the driver acts upon the wheels, so as to ease the vehicle down hill, or stop its further progress. Model carriage, intended as a curricle, or single-horse dog-cart, for two or four persons. NoKTH Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. Registered sporting trap, for three persons, tandem or single; adapted either for travelling, sporting, or trot- ting. It has high wheels, shifting basket for dogs, and a wire basket for game ; is light, and of new construction. 805 Bishop, James, 343 Strand—Inventor. Model of a public conveyance, in two compartments, with improved accommodation, front and back. The front is in the form of a chariot, for six passengers ; the back is for eight. 806 Black^ Henry, & Co., 1 Bemers Street— Manufacturers. A spheroid-back brougham; its object is lightness of appearance and draught, and additional interior space. 807 Parsons, —, Islington—Inventor. Model of an omnibus. 808 Cable, G. Model of a coach. -Inventor. 809 Booker, E., & Sons, V?> Mount Street, GrosvenorSq.— Designers and Manufacturers. Improved "sociable," forming an open or close carriage at pleasure. See the annexed figure. Booker's Improved Sociable. 810 Wheatley, J., Greenwich—Inventor. Model of an omnibus. 811 Briggs, George, & Co., 45 Wig'rnore Street, Cavendish Square—Designers and Manufacturers. Town-travelling chariot and mail phaeton. 812 Brown, Marshall, & Co., Birmingham- Manufacturers. Improved safety cab, mounted on Aitken's patent iron suspension wheels. New light cab phaeton, intended to combine the ele- gance of the single phaeton with the utility of the double; similarly mounted. Aitken's patent cart wheel, with part of axle. 813 Brown, Owen, & Co., Lichfield Street, Birmingham — Coach and Carriage Builders, Park phaeton, of light construction. 814 Browne, William, 39 Grafton Street, Dublin— Manufacturer. Irish jaunting cars, common and improved. 815 Coates & Blizard, Park Lane- A brougham. -Manufacturers, 816 Cook, Rowley, & Co., King Street, Regent Street— Manufacturers. Patent brougham, having the carriage fitted up with inverted double C springs, and registered transverse con- nectors, bands, and braces. By the application of these springs to light carriages, the unpleasant motion felt in elliptic spring carriages is obviated, and the easy motion of a perch carriage, with upper and under springs, ob- tained. Patent park phaeton; the body is attached to the car- riage by plated snake hoops, and the carriage fitted up with inverted double C springs. This phoeton is repre- sented in the following cut. Models for public carriages. A cabriolet to carry five persons in separate compartments, and an omnibus divided into compartments, by which the annoyances so fre- quently complained of in the common vehicles will be prevented. The carriages are patented, the invention of Monsieur J. A. Franklinski. -Cook, Rowley, & Company's Patent Park Phseton. 817 CoLLiNGE, Charles, & Co., 65 Bridge Road, Lambeth —Designers and Manufacturers. Patent axletrees. The right and left-handed screwed nut linch-pin and cap at the end of the arm are intended to prevent the wheel coming off. 818 CoRBEN & Sons, 30 & 31 Great Queen Street, LincolrHs Tnn—Manufacturers. Registered carriage. 819 Chard & Munro, Bristol—Manufacturers. A Coburg conveyance. 820 Cousins, W., & Son, Oa/orc?—Inventors and Manufacturers. Light two-wheeled sporting carriage, adapted, by a cou' cealed propelling screw, to carry two or four persons. 824 Croall, William, jun,, & Co., Grccnside Place, Edinburgh—Designers and Builders. Oriental demi-cabriolet. Hung on a new principle, uniting great ease of motion with lightness of draught and facility of access. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26, 826 Crosskill, Edmund, Vauxhall Wlieel Works, Liverpool—Inventor. Specimens of improved patent wheel. The particular features consist in the turning of the spoke with strong double-shouldered ends, turning the rims, and boring double-shouldered sockets in the felloes; the hoop-tire is also bent, bevelled, affixed, and tui-ned by patent ma- chinery. The cuts exhibit an elevation, side view, and section of this wheel. Elevation of Groskill's Tatent Wheel, Side view. Section of Globular Nave. Liverpool town float, lorrie and coal cart; each com- plete. Specimen of a sporting cart, mounted on new patent wheels and axles, &c., by Messrs. Puckering and Houl- gate, Beverley, (See also Class 9.) 828 Davies, David, 15 Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square —Inventor and Manufacturer. Full-sized light carriage, of new design, with dome roof, patent wheel-plate lock, and patent automatic moveable steps. Basterna brougham, with patent inverted springs, pa- tent wheel-plate lock, and patent automatic invisible steps. Light summer carriage, specially adapted for hot climates, with patent quadrangular umbrella to form a canopy, &c. Model of patent railway-carriage break, on a scale of 1J inch to a foot. New single wheel revolving carriage. Model of accommodation carriage. 830 Dawson, F. W., 19 York Street, North Polygon, Bath —Inventor and Manufacturer. Wheel chair for the use of invalids. Pedomotive, or self-propelling carriage. 842 Drabble, Joseph, & Co., 8 PancrasLane—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent conical arms and axletrees for waggons and carriages, with various improvements. 843 Fowler & Fry, Bristol—Inventors. Low-bodied dog-cart, which, when fitted with luggage- body, answers all the purposes of the ordinary dog-cart, and is also adapted for park use; the lowness of the body and the height of the wheels render the draught easy. See the following illustration. Fowler & Fry's Low-bodied Dog-cart. 844 DuFFiELD, John E., & Co., 114 Aldersgate Street— Manufacturers. Highly-finished light phaeton, for a pair of cob horses. Set of double harness with plated furnitm^e, adapted for the same. Best quilted Somerset saddle and Weymouth bridle. 845 Fuller, George & Thomas, 5a^A—Manufacturers. Landau carriage, with improvements. The head is made to open clear of the heads of the persons inside. The front springs are elastic. The hind ones are divided, and the number of plates being divided also, great easiness of motion is produced. 846 Geary, Stephen, 19 Euston Place, Euston Square— Inventor. Model of a patent street watering-cart, with fire-engine combined. 848 Gibson, Thos., 8 Weaman Street, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Railway bearing-spring. Registered elliptic spring with India-rubber bearings. Grasshopper spring with scroll irons. Elliptic spring. Patent mail and Collinge's axletree. Samples of coach ironmongery. [The application of India-rubber to obviate the un- pleasant action arising from the friction of springs at their two points of junction is here attempted. A square block of the material alluded to being placed between the springs, the three thicknesses are held together by a bolt, sufficient play being allowed, and the whole is covered with a brass box. Springs of carriages of all kinds are hammered out of steel bars, in the ordinary method employed to produce steel goods. They are bent to suitable gauges, corre- sponding to the degree of elasticity required, are hardened by being plunged into water, and tempered by being brought back to a straw, or blue, colour. Elliptic and grasshopper are names given to the difierent varieties, and are at once understood by the trade.'—W, C. A.] 849 Dart & Son, 12 Bedford Street, Covent Garden— Manufacturers, Lace for carriages. 856 Greville, J., 36 Mary Street, Difft/wi—Manufacturer. Irish jaunting car. 858 Grisdale, John Edwin, 289 /S'^ranc?—Inventor. Working model of spring carriage wheel; the springs are enclosed in the nave of each wheel, and revolve with them when in motion. Any shock caused by the uneven- ness of the road, &c., is received on the springs alter- nately, and thus the unpleasant motion which is produced by the reaction of the ordinary springs is prevented. The axletrees fitted to these wheels are less liable to break, as the vibration is removed from them. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. T). E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 860 Hadley, J., London Bond, Worcester—Inventor and Manufacturer. Bastema clarence and brougham. Their wheels are double-tired; the under tire keeps the wheel upright and preserves the felloes when the outside tire is worn out. The furnitm^e is made of Worcester china. 862 Hallmarke, Aldebert, & Hallmarke, 57 .Long Acre —Inventors and Manufacturers. Underspring step piece barouche. New Park phaeton, designed by one of the exhibitors. Drawings of a state carriage. Demi-state carriage. State railway carriage, &c. 864 Harding, W. & Co., 68 Long Acre—Designers and Manufacturers. Specimens of carriage laces, linings, and carpets, show- ing the progressive improvements in their manufacture; also of tassels, bullions, fringes, and other upholstery ornaments. 868 Heath, Jajies, 4 Broad Street, Bath—Inventor and Manufacturer. Light open park wheel chair, designed to show the adaptation of glass to the panels of Bath chairs, and other vehicles, for ornamental purposes. Bath Albert wheel chair, with folding head and shut- up glass front. Newly-invented reclining and elevating spinal bed wheel chair, designed to enable invalids to take airings without inconvenience. Close clarence Bath chair. Merlin invalid room chair, with wheels intended for self-propulsion. Foiir-wheel Bath park chair, with shifting shafts, handle, and dashboards, for a small pony 872 Holmes, Herbert & Arthur, Derby— Manufacturers. Light park phaeton, having the upper part of the fore- carriage and the requisite branch stays, &c,, wrought in one piece of iron-work. Dog-cart, or spoi'ting-buggy. Set of single buggy harness. A set of winter shoes for horses, fitted with screwed chisel-points and plain studs. A series of modern carriage drawings. 874 Hooper, George, 28 Hagmarket—Inventor, Designer, and Manufacturer. Brougham carriage, for one horse; of improved con- struction and design, hung by leather braces on an under carriage, with a double set of springs. Barouche landau, with improvements. Series of designs of new and improved forms of modern carriages. (By G. N. Hooper, jun.) Working model of a brougham carriage; scale |in. to a foot. (By W. Hooper, jun.) 880 HoRNE, WiLLiABi, 93 LjOug Acre—Manufactm-er. A patent segmental brougham. From its peculiar construction, it contains the same room as a chariot ; and it may be made to accommodate three or four persons. The distance between the wheels is greatly shortened by the application of the eccentric double perch bolt lock in the turning of the fore carriage. The inside is fitted up with an ornamental couch or sofa back ; and the im- provement in the opening of the doors facilitates the ingi'ess and egress. A. patent segmental chariot, exhibiting all the im- provements of the patent brougham ; the peculiar ser- pentine form of the front boot which sustains the coach- man's seat, is a new feature in this description of caniage. It is made sufficiently light for one horse; and it is very easy of access, the body being low, 882 Huttly, F., 10 Lamb's Conduit Street—Manufacturer. Coach lace patterns, silk vellum, cut on terry lace, drawn on terry, and relief, cut on terry. Figured silk ground lace. Registered design. 884 Hutton, John, & Sons, Sammerhill, Dublin— Coach Builders. Clarence, with front circular lights and concealed quarter spring curtains. Brougham, with excentric fore carriage. Park phaeton on C and under springs, with hind seat and head. Car on a new construction, with sliding power and dog- box, to answer either as car or dog-cart. 888 Jordan, William Heath, Cumberland Basin, Clifton, near Bristol—Designer and Manufacturer. Invalid three-wheel chairs, for one or two persons, to be drawn by hand, with reclining apparatus for spinal complaints, broken or injured limbs, &c. 892 Kent, Richard, Saffron Walden, Essex—Designer and Manufacturer. Carriage with a low body, for easy ingress and egress, and forming an invalid's pony chaise. 894 Kesterton, E., 80 Long ^cre—Designer and Manufacturer. The amempton" carriage. A close double-seated car riage, of novel design; by a simple contrivance it can be converted into a light, open, step-piece bai^ouche, adapted for summer and winter. Kesterton's " Amempton" Carriage. The engraving represents an improved registered car- riage, capable of conversion into an open or close car- riage, as may be required. Fig. 1 represents the carriage closed, or what is termed the amempton; which can be readily converted into a step-piece barouche. Fig. 2 is the carriage thrown completely open and constructed as an ordinary open carriage, with a half head, which is raised and lowered in the usual manner, with a solid folding knee-flap. The front portion of the amempton is formed of a framework with circular front glasses, and furnished with doors; the door-glasses and front glass are made to rise and fall at pleasure, and are furnished with silk spring curtains; the whole being surmounted or covered with a roof. This framework is secured to the head with a new kind of fastening; the door-glasses, when down, are received into the lower part of the doors ; the back instead of being flat is of a curved form. [5.] [OfFicrAL Illustr. ated Catalogui:,] X North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 2G. 895 Kinder & Wheeler^ Granby Place, Leicester— Designers and Inventors. An Albert phaeton, either for one or a pair of ponies, with an improved fore-carriage. 896 Kings, W., 101 Long Acre—Designer and Maker. Cabriolet domestique. Its objects are commodiousness, lightness of appearance, and draught. Both bodies being exactly of the same shape and dimensions, the hood is transferable to either in a few seconds. 898 Kinross, William, & Co., Slirliag, Scotland— Manufacturers. City omnibus, sufficiently commodious for carrying nineteen passengers inside, with a large well on the roof, fitted up with ornamental glass and ventilators, so that on all occasions there is abundant ventilation, and the passengers, when going out and in, can walk upright. The well also makes a comfortable seat for outside passengers. It is constructed upon the lightest principle for draught consistent with strength, having double hind springs, so that when it is lightly loaded the motion is easy, and when heavily loaded both springs come into action, which cause it still to retain the same motion. It is adapted for two or three horses abreast, with equalizing bars, so that each horse may have an equal proportion of the draught. 902 Lewis, Charles B., 14 King Street, St. James's— Inventor. An invention to facilitate the ingress and egress of omnibus passengers. 908 Marks, John Isaac, Lang ham Place, Cavendish Square —Manufact u r er. Patent noiseless wheel, with Collinge's axle, revolving on a model granite pavement. The wheel (in addition to an iron tire) is shod with a solid band of vulcanized India- rubber, said to be as durable as iron. Bath, or invalid chair, fitted with the patent noiseless wheels. R. W. Thomson, C.E., Inventor and Patentee of the noiseless wheels. 910 Mason, William Henry, Kingsland Road— Inventor. A pony carriage, of light and simple construction. This carriage is represented in the cut below. Mason's Pony Carriage. 912 Menzies, Andrew, Glasgoiv—Proprietor. Model of an omnibus, with three horses abreast, draw- ing from equalizing bars or levers, connected with the splinter-bar, so that all must have equal draught. 913 RaWORTH, B. P., Sheffield—Manufacturers. Carriage axles, &c. 914-916 MiDDLETON, William & Charles,40 Long Acre —Manufacturers and Inventors. Improved convenable carriage, to be used either open or closed. Model of a fore-carriage, with registered centripetal wheel-plate, for the purpose of bringing the hind and front wheels of four-wheeled carriages closer together. 918 Mitchell, Rev. Graham (LL.D.), Whitburn, Ljinlithgowshire—Inventor and Proprietor. Model of a safety carriage, with diagram. The carriage, in any perilous circumstances, can be stopped from the inside with facility and safety. (The design of this in- vention described m 50 different languages). 919 Mitchell, Rev. William, A.M., Woolwich— Inventor. Model of railway engine, carriages, &c., with plan to preserve human life, and prevent serioiis accidents. A bell is attached to the last carriage, and another at the side of the engine-driver, by which, when danger is apprehended, or when the axle is broken, and the carriage on fire, by pulling a string attached to the inside of each carriage, so as to communicate instantly with the guard and engine-driver, the train can be stopped in a few seconds. This invention is peculiarly a,pplicable to express trains. 922 Mulliner, Francis, Northampton—Manufacturer and part Inventor. Pilentum, suspended on elliptic springs and patent axletrees, with imitation cane-woi'k on body, painted and lined blue; constructed with an improved mode of lock- ing the fore-carriage. 924 Mulliner, Henry, Leamington Spa- Manufacturer. New four-wheeled carriage, or improved brougham. The improved design and construction of the carriage- front affords more room inside either for two additional passengers, without the usual heavy appearance of such additions, or increased comfort as an ordinary single- bodied caiTiage. The novelty is the substance of the registration; being two distinct curves instead of only one in the front part, and trimming inside at the back. Its lightness (7 cwt.) and compactness of wheels, and conse- quently reduced draught, render it suited for one horse. A further improvement in this carriage is the principle of communicating with the coachman; the voice-conductor being entirely concealed, and the mouthpiece at each side, instead of at the middle of the back as usual, and suspended from the roof. The design is registered. A series of drawings showing an improved system of curricle-driving, and also of posting with a two-wheel carriage. Designs of various dog-carts, riding vehicles, &c. 926 Newham, John, Market Rarborough, Leicestershire —Maniifacturer. New pony carriage, with pole and shafts complete, and hind seat removeable: constructed of iron. Kl^JGDOM.] North Areas A. B, KAILWAY AND MARINE MECHANISM. 259 10 TO 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. 928 Newnham, Ben., 19 Broad Street, Bath— Manufacturer. Bath wlieel chair, to be drawn by hand or small pony, having a moveable glass front and solid knee-flap for bad weather, together with the hood and the summer apron attached. A ventilator is fixed in the hood. 932 Nurse & Co., 43 Crawford Street, and 200 Regent St. —Inventors and Maniifacturers. Cui-ricle and cabriolet brougham, to be used mth shafts and one horse, or with a pole and curricle appointments and two horses. 934 Offord, Robert, 79 iy<?//s/S'^ree^, Oxford Street— Inventor and Manufacturer. Four-wheel carriage for horses. New carriage: the "semicircular clarence." 936 Paternoster, T., 13 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square —Designer and Manufacturer. Lace, in thread, worsted, and silk, for carriage deco- ration. 938 Peters & Sons, Park Street, Grosvenor Square— Manufacturers. A light step-piece shaped park barouche, with lee and under springs. QtJAN & Sons, 10 Talbot Street, Duhlin— Manufacturers. 940 Improved Irish jaunting cars. 946 enables a single horse or a pair to be brought near to the di-iver, or dashing leather, giving the advantage of a high front, bringing the wheels nearer to each other, and allowing any desci^iption of carriage to be kept at any ele- vation from the ground. 952 Rock, James, jun., Hastings, Sussex—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent carriage spring of two plates, weighing 11 lbs. 8 oz., and possessing greater strength and elasticity than an ordinary laminated spring of five plates. Common carriage spring of five plates, weighing 21 lbs. Improved spring on the same principle as the former, but with only one plate, and weighing 7 lbs. 4 oz.; equal in strength and elasticity to a common spring of three plates. Spring of three plates of the ordinary kind, weighing 14 lbs. 6oz. These springs placed on a testing machine, for com- paring the new springs with those of the old construction. 954 Rock & Gowar, Hastings—Manufacturers. Patent omnibus for the conveyance of passengers, con- structed with the upright part of the framework so placed as to apportion to each passenger his proper share of space on the seat, namely, 16 inches. The window frames are made to slide in such a manner as to give considerable additional internal width to the body, without increasing the external dimensions. The front and hind ends are circular, and the door is made to open both ways, so as to enable passengers to get upon the step from either side of the road with safety. Harvey, Joseph, 41 Bridge Pioad, Lambeth— Designer and Patentee. The Richmond car, a patent two-wheel open carriage, suitable for ladies: being hung low, it is very easy of access, and remarkably safe. The seats are spacious, and capable of accommodating four or six persons. The i wheels, which revolve under the body instead of the : outside, effectually prevent any mud or dust being thrown up. It also has capacious boxes for baggage, &c. May be fitted with a pole, for a pair of horses. 947 RiGBY & Lee, 7 Park Lane, Piccadilly— j Manufacturers. Private carriage—brougham—adapted for one or for a pair of horses. 950 Robinson & Co., 12 Mount Street, Grosvenor Square— Designers, Inventors, and Manufacturers. Britannia phaeton of new design, with registered lock or wheel-plate in the front part of the carriage, which 956 Rock & Son, Hastings—Inventors, Designers, and Manufacturers. Patent dioropha, or two-headed carriage, combining, in one, a clarence, or pilentum coach, complete with all its appointments; a barouche, with folding hea.d, and threefold knee-flap; and an open carriage. The heads can be re- moved or exchanged, with facility, by means of a pulley attached to the ceiling of the coachhouse, aided by a counterpoise weight. The folding steps are on a new principle. The silk of the lining was supplied by Messrs. Draper of High Holborn; the lace by Messrs. Cooper and Blackford of Long Acre ; and the axles by Mr. Thrupp, proprietor of Collinge's patent. The whole of the carriage and its appointments (except the silk) are from the de- signs of James Rock, jun. Patent pony carriage on improved principles, con- structed with single-leaf springs. These springs, which are seven in number, weigh only I25 lbs.; they have been proved with 4 cwt., without taking any '^set" or perma- nent deflection. They are shown on a testing-machine. Rock and Son's Patent Dioropha. X2 North Areas A. B. 10 to 34 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; F. 1 to 32 ; G. H. 1 to 13, & 19 to 26. by means of whicli they may be compared with springs of the ordinary kind. The illustration represents the carriage described above^ with the clarence-head suspended over it, ready to be lowered when wanted. The barouche-head and fittings for summer use, are shown by dotted lines. These are removed when the clarence-head is put on. The third form of the carriage (without either head) is shown. 958 Saunders, Charles, New Yard, Great Queen Street— Inventor. Newly-designed park brougham with circular front glasses, and round back; also an elegant double sofa back, with fluted roof, and self-acting ventilators, in glass frames. It has a detached driving boot, con- nected to side cranes that pass under the body, connecting the hind axletree, and dispensing with perch carriage, this being much tighter. By this mode, the body has the ease and motion of a chariot. Being hung with long braces, it destroys all the drumming noise which is too frequently heard in close carriages. It has also got the exhibitor's newly invented double lever wheelplate, lock- ing on two centres to shorten the carriage as much as may be required, bringing the fore and hind wheels closer together, and the axletree does not lose the centre of the body when the cariiage is bemg locked. B shows Saunders' Doable Lever Wheelplate. the top bed, which forms a part of the top carriage. The central part of this bed is allotted to receive three levers he c, which are jointed at each end with a perch bolt. The middle lever h is bolted to the under carriage, and the top and bottom levers c c are respectively attached to the allotted top bed h by fulcrum pins on which they turn; c c is the wheelplate attached to the top carriage, the figure of which is made up from curves struck from the centre of fulcrum pins, making two distinct circles (as will be evident on inspecting the drawing). A is the friction plates attached to futchells, and having the same curves as the wheelplate, forming a bed for that to slide over. When locking, the carriage draws the lever b from its recess, and causes the upper or the under lever (as the case may be) to accompany it; but immediately the carriage is changed to straight draught, the same effect is obtained as if there was a central bolt attachment. This invention is applicable to any carriage. 960 Sawyer, Willard, St. James's Street, Dover— Inventor and Manufacturer. A velocipede. 962 Shanks, Rob. H., 4 Great Queen Street— Manufacturers. Step-piece landau, on elliptic springs. 964 Shillibeer, George, 1 Commercial Place, City Road ■—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. A patent fxmeral carriage, -expanding and contracting at pleasure. 965 Clarke & Williams, 447 West Strand —Inventors. Spring propeller. 966 Shilton, Thomas, Baddesley Ensor, near Atherstone —Inventor and Manufacturer. A carriage-wheel, with spoke of improved construction, intended to give greater elasticity and strength to the parts. The same construction may be applied to agi-i- cultural purposes. 968 Silk & Brown, 8 Long Acre—Designers and Manufacturers. Barouche hung upon improved horizontal springs. Carriage, hung upon a swan-neck perch and C, and under springs. 970 Hill & Stone, 21 Little Moorfields—Inventors. A park phaeton, with head to put up or down by the sitters, at pleasure. 971 Shuff, William, 1 Dover Street, Islington— Inventor and Manufacturer. Public and private carriage retarder. 972 Smith, 0. H., Pimlico Wheel Works, Upper Belgrave Place—Proprietor. Wheels for gun carriages, railways (wood), agricultural machines, Scotch carts, dog carts, brewers' drays, safety cabs, trotting carts, broughams, and carriers' vans, made and put together by machinery. 976 Swain, Thomas, 15 Charles Street, Hackney Road —Designer. A card-board model for a church, painted in oil; the same for a mail coach pulling up to unskid, with country scenery. 978 Thomson, G., Stirling, Scotland—Manufacturer. Four-seated gig, not liable to duty. By shutting up the hind foot-board, the vehicle is altered in the balancing, and adapted for the use of two persons only. 979 Thorn, W. & P., 10 John Street, Oxford Street— Inventors and Manufacturers. Brougham, with aequimotive springs, self-acting invi- sible step, and a new system of ventilation. 982 Thrupp, Charles Joseph, 269 Oxford Street— Designer and Manufacturer. Four-wheeled carriage, a landaulet brougham, of a new shape. Two-wheeled carriage, the shamrock car. 984 Tilbury, John, 35 Gloucester Place, New Road —Manufacturer. Light sporting phaeton, with patent noiseless wheels, pole, splinter-bar, and shafts. 988 Vezey, R. & E., Long Acre, Bath—Inventors and Manufacturers. Newly-designed sovereign sociable, with the exhibitors* springs and axles, having India-rubber bearings of new constriiction, registered 12th March 1851. The advantages of the improved elliptic carriage spring, with registered hoop or cap, are—1st. That the cap gives greater elasticity to the spring, and imparts to it an easy and quiet motion. 2nd. The concussion, or jar, com- municated to the spring by the rotation of the wheels upon the road, is received by the blocks of elastic material, which, acting as a non-conductor, prevent any vibration being given to the upper half of the spring to which the upper beds and body of the carriage are at- tached, thus producing a soft, easy, and pleasant motion, and releasing the body from the disagreeable noise and vibration caused by the action of the old elliptic spring. One of the new springs is exhibited as a testing machine. North Areas A. B. 10 to 34; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; F. 1 to 32; G. H. 1 to i3, & 19 to 26. 989 Walkers, George, James, & Henry Gilder, 16 White Lion Street, Norton Folgate—Inventor and Manufacturers. Registered single brougham carriage; with additional front, to form double brougham at pleasure. Improvement in lamp-irons, in order to throw light inside the carriage. Prepared caoutchouc round-robins to hind springs. 990 Ward, J., 41 Paris Street, Exeter—Manufacturer. A cab park-phaeton, on springs, with leather robins and axles on Collinge's principle, having a platform behind so constructed that a seat is formed which can be raised if required, and arranged so as to sit forward, or the contrary; when as a platform, it is an opera-board to turn up. The platform seat is applicable to any carriage. 991 Watts, Charles, Parklmrst, Isle of Wight— Inventor and Manufacturer. Velocipede, consisting of three wheels. 992 WiLLOUGHBY, SoLOMON, John street, Oxford Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. Carriage by which invalids with fractured limbs, or severely afflicted, may be removed from their beds with- out change of position or fatigue. Willoughby's Invalid Carriage. 993 FuLLJAMES & Co., 4 Brownlow Mews, GraiJs Inn Road —Manufacturers. A carriage jack. 995 Wilson, Jacob, 26 Portland Street, Walworth— Designer. Improved velocipede, constructed principally of iron, adapted for exercise or amusement, 996 Wyeurn, Meller, & Turner, 121 Long Acre— Manufacturers. Dress chariot. 997 Ward, John, 5 Leicester Square—Designer and Manufacturer. Four-wheel pleasure-ground Victoria chair, in framed car- riage, upon C elliptic, and body springs, with patent vul- canized India-rubber tires ; to be drawn by hand or pony. The chair is lined with blue figui-ed satin, designed and woven by Messrs. Draper of Holborn. Improved recumbent cliair for invalids, spring stuffed, covered with Utrecht velvet, mounted on brass wheels, and adapted for a bed or couch; with shifting elbows, for the convenience of the patient; double action leg-rest, reading-desk, sconces, &c. Spanish mahogany portable folding-chair, adapted for invalids, and easily drawn; covered in scarlet morocco; mounted on patent noiseless wheels, engine-cut cogs, silver handles, shifting foot-rest, cylindi"ical guide- wheel, &c. 998 Dunn, J., Rainton Colliery, near Durham-— Inventor. A new railway for reversing locomotive engines, &c, instead of a turn-table. The utility of this reversing railway is stated to be to give quick despatch to the engines and trains, it being unnecessary to disengage them, as is the case when turn- tables are employed. Another convenience is, that there are no facing switches in the up or down lines. 999 Durham, Earl of, Lamhton Castle, Durham. Improved coal drop, for loading ships, extensively used in the exhibitor's mines, collieries, &c. 1000 Tunstall & Williams, Bath—Inventor. Self-acting invalid chair, enabling the invalid to alter the recumbent posture with facility. 1001 Winterborn, John, Hachney Road. Model of a steam-engine. MANUFACTURmG MACHINES AND TOOLS. INTEODUCTION. The preceding Class illustrates the development of manufacturing power ; the present is intended to represent its applications to the purposes of manufacture. The machinery included in this Class has this distinguishing feature, that it is the representative of man himself engaged in industrial production. Many of the maclhnes to which attention will be drawn in this part of the Catalogue are so constructed as to fulfil functions which were accomplished formerly only by direct human labour. And, what is also highly deserving of notice, the perfec- tion of their execution and the certainty of their operation exceed that attainable in most instances by the highest exercise of human skill. The productive power of such machines, capable of being driven at a high velocity, and of an almost indefinite multiplication of individual producing parts, is limited only by the means of the manufacturer. As the machines in Classes 5 and 6 are intimately related to each other, so as to render the per- fection of the one necessary to that of the other, it is deserving of notice that both in the production of admirably- contrived prime movers, and in that of manufacturing machines, the mechanists of this country have made astonishing pr«^!?,ress during the last half-century. The Class includes manufacturing machines and tools employed in the manufacture—A., of Spun, Woven, Felted, or Laid Fabrics; B. in the manufacture of Metals ; C. in that of Mineral Substances, together with Mining Machinery; D. in the manufacture of Vegetable Substances ; and E. of Mineral Substances. It also comprises F. Machinery and Apparatus for Brewing, Distilling, and manufacturing Chemistry. The position in the Building of the machines and systems of machinery, included in this Class, is at its north- western ext remity and side. It is approached either from the western end 'of the ISTave, at its proper commence- ment in the room chiefly occupied by cotton-spinning machinery, or it may be reached from other portions of the Nave by penetrating through the Areas on its northern side. The Class commences at Areas C. D. and E. 1, and extends through the same to 10. This part of the Building is partitioned from the rest, partly with a view of obtaining the requisite degree of temperature for cotton-spinning, partly to exclude the noise, and also the light dust which always fills the atmosphere of rooms in which this process is carried on, and which is destructive to objects in other departments of the Exhibition. Entering another part of the Building at A. B. C. 10, machines in this Class will be found extending to Areas 30 of those lettero. And in D. E. F. from 19 to 27, they are also met with. The recorded history of cotton-spinning, and its connexion with that of our country, have been rendered familiar to every person ; but the interesting illustrations of the progress and perfection of this department in manufacturing industry, presented in this Class, convey a lesson more forcible and permanent of its kind. A complete series of machines is exhibited in one room, by virtue of the operation of which the raw cotton is opened, carded, doubled, spim, warped, and woven. At one extremity of the space occupied, cotton from the bags is made to enter the preparatory machine, while at the other it emerges completely fabricated and fit for use. Various parts of these machines are likewise shown. The beautiful automaton card-setting engine for making cards for the cotton-carding machines is also in motion, producing those ingenious ribbons of iron-wire brush. The whole of the cotton-spinning machinery exhibited combines the latest improvements, and demon- strates that perfection of workmanship which is capable of uniting in a manufacturing machine facility of motion, compactness and elegance of arrangement, precision of action, and power and speed of production. A number of looms of different kinds are likewise among the important objects of this Class. The Jacquard loom, with its hundreds of cards and complicated harness, for the production of the patterns of woven goods, and the ordinary power-loom occupied in manufacturing the commonest sort of calico, are alike shown. Factories exist in this country in a single floor of which many hundreds of these looms are in continuous action, impelled by steam-engines of vast size and power. An old loom, of fifty years' date, forms an instructive contrast to the smaller but more powerful and productive engine by its side. The manufacture of flax is represented by various powerful machines in operation. Several recent improve- ments are exhibited in these machines, and their product is presented to examination and investigation. The difference of fibre between flax and cotton necessitates the adoption of a somewhat modified system of manu- facturing machines: these are shown in motion. Silk throwing and winding are illustrated by the elegant machines specially fitted to that piu-pose. The production of lace, bobbin-net, &c., by the wonderful mechanical arrangements contrived for that purpose, is also represented, together with the machine emploj^ed in the curious process of " gassing," or singeing off by gas-flames, the loose fibres of lace, &c., without injury to the fabric. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, and 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. Paper-making macliines are illustrated by models ; but several large printing machines are exhibited in operation. Several varieties of these are found : the " flat" machine, the horizontal cjdinder machine, and the recently-invented vertical machine, capable of performing a very large amount of work in a short space of time. An envelope-folder, and other apparatus connected with paper and printing, are also found among the machi- nery in this Class. Many powerful machines employed in metal manufactures are met with. The drilling, launching, and clipping engines, together with the slotting, chasing, and planing machines, and the large power-lathes for turning heavy castings, borings, &c., .are extremely interesting, although essentially consisting of simple ]mrts. Mills for various purposes, mineral and vegetable, presses, aerating, and a variety of other machines included in the Class, are represented in various parts of the Building appropriated to it.— K. E. 1 HlBBERT^ Platt, & SoNS, Hartford Works, Oldham, Inventors and Manufacturers. An improved patent opening and cotton-cleaning ma- chine. This machine differs from others used for the same purpose, inasmuch as all fibre cleaned in it is passed between cylinders so constructed that all motes, seeds, &c. &c., are thrown down beneath it, making the operation of cleaning simple and cheap. The diameters of the cylinders of this machine are 9 and 12 inches, and the width 36 inches, making about 500 revolutions per minute, they consequently require less power than is ne- cessary to drive the machines constructed upon the old prmciple. The power required for cleaning 3,000 lbs. per day, is from 1 to 1^ horse, according to the state of the material. [Cotton or cotton-wool is the hairy covering of the seeds of several species of Gossyp 'mm growing in South America, India, Egypt, &c. It is separated from the seeds by a machine called a cotton-gin, then packed with strong pressure in bags, in which state it is received in this country. The cotton is cleaned in a willowing machine, or in a batting, or scutching and blowing machine. The willow consists of a conical drum, the axis of which is placed horizontal or nearly so. The surface of the cone car- ries a series of projecting pegs or spikes, and the up- per portion of the case which covers and partly encloses the cone is furnished on its inner surface with a similar series of spikes, the spikes of the cone moving in the intervals between the spike of the case. This machine is fed at the smaller end of the cone by means of an end- less apron formed of thin spars of wood, each about three- quarters of an inch broad and half an inch apart, fixed at the ends to two endless leather straps which move round rollers. The cotton being placed upon this creep- ing apron, is slowly introduced into the willow, where it is seized by the revolving spikes, and whirled round with increasing velocity, due to the increasing surface of the cone, until, in a few seconds, it arrives at the large end, where it falls upon a moving apron, which carries it away or turns it out upon the floor. While the cotton is being teazed out by the spikes of the cone, the heavier impuri- ties, such as twigs, sand, stones, &c., fall out through the open lattice or grid-work which forms the bottom of the machine. The lighter impurities, such as dust, &c., are driven by centrifugal force to the large end of the cone, where they pass out through a spiral cage sieve into square pipes which convey them aAvay.-—C. T.] Single scutcher and lap-machine, used for taking out the remaining sand, &c., and for forming the cotton into laps to feed the breaker carding-engine. The novelty in the construction of this machine consists chiefly iu the application of the patent consolidating calender rollers," by which the "felting" of the cotton is per- formed in a superior manner, and its bulk so compressed as to admit of an increase of 40 per cent, on the lap" roller. By this means a considerable saving of labour is effected at the carding-engines. [The batting or scutching and blowing machine carries on the work of cleaning the cotton which has been begun by the willow, and serves also to open the matted tufts. The cotton being spread upon a feeding apron, is intro- duced into the machine by means of feeding rollers; as soon as it gets within the machine it comes under the beating action of flat bars, which are moved round with great rapidity, and strike with their fans upon the cotton fibres as they slowly escape from between the feeding rollers. It is then conveyed out of the machine and turned out upon the floor. It is next passed to another scutching machine, in which, after being batted, it is formed into a cylindrical roll or lap, ready for the card- ing engine. In many cases, however, the scutching machine and the lapping machine are combined, in which case the willowed cotton is spread by hand upon a feed-apron to the thickness of about 2 inches, and this is carried forward at the rate of about 3 feet per minute between a pair of coarsely flu.ted iron feed-rollers, which are pressed together by a weight acting through a lever on the brass bearings of the top roller. There is also a wooden roller, which serves to keep the cotton close to the apron, so as to allow it to pass readily between the feed-rollers. As the cotton passes into the machine between the feed- rollers it is struck by the first beater, which consists of two flat bars fixed at right angles upon the arms of a shaft revolving 2,000 times per minute. The cotton, on being struck and whirled round by the beater, is at the same time struck against the edges of long flat bars, arranged in the form of a quadrant of a cylinder. The cotton tufts are thus opened, and the filaments wafted upon an endless apron, near the end of which is a re- volving cage cylinder, enclosed under the general cover of the machine; over this cage is a pipe communicating with a rotatory fan, which, by rarifying the air, causes the dust of the cotton to escape through the cage into the pipe, whence it is carried away: the cage also serves to spread smoothly upon the apron the loose cotton filaments into a level mass or lap. This is conveyed away under a wooden rollei^, and passed between a second pair of feed-rollers, to be exposed to a second scutching by beater-bars revolving more rapidly than the former. This second beater delivers the fila- ments to a second apron, which passes it under a second revolving sieve cylinder connected with the fan venti- lator, by which means the cotton is again formed into a lap, which is passed out of the machine by the rota- tion of rollers. It is then carred between two pairs of iron rollers, the upper of which are loaded, which com- press the filaments and form them into a kind of felt. This felt or lap is delivered to a wooden lap-cylinder, the axis of which is loaded, and thus made to bear down between two rollers which revolve both in one direction, and carry round by their friction the lap- cylinder. As this increases in diameter it rises up, North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. B. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. together with the links at the ends of the axis, which carry the weights, and thus the pressure continues \xm- form. When the coil of lap has attained a certain size, the rollers which turn the aprons, cages, and feed-rollers are thrown out of gear, while the rollers which support the lap coil continue to revolve. By this contrivance the lap is torn across; the attendant then removes it, puts an empty lap-cylinder in its place, and throws the machine into gear. The laps from different machines are frequently com- bined into one lap, for the purpose of further equalizing the quality of different varieties of cotton. This is done at a lap machine, in which an endless apron moves between a frame, on which are slot-bearings for receiving the ends of the pins which support the laps. There are as many pairs of slot-bearings on this frame as there are different laps to be mixed. Each lap being unwound by the mo- tion of the apron, the different laps are carried forward in parallel layers lying over each other; they are then all scutched and formed into one single lap as befoi-e. This is sometimes called a spreading machine. For the finer varieties of cotton the laps are formed by hand.—C. T.] Breaker carding-engines: used for further cleansing, combing, and laying the fibres of the cotton. The laps from the scutcher feed this machine, and are reduced by it into continuous webs, which are delivered into cans at the front of the machine. The novelty of these machines consists, first, in the method of feeding the card by means of a dish, straight-edge, and large roller. Secondly, in the cylinders, doffers, rollers, and strippers being made of iron. And, thirdly, in the method of adjustment of the bearers or carriers for the rollers and strippers. By means of the dish, straight-edge, and large roller, the fibres of the cotton are held until combed away by the cards of the licker-in, and can be adjusted to suit any length of staple of cotton. These machines, being con- structed of iron, are not liable to '^warp'* from variation of temperature, and the method of applying the bearings for carrying the rollers, is so simple as to be capable of the finest adjustment. Lap-machine: used for making laps to feed the finishing carding-engine. The cans from the breakers feed this machine, and the cotton is again formed by it into laps for the next operation. The patent consolidating calen- ders are also applied to this machine with the same advantage as in the scutcher. Finishing carding-engines. The laps made in the last machine are taken in by this; and the fibres are again drawn, combed, and so completely straightened as to insure a more perfect evenness in the web, which is then delivered and coiled into cans. These machines are supplied with the same improvements as the breaker carding-engines. Grinding machine: used for grinding and sharpening the teeth of the cards on the rollers, and flats of the carding- engines. [In the laps thus formed, the cotton filaments are in a compressed state, crossing each other in all directions. In the next operation, which is carding, they are made parallel, or brought into a state favourable for parallelism. In this operation also any remaining impurities are com- pletely removed. Carding is a sort of double combing. If we suppose the teeth of one comb to be set or bent in one direction, and the teeth of another comb to be set in an opposite direction, and that these two combs be moved against each other, with a tuft of cotton between them, the fibres will be seized by the teeth, those of one card will pull them one way, those of the other card will pull another way, and by repeating the operation many times the curls, and twists, and crossings of the cotton will be opened and drawn out, and the fibres will be arranged in parallel lines. In the carding-engine the teeth are formed of thin iron wire, arranged on bands or fillets of leather, or other suitable material, made of uniform thickness, and attached to a set of cylinders and curved surfaces, the former being made to revolve so as to sweep over the surfaces of the latter at rest; or a number of parallel cards on the surface of a large drum work against the surfaces of smaller cylindrical cards moving with a less velocity. The two plans may, however, be com- bined in the same engine. The tufts of cotton are held by the stationary or slow-moving cards, while the quick- moving cards comb out the fibres, and gradually disen- tangle them. The main carding cylinder or drum has attached to its surface strips of card-leather, equal in length to the mdth of the drum. Over a portion of this drum is a number of long strips, the under svirfaces of which are covered with card-leather; these strips are called card-tops, and their ends rest on the heads of adjusting screws, projecting from the side framing. Nearly in contact with the large drum are a number of small rollers, called urchins or squirrels, covered with card fillets, wound spirally round them. The lap roll, prepared by the lapping machine, is mounted at one end of the carding-engine; and being gradually unwound, passes along the surface of a feed- board, between a pair of feed rollers, until it comes in contact with the first roller-card, or licker-in, which draws in the filaments of the cotton As this card. No. 1, rotates, its teeth come in contact with the teeth of the large drum, which strip off the filaments; but the rotation of the drxim almost immediately brings it iu contact with the squirrel, No. 2, which strips off the filaments from the drum, and, by its revolution, transfers them again to No. 1, which again delivers them to the drum, together with fresh filaments taken up from the feeding-rollers: the filaments which escape the action of Nos. 1 and 2 are seized by No. 4, which is placed much nearer to the drum; the cotton thus taken up by No. 4 is combed out by No. 3, which is nearly in contact with it but moving with greater speed. From No. 3 it is again transferred to the drum, to be carded out again by No. 4, and any filaments which still remain are arrested by the first flat top-cards, and held imtil they are disentangled by the revolution of the drum. In this way the filaments become gradually arranged on the surface of the drum in nearly parallel lines, which is the condition sought for, and in this state they are not teazed off by the urchins, but pass round to the opposite end of the machine, and are removed from the drum by a smaller drum card, called a doffer or stripper, on the surface of which the cards are arranged in spiral lines. The fine fleece of the trans- parent web is removed from the doffer by means of a doffing knife, the lower edge of which is toothed like a fine comb, and this, by the action of a crank, is made to strike down with a rapid motion over the points of the cards. The fleece thus shaved off is equal in breath to the length of the card on the doffer, and it is disposed of in one of two ways. There are usually two carding engines, the first called the breaker-card, and the second the finisher-card, and the cotton is passed through both. In the breaker-card, as the fleece is taken off by the crank and comb, it is wound upon a large wooden roller, which, when filled, is removed and used for feeding the finisher-card. As the fleece is removed from the finisher-card it is contracted into a narrow riband, by being passed through a funnel, then through three pairs of rollers, the bottom roller of each pair being finely fluted, and the top roller of each pair covered with North Areas A. B. 10 to 31 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. leather, and the top rollers are pressed upon the bottom ones by weights suspended from their axes. The middle pair of rollers moves at a greater speed than the first pair, or that nearest to the engine, so that while the first pair delivers the filaments the second pair pulls them, before it delivers them to the third, the effect of which is to draw and straighten the fibres, and spread them out into a flat riband, called a card-end or sliver. But before this sliver passes to the third pair of rollers it is opened out and made spongy in texture, by being passed through an upright slit situated between the second and third pair of rollers; it is then passed between the third pair, which are but slightly pressed together, and the sliver is finally received into a tall tin can.—C. T.] Drawing-machine: used for doubling and drawing the web or sliver prepared by the finishing carding-engine, and delivering and coiling it into cans for the next operation. This machine is furnished with a series of self-acting guides, which stop the machine as soon as the sliver breaks, in passing from the can to the roller. It is also fitted up with the coilers and revolving motions to the cans. Slubbing-machine, 28 spindles: used for drawing the slivers prepared by the last machine, and afterwards twisting and winding them on bobbins. Second slubbing or intermediate machine, 54 spindles: used for doubling and drawing the slubbings, and twisting and winding them on bobbins for the creels of the roving machines. This machine is introduced in order gradually to reduce the sliver, so as to obtain a more even and a fuller thread. [The next operation is intended to carry out, in a still more perfect manner, the operation which was commenced at the close of the carding, namely, drawing out and elongating the slivers, straightening the filaments, and laymg them as parallel to each other as possible. Another object is still further to equalise the quality of the cotton, and make the slivers of uniform strength and texture, by combining many slivers into one; this is called doubling: and all these objects are attained at the machine called the drawing-frame. This consists essentially of three pair of rollers, of which the second pair moves with greater speed than the first, and the third more quickly than the second. These rollers are similar to those used in the finisher-card, with one or two additions. A mahogany bar, faced with flannel, rests upon the top rollers and strips off all the loose fibres; similar bars are also made to press up against the under-fluted rollers. The distance between the first and second pairs of rollers must not exceed the length or staple of the filaments of cotton, or the sliver might be torn apart by the pulling of the second pair, while the first pair held it firmly. The sliver is stretched most in passing from the second to the thii'd pair. The card-ends are usually supplied to the drawing- frame from the cans filled by the finisher-card, a number of them being guided along the channels of a metal plate, at the top of which they unite and pass between the first pair of rollers, which reduces them to one sliver, the second pair extends every inch of this compound sliver into about two inches; and the third pair extends these two inches into ten. The length of the sliver thus produced is generally equal to the sum of the lengths of all the separate slivers or card-ends em- ployed. The single sliver, formed by the doubling or union of all these separate slivers, is passed between smooth iron rollers, which condense it, and it is then received into a can on the opposite side of the frame. When a number of cans have thus been filled, the drawings, as they are now called, are again doubled and drav»^n out into one, and, by repeating the operation several times, the defects of individual slivers or drawings are absorbed and got rid of, and uniformity is produced.—C. T.] A roving-machine of 120 spindles: used for the same purpose as the last, and twisting and winding the slub- bings on still smaller bobbins for the creels of the spinning machines. The improvements in the construction of these machines consist, first, in the self-acting motions for stop- ping the machine when the sliver breaks (used for the slubber only): secondly, in the patent bearing or collars in which the spindles work, and the methods of fitting the flyers on the tops of the spindles whereby a greatly increased speed is obtained: thirdly, in the application of the double patent pressure to the flyers, which preserves the equilibrium of the spindles whilst working, whether the bobbin be full or otherwise. [By the preceding operations the cotton has been cleaned and the fibres laid parallel. It is now in the form of a loose porous cord, too thick to be spun or twisted into yarn. By the next machine, the bobbin and fly-frame, the drawing is again elongated, and partially spun, and the roving, as it is then called, is wound upon a bobbin. The spindle which, by rapidly revolving, puts twist into the drawing, is furnished with a two-pronged fork, called a fly or flyer. One prong of the fly is solid and the other hollow. The bobbin on which the roving is to be wound is threaded upon the spindle, and revolves with it at a different rate, and by a perfectly distinct movement. One frame contains from 30 to 120 spindles, and the action, which is alike in all, is as follows:—The sliver, as prepared by the drawing and doubling frame, is brought in cans to the bobbin and fly-frame, where it is elongated by passing between three pairs of rollers, and twisted, by the rapid revolutions of the spindle, into a soft cord or roving: this is passed into a hole at the top of the spindle, and then down the hollow arm of the fly; it is next twisted twice round a steel finger, which winds it upon the bobbin with a certain pressure. The finger, however, does not move up and down the bobbin, but the bobbin moves up and down upon the spindle, against the finger, by which means the roving is equally distributed upon the bobbin. It is necessary, however, gradually to slacken the velocity of the bobbin, as it increases in thickness by the winding, otherwise the roving would be improperly stretched or broken. The velocity of the front pair of rollers, which delivers the cord, and of the spindle which twists it, is constant; the motion of the bobbin which winds up the roving is quickest when it is empty, and its speed goes on gradually slackening until it is full. This diminution of velocity is occasioned by causing the strap which drives the bobbins to move slowly along the surface of a conical drum, which, revolving with a constant speed, the strap at the small end of the cone would of course impart a greater velocity than when it had arrived at the large end. The roving is wound on the bobbin by causing the fly and the bobbin to revolve at difierent rates. If the bob- bin, for example, revolve 50 times while the spindle re- volve only 40, these 40 turns of the bobbin have nothing to do with the winding; the 10 turns of the bobbin above those of the fly perform the winding; so that while 40 turns of the spindle produce twist, 50 turns of the bob- bin produce 10 coils of roving, upon its barrel. In some cases the winding is effected by the spindle revolving quicker than the bobbin, and in fine spinning, two rovings are doubled, and passed a second time through the frames.—C. T.] A throstle of 160 spindles. [The rovings thus prepared are finished at one of two machines, namely, the throstle and the mule jenny; the North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. one spins the hard yarns, which are chiefly used in warps, and the other the softer yarns of wefts. This, however, is by no means a general rule. The bobbins filled with rovings from the bobbin and fly-frame occupy the upper part of the throstle-frame. Each roving is passed through three pairs of drawing rollers, which draw it out to the proper degree of fineness. On quitting the front pair, the roving is guided by a small ring or a notch of glass let into the frame, towards the spindles, which revolve with great rapidity, and produce, by the motion of their flyers, a low musical hum, which is said to have given the name to this machine. By the rapid motion of the spindle, the roving is twisted into yarn, which, passing through an eyelet at the end of one of the prongs of the flyer, proceeds to the bobbin, which is threaded upon the spindle, and is wound upon it. The bobbin fits loosely on the spindle, its lower end resting upon a shelf, called a copping-rail, which has a slow up- and-down motion, and thus distributes the yarn equally upon the bobbin. The motion of the bobbin upon its axis is derived from the tension of the yarn in winding: for while the flyer is spinning, the yarn drags the bobbin after it, but its weight and its friction on the copping-rail cause it to hang back; by this contrivance the yarn is kept stretched, and is wound upon the bobbin by the more rapid revolutions of the flyer.—C. T.) Weft self-acting mule, 402 spindles: used for drawing or elongating the fibres, and twisting and winding the yarn on cops, for the shuttles of the looms. Twist self-acting mule, 348 spindles. The same kind of machine as the one last described, but used for spinning thread or yarn for the warp instead of weft. The improvements in these mules consist, first, in an improved patent drawing-out motion for the carriage, which can also be used, if required, for the purpose of "jacking or after-draft," in spinning fine numbers of yarn. Secondly, in the squaring of the carriage by means of a back-shaft, which secures steadiness whilst traversing; and is, consequently, of great utility in long mules. Thirdly, in a new mode of winding-on the yarn by a " catch-box," which dispenses with all the springs and levers previously used, thereby preventing the fre- quent breaking of the yarn, and the wear and tear of the machine. [The mule or spinning-jenny consists essentially of two principal portions : one, which is fixed, containing the bobbins of rovings and the drawing rollers; the other a carriage moving upon iron rails, and capable of being drawn out to a distance of about 5 feet from the fixed frame. The carriage carries the spindles, to which a rapid rotatory motion is given by means of slender cords pass- ing round them and a drum. There is one drum to about every 24 spindles, and as many as 1,000 to 1,200 spindles m one mule. At the commencement of the spinning, the carriage is run up close to the drawing rollers, which by their revolutions give out the roving which is twisted by rapidly revolving round the points of the spindles; the carriage is then moved away from the roller-beams some- what more quickly than the rovings are delivered, by which means the yarns become stretched and equalised. When the carriage has been drawn out about 54 to 64 inches from the drawing rollers, it is said to have com- pleted a stretch; the drawing-rollei^s cease to give out roving, but hold it firmly, while the spindles now whirling with increased rapidity complete the spinning into yarn. In spinning the finer yarns, the carriage makes a second stretch, during which the spindles are made to revolve with great rapidity. Any threads which may happen to break, are now pieced, or mended by children called, "^piecers" or ''pieceners." This drawing, stretching, and twisting of a length of yarn being completed, the mule is disengaged from the parts of the machinery by which it was driven out, and the spinner then proceeds to do his part of the work, which consists of three simultaneous operations: he pushes the carriage in mth his knee; he depresses with one hand a copping wire, which places the yarns in such a position with respect to the spindles, that they can be wound up wpon them; and, thirdly, he moves with the other hand a fly-wheel, which sets all the drums and consequently all the spindles in motion. He causes the spindles to revolve backwards for a moment, in order to slacken the yarns just completed, and to throw them off" the points of the spindles. Considerable skill is required to perform these three operations suc- cessfully. The spinner must guide the copping wire so as to insure the regular winding of the yarn on the spindle; he must regulate the velocity of the spindles, and he must push the carriage in at such a rate as to enable the spindles to take up the proper quantity of yarn without stretching or breaking. These difficult and delicate operations can now be accomplished by self-acting machinery: the self-acting mule does the work in many respects better than it can be done by the spinner. The quantity of yarn collected upon each spindle is called a cop. The yarn is wound from the cops, or from the bobbins of the throstle-frame, upon a six-sided reel, one yard and a half in circumference. The reel is mounted in a frame containing the cops or bobbins, and when the reel has made 80 turns, a check is struck, or a bell rung, which warns the attendant that a ley or rap of 120 yards has been wound. Seven of these i-aps make a hank of 840 yards. The size of the yarn is ascer- tained by weighing the hanks in a quadrant balance. The number of hanks to the pound may vary from 2 to 600. The hanks are made up in cubical bundles of 5 or 10 lbs. weight, by a machine called a bundling press.—C. T.] A doubling machine: used for doubling and twsting a number of spun yarns into thread. [Thebetter descriptions of yarn are gassed, or passed two or three times through a gas flame, in order to get rid of loose fibres, and to make it more level and compact. Two or more yarns, doubled and twisted together in an opposite direction to the twist of the yarns themselves, form thread, properly so called,—C. T.] A winding-machine: used for winding the yarn from the mules and throstle, and preparing it for the warping- machine. One side of this maclaine winds from cops spun in the mule, and the other from bobbins spun on the throstle. A warping-machine. [When the yarn is required for weaving, it is prepared in different ways, according to the purpose for which it is intended. The yarns for the warp or long thread of a woven fabric are wound upon bobbins from which they are drawn in the process of warping. The warping-mill or machine is a large reel or frame-work of wood, with 12, 18, or more sides, which serve to measure the total length of the warp. This reel is mounted on a vei-tical axis, to which motion is given by an endless band, con- necting the lower part of the axis with a wheel set in motion by the warper. One-sixth of the number of the bobbins of yarn required for the warp, is usually mounted loosely upon upright spindles, in a frame called atravei'se. The yarns pass from these bobbins to the large reel, through an instrument called a heck-box, which is made to slide up and down between two upright posts, by being suspended by a cord which, passing over a pulley at the top of the posts, is made fast to the axle: so that as the reel revolves, the heck is gradually raised from the North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. T). E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. bottom to the top, and when the mill is turned the other way it descends by its own weight, and thus the band of warp-yarn is wound in a spiral line from the top to the bottom of the reel. The use of the heck is to divide the warp-threads into the lease, or two alternate sets, one set for each heald of the loom. To effect this, the heck-block contains 120 or more steel pins, with an eye in the upper end of each, through which a yarn passes in the process of warping. The pins are arranged alter- nately in two frames, either of which may be raised at pleasure. The threads being passed through the eyes of the heck, the ends are knitted together, and fixed to a pin upon the mill. The mill is then turned slowly until the top lease pins come nearly opposite the heck. The warper then, lifting half of the heck-frame, raises half the threads, which he places upon one pin, and the other half upon another pin of the mill. In this way every alter- nate thread is crossed, and the lease is formed. When the warp has described a spiral line round the frame, from the top to the bottom, the threads are again passed over pins, the motion of the frame is reversed, and the warp forms another spiral line in a contrary direction. The operation is thus repeated until the whole length of warp is run out. The lease or crossing of the threads is secured by a band tied through them at the top, and another at the bottom. The warp is then removed, and wound up into a ball. The bundles of yarn thus formed are spread out upon cylinders or yarn-beams; and, in order to distribute them equally, the threads are passed through a separator or ravel, formed of a number of shreds of cane fixed in two i-ails of wood. A dressing of glue, size, or paste is next given to the warp-yarns to increase their strength and tenacity, and to lay down the minute fibres which feather the yarn.* In the dressing machine the yarn-beams are mounted in a frame at one end ; the threads are passed through a reed to keep them distinct, and then between rollers covered with felt, one of which dips into a trough containing the paste or other dressing. The lower roller gives paste to the yarn, while the upper roller squeezes out the superfluous quantity. The dressing is also rubbed into the fibres of the yarn, and smoothed over by means of cylindrical brushes, one above and the other below the warp, and moving in a direction contrary to that of the yarns. The warp is dried by being passed over a box or chest filled with steam, and a current of air is made to stream over it by means of a revolving fan. The warp is passed to the main yarn-beam of the loom, on which it is regularly wound, the threads being kept distinct by passing through a reed. The warp-beam thus filled is suspended by its axis, so that the ends of the warp-threads may hang down, and the weaver then draws every yarn through its proper eye or loop in the healds. The alternate crossing of the threads is preserved by the lease-rods, and in drawing in, as the operation is called, the weaver can easily make each thread to cross the one next to it. When the threads have been passed through the eyes of the healds they are next drawn through the splits of the reed. The lease-rods preserve the lease of the threads, and the arrangement is as follows :—The first thread passes over the first rod and under the second, the next thread passes under the first and over the second, and so on alternately, the third rod divides the warp into splitfuls, two threads passing alternately over and under it.—C. T.] Power-looms, the novelty in which consists, first, in the patent uniform winding or taking-up motion, which * The dressing machine is not exhibited. is effected by surface-rollers, without the aid of ground glass or emery, and is applicable to looms for weaving both light and strong cloths; and, secondly, in the method of holding the edges of the cloth during the process of weaving by an improved " temple." [The loom used in plain weaving consists of—1. An apparatus for stretching the warp. 2. An arrangement for raising one-half of the threads of the warp and de- pressing the other half alternately, so as to open a space for introducing the weft. 3. A shuttle for casting the weft into the opening thus made. 4. Means for striking each weft-thread close up to the one previously thrown. The common loom consists of four upright posts with cross beams at the top and bottom. At one end is the beam or roll containing the warp, at the other end the cloth-beam, on which the work is wound as it is woven. The warp is kept stretched between the two by weights slung over the ends of the warp-beam. The alternate arrangement of the warp-threads is preserved by means of lease-rods. One-half of the warp-threads is alternately raised and depressed by the healds, which consist of a number of twines, looped in the middle or furnished with glass eyes, each alternate thread being passed through the loops of one heald, while the inter- mediate threads are passed through the loops of the other heald. The two healds are united at the upper part by a rope passing over a pulley, and at the lower part a rope proceeds from each heald to a treadle, by which means the lowering of one heald causes the other to rise. The yarns are also passed through the teeth of a reed, which is set in a moveable swing frame, called the lay or batten. At the bottom of this frame is a channel, called the shuttle-race, along which is thrown the shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood containing, in a hollow in the middle, the cop of yarn which is to form the weft or cross- threads of the web of cloth. At the side of the shuttle is a small hole, through which the weft-yarn runs freely as the shuttle is shot along. The shuttle is sometimes furnished with wheels on the under side, and may be shot backwards and forwards by hand or by pickers or j)eckers, as in the fly-shuttle ; in which case, the two ends of the shuttle-race are closed, and two pieces of wood, called pickers, move along wires. To each picker a string is attached, and both strings meet loosely in a handle, which is held in the right hand of the weaver. When the shuttle is at one end of the race a smart jerk of the picker projects it along to the other end, and another jerk in the contrary direction urges it the other way. Every time a thread of weft is to be thrown across the warp the weaver has to perform three distinct operations—1. To press down one of the treadles, by which means every alternate thread of the warp is depressed, forming what is called the shed. 2. To throw the shuttle across so as to lay a thread of weft in this shed. 3. To drive the thread of weft close up to the web by means of the batten. As the web is completed it is wound round upon the cloth-beam, and the breadth of the unwound portion is kept extended by two pieces of wood, called temples, furnished with sharp points at the ends. In plain weaving, the warp and the weft-thi^eads are of thesame colour and usually of the same degrees of fineness. By introducing yarns of different degrees of fineness, at regular intervals, a striped cotton is produced. By having the warp-threads of one colour and the weft-threads of another colour, shot patterns are formed. Colourad stripes are formed by introducing coloured yarns into the warp. In these and various other cd&es every thread of the warp and weft cross alternately at right angles. In twilled or tweelled cloths only the third, or the fourth, North Areas A. B. 10 to 31 C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. [United fifth, or sixth, &c., threads cross each other. Figures, flowers, or patterns of any kind are produced by dividing the warp between a number of healds which can be raised or lowered at pleasure, while threads of different colours may be either concealed or brought forward upon the face of the fabric, or be made to change places ac- cording to the pattern. The Jacquard loom, as it is called, is a contrivance attached to a loom for raising or concealing different threads. In the power-loom, the services of the weaver are dis- pensed with, the various movements being performed by self-acting machinery, driven by the steam-engine.—C. T.J Messrs. Benjamin Hick and Son, Soho Foundry, Bolton, are the makers and exhibitors of the steam-engine (6-horse power), together with the mill-gearing and framing for tm"ning the above machinery. The card clothing on four of the carding engines was manufactured by Joseph Sykes and Brothers, Lindley, near Huddersfield ; and that on the other two by Mr. Horsfall, of Manchester.—See Plates 122 and 123. 2 Booth & Co., Preston, Lanoashire—Manufacturers. Mule spindles, with buttons and drum warves, and mule spindles with buttons and cylinder warves, for spin- ning cotton and silk; they are made capable of revolving at the speed of about 7,000 revolutions per minute. The shape of the top of the spindle lessens the vibration of the yarn, and consequently the breakages. Throstle spindle and fly, for spinning cotton, silk, flax or worsted. Roving spindle and fly, for spinning cotton. The fly is supplied with Ivor's patent spring, &c. Winding spindle, for winding cotton, silk, &c. Spindle, for reeling cotton, silk, &c. Skewer, for winding cotton, silk, &c. 3 Crabtree, Thomas, Godley, near Halifax— Manufacturer. Card-setting machine; which accomplishes the entire manipulation for producing the complete card from the wire and leather or cloth in their primary state; it will make cards for wool, cotton, or silk; used in the manu- factory of Messrs. J. Sykes and Brothers, card manu- facturers, Acre Mills, Lindley, near Huddersfield. [A card, for carding cotton, wool, and other analogous fibrous substances: it consists of a series of forked wires, both ends of which are inserted through holes made in a strap of leather, and then bent very regularly to the required inclination. Cards in the carding engine seem to lay all the fibres of cotton or wool in one direction, accumulating it into a loose mass called a fleece, prepara- tory to the process of spinning. The first card-making machine was patented by J. C. Dyer, of Manchester, in 1811, and is said to have been the invention of an Ame- rican named Whittemore. It is a most beautiful and efiicient piece of mechanism.—"W. D. L. R.] 4 Dalton, John, Mottram-in-Longendale—Inventor. Machine for printing calicoes, de laines, and other textile fabrics. By one process a corresponding or varied pattern , is printed on each side of the fabric. It may be employed as a double printing machine, for printing on one side two pieces at the same time. The construction is applicable to printing machines generally, and consists in substituting for the ordinary iron printing cylinder, a newly-invented cylinder, constructed with the exterior surface of gutta percha, and in dispensing with the use of the endless- web or blanket, and the lapping, which is required in the ordinary machines, to afford a yielding surface to the action of the engraved roller. These new cylinders possess in a great degree the properties of permanence and elasticity, and are superior to other appliances, from their increased efiiciency and economy. A more accurate and uniform impression of the pattern is obtained, and a saving of one-thhd of the power required to work the or- dinary machines is effected. When used in two or more coloured machines, the fitting-in of the pattern T\dll be correct, and without variation; and no allowance, as usual at present, will need to be given to the engraved rollers to compensate for the extension of the web. 5 Preston, Francis, Manchester—Manufacturer. Spindles and flyers used in preparing, spinning, and doubling of cotton, silk, worsted, woollen, and flax. [Several American machines exhibited in this portion of the Building.] 6 Parr, Curtis, & Madeley, Manchester— Manufacturers and Patentees. 1. Carding engine, made with rollers and clearers. 2. Drawing frame of three heads, three boxes to each head, with four rows of rollers, patent coilers, and revolv- ing can-motion, and patent stop-motion. 3. Slubbing frame, with patent improvements, which consist in the application of a coiled spi'ing to the presser, giving it a more uniform pressure, and reducing the weight of the flyer. A frame is fastened to the beam, on which a carriage moves, carrying the tension weight for lightening the cone strap instead of allowing it to rest on the grooved shaft, and gearing is applied to the short- ening and traverse motions. 4. Roving frame with the same patent improvements as applied to the slubbing frame. 5. Patent self-acting mule, 1| inch gauge, similar to Sharp and Roberts, with patent improvements, which consist in the application of a positive motion to pro- duce the required changes, dispensing with the use of the cam shaft, and other important advantages. 6. Patent self-acting mule, 1^ inch gauge. An adapta- tion of Sharp's radial arm to Smith and Robertson's mangle wheel and stripping mvile, with patent improvements. 7. Patent self-acting mule, 1^ inch gauge. Arranged with the headstock at one end, with patent improve- ments, which consist in the peculiar arrangement of the headstock, and in the novel motion applied to wind the yarn on to the spindles. 8. Planing machine for metals; self-acting in the hori- zontal, vertical, and angular cuts. Its chief objects are strength and simplicity. 9. General shaping machine, for shaping metals. It planes horizontal, vertical, angular, circular, and polygon work, and hollows down to half an inch radius. Motion is given to the crank by a pair of wheels bored eccentric. 10. Slide and screw cutting lathe, fitted with geared head-stocks, having conical mandril, and case-hardened steel bearings and collars; guide screw the whole length; compound slide rest, self-acting in the longitudinal and transverse direction. 11. Drilling machine for drilling holes to 1^ inch dia- meter, with self-acting feed motion; the pressvu-e regu- lated by an improved friction break, or given by the foot. 7 Leach, Thomas, Oldham Road, Rochdale— Manufacturer. Doffing and cleaning plates, for cotton and wool ma- chinery. Temple teeth and springs for power-looms. Springs and under clearers for throstles and mules. 8 Wild, William, 26 Broughton Road, Salford, Manchester. A cask made by machinery. 10 & 46 Mason, J., Globe Works, Rochdale—Joint Inventor and Maker. Single carding engine, lap machine, and self-acting feeder; the same, with condenser attached, intended to produce a number of endless cardings or slubbings, and dispense with the use of the billy machine, and the hands required to work it. Patent condenser, or endless carding engine for wool, and self-acting feeder for any second or finisher carding engine. Action of the Machine.—The wool is removed from the North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; O. H. 25, 26. doffer of the first carding engine by a comb as usual, and is drawn by a pair of rollers fixed at the side of the frame through a revolving tube, which imparts an amount of false twist to the sliver. It is returned between a lower pair of rollers to the lap machine in front of the engine, which is arranged to form a lap 16 inches diameter, and 4 inches wide. When the required length of sliver is wound on, notice is given by a bell; and if not attended to, another movement doffs the lap, so as to ensure each one being of the same uniform length. These narrower laps are placed side by side upon rods, so as to form four rows, a, h, c, d, fig. 1, each row being the whole width of the engine, which are turned off" into the engine by the unlapping rollers e,f, g, h. Each sliver passes through a guide or reed as it enters the feeding rollers to keep it in its proper place. The quantity of sliver thus put up at the feeder end of the machine will last a whole day. The wool having passed through the engine, and been carded in the usual manner, is removed from the main cylinder by the condenser doffers, i, k, which are provided with ring of cards, and alternate blank spaces, so that the wool which is left upon the cylinder by the top dofier is removed by the lower one. The stripper rollers, I, m, take the bands of wool from the doffers, after which they pass between the doubled endless twisting straps, n, o, in order to receive a degree of false twist, sufficient to enable them to carry forward to be spun. They then pass between the delivery rollers, ■p, q, to the bobbins, r, s, on which they are lapped by friction of contact with the drum t, u. When the bobbins are fitted they are removed direct to the mule to be spixn, where they are unlapped in a similar manner by drums. The advantage of this system consists in a great eco- nomy of labour; three operations being entirely dispensed with, viz., feeding, slubbing, and piecing. With the addition of the self-feeder condensor, yarns are found to be more regular and level than those produced by the ordinary method; a greater quantity of work is turned Mason's Carding l^ngiae, oS"; the threads are more nappy or oozy, which increases the felting quality in milling; causes a firmer texture in the cloth, and a corresponding fulness of bottom and richness of appearance when finished, not attained by the methods formerly in use. Mule loom grinding-frame. The patent diiving bands mede by J. H. Whitehead, Saddle worth. Slubbing-frame, with Mason and Collier's patent collars or bearings for the spindles: separating plates for the slubbings, and the break motion for readily stopping the machine. Patent slubbing and roving frames. This improvement gives a firmer support to the spin- dles, obtaining greater speed with greater steadiness. It is accomplished by making the collar in the liftmg rail longer (shown detached in fig. 3), and continuing it through the wheel 6, up the inside of the bobbin-barrel to the top of it, where the bearing for the spindle is formed as shown at a, figs. 2 and 3. The collars are chambered inside, so that the spindle fits only their ends, and they are firmly screwed to the lifting-rail d, the wheels and bobbins running loosely around them, as represented. The separating plates e, prevent the broken threads becoming entangled vidth the other spindles. Roving frame, with patent collar, separating plates, and additional improvements. Patent power-loom, for weaving fancy goods by an im- proved method of working the healds, to form the figure on the cloth. A vice. D Fig. 3. Mason's Patent Slubbing and Roving Frame and Collars. North Aeeas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 14 H1GGINS& Sons, King Street, Salford— Manufacturers and part Inventors. Cotton machinery:—Patent roving frame of 72 spindles; double self-acting radial mule, 600 spindles. Long-line flax machinery:—-First drawing frame, four bosses; second, 4 heads, 4 bosses each; patent roving frame, 6 heads, 60 spindles; spinning frame, 144 spindles. 15 Sharp Brothers, Manchester- Danforth throstle, for spinning. -Inventor! 16 Mather, W. & C, Salford Iron Works—Manufactvirers. Calico-printing machine, for printing eight colours at one operation, with drying apparatus. Sewing machine, and patent pistons. 17 Saxon, Abel, Manchester- Metallic bobbins. -Manufacturer, 18 Harrison, J., BankFoundrii, Blackburn—Manufacturer. Power-loom adapted for fabrics of light materials, in cotton, wool, and flax, and not more than 18 or 20 picks" or ''shots" of weft in a quarter of an inch; and for ''tweeled" goods up to four leaves. Power-loom, adapted for heavy and tweelled goods. Power-loom, made 50 or 60 years ago. These looms are represented in the engravings below. Modern Power-loom. 19 Gibson & Co., Glasgow—Manufacturers. Case containing specimens of shuttles. 20 Hornby & Ken worthy, Blackburn—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent sizing or dressing machine, with a peculiar ar- rangement for laying out the yarn in the form of a ''sheet," "tape," or "beers," for "leasing," "boiling," "drying," "registering," and "beaming." Model of patent warping-machine, with a self-acting backing-ofF motion. This series of models, together with a model of the loom named below, is represented in the engraving on the next page. 21 BuLLOUGH, J., Blackburn—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of patent power-loom: which stops the motion when the weft thread breaks; it has a self-acting temple, and it coils the taking-up motion. 22 Smith, Mark, Hey wood, near Manchester— Inventor and Maker. Loom for weaving naval canvas, Dutch and Venetian carpets, and applying the rising-box motion to Scotch and Kidderminster carpets. The speed of this loom is 120 picks per minute ; it drives a shuttle that will weave a yard of cloth from one bobbin. Loom for weaving strong fustians, strong ticks, linen. Old Power-loom. damask, and woollen cloths, on the same principle, with the addition of self-acting temples. It weaves 5 lb. No. 2 cotton weft, or 100 hanks in ten hours; and works safely at 200 picks per minute. Loom with rising and falling box motion for weaving plaids, checks, ginghams, fancy drills, quiltings, and calicoes. Loom for weaving silks, fitted up for plain cloths, but applicable to satins and figured work by attaching the necessary cams or tapets, or the Jacquard machine. Working model, comprising most of the motions of these looms. 23 Taylor & Son, Halifax—Manufacturers. A large Jacquard loom, exhibited in the operation of weaving worsted damask goods. (See engraving, page 272.) [This vast machine, with its array of cards, and con- fusing lines of harness, furnishes a striking example of a loom constructed on the principle discovered by Jacquard,] 24 Macindoe, George Park, Glasgow—Inventor and Patentee. Self-acting mule for spinning cottonwool into yarn, with oscillating or vibrating lever for taking in or putting up the carriage, and a mode of putting down the faller from any of the twist pulleys by centrifugal disengaging catches. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. Hornby & Kenworthy's Models of Patent Sizing and Warping Machine. This mule, for which letters-patent were obtained in 1849-50, by the exhibitor, presents a combination of simple and efficient mechanical movements. The side elevation of the head-stock given in the accompanying Plate, explains how far the attempt at economy, con- struction, and convenience of arrangement, has suc- ceeded; but the great features of the improvement are comprehended under the following nine heads:— 1. The mode of regulating the twist of the yarn, in direct communication with the spindles. By this plan, the movements of the spindles, and the twisting action, are made to work in complete concert—a point, which every cotton-spinner will appreciate. 2. The taking-in or pulling-up of the carriage by an oscillating or vibrating lever (marked 36 in the Plate). This movement possesses the peculiar feature of causing the carriage to start at a slow yet steady pace, gradually increasing in speed until half way, when its rate diminishes in a similar ratio up to the roller beam. This action is also three or four seconds quicker at each stretch than ordinary mangle-wheel mules, and is not alBFected by any change which may be made in the mule, to suit particular numbers. 3. The adaptation of a counterpart to the radial arm and screw, for winding on the yarn, as marked 59 in the Plate. 4. The extension of the main driving shaft A, over the whole length of headstock, so as to distribute the various movements in the most convenient manner, and dispens- ing with additional connections. 5. The extension of the cam shaft c, from the drawing rollers at i, forward to the front end of the headstock. 6. The power of applying the headstock in the centre of the carriage, without the use of cranks, or connecting rods and joints for connecting the guides, which are in one length—this arrangement being advantageoiis for new mules, and capable of easy adaptation to old ones. 7. The backing-off motion, being worked by wheels, is capable of regulation to the greatest nicety. 8. The second draw, which is necessary for fine yarn. 9. The use of disengaging pulleys or friction pulleys g, with their peripheries indented at certain points,, for the purpose of starting and stopping the several movements in connection with the cam shaft, with a steady and un- broken action. The steel Plate represents Macindoe's patent self-acting mule. In this description, owing to the complication of the references in the plate, only those are given which render clear the peculiar principles of the mule. [It appears that the first self-acting mule was invented in 1793 by Mr. W. Strutt, of Derby, and the second by Mr. W. Kelly, of Lanark Mills, in 1792, but both were abandoned. About 35 years afterwards, two patents were granted on one day to two parties for self-acting mules. Since these were granted, about 20 others have been obtained for a like purpose, and their success has been as varied as their number. The machine is a wonder- ful industrial automaton.—R. E.] 25 McNaught, William, 26 Robertson Street, Glasgoto —Inventor. Coats's patent self-acting bobbin-making machine, in- tended for the manufacture of spools used in making-up sewing thread. It is capable of turning off two dozen of spools per minute, or about three times as many as can be done by the hand-machine. These are delivered on the lathe arbor, and are finished, and withdrawn in the finished state, by the machine. 27 Calvert, F. A., 32 Canno7i Street, Manchester— Inventor and Patentee. Patent machines for wool-burring and cotton cleaning, for carding and cleaning fibrous substances, and for ginning cotton, or separating the seed from the fibre, as pro- duced on the plantation. Patent method of constructing burring and carding cy- linders. 28 Paterson, T. Lucas, Glasgow—Inventor and Patentee. Model of a patent machine for winding worsted, woollen, cotton, or linen yarn from the hank, upon the shuttle- cop or pirn; its object is to save waste, and produce an improved "build of cop," at reduced cost. 29 Jordan, William, 43 Hilton Street, Manchester —Inventor and Manufacturer. New warping-mill iron-creel, for silk. The bobbins or reels are made to pass each other, forming the lease instantly, instead of the warper soiling and rufiling the ends with his fingers, so that the twister-iu or weaver can separate every end in the warp with facility. Warping-mill heck, of 224 eyes, with (new) inclined crossing motion, for cotton. NoETH Areas A. B. 10 to 31 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 2r>. Taylor & Son's Large Jacquard Loom for the production of Figured Furniture Damask. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 30 De Fontaine Moreau, Peter A,, 4 South Street, Finsbury—Importer and Proprietor. Novel apparatus for the working of spindles without straps or cords, for spinning all fibrous substances, and adapted for all spinning machines. The advantage is said to consist in the suppression of cords and straps, in the production of a regular and invariable rotation to the spindles, and consequently a regular tension to the threads. The friction and, consequently, the wear and tear, are said to be diminished, and less than the usual amount of power to be required.—Patented, Apparatus for replacing the Jacquard machine for weaving figured fabrics and tissues; composed of a cylin- der, provided with moveable pegs. When the cylinder rotates, the hammer, in contact with the pegs, is thrown back, and raises the threads of the warp: the apparatus has only 120 pegs, but can have any required number. It is stated that, by this invention, the cards so expensive in the usual Jacquard machine are dispensed with.— Patented. Apparatus for extracting ores from mines and coal-pits. The object of this apparatus is said to be to replace all kinds of machines hitherto used, and especially the ropes, and to economise time.—Patented in England. Elevator syphon apparatus, to work which an elevation of at least 33 feet is required: it is stated that the water taken at the curve of the syphon can be employed without any expense, as a motive power, 32 Chalmers, D.^ Manchester Wire Works—Inventor. New damask power-loom. Railway-break, calculated to prevent collision, and to act without shock. 35 Crichton, D., 165 Bradford Bead, Manchester— Inventor. Model loom, exhibiting a new principle of mechanical action on the yarn and cloth rollers, which impart their required velocities throughout the process of weaving. A mechanical movement, exhibiting the application of the principle in the loom; also its application in the roving- frame, to give the required velocity to the bobbins and the lifting-rail. 36 Crichton, W., & Co., Great Bridgwater Street, Manchester—Machinists. Cotton-opener, on Samuel Hardacre's patent principle, being the application of the batting-stick in such a manner as to open from 40,000 lbs. to 50,000 lbs. per week of 57^ hours, requiring only to 1^ horse power. Framed drawing of double-beater lap machine, with fan attached. 37 NiMMO & Son, 211 Cowgate, Edinburgh— Manufacturers. Spinning wheel, for spinning fine flax. A check reel, made to the uniform standard measure of Scotland. A model wheel in brass, for producing fine yarn or twisted thread. 38 Milligan, Wm., Bradford, Yorkshire—Inventor. Patent power-loom made by Hodgson & Haley, to show the taking-up motion. It is stated that this loom will put any number of picks into a given length of warp, and the number of picks may be altered without change- wheels or altering the weight on the yarn-beam, so that the warp may be kept as tight as its strength will bear, without making the cloth uneven; it has this advantage over any friction motion, that it will neither slip, nor fray the cloth; and it will weave wet weft as well as dry. 39 Mackenzie, Duncan, 52 Barton St., Tavistock Square —Inventor. A reading machine for frames and Jacquard looms, including in one machine four different apparatvis, namely [6.] —the reader, the press, the repeater, and the knife; faci- litating labour and economising expense; reducing to mathematical exactness operations which have hitherto been matters of uncertainty, and enabling manufacturers to employ persons of ordinary care and attention to read, punch, and recut their designs or patterns with quick- ness and ease. ^ 40 Donisthorpe, George Edmund, Leeds—ImQniov and Proprietor. Double wool-combing machine. 41 Barlow, Charles, 89 Chancery Lane—Importer. Patent machine, for uniting by stitches all kinds of woven goods, and useful in making articles of wearing apparel. Two distinct threads are used, one of which appears at the back, and the other at the front of the fabric, so that each stitch forms an independent fasten- ing. The seam thus produced is firm and regular. 42 Sutcliffe, R., Ldle, near Bradford—-Inventor. Patent spinning frame, for spinning and doubling cotton, &c. The part patented is represented in the annexed cut. The dead spindle, or stud C, is fixed to the rail R, and traverses in the rail H. In the top of the stud a cavity is drilled, and in this cavity a small cylindrical spindle, B, revolves. This small spindle is attached to Sutcliffe's Patent Spinning Frame. the flyer A, the flyer is drawn by the bobbin F, the bobbin is carried upon a revolving tube D, and the re- volving tube is driven by a band from the cylinder. G is the eye of the flyer, which carries the thread. To pre- vent the small spindle and flyer from being jerked or raised from its place, it is made thicker at the lower end, and a brass cap Z, fitted accurately to the spindle, is screwed on the top of the stud, and thus the spindle is kept securely in its place. In this cap the patent con- sists. The drag is produced by the friction of the small spindle against the stud, and by the resistance of the atmosphere against the wings of the flyer. [The objects attained by this process are a high degree of velocity, and a regularity in the tension or dra.g, so as to produce perfect evenness in the yarn. This frame works with a speed of upwards of 6,000 revolutions per minute.—G. T.] 43 Henning, John, Cambray Rouse, Waringstown, County Down, Ireland—Inventor, Cambric loom; damask loom; machine for weaving damask, or other figured fabrics, on the Jacquard principle. 44 Sandeman, Hector, Tulloch Bleachfield, Perth— Manufacturer. Machine for stretching cloth after it has shrunk in the processes of bleaching, scouring, dyeing, printing, &c. [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. 45 De Bergue, C, 9 Dowgate Hill—Inveniov and Manufacturer. Specimens of dents, and reeds or combs, complete, for weaving every description of fabrics, manufactured by patent machinery. This invention is intended to insure regularity in the reed, and uniformity in the fabric and in the shape and finish of the dents, so as to be less liable to cut or break the threads. 47 Maryland & Co., Blackfriars, Manchester— Manufacturers. Cotton-winding machine. 48 Berry, B., & Sons, Bowling, near Bradford— Manufacturers. Machinery for the manufacture of worsted yarns, ex- hibited in operation; consisting of double gill box, open drawing, first process; double gill box, two spindles, second process; drawing head, two spindles, third pro- cess ; finishing head, four spindles, fourth process; roving head, six spindles, fifth process; spinning frame, sixteen spindles on each side or thirty-two spindles, sixth pro- cess. [This machinery exhibits the processes ordinarily em- ployed in the preparation and spinning of worsted yarns, after the wool has been washed and combed. The slivers, or long fibres of combed wool, are prepared by being gradually drawn out in passing through a series of rollers of regularly-increasing velocity. When thus sufficiently extended and attenuated, they are sent forward to the spinning frame, where they are further drawn out, receive the twist requisite to give strength to the yarn, and are wound upon the bobbins. A yard of these slivers is thus drawn out into about 2,000 yards of yarn.—G. T.] 49 Hunt, Enoch, Nailsworth—Inventor and Manufacturer, i A gig-mill, on an improved principle, for dressing cloth, by which the process of dressing with teasles is proposed to be finished in considerably less time than usual, and without removing the cloth from the machine. 50 Elliott & Heys, 93 Mill Street, Manchester— Inventors and Patentees. Improved loom. 51 Taylor, J., Victoria Road, Leeds—Manufactiu-er. Specimens of heckles. 52 JUDKINS, Charles Fiot, Manchester—Patentee. Heald machine. —The machine shown in the drawing, fig. 1, is so constructed as to double and twist the single yarn, and at certain points it braids or plaits the yarn, thus forming the eye or loop of the heddles, without knots of any description, the whole shade or leaf being of one continuous cord. The drawing also shows a small sample of the healds made by the machine, with the eye or loop, as described, which is coated, lined, or covered with a metallic substance suitable for the purpose, which coating or covering has also been patented by the same party. The assumed advantages of these healds are as follows:— One set will outlast fifteen sets of any other sort; more yards of cloth can be produced through them per week, and at the same time the cloth is more perfect, and will weigh heavier per piece, owing to there being less friction upon the warp than is usually caused by the ordinary healds. Set of healds prodiiced by the machine. Patent self-acting machine, for closing metal upon the eyes or loops of healds. Sewing machine (Fig. 2).—This machine is very simple in its construction, and suited to sewing either a circle, [United curve, or straight line, at the rate of 500 stitches per minute. But for a circle or curve the straight rack is removed, and one of a circular form applied to the side of the machine. This rack, in which the cloth is placed, is moved forward by means of a spring, at a given distance for every stitch. There are two threads employed, one of which is carried, in the shuttle, and the other taken from a reel on the top of the machine, and passed through the cloth by the point of the needle, so that when it is withdrawn from the cloth both threads have been locked together, forming a firm and durable stitch. Fig. 1. Judkins' Sewing Machine. 53 Plenty, James & Edward Pellew, Newbury, Berks—Inventors. Machine for tarring yarn. 54 EoBiNSON, EiCHARD, Belfast, Jre/and—Inventor, Designer, and Manufacturer. Flax-seeding machine, intended as a substitute for the common process of beating off the seed vessels, or rippling them on an iron comb, and then breaking them to release the seed. These operations are performed at once by this machine. It may also be used for crushing linseed, corn, or beans for feeding. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; 0. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. Flax straw {Linum usitatissimum; Fr. Faille de lui; Ger. Flachstrop), grown in the county Down, Ireland, to show the application of the machine. Robinson's Flax-seeding Machine. 55 BiNNS, William, Bradford—Manufacturer. Six-pitch wool combs, used in the preparation of wool for the Bradford worsted stuff trade. 56 Browne, Thomas Beale, Hampden Andover's Ford, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire—Inventor. Loom for sail-cloth. Tarpauling, without seam. Flax tube sacks of mixed flax and hemp, wove with- out seam. Flax coats, perfectly waterproof. Flax damasks, cambrics, velvets, and cords. 57 & 58 Gaimes, Sanders, & Nicol, Birchin Lane, Cornhill—Manufacturers. A model showing the manufacture of silk hats on cork and linen bodies, with the workmen as employed in the different processes. A model showing the manufacture of felt caps or jerries, with the workmen employed in the processes of bowing, felting, blocking, &c. Finished ventilating hat on cork body covered with French velvet. Finished felt cap or jerry, with samples of the different materials of which it is composed. Model of a hat factory. 59 Smith, J., Orchard Street, Galston, Ayrshire, Scotland~lmr euiov. Improved spelf-machine, applicable to fabrics of small design, out of the range of traddles. 60 Gatenby & Pass, Manchester—Manufacturers. Reeds or combs, applied for weaving textile fabrics, manufactured by steam-power. Designed to improve the appearance of the cloth, and allow coarser yarns to pass through the same reeds than can be done by the ordinary method. 61 Iles, Charles, Bardesley Works, Birmingham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Machine for sticking pins in circular tablets, to be worked by steam power. The use of the above machine it to fill patent circular embossed tablets or pin-holders of an ornamental character, which are made of various materials, but generally card-board. 62 Dickins, T., Middleton, Lancashire— Inventor. Working model of a mill, or apparatus for warping silk or other fibrous threads, by which a large number of bob- bins may be employed; exhibited for equality of tension, accuracy, and ease in working. 63 Rigge & Co., Kendal—Manufacturers. Sheets of card, of different qualities, used for carding wool. [The card for cotton wool is a peculiar instrument, formed of a leather foundation, in which are inserted large numbers of minute wire teeth. Cards are employed for the purpose of straightening out the fibres of cotton wool into a uniform sheet or lap. In cotton machinery, the card is applied to the surface of a wooden drum, which acts upon similar drums, and which presents the cotton in a smooth and uniform sheet of great slender- ness. In some ingenious machines the leather is cut, perforated; the vnre bent, cut, and inserted by auto- matic arrangements.—R. E.] 64 Cross, Charles, 19 Gutter Lane, Cheapside— Producer. Model of loom for plain weaving. Model of loom for Jacquard weaving. 65 Searle, Henry, Hoxton Old Town—Manufacturer. Lint machine, with the material in process of manufac- ture. 66 Watkins, W. & T., Bridge St., Bradford—In-venior^. Ironstone porcelain guides, used in the roving and spinning of worsted, silk, cotton, flax, &c. 67 Victory, J., St. Leonard!'s, Hastings—Manufacturer. Specimens of lathe tools. 68 Jaquin, Cornelius, 7 New Street, Bishopsgate Street—Designer and Manufacturer. Fly-press for punching metal, &c., for buttons. Lever press, for raising, drawing, piercing, &c., discs of metal for buttons. Various tools, in sets, as used and fitted to the ma- chines. Various specimens of articles as produced by the machines. Loop for label made by machinery. 69 Slate, J.—Manufacturer. Twine-reels. 70 Steane, J. Burgess, Nottingham—Inventor. Carding machine, used in ''making-up" or boarding gimps, bindings, or fancy trimmings. 71 Thom, J.—Inventor. Sulphuring apparatus. 7 2 Taylor, Edward, Ifinghom, Scotland—Manufacturer. Superior heckles for linen manufacture ; two of these are for hand-dressing, and the rest for the finest descrip- tion of machine heckling. 73 Smith, J. W., 48 Fleet Street, Leicester—Inventor. Needles, for stocking-frames. 74 Plummer, Robert, Nev:castle-npon-Tyne—Inventor. Patent machines, viz., rotary disc scutching machine, for flax, hemp, &c; with straw holders, and witl; straw to scutch. Flax-breaking machine, for flax straw pre- vious to being scutched. Flax-cutting naachine, for preparing flax for the cut-flax heckling machine. Heck- ling machine, for dressing flax, hemp, &c.; with flax holders, and with flax to dress. Flax holders, of various improved forms, showing the application of gutta percha to these implements. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; O. H. 25, 26. [United The engraving exhibits the metal disc for scutching dax^ with the brushes fitted to it. The disc is seen in fig. 1 from above. The cut, fig. 2, represents a front elevation of the rotary disc scutching mill, A is an axle having its bearings in an Fig.l. independent framing, /e and k i, of metal; the upper portion being made open with a lining of dials, /, I; the metal piece m, m, at the front end being secured by three bolts can be readily removed for the purpose by changing the brushes in the discs. The framing is stiffened by cross pieces, n, n; h, h, are pulleys by which a rotatory motion is imparted to the axles. The top, i, of the scutching board, A, is placed a little above the centre of the axle, A. The heckle or comb o' is composed of steel vnve. Fig. 3 is a front, and fig. 4 is a side elevation of an improved flax-breaking machine. The letters h, c, and d, are placed upon the grooved metal rollers, to which the flax is presented, as seen in fig. 4, by the direction of the arrow. Fig. 4. Figs. 5 & 6 represent improved holders for flax heckling. Fig. 7. Figs. 7 & 8 represent a side and end elevation of the double cylinder heckling machine, adapted to the dressing cut or short flax, in which elastic brushes are combined with rigid heckles. There are two revolving cylinders, 6i 61, mounted in a framework a, a; added to their peri- pheries are sets of rigid heckles, c^, intermixed with the North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; O. H. 25, 26. sets of elastic brushes c, c (in any way that may be deemed most advisable). The cylinders are also made to revolve inwardly or in opposite directions, and the rows of brushes and heckles on the one cylinder are placed in an alter- nating order in regard to those of the other cylinder, as before described. There are also loose stripping bars with guards, that, besides regulating the depth to which the heckles or brushes shall penetrate, doff or throw down the tow from the brushes and heckles, and two smaller cylinders h'^ b-z fitted with brushes for cleaning the working brushes and heckles c, c'. Fig. 8. One of the cylinders, ¥, may, if required, be made to oscillate by means of the link A', A', which, as it rises and falls with the lifter to which it is attached, moves the cy- linder in a horizontal direction to and from the other cy- linder ; the bearings of the oscillating cylinder being made to slide, and attached by a rod to the radius arm to which the stud pin of the wheel is fixed, the whole of the wheels, k^, U, m^, and n\ are thus kept in gear, to answer the varying position of the oscillating cylinder. Eotation is given to the rotating parts of this machine as in the one first described, but the holder is made to traverse or move forward in the trough (which movement may also be applied to the brushing machine) by the combination of a bell crank movement with the rising and falling motion of the trough, as afterwards described. The mechanism for lifting the trough h, is shown in fig. 8, and consists of a combination of pinions kz ks, wheels m, n, cam j9, straps o, pulleys q, and levers r, s, such as is ordinarily used in heckling machines, and well known. When the trough is raised, it pushes up a rod x, which is connected to the long arm of the bell crank y, mounted on a standard affixed to the top of the frame-work a, when a weight W, which is attached to the opposite end of the arm, falls over, and causes the short arm of the bell crank to pull in a rod z^, which draws forward a finger bar x (of the ordinary construction) to an extent sufficient to advance the holder the breadth of one set of heckles or brushes. The tow and shive or dirt doffed or thrown down from the heckles or brushes is in this case received upon an endless chain of bars t, t (instead of the inclined grating represented in the machine first de- scribed), which bars extend the whole length of the machine under the heckles and brushes, and are connected together by two side bands f^, t^. The chain of bars revolves round two friction pulleys v, v, and takes into two pinions u, u (one on each side); by means of which pinions rotation is given to the chain from the same first mover by which the other parts of the machine are put in motion. The shive or dirt falls through between the bars on to the floor, while the tow is carried forward on the top of the bars, and delivered into the trough T*. To separate the tow doffed from each set of heckles or brushes, the space between the endless chain of bars and the cylinders is divided by partitions fig- Ij into as many compartments as there are sets of heckles or brushes; and the receiving trough T^ is also divided into a corresj)onding mimber of compartments. A view of the holder, for this machine, is given in fig. 5, a cross section, and fig. 6, a longitudinal section. It consists of two plates, Nos. 1 and 2, connected traversely by a screw bolt S, and having flanges A, A, at their upper edges, by means of which they are sup- ported in the trough h. The plate No. 2 has two flanges B, B, one on each end, which come within the flanges A, A, of the plate No. 1, and thereby confine the streak at the edges. The inner face of the plate No. 2 is planed perfectly true, and covered with felt, cloth, or some other soft or yielding material; but the plate No. 1 is made on its inner face with flat beads C, and flat grooves D, in alternate order, so that the streak of flax or other material may be the more firmly compressed between the plates without being imduly crimped. At their under edges E, the plates are chamfered off to admit of the holder coming lower down. By this mode of construction, the pins or studs ordinarily made use of to confine the outer edges of the streaks, are dispensed with, and a greater breadth is obtained whereon to spread the streaks, and the holder is also narrowed and rendered more easy to work. Raw materials in illustration:—English flax seed. Flax sti^aw from Northumberland and Durham; and flax fibre and dressed line. Russian, Irish, and New Zealand flax, as im- ported, and when rescutched;alsoRussian hemp rescutched. Manufactures in illustration:—Yarn, from flax dressed by the patent heckling machine; and canvas woven from the same. Yarns, spun on Peter Fairbairn & Co.'s (Leeds) new patent long line, rotatory gill, spinning frame; and canvas made from these yarns. 75 Law SON, Samuel, & Sons, Leeds—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent heckling machine for long flax. Spiral flax-spreader for long-flax. The patent spiral or screw-gill frame was invented by Samuel Lawson and W. K. Westley in 1833. The spiral gill machine is adapted for drawing flax, tow, hemp, and silk waste. The sheet spreader or table was invented and used by Mr. Westley, at Hunslet Mill, near Leeds, in 1821. This simple con- trivance was a great boon to the poor females employed in spreading flax, for by its assistance they can either sit or stand in a comfortable position ; whereas, on the old plan, or long-board spreading, one girl was obliged to walk at least from 20 to 30 miles per day, in an inclined position, to spread one-tenth of the flax which she now effects in a sitting posture. Spiral or screw-gill second drawing-frame for long flax. Spiral or screw-gill roving-frame for long flax, with an improved spindle-steadier. Circular iron tow-card, clothed with patent iron cloth- ing made by Birkby. Patent double-screw tow drawing-frame Patent roving-frame, with improved spindle-steadier. Tow spinning-frame, for dry spinning, with improved tension-pulley, for driving spindles which ai^e always kept up to their speed. Flax-cutter. Pair of patent cylinder heckling machines for cut flax. Spiral spreader for cut flax. Spiral second drawing-frame for cut flax. Patent spiral sliver roving-frame for cut flax, invented by W. K. Westley. Spinning-frame for fine Nos. of yarn, with _ improved plan of driving the spindles, calculated for spinning the sliver rove. Twisting-frame for making thread, with improved plan of driving the spindles. [Common flax is the delicate tenacious fibre surrounding the stems of the Linum usitatissimum, a plant which is ex- I tensively cultivated in different parts of the world, not ' only for the sake of its fibre, but also for its seed (Unseed), North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H, 25, 26. the oil of which is much used. Great Britain is supplied with flax from Russia, the Netherlands, Prussia, and France; small quantities are also received from America, Italy, and New South Wales. The cultivation of flax also forms an important part of the agriculture of Ireland. When the crop has been pulled, the bolls or seed-heads are separated by rippling. The ripple is an instrument like a comb, with smooth round teeth of iron standing about 12 inches out of the wood, and placed so closely together, that the bolls cannot pass through. By drawing the flax, a handful at a time, through the teeth of this comb the seed-heads are separated from the stalks. The flax is then steeped, or retted, in ponds or in run- ning streams, in order that the fibre may be separated from the woody portion of the stem. When the flax is ex- posed to the influence of dews and rain, instead of being steeped, it is called dew retting. In mixed retting the flax is first macerated in water, and the retting is completed in the air. When the flax is dry, the woody portion, or the boon, is separated by breaking. The common brake consists of four wooden swords fixed in a frame to which another frame with three swords is attached by means of a joint, the blades of one frame playing into the interstices of the other. The flax being placed between the two frames, the upper frame is pushed down upon the lower, and by moving the flax about, and repeating the operation, the boon is broken into fragments. The boon is also broken up more expeditiously by passing the flax between rollers. The object of the next operation, scutching, is to sepa- rate the broken boon. This is done by striking the bruised flax with the edge of a flat wooden sword or scutcher, or when the operation of breaking is performed by rollers that of scutching is combined therewith: a number of arms projecting from a horizontal axis are made to strike the stalks in a slanting direction until the useless parts are beaten away. The flax is next divided into lengths. The whole length of the flax varies from 26 to 30 or 36 inches. The part nearest the root is coarse and strong, the middle part fine and strong, and the upper part still finer but not so strong. The flax is divided into three lengths, and the parts from the bottom, middle, and top being collected into separate heaps, or stricks, several qualities of thread are afterwards formed from them. In some cases flax is divided into four or five lengths, called mid- dle, ends, and middle and end-middles. In making these lengths, the ends are required to be rough or jagged; for which purpose the flax is held at both ends, and passed between two pairs of wheels, situated one pair on each side of a wheel furnished with oval teeth: the two pair of wheels hold the flax firmly while the centre wheel, moving with great velocity, divides or tears the flax asunder. The flax is next heckled. By the process of heckling, the filaments of flax are cleaned, split, separated into fine fibres, and arranged in parallel order. The short fibres which are unfit for spinning, together with dust or dirt, are also removed. The heckle, or hackle, is a comb with iron or steel teeth one or two inches long, very sharp and smooth at the points, and arranged at equal distances upon a block of wood. A number of heckles are in use of various degrees of fineness. In using the heckle, the man seizes a strick, or lock of flax, by the middle, throws it upon the points of the coarse heckle and draws it towards him, at the same time with the other hand spreading the flax and preventing it from sinking too deeply among the teeth. By this operation the flax is divided into two parts, namely, the short fibres forming tow, which remains between the points of the heckle, and is from time to time removed, and the long fibres called line, which remains in the hand of the heckler. One half of the length of the strick being pro- perly heckled, the other half is turned round and pre- pared in a similar way. The process is then repeated on the fine heckle, and continued until a fibre of the re- quired degree of fineness is produced. In the heckling machine, a portion of the strick is spread out and held fast in an u-on vice or holder. A number of these are then conveyed to a sort of revolving drum, and hooked on at distances of a few inches ft-om each other, their unsupported ends falling on an internal drum covered with sharp heckling teeth, and revolving with considerable velocity, and in a contrary direction to the external one, the motion of which is slow. When one machine has performed its work, the holder is thrown ofi" upon a rail from which the machine-minder removes it to the second heckling machine, where the other side of the strick is heckled; from the second it is removed to a third, where the points are finer, and so on until the line is sufficiently fine. The tow produced in the above operation being similar to cotton in its fibre, cotton machinery in a modified form has been applied to the spinning of tow. The heckled line is sorted according to its fineness, and is then converted into ribands or slivers. For this pur- pose it is arranged upon a feeding-cloth in such a way, that the ends of the second strick shall reach the middle of the first. As the heckled stricks are thicker in the middle than at the ends, a uniform thickness is thus pre- served. The flax is passed between one pair of rollers, which deliver it through gills or heckling points to a second pair, which, moving with greater speed than the first, increase the length and diminish the thickness of the sliver, which is received into a tin can. A number of these cans being filled, the slivers are doubled and drawn, as in the manufacture of cotton yarn. The spinning of flax does not greatly differ from the throstle-spinning of cotton; but as the fibres of flax have not the same ten- dency to combine together as in cotton, it is necessary to moisten them with water to make them adhere to each other during the process of spinning, and also to render them more pliable and easy to twist. The water used is either of the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere of the mill, or is warmed to 120° Fahr, The water is con- tained in a trough which extends the whole length of the spinning frame. Yarn is made into linen thread by doubling; it is then bleached and formed into balls or wound upon reels into hanks. The size or fineness of linen yarn is reckoned by the numbei of leas to the pound weight; this varies from 15 to 150 or 240, and from that to 300 and 400.—C. T.] 77 Parker, C. E. & C, Dundee, Scotland—Inventors and Manufacturers. Parker's patent mathematical power-loom for weaving navy sail-cloth, and other heavy fabrics. The warp is delivered from four beams at the same time, or from bobbins without any beams. The delivery of the warp is regular and uniform, which secures uniformity in the wefting, the number of weft-threads being the same in any given space. The taking-up motion is so arranged that the tension or strain on the warp may readily be ad- justed to yarns of different strengths or cloth of different weights, and uniformly maintained from the beginning to the end of the web. The loom is self-acting in all its parts, and from the commencement to the termination of the web, no change or alteration is required. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. 78 Crawhall, Joseph, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Inventor. Improved patent machine for manufacturing ropes. 80 Davenport, Joseph L., Derby—Manufacturer. Silk-throwing machinery, for the conversion of raw silk into threads, made at Derby, by Mr. "William Abell. Engine for winding and cleaning. Mill for spinning or twisting one or more threads. Frame for doubling or uniting on one bobbin two or more threads, either before or after the process of spinning. Machine for reeling the thrown thread into skeins. "Dramming" apparatus, for ascertaining the relative thickness of the silken threads. [The history of the manufacture of silk in England has peculiar associations with the town of Derby. Until the commencement of the eighteenth century, England was dependent entirely upon Italy for thrown silk for the purposes of the weaver. Machinery made at that time in England failed to accomplish the manufacture satisfac- torily. A Mr. Lombe went to Italy, succeeded by artifice in gaining admission to the mills, and gained an entire insight into the method of manufacture. Escaping at the hazard of his life, he returned to England; erected a large mill on the Derwent, near Derby, where the manufac- ture was shortly established, and soon attained great prosperity. The machinery now employed for this pur- pose is of great ingenuity, and exhibits the peculiar characteristics of the mechanical workmanship of Great Britain.—R. E.] 82 Barlow, Alfred, 26 Bread Street—Inventor. Patent double-action Jacquard loom, for the expeditious weaving of figured goods by the use of counterpoised grifis 1 Barlow's Pritent Double-action Jacquard Loom. and apparatus for simultaneously raising and lowering different portions of the suspending wires; applying two barrels or cylinders and two sets of cards; and con- structing hooked wires for giving motion to the harness or heddles.—Patented in Great Britain, Ireland, the colonies, France, Belgium, Prussia, and Austria, The figure represents the upper part of the loom, showing its peculiar principles. 84 Frost, J,, Macclesfield—Inventor. , Models of improved silk winding machine and cleaning frame. Model of a machine spinning and doubling at one opera- tion. Model of a throwing mill, in which the spindles are turned by friction. Throwing mill, with spindles turned by friction. Iron roller inlaid with wood, placed in segments, turns a spindle with iron warf, is stated to give regular spin, take less power, and stands in less space than common throwing mills. Improved winding engine. Cleaning tram: the cleaners are fitted up with a slop, so as to be fixed on the guide rail, to answer the purpose of the eye or guide. _ Spinning and doubling machine, which works two opera- tions by one process, and can be converted into a tram doubler. 85 Reed, Thomas Sadler, SiddaVs Lane Mills, Derby —Inventor. Patent power-loom, for making fringes and like fabrics without the use of shuttles. 86 Claussen, p., 26 Gresham Street—^Patentee and partly Inventor. Circular hand-loom, for weaving looped fabrics, elastic cloth, &c.—Manlove and Alliott, proprietors. 87 Gardner & Bazley, Nottingham. A 48-spindles' doubling-frame, for the production of lace-thread, in which the motion is communicated to the spindles by conical contact, without the aid of cords or bands. During the Exhibition, it will be worked, and will produce No, 160 lace-thread. 88 Hudson & Bottom, Nottingham. Lace-dressing machine. 89 Carver, Thomas & Thomas Gilbert, Nottingham— Proprietors and Manufacturers, Model frame for weaving stockings. 90 Ball, Dunnicliff, & Co,, Nottingham—Manufac- turers. Warp-lace machine, making plain blonde. 91 CowsLADE & Lovejoy, Reading, Berks—Inventors. Self-inking platen hand-printing press, consisting of an adaptation of an inking apparatus to the ordinary press. By one turn of a handle attached to a spindle, the carriage and tympan are rolled simultaneously in opposite direc- tions, the type receiving ink at one end of the platen, and the tympan the blank sheet at the other. A reversed action of the spindle brings them together, beneath the platen, there to receive the impression. The printed sheet is freed from the form by springs attached to the tympan, which rises with the platen. 92 Sewell, Thomas Robert, Carrington, near Nottingham—Inventor and Manufacturer. Machine for making bobbin-net lace. Figured and plain net, made by the machine. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31 y C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 94 BiRKiN, Richard, Nottingham—Manufacturer, Machine, on Leaver's principle, for the production of bobbin-net lace, ornamented and embroidered by the Jacquard ; adapted for the production of lace articles of different patterns, in either silk, cotton, or other fila- mentary materials. 95 FussELL, F. Ralph, Nottingham—Designer. Two pictures illustrative of the Nottingham lace manu- facture. 96 Burton & Fames, Lenton Works, near Nottingham —Proprietors. Patent gassing machine, for burning the loose fibre from lace, muslins, and other goods, thereby giving them a more thread-like appearance, without injuring the fabric. Exhibited to show the process of gassing lace, as practised in the town and neighbourhood of Nottingham, [The operation of " gassing " consists in causing lace, thread, or similar delicate tissues, to pass with such velo- city through or between jets of gas as to singe off the loose fibres, without injury to the fabric itself. It was formerly efiected by passing the fabric over heated iron cylinders,—R. E,] 100 Fourdrinier, G. H., Hariley—Inventor and Manufacturer, Patent steam press, for printing the impressions which are to be transferred to earthenware or china. Patent oscillating double-piston steam-engine, with potters' flint and colour mill. Original model of the exhibitor's patent paper machine. Specimen of the exhibitor's pottery tissue paper, in one continuous length of upwards of 2J miles. Manufactured from old coal-pit ropes and hawsers. [The pottery tissue paper is prepared exclusively for the purpose of transferring the impressions of designs from copper plates to earthenware in producing the ordinary patterns,] 102 Harding, Pullein, & Johnson, Guildhall Chambers—Proprietors. Patent apyrotyj^e machinery. Self-acting machine for the manufacture of printing type from copper, zinc, or other metal, without heat, by means of dies and powerful pressure; its object is to produce a, letter of more exact form than usual; and it is stated that the metal, hard- ened by the compression to which it is subjected in the process of manufacture, attains a durability estimated at sixty times that of ordinary cast type. Machine for dressing the letter after leaving the first machine. . Machine for regulating the height of the types, so that, when set up in pages, their faces may be perfectly even. Other objects contemplated by this invention are eco- nomy of type and ink, and greater resistance to pressure. 103 Underwood, T,, Birmingham. Lithographic colour press. 104 Sherwin, Cope, & Co., 5 Cumberland Street, Shoreditch—Inventors and Manufacturers, Printing press, for letter-press printing, possessing a simple combination of levers, and economising labour. Arming-press, for bookbinders. By the simplicity of its parts great power is obtained, and the arrangement of its table allows of different thicknesses to lay on. 108 TiDCOMBE, Geo,, Watford—Manufacturer. Machine for cutting paper in the continuous sheet, [Paper manufactured by machine is made into a con- tinuous web the width of the machine. As it runs from the drying apparatus it passes through the cutting- machine, where it is first slit into several continuous bands: this is efiected by means of a series of circular shears formed of circular discs of steel, adjustable on two parallel axes common to the series. The bands then pass on to a kind of shears placed transversely, and acting at predetermined intervals, the paper being arrested at the point of division by the mechanism, without stopping its onward progress through the slitting-shears, Mr, T, B, Crompton, in conjunction with Mr, E, Miller and Mr. (now Professor) Cowper, obtained patents in the same year, 1828, for the cutting apparatus applicable to the above purpose: since this period several other very inge- nious machines have been devised.—W. D, L, R.] 110 Shaw, W., 8 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin— Manufacturer. Improved machine for ruling paper. 112 Wilson, G., 27 St. Martin's Court, Leicester Square—Inventor and Patentee. Diagonal paper and mill-board cutting machine. Per- pendicular paper-cutting machines. 114 Greig, David & John, Lothian Road, Edinburgh— Designers and Manufacturers, Iron lithographic press, 30 inches by 45 inches, with Gothic frame, eccentric pressure by side lever, and frame for registering coloured printing, counter-balance weights for bringing out carriage, and stoppers. Iron lithographic press, 22 inches by 23 inches, ynth. side levers, circular cross-head, ornamental frame, and stoppers for stopping carriage. Iron lithographic press, 18 inches by 27 inches, with side lever, a kind of press much used. Specimen of 18-inch copper-plate press, with single motion. Portable fanners for cooling apartments in hot climates, suggested by Captain Davidson, 18th Bombay Infantry. 116 Marriott, William, Leeds Road, Haddersfield— Inventor, Registered machine for packing in paper packets any dry substance, such as cofiee, chicory, &c. ; with an improved and continuous printing apparatus for printing the label before pasting it on the packet. 118 Cooke, H., High Street, Oxford—Inventor, Printing apparatus of a new construction, designed to give increased facilities to the compositor. 120 Nelson, T., jun,, Hope Park End, Edinburgh— Inventor, Working model of a new printing machine. Illumi- nated book-titles. 121 Ullmer, E, and W., 110 Fetter Lane, London— Inventors, Self-inking press. 122 Ingram, Herbert, 198 Strand—Proprietor, A printing machine, on the vertical principle, as used at the "Times" office. The chief advantage of this new arrangement is, that the whole motion or circuit of the type can be made available for printing, whereas, in the fiat machine, more than half the motion of the reciprocating type table is lost: and the reason for placing the cylinder in a vertical position is to obtain more easy access to the type, inking rollers, and other parts of the machine, and to permit more impressing cylinders to be arranged around the North Areas A. 13. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. type drum than can be done when it is fixed hori- zontally. The circumference of the central drum, or path of the type, is exactly 200 inches;—in the machines at the "Times" office eight impressing cylinders surround the type, which therefore print eight sheets at every revo- lution ; but in those machines the type is not truly cylindric, but is segmental, which involves the necessity of using large cylinders, but when the type is purely cy- lindi'ic smaller impression rollers may be used, and the produce very much increased. The machine which is erected in the Exhibition is made to print circular woodcuts and type in the best manner. Each of the four impressing cylinders has 50 inches space for itself and its attendant inking rollers, and the form has the advantage of receiving its ink or colour from several rollers, each of which is loell distributed or evenly covered with ink. The vertical position of the inking rollers also conduces greatly to the production of good work; for the type or engraving is only touched on its extreme surface, while, on the flat principle, where the inking rollers act by gravity, the sides of the type are liable to receive colour. Another advantage is, that any dust in the paper is shaken out by the act of stopping, and falls upon the floor in place of being deposited upon the inking rollers and distributing table as in the flat machine: this is in practice a real advantage, for 50,000 impressions have been taken without once stopping to brush out the form or table. Another technical advantage in the printing of wood engravings, where delicate overlaying is required, is that the impressing cylinders are in direct connection with the type drum, so that no irregularity of motion can occur, and the overlays can be placed precisely where required without any fear of derangement. Attention is also directed to the superior smoothness of the action of the vertical machine, as compared with the heavy blows produced in a flat or reciprocating machine at each change of motion in the ponderous type table and its appendages. The action of the machine is very simple, the " layer on'' draws a sheet of paper towards a small roller in rapid motion, which descends and causes the paper to enter between the vertical tapes which carry it downwards, when, having arrived at the proper position, it is suddenly stopped by narrow upright strips of wood, which advance and slightly compress the sheet between them, the vertical tapes at the same moment releasing it;—the stoppers are then in their turn withdrawn, leav^ing the sheet of paper momentarily suspended by two small pulleys, mounted on delicate springs called finger rollers. The sets of vertical rollers seen in rapid motion on each side of the sheet now advance against it, and impel it sideways towards the impressing cylinder, where it receives the impression from the type; the sheet continues its side motion, supported only by a single pair of tapes, which at the proper place are stopped, leaving the piinted sheet sus- pended until the ''taker ofi"' draws it down upon the taking-off table. The diagram below will explain the action of the ma- chine employed for the "Times;" h,h,h, represent the position of the laying-on tables. The chases which hold the type are made with circular beds, and are securely fixed to the iron rings of the type drum. The column rules are converted by means of screws into tension bars, and they bind the sides of the chase or type-holder together, so that each column can be set up by means of a screw at its foot to any required degree of pressure. The inking rollers, which are seen in a vertical position between the impressing cylinders, are caused to press against the type and distributing table by long coiled springs, adjusted to a proper tension; they receive the ink from a circular distributing surface placed opposite to the type, and which, duiing its revo- lution, rises up and down by travelling upon an undu- lating railway. The ink is deposited upon the distribut- ing table by a roller which occasionally vibrates against the ductor roller of the ink-box. The wheels which connect the type drum and the impressing cylinders are beneath the machine, motion is communicated to the ink-box by the upper bevil wheel seen on the spindle of the type drum, and to the feeders by the lower bevil wheel. The vertical principle admits of great variety of con struction, and is equally applicable to perfecting machines for book work. It is the patent invention of Mr, Augustus Applegath, of Dartford. Manufactured by Mr, T. Middleton, of Lo- man-street, Southwark. North Areas A. B, 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; O. H. 25, 26. 12-1 Clymer & Dixon, G. & S., 10 Finsbury Street, Finshury Square—-Patentees and Manufacturers. Demy Columbian printing press. 128 Redmond, Amedee Fransois, Birmingham— Inventor. Working model, in v/ood, of a machine for dry-cement- ing envelopes, patented by the exhibitor. By this pro- cess, the envelopes can be immediately folded without requiring the tedious process of drying, in common use. 130 DoNKiN, Bryan, & Co., i?ermo?z<is(??/—Manufacturers and part Inventors. Model of a machine for making paper, with patent improvements. 132 Brewer, Jane, 19 Surrey Place, Old Kent Road —Manufacturer. Endless brass wire cloth for a paper machine. Straight laid, spirally laid, and wove wire dandy rollers, for producing in paper, made by machine, the "laid" watermark, devices, names, &c. Laid and wove wire paper moulds, used in making paper by hand. Wove wire of different degrees of fineness. [The use of dandy rollers of the kind described is to commimicate to paper made by mechanical power the "wire" and other marks generally supposed to indicate the fact of hand-labour having been employed in the manufacture of the papers.—R, E,] 134 CowPER, Edward, F,R.S,, King's College, London, and 9 Kensington Park Road, Notting Hill—Inventor and Patentee, Model of the printing machine now in general use. The Catalogue of the Exhibition is printed by these machines. The model was made by T, B, Winter, Esq., a student in King's College, London. [The following is a brief review of the progress of print- ing by machinery:—In 1790, Nicholson proposed placing both the tj^DCS and paper upon cylinders, and also dis- tributing and applying the ink by means of cylinders. Another plan was to place the types upon a table, and the paper upon a cylinder, and to cause the table and type to pass backward and forward under the paper cylinder. In 1813, Donkin and Bacon proposed placing the types upon a prism, and causing it to revolve against an irregu- lar-shaped cylinder upon which the paper was placed. Neither of tEe above machines came into use, but in the latter, Donkin introduced the "composition" inking rollers {i.e. elastic rollers, made of treacle and glue), for distributing and applying the ink. In 1814, Koenig made the first working machine, and erected two of them at the office of " The Times" newspaper, each of which pro- duced 1,800 impressions per hour, and they continued in use until 1827; he also made two machines for Mi\ Bens- ley, one producing 800 impressions per hour, and the other printing 800 sheets, both sides, per hour. In 1816, Cowper made machines to print from curved stereotype plates, and in 1818, one to print from ordinary type. These machines printed from 800 to 1,000 sheets on both sides, or from 2,000 to 2,400 impressions on one side of the sheet. Machines to print only one side are generally called newspaper machines, and machines to print both sides are called book machines.] The cut represents one of these book machines; it con- sists of a cast-iron frame, about 14 feet long and 4 feet wide, in which an iron table slides backward and for- Covvper'd Printing Machine. ward, passing in its progress vmder two cast-iron cylin- ders, called the paper cylinders. Two sets of type, tech- nically called the form, are fixed on the table at such a distance from each other that one form passes under one cylinder and the other form under the other cylinder, the sheet of paper being held on the cylinder by means of tapes. At each end of the machine is a reservoir, or trough, of ink, the trough being made by an iron rollei, about 3 inches diameter, turning in contact with a flat iron bar, which only allows a very small quantity of ink to pass; this iron bar is the abductor, but is commonly called the "doctor," and the iron roller the " doctor" roller. An elastic composition roller is made to vibrate between the table and the abductor roller, and conveys the ink from the latter to the table. A number of composition rollers are placed across the table, their axes resting in notched bear- ings. As the table passes backward and forward under these rollers, the ink deposited by the vibrating roller becomes very evenly spread upon the table. This spreading, or distribution, as it is called, is effected by three or four of the rollers (called the " distributing rollers") not only having a motion round their axes, but also a motion in the direction of the length of their axes, i.e., in an end motion. This motion was produced in Mr. Cowpei-'s first machines by giving an end motion to the frame, which supported the distributing rollers. Mr. Applegath suggested the more simple mode of placing the rollers in a diagonal or sloping position across the table, and making the axis long enough to slide in their notches. Three or four other rollers, called the "inking rollers," have no end motion; their office is to take the ink up from the table, and apply it to the types. Thus the "taking," "distributing," and " inking" is all done by the machine itself. The sheet of paper is laid by a boy on a web of tapes, whence it is carried forward, and enters between two sets of tapes; and as these tapes are carried round one paper cylinder, and then over and under two wooden "drums" to the other paper cylinder, the sheet of paper necessarily North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. travels with the tapes, and the sheet is thus conveyed from one paper cylinder to the other; in the course of its .progress, the sheet is turned over, receiving one printed impression on one side from the first form, and the second impression on the other side of the sheet from the second form, and as the tapes leave the second cylinder they divide, and the printed sheet falls into the hands of another boy. The machines are commonly known as ''Applegath and Cowper's machines." [Mr. Napier's machine differs from Applegath and Cow- per's : his machine is described in a separate article. In 1827, Cowper & Applegath jointly invented the four-cylin- der machine, which Applegath erected for printing " The Times " newspaper. It at once superseded Koenig's ma- chines, which were taken down. This machine printed from 4,000 to 5,000 impressions per hour. The diagram will give a general idea of these machines, which are still in use at ''The Times" office. They consist of a table, moved backwards and forwards under four iron cylinders (called the paper cylinders), about 9 inches in diameter, which are covered with cloth, and round which the sheets of paper are held between tapes. The form is fixed on one part of the table, the inking rollers lying on ano- ther part, on which they distribute the ink. Some of these rollers are placed in a diagonal position on the table, so that, as it moves backwards and forwards, they have a motion in the direction of their length, called the ''end- motion," which, combined with the rotatory motion, causes the ink to be more effectually distributed. The ink is held in a reservoir or trough formed of an iron roller, called the ductor, against which the edge of an iron plate rests, and, by its pressure, regulates the quantity of ink given out. The ink is conveyed from the ductor-roUer to the table by means of an elastic roller vibrating between them. The feeding is performed by four "layers-on," who lay the sheets of paper on the feeding boards, whence they enter the machine between three pairs of tapes, by which they are conveyed round the cylinders, and thence to the spot where the "takers-ofi"' stand, into whose hands the sheets fall as the tapes separate. The last great improvement in rapid printing was in- vented by Mr, Applegath, in May 1848, when he erected at "The Times" ofl&ce two vertical cylinder machines, each producing 10,000 sheets per hour.] 135 Church & GoDDARD, Birmingham—Manufacturers, Machine for cutting cardboards into cards for printing and other purposes, capable of cutting from 300,000 to 600,000 cards per day, by the labour of one person. Machine for manufacturing railway tickets, or printed cards. It cuts, prints, numbers consecutively, coimts, and packs about eighty tickets per minute, without waste. Machine for dating railway tickets. It gives a clear and distinct impression, which is intended to prevent the unpleasant disputes which frequently occur at railway stations, in consequence of the illegibility of the date on passengers' tickets. 136 Taylor, W,, Nottingham—Designer and Manufacturer. Machine for forming hemispherical paper shades from flat discs of paper. Ornamental paper work, &c. 138 Black, James, Edinburgh—Manufacturer. Patent folding machine. 140 Whitaker, Richard, Banj St. Edmunds—Inventor. Patent bookbinding pre-^s, for rolling the backs of books, cutting the edges, and impressing the ornaments on the back, intended to supersede the hammering process. Printers' types may be used. Manufactured by Messrs. Mordan and Son, City Road, London. 142 Straker, Samuel, 80 Bishopsgate Street Within —Manufacturer. Side-lever lithographic press, fitted with improved re- gistering-machine, and adapted for every description of colour printing. 144 Brewer, C. & W,, Malcolm Worls, Larkhall Lane, Clapham—Patentees, Inventors, and Manufacturers. Plain ring and plain laid pattern dandy rollers for making endless paper. Patent bank note moulds, of various patterns, for making notes by hand and vat. Watered pattern moulds for fancy writing paper made by hand and vat. Angular moulds for making paper for envelopes. Autograph moulds for paper making. Bundle of paper made from the moulds and rollers, to illustrate. 146 Ransomes & May, Ipswich—Manufacturers, Model of patent excavator, for railways or canals. Henry Potter Burt, London, proprietor. Models of improved apparatus and machinery, for pre- paring timber with creosote. Exhaust-pump, Force- pump, Tank for the solution. Steaming and heating apparatus. Moveable tramway and crab, for loading and unloading the cylinder. The timber to be prepared is loaded on trucks, and drawn inside the cylinder; the cover is then closed, and the air-pump employed to exhaust the cylinder, and extract the sap or moisture from the timber. The air- pump is then disengaged, and a sluice valve communi- cating with a reservoir opened, which charges the cylinder with creosote, previously heated to 120° Fahr. Force- pumps are then employed, which work, until the timber in the cylinder has been saturated with from 7 to 10 lbs. of oil per cubic foot; this is found to be a sufficient quantity to eflFectually prevent decay, from the attacks of the "Teredo navalis," &c. Leggat's Queen press, with self-inking apparatus. Shavings of iron. 148 Pope, Thomas, & Co., 56 St. Paul's Square, Birmingham—Manufacturers, Screw press (called the "Lion Press"), for embossing paper, &c. Screw press, with an arm, a substitute for a double- sided press. A small powerful lever press, called " The Model," for embossing paper with dies up to one inch diameter; only 4^ by 2-5 inches base; height 3^ inches; weight 2f lbs. " The Cornucopia" lever press for the same and other purposes, with dies Ij inch diameter. The portable desk press; base 5^ by 2^ inches diameter. Large quarto screw copying press of improved construc- tion, the pillars and beams being in one solid piece. A small quarto screw copying press. A folio screw copying press. 150 Cobb, T,, 19 Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn— Manufacturer. Working model of iron printing press, with improve- ments by the exhibitor. 151 Harris, C, Shalford, near Guildford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Fly press, for stamping envelopes, note paper, &c., in coloui-s. On the fly^spindle is fixed an inclined plane to give motion to the force spindle, which carries the force or die. On the top is a tooth wheel, which gives motion to other wheels for the coloui'ing apparatus. North Areas A. B. 10 to 81; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 152 LiGHTFooT, Thomas M., So-dh Shields— Inventor. Patent beating engine for reducing rags into pulp.— The improvement consists in the introduction of a second beating roll, and a new adaptation of washing apparatus, which is said to enable the engine to produce four times the quantity of pulp produced by an ordinary engine in the same time. 154 Jarrett, Griffith, 45 Lee Street, Kingsland Rood —Inventor. Improved embossing presses^ constructed with steel levers, double enclosed springs, and prepared for move- able dies; the dies made of highly tempered steel, and furnished with copper counterparts. Jarrett's Embossing Pre; 155 CoLLETTj C, 8 Great Cambridge St., Hackney Road —Inventor. Specimens of embossing presses. 156 Sullivan, Thomas, Foots' Cray, Kent—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved double-sized, brass-bodied, laid dandy roller, for producing the water-mark, &c., in machine laid paper. Interlinear laid roller for producing fancy designs. Improved spiral laid roller. Improved brass-bodied wove roller, with fancy designs. Models. 157 Harrild & Sons, 10, 11 & 12 Great Distaff Lane, and 22 Friday St.—Inventors and Manufacturers. Improved galley press, used for pulling proofs in " galleys ;" represented in the following cut. Han ild's Galley Press. Registered plough cutting machine, calculated to cut with ease any kind of paper or card; represented in the following cut. Ilarrild's Plough Cutting Machine. Numerical printing apparatus, calculated to print a few lines with a number attached, which alters consecutively up to 99,999 with each impression, or alternatively, as may be required. The printing is effected by laying the paper on the svirface, and then simply bringing the handle to a horizontal position and pressing on the paper, the action of which not only effects the inking of the type and figures, but the distribution of the ink and printing. This apparatus is represented in the following cut. Harrild's Numerical Printing Machine. Seamless composition printing rollers for wood-cut and fine printing. Improved composition balls for printing. [These rollers and balls are intended to distribute the ink evenly over the surface of the type. In fine printing and wood-cut printing, the equal dis- tribution of the ink is of great consequence to the per- fection of the work.] North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 158 Napier, D., & Son, Lambeth—Inventors and Manufacturers. .. A captain's patent registering c ompass. This instrument registers on paper the exact compass course which a ves- sel has been steered for 24 consecutive hours. Its object is to enable the captain at any time, by mere inspection, to ascertain if the ship has been steered correctly, and if not, to show immediately the period and amount of the devia- tion. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Letter-press perfecting and printing machine, worked by a small steam engine; when in operation, it is arranged with a combination of tapes and grippers, by which the " flying " of the sheet in laying on, required in tape ma- chines, is rendered unnecessary. Another machine, of the same description, for a larger form. Single cylinder letter-press printing machine, suitable chiefly for bookwork. Patent self-feeding and self-discharging centrifugal apparatus suited to the separation of the molasses from the crystal in sugar manufacture, also to other purposes. Exhibited as a novel and useful invention. The advan- tages are, a continual discharge and supply of the matter to be operated upon, and, consequently, great saving of time and labour; as the machines at present used must be stopped, discharged, and re-discharged by men in attend- ance. The time saved by the improved machine not only includes that now consumed in taking out and filling the charge (which, on an average, must be done every eight minutes), but that necessary for stopping and starting the machines, the working speed being 1,500 revolutions per minute, and which is very considerable. There are also many other advantages. 160 M'Clure & Co., Bow Churchyard, Cheapside- Producers. A lithographic press. 162 HoPKiNSON & Cope, 14 New North Street, Finshury —Inventors and Manufacturers. The Albion printing press. Holm's patent Scandinavian printing machine. A two-horse power high-pressure table engine. A cylindrical inking apparatus. 164 Waterlow & Sons, London Wo^/—Producers. Printing machine. Patent self-feeding envelope ma- chme producing envelopes folded, gummed, and em- bossed. Machme for numbering bank notes, &c. Patent autographic press. 165 Watson, Henry, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Manufacturer and Inventor. Improved pulp strainer, for paper manufacturers Hydro-electric machine, in the annexed cut. This machine is represented Watson s Hydro-electnc Machine. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. B. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. Patent valve for fluids; represented in the annexed cut. Watson s Patenr, Valve. The cut shows a vertical section of a straight cock. A A is the water-way represented, as closed by the block or key B B, made to move vertically up and down by turning the screw which works through a nut H H, fitting loosely into the key. The dark line is an elastic facing, which may be of leather, gutta percha, India-rub- ber, felt, or any material most suitable for the purpose to which the cock is intended to be used, and is secured in its place by the brass ring D D, three screws through which prevent the possibility of its afterwards moving, or the facing material becoming displaced. F F is a bolt screwed into the centre, having a plate which draws the elastic material tightly over the face, and fitting closely the seat G G G G. The horizontal section or plan through the line A A, shows the form of the cock; EE are guides for the key working freely up and down when moved by the screw C. 166 Cowan, Alex., &Sons, 45 Upper Thames Street- Manufacturers. Paper pulp-meter. Patented by Charles Cowan, Val- ley-field, near Edinburgh. The object of this apparatus is to measure out a uniform and exact supply of pulp to the paper-machine, according to any width and thickness of the web of paper which it may be desired to make. The pulp, after having been prepared in the engines, and mixed in ascertained proportions of raw materials and of water, is kept in the pulp or stuff chest. The cup of the pulp-metei", which is driven in connection with the paper machine, is made to dip into a box, which, by means of a ball-cock or valve, is always kept full of pulp from the pulp-chest, and lifts and delivers the requisite quantity of pulp to make the width and thickness of the web re- quired. This is done by means of the slide upon the cup, which can be set even while the apparatus is in motion, so as to deliver the number of cubical inches of pulp at each dip required for the particular paper to be made, which can be ascertained by a very simple calculation. In this way uniformity of thickness in every sheet of the paper manufactured is readily obtained. 168 ScHLESiNGER & Co., 8 Old Jewry—Producers. Paging and numbering machine. Ticket printing machine. Machine for printing bank notes. 200 Fairbairn, W., & Sons, Manchester—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent riveting machine, for riveting boilers, and other vessels, constructed of wrought iron. The moving slide and die are worked by the action of a revolving cam upon an elbow joint, which gives a variable motion, and exerts the greatest force at the closing of the joint and the finishing of the rivet. The following figures represent this machine. Fairbairn's Patent Riveting Machine. Side Elevation, NoETH Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. Fairbairn's Patent Riveting Machine. Plan. [The invention of the riveting machine originated in a turn-ont of the boiler-makers in the employ of the exhibitor about fifteen years ago. On that occa- sion the attempt was made to rivet two plates together by compressing the red-hot rivets in the ordinary punching- press. The success of this experiment immediately led to the construction of the original machine, in which the moveable die was forced upon the rivet by a powerful lever, acted upon by a cam. A short experience proved the original machine inadequate to the numerous require- ments of the boiler-maker's trade, and the present form was therefore adopted about eight years since. The large stem, A, is made of malleable iron, and having an iron strap, BB, screwed round the base, it renders the whole perfectly safe in the case of the dies coming in contact with a cold rivet, or any other hard substance, during the process. Its construction also allows the workman to rivet angle iron along the edges, and to finish the corners of boilers, tanks, and cisterns; and the stem being now made 4 feet 6 inches high, it renders the machine more extensive in its application, and allows of its riveting the fire-box of a locomotive boiler or any other work within the given depth. In addition to these parts, it has a broad moving slide, C, in which are three dies corresponding with others in the wrought-iron stem. By using the centre die every description of flat and circular work can be riveted, and by selecting those on the sides it will rivet the corners, and thus complete vessels of almost every shape. This machine is in a portable form, and can be moved on rails, with care, to suit the article suspended from the shears. The introduction of the knee-joint gives to the dies a variable motion, and causes the greatest force to be ex- erted at the proper time, viz., at the closing of the joint and the finishing the head of the rivet. In other respects the machine operates as before, efiect- ing by an almost instantaneous pressure what is performed in the ordinary mode by a long series of impacts. The machine fixes in the firmest manner, and completes eight rivets of f inch diameter in a minute, with the attendance of two men and two boys to the plates and rivets; whereas the average work that can be done by two riveters, with one holder on," and a boy, is 40 |-inch rivets per hour; the quantity done in the two cases being in the proportion of 40 to 480, or as 1 to 12, exclusive of the saving of one man's labour. The cylinder of an ordinary locomotive-engine boiler, 8 feet 6 inches long, and 3 feet diameter, can be riveted and the plates fitted completely by the machine in four hours; whilst to execute the same work by hand would require, with an extra man, twenty houi-s. The work produced by the machine is likewise of a superior kind to that made in the ordinary manner; the rivets being found stronger and the boilers more free from leakage, and more perfect in every re- spect. The riveting is done without noise, and thus is almost entirely removed the constant deafening clamour of the boiler-maker's hammer.] 201 Whitworth & Co., Manchester—Manufacturers. Self-acting foot lathe, fig. 1, with motions for sliding, screwing, and surfacing, including double-geared head- stocks, conical steel mandril and bearings, case-hardened, compound slide-rest, with quick hand traverse. Guide screw, with disengaging nut, and 24 change wheels for screw cutting. Anti-friction treadle motion, crank and speed pulley for band, with equal tension. Hand-rest with eccentric lock, two-face plates, elements driver, drill, bell, and cup chucks. Fig. 1, Whitworth's Self-acting Foot Lathe. This lathe is intended for amateur use, and exhibits a complete sliding, screwing, surfacing, and boring lathe. Ornamental chucks can be applied to this as to other lathes. Patent self-acting duplex lathe, fig. 2, with two cutting tools, for sliding screwing, and surfacing, having double- Fig. 2. Wliitwoiths Patent Self-acting Duplex Lathe. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; O. H. 25, 26. geared headstocks, with conical steel mandril and bear- ings. Slide-rest, with quick hand traverse, two com- pound top rests, one on each side of the lathe centres, with independent adjustments, two extra slides, with right and left screw for working the top rests simulta- neously. Guide screw, disengaging nut, and 23 change wheels for screw cutting; two-face plates, elements driver, drill, and bell chucks. [The duplex principle consists in the employment of a cutting tool at the back of the lathe opposite to the tool in front, and in inverted positions to each other. The transverse forces are thus balanced, the work produced is more correct, and is accomplished in less time than by the ordinary lathe.] Patent self-acting compound duplex lathe, with four cutting tools, for sliding, screwing, and surfacing. [The arrangement of this lathe is similar to the fore- going, except that this has a duplicate independent series of self-acting motions and tools, which may either be Fig, worked separately or simultaneously. The bed is of great length, in one casting, and may be used for two distinct lathes, by employing an extra set of headstocks. The lathe, though suited for general work, is intended more particularly for sliding long shafting, and for cut- ting screws. In sliding a shaft, the two series of tools commence in the middle of its length, and proceed in a direction right and left. There is, consequently, a balance of force longitudinally, as well as transversely.] Patent self-acting duplex railway-wheel turning-lathe, fig. 3, including two sets of double-geared headstocks and face plates, driven independently, to prevent torsion of the axle; four compound slide rests, with separate self-acting motions to each, and swivel plates. [Four cutting tools are employed, two acting upon opposite sides of each wheel. Both wheels are turned at once upon their axle, and the slide rests are readily re ■ moveable in order to get the wheels into and out of the lathe.] 3. Whitvvorth's Patent Self-acting Duplex Railway Wheel Turning Lathe. Patent self-acting planing machine, with reversing tool, to plane both ways; grooved table, with screw traverse, by which the driving is removed from the middle to the end of the bed. Self-acting motions, for horizontal, ver- tical, and angular planing. Self-acting planing machine, to plane one way, with quick return motion. (Fig. 4.) The arrangement of this is similar to the foregoing, except that this has a quick return motion applied to the screw, and has a fixed tool instead of a reversing tool. The tool-holder is fitted with a segment wheel and worm, for shaping internal curves, and has a self-relieving mo- tion. It is self-acting in all cuts. Patent self-acting crank planing machine, uniform in cutting, with a quick return motion. The tool holder is fitted with segment wheel and worm, and has a self-re- lieving motion as in the last machine. The general arrangement of parts, such as the bed, table, uprights, and cross-slide, is the same. The motion from the crank is imparted to the table by means of a grooved lever, in which the crank pin slides, a connecting rod being attached to the top end of this lever and to the table. The connecting rod consequently vibrates through a very small arc, and enables the ordinary V slides to be used in the bed and table. Patent self-acting universal shaping and planing ma- chine, fig. 5, with adjustable crank, acting tmiformly in cutting, with a quick return motion; with bed grooved on the front side, two tables for fixing the work, move- able vertically and longitudinally; horizontal slide moving the full length of bed, for planing flat work; transverse Whitworth's Self-acting Planing Machine. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. slide and tool-holder, with segment wheel and worm for internal curves; vertical slide and swivel for angular work; conical mandril, with worm and wheel for circular work. Whitworth'sPatent Self-acting Universal Shaping and Planing Machine. These machines are used for shaping and planing levers, cranks, straps, cross-heads, &c., and for curves and planes in general. They have five independent self- actions, viz.: for flat, vertical, angular, and circular work, and for internal curves. Patent self-acting slotting and shaping machine, fig. 6, with independent upright framing, adjustable crank and quick return motion; vertical slide and tool holder; table for holding the work, fitted v^ith two series of transverse slides; worm-wheel for circular work; self- acting transverse and circular motions. Fig. 6. Whitworth's Patent Self-acting Slotting and Shaping Machine. These machines are used for cutting keyways in wheels, and for shaping work in general. The upper series of transverse slides give increased facility in chucking work to be shaped. Patent self-acting bench slotting and shaping machine, similar to the foregoing, but adapted particularly to small work. Small self-acting vertical drilling machine, single geared, with independent framing, drill spindle in tube, with variable down motion, plain elevating table. The spindle, by passing through a tube and not re- volving in bearings, undergoes very little wear. It may be quickly raised by hand. Self-acting vertical drilling and boring machine, fig. 7, double geared, with independent framing, drill spindle in tube, variable down motion, and radial table, with ver- tical and horizontal slides. Whitworth's Self-acting Vertical Drilling and Boring Machine. The radial table affords greater facility than a fixed table for chucking work; and any number of holes may be drilled after once fixing without disturbing the work till finished. Self-acting radial drilling and boring machine, fig. 8 (medium size), with independent framing, vertical ele- vating slide, radial arm, moveable through an arc of 190"^, slide carrying drill spindle, with variable self-acting down motion. Fig. 8. Wliitworth's Self-acting Radial Drilling and Boring Machine. These machines are used for drilling the end plates of tubular boilers, and for work in general. All holes within the range of the machine can be drilled without removing the work till finished. These machines are also adapted for work of a massive character, such as large cylinders, &c., which could not be conveniently [6.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; 0. H. 25, 26. [United lifted and placed on the table of the ordinary drilling machine. A pit should be provided in front for objects of great length. Punching and shearing machine, fig, 9, for hand or power, with separate slides for the two operations, one on each side of the machine, worked by eccentrics. Apparatus for raising the punch quickly without stopping the machine. Small shears for cutting off bars of any length. Punching and shearing, or bar cutting, may be carried on at the same time without interruption. Fig:, 9. VV'liitvvorth's Punching and Shearing Macliine. Hand-punching and shearing machine, with single slide, worked by eccentric, only one process being carried on at a time. Self-acting wheel-cutting and dividing machine, fig, 10, for bevel spur and worm wheels, with headstocks and dividing wheel, moveable horizontally for different dia- meters of wheels, cutter frame, with universal adjustment, self-acting traverse for cutter, self-adjusting driving pul- leys, change wheels, for all numbers up to 100. Fio-, 10. Self-acting bolt-head and nut-shaping machine, fig, 11, with two circular cutters, for shaping two sides at once, two concenti'ic chucks, for two objects to be operated upon at the same time. Duplicate compound slides, with in- dependent self-acting and self-disengaging motions to prevent injury from the cutters. Fig. 11. Whitworrth's Self-acting Wheel-cutting and Dividing Machine. Whitworth's Self-acting Bolt-head and Nut-shaping Machine. The chucks are respectively placed on opposite sides of the centre of the circular cutters, by which the forces are balanced, and a much greater quantity of work is pro- duced than if one chuck only were used. These ma- chines are applicable for shaping and squaring nuts, ends of shafts, &c. The concentric chucks are removable, so that other work may be shaped and squared. Patent screwing machine, for bolts and nuts, with hollow mandril, die holder, with four radial dies, two on each side of the centre, complete sets of dies and taps, with chucking apparatus for bolts and nuts. The radial die holder is similar in principle to the patent guide screw stock. The dies are cut by master taps, of double the depth of thread larger in diameter than the working taps, so that the circle of the dies in contact is the same size as the screw blank, A perfect guide is thus obtained, and a thread of correct pitch is formed at the commence- ment. The inner edges of the dies being filed ofi" to an acute angle, they cut with ease without distorting the thread; and by the direction in which the dies are moved, their cutting power is preserved for the full depth of thread. Their action in cutting is similar to the chasing tool, which they resemble in form, and may in like manner be sharpened on ar grindstone. Patent screwing apparatus, fig, 12, including the patent guide screw-stock and dies, working taps, master taps, for cutting up the dies, hobs, for cutting screw tools, and case-hardened tap wrenches. The dies of the screw stock are cut by a large master tap, and their action is the same as explained in the bolt-screwing machine. The diameter of the working taps are made to standard gauges; the angle of the thread in all cases is 55°, rounded off at top and bottom to two-thirds of a complete angular thread; small fractional pitches are avoided, and the principle of uniformity in pitch, form of thread, and dia- meter, is rigidly adhered to, . Measuring machine, and standard yard measure. Internal and external standard cylindrical gauges, of sizes from l-8th to 6 inches diameter, tested by the mea- suring machine. Set of stepped gauges, external only from l-8th to 6 inches. Patent knitting machine, knits one stitch at a time, similar to hand knitting : may be worked by hand or power. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. Fig. 12. Whitworth's Patent Screwing Apparatus. 202 Foster, T., Manchester—Inventor. Apparatus for preserving the surface of copper rollers and steel dies, with a coat of etching ground, so as to resist the action of nitric-acid, for the purpose of deepen- ing the engraving. 203 Lyons, Morris, 143 Suffolk Street, Birmingham— Inventor. Apparatus and specimens to illustrate the process of bright electro-plating, gilding, electro-engraving, and de- position of copper for the formation of tubes. This pro- cess differs from others, in at once depositing the metal in a bright state, requiring no after polishing. Hence it is particularly adapted for embossed works of art. The eco- nomy of this process consists in its requiring less battery- power, and a smaller consumption of the precious metal. [Bright electro-plating has been effected by mixing a few drops of the sulphuret of carbon with the silver or gold solution in the precipitating trough.—R. H.] 204 Sharp Brothers, Manchester—Inventors. Lathe, slotting-machine. Powerful self-acting planing machine; represented in the following engraving. Sharp's Powerful Self-acting Planing Machine. 205 MoRDAN, Sampson, & Co., City Road— Manufacturers. Bright steel fire-proof jewel-box, decorated with or- molu ornaments. Carved inkstand, inlaid with pearl and gilt ink-glass attached, with gold pen. Large frame containing an assortment of every descrip- tion of gold pens, and gold pen-holders. Complex self-acting rose engine and tracing machine. Combination copying and seal-press, on a stand; which combines the double purpose of a seal or embossing- press, and a copying-press. 206 MuiR, William, Salford, Manchester— Manufacturer. Amateur foot lathe, slide rest, eight gun-metal chucks, joiner's bench, tool-chest, and German cramp. Large and small patent coffee-mill for grocers and private use. Screw embossing press, for stamping envelopes, with dies, sets of alphabets, &c. Lever embossing presses, for embossing crests, &c. Copying presses. Screw-stocks, taps, master-taps, and tap-wrenches. Machine taps and hand-screw tools. Z 2 North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; Gr. H. 25, 26. Oil-testing machine. Invented by Emanuel Thomas, of Manchester. Registered theodolite. Designed by Henry Goss, of Salford. Specimens of embossing. Lithographs of copying and embossing presses. Soap-cutting machine. Invented by Walter Storey, of Manchester. 207 Hunt, John, per C, Boyd, 15 Addison Road, Kensington—Inventor. A mineral washing-case, designed for the more expe- ditious and effectual washing of gold, silver, tin, copper, and lead ores, and applicable to all kinds of mineral, the sj^ecific gravity of which is greater than the foreign matter with which it is mixed. The superiority is said to con- sist in the great ease, rapidity, and economy, with which ores can be treated, as comj^ared with the ordinary system, the latter requiring that the mineral to be operated upon should be previously separated from clay, adhesive matter, and stony particles. The inventor states that chiefly by means of this washing-case, he has been able to recover about 550,000 francs' worth of silver and lead ores from the "debris" of the ancient mine of " Pont-pean," near Rennes, in France, of which he is the occupier. 208 Garforth, William, John, & James, Duhinfield Iron Works, near Manchester—Manufacturers. Steam riveting machine, having direct action. The following engraving gives the form of the machine, which consists of a strong cast-iron frame, a cylinder 36 inches in diameter, with piston and rod, on to which high-pres- sure steam is alternately let and discharged; the riveting portion being acted on directly by the piston rod, and the plates are thus closed and the rivet formed. Garforth's Steam Riveting Machine, With this machine, one man and three boys can rivet with perfect ease, and in the firmest manner, at the rate of six rivets per minute, or three hundred and sixty per hour. Annexed to the drawing of the riveting machine is a section of two pieces o f boiler plate, riveted together by this machine, and plan ed through the centre of the rivet, to exhibit the accuracy of the work. 209 Lewis, Francis, & Sons, Manchester— Manufacturers, Wheel-cutting and dividing engine for cutting bevel- spur and worm wheels. Model of Lewis and MacLardy's patent roving and slub spindle for cotton, wool, flax, and other fibrous sub- stances, and of spindle for doubling any descriptions of yarns on the same principle. 210 Shanks, Andrew, 6 Robert Street, Adelphi —Inventor and Manufacturer, Bolt screwing and tapping machine. This machine cuts a perfect screw at one operation, and not by suc- cessive cuts. Improved high-pressure steam engine. Detail planing machines, one being for hand power for opticians and amateurs. 212 Johnson, R,, & Brother, Dale Street, Manchester —Manufacturers, (Agents in London, Messrs. TooTAL & Browne, 7o & 74 Piccadilly.) Wire-drawing benches, showing the process of drawing strong and fine sizes of iron wire. Specimens of fine-drawn iron wire. 213 Parr, Curtis, &Madeley, Manchester. Planing-machine. Lathes, &c. 214 Taylor, W,, 33 Little Queen Street, Holhorn— Inventor, Metal press used for striking medals for the Exhibition, 215 Bennett, Joseph, 1 Thistle Street, Oldham Road, Manchester—Designer, Shaded drawing of a large and powerful self-acting slide lathe for surfacing, Headstocks 42 inches high. A lathe of this nature has been manufactured by Messrs, J. & D. Glasgow, Manchester, for Her Majesty's Dockyard, Plymouth. 218 Hick, B., & Son, Bolton—Designers and Manufacturers. Model of exhibitors' improved compound hydraulic press. This model shows the arrangement of an im- proved press, now at work on the premises of the exhibitors at Bolton, having four cylinders of such area as in the aggregate to be equal to 2,500 tons pressure. Among the various advantages attributed to this plan, are, that the four cylinders may be worked together or two at a time ; and much better castings are ob- tained in consequence of the diminished Aveight, each of the cylinders weighing only two tons (about eight tons for the four), whereas one cylinder equal in power would weigh 20 tons. The model pumps and apparatus attached are equal in power to a single press with cylinder six inch diameter. Accompanying this model are several blocks of iron, eight inch diameter, which have been punched cold by the large press. The pressure necessary for such an operation, being, for iron, Ig in, thick, 700 tons; 2 in. thick, 950 tons; 2^ in. thick, 1,250 tons; 3 in. thick, 600 tons, and 3^ in.''thick, 2,050 tons. Fig. 1 represents this machine. [The hydrostatic press was invented by the late Mr. Joseph Bramah, a,d. 1796. Motion is communicated to the ram by injecting water (or other fluid capable of sufficient resistance) into the cylinder, within which the ram moves. The amount of force given to the ram depends upon the proportion between the area of the plunger of the injecting pump and that of the ram, and the force can be indefinitely increased, either by extend- ing these proportions or by increasing the leverage of the North Aeeas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. Fig. 1. Hick's Hydraulic Press. Fig, 2. Hick's Two-horse Oscillating Steam-engine. pump handle. These machines are most valuable for lifting great weights, testing the strength of girders, and packing compressible goods into a small space, &c.— S. C] Two-horse high-pressure non-condensing oscillating engine of very simple construction, the steam being admitted to the top and bottom of the cylinder by its own movement from side to side, the ordinary valve motion and eccentric being dispensed with. This engine is almost incapable of disarrangement; it is represented in fig. 2. Portable smiths' hearth, with fan attached, for the use of ship-builders and others. Smiths' hearth (of another description) for artillery purposes, adapted for fixing upon the back of a horse or mule, its weight being only about 180 pounds. Improved ball safety-valve, invented by the late Mr. Hick: it consists of a brass globe or sphere filled with lead, and merely resting over and closing a circular orifice, having no joints or levers connected with it; it will always blow off steam at a given pressure, thus pre- venting the possibility of accident from over-pressure. Wheat-cleaning machine. This machine consists of two conical cylinders, formed of a series of files which are placed vertically, and are secured at top and bottom by means of cast-iron rings; a space is left between the inner and outer cylinders, which can be increased or diminished as required, the inner cylinder revolves rapidly upon its axis. The object of the machine is to separate and remove the smut and other impurities from the grain, which it accomplishes in the most effectual manner, and will clean about 200 bushels per hour. Model of exhibitors' patent open-ended three-cylinder^^ locomotive engine with a tender. Radial drilling machine (full size). This will drill holes up to 4 in. diameter, and extending over a circle 11 ft. 6 in. diameter; the jeb can be raised or lowered at pleasure, by means of a square threaded screw cut upon the upright spindle, and moves freely round with its spindle on a series of small rollers placed under the rising block or nut. Models of a pair of condensing steam-engines of 120- horse power each; the models are made on the scale of 1J in. to the foot. In addition to the above, the exhibitors have sent an engine of six-horse power, together with a consider- able amount of mill-gearing and framework, supported upon a number of ornamental columns. This mill-gearing and steam-engine give motion to the machinery con- tributed by Messrs. Hibbert, Piatt, & Sons, of Hartford New Iron Works, Oldham. Improved mandrils. 219 Glasgow, John, Manchester—Inventor. Improved screwing machine, with dies, taps, chucks, &c., complete. 220 Shepherd, Hill, & Spink, Hunsted Road, Leeds— Manufacturers. Self-acting side lathe, for longitudinal, conical, and l-ransverse surfaces, complete; with screw-cutting appa- ratus, self-acting surface motion, and improved disen- gaging motion. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 221 CoTTAM & Halle N, 2 Winsley Street— Inventors and Manufacturers. Hydrostatic press for proving girders. The improve- ments consist in the addition of a dial index^ to denote the weight applied by the pump, and of a dead hand to mark the weight at thetime^ if the object under trial be fi-ac- tured. 222 Ryder, W., ^oJ^ow—Inventor and Patentee. Forging machine, to forge, draw down, and swage by steam-power small articles up to two inches, round or square, such as rollers and spindles for cotton and other machinery, bolts, studs, shaft-ends, &c., without the use of hammer or anvil. The following figure represents this machine. Ryder's Patent Forging Machine. This machine is driven by Messrs. Hick and Son's oscillating steam engine. Selection of articles the machine is capable of pro- ducing :■—Slubbing, roving and throstle spindles and flys, and all kinds of rollers for cotton machinery. 223 Sandford, Owen, & Watson, Phcenix Iron Works, Eotherham—Inventors, Designers, and Manufacturers. Improved screw-cutting lathe, exhibited for simplicity of construction and economy in working. The improve- ments consist in working the saddle, and throwing out the back gear of the fast headstock. The saddle is worked thus : the nut is solid with a spur wheel cast upon it, working into another spur wheel on a back shaft, on which there is a bevelled pinion; the latter works into a bevelled wheel, and is keyed on an upright shaft working through the saddle; there is another bevelled wheel, keyed upon the top of that shaft, working into a bevelled pinion upon the handle-shaft, which moves the saddle back- ward and forward at pleasure; in addition to this, there is an index disc upon the handle-shaft, which divides the screws into as many threads as are required, without interfering with the change wheels. The bevelled wheels on the saddle communicate motion to the screw in the saddle, which acts of itself transversely. The improve- ments in the fast headstock consist in a worm and wheel for throwing out the back gear. 224 Fades, W. , & Son, Birmingham—Manufacturers. A small four-feet screw cutting and slide lathe on iron stands, with back gear, &c,; quadrant slide rest; traverse screw, with reversing motion; a set of change wheels; flywheel and treadle motion; faceplate; universal and other chucks; tools and apparatus complete, A plain useful foot lathe on stands, quadrant slide rest, fly wheel and treadle; division, and spring face plate, and several useful chucks. A small portable foot lathe on stands, fly wheel and treadle. One a size smaller. Set of screw stocks, dies, and taps, for engineers, smiths, &c. Screw plate and taps, for engineers, for pins and nuts. 226 Dalgety, Alexander, Deptford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Self-acting and surfacing lathe, with set of eighteen gun-metal change wheels, for screw cutting, from three threads in a foot, to 95 in an inch. Self-adjusting chuck, with three jaws always working parallel to each other, for fixing any sized wire perfectly central, from the smallest needle to a bar | inch in dia- meter; particularly adapted for holding drills of various sizes, and making small screws. Self-adjusting boring collar, for supporting various sized bars or tubes, from \ to 2\ inches in diameter. Self-adjusting face chuck, for holding circular flat surfaces from S to 7 inches diameter. 228 Maudslay, Sons, & Field, Cheltenham Place, Lambeth—Manufacturers. Coining-press, in which the motion to give the impres- sion is obtained by an eccentric, instead of by screw or lever. This press is represented in the cut below. Maudslay & Co.'s Coining Press. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 230 Smith^ Beacock, & Tannett, Leeds— Manufacturers. Self-acting slide lathe, with bed 18 feet long, head- stock 15 inches, self-acting surfacing motion, slide-rest, self-acting rack; traverse motion; leading-screw and change-wheels for cutting screws; index-plate for show- ing the wheels to be used for cutting various pitches of thread, face-plate and screw-keys. Self-acting drilling-machine, with cross-slide and re- volving table-gearing for slow motion; drills, cutter-bar, and steady bush; different speeds from 5 to 500 revolu- tions per minute; slide-vice for gripping work that cannot be readily fixed on the table. Self-acting planing machine, for planing straight and circular work, with 6 inches stroke, and 16 inches tra- verse, table raised and lowered by rack and pinion, and slide-vice. 232 HoLTZAPFFEL & Co., 64 Charing Cross, and 127 Long Acre—Manufacturers. A five-inch centre lathe for amateur ornamental turning. Eccentric, oval, spherical, geometric, and other chucks. Compound sliding rest, with screw-cutting and curvili- near apparatus. Drilling instrument. Vertical, horizontal, universal, eccentric, and elliptical cutting frames. Sets of engine tools, drills, and cutters. Sets of turning tools, &c., in ivory and hard wood handles. Instruments for sharpening tools and drills. Turning squares, bevels, callippers, &c. Decimal, parallel, and sliding gauges. Sliding centres. Polishing apparatus. Geological hammers. Engine-divided scales in cardboard. Odontagraphs. Parlour printing apparatus. Aportadometer, for taking offsets in land-surveying, &c. Specimens of plain and ornamental turning by amateurs, in ivory and other materials; cannel coalj &c. 234 Williams, J., 18 Westgate Buildings, Bath— Manufacturer. A one-horse portable steam-engine, for amateurs, de- signed by the Rev. C. R. Davy, Bath. A self-acting foot-power slide and screw-cutting lathe, double-gear head-stocks, a new tool-holder, &c. Foot-power drilling machine, with moveable bed, flat plates and experimental straight edges. Model of a pri- vate door. Ornamental cutting apparatus for lathes.— The above articles designed by the exhibitor. Bolt and nut shaping machine for slide-rest, invented by John Wilson, Esq., Bath. Ornamental screw-lifting jack, designed and made by the Rev. 0. R. Davy, Bath. 236 Nasmyth, J., Manchester—Inventor. Steam hammer. [This steam hammer is capable of adjustment of power in a degree highly remarkable. While it is possible to obtain enormous impulsive force by its means, it can be so graduated as to descend with power only sufl&cient to break an egg-shell.—R. E,] 238 Stewart, D. Y., & Co., Glasgow—Manufacturers. Model of patent mould-making machine for cast-iron pipes. Model of box or flask, in which the moulds are made. Model of core carriage, with core bars upon it. Pipes from 44 inches diameter downwards, cast in moulds made by the machine. Ten tons of pipes have been moulded in an hour. This machine is represented in the following page. Machine for testing the strength of cast-iron. [In making hollow castings, an inner mould, of the exact contour of the intended hollow, is formed in loam; it is, when dry, inserted in the Sand-imprint of the pattern, the shape of the outside of the required casting. This inner mould is called the core, and when the cast- ing has been made, is sufficiently friable to be easily broken away.—W. D. L, R.] 240 MoRRALL, A., Studley Works, Warwickshire— Inventor and Manufacturer. Knitting-pins. Steel, gilt, and plated bodkins. Needles in the different stages of manufacture. Specimens of machinery for making needles. Stamp-press, or eyeing machine. Filing, heading, and curing machine. London agent, T. Linnell, 134 Upper Thames Street. 242 Vaughan, G., Westmoreland Street, Marylebone— Inventor. Machine for setting the teeth of saws. 244 Church, J., Chelmsford—Manufacturer. Model lathes, with vice attached. 246 Campbell, George, Charlton, Woolwich—Inventor. Portable steam forge, with blowing apparatus. 301 Beart, R., Godmanchester, near Huntingdon— Inventor. Patent brick and tile machine, combining grinding, screening, and pressing of clay through dies. Specimens of the bricks and tiles made by the machine; and of the clay of which the bricks were made. Patent brick and tile machine, to be worked by hand, combining the same objects except the grinding of the clay. Model of a patent apparatus for boring Artesian wells. The debris " broken up by the boring tools is carried up the boring pipes by a current of water. Patent apparatus for boring stone. A current of water is applied to remove the grit, and keep the cutter cool. Machine, worked by steam or other power, for cutting thin plates of stone, by means of vertical knives or saws. Sand-stone filter, containing 5,000 superficial inches of sawn surface. 304 Brunton, W., jun.—Inventor. Machine for washing ores. 305 Waring, C, H., Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire— Inventor and Manufacturer. Machines for cutting or working coal, &c., horizontally and vertically.—Provisionally registered. 306 Claudet & Houghton, 89 High Holborn—Props. (Invented by A. Claudet.) Machine for cutting round, square, and oval glass shades. The diamond being always kept on its cutting point by a spring and two castors, and being mounted on moveable apparatus, it is only necessary to push the ap- paratus slightly by the hand. With some modifications in the means of supporting the glass, but with the same apparatus for holding the diamond, this machine is used to cut the ends of the cylinders, which are the first form assumed by sheet glass. Machine for cutting round shades exclusively. 308 Hart, James, 5 Seymour Place, Bryanstone Square —Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent portable brick machine. When set in motion, two boys at one end of the machine place the empty moulds on the chain, which are then carried by the chain North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. NoKTH Aeeas a. B. 10 TO 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. under the pug mill to the other end of the machine, Machine for drilling holes in machinery, exhibited as a where two other boys remove a perfect brick ready for specimen of mechanical skill. the drying ground. New patent portable tile machine, to be worked by Two-horse steam engine and boiler. hand. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Hart's Patent Tile Machine. 310 Bradley, R., & Co., Wakefield—Inventors and Manufacturers. A machine for moulding bricks, of various sizes and shapes. A working model of a colliery, on a scale of one inch to a foot, showing the operations both above and below ground; with the latest improvements 312 Hunter, J., Leysmill, Arbroath, Scotland— Inventor. Working model of Hunter's stone-planing machine, with specimens of planed stones from Leysmill Quarries, near Arbroath. 314 Mackenzie, John Stafford, Newark-upon-Trent— Inventor and Manufacturer, A triturator, consisting of a mortar, fixed in a wooden frame, and a pestle, to which, by means of apparatus attached, a rotatory motion is given. This machine is useful for triturating or levigating various articles used in chemistry, particularly mercurial preparations, paints, printers' inks, and such articles as require continued fric- tion and agitation. 317 Marsden, Benjamin, Leeds—^Manufacturer. A washing, wringing, and mangling machine, the novelty being the fitting-up and action of the machinery in the interior of the cylinder, including oscillating frames, springs, &c., and resembling the action of the human hands. Occupies little room; is easily removed, and is capable of washing and wringing four blankets in ten minutes. Can be worked with ease by a girl; saves time, soap, and labour; and with it, infected linen and other articles unfit to be washed with the hand can be easily cleansed. The principles and details are equally appli- cable to a machine on a large scale to be worked by steam power. 324 Randell & Saunders, 14 Orange Grove, Bath— Inventors. Patent machine for driving saws, for the purpose of cutting stone in its natural beds. The novelty consists in driving saws from one end only, and in placing the guide frame on the same axis as the crank shaft by which the saws are driven; by this arrangement the saws adapt themselves to their work at any angle. Each saw is allowed an independent action. Traversing crane driven by steam power, and con- structed for working in underground quarries. Patent saw frame for cutting blocks of stone, marble, &c., balanced, and turning on the same axis as the crank shaft by which the saws are driven. Patent portable saw frame. 328 Radcliffe, Augustus, 67 St. John's Street Road— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a trigger for shutting off the steam of a locomotive engine, and stopping it in cases of danger. Improved shifting quarry-board, for cutting to any angle at which the window may be set out. Circle-board for cutting block, barometer, compass glasses, &c. Glaziers' diamonds for cutting plate, sheet, crown, and all kinds of window glass; a portable circle cutting ma- chine, or beam compass diamond, and a cylinder or shade cutting machine. Artists' diamonds or points for etching, dragging, ruling, medallion engraving, &c. 330 Speller, W., 14 York Street, Blackfriars Road— Manufacturer. Well-boring implements for procuring water from the main spring at whatever depth. Also suitable to as- certain the strata of the earth for mining, railways, &c. 400 Bessemer, Henry, Baxter House, Old St. Fancras Road—Patentee and Manufacturer. A model of a slate table for holding plate-glass during the grinding and polishing process : this is effected by atmospheric pressure acting on the upper side of the plate, while a partial vacuum is formed below it by an air-pump or steam jet; for this purpose the two pieces of slate forming the table have a series of grooves formed between them, which communicate with the holes upon the surface, so that whenever a plate of glass is laid upon the table, a cock is opened communicating with an exhausted vessel, when the plate ill be firmly held thereon, but which may be instantly removed by again North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. admitting the air. The plan in general use for holding down sheets of glass is to imbed them in plaster of Paris, which operation has to be performed four times for each plate, and which, in some establishments, consumes 40 tons of plaster per week. Patented and manufactured by the exhibitor. An improvement on the centrifugal machine for sepa- rating molasses from crystals of sugar. The peculiaiity of this machine consists in the mode of driving it by a pair of emissive arms on the same axis as the centrifugal drum, thereby dispensing with the upper driving gear, and also in making the centrifugal drum to lift on and off the machines, so that the operator removes the charge of finished sugar from one drum, and recharges it with matter to be operated upon while the other drum is in use upon the machine; by which arrangement one man with this machine can operate upon as much material as two men and two of the original machines were capable of doing. Patented by the exhibitor. Proprietors, Messrs, Rotch & Finzel, 2 Furnival's Inn, London. 401 FuRNESS, William, Liverpool—Patentee. Patent machines for working in wood. Power mortising machine, stated to be simple in adjustment and opera- tion, and self-acting in its half-rotary reverse motion, which changes the face of the chisel. Foot mortising machine; to be used with any size of chisel, from an eighth of an inch to two inches; the pecu- liar form of the chisel enables it to hold the cone and lift it out of the mortice at each return stroke. Tenoning machine; to be worked either by hand or steam power. The tenon is finished at one operation, without gauging or setting out the work. The annexed cut represents this machine. Furnes3's Patent Tenoning Machine, Planing machine; adapted for squaring up hard or soft wood, from four to fifty feet in length, from eight to forty inches in width, and from one quarter of an inch to thirty inches in thickness. Moulding machine. Any description of joiners' mouldings can be cut by this machine with great rapidity, and in such an accurate manner as not to require the use of any other tool. It is equally useful in sash- sticking, either in hard or soft wood. Its construction is simple, and is easily kept in order. 402 ScHiELE, C, Manchester—Inventor and Manufacturer, Specimens of the construction of revolving rubbing surfaces by a patent rule which determines the form best adapted to reduce friction to a minimum under any given strain. Form for a strain in the direction of the axis. The preceding figures are intended to represent various applications of the peculiar form for rubbing surfaces. The lower figure represents this form. Portable grinding naill, driven by Lloyd's steam-engine, with the exhibitor's condenser attached, and with the rubbing surfaces formed according to the patent rule. A similar mill, fitted as a handmill. Four-and-a-half-inch cock. Spindle-joint, used on locomotive regulators, instead of stuffing-box. l|-inch stop-cock, with pump-valve at- tached. Steam whistle. Glass water-gauges: in which the packing is tightened by direct pressiu'e without any twisting strain on the glass. Gauge-cock, Self-acting feed regulator for a ten-horse power boiler, with curved surfaces. Fire-cock, with stand pipe. Glass taps for acids, filters, &c. Lathe spindle. Samples of screws and nuts. Instruments for describing the curves required in the construction of the foregoing aiiiicles. Equation and formulse relative to the antifriction curve. Ventilator for exhaustion or compression. 403 Fairbairn, W., & Sons, Manchester—Inventors and Manufacturers, Specimens of corn-mill work:—Improvements in the manner of driving, in the means employed for adjusting and regulating the grinding-stones, and in the means of feeding. 404 Crosskill, William, Iron Works, Beverley— Patentee and Manufacturer, Patent mills for grinding vegetable substances. They consist of—mills for steam, of two and four horse power, for grinding broken bones into fine powder, at the rate of about 25 bushels per hour, suited for fine manure; North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C, D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; O. H. 25, 26. another for grinding malt, also oats, barley-meal, Sec. Fig. .1 shows this machine. Fig. 1. Crosskill's Mill for Vegetable Substances. Mills for power or hand use, for grocers, druggists, confectioners, &c. Patent mills for grinding mineral substances. The particular features in these mills consist in their strength Fig. 2. Crosskill's Mill for Mineral Substances. as power-mills; their adaptation, by changing finer or coarser plates, for grinding various mineral substances to fine dust; and, from the position of the two centres, the peculiar eccentric motion is obtained for each of the revolving metal plates. They consist of—mills for steam, of four-horse power, for grinding iron, zinc, copper, and gold ores, plumbago, manganese, &c,; another for grinding raw or calcined flints for pottery purposes, also quartz, &c.; mil grind 8 to 10 cwt. of raw flints per hour by the first process, and by the second process reduce 12 to 15 c^vt. per hour to the finest powder. Fig. 2 shows this machine. Mill for steam, of two-horse power, for grinding paints or liquid substances. JNlill for hand or power, for grinding paint or liquid substances. With this mill a boy will grind from | to 1 cwt. per hour. Improved portable and fixture steam-engines for manu- facturing or agricultural pui-poses. 405 RoTCH & FiNZEL, 2 Furnival's Inn— Inventoi^. Centrifugal machine for separating molasses from sugar. Manlove and AlUott, manufacturers. 406 Birch, John, Edward Street, Regent's Park— Inventor. Model of a machine designed and used for the purpose of cutting sash and roof bars, and applicable to the preparation of mouldings, &c. It is so contrived as simul- taneously to work the two sides of the bars or mouldings. The cutter blocks are so contrived as to work seven bars at the same time. 407 Maidlow, John, 24 Queen's Terrace, St. John's Wood—Inventor. Improvement in carpenters' bench screw, check, and stop, having two screws to the check, both acting at the same time with one lever, causing tlie check to work parallel, and have equal pressure at both ends; adapted for joiners, cabinet-makers, bookbinders, &c. The stof is so arranged that, by turning a screw which is let into the top of the bench, it wall rise to any height required. [The bench-screw is to the joiner and cabinet-maker what the vice is to the smith, the moveable block or check and the fixed block which is fixed in and to the bench, and which contains the matrix of the screw forming the jaws of such vice. That the check should press upon the body to be held equably is highly important to the ease of the workman and to the strength of the work; and any arrange- ment that tends to secure the parallel movement and even binding of the check, up to and upon the side of the bench which covers the fixed block, the countei-part of the check is worthy of consideration. The ''stop" is an end-grained block of wood passing through the top of the bench and capable of being made to stand more or less above the surface of the piece of stuff to be tied up or otherwise planed, and to resist pressure; the use of the stop being to hold the work up to the plane as the workman pursues the operation of planing.—W. H.] 408 Dakin & Co., St. Paul's Churchyard. Patent apparatus for roasting cofi'ee in silver. The illustration in the follo^g page represents the arrangement adopted in this apparatus. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 410 Barrett, Exall, & Andrews, Katesgrove Iron Works, Reading—Manufacturers & Inventors. A combination of machinery, by wbich flour, &c., is passed through the various processes of manufacture to the complete preparation of the biscuit. The flour, &c., is put into the first machine, where it is thoroughly mixed; it then passes to the breaking-machine, where it is kneaded until it becomes sufficiently tenacious to be passed through rollers. From these rollers it is conveyed to the adjusting rolls which reduce it to the required dimensions. It then passes in a continuous sheet, by means of an endless canvas, to another machine, where it is cut, docked, crimped, and stamped. The biscuits are then divided from the waste dough, and conveyed to the oven. The waste dough is collected and passed by means of a shute to be re-rolled. 412 Wasley, James, Pool, near Redruth—Inventor, Trammel for striking helices or spiral lines. Frame for setting up " mitre joints. 414 HuRwooD, George, College Street, Ipswich— Inventor and Patentee, Patent metal mills for grinding wheat, barley, Indian corn, peas, and beans, fitted on a stand, and arranged with a series of four cutting rings on each grinding plate, to work horizontally by gearwork and pulleys. The surface plates are prepared to receive the cutting parts, which are made in a series of rings. Fans are fixed to the periphery of the revolving plate, to cause a current of air to pass between the grinding surfaces. Adjusting screw fitted in shoot to arrest stones and other objection- able materials. Surface plate, with four cutting rings attached, to show the grinding surface. Single cutting ring detached from the plate. Patent ventilating apparatus fitted to case, and model of a pair of stones for grinding wheat (full size), for the purpose of supplying a current of air between the grinding surfaces. 416 Corcoran, Bryan, & Co,, 36 Mark Lane—Designers and Manufacturers. Model of an improved drying kiln for malt and all other grain, on a scale of one inch to a foot. The improve- ments are said to consist in economy of fuel, regularity of heat, and the prevention of condensation of steam. Flour-dressing machine, consisting of a case containing a mahogany cylinder lined with woven wire, enclosing brushes hung with regulating screws upon a shaft, which, revolving rapidly, separates the flour from the bran. Samples of very fine wire:—No. 150, woven brass (or 22,500 holes in a square inch), 18 inches wide. No, 100 by 650, twilled brass. 3,252 feet of iron wire-thread, weighing only two ounces. 3,900 feet of brass wire- thread, weighing only one ounce. Paper-machine wires, 7 feet wide joined. A woven wire malt-kiln floor, 20 feet by 16 feet, with flat seams. A corn-meter's shovel, bushel measure, and other implements iised in the corn trade. Millstones for grinding wheat made of French burr- stones, as generally in use in this country. Portable corn-mill made of French burr-stones, to be worked by two or three horse power, and intended for the use of emigrants, and others. [French burr-stones are in great request for the pur- poses of grinding in this country. They possess both geological and lithological characters of much interest. They are met with only in the Paris basin and the adjoining districts, in the lacustrine, or fresh-water de- posits {Pleistocene), occurring in beds either continuous or interrupted, and generally mixed up with beds of sand or of ferruginous marls, which penetrate between them, filling up their fissures and honeycomb cavities. The beds sometimes contain no organic forms, at others they seem to be full of fresh-water shells and land plants, which have assumed a silicious character. The texture of the stones is occasionally cellular, the cells or cavities being irregular in number, size, and shape, and they are frequently traversed by thin plates, or coarse lines, of silica. They are quarried close to the surface, and are cut on the spot intoparallelopipedal pieces called '^panes," which are bound together by iron hoops, and then form millstones.—J. W,] 417 Barker, Charles M,, 22 Portsmouth Place, Ken- nington Lane—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer, A curvilinear sawing machine, or ship's timber and ordinaiy sawing frame, for sawing one or any number of curves in timber, with bevels of various degrees. The machine requires only one attendant, and obtains a speed of 120 revolutions per minute. A circular sawing, or rack bench. The machine con- sists of a number of circular saws (in segments) upon one shaft, so that by one direct feed the saws cut a piece of timber or deal into any desired number of parallel planks or boards. 418 Robinsons & Russell, Mill Wall Works— Inventors. Patent steam sugar-cane mill, in which the engine, gearing, and mill, are all combined upon the same base plate, to render it portable and independent of the expense of masonry.—(See Plate 53.) 420 Blundel, Spence, & Co., Hull, and Upper Thames Street—Manufacturers. Hydraulic seed presses. The figure in the next page represents the ground plan and elevation of these presses, drawn to scale. The press No. 1 contains ten cakes of 3 lbs, each. No. 2 contains four cakes of 8 lbs. each. A pair of presses, when fixed with the pumps attached thereto, occupy a space of 9 feet by 3 feet. They are usually placed on a stone landing of this size, to which the pump cistern is securely bolted, as shown on the drawing ; and this is all the fixing required. The presses are so portable in their construction, that they can be fixed up, or removed in two or three days by any competent mechanic. The pumps and valves are made of the best gun-metal and workmanship, A pair of presses -with the pumps will weigh altogether from nine to ten tons. The pumps are driven from the lever end by a con- necting rod, at a speed of about thirty-six strokes per minute, and do not require more than one-horse power to work them. With a pair of presses. No. 2, one man and a boy work- ing the usual hours of a single spell" (say from 6 a,m, to 6 P.M.) will make from 28 to 35 cwt, of linseed cake. The whole of the oil is extracted from linseed by one operation of pressing. But in the manufacture of rapeseed, it is in most cases necessary, in order to obtain all the oil, that the cake should be worked over a second time ; it is therefore desirable, when working on a large scale, to have a press expressly adapted for the first operation, which is called clodding. The current expense for wear and tear on these presses is small, and chiefly confined to the occasional renewal of the leathers or packings of the pumps and cylinders. 421 Fairbairn & Co., Manchester—Manufacturers. A flour-mill, 422 Hunt, John, Botley Mill, near Orford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Flour-dressing machine, on a' new principle. 424 GuTTA Percha Company, Wharf Road, Citg Road— Manufacturer. Printing, folding, and cutting machinery for working from gutta-percha castings. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. PL/kTFCRM , POR 2 CAKES OF SU>S. EACK. PLATFORM FOR / OAKE DK 8 / Blundel, Spence, and Co.'s Hydraulic Seed Presses. 426 Bedford, Joseph, Mill Hill, Leeds—Manufacturer. Flour-dressing machine, complete. 428 Blackmore, Walter, Wandsworth—Proprietor. Model (half size) of an improved bolting-mill, show- ing the mode of dressing flour through patent bolting cloths, without seams, with gutta-percha flaps revolving on the outside of the cloth, for clearing the cloth while dressing. Improved by James Ayton, of Norwich. 429 Adams, S. & C, Oldhury, near Birmingham— Inventors, Patentees, and Manufacturers. Patent durable steel hand mill for grinding flour for colonial and domestic use. New cutters may be applied in lieu of the old ones when necessary. The grinding part only of the revolving cutter touches the grain, vsrhereby much friction is avoided. The grain is forced in between the cutters by a series of inclined planes, rendering short cutters only necessary. 430 for Thomson, W., Shotts Foundry^ Edinburgh— Designer and Manufacturer. Planing-machine of novel construction. Tool cleaning off flooring-boards and deck-planking. 432 CoLLiNGE, Charles, & Co., 65 Bridge Road, Lambeth—Designers and Manufacturers. Patent horizontal sugar mill, intended to be worked by cattle, wind, or steam power. 436 Spiller, J., Battersea- Flour-dressing machine. -Inventor. 438 Shore, Thomas, City i?oac?—Inventor. Patent atmospheric flour-dressing machine. The usual mode of dressing flour is to brush it through a cylinder clothed with wire, by means of brushes revolving on a spindle or shaft within. The object of this patent is to supersede the use of brushes by means of fans of steel plate, or other suitable material, which, being placed at a certain angle within the cylinder, are found to possess the following advantages:— The fans being placed at ■ some distance from the wire clothing the cylinders, the ordinary friction between wire and brushes is avoided; whereby the wire is prevented from wearing, and a considerable saving of power effected. The flour is perfectly separated from the offal, and, being fanned instead of brushed through the wire, it is much more free from specks or greys than flour dressed in the usual method, while the strong current of air to which it is subjected causes an improvement in the quality, and the wire also is kept constantly clear while dressing. Brushes are a continual source of expense, whereas it is scarcely possible to wear out a set of fans. The case or box which contains the cylinder is furnished with a hole at each end for the purpose of supplying the air required by the fans, which air, when it has been driven, together with the flour, through the wire clothing of the cylinder, is carried off by means of a chimney into the meal-hutch above. The speed varies from 14 to 16 sacks per hom^ with an 18-inch cylinder, from four to five sheets being used for flour. 440 Sharp, Stephen, Stamford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Sugar-cutting machines. Model of a printing machine, in which the crank is applied. Model of oscillating steam-engine. 441 Weatherley, H., 54 Theobald's Road— Inventor and Manufacturer. Machine for cleaning currants by a simple process, and rendering them perfectly free from grit. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 442 "Westrup, Walter, 282 Wapping—Inventor. Patent corn mill, made at the works of Mr. Thomas Middleton, Lomax Street, Southwark. This mill consists of two pairs of stones, with conical grinding surfaces, fixed on one shaft. The upper pair crushes the wheat, the finer parts of the flour produced thereby are instantly driven away through a cone of wire placed under them; the residue of the meal then passes through the lower pair of stones, where the grinding is completed. The superior advantages of this system of grinding are— 1st. Eight to ten bushels of wheat can be completely and perfectly ground per hour. 2nd. Is a very considerable saving of power. 3rd. The meal is delivered from the stones quite cool, having undergone no pressure; the flour will conse- quently keep in good condition, and be therefore less likely to be injm-ed by any atmospheric change. 4th. A better quality of flour is produced than by the common mode of grinding. 5th. The stones are more easily kept in truth, and take much less time in dressing. 448 FiELDHOUSE, G., & Co., Wolverhamptou— Inventors. Mills on pillar-stand for grinding coffee and pepper, with two fly-wheels, friction boxes, and multiplying wheels. [The ordinary mill in use for grinding cofiee, pepper, &c,, is extremely simple in its construction, and consists of a conical cylinder, which is cut into a series of ridges in its internal diameter: a taper piece of steel fits into this, and its outer diameter is cut with a corresponding series of ridges, but in the reverse direction; a temper pin regulates, by its projection, the fine or coarse quality of granulated particles, and the whole is set in motion by a winch handle. The addition of fly and multiplying wheels are not essentially parts of the mill, but they very materially facilitate the operation of grinding.—W. C. A.] 444 CooMBE, Benjamin, & Co, 30 Mark Lane— Manufactm-ers, A smut-machine and corn-screen combined. The ob- jects of this machine are stated to be to produce on the surface of the wheat the utmost amoimt of friction that it can bear without breaking or injuring the grain; to fan it at the same time; scour ofi" the fibrous end and all that adheres to it, and thus clean the wheat of all dirt- clods, smut, &c. The best wheat is said to be consider- ably improved by passing through this machine. This machine according to its size will clean ten to fifteen quarters of wheat per hour. A model of a flour-dressing machine, with registered fan-brushes and flanges complete ; also samples of brushes and fine wire-cloth used in the above. Specimens of wove and twist wire in brass and copper, containing 500 picks or shoots in an inch, which is said to be the finest wire-cloth ever manufactured; also other specimens of very fine wove wire-cloth, and wove wire for covering kiln-heads. 445 Graham, West, & Co., 304 Wapping—' Manufacturers. Model, made to the scale of 1\ inch to a foot, of a horizontal mill, for crushing sugar canes. Instead of three, the usual number, this mill has five rollers, which are so arranged that the canes, in passing once through the mill, are pressed four times, whereas in a single passage through one of the three-roUered mills they are pressed but twice. The two upper rollers of the mill are held down by six bolts, the lower ends of which go through, and are secured to two wooden spring beams, so that, in the event of the rollers being subjected to any extraordinary strain, the spring-beams yield, and prevent the mill from being damaged. Model, made to the scale of 1\ inch to a foot, of one of the old vertical sugar-cane mills. Model, made to the scale of 1 inch to a foot, of a set of evaporating pans, in common use for sugar-cane juice. 446 HuxHAMS & Brown, Exeter—Inventors and Manufacturers. Mill to grind bark for tanners, adapted for horse, stearQ, or hand power; it operates upon the long bark as it is usually delivered at tan-yards, and saves the cost of chopping the bark separately. This mill is exhibited in the annexed engraving. Huxhams and Brovra's Bark Mill. Emigrants' or domestic flour-mill, with a new method of working by hand.—Registered. Millstones to grind wheat. 447 Gilbert, J,, 79 Wardour Street, Soho—Inventor. Guillotine cutting machine, for cutting end joints in wood to any angle with facility and accuracy; for mould- ings and other work in joinery and cabinet-making, &c. 448 Adorno, J. N., 6 Golden Square—Inventor and Patentee. A machine for making cigarettes. It performs 14 dif- ferent operations from a single motive axis, and is capable of making, simply from paper and tobacco, 80 to 100 cigarettes in a minute, and neater than those made by hand. Machines for making cigarettes, in the French and Spanish styles, and for making cigars in Havannah, Manilla, or Mexican style. Patent accessory machines, employed in the manufac- ture of the above articles. 449 Squire & Co., Great Dover Street, Borough— Inventors. Direct-acting sugar-mill. 450 Gatti & BoLLA, 129 Holhorn ^///—Manufacturers. Model of a machine for the manufacture of French and Italian chocolate. The good qualities of the cocoa are intended to be retained by the process. 454 Manlove, Alliott, & Seyrig, Lenton Works, Nottingham—Inventors. Centrifugal washing and drying machine, for washing or cleansing, by forcing water centrifugally through goods requiring to be cleansed, and subsequently drying them NoETH Aeeas a. B. 10 TO 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33; G. H. 25, 26. in the same machine. It is also used in the separation of moisture from starch, and other finely divided substances. Fig. 1 is an engraving to show the form of this ma- chine adapted for hand-power; part of the outside cover is removed to show the interior. Manlove, Alliott, and Co.'s Centrifugal Washing and Drying Machine. Circular looped fabric machine frame for the manufac- ture of woollen cloths and hosiery goods; exhibited for the great speed and economy of labour with which goods can be manufactured, and elasticity given to them by its application. Fig, 2 is an engraving to show the form of this machine adapted for steam power, with the gearing attached. Manlove, Alliott, & Co.'s Centrifugal Washing and Drying Machine. 455 Staight, Daniel, & Sons, 35 Charles Street, Hatton Garden—Proprietors, Ivory comb-cutting machine, capable of cutting 120 teeth in one inch of ivory. Part of an elephant's tusk. Other parts of the same, cut into continuous rolls, applicable for veneering, &c., with the remaining part. Pieces of ivory cut and prepared for miniature painting. Lady's work-table, exemplifying the utility of cutting ivory, upon the new principle. Piece of ivory cut upon the old method. Various articles in ivory. 456 Prosser & Hadley, 20^ CUpstone Street, Mary lebone—Manufacturers, Patent ornamental sawing machine, adapted for curvi- linear cuttings, both in outline and perforation. 457 Toms, G, Bailey, & Co,, East India Chambers— Importers and Agents, French millstones, made at La Fert^-sous-Jouarre, to which is applied Hanon Valcke's patent aerator. By the rapidity of the rotation of the runner, the air is driven into the deep canals made for it, and escapes by the furrows of the stones. An active circulation of fresh air is thus brought into contact with the meal, and it is continually renewed and dispersed by the centrifugal action of the stone. 458 Savage, A., 43 Eastcheap—Manufacturer, Mill for grinding coffee, &c,, ornamentally finished in gold bronze, to stand on floor. Mill, finished bright, for hand or steam power. Bronze mill of smaller dimensions, for counter. Mills for grinding wheat, malt, &c,; for bruising oats, and coarsely grinding other corn; for splitting beans, grinding coffee, cocoa, drugs, &c,, and for crushing raw sugar. Improved portable lever roaster, for coffee, malt, &c. Sample roaster. Portable vibratingwoven-wire-bottomed cooler, and iron stand, for rapidly cooling coffee, chicory, malt, &c,, after roasting. Machine for sifting. Mills for making chocolate. 459 Hughes & Sons, 1 Great Dover Street, Borough— Manufacturers. Millstone made of French burrs, with wind-chest and ventilating holes, for grinding with Bovill's patent air- blast, by which the meal is delivered at once from between the grinding surfaces of the stones on its produc- tion, and in a cool state, so that it can be dressed as soon as it is ground. The stones, by this patent, grind eight bushels per hour. Two millstones of a superior manufacture, for grinding wheat. 460 Law, W., 31 St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh— Inventor, Machine for roasting coffee. The globe-roaster, with double rotatory motion, is heated in an atmosphere of hot air through a cast-metal casing. The constant complex motion presents every part of the machine, in regular rotation, toward the source of heat. The following cut shows this machine. Law's Globe-roaster for CoflFee. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31 ; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. 462 MiLLiNGTON, Bryan & Edwin, Newark-upon-Trent —Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent smut machine, for cleaning corn of all soft impurities ; it consists of the six-wire brushes, revolving at a speed of 800 revolutions per minute, within the frustum of a cone, lined with woven wire of a suffi- cient fineness to prevent any corn from going through; after the operation of this machine, the corn passes a small blower attached, which may be regulated so as to take out the inferior kind. Samples of the grain, cleaned and uncleaned. 466 Rankin, Richard & John, Liverpool— Manufacturers. Patent vertical smut machine and corn screen. The in- ternal rotary cylinder with beaters is made of wrought iron, and the external stationaiy cylinder of cast iron. A strong continuous current of air is made to pass through the wheat, while it is between the two cylinders, carrying ofl' the dust, at the upper part of the machine, as soon as it is disengaged from the wheat by the beating process. A separator is attached, for extracting sand, seeds, and small grain. Registered portable driving apparatus; invented for di'iving the above machine. Models of both machines, to be driven by hand. 467 Sqihre, Charles, 20 Old Fish Street, Doctors' Commo7is—Inventor. Timber-preserving apparatus. 468 Burt, H. P., 238 Blackfriars Road—Inventor. Timber-seasoning apparatus. 470 AsHBY, W., 8 Prospect Place, Sheffield—Inventor. Upright flotu--dressing machine, which cools the meal in the process, and separates it into the required parts, with an economy of power. 472 Hall W., Castlecomer, Ireland—Inventor. Model of grinding-mill. 501 Perry, Henry James, 3 Greenwich Road, Greenicich— Inventor. Model of a sausage chopping-machine. 502 Mansell, Thomas, 94 Bull Street, Birmingham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent fly press for cutting with steel tools or knives on an even surface of steel, with accuracy. By the system of ''bed and punch," and the still more imperfect mode of cutting on a bed of lead, zinc, or wood, both beds and tools are soon out of repair and destroyed; by the patent press both remain uninjured, being accurately adjusted to each other, so that every part of the tool has an equal bearing on the steel bed. Patent boot-blocking machine, to complete the shape in about one-eighth of the time employed in the usual method, and also to preserve the upper leather of boots from breaking under the joints. 503 Thobipson, W., Kirufs College—Inventor. Hair-working machine. 504 Wait, Joseph, 12 Duke Street, Portland Place— Inventor. A series of machines to supersede the necessity of clickers in the cutting of women's and children's goods in the boot and shoe trade. The process is the sole inven- tion of the patentee, and has been in operation for up- wards of twelve months. The advantages of this new system are as follow:—That six hundred dozens of boot- linings can be properly prepared for the binders in twelve hours; and that the skins used in the above manufacture can be prepared for the binder in one-tenth part of the time now required, and at a less cost. A machine for modelling instep pieces for ladies' and children's boots and shoes, A series of pattern-printing blocks for printing every description of leather, &c., used in the boot and shoe trade. 506 Biertumpfel, Henry, 68 Albang Street— Manufacturer. Improved mould frame, for the production of superior candles from various materials. 508 Gilbertson, Joseph, Hertford—Inventor. Model of furnace for preventing effluvia in boiling fat, &c. 602 PoNTiFEX & Wood, Shoe Lane, Fleet Street— Proprietors. Vacuum pan, as used in sugar refineries and in sugar works in the West and East Indies, and in beet-root sugar manufactories. Defecator, or clarifier, for clearing the saccharine liquor before evaporation. Heater, as used in sugar-works. Set of pumps, used in manufactories. Liquor pumps, used in West India distilleries. Copper pipes. Pumps, for house and other purposes. Brass cocks. [The vacuum pan was the invention of Howard, the chemist, and answers, more completely than any other arrangement, the refiner's purpose of safety and expedi- tion. It consists of two hemispheres (the inferior one being double, so that it may be surrounded by steam), which are secured by bolts a.nd screws, and rendered, by packing, perfectly air-tight. An air-pump is attached, by which the air is removed from the interior, and by the heat of the steam, which is in the lower steam-chest, the sugar syrup is brought to boil at a low temperature, the atmospheric pressure being removed. These pans usually contain about 100 gallons of syrup, and yield at each dis- charge about 11 cwt. of gi^anulated sugar. It will be understood that the au'-pump is also employed to remove the aqueoiis vapour as fast as it is formed from the boiling syrup. Formerly the chest was merely filled with steam; but a recent improvement has been made by applying heat to the syrup by means of steam, at the temperatm-e of nearly 250 degrees, circulating through pipes, by which the evaporating power is greatly increased.—R. H.] 604 Lawrence, James, sen., Colnbrook, Slough— Designer and Inventor. Distributor, consisting of an iron block with six out lets, in which to screw six perforated pipes. Patent refrigerator, having six iron pij)es, with several divisions, coupled together by cast-iron ends. Each of the iron pipes contains se\en tinned copper pipes, fast- ened at either end by a flange and nut. The iron pipes are for the purpose of passing cold water around the cop- per pipes, while the copper ones convey hot wort or water in an opposite direction ; the whole showing how quickly the heat of the wort can be transmitted to the water. The figure on the next page illustrates the arrange- ment of this apparatus. Patent store-cask or vat, made with oak staves, having a tinned copper attemperating pan, with air-tight lid, for the purpose of containing cold water to regulate the heat of the ale or beer with which it may be filled. [6. [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] NoETH Areas A. B. 10 to 31 ; C. J). E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. Lawrence's Patent Refrigerator. 005 Tyler, Hayward & Co., 85 Upper White Cross Street, St. Luke's—Inventors and Manufacturers. A patent double soda-water machine for two bottlers. capable of making 300 dozen per day. The gaso- meter and generator are not exhibited for want of space. The annexed cut represents a patent continuous-princi- ple soda-water machine, made by the exhibitors. This machine will supply two bottlers, one at each end, and is capable of producing from 300 to 400 dozen per diem. The general arrangement combines two distinct machines in one frame, which can be worked together, or separate, as may be required. A, is the condenser of gun-metal, tinned or silvered inside, and separated by a partition in the middle, thus forming two condensers in one. Each half provided with an agitator, driven by the wheels B, for intermixing the gas and water. C, C, are two condensing pumps, each having regulating cocks, D, D, for the admis- sion of gas water, E, E, are two bottling cocks, attached to their respective halves of the condenser A, The pumps are worked by a beam F, similar to that of a steam engine, having a connecting rod at one end attached to a crank, with fly-wheel and two handles. The pumps are attached to the beam by side rods at G, G, When the crank is in action, the beam by its reciprocating motion causes the plungers H, H, underneath the pumps, to ascend and de- scend in the barrels of the pumps, forcing at each succes- sive stroke, the gas and water together into the condenser. About ten minutes is required to get the charge up, and when this is done, the bottling goes on without interrup- tion. The machine is kept constantly going during the bottling. The corks having been properly regulated and the supply kept up, as much carbonic acid gas and water will be forced into the condenser as will equal that which is being drawn off by the bottlers, thus keeping a conti- nuous supply. Tyler, Hayward, and Co.'s Soda-water Machine. 606 Tylor & Son, Warwick Lane, Newgate Street. ■' Small fountain soda-water machine, with electro-plated fountain with two cocks. Double soda-water machine, complete, with improved form and arrangement, by which it may be used either as a single or double machine. By placing the two bottles at the opposite ends of the machine, they are out of the way of the fly-wheels, the index cocks being in the most convenient position, one on the right and the other on the left hand. See figure in the next page. North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26. Tylor and Son's Soda-water Machine. Well engine-pump, fixed in iron frame, for raising water to a great height. Bottle or corking-machine, &c. 608 Cox, William, Manchester—Patentee. Improved apparatus for the manufacture of aerated waters and other liquids by mdans of which the impreg- nating gas may be sustained at a pressure sufficient to cause its absorption by the water or other liquid to be aerated, without the aid of force pumps or other mecha- nical means; also an improved construction of cock or tap, to be employed with this or other apparatus of a similar nature. 609 Saddington, Sabiuel & William, 63 Wood Street, Cheapside—Manufacturers. Drum sieve, for sifting freely all kinds of powders required by druggists and others. Straining sieve, of silk lawn, for straining starch, colours, &c. 610 BouRRA, Louis Aime, 31 Rathhone Place— Inventor, Patentee, and Proprietor Patent colour-extractor apparatus. The apparatus turns over on a pivot, to empty the substance extracted. 611 Askew, Charles, 27^ Charles Street, Hampstead Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model refrigerator, for cooling beer; the quantity to be cooled, and the degree, are regulated by the supply of cold liquor at the different inlets. 612 Dawson, John, Gi-een Park Distillery, Linlithgow —Inventor. New distiller or rectifier's recording close safe, for the purpose of protecting from fraud and dishonesty the process of distillation. It is close in all its parts, and covered with plate glass; it is accessible for samples at all stages of the process of distillation; but no quantity of spirit can be drawn unrecorded. The mechanism is com- posed of gauges, valves, and fixed and movable conduits, acted on by horizontal and vertical rods, by means of which the safe can be applied to any method of distillation, or to any number of stills. 613 Barlow, H. B., Manchester, for Le Forestier, Aime, Havre—Proprietor. Model of a press for making wine, with improved gearing. Cask for excluding the air, and registering the contents (invented by Louis Hervot, Havre), 615 Coffey, Thomas, 4 Providence Row, Finshury Square—Inventor. Eefrigerator, of a new construction, in two parts, show- ing the perpendicular or horizontal form of each. In cooling worts, or condensing steam, it exposes a great cooling surface in a small space. It is easily cleaned, and is applicable on a large scale. 617 Halliday, a. p., 6 Bank Place, Salford, Manchester —Inventor. Patent apparatus for the manufacture of pyroligneous acid from saw-dust and spent dye-wood. 618 Hulls, J., High Wycombe—Manufacturer. Wheeler's patent refrigerator, to cool 10 barrels (from 120^ to 60° Fahrenheit), the cooling fluid being 52°. Wheeler's patent condenser, to work a 30-gallon still. 619 Hill, Evans, & Co., Worcester—Proprietors. Model of a patent vinegar apparatus. The process of acetification is conducted in a close vessel, and instant combination of the oxygen of the atmosphere ensues. By this apparatus the use of sulphuric, pyroligneous, or other foreign acid, is rendered unnecessary. 621 Masterman, John & Thomas, 38 Broad Street, Ratcliff—Inventors and Patentees. Apparatus for bottling liquors, and machine for cork- ing bottles. The principle of the bottling apparatus is the filling of bottles through syphons, from an open ves- sel, into which the liquor flows from the cask, in a stream so regulated as always to maintain the liquor in the ves- sel at nearly the same level. [The principle of the corking machine, is, to force the cork into the bottle through a conical tube in contact with its mouth, so placed as to form one continuous tube with its neck, and having the lower orifice so small that the cork must be considerably compressed in passing through it.] 623 Thomson, Andrew, & Younger, W., & Co.— Designers and Inventors, Apparatus for heating and cooling worts in the process of fermentation. [Wort is the fermentable infusion of malt. In the apparatus for heating and cooling worts, the hot liquor is passed through a series of pipes encased in others, through which the cold liquor passes in a contrary direc- tion: thus the hot liquor meets a progressively cooler medium, and, on the contrary, the cold liquor comes in contact with a hotter. The object is the saving of fuel. —W. D. L. R.] 624 Cooper & Bursill, Eastbourne, Sussex, and 9 Fork Terrace, Hornsey Road—Proprietors. Patent aerating machine; a carbonating machine, adapted to the manufacture of aerated waters. 630 TizzARD, W. L., High Street, Aldgate—'ProTprietor. Model brewery, in operation. 631 Plimsell, S., Sheffield—Inventor. Improved warming apparatus. 2A2 CIVIL ENGIMERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES. INTRODUCTION. This Class embraces a variety of objects directly or indirectly connected Avith the purposes of construction. While the preceding had reference to the personal or domestic wants of mankind, this occupies a wider field, and includes contrivances adapted to the preparation of public works, as well as of private dwellings, and embraces the sciences of architecture and civil engineering in their most extensive sense. The general title of the Class, " Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Building Contrivances," sufficiently indicates its extent and defines its limits. The following subdivisions include all that can be properly said to belong to this department of the Exhi- bition :—A. ComjDrises Foundations and Building Contrivances connected with Hydraulic Works, such as Piles and Pile-driving, Cofl:er-dams, Diving-bells, Boring Tools, &g. These are necessarily represented by models only, or in great part, as the works themselves are of too great magnitude for exhibition. B. Scaffolding and Centerings for the erection of Chimneys, Columns, Towers, Bridges, &c. ; Portable Scaffoldings, Ladders, Fire- escapes, &c.; Centerings for Arches, Domes, Vaults, &c. C. Forms an important subdivision, comprehending Bridges, Tunnels, and Engineering contrivances for crossing ravines, &c. D. Relates to Dock, Harbour, River, and Canal Works. E. Lighthouses and Beacons. F. Roofs, Buildings, and contrivances for covering large areas. G. Water-works, and the Engineering contrivances connected with the obtaining, storing, and distribution of Water in towns. H. Gras-works, and contrivances connected with the economical production of Artificial Light. I. Sewerage, Cleaning, Paving, and the contrivances connected with the sanitary conditions of towns. J. Warming and Ventilating Domestic Residences, and contrivances for such purposes. Objects in this Class are found in the Building at the western end of the North Gallery, and also in the Areas and Avenues partlj^ occupied by Classes 5 and 6 in the Ground-floor, North side. Several beautiful models connected with this Class have likewise a place in the Central Avenue or Nave. Containing a number of costly and beautiful models of many of the great triumphs of civil engineering and architecture, this Class presents an interesting view of the state and capabilities of the sciences it represents at the present day. Among the objects included under the subdivision of Bridges, &c., will be found some of the most elaborate and accurate models probably ever constructed. Some of these are so minutely correct, that it is stated that even the threads of the screws are reduced to a scale. Tubular, suspension, and other bridges, are represented by some of these models, which are on a large scale. Chain-j)iers, and piers of other descriptions, each indicative of their applicability to the particular purposes for which they are designed, or to the positions occupied by the originals, are also exhibited in their models. The application of iron chain-cables to purposes of this kind, and its history, are recorded in this Catalogue and illustrated in the Exhibition. A variety of bridges on new principles, or upon new modifications of principles already known, are also shown, and their respective merits are capable of being ascertained in the models. Dock and harbour works are also adequately represented by their respective models. Among others is a model of the Breakwater in Plymouth Sound, executed in limestone, and presenting a favourable idea of that great work. The lens-apparatus of lighthouses, in most recent and improved forms, is exhibited not by models but by the apparatus itself. A large number of models are of works proposed to be executed, and convey a strong impression of the various directions in which inventive skill is exercised. Interest will be excited by many well-executed models of structures in cast and wrought iron. The application of these metals to the pur- poses of construction, so largely illustrated in the Exhibition Building itself, forms an important feature in the history of modern architecture, and is also represented by various models of conservatories, such as the great Palm-house at Kew, roofs of railway stations, &c. The miscellaneous contrivances connected with the simpler construction and arrangements of private dwellings are found in great numbers. Many of these relate to ventilation, to windows, doors, and chimneys, and appear to promise improvements of importance in these respects. The study of this Class is instructive, as the means of attaining an approximate idea of the present state of the sciences of civil engineering, architecture, and construction in our own country. The objects illustrating the Class can scarcely be said adequately to represent the subjects embraced by the Class, since they lose the advantage of being seen of their due dimensions. While in Class 5 it is possible to exhibit the actual machine engaged in raising the Britannia Tube to its site, in the present Class the Tube itself, the most wonderful engineering structure of its kind, can only be exhibited in a model, bearing but a small proportion to the size of the original. This is of little moment to the engineer or architect, but to others, unaccustomed to estimate from a scale. Class 7 does not appear so imposing as the jjreceding Classes, although in reality it contains practical representations of the most miglitj^ works of construction undertaken by my nation in recent times.—• R. E. CIVIL ENGINEEEIXa, ARCHITECTUEE, &c. North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. 309 1 SiEBE, Augustus, 5 Denmark Street, Soho-^ Inventor and Manufacturer. Three-motion diving machine air-pum.p, with a figure of a man equipped in a diving dress and helmet for working tinder water. The annexed figure represents the divei-'s dress,, &c. Figiu'e representing the Diver's Dress. Vase made of the wood and metal of the wreck of the Royal George, sunk at Spithead in the year 1782. 2 Geary, Stephen, 19 Euston Place, Euston Squar^e— Inventor. Model of a patent stationary fire-engine, fitted up within the pedestal of a lamp or other post, or fixed in a cast-iron framed box under the pavement, containing hose-pipe, &c. Improved Venetian perforated blind and shutters. Model of stone-paving for streets, &c,, by trams framed on a new principle. Model of improved railway carriages, containing open coupees and accelerating driving-wheels, with model of a railway truck for running narrow gauge trains on the broad gauge lines. 3 Green, Ben., 3 Arcade, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Designer. Model of the central arch of the Ouse-burn and Wil- lington viaducts of the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, erected by John and Benjamin Green, in 1837-8. Geometrical drawing and view of the Ouse-burn via- dvict; also of the Willington viaduct. The piers and abutments are of stone: each arm is composed of three ribs, formed to the proportionate curve shown in the model. Every rib is put together wdth 3-inch deck deals, in lengths of from 20 to 45 feet, and two of the deals in width. The first course is formed of tw 0 whole deals in width, and the next of one whole and two half deals; and so on alternately until the whole rib is formed. Each rib consists of 15 deals in height or thickness, and the ends are butted one against the other, breaking joint, so that no two of the horizontal or radiating joints shall come together; the whole are con- nected with oak trenails, or pins, each of which passes through three of the deals in thickness. Between every deal a layer of brown paper, dipped in boiling tar, is laid, to secure the joints from being affected by wet, and so as to make the timbers bed tightly one upon another. The ends of each rib are inserted into large cast-iron shoes or sockets, which are fii-st fixed to the springing stones of the masonry, and secured with long iron bolts, four to each plate, run in with lead; the three ribs are connected together with diagonal braces and iron bolts. The spandrils formed by the arches, being great, on account of the span, the framing is made in proportionate strength. A beam, 14 inches square, is fixed about the middle of the sj)andril, inclining upwards to the crown of the arch, from which struts are carried, both above and below it; the above, are perpendicular to the longitudinal beams of the roadway,—and those below, are radiating to the centre of the arch. The longitudinal beams under the roadway are 14 inches square, and transverse joists, 3 feet 6 inches apart, and projecting about 2 feet on each side, are laid across to receive the 3-inch planking, which is covered with a com- position to form a roadway. The spandril-framing is connected and bound, both to the roadway and to the ribs, by means of hon bolts, straps and keys, in the diffei'ent situations shown on the model. One of the radiating struts in each spandril is carried on from the rib to the longitudinal beams, pass- ing through and run down the piers about 8 feet. In this system of timber-bridge building, the straight trussing in the main principle of support is dispensed with, for the spandril-framing must not be looted upon as such; it is merely a combination of wood-work, to convey the weight coming upon the roadway on the simjile curved rib, and all timbers in a state of tension are avoided; for when a weight comes upon a roadway, the whole structure undergoes compression. [The cost of the Ouse-burn viaduct was 24,500/. That of the Willington viaduct was 23,002/. It was when engaged in designing the bridge for crossing the River Tyne at Scots wood, in 1827-8, that Mr. Green first pro- jected the laminated arch; but the depth of water, its rapidity during floods, and the uncertainty of the foun- dations, rendering the building of many piers expensive, caused Mr. Green to recommend a suspension bridge at this spot. On the day of opening of this suspension bridge, 12,000 persons rushed on at once, when the weight on its centre was not less than 468 tons, and it proved capable of sustaining this weight.—S. C] Model of the monument erected on Pensher Hill to the late Earl Durham, in 1844. Geometrical drawing, in colour, of the first proposed wooden bridge with stone piers across the Tyne, at New- castle-on-Tyne, at a high level, in 1838. Geometrical drawing, in colour, of design for the pro- posed high-level bridge, in stone and iron, at Newcastle- on-Tyne, in 1841. Plan from Gateshead, through Newcastle, in the line of the high-level bridge, 1841. View of Scotswood wrought-iron suspension bridge over the Tyne, erected in 1828-9. View of the monument erected on Pensher Hill. Model of the Grey Column at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1837. View of Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, as designed previous to its commencement. View of the interior of the library of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4 M'KiRDY, J. G., Birkwood, Lcsmahago, Scotland —Producer. Model of a wooden bridge, for fopt passengers, 46 feet span, besides 2 feet of bearing at each end. All the prin- cipal timbers incline to one centre, thereby forming, as it were, three arches. It may be erected (on piers, rocks, or piles) at little expense beyond the materials. 5 AssER, Louis, 147 Regent Street—Inventor, Model of a bridge. The invention consists of blocks of a form which may be applied to stone, iron, wood, or other materials in the construction of bridges, tunnels, breakwaters, &c. From the form of these blocks, and their mutual bearing, the pressure is equally distributed over the whole mass. 6 RiDDELL, Thos,, 1 Market Terrace, Southgate Road, Islington—Inventor. Model of a building, showing how talc may be used instead of glass. NoETH Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. 7 Turner, R., Hammersmith, Dublin—Inventor. Model (scale, ^ inch to the foot) of the segmental curved patent iron roof at the London and North Western Rail- way station, Lime Street, Liverpool. The area, roofed over, extends from the fa9ade in Lime Street, to the viaduct, over which Hotham Street passes; and from the new offices to the parcel offices on the opposite side; the extreme length is 374 feet, and the breadth 153 feet, in one span. Model (scale, ^ inch to the foot) of section of the great iron and glass palm house, in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The building contains upwards of 40,300 super- ficial feet of glass, or nearly an acre. The total length of the building is 362 feet 6 inches, the centre portion being 137 feet 6 inches long, and 100 feet wide, and 69 feet high to the top of the lantern light, the wings are each 112 feet 6 inches long, and 50 feet high. It is heated by hot water, on an improved principle. Brass model (scale, ^ inch to the foot) submitted to His Majesty the King of Prussia, for a winter garden at Berlin, to cover half an English acre. Model (scale, i inch to the foot) of the winter garden, in iron and glass, curvilinear form, in part erected for the London Botanic Society, at their garden in the Regent's Park. Model (scale, ^ inch to a foot) of a curved iron roof for a wet dock, sufficient to cover a man of war, in full sail, on entering for examination and repair previous to being sent out to sea. Model (scale, ^ inch to the foot) for a dockyard, curved iron roof, for man-of-war ship building. The two pre- ceding models were submitted to the Admiralty by the exhibitor. Models and sections of the structures proposed for the Great Exhibition Building, by the exhibitor. One of these is the only model out of the 243 submitted in com- petition, that had the Transept, which with the Nave was to be semicircular, and was all throughout 110 feet high in the centre. Brass model of one of the modes of constructing the 200-feet dome of metal zones and ribs, with wrought-iron chain bars within, by the exhibitor. Double range of columns and galleries, to form the support in lieu of walls for the said 200 feet dome. Models of a railway, a range of conservatory, and a round conservatory. (With Class 6.) 8 Clark, George Delianson, 12 London Street, Greenwich—Producer. Iron castings to be used for architectural purposes, in combination with, or instead of, bricks or stone. Speci- men wall—showing the mode of using them. 9 Finch & Willey, Windsor Foundry, Liverpool— Manufacturers. Model of a wrought-iron bridge to carry the South Wales Railway over the river Wye at Chepstow. De- signed by I. K. Brunei, Esq., C.E., and now in course of construction by Finch and Willey, of Liverpool, engineers. The following engraving represents this bridge. (Main Avenue West.) Brunei's Wrought-iron Bridge over the Wye. Working model of a high-pressure steam engine, having a glass cylinder and glass valve box, through which the piston and valves can be seen working while the engine is in motion. Maker, William Pemberton. 10 Oates, William, Mirfield, near Leeds—Inventor. Two self-acting doughs, which divide the fall of water into two parts, drawing at half fall. A boy could draw one made to any size, or with any depth of fall. It would answer for drains into tideways. The power to draw increases in exact ratio with the pressure. 11 Coles, W., 3 Charing Cross—Inventor. Two anti-friction pulleys. Two models of anti-friction railway carriages. 12 Redman, J. B., b New Palace Yard, Westminster— Designer. Model of the royal terrace pier at Milton-on-Thames, next Gravesend, designed by the exhibitor, and made by Salter of Hammersmith. The pier is constructed of iron by Fox and Henderson. The pillars are founded upon piers of brickwork and masonry below the bed of the river, resting upon the solid chalk substratum, at a level of 14 feet below low water of spring tides. These founda- tion piers were erected without the expensive aid of coffer- dams, by the novel means of cast-iron cylinders six feet in diameter, kept always above the rise of the tide, the upper portions being removed as each pier was finished. 13 Bermingham, Thomas, Clarendon Lodge, Sandy- mount, Dublin—Improver. A box of improved patent compasses. The legs, which draw out, have fine needle points, and a pen and pencil to turn on a swing, forming a useful set of instruments in one. This instrument is made after the pattern of D^sir^ Lebrun, by Elliot, London. In the following cut, A A represent the stems of the compasses. B B, elongated bars which run into the stems worked by screws. C C, the screws. D^, pen, and Bermingliam's Improved Compasses, North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. E, needle point, either of which may be turned to the end by pivot F. G, H, pen and pencil, worked same as D, E. The entire forms but one instrument. A model of Thenard's moveable flood-gates or lifts, called *'hauses," for rendering rivers navigable, and supplying the place of fixed stone weirs, which exhibits a mode of fixing the lifts, or hauses, at the bottom of the river, so as to prevent stonework impeding the current. They are cheaper than weirs; prevent the flooding of adjacent lands; and are useful in fisheries, mill-power, arterial drainage, and navigation. They are in operation in the river L'Isle, in France. 14 Jeffery, Robert, Upper North Place, Gray's Inn Road-—Inventor. Railway tunnel signal, intended to prevent accident to a train while in a tunnel, from being overtaken by another train. At present, if from slackness of speed, temporary stoppage, or any impediment, a train is detained in a tunnel, great alarm is felt by the passengers, lest the following train should overtake it. This invention ex- hibits a large white disc by day, and a lamp by night, either of which is self-acting; and it is displayed con- spicuously at the upper edge of the arch, immediately on the train entering, remaining in sight until the train leaves the other end of the tunnel, when it instantly disappears. This is repeated whenever a train enters and quits the tunnel, without any assistance. The following train is always reminded by the presence or absence of the disc or lamp, whether the tunnel is clear or not. It also in- dicates to the authorities, by any unusual length of time during which the disc is in sight, the existence of some interruption in the tunnel. 15 Hammond, Richard Charles, 4:5 Baldwin's Gardens, Leather Lane, Holborn—Inventor and Manufocturer. Model of a convex-chain suspension bridge. 16 Pratt, Major, 7 Upper Ar^ea, Hung erford Market —Inventor, Moveable flight of steps, for tidal rivers. The steps are entirely independent of each other. New self-acting trap for street drains ; it can be easily fixed or moved, without displacing the brick-work on which the grating rests. 17 Green, Joseph, Caledonian Road—Inventor. Model of moveable dam for river operations; and of a new plan of shifting a dam for constructing sea-walls for docks, piers, harbours, &c. 18 Clark, Charles, C.E., Sea-side Hotel, Hastings— Inventor, Model of a proposed grand ship canal through the isthmus of Suez, to save 5,000 miles of sea passage, or half the distance to India. 19 James, Jabez, 28a Broad Wall, Lambeth— Manufacturer and Designer. Model bronzed fountain, with steam-engine for supply- ing it, (Main Avenue West.') 20 Watt, W,, Glasgow—Manufacturer. Hydro-pneumatic lift, for canal locks. Hydro-pneumatic elevators. Patent hydro-pneumatic ship-lift. Application of compi-essed air for the prevention of vessels from sinking. 21 West & Gregson, Union Street, Oldham—Designers and Manufacturers. Model station-meter for gas-works. Experimental meter, for ascertaining the consumption of gas per hour, of any description of burner, in cast-iron case. Consumers'gas-meter: patent enamelled inside, whereby the iron is preserved from oxidation. 24 Morton, Samuel & Hugh, Leith Walk, Edinburgh— Inventors and Manufacturers. Model of a patent slip, for hauling up ships, of the largest class, for repairs—a cheap substitute for dry docks —with model of a frigate. [Slips for hauling up ships for repair were very early used at the Mediterranean ports; but the mechanism which removed the excessive labour of the operation was invented and patented by Mr. Morton in 1818. Before this system was adopted, the cost of hauling up a ship of 500 tons was 170/.; it is now reduced to 3/. A slip may be constructed for one-eighth part of the expense of a dry dock. Upon a well-constructed slip, a steam-engine exerting 1-horse power for every 100 tons will draw a ship at the rate of 2^ feet per minute,—S, C] 25 Martin, John, Lindsey House, Chelsea— Designer and Inventor. Self-acting valves for sewer and house-traps. _ Plan and model of railway, invented 1834. This prin- ciple of rail has been adopted on the Great Western line. Section of rail and laminated beam. This beam is employed on the South Western and South Eastern Railways, and in other structures. Sections of fire-proof and laminated beams, and their application to strong, light, and durable roofs. Elevation of proposed bridge at Westminster. Elevation and sections of centre arch of bridge, showing the laminated beams, stays, and cast-iron planting ; the general principle of construction being applicable to all bridges across rivers with low banks. Model of framework cube used in the construction of ships, floating batteries, harbours, and piers. Plans and sections showing the application of frame- work cube and laminated fire-proof beams to ships, har- bours, &c. Lighthouse for the sands, and sand indicator, invented 1829, Lighthouses on this principle have been erected on the Maplin Sand, and elsewhere. Cleaving anchors, with piles and cables of wood lami- nated with iron. Drawing and model of life-boat. Mode of working and ventilating coal mines. Drawing and model of pipes and couplings, which can be quickly connected together, or disunited. Drawings and models of filter drain pipe and mode of laying. 20 Forster, James, 5 South John Street, Liverpool— Inventor and Patentee. A fountain, and four household filters; the whole of the water being filtered by the apparatus in its passage through the service pipe. The sole manufacturers are, Cochrane and Co., Woodside Iron Works, Dudley. (Central Avenue.) 27 Renezynski, Captain George Alexander, 31 Tonbridge Place, New Road—Inventor. Self-sustaining suspension bridge, which may be built of wrought-iron or wood; free from side oscillations, and having little deflection. Steam-power engine for railways or turnpike roads, with six wheels, and self-feeding boiler, reqiming no tender; with locomotives, &c. A hana-tjower-speed machine for railways and turnpike roads. An improved quadrant stand. 28 Stuart, William, M, I. C, E,, Plymouth, Devon— Designer and Superintendent of the Plymoiith Breakwater Works. Model, in limestone, of the breakwater in Plymouth Sound, on a scale of 1 inch to 42 feet, vsdth silver light- house and beacon, made for the Exhibition, under the direction of the Lords of the Admiralty. The breakwater North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. was commenced on 12tli August, 1812, agi^eeably to a Eepoi-t dated 21st April, 1806, of the late John Rennie, civil engineer, and of Joseph Whidbey, a Master of the Royal Navy ; and has been constructed under the auspices of the Lords of the Admiralty. Its length is 5100 feet at the top, and about 1 mile or 5280 feet at bottom, being nearly three times the length of the Ex- hibition Building. At the top, it is 45 feet wide, and has a slope to seaward of 5 to 1, and a slope to landward of 2 to 1. It is already composed of 3,768,879 tons of stone. It has been 38 years in construction, and has cost the nation about 1,500,000/. The area of Plymouth Sound is 1800 acres, and within the breakwater there is anchorage for 40 line-of-battle ships, besides a fleet of merchant vessels. The exhibitor of the model, who is the resident engineer, has been connected with this un- dertaking for 40 years. The lighthouse and beacon on the breakwater were designed by Messrs. Walker and Burgess, civil engineers. Polished marble slab, on pedestals, from the break- water quarries. Model, in limestone, of a general section taken through a part of the centre of the breakwater, with wood-jetty and crane, showing dove-tailed stones and truck on jetty. Model, in limestone, of a section of the breakwater, taken through the buttress and foundation of the light- house, with inverted arch at the west end; and showing dove-tailed stones. Circular le\\dses, used in lifting and setting stones at the breakwater, invented by the exhibitor in 1808. Model, in mahogany, of a breakwater stone vessel. Models of the breakwater and lighthouse, set in marble, (ifam Averme West.) [The breakwater in Plymouth Sound is formed by the deposit of stone in unshapen blocks of various sizes, but disposed upon a regular plan as a huge, rough, broad- based wall, mole, mound, or dike, massive enough, if it be compact enough, to check, if not wholly to stop the roll of the sea under the influence of gales of wind, and to render the part of the Sound within it a safe anchorage during gales from the south-west. The Isle of Wight is a breakwater afforded by nature to Portsmouth, and the breakwater in Plymouth Sound is the result of an endea- vour to supply Plymouth with some compensation for its natural deficiencies. The breakwater is a mass of rock-like blocks of stones deposited in a heap at random, as far as regards the placing of the blocks of stone, though the heap takes the form, in plan and section, which the model exhibits. In this circumstance, that it is a deposit and not a construction, the weakness of the breakwater consists. The blocks on the outer slope, or foreshore, are liable to be taken up singly and displaced by the action of the sea upon it, deprived as every Ioosb block is (and the bulk of the work still consists of loose blocks) of two- fifths of its weight when immersed in sea-water ; and probably no heavy sea runs into Plymouth Sound with- out occasioning change of place to some of the blocks of the outer slope. The blocks range from one ton to five tons in weight—a block of limestone weighing five tons being in bulk equal to a cube of 4 ft, 6 in. or a yard and a half on every side. The greatest quantity of the ma- terial is of the smaller sizes, and is known as rubble; but many blocks have been deposited of considerably more than the largest size named, and many even of these have been known to be taken up by the sea fi'om the outer slopes and thrown upon the crest of the mound, whilst thousands of tons, have since the commencement of the work been thrown over the mound from the outer to the inner slope. It may be questioned whether the breakwater is not, at this time, from this cause, further up the Sound than when it was originally planned. The breakwater is disposed in three connected com- partments—the central, or main body, which is 1000 yards long, and the eastern and western parts respec- tively, which are each about 350 yards long, above high water. The Digue, or breakwater, at Cherboui-g, opposite to Plymouth on the other side of the Channel, is, in like manner, mainly a mass of deposited rvibble, but of gene- rally smaller-sized stones. It is more than double the length of Plymouth breakwater, or about 2^miles.—W.H.] 29 The Royal Scottish Society of Arts, Edinburgh— Producer. A square bar of Low Moor iron, of sviperior quality, 2i inches square, twisted, in a cold state, into a spiral form by the action of the steam-engine, while carrying the borer of a cylinder which had suddenly stuck fast. Model of a suspension bridge, designed to show the best position of the under stays (which are not placed symmetiically, but at irregular distances from either end of the bridge) to prevent the destructive effects of vertical oscillation, [After the most careful calculation of the strength of iron, when subjected to the application of force, in the direction of its length, or its tensile resistance, bridges constructed of iron-chains and rods, which promised to last as long as those made of stone, have suddenly given way. The principal cause of the sudden disruption of the rods or chains of an iron suspension-bridge, and its consequent fall, is the tendency to vibration or oscil- lation in the whole structure from its vmiformity and catenarian form. A chain-bridge, from its very nature has a tendency to swing to and fro, and unless this be prevented by ties or fastenings to some rigid structure fixed in the ground, it will, after a certain number of regular oscillations, snap in two at the weakest part, in consequence of the momentum acquired by the swinging mass.—R. W.] Model of a steam-boat, constructed for an inkstand. 30 Roebuck, Josephus Jagger, HaddersfieJd—Producer. Model and drawings of No. 4, skew arch of the Hudders- field viaduct, built in stone, over the Bradford Road. Scale one inch to three feet. Model of one of the springer quoins, shoAving the oblique checks for the insertion of the voussoirs of the spiral courses of masonry. Model of springer course complete, showing the whole of the checks. Models of two of the arch quoins, showing the form and twist of Nos. 4 and 5 arch quoins of the obtuse angle of the arch. Model of one of the spiral courses of the voussoirs, showing the spiral plane from the acute angle of the arch. Drawing of No. 4 skew arch of the Huddersfield via- duct, by which the above model and detail models were constructed. Scale one inch to six feet. [Skew, or oblique arches, are those the faces of which are not at right angles with the abutments. It is believed that the first skew bridge was built by Mr. W. Chapman, in 1787, over the Kildare Canal, near Naas. The method of finding the directions of the courses of brickwork or masonry, and the shapes of the various moulds for the latter, are explained fully in treatises on oblique arches. -S. C, jun.] 31 Hurwood, George, College Street, Ipswich, Suffolk— Inventor and Patentee. Window made to open and close in one or in several parts by the application of the patented apparatus. Used for ventilating the Exhibition Building. North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6, Various models, showing the mode of applying the invention to different windows. Patent ship-lights and scuttles. Model and drawing of a breakwater. 32 Sankey, William H. V., Civil E^igineer— Inventor and Manufacturer. 1. Drawing of a tubular bridge, to be called the com- pound hollow girder bi'idge." 2. Drawing to show sections and details of the above bridge. 3. Model of the " compound hollow girder bridge," showing a proposed form of piers for bridges to be built over rivers. 4. Drawing of a proposed railway carriage, vnth a new guide-rail for preventing carriages running off the rails. 5. Drawing of a proposed method of building stone bridges. 33 Lowe, William, Belton, near Grantham—Inventor. Model of a portable bridge, for the use of an army in cross- ing livers; and adapted for a landing stage in a tidal river, when fixed on a wharf, as it can be worked out, or in, to suit the ebb and flow of the tide, leaving clear the whole width of river at high water. It might also be used to form communications with the upper floors of detached warehouses, &c. 34 Bain, Charles, Morden Street, Greenwich— Inventor. Radial gauge cock for steam boilers, to show the height of the water within by the index hand on the outside. Elevating machine, to be used in the construction and repair of towers, chimneys, &c. The platforms are alter- nately closed on the building, and elevated or depressed by the vertical screws. Compound bridge, to allow the passage of masted vessels without interi'upting the roadway. Tubular bridge, the pressure in which is sustained by the fluid in the tube. 35 Gandell, Edward Frederick, 3 Princes Street, Westminster—Designer. Model of a method for erecting a lighthouse on the Goodwin Sands. [The difi&culties that have attended the erection of a lighthouse on the Goodwin Sands have hitherto been in- surmountable, owing to their great depth, and their con- stant liability to shift. No erection can be considered se- cure that does not at least rest upon the chalk, and pos- sess gravity or strength in itself sufficient to resist the violent action of the sea: the greatest observed pressure per square foot of surface, exposed to the action of the waves, is 4,335lbs.—S. C] 36 Bvne, Ralph Horace, 10 Eccleston Street, South, Fimlico—Draughtsman and Modeller. Model of a design for an iron girder railway bridge. 37 Hunt & Gandell, Z Princes Street, Westminster— Designers. Design for the new bridge at Westminster. Spans. 250 feet, 300 feet, and 250 feet ; headway, 27 feet'; inclination, 1 in 36. 38 Sacred Harmonic Society, Office, Exeter Hall— Producer. Model of the orchestra of the Sacred Harmonic Society, Exeter Hall, an amateur society established, in 1832, for the performance of oratorios, &c. Its orchestra comprises 114 stringed instruments (including 16 double basses), 31 wind instruments, and chorus of 500 voices, num- bering in all 645 performers (there is also a large organ), conducted by Mr. Costa. The model was executed by Mr. Phidias Clarke, on a scale of half an inch to the foot. {Main Avenue West.) 39 TowNLEY, William, 99 Rolborn Hill—Inventor. Specimens of machinery, &c., accompanied by a model of the surface or superstructure of London Bridge, upon a scale of three-quarters of an inch to the foot; and work- ing models illustrative of a new system for washing and watering streets, lanes, courts, alleys, &c. (With Classes 5 cl- 6.) 40 Nicholson, G., jun., 1 Harcourt Street, Marylehone —Inventor. Model of railway spring-buffer carriage, with self-acting spring life preserver appended; of scaffolding for building purposes ; of a fire-escape; and of a machine for simul- taneously watering and sweeping streets, &c. 41 Clive, John Henry, 12 Stanhope Place, Hyde Park, and Tunstall, Staffordshire—Inventor. An illustrative model of a bar-trellis suspension bridge, to make a more secure and cheap roadway over rivers, without obstructing the navigation by high-masted vessels. The greatest part of the weight is laid on the lower parts of the suspension towers, by tapering the construction throughout from the base, beginning with strong suspend- ing bars, and decreasing their strength to the summit, so that the tops of the towers shall have the least possible weight upon them, trussing and bracing together the sus- pension bars. The shortest suspension bars being made the heaviest, and the longest bars the lightest, without affecting their efficiency, each being constructed so as to be equal to its task, expense is saved by lessening the quantity of material to be used, and undulation and lateral motion as in chain bridges avoided, the bracing and trussing giving rigidity and a united hold. 42 Woods, F. F., 5 Pelham Terrace, Brompton— Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Patent union paving, for public and private roads; a new application of materials, being a combination of wood and stone; designed to possess the following advantages :— Less noise than stone-paved roads; less mud than roads made with loose stones; less slippery than wood paving; besides having a better foothold for horses, and being more durable than the latter. The principle of this invention consists in the applica- tion of stone and wood to the construction of a paving material, which is effected in the following manner: the stone which is employed for the puqDOse, is broken into pieces, and inserted in grooved or perforated blocks of wood, as in fig. 1, which is a section of one of the blocks, showing the position of the broken pieces of stone in the grooves or holes of the block. Fig. 1. Block of Woods' Union Paving. The grooves or holes in the wood are about 3 or 4 inches deep; 2 or 2^ inches wide, and 2 inches apart. The pieces of stone are diiven into the grooves tight with a hammer, and their angles or corners are made to penetrate the wood at each side, so as firmly to retain their position. The pieces of stone are driven hard on to the wood at the bottom of the gi-ooves or holes, which are previously lined with a small portion of a compo- sition consisting of small gravel and ground lime. When the grooves or holes are filled up with the pieces of stone, a portion of the same composition is poured over the surface, and compressed with a brush or otherwise, in order to fill up any interstices that may remain between the stones and the wood. There are various designs which may be formed for the aiTangement of the grooves, either for beauty or utility; and circular holes may be also used, according to a variety of patterns. These ought to be of 3 or 4 inches diameter, and within an inch or half an inch of each other. When straight grooves are used, which are most easily constructed, the North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. illustrations in fig. 2 and fig. 3 will show the appearance which the paving will assume. These designs may be applied to blocks of any size. Straight grooved Blocks ; parallel and continuous. Fig. 3. Straight grooved Blocks ; parallel and discontinuous. When the grooves are cut in a ziz-zag form, the illus- tration, fig. 4, shows the appearance of the pavement. This design is to be applied to planks 3 inches by 11 inches. Fig. 4. Zig-zag grooved Planks. The fourth illustration, fig. 5, shows a design in- tended for the use of round timljer, and causing but small waste in preparation. The holes in these blocks are cut in the form of equilateral triangles. Fig. 5. Equilateral perforated Blocks. _ The fifth design, fig. 6, is applicable to blocks of any size and, instead of grooves, has circular holes in the blocks. The angles of the stones are seen in this figure as well as in the other figures projecting into the wood. Fig. 6. Circular perforated Blocks. The sixth design, fig. 7, is intended for the same use as that in fig. 5. The holes in this design are circular, and so disposed that five holes are contained in every block, which is constructed of the hexagonal form. Hexagonal perforated Blocks. The blocks^ can be placed on thin boards, laid close to assist in keeping the under soil from coming up through the joints between the blocks; to aid in distributing the load passing over the blocks more equally; and to pro- mote the under-drainage of the paving. (Outside, West Entrance.) 43 BoDLEY, ~, 2 Queen Square Place, Westminster— Inventor. Revolving window-sash. ( With Classes 5^6.) 44 Teasdell, William, Great Yarmouth—Inventor and Designer. Model of a coffer-dam, on a new principle. Model of a life-boat and carriage. 45 Chapman, Jos., Frome—Designer and Manufacturer. Model of a bridge across the Wylye, at Upton Level, Wilts. Span 42 feet. Each parapet is formed by trussing a beam of red pine, on the system of Herr Laves, of Hanover; but to increase its rigidity an additional beam, 9 X 5^, is bent to form an arc, chord 38 feet, versed sine 23 inches; the ends abutting into cast-iron shoes, through which the outer suspending bolt is made to pass. The solid ends of the trusses have their bearings on stone piers, and the outer transverse girders have bearings on corbels in the abutment walls. The roadway is suspended by inch screw-bolts, and rises nine inches towards the centre. 46 DoNKiN, Bryan & Co., Bermondsey—Producers. Model of the shield or frame invented by the late Sir M.I. Brunei, and used by him in the construction of the Thames Tunnel. 47 Grout, Abraham, 8 Shepherd Street, Tenter Ground, Spitalfields—Inventor and Manufacturer. Wire bridge for pieces of ornamental water in gentle- men's parks, &c.; in which all the weight is borne by the hand-rail; its object is lightness and durability. 48 Askew, C, 27^ Charles Street, Hampstead Road —Inventor. Improved and ornamental shutters, either in metal or wood, adapted for shops and private houses. Patent filter. Paddle-wheels. 49 Bruff. Peter, Ipswich—Designer. Model for a proposed national harbour of refuge on the east coast of England, with two entrances, one from Hollesley Bay westward of Orfordness; and the other from Aldborough Bay, eastward of that point. 50 Gardner, Hannibal, 3 Essex Street, Islington— Inventor. Double cone blocks, or artificial hollow stones for building wharf and sea walls, docks, harbours, breakwaters, lighthouses, baths, warehouses, &c. The object is to facilitate building in water to any depth without dam- ming, and with unusual rapidity; when the cavities are filled in with cement or concrete, a solid mass is formed. 51 Beadon, William, 1 Crescent, Tannton, and Otter- head, Churchstanton, Honiton—Inventor. Patent door; and with Classes 5 ^- 6, the following— New patent water-shoots, for security against drip, made of clay, stoneware, glass, cement, and other sub- stances ; applicable to thatch, and not influenced by tem- perature or exposure. New patent barge covering. Patent water-shoot coping; which saves brackets and wall plates; and combines water-shoot, wall-plate, and coping. Its object is to supersede external wood work connected vnth roofs. 52 Todd, C, Leeds—Inventor and Designer. Model of a girder {with Classes 5 # 6), or the vertebral arch, representing its most simple form; originally in- vented and designed for a bridge to cross the river J North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. Mersey, at Runcorn Gap, in one span of 1,263 feet. The span of the arch of this model is 31 feet, being about ,Lth of the span proposed for the bridge. The principle was suggested by considering the construction of the back-bone of an animal. 53 Heinke, Charles E.—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent submarine helmet, dress, and apparatus, for examining and repairing of ships' bottoms, at sea or in dock, for the recovery of property from sunken vessels, and for making and repairing the foundations of viaducts and harbours. Patent helmet air valve, for protecting the diver's life in case of any accident happening to the air-hose. It contains a sufficient quantity of air (say from ten minutes to a quarter of an hour) to give the diver time to ascend. Patent helmet slide, which the diver can instantaneously close should the glass be accidentally broken. Improved connecting joints, calculated to resist power- ful pressure, having a double safety-cap attached. New-invented signal dial, by which the diver is enabled to make known his wants. [The earliest mention of the use of the diving-bell in Europe was in 1509: in 1687 treasure was brought up from a sunken ship by William Phipps, a native of Ame- rica. But the first practically useful diving-bell was the invention of Dr. Halley, in 1720, v/ho also contrived a helmet to enable the diver to go out of the bell, and walk at the bottom for a considerable time. These diving hel- mets and dresses have been improved from time to time, and are now extensively used by engineers in hydraulic operations.—S. C] 54 Devey, Geo., 16 Great Marlborough Street—Inventor. Model, illustrating a proposed method for obviating the nuisance arising from the smoke of ordinary house fires, by combining with the present sewerage a general system of underground smoke drainage. The following cut shows the mode of application to exist- ing buildings, and the general arrangement proposed:— 1. By connecting the ordinary flues with the sewer in the streets, 2. By adapting these flues, now formed for transmitting the smoke upwards, to the downward current proposed, 3. By providing, in these arrangements, for the present action being resumed at any time, for the purpose of inspection or repair. Fig. 1. A, Sewer. B, Horizontal connecting flue from chimney in kitchen. C, Valve, or register for regulating opening. D, Junction (by present flues from basement,) of flues from chimneys above; the smoke from which, ascending in the usual way on reaching the openings at E, would be drawn down by the current produced by exhaustion in the sewer; the action being assisted by the heat from the kitchen fire, E E, Openings forming passage for smoke across chim- ney-breast, cut through partitions or withs, with a valve set in each. By means of a balance weight, these would be made to act simultaneously, and remain open or shut as required; forming, when open, a downward passage for the smoke under the action of the new system, and, when shut, a passage upwards by the existing flues. Thus, allowing the ordinary action upwards to be instanta- neously resumed in case c-f accident, or during any ope- ration, such as cleansing or repair, F F, Stone to front of chimney-breast in roof, to take down for access to valves. Fig. 2. Openings at E E to larger scale, with valves shut for passage of smoke upwards as at present. Fig, 3, Openings at E E; open for passage of smoke downwards as proposed. mom Devey's Smoke Removal Plan, 55 Banks, Langley, 23 Parliament Street, Hull— Designer and Manufacturer. Twin geometrical staircase. It requires the space of one flight only, admitting persons to ascend and descend independently of each other. Adapted for confined places, and particularly for public buildings where show- rooms are required. 56 Boydell, -Inventor J,, 54 Threadneedle Street and Manufacturer, Skeleton frame of a building, iron and wood, exhibiting a new method of joining iron joists and rafters to wood, and framing a roof by wedging iron laths in grooved i rafters. Also a light framework of iron, rolled at once into the shape required to form a ceiling, and receive the usual plaster. Its object is to limit the ravages of fire. Door to be used in a fire-proof house. Section of a ship's side, showing a method of casing iron ships with wood, without using bolts or rivets. By the introduction of a non-conducting substance (that used in the model being silex and gutta percha), between the wood and the iron, a vessel may be coppered without risk of decomposition from contact of the copper with the iron. New method of framing the sides of iron ships, the object of which is to obtain greater strength at less cost. North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. 57 Dorr, William, 2 Hewell Place, Southampton Street, Camberwell—Inventor, Self-adjusting chimney-sweeping machine. (With Classes 6). 68 Grisdale, John Edwin, 289 Strand—Inventor. Model of a wind-guard for smoky chimneys. 59 Morrell, G., 149 Fleet Street—Inventor. Registered iron abutments and tension rods on piers. 60 Herring, C, 177 High Holhorn—Inventor. Patent window and model. A new and simple in- vention for taking out both sashes to clean, &c. 61 Sadler, John H., Leeds—Inventor and Patentee. A bridge for railways or other purposes, composed of a series of girders balanced upon piers, presenting singly the appearance of the letter T. The entire bridge is composed of a chain of these girders and piers, TTT; the girders are firmly locked together at the centre of the arch, each having teeth, like those of a spur-wheel, cast on both sides at each end, and plates with similar teeth cast on them, which are nicely fitted, teeth within teeth, and bolted firmly together, making a very strong joint; the bolt-holes through the girders being made oblong, an allowance for contraction or expansion is provided. [A continuous beam, or bridge girder, resting on several piers, is stronger than if the girders were disconnected at their points of support, in the proportion of about 5 to 3. —S. C.J 62 Lowe, Alice, & Co., Salford, Manchester—Inventors and Patentees. Patent effluvia trap gratings or grids, applicable to public streets, courts, passages, hospitals, houses, and sink stones, for preventing the noxious effluvia in main sewers and drains from escaping to the surface, (See the annexed cuts.) A sewer grating. Lowe & Go's. Patent Traps. The application of these traps may be seen in the model cottages erected by H.R.H. Prince Albert, opposite to the Exhibition Building, 63 Bell, William, 40 Pickering Place, Paddington ■—Inventor, ^ Suspension-bridge for railway purposes, made rigid by girders attached to the suspension chain. Suspension- bridge on the same principle, designed for northern rivers, thickly frozen in winter, so as not to impede the passage of the ice when it breaks up. Bridge of one arch, of 250 feet span, designed for orna- mental waters. Constructed on the tensile principle, and calculated to support with safety a load of 472 tons. Roof, of 400 feet span. Self-acting flood-gate, for keeping up a uniform head of water in mill-dams, weirs, &c. [The power of the same water wheel depending upon the quantity of water admitted upon it, and uniform motion being requisite in the prime mover of all ma- chinery, it follows that the height of water in the mill- dam should be maintained at an uniform level, or a self- acting sluice worked by a varying head, added so as to regulate the supply. If the first can be attained witli certainty, it will ensure more perfect action.—S. C] 64 Naylor, William, 56 James's Street, Oxford Street— Inventor. New glass registered ventilators, opened and shut by the means of a rack and pulley, as a sun blind. 65 Oliver, 0., 68 John Street, Tottenham Court Road —Inventor. Registered ventilator and chimney-pot. Fire-escape, applicable to all the storeys of a bviilding at the same time. 66 Hurst, G., High Street, Bedford—Designer and Inventor. Model of a partition, to rise from and sink into the floor, as required. 67 Horn, Archibald, 39 Baker Street, Pentonville —Inventor. Self-acting iron shutter for the protection of shop-win- dows or doors, bankers' or merchants' safes, ground-floor windows, &c.; claiming, in use, convenience, portability, and freedom from friction. 68 Hill, Samuel, Clifton, York—Inventor. Model of a window, with six panes to open and shut separately, swinging top-heavy to ensure their remaining open, and fastened with a spring. Model of a fireplace with ventilating air chamber behind. Sliding guard, intended as a protection against acci- dents by fire. 69 Bates, T., 9 Domingo Street, Old Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. Mode of sash-frame and sashes, to open inwards, for being cleaned. 70 Remington, G. W. & J., 138 Sloane Street —Inventors. Model No. 1 represents an engine with a straight- working shaft. Upon it are fixed two levers, which are connected together by means of a spindle, which carries a circular bolt; this bolt is fitted into an opening formed in the centre of the plate which connects the piston. By this arrangement of parts being applied to the inside of a cylinder, the reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into rotatory motion, and an engine of great simplicity is obtained. Model No. 2 represents an engine. The reciprocating motion of the piston is changed into rotatory motion by means of cylindrical wedges, two of which are fixed upon the working shaft, and the third is placed between; tp the centre wedge is attached the piston, which is re- tained in a right line by means of the covering pipe and cross-heads shown outside the cylinder. The power of this engine is uniform throughout the stroke : its con- North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. struction is simple and difficult to derange^, and is suited for farm and agricultural purposes. Breakwater model, No. 1.—The cMef part of the superstructure is to be composed of wrought iron, form- ing a square or other rectangular figure of any required dimensions; the inside is strengthened with diagonal and longitudinal ties and braces. Tiers of masonry are to be constructed at intervals, and each section of the break- water will extend from the centre of one pier to the centre of another, leaving bays or openings between the piers, below the level of low water, for the free passage of the tide; and in this way harbours formed by enclo- sures from the sea deep water may be always maintained. Breakwater model. No. 2.—This model is upon the same principle of construction as the above, but designed for harbours in less depth of water. The superstructure is composed of wrought iron; the cross sections are circular. This is applicable to landing-stages, piers, and jetties. 1. Plans, drav/ings, and description of metropolitan railway union, and great central station, proposed by the exhibitors. 2. Elevation of the proposed iron breakwater. 3. Dra\^dngs of patented locomotive engines. 4. Drawings and description of an improved fire- escape. 71 Giles, Alfred, 9 Adelphi Terrace—Designer. Model of a curved timber roof, suitable for warehouses, &c. Model of a repairing or dry dock ,constructed of brick, vdth stone copings. The form of the dock, and the use of brickwork for such a purpose is stated to be new, and the economy, as compared with stonework, considerable. 72 McLean, Charles, 110 Fleet Street—Inventor. Models for shop fronts. 73 BouCH, Thomas, Edinburgh—Inventor and Designer. Model of an apparatus for shipping and unshipping the trains of the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee railway, at all states of the tide. The large steam vessels, in con- nexion vnth the apparatus, were designed and constructed by Mr. Napier, of the Lancefield engine works, Glasgow. 74 Harris, J. C, Bristol—Inventor. Model of a shop front. 75 Jackson & Clay, 21 Homer Street, Lambeth— Inventors. Fire-escape, in the form of an ordinary piece of fur- niture, to be fixed to the floor by thumb-screws opposite a window. Provisionally registered. 76 Spurgin, John, Guildford Street—hiY&niov. Endless ladder and crane, intended to obviate the chances of being upset at the summit Patent paddle apparatus for boats and steam-boats, to prevent backwater. Model of a patent vei-tebrate or jointed bridge, its strength being derived from wrought iron on the edge, by an arrangement which allows of flexibility in one direc- tion, but effects a resistance or abutment in the other; its object is strength, facility of construction, and port- ability. 77 Peile, J. J. & Co., 74 Marketplace, Whitehaven— Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of ship scrcAvs. 78 Russell, Henry Heathcote, C.E., 20 George St., Adelphi—Inventor and Designer. Invention for a tidal staircase for landing passengers from craft at any elevation of tide, which by its arrange- ment (upon the Archimedian screw principle) revolves as the water ascends or descends, and thus preserves the steps perfectly dry. Model of a jetty, or landing-pier, designed for Douglas, Isle of Man, upon the same ]Drinciple, constructed of wire rope, in lieu of chain plate and rods, the vertical rods are composed of iron tubing, the whole supported on screw piles, with a tidal staircase at the extremity. [The screw pile, the invention of Mr. Alexander Mit- chell, of Belfast, is one of great interest and value; it has been employed for the foundations of lighthouses, beacons, jetties, and other submarine works (see Minutes of Pro- ceedings of the Inst, of Civil Engineers, February 22, 1848).-S. C.J Speedy lords, invented to expedite the hoisting of light stones in the erection of buildings, &c. By this contrivance it will be seen that it is impossible to lose any of the component parts, as may be the case in the ordinary louis, which consists of five separate pieces, the loss of any of which renders the remainder useless. This model has been tested by the hoisting of a block of 5 tons of Portland stone with safety. An ordinary louis for comparison. Model of suspension-bridge, upon the exhibitor's patent principle, whereby undulatory and vibratory motion is prevented, and the bridge rendered sufficiently rigid for the purposes of railway trains, marching troops, or other transit. Competition design, upon the same principle, for the railway suspension and lift bridge uniting Cologne and Deutz. {On Wall) Improvement upon Taafe's slating; registered by the exhibitor. By this mode each slate is secured at all the four angles, with the advantage that any single slate may be taken out and repaired, without disturbing the rest. Skeleton model of a Gothic tie-beam roof, to show the comparative modes of slating, the arrangement of the rafters, the saving of timber, &c. Design and proposed site for a bridge at Westminster, to harmonize with the New Houses of Parliament, and preserve the present approaches; dispensing with the necessity of erecting a temporary wooden bridge for the trafiic during its erection; thereby saving 40,000/. {On Wall.) Design for a new bridge at Cologne. 79 Shield, Joseph, Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Producer. Model, showing the process of manufactm-ing shot from lead. [Shot are made by melting lead, with which, usually, some arsenic is combined, at the top of a high tower. The melted metal passes through a cullender, and falling through a large column of air, at length falls into a water butt on the ground. The heights of these towers vary from 200 to 300 feet. In the progress through the air, the sphericity of the shot is obtained, and after being- cooled in the water, they are selected, mixed with a little plumbago, and put into a small octagonal cask, which is made to revolve by mechanical power—in this way all roughness is removed, and the shot are polished.—R. H.] 80 HooKE, Thomas, 80 Neu^ Cut, Lambeth— Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered portable bed-room fire-escape. 81 Naylor, Matthew, 121 Radnor Street, Hulme —Producer. Illustration of sewering, paving, &c., at Manchester. 82 Wells, George, Admiralty Office—Inventor. Universal telegraphic lighthouse, intended to prevent mistake as to its identity; this is accomplished by cutting North Gtallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. four or more apertures in the present buildings just below the lantern, and fitting the openings with ground plate glass painted so as to leave the illuminated initial of the particular lighthouse distinct. The annexed figure re- presents the proposed lighthouse. Wells' Universal Telegraphic Lighthouse. [Owing to the difficulty of identifying lights on a coast, the least number that can be employed is the best; but if some distinguishing mark can be fixed to a lighthouse, by which all possibility of mistake is prevented, some ob- jections to frequent lights would be removed.—S. C] 83 Morgan, Stephen, 28 Robert Street, Grosvenor Square. Model of an oval staircase. 84 Lavanchy, Jean Baptiste, 9 Richmond Buildings, Dean Street, Soho—Inventor. Model of a portable bridge (known in France under the denomination of Pont portaline), extending or retracting on grooves. 86 Hawks, Crawshay, & Co., Gateshead, Newcastle- upon- Tijne—Manufacturers. Model of the high-level bridge across the Tyne, at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Samples of cable and other chain, as used in Her Majesty's navy, from the greatest diameter to the least. 90 DuNHiLL, Thomas, C.E,, 19 Fortress Terrace, Kentish Town—Projector. Model of an aggregate cattle market, abattoir, carcase market, &c., occupying 65 acres, and proposed to be esta- blished in the N". by W. suburb of the British metro- polis, and embodying the following arrangements:— A principal entrance, with 500 feet frontage for ofi&ces, &c., flanked with buildings, their interior areas forming carcase and other markets. The market would occupy an area of 23 acres, and would accommodate 6,000 oxen with 40,000 sheep. Calf and horse markets are also pro- vided for, and pasturage woiald surround the whole. 91 Hadlev, Charles—Producer. Specimens of patent paving. 92 TiPLER, T. W., Rughy—ln^Quiov. Model of a fire-escape. 93 Legras, L. ISr., 2 Tennison Street, York Road, Lambeth —Inventor. Various inventions in connexion with sewerage, &c. 94 Ell, George, 3 Tottenham Court, New Road— Inventor and Improver. Adjustable scaffold observatory or fire-escape, appli- cable to a variety of purposes, and may be adjusted to any height within its range, supporting itself with safety, independently of any attachments. The machine consists of a series of hollow rectangular frames, sliding one within another, after the manner of the tubes of a telescope; mounted upon wheels, and hoisted or lowered by ropes and pulleys, by means of winch handles, turning a barrel, round which are twisted the lower ends of the ropes of the second frame. By a repetition of this arrangement each frame is raised out of the frame below it, at an equal rate with all the others, but the absolute velocities of all the frames successively are in arithmetical progression. Adjustable ladder; supports itself by means of swinging pole attached to the back, braced by light iron work; can be easily taken to pieces, and put away in a small compass. Wheelbarrow, for the use of excavators and others. Folding steps, with bowed sides, suitable for general household purposes. 95 Bremner, James, David, & Alexander, C.E., G lasgow—Inventors. Model of an apparatus for building sea-walls in deep water. Models of life-boats, with a large chamber in the centre, in which are three paddles worked with cranks instead of oars. Model of the means used for raising the iron steam- ship, " Great Britain." Model of cranes used in making the harbour of Lossie- mouth, Scotland. Scale of the models, j- of an inch to a foot. 96 Smith, B., Bron Seiont, Carnarvon, Wales— Inventor. Models of a double line of railway (of four-rail mixed gauge), for the assimilation of railway gauges; see the engraving on page 319. Models of two tunnels in wood, and one in glass. Models of five railway carriages. The accompanying two diagrams are in illustration of a new system of working railways, intended to dispense with all break of gauge. The plan suggested is to convert the narrow-gauge railways into broad-gauge lines, by laying down rails of the seven-feet width on the outer sides of the present narrow-gauge railways, so as to form them into four-rail mixed-gauge lines, until the trafiic be entirely transferred from the narrow-gauge to the broad-gauge rails, when the inner or narrow-gauge rails would be permanently removed. The new form of carriage here proposed, as shown in the diagrams, has three pairs of large wheels placed on the outer sides of the body. Description of the Engraving.—The arch represents one of the tunnels on the London and North Western Rail- way; in height 22 feet above the rails, and in width 24 feet. The horizontal line across the arch and above the car- riages represents the height above the rails of the lowest bridge between London and Holyhead, being 14 ft. 3 in. A. End section of the new wide-gauge second-class carriage, intended to form part of this plan and to hold 48 passengers. B. End section of one of the narrow-gauge second-class carriages in use on the London and North Western lines, which holds 24 passengers. c. End sections of the (seven feet) wide-gauge rails, to be laid down on the outer sides of the narrow-gauge lines. d. End sections of the (4 ft. in.) rails, forming the present narrow-gauge lines. The four lines of rails taken together represent the four-rail mixed gauges, to be temporarily laid. E. Side section of the new wide-gauge second-class carriage, intended to form part of this plan, and to hold 48 passengers; and be the steadiest at high velocities, owing to the wheels being placed nearer to the ends. North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. Scale of eight feet to an inch. Smith's Assimilation of Railway Gauges. 97 WiJ.sos,'M.., Middle Church Street, Whitehaven— Inventor. Vertical water-wheel, to be used as a breast-wheel, or undershot-wheel, having governor-paddles so constructed as to obviate the back-water, and increase the efficiency of the wheel. Its pecuhar features consist in the feather- ing action of the paddles, and the application of the balance-balls in connection with them, to adjust their gradual descent upon the abutments at each revolution, by which repeated rotary concussions are avoided. 98 Rennie, G,, 21 Whitehall Place—Inventor. 1. Model of a stone bridge proposed for Westminster, and submitted to the Committee of the House of Com- mons in 1846. Total length, 827 feet; number of arches, 7; total waterway, 768 feet. Spans of arches—Middle arch, 130 feet; two arches, each 120 feet; two arches, 100 feet ; two arches, 95 feet. Height above Thames high water—Middle arch, 27 feet; two arches, each 25 feet; two arches, 23 feet; two arches, 20 feet. 2. Model of a bridge proposed for Westminster. Total length, 752 feet; number of arches- 5; total waterway, 690 feet. Middle arch, 150 feet; two side arches, 140 feet; two side arches, 130 feet. Height above tidal water- way—Middle arch, 27 feet 6 inches; two side arches, 25 feet ; two side arches, 24 feet. 3. Model of a bridge proposed for Westminster. Number of arches, 7; spans, each 100 feet; height above Thames high water, 26 feet. ^ 4. Model of a bridge recently constructed over the river Meuse, in Belgium, for the Namur and Liege Rail- way, at Val St. Lambert. Length, 525 feet; number of arches, 5; width, 26 feet; spans, each 80 feet; versed sine, 10 feet. 5. Model for a bow and string girder bridge, proposed to carry the Prussian Railway over the Rhine at Cologne, agreeably to the programme of the Prussian Government. Span of each opening, 572 feet; span of drawbridge, 96 feet, by George Banks Rennie, jun. 6. Model of a design of a Harbour of Refuge for Dover, submitted to the Commissioners, by the same. 99 The Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses, Edinburgh—Proprietors. Mr. Alan Stevenson, Engineer. Revolving dioptric apparatus of the first order (same as that at Skerryvore). This apparatus consists of two parts. The principal part is a right octagonal hollow prism, composed of eight large lenses, which throw out a powerful beam of light whenever the axis of a single lens comes in the line between the observers and the foctxs. This occurs once in a minute, as the frame which bears the lenses revolves, in eight minutes, on the rollers placed beneath. The subsidiary part consists of eight pyramidal lenses, inclined at an angle of 50° to the horizon, and forming together a hollow truncated cone, which rests above the flame like a cap. Above these smaller lenses (which can only be seen by looking from below) are placed eight plane mirrors, whose surfaces being inclined to the horizon at 50° in the direction opposite to that of the pyramidal lenses, finally cause all the light made parallel by the refraction of these lenses, to leave the mirror in a North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. horizontal direction. The object of this part is to turn to useful account, by prolonging the duration of the flash, that part of the light which would otherwise escape into the atmosphere above the main lenses. This is effected by giving to the upper lenses a slight horizontal divergence from the vertical plane of the principal lenses. Below, are five tiers of totally reflecting prisms, which intercept the light that passes below the great lenses, and by means of two reflections and an intermediate reflection project fchem in the shape of a flat ring to the horizon. Fixed dioptric appai-atus of the first order (same as that at Isle of May, with various improvements). The principal part consists of a cylindric belt of glass, which surrounds the flame in the centre, and by its action re- fracts the light in a vertical direction upwards and down ward so as to be parallel with the focal plane of the system. In this way it throws out a flat ring of light equally intense in every direction. To near observers, this action presents a narrow vei-tical band of light depending for its breadth on the extent of the horizontal angle embraced by the eye. This arrangement, therefore, fulfils all the conditions of a fixed light, and surpasses in effect any arrangement of parabolic i^eflectors. In order to save the light which would be lost by passing above and below the cylindric belt, curved mirrors, with their common focus in the lamp, were formerly used; but on the suggestion of the present engineer, the adaptation of catadiojitric zones to this part of the apparatus was, after much labour, successfully carried out. These zones are triangular, and act by total reflection; the inner face 7rfracti)irj, the second totally trjiecting, and the third, or outer face, a second time refracting, so as to cause the light to emerge horizontally. The apparatus has received many smaller changes by the introduction of a new mode of grouping the various parts of the framework, by which the passage of the light is less obscured in every azimuth. During the last four years, these improvements have been introduced into the lighthouses in Scotland. [The dioptric system of lights was invented by M. Fresnel a.d. 1819.—S. C] Model of the Bell Rock Lighthouse, lighted in 1811. This lighthouse was executed according to the design, and under the superintendence, of the late Robert Stevenson, Esq., F.R.S.E., Engineer to the Commissioners of the Northern Lighthouses. The model shows the progress of the work ; the temporary barrack-house of timber; the railways, stone lighters, and cranes used in its con- struction; and on the pane at one end of the case, the courses of masonry, with their dovetails and joggles. Cost 61,331/. 9.S. Id. The bird on the top of the model was carried against the lantern in a gale, broke a pane of glass, injured one of the reflectors, and fell dead on the floor of the lightroom. Model of the Skerryvore Lighthouse, on the same scale as No. 3. The light was exhibited in 1844. The light- house was executed according to the design and under the superintendence of Mr. Alan Stevenson, LL.B, F.R.S.E., the present engineer. Cost 86,977/. Model of balance crane, designed by the late Mr. Robert Stevenson, and used by him in the erection of the Bell Rock Lighthouse, for raising and setting the stones at any distance from the centre of the tower, in which the stone and the counterpoise balance each other by being continually kept at an equal distance from the shaft of the crane. Model of the apparatus of an intermittent light. De- signed by the late Mr. Robert Stevenson, and introduced by him at the lights of Tarbertness, Barrahead, and Mull of Galloway, on the coast of Scotland. This apparatus eclipses the light suddenly for half a minute of time, and as suddenly reveals it to view, when it continues in sight for two and a half minutes, and is again suddenly eclipsed; thus producing its whole efiect in three minutes of time. The su.ddenness of its eclipse and reappearance, and the inequality of the peinods of light and darkness, form a marked contrast to the gradual waxing and waning which precede the brightest phase and dark periods of a revolv- ing light, all the phenomena of which recur at equal intervals of time. Model of a lighthouse lantern, on the diagonal arrange- ment. _ Designed by Mr. Alan Stevenson, for the purpose of avoiding the unequal distribution of the light to which the old lanterns were liable from the interception of rays in certain azimuths by means of the vertical astragals. Great rigidity and strength are also insm-ed by this arrangement, and the triangular form of the panes renders them less liable to be broken by the force of impinging bodies. Mechanical lamp of four wicks, in which the oil is kept continually overflowing by the means of pumps, which raise it from the cistern below; the rapid carbonization of the wicks which would be caused by the gi^eat heat is thus avoided. The flames of the lamp reach their best effect in three hours after lighting, i. e., after the whole of the oil in the cistern, by passing and repassing over the wicks repeatedly, has reached its maximum temperature. After this the lamp often burns 14 hours without sensible diminution of the light, and then rapidly falls. The light varies from 16 to 20 times that of the Argand flame of an inch in diameter; and the quantity of oil consumed by it is greater nearly in the same proportion. Holophotal arrangement of lighthouse apparatus, pre- pared by Mr. Thomas Stevenson, C.E., in which the whole sphere of light is brought under instrumental action thus:—The posterior hemisphere of light is reflected by the hemispherical mirror (and in some cases by reflecting hemispheres of glass), and passes with the usual loss by reflection again through the flame, where it is parallelized, partly by refraction at the lens, and partly by the parabolic mirror which is truncated in the parameter. The anterior hemisphere of light is also parallelized partly by the action of the lens, and partly by the parabolic mirror. In this manner there is no loss of the posterior portion as in the lens, nor of the anterior portion as in the mirror. 100 Stevenson, Thomas, F.R.S.E,, 84 George Street, Edinburgh—Inventor. Revolving light, with axial rotation, by which one-half the number of reflectors, and one-half the quantity of oil, are designed to be saved. Intended for illuminating any arc of not more than 180 degrees. The intervals of time of illumination are equal "within the whole of the illuminated arc, instead of unequal as in the reciprocating light. The reflectors are also of a new form, consisting of par-abolic strips of difierent focal distances. Ordinai'y parabolic reflector, rendered holophotal (where the entire light is parallelized) by a portion of a catadi- optric annular lens. The back part of the parabolic conoid is cut off, and a portion of a spherical mirror substi- tuted, so as to send the rays again through the flame. All the light intercepted by the annular lens is lost in the ordinary reflector. Holophotal catadioptric annular lens apparatus (un- finished). This is a combination of a hemispherical mirror and a lens with totally-reflecting zones; the peculiarity of this arrangement is, that the catadioptric zones, instead of transmitting the light in parallel horizontal plates, as in Fresnel's apparatus, produce, as it were, an extension of the lenticiilar or quaquaversal action of the central lens, by assembling the light around its axis in the form of concentric hollow cylinders. (The above mstruments belong to the Board of Northern Lights.) [The early method of illuminating lighthouses was by coal or wood fires contained in " chauflers." The Isle of Man light was of this kind until 1816. The first decided improvement was made by Argand, in 1784, who invented a lamp with a circular wick, the flame being supplied by an external and internal current of air. To make these lamps more effective for lighthouse illumination, and to prevent the rays of light escaping on all sides, a reflector was afterwards added: this threw the light forward in North Gallery, and with Classes 5 «& 6. parallel rays towards such points of the horizon as would be useful to the mariner. Good reflectors increase the luminous effect of a lamp about 400 times: this is the " catoptric" system of lighting. When reflectors are used there is a certain quantity of light lost, and the " dioptric" or refracting system, invented by the late M. Augustin Fresnel, is designed to obviate this defect to some extent: the catadioptric" system is a still further improvement, and acts both by refraction and reflection. Lights of the first order have an interior radius or focal distance of 36-22 inches, and are lighted by a lamp of four concentric wicks, consuming 570 gallons of oil per annum.—S. C] 101 TucKEY, E., Hampton Court Palace—Inventor. Proposed fire-escape. 102 Maxwell, John, Stakeford Foundry, Dumfries —Manufacturer. Hatch-window for house-roofs. Another, of plate-glass. Cottage-windows, all of cast-iron. Iron skylights and iron sashes. 104 HoPKiNSON, Joseph, Chapel mil, Iluddersfield— Inventor. Bobbin ladder for vessels in port or in distress, and sviitable for a fire-escape or other purposes. 105 Vignoles, Charles, 4 Trafalgar Square— Designer. Model of the wrought-iron bar-chain suspension bridge at Kieff, now erecting across the river Dnieper, by com- mand of H. 1. M. the Emperor of Russia. Its length is about half an English mile, and breadth 52^ English feet. The area of the roadway is 140,000 superficial feet. (Central Avenue.) The bridge of which this is a model is the largest work of the kind hitherto undertaken; the chains on the right, or Kieff side of the Dnieper, are moored in an isolated abutment, built in the river, at a sufficient distance from the shore to allow vessels to pass. This is effected by a drawbridge, 52i feet broad, spanning an opening of 50 feet. The supports are hollow beams of wrought iron, about 130 feet long ; the drawbridge revolves in one leaf, and centres like a railway turn-table; the counter- poise required is very small. The whole weight of the di'awbridge is about 150 tons. The four principal suspension spans are each of 440 English feet. Each chain extends over the five river piers and through the two abutments, and is more than half an English mile long. The platforms are suspended from the chains by wrought-iron rods of 2 inches diameter. The roadway is made peculiarly stiff, to resist the various strains to which it is liable. The total quantity of iron employed in constructing the bridge, including the machinery used, is 3,500 English tons (3^ millions of French kilogrammes, 78,000 German centners). The whole was manufactured in England; the chains by Fox and Henderson, Birmingham. Sixteen vessels were employed in transporting the iron from Liverpool to the port of Odessa, whence it was con- veyed on bullock-carts to Kieff, a distance of 400 English miles. The channel of the river Dnieper at the bridge is about 35 feet deep in summer, but the spring floods increase the depth to 50, and sometimes to 55 feet. Eight coffer-dams were required for getting in the foundations, and 10 steam-engines were employed on the works, two being of 50-horse power each. The foundations are on piling and concrete; the piers and abutments are brick, faced with granite. About 1,000 tons (English) of granite ashlar are inserted in each abut- ment as an extra mass, for the mooring plates of the chains to bear upon. The granite was brought across a country destitute of hard roads, from a distance of nearly 100 English miles. The hydraulic cement employed is prepared artificially, according to the system pointed out by the celebrated French engineer, Vicat. Cost of the bridge about 400,000^. sterling. Time of building will have been about five years; but from the climate and other circumstances not more than 100 working days in each year could be calculated on for the principal and more difficult parts of the work. The whole of the piers and abutments will be brought to the level of the roadway in the course of the present summer (1851); two of the river piers will also be carried to their full height ; and the bridge will be completely finished in the autumn of 1852. Every part of the model is in exact proportion to the original bridge. The scale is 1 inch to 8 feet. The two views in chromolithography, which illustrate this bridge, are from drawings executed on the spot. [Suspension bridges of iron were introduced about the year 1741, at which date one of 70 feet span was thrown over the river Tees. Scamozzi, ''Del IdeaArchi," published 1615, conveys some notion of these structures, but Ber- nouilli first explained their true principles. The Union bridge over th*3 Tweed, 449 feet span, constructed by Capt. Sir S. Brown, in 1820, was the first large bar chain bridge erected in Britain. The Newhaven and Brighton suspension piers were also erected by the same engineer. The great bridge by Telford across the Menai Straits is 570 feet span; it was commenced in May, 1819, and com- pleted in December, 1825. The Hammersmith bridge, 422 feet span, by Tierney Clark, was completed in 1824. The Montrose bridge, by Rendel, 412 feet span, was erected in 1829; and the Hungerford bridge over the Thames, 676J feet span, by Brunei, was built in 1844. The wire-rope bridge of Freiburg is 820 feet span. The roadways of suspension bridges must not merely be hung from the chains, but be rendered stiff to resist the undu- latory motion caused by the wind. See Minutes of Pro- ceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Feb. 16, 1841, on this subject.—S. C] 106 Clark, Edwin, 448 West Strand—Producer. Model of the Britannia bridge, and of the apparatus used in floating and raising the tubes. Scale l-8th of an inch to the foot. Engineer, Robert Stephenson; model executed for Charles Mare, Esq., by Mr. Jabez James. (Central Avenue.) [This bridge consists of a tube, formed of iron plates rivetted together, and of sufficient dimensions to allow a loaded train to pass through each. It crosses the Menai Straits, and connects the Isle of Anglesey with South Wales. It was commenced August 10, 1847, and was finished March 5, 1850, and on the 18th of the same month was opened for traffic. The total expense of erec- tion was 601,860/., of which the iron work cost 443,160/., and the masonry 158,700/. It contains 1,500,000 cubic feet of masonry, 9,480 tons of wrought iron, and 1,988 tons of cast iron.—S. C] 107 Leather, John W., Z^-e^fs—Designer. Model of suspension aqueduct over the river Caldei*, at Stanley, near Wakefield. (Designed by George Leather and John W. Leather, civil engineers, Leeds, and exe- cuted under their direction.) This aqueduct is repre- sented in the following engraving. The canal which is carried over the river Calder by means of this aqueduct is navigable for sea-going vessels of 7 feet draught of water, and 120 tons burthen. [7.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. Leather's Suspension Aqueduct over the Calder. This model and unique mode of construction was adopted in order to preserve the whole width of the waterway of the river free and uninterrupted by piers, which was important. The tank or trough is 9 feet deep, and 24 feet wide within, and it contains between the points where it rests upon the abutments, 940 tons of water, more than is contained in the whole 19 arches of the celebrated Pont- y-Cysyllte aqueduct in Wales. There is a towing-path on each side, which projects partly over the water within, and partly on the outer side of the trough. By the introduction of a colonnade and entablature (of the Grecian Doric order) terminated by an octastyle portico and pediment on the abutment at each end, the heavy and unsightly appearance which so large a surface of tank would have presented, is got rid of, and a light and elegant character is given to the struc- ture. The suspending-rods pass through the columns to the ends of the transverse bearers; and the steps upon which the columns appear to rest serve to conceal the transverse bearers, as well as further to maintain the architectural effect. The following are the principal dimensions and parti- culars :— Span of the suspending arcs . . • 155 feet. Width between the suspending rods 30^ ,, Length of trough between the abut- ments 165 Width of trough 24 „ Depth of trough 9 Depth of water (sometimes 8j feet) ordinarily 7^ ,, Diameters of suspending rods . , 2J inches. Thickness of tank-plates (cast-iron) . 3J Weight of each suspending arc . . 101 tons. Total weight of iron—cast, 730 tons, wrought, 30 tons 760 ,, Weight of the water in the tank (8^ feet deep) 940 „ Total weight supported by suspend- ing arcs, including their own weight 1,700 ,, First pile for the foundations driven July 20, 1836. Aqueduct opened August 8, 1839. Iron-work executed by Messrs. Graham, Milton Iron Works, near Sheffield. Masonry by Hugh M'Intosh, contractor, Bloomsbury Square, London. [The first cast-iron aqueduct was erected by Telford, a.d. 1793, to carry the Shrewsbury canal over the river Tern. In 1794-5 he designed the celebrated cast-iron aqueduct to convey the Ellesmere and Chester canal, at an elevation of 127 feet, over the river Dee at Pont-y-Cysyllte: since that time many have been erected. The advantages of cast-iron aqueducts over those of stone, which are of con- siderable antiquity, are their security from leakage, and their economy in point of cost.—S. C] 2. Model of a cast-iron bridge over the river Aire at Leeds. This bridge is represented in the following engraving. The objects aimed at in this design have been to com- bine with apparent lightness, real strength, and by taking advantage of the facilities afforded by the metal, to give, as in the case of the Calder aqueduct, almost without additional expense, a pleasing, ornamental, and purely architectural character to a useful engineering work. The following are the principal dimensions and parti- culars :— Span of the arch 120 feet. Rise of arch from springing . , • 12 ,, Width of roadway 30 Width of each footpath .... 6 Total width outside to outside . • 43 J ,, Weight of cast-iron 410 tons. Weight of wrought iron . . . . 5| First pile for foundations driven May 1, 1841. Bridge opened to the public, July, 1842. Iron-work executed by Messrs. Booth & Co., Park Iron Works, Sheffield. Masonry executed by Mr. James Bray, contractor. Moor Park, Harrogate. Both the above models were made by Mr. Stephen Salter, El van Cottage, Hammersmith, London; carved by hand from crayon paper made into cardboard, and show (as nearly as can be done on so small a scale) the details of the iron-work, &c. (Main Avenue West.) North Gallery, and with Classes 5 (fe 6. Leather's Cast-iron Bridge over the Aire. 109 Williams, Cadogan, Bridgend, Glamorganshire, Wales—Inventor. Models of machines for pressing, tearing, and clearing the surface of land; for grubbing; for breaking stones for roads; for working the surface of land and mixing manure with it; and for preparing land for planting sugar- canes in it. Specimen of artificial stone for lining water-tanks and pools. Model of a filter. Models of pumps on a new principle. Model of a new plan for raising weights, and propelling vessels, so that emigrants might assist to expedite their voyage. Model of a plan for taking carriages over the Avon, and of a plan for making a footpath under the iron bar across the Bristol river, at Clifton, without interrupting its navigation. Hints for fire-escapes, and removing soot from chimneys by an artificial current of air; for economising heat, and for boiling water by means of a current of air. 110 Croggon & Co., 2 Dowgate Hill, City—Inventors. Patent asphalte roofing felt, particularly applicable for warm climates. It is a non-conductor. It is portable, being packed in rolls, and not liable to damage in carriage. It effects a saving of half the timber usually required. It can be easily applied by any unpractised person. From its lightness, weighing only about 42 lbs. to the square of 100 feet, the cost of carriage is small. The felt can be laid on from gable to gable, or across the roof from eaves to eaves. It is essential that it should be stretched tight and smooth—overlapping full one inch at the joinings, and closely nailed through the overlap, with twopenny fine clout nails (heated in a shovel, and thrown when hot, into grease, to prevent rust), about 1^ inches apart, but copper nails are preferable. The whole roof must have a good coating of coal tar and lime (about two gallons of the former to six pounds of the latter), well boiled together, kept constantly stirring while boiling, and put on hot with a common tar mop, and while it is soft some coarse sharp sand may be sifted over it. The coating must be renewed every fourth or fifth year, or more or less frequently, according to the climate. The gutters should be made of two folds, one over the other, cemented together with the boiling mixture. Inodorous felt, for damp walls, and for damp floors, under carpets or floor-cloths. Patent felted sheathing, for covering ships' bottoms, &c. Dry hair felt, for covering steam-boilers, pipes, &c,, preventing the radiation of heat, and saving 25 per cent, of fuel. 111 WiLLETT, Francis, 5 Edioard Street, Portman Square—Proprietor. Models in timber and slate; in timber and glass; and in glass and iron; with diagram to show the principle of " Taaffe's patent" for the roofing of houses and other buildings. Williams's patent locks, without a keyhole. 112 Thompson, F. jun., C.E. Water Works Chambers, Orange St., Leicester Square—Inventor. New apparatus for economising the consumption of gas, and increasing its powers of giving light; it may be attached to any existing gas fittings. 113 Wilson, Thomas Hood, Twickenham— Inventor. Slides on a pair of folding doors, for excluding the wet and the cold from hall doors and shutters; also for hatchways and portholes of ships. Invention for securing carriage gates and coach-house doors, being self-acting; stops and bolts for the same. 114 DoBSON, John, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Designer. Model of the roof erected over the passenger shed of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Central Railway Station. Model of a roof for Messrs. Smith's ship-building yard, St. Peter's, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. Model of a rolling machine, designed by Mr. Thomas Charlton, used in rolling iron for the circular principals of the passenger-shed roof of the Central Railway Station. Model of original design for the portico and arcades of the Central Railway Station. 2 B 2 North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. 115 Pratt, Henry, *S'^. Swithin Street, Worcester— Inventor. Design of a mill and new power machine for various purposes. Wooden model of the building, with drawings and ex- planations. 116 McClelland, D., 3 Palace New Road, Lambeth— Producer. Model of roof of 100 feet span. Scale ^ inch to a foot. 117 Barclay, John, Tongue, by Goklspie, Scotland— Designer and Inventor. A portable pressing machine, designed for copying letters and for other purposes. Model of a wooden float bridge and appendages; ap- plicable to narrow straits or rivers in calm situations. Mechanical time and tide tables, for ascertaining the number of days from any period in one year, to any other period in the same or following year; the day of the week or month; the state of the tide at any given port; the moon's age, &c. 118 TuTTON, John, 20 South Aadley Street, Grosvenor Square—Inventor and Patentee. Models of patent improvements in the construction and arrangement of the window spaces of dwelling- houses. A window fitted up to combine a water-closet, a washhand-stand, and a dressing glass, representing, when shut, a neat piece of cabinet furniture. A window fitted up as a knee-hole writing-table, with drawers, &c., for papers, which may be rendered fire- proof. The exterior has a sunk flower-box, with glass shade, applicable to different forms of windows. 119 Walker, E., Cardington Street, Hampstead Road— Inventor. Patent wire window blinds. 119A Smith, J., 50 Bartholomew Close—Inventor. Model of a door. 120 Every, Simon Frederick, Quomdon, near Derby— Inventor and Manufactm-er. Patent Vulcan chimney-sweeper. Circular and oblong chimney-sweeping machines. Ob- long self-adjusting n^achine, for sweeping difficult chim- neys. Full-sized drawing, representing one of these machines in action. 121 Neale, W. J., 30 Basinghall Street-^Hon. Sec, to Chimney-sweeping Machinery Coinmittee—Producev. Prize machinery for sweeping chimneys. Prize plans and estimates for altering, at the least ex- pense, in conformity with the Act of Parliament, difficult and awkward chimneys. 122 Allan, James, sen., Glasgow—Manufacturer. Portable apparatus for the manufacture of gas from resin, having a steam-boiler for the purpose of cooking food for cattle, heating conservatories, halls, &c. Gas candelabrum of cast-iron with globes, adapted for vestibules, halls, &c. 123 Ness^ Mary, 2-i Mold Green, Huddersjield— Inventor. Window-cleaner, for the protection of female servants from fatal accidents and public exposure, by enabling them to work from within the apartment.—Provisionally registered. 124 Hill, Ormond & JrjLiAN, Great George Street, Westminster—Improvers. Modification of Dr. Arnott's ventilating curtain pump, arranged so as to be worked by a weight and to be portable. 125 Mackenzie, J. S., Newarh-upon-Trent—Inventor. The vulcan spring for closing doors, &c. 126 Mackie, William, 141 Lower Bagot Street, Dublin—Inventor. Patent safety window fittings, which may be applied to old or new sashes. 127 Roberts, B. E., 2 Nelson Place, Clifton, near Bristol—Inventor. Newly-invented safety window-sash, to obviate the necessity of cleaning or painting the glass or frames, &c., on the outside of the house. The window sash may be taken out and again replaced in its air-tight groove with the usual headings. 128 WiLLiABis, L., 14 Upper Marylebone Street, Portland Place—Inventor and Manufacturer. Man-help, made of iron, to hold a painter's brush to paint ships, houses, &c. Registered concave-bottom tea-kettle and stand, of tin and coppei', to boil water in five minutes. Improved safety cot for children. 129 Bramhall, Thomas, 1 Union Street, St. George'sRd., Soathwark—Inventor and Manufacturer. Iron and zinc plate machine—" i\xe anti-boreas," an invention to assist the draught, and prevent the downward current in chimneys; intended to cure them of smoke. 130 Brown, Roger, Sheffield, Yorkshire—Designer and Manufacturer. Model of magnetic lightning conductor (scale half size), with weather vane. Mounted upon a sectional model of a church spire, showing an improved mode of securing perfect and continuous insulation of the electric rod, without which a building is endangered. The conductor at the apex of the spire has twenty-five quadrangular magnetic points, diverging at various angles, by which the sphere of their attractive influence is greatly multiplied; all lateral discharge is prevented, and the conductor prevents any accumulation over a vastly- ex- tended circuit, within which it exercises absolute control. Five-pointed diverging magnetic conductor (full scale detached). Mounted upon an electric rod; intended for mansions, engines, chimneys, and general application. 131 Bayliss, T., 273 /S'^ra/ic?—Inventor. Specimens of fire escapes. 132 Holland, Thomas, 40 South Aitdley Street— Inventor. Improved brass cock for kitchen boilers &c., giving out hot and cold water, and filling itself. Shop front with improved shutters, adapted for sun- blind, sign-board, and other purposes. Three-wheeled almanack. 133 English's Patent Camphine Company, Rull— Producer. Model of an apparatus for generating heat from bitu- minous substances, and for the prevention of smoke; applicable to furnaces, boilers, &c.: and for enabling railway locomotives to be driven by the use of small coal as well as they are by coke. 134 Booth, George Robins, 9 Portland Place, Wandsworth Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Vegetable gas apparatus, for lighting private buildings, public halls, &c. The novelty consists in the mode in which the apparatus is made and in the substances used for the production of the gas, in order to ensure greater cheapness and purity. It is stated that an apparatus for affording 50 lights for 24 hours would not require more fuel than a single spadeful of coke or cinders per hour. The gas may be used without injury to furniture, silks, books, pictures, or gilded ornaments. North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. 137 Sampson, Thomas, Landore, near Swansea, Glamorganshire—Inventor. A liigh-pressure steam-boiler, with self-feeding appa- ratus and still, for generating steam and for chemical purposes in general. The water is admitted into the boiler without pumping, by simply moving a hand, similar to the hand of a clock, one quarter of a revolution. A retort for generating gas, or for chemical purposes, with a revolving agitator to keep the cnarge in motion. A condenser for gas, so constructed that by opening one joint, the whole of the condensing surface is rendered visible, and is within reach, for the purposes of cleansing: the condensed liquor is discharged at five different pipes, so that five different qualities are produced by the same operation. 139 Vaughan, William, Maidstone—Inventor. Machine to facilitate the construction of marble, stone, slate, or other chimney-pieces by economising labour, and insuring accuracy in the work. The present mode of adjusting the several pieces of a chimney-piece jamb, is, by the use of wooden gauges, prepared to the various dimensions required, and by squaring up the sides (inside-slip and outground) from the face of the jamb, then temporarily fixing them with square blocks against each outside, till the whole is secured with plaster of Paris and pieces of stone fixed inside the jamb. For every jamb the same operation has to be performed. In this machine provision is made for construct- ing jambs, varying from 6 inches to 145- inches in width, by moveable standards fitted accurately in the grooves of the brass plates which are fixed flush with the face of the slate. These standards render the use of a square unnecessary. The graduated plates supersede the necessity of a rule, and the triangular brass gauge not only dispenses with the use of all other gauges, but ensures great accuracy. The transverse and longitudinal stops being fixed to the required heights above the top of the front of the jamb, and the ends of the side pieces being placed against them, exact provision is made for the depth of the cap- ping and frieze to be afterwards fixed thereon. For the construction of the jamb to the opposite hand, it is only necessary that the longitudinal stop should be placed as much below the centre line on the graduated plate as it now is above. The other part of the machine remaining unaltered, both jambs will necessarily have the same form and dimensions. When several chimney-pieces of the same dimensions are required (a common circumstance), the whole num- ber of jambs may be put together without moving any other part of the machine than the longitudinal stop once; thus ensuring, not only the same form in them all, but effecting an important saving of time. The box gauge, which may be applied to any width of chimney jamb fitted within the standards, presses the inside-slip and outground against the standards, thus preventing any derangement of the several pieces, whilst they are being fixed together with pieces of stone and plaster of Paris. 140 Farrkll, Isaac, 210 Gi^eat Brunswick Street, Dublin —Manufacturer, Model of a registered circular window. 141 Harper, Thomas, 15 Upper Seymour Street West— Inventor. Model of a window, designed to serve as an entrance to a garden or pleasure ground ; presented to the Royal Dublin Society by the exhibitor. 142 M'Neill, F., & Co., Bunhill Row, Finsbury— Manufacturers. Specimen of the mode of applying waterproof bitumi- nous felt for lining damp walls. Pattern of a frame and covering of asphalted felt for gardeners' forcing-pits, to protect plants from frost, as a substitute for Russia mats. Specimen of patent asphalted roofing felt; composed of a mixture of flax and hair, saturated with mineral bitu- mens, and finished by machinery. Samples of the asphalted felt in various stages of ma- nufacture, and in application to various useful purposes. Specimens of patent thin ship sheathing felt, for use under copper. Sample of a thicker desci-iption used under wood sheathing. Samples of very thick hair felt, for clothing the boilers, pipes, and cylinders of steam-engines. The same, prin- cipally used by builders for deadening sound in thin par- titions, under floors, for placing under slate, zinc, or lead flats to top rooms of houses. Section of roof, illustrating the economical construction of wood-work for the appli- cation of the asphalte roofing felt. 143 Rock, J., jun., Hastings, Sussex—Inventor. Model of a street barricade. 144 Anderson, George, Eothbury, Northumberland— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of an improved window. The sashes are so con- structed that by lifting the bottom sash up the top one will come down. The outside shutters to slide behind the stone or brickwork, and the inside to slide on the floor, and behind the architrave. The roller for sun- blind to be hid, and work up and down with one cord. 145 Lowe, George Gregory, 2 High Street, Portland Town—Inventor. Self-cleansing sanitary cistern. By affording facility for the rapid and entire discharge of its contents, this invention proposes to prevent the accumulation of filth and sediment in house cisterns; and, by conducting the waste and discharge pipes into the house drain, both to preclude local dampness arising from overflow, and effec- tually to cleanse the latter by constant flushing. Though the cylindrical form of cistern with a conical base is, in all cases, preferable, the princijDle of this in- vention is equally applicable to any other form which may be topically convenient, and to any material used in the constraction of cisterns. 146 Quincey, Harcourt, 82 Hatton Garden— Inventor and Patentee. Working model of two revolving iron safety shutters, with patent convex laths (one fixed above and one under the window), with improved gearing; and of a patent cor- rugated ofiice blind of perforated metal. Brass model of a dwarf Venetian blind, with patent convex perforated laths. Registered ornamental and self-supplying pedestal coal vase, presenting for use only sufficient coals to charge the hand scoop, when a fresh supply is given from the upper chamber. Patent hand lamp, for burning solar or com- mon oil; and table lamp, for burning solar or common oils, with patented folded shade. Plaster model of a fire- place in Buckingham Palace. 147 Theobald, John, 21 Brunswick Street, Blackfriars Road—Inventor, Improved window-sash, capable of being cleaned from the inside, with prevention against thieves, an alarum, and a fire-escape. 148 Walby, James, 59 Greek Street, Soho Square— Inventor. Universal fire-escape. The novelty of the plan is stated to be that of passing persons from the window of the house on fire to the near window of the neighbour's house adjoining, in a direct hori- zontal line, right or left, in lieu of lowering them down as in the ordinary way. This is accomplished by having bracket-hooks of a peculiar construction, projecting about 12 inches from the face of the brickwork, per- manently fixed to the front of the house at the upper- most floor, by passing the end or stem of the hook through the brickwork, and screwing it up tight by plates and North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. nuts inside. By the assistance of the neighbour at the adjoining window, a rope is attached to the hooks ; a basket or cradle (which traverses vipon a friction-roller) is then hung upon the rope, which, by the person therein placed, or by a person at the adjoining window, with the assistance of a hook stick provided for the purpose, may be moved forwards or backwards as the case demands. 150 Ibish Engineering Company, London Office, 11 John Street, AdelpM—Producer. Finch and Willey's patent safety railway wheel. The peculiarity of this wheel consists in the rim of the skele- ton or inner wheel being firmly imbedded in a dovetailed recess in the tire, throughout its whole circumference, rendering all other fastening, as bolts, &c., unnecessary, and preventing the possibility of accident from the break- age or throwing off of the tire. The tii'e can also be worn much thinner than ordinary. 151 Allen, T., Clifton, near Bristol—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of registered iron roof, scale of 2 inches to 1 foot, with drawing, showing the principle applied to a roof of 60 feet span, fire proof, with iron battens, and new mode of securing the slates. 152 BuNNETT, Joseph & Co., 26 Lombard Street, City, and Deptford, Kent—Inventors, Patentees, and Manufacturers. New patent curvilinear lathe-revolving iron safety- shutters. The same in principle as Bunnett's original patent iron shutters. Ornamental brass window, formed of patent brass sash bars and mouldings. Patent ventilating sashes, for admitting fresh air into a room, without creating draughts. Patent brass and other metal sash-bars and mouldings. Improved joiners' bench cramp. Improved flooring cramp. Patent self-acting doubly-trapped water-closet; which, without cistern, may take its supply of water from any source at a sufficient elevation, or may be laid directly on to the main (if always charged). Patent improved ship's water-closet, for use below the water line, which may be fixed with or without a cistern. Patent improved ship's water-closet, for use above the water line, which may draw its supply of water from the sea by a double-action pump, or may be used with a cistern. Patent self-acting effluvia-traps for sewers, drains, &c. 155 Trotman, Sanders, Clarendon Road, Notting-hill —Inventor and Manufacturer. Fountain for drawing and dining rooms, or boudoirs; requiring no supply laid on, or waste carried off, mechani- cal pressure forcing the water through the jet, which again falls into the reservoir, with the addition of a mu- sical arrangement. Night dial. A lamp is suspended upon a lever, the light from which is thrown upon each hour as it arrives. Printing on glass for ornamental purposes, such as glazing conservatories, windows, &c., and for philosophical purposes, such as dissolving views, &c. Coloured printing on glass, 156 Whytock, Andrew, 494 New Oxford Street— Manufactiirer. Model of emigrants' house, about one-fourth full size, made of Morewood and Rogers' patent galvanised tinned iron, corrugated. The full size weighs about half a ton, and can be packed in two cases. When once seen put together, it may be erected by two persons in as many days. Furniture of the house, made chiefly of the same mate- rial. Table and chairs with camp legs. Bath, answering the purpose of a sofa, or a bedstead, which can be solidly packed. Stove for warming and cooking. 157 Wilkins, William Crane, 24 Long Acre, and T. Letourneau, 37 AUee des Veuves, Paris— Inventors and Manufacturers. Improved patent revolving catadioptric apparatus of short eclipses, for a lighthouse of the first class. Repre- sented in fig. 1. Fig. 1. That Wilkins and Letourneau's Catadioptric Apparatus, appearance of light, called short eclipses, has hitherto been obtained by the following arrangements North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. An apparatus for a fixed light being provided, composed of a central cylinder and two zones of catadioptric rings, forming a cupola and lower part, a certain number of lenses are arranged at equal distances from each other, placed upon an exterior moveable frame, making its revo- lution around the apparatus in a given period. These lenses, composed of vertical prisms, are of the same alti- tude as the cylinder, and the radius of their curves is in opposite directions to those of the cylinder, in such a manner that at their passing they converge into a parallel pencil of light; all the divergent rays, emitted horizontally from the cylinder, producing a brilliant effect, like that obtained by the use of annular lenses at the revolving lighthouses. The first improvement exhibited has a special reference to the light, and produces a considerable increase in its power, whilst the simplicity of the optical arrangements is also regarded. It consists, firstly, in completely dis- pensing with the moveable central cylindrical lenses. Secondly, it replaces these by a single revolving cylinder, composed of four annular lenses, and four lenses of a fixed light introduced between them ; but the number of each varying according to the succession of flashes to be pro- duced in the period of revolution. The second improvement, of which already some ap- plications that have been made serve to show the im- portance, consists in a new method of arranging the revolving part, experience having shown that the arrange- ments at present in use are very faulty, A short time is sufficient for the action of the friction rollers, revolving on two parallel planes, to produce, by a succession of cuttings, a sufficiently deep groove to destroy the regu- larity of the rotatory movement. To obviate this great inconvenience, the friction rollers are so placed and fitted on an iron axis, with reguLiting screws and tra- versing between two bevilled surfaces, that when an in- dentation is made in one place, they can be adjusted to another part of the plates which is not so worn. The third improvement produces the resvilt of an in- crease of the power of the flashes in revolving lighthouse apparatus, to double what has been obtained hitherto. By means of lenses of vertical prisms, placed in the pro- longations of the central annular lenses, the divergent rays emerging from the catadioptric zone are brought into a straight line, and a coincidence of the three flashes is^ obtained. The whole of the prisms, lenses, and zones are mounted with strength and simplicity, accurately ground and polished to the correct curves, according to their re- spective positions, so as to properly develop this beautiful system of ^^Fresnel." The glass of which they are composed is of the clearest crystal colour, and free from that green hue which so materially reduces the power of the light, and is considered objectionable for apparatus of this kind. The lamp, by which the apparatus is to be lighted, consists of a concentric burner with four circular wicks, attached to a lamp of simple construction, the oil being forced up to the burner by atmospheric pressure only, so that there are no delicate pumps or machinery to become deranged. Improved lantern and revolving apparatus for a light- vessel, represented in fig. 2, The principal improvement consists, in constructing the machinery to work beneath the deck, instead of in the lantern as formerly. A ver- tical rod, working in metal bearings, is attached to the mast, with a large gun-metal pinion fixed to the top of the rod, at the height to which it is necessary to hoist the lantern, wherein a train of cog-wheels are placed to con- nect with the pinion, and communicate the motion ob- tained therefrom to the traversing apparatus that supports the lamps and reflectors. The advantages of this arrange- ment are, that the lanterns can be made much lighter, the rolling of the vessel caused by so great a weight at the mast-head is greatly diminished, and the machinery being more under control and better protected, works with greater regularity and precision. An idea of the utility of these improvements may be gained by reflecting that the situations in which the light-vessels are placed, are at all times difficult of access. and in stormy weather, when accidents are most likely to occur, quite unapproachable; so that it will be obvious any alteration which reduces the liability to derangement is greatly to be appreciated. Fig. 2. Wilkins and Letourneau's Lantern. There is also an advantage derived from the novel construction of the lamps and gimbal work which, by a movement, exactly coinciding with the motion of the vessel, causes a perfect level to be always maintained, and ensures the proper flow of oil to the burners, how- ever irregular that motion may be. This improvement is not of so recent an introduction as the former, but when it was first invented by one of the exhibitors it pro- North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. duced a complete revolution in the apparatus for floating lights, and enabled the beautiful Argand lamps, with parabolic reflectors, to be used instead of the old lamps with smoky flat wicks, (ifam Avenue.) 158 Cochrane, A., 17 Bnjanstone Street, Bryanstone Square—Inventor. Patent lock, to be entitled the "Catch-key Lock." When a picklock, or false key, or even when the real key is introduced into the lock, it is immediately caught and cannot be released except by the owner. Smoke condenser, air conductor, and animal food and vegetable preserver by means of a machine or apparatus. 159 Rettie, Robert, Edinburgh—Inventor. Inventions for use at sea, consisting of lamps, lights, lighthouse apparatus, reflectors, signals, life-boats, fire- extinguisher, breakwater, &c. The following cut repre- sents the marine signals. Rettie's Patent Marine Signals, &c. Inventions for ixse in mines, railways, towns, and houses, consisting of safety lamps, corves" or cages, shields, ropes, and traps; signals, fog, day, &c. Venti- lating apparatus; sewer and eflSuvia traps; portable closet, glazed-jointed pipes, &c. Stoves for heating large buildings, ramoneurs, smoke- preventers, vegetable-steamers, bottling cranes, fire- protectors, &c. 160 King, William, 8 Woodstock Street, Bond Street— Inventor and Manufacturer. Section of a model of a floating breakwater for a har- bour of refuge. Scale 3-8ths of an inch to the foot. Section of a model for a foundation of a lighthouse, or place of refuge, on the Goodwin Sands, Scale 3-8ths of an inch to the foot. 162 Perkes, S., & Co., Emerson Street, Southwark Bridge —Producers. Bearers for principal beams in buildings. Models of patent combination bridges, &c. 163 RovERE, Felix Paulin, C.E., 2 New Inn, St. Clement's—Designer. Design for a wrought-iron girder bridge at West- minster; consisting of a combination of wrought and cast iron girders, to allow of the maximum water headway, the site of the present bridge being preserved. 164 Maplin,—Producer. Model of a lighthouse, from designs by Messrs. Walker and Burgess, foimded on Mitchell's screw piles. (In Locomotive Passage.) 165 Smith, William Henry, 1 Eoyal Exchange Buildings—Inventor. Recoil breakwater, with drawings—the principle of which is applicable to harbours, groynes, cofifer-dams, clearing away of shoals, protection of the shore fi'om sea encroachments, piers, landing places, &c. This breakwater is moored by lewising bolts, mushroom anchors, screw or atmospheric piles, or Smith's anchor pile. If a ship runs foul of any pai-t, she will strike a yielding buttress, the braces of which are equal to a dozen cables: all injurious shock is converted into a steady downward pressure. The structure is in separate lengths, each having an independent spring. Lighthouse breakwater—applicable to beacons and marine batteries, in all situations. Tubular suspension girder bridge, designed to prevent vibratory action: adapted for railways. Plan for a suspension tunnel. 166 Fox& Barrett, Thames Chambers, 12 George Street, Adelphi—Proprietors. Specimens of patent fire-proof flooring or roofing. 169 JSTasmyth, G., 7 Park Road, Kensington— Inventor and Patentee. Two models of wrought-iron girders; a small quantity of materials being used, combined so as to sustain the greatest weight. {With Classes 5 and 6.) 170 Newnham, Thomas Garrett, Newtoxm, Montgomeryshire, Wales—Architect and Inventor. Model, to a scale of one inch and a half to the foot, of a portion of the roof of a church in course of erection at Dolfor, near Newtown. Model, to a scale of one inch to the foot, of open roof, constructed with ribs of terra cotta, supporting rafters and slating battens, similar to the former. Model, to a scale of from one-half to one-third full size, of stone, or of terra cotta, muUioned windows, with sliding sashes. 171 Young, J., Gas Works, Selkirk, Scotland—Inventor. Model of coal-gas apparatus, with set of retorts, washer, purifiers, valves, condenser, and gas-holders, constructed on a new arrangement, and adapted for a provincial town. The condensers and pm-ifier can be cleaned out whilst in operation. 172 Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes. Charles Gatliff, Sec, 19 Coleman Street; William Beck, Architect, 33 Finsbury Square. Model dwellings for artizans, in Albert Street, Mile End New Town, erected by the exhibitors. 173 Mackrory, F., 4: Milton Terrace, Vauxhall Bridge Road, Pimlico—Inventor and Manufacturer. Newly-invented window to prevent the entrance of dust and wet, and the noise caused by the wind. 174 Nixon, Thomas, Kettering—Inventor, Manufac- turer, and Designer. Registered design for a self-ventilating garden-light, or sky-light, which can be made water-tight. 175 Remington, Anne, 138 Sloane Street, Chelsea— Inventor. Improved roasting apparatus, with self-acting baster and heat reflector. North Gallery, and WITH Classes 5 & 6. 176 HoLHiiES, James, East Ham, Essex—Designer. Two cottages in one, designed for the convenience, economy, and comfort of the poorer class of labourers. 177 Freeman, J., 19 Artillery Place, Finsbury— Producer. Model of the railway-bridge, crossing Westminster bridge road. (South Western Railway.) 178 MooRSOM, W. S., Captain, 17| Great George Street, Westminster—Designer and Superintendent. Prize design for the great bridge over the Ehine, pro- posed by Prussian Government to be erected at Cologne. The Piers are to be of stone, and the arches of wrought iron. Length of the bridge and approaches . . . 2,015 feet. Span of each of the large arches .... 600 Span of the lifting-arch 100 ,, Height from foundation to top of towers . 147 ,, Height from water to underside of arches . 44 „ Height from water to underside of lifting- arch when raised 97 Width of the bridge (inside the parapets) . 60 ,, Strength of each arch to bear, if distributed over it 5,700 tons. Cost, if erected by contract at Prussian prices, as arranged with a Prussian manu- facturer £236,000 (If erected at English prices, about one-fifth less). The principle of this bridge is that of the trellis or lattice beam combined with the arch. The arrangement of the cross bracing is novel and peculiar, and affords separate spaces for the great high- way, the railway, and the footway. The lifting-arch is to be worked by water power; the water being contained in tanks on the tops of the towers, and being elevated to those positions by tide-wheels of peculiar construction, placed below the possibility of contact with ice, and worked by the river current. The arches are believed to be the largest in the world, proposed of rigid construction (not suspension), and cal- culated for the passage of locomotive engines at speed, and of artillery at the gallop. Railway viaduct over the river Nore, near Kilkenny, Ireland. The arch is constructed of timber, and the piers of stone. Length of the bridge and approaches . . . 428 feet. Span of arch , 200 Height above foundations . 85 ,, Width at the level of the rails 26 Strength of the arch, to bear, if distributed over it 600 tons. Cost, complete £8,100 This is believed to be the largest work of the kind in the United Kingdom. 180 Rose, John Thomas, Regent Street, Leith—Designer. Design for a timber viaduct of great span, suitable for railway or other purposes. Its object is to unite great strength with simplicity; the beams forming it, are inter- woven like basket-work, and the greater the stress thrown upon it, the more rigid it becomes. The same principle may be adapted to large roofs without the use of cross- ties, since the outward thrust upon the walls would be but small. Supplementary model illustrating the principle. 181 MacLachlan, John, Douglas, Isle of Man— Inventor. Model of a house, and plans for purifying towns, destroying putrescence, affording economical means of removing manures (inoffensively) by rail; and precluding the necessity of cleansing drains, &c. 182 Daniell, William, Truro—Inventor. Fire-escape, consisting of a rope-ladder wound about a reel contained in the window-seat, or in a box fixed inside a window, to be thrown out, and the lower end secured by a bystander. 183 Bergin, Marmaduke Osborn, 8 George Street, Cork, Ireland—Inventor. Working model of a registered self-acting fire extin- guisher, applicable to smouldering fires, to machinery liable to ignition by friction, to spontaneous combustibles, and to highly inflammable substances. 184 Hendy, James, 1 Bouverie Street, Fleet Street— Inventor. Model for a new national fire-escape; its object is sim- plicity of arrangement and rapidity of motion. 185 Webster, W. Bullock, 2 St. James's Place, Hampstead Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a fire-escape, available for a long range or block of houses of different heights. 186 Green, Isaac, 3 Vittoria Place, Euston Square— Inventor. Wind-guards for chimney tops, to cure smoke. The following cut represents this apparatus, and is intended to illustrate its method of action. Green's Wind-guard. 187 Nunn, Alicia, 2a Welheck Street, Cavendish Square—Producer. New apparatus and method of diffusing heat and equal- ising the temperature of apartments, and disseminating the warmth from one ordinary fire into several apart- ments. Applicable to residences, warehouses, railway and other carriages, and for safety on ship-board. 188 Wilson, Thomas Hood, Twickenham—Inventor, Slides on a pair of folding doors, for excluding the wet and the cold from hall doors and shutters; also for hatchways and port-holes of ships. Invention for securing carriage gates and coach-house doors, being self-acting; stops and bolts for the same. 190 MUDGE, John, 78 Tottenham Court ^oat?—Inventor. Private fire-escape, the machinery so constructed as to be fixed to any part of the house, and worked from the street as well as in the room. 191 Beeston, J., Swaile's Cottages, Hammersmith— Inventor. Wind-guard for chimney tops. 192 Adcock, Thomas, jun., Penkridge, Staffordshii^e— Inventor. Simultaneous gates for railway crossings. Exhibited for safety, economy, and despatch. They are intended to supersede the present wood gates, as the ironwork to the heels will show; for new iron gates, the heels would be in one length, everything being in accordance. The posts are intended to be of cast iron, the supports fixed North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. upon blocks of stone 4 feet square, by 12 or 15 inches thick, and set upon a bed of brickwork, as shown. The small iron doors over the same, are intended to be opened occasionally for the purpose of filling the reservoir with oil, and for adjusting the rods by means of the nuts and screws, and also for taking out the wheel if necessary: all this is done in a very short time. The rods are all pulling rods, and the rollers under, revolve; the gate with the bolt attached is the leading one, being nearest the station- house. The bolt on this gate is so contrived that it will secure or liberate all the four large gates at once; to open them, the bolt is raised out of the groove of a spindle, to which is attached a wire, running across the road close under the rails, in a groove an inch wide, to the lever on the opposite side, which immediately drops just below the surface of the road, so that there is no stumbling-block. On closing the gates, the bolt slides into the groove of the spindle, and by turning it to its proper position, it raises the bolt on the opposite side, and the self-acting catch secures all the four large gates. This saves time and trouble in crossing the line to unbolt them, and they are more secure. The wheels, &c., are merely cased with rough boarding; or brick on edge may be used. The oak cases to rods are represented as being fixed upon brickwork ; the wire may be pro- tected by an iron plate laid over it. The machinery for skew gates would be the same, with the exception of two of the wheels, which would be smaller. 193 Stuckey, W., Mitre Chamber's, Fenchurch Street —Inventor. Four-wheeled carriage crane, for transporting and raising merchandize to a given height; also forming a portable scaffold for decorating the interior and exterior of large buildings; it will also serve for a fire-escape. 194 Taylor, Henry, 6 John Street West, Bamshury Road, Islington—Inventor. Machine for sweeping chimneys. 195 Wilson & Woodfin, Hull—Inventors and Manufacturers. Various double traps and gratings for drains. 196 Hooper, William H., 12 Great Cumberland Place, Hyde Park—Inventor. Model section of a rotary floating breakwater, formed of a double line of rollers, and a strong centre roller placed horizontally, inserted in an open frame, circular convex ends, the whole revolving upon its axis. The sections are to be moored at each end in a continuous line, so as to form a floating barrier to the force of the waves. Model of an improved omnibus: the improvement upon those now in use, consisting in a few inches extra width, circular ends, nearly central side doors, set in as far as the width of the seats will admit (to avoid obstructing foot passengers), with fenders on each side the steps; a small umbrella-stand in the centre, with a strong ring top, con- venient to hold by getting in; also a raised top to roof for seats, with ventilators let in all round it, and suitable steps and rails to reach the roof seats; a small window or trap at the end to speak to the conductor. 197 Bain, William, 141 High Holhoni—Inventor. A contrivance for rendering buildings fire-proof. A main-pipe, supplied with water on the high-pressure system, is carried up one corner of the building, commu- nicating with smaller pipes running between the joists of every floor, the small hose and pipe attached to the main being always ready for use, in case of fire occurring in any part of the building. [The mains which supply a town with water should be kept constantly full, and under such pressure that, upon opening a cock in the street, the water may be conducted by means of hose over the highest houses, and applied to any fire that may occur. Pipes or hose permanently fixed through a building, from which water may be taken at any time, would probably be advantageous.] Machine for saving life and property from shipwreck on the coast. The model is on the scale of half an inch to the foot; it represents a platform resting on piles driven into the ground, with the machine and its accompaniments, covered with a tent, which may be closed or open when necessary. The machine is a double lift; the upper drvim works a cable to tug any disabled vessel to shore; the lower drum works a constant communication with the wreck. The means of first communication is by firing a shot from the gun, attached to a line, the line being secured to the blocks which are worked by the cables of the machine; the gallery and flag-stafi" are for observation and signals. The table on which the machine is built may be turned to any point of the compass. [The first apparatus for saving lives from shipwreck was invented by Captain Manby. A wooden plug, instead of an iron shot, fired from the gun has been found of advantage, as in the case of the schooner "^Nanteos," ofi" Carmarthen, 23rd February, 1851, &c. By means of this simple apparatus the safety of the ship was secured together with that of her crew.—S. C] Floatable life-preserving cape cloak; blue cloth cloak, braided with the emblematical design of the rose, thistle, and shamrock, and lined with quilted satin; the inner lining is composed of pieces of cork, so arranged that when in the water it forms a floating body of great buoy- ancy by which the wearer is preserved on the surface. 198 Boulanger, Charles Thomas, Alice Street, Bermondsey New Road—Inventor. A fumigator, with refrigerator or cooler, applicable to the destruction of insects in tender plants, in animals, and in houses ; also to bleaching substances requiring the vapours of sulphur, and to administering vapour or aro- matic baths at a small cost. The fumes of tobacco, used in fumigating, are cooled by being passed through the cooler, so that they do not injure the tender plants. Patented. 199 Inglis, Alexander, Park Street, South Shields, Durham—Inventor. Model of a ventilating machine. 201 Jackson, Henry, 62 Westbowm Street, Pimlico— Inventor and Manufacturer. Fire-escape, dressing-table, intended to be always ready and in instant motion, without the least preparation, and to be drawn up from above or below as many times as there are persons to be rescued. The first motion of raising the table-top opens the window, and lets down iron blinds to any number of lower windows. 202 Brown, Joseph, 1V LeadenhallStreet—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a navigable balloon, to ascend and descend in the air without the aid of ballast. 203 Friarson, Mark, 20 Westhonme ParJi Road, Paddington—Inventor. Registered ventilating shield cowl, for the prevention of smoky chimneys. 204 Dunn, Matthias, Newcastle-upon-Tyne— Inventor, Fire-escape, consisting of a web of cloth afiixed to a wooden pole, and attached to the window sill. 205 Hearder, J. H., 34 George Street, Plymouth— Inventor. Rarefying apparatus, for producing a draught in the nderground flues of stoves or ventilating shafts, &c. North G-allery, and with Classes 5 & 6. 206 Lamb, James, Nile Street, Sunderland—Inventor. Model of a tubular gas apparatus for heating baths. It is stated that by means of this apparatus 32 gallons of water, at 43°, may be heated to 100° in 35 minutes, with the consumption of 25 cubic feet of gas. 215 Taylor, J. W., Rear Admiral—Producer. Models of patent breakwater; life and anchor boats. - 216 Stafford, Daniel, 3 Shane Terrace, Sloane Street, Chelsea. Interceptor cowl : an apparatus attached to the cowl of a chimney. The interceptor is made air-tight at each angle and at the bottom, so as to prevent the cold air, received at the apertures, from entering immediately into the flue or chimney, and from taking a downward or cross direction, instead of being reflected upwards, as is the case from the application and construction of the interceptor. A second interceptor is placed at a short distance above the one already described, giving the air a more powerful and direct upward current, and at the same time forming an efficient resistance and protection against all descend- ing gusts of wind. The external form or shape of the cowl may be varied to suit the architectural uniformity of any building. 217 Teagle, R. & W., Chelsea—Inventors. Patent chimney-sweeping apparatus. In Main Avenue West 220 Wyatt & Brandon. Model of the new County Assize Courts, at Cambridge; erected by the exhibitors. 221 Scott, G. G. Model of St. Nicholas Church, Hamburg. 222 Jee, a. S. Model of the Dinting Vale viaduct, on the Sheffield and Manchester Railway. 223 WiLLOCK, E. P. & Co., Manchester. Model of a decorated Gothic church, at Lever Bridge, Bolton, Lancashire ; designed by E. Sharpe. 224 Walker & Burgess. Railway-bridge across the Ouse. Also 9, 19, 26, 28, 38, 105, 106, 107, and 157. 834 Brown, Sir Samuel, R.N., Vanbrugh Lodge, Blackheath—Inventor. Iron cables invented and introduced into the Royal Navy by Captain Sir Samuel Brown, R.N., K.H., in 1810. Nos. 1 and 2. Patterns of the twisted and plain parallel- sided chains, the iron \\ inch diameter without stay-pins, which was proposed by the exhibitor to the Admiralty as a substitute for hempen cables in 1810. The twisted chain was preferred by the Board for this purpose, by reason of its resemblance to the strands of a rope, and on that account supposed to be more easily managed as a working cable. No. 3 is a single link of the same dimensions, with a short scarf ready for welding in the end: this, which was practised in all the Royal Dockyards, and by all the chain- makers in the country, was radically bad, because the weld is inevitably the weakest part; was subjected to a transverse strain at the point of resistance, where a small defect was more detrimental than any other part; the inventor therefore adopted the plan of forming the weld in the direction of its length in the side, where the strain is equally divided. No. 4 is a single link showing the long scarf in the side ready for welding, as above mentioned. Origin of the Stay-pins.—When the chain-cables were first brought into use (which was in the Navy) there was no means of testing their strength, and two ships, the ''Pique," 38-gun frigate, and the ''Pylades," sloop-of-war, having both parted their cables in a heavy gale and sea, it was found that the links, in the technical phrase, had drawn in the strain. The inventor of the iron cables thereupon devised a powerful compound lever-machine for testing all cables to a given strain. The first cable to be tested was a twisted cable, welded in the side with long double scarp, but without stay-pins, 2i inches dia- meter, against a piece of new 24-incli cable, which was the largest size made; the cable and the chain were shackled together, so that the strain was reciprocal. The trial took place at the manufactory in Shadwell, in July, 1810, in the presence of Lord Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty; Sir J. B. Thompson, Comptroller of the Navy Board; the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Vansittart; the Surveyor and Commissioners of the Navy, and several Naval Captains. In the course of the trial, as the hempen cable continued to stretch, and the chain to collapse, the machine was at that time stopped; and then three wrouglit-iron pins similar to those shown in No. 5 were inserted in the middle of the links: the process re- commenced, and the pins were in a short time set fast. Four hours had been occupied in this interesting experi- ment, when the hempen cable began to give way, and was ultimately broken in the direction of its length with a force of 84 tons; no fracture had taken place in the iron cable, and the links which had been distended with the pins preserved their shape; but all the others had col- lapsed and become perfectly rigid, and, of course, totally useless. The improvements thus introduced in the con- struction of the iron cables, and the system of testing, were of infinitely more importance than the original in- vention, and which were all carried into eflect in 1810, two years before any other chain-cable manufactory was in existence. No. 5. Pattern of the parallel-sided chain, proposed by the inventor to supersede the twisted cables in 1812. The first cable was supplied to His Majesty's frigate "Crescent" in that year, which, being favourably re- ported on, he received directions from the Admiralty to prepare a schedule, in conjunction with Mr. Goodrich, mechanical engineer at the Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, of the form and dimensions of chain-cables, which, with very little modification, is at present the standard for all classes. The chain cables, which are of oval shape, are susceptible of still further improvements, for it has been observed, in the course of an extensive practice, that, in testing chains to prove the quality of the iron, links gradually collapse, and that the rupture does not take place till the sides are drawn nearly into contact; it therefore occurred to the inventor that the inverted oval link. No. 7, as approximating in some degree to this ultimate form of resistance, was stronger, inasmuch as the present distended oval link is a departure from it; and there can be no doubt that, as the convex links fit more uniformly to the cylindrical bells or windlass, they would work smooth, and with less jolting in veering. [It was this invention of Capt. Brown which first ren- dered the knowledge of the strength of malleable iron indispensable. Chain cables with the simple oval link resist a strain of 21-^ tons per square inch, the mean strength of wrought-iron being 25 tons per square inch. When stays between the sides of the links are introduced, the strength is very nearly equal to that of the iron in the simple bar form, so that a stay may be said to in- crease the strength by about l-6th part. The links of Mr. Price's chains are made with parallel sides, so that the fibres of the iron are kept in the direction of the strain ; their strength is therefore greater than that of the simple oval links, which have a tendency to alter in form, or elongate.—S. C] Picture, in oil, of the Union Suspension Bridge, erected over the Tweed in 1820, connecting England and Scotland, NoKTH Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6. being the first iron bar bridge constructed for carriages, and all the ordinary purj^oses of the country. Dimen- sions, 420 feet span between the points of suspension, supported by 12 lines of cylindrical wrought iron bars, containing 24 square inches. Models. Fig. 1. Model of an inclined plane, or patent marine slip and cradle-carriage, similar to the " Queen Charlotte Slip," at the Royal Dockyard, Deptford (which may be constructed on the shore of any other river or harbour), on which Her Majesty's frigate ''Solebay" was drawn by a single capstan in three-quarters of an hour, and which would have been accomplished with a 20-horse power steam-engine in ten minutes. The cradle-carriage is mounted on the periphery of iron rollers, which circulate over the carriage by an endless chain under the ship's bottom when in motion; and in some situations the cradle-carriage is moved on a continuous line of rollers laid down on the ways. In either case, there is a total absence of friction ; and, as a mechanical power, the superiority of the rollers over the multiplicity of small wheels employed for the same purpose exceeds, in some cases, 50 to 1; that is to say, it requires 50 times less force to move a line-of-battle ship laterally on the ways in the Arsenal on a line of connected rollers, than upon truck wheels of the same diameter, and a proportionate diminution of force would take place in drawing ships in the inclined planes. An important feature in the pro- posed system is, that whatever may be the extent or situation of the arsenal, that only one slip or one cradle carriage, and one sliding-off carriage are required for the whole establishment; that ships intended to be laid up in ordinary, may be disposed of at the more remote part of the yard; that ships could be more expeditiously and economically repaired; that any ships may be selected from the line, and transported fully rigged and equipped, without disturbing any other ship, and launched to be completed afloat for sea. Fig. 2 is a line-of-battle ship, supposed to be laid up in ordinary, shored up, and the keel resting on the same rollers on which she was drawn up. Fig. 3 is another line-of-battle ship similarly supported, with her lower mast in, supposed to be under repair, or in the course of fitting for sea. Fig. 4. Masting shears, to which any ship may be moved, masted, unmasted, and returned to her position. The acquisition of this new motive power, which reduces the propulsive force or traction, by 50 to 1 over fixed axles, renders it perfectly practicable to construct railways [ except where tunnels are unavoidable) for the conveyance of ships, adapted for all the ordinary purposes of trade and manufacture traffic, with a velocity of 10 to 15 miles an hour, as shown in fig. 5. Fig 6. Model of a basin or floating dock, containing an invariable depth of water for the largest ships of war, which may be constructed either by excavation or im- permeable embankments. Fig. 7. Shows the inclined plane laid down at low water, extending to and carried over the boundary wall, and ascending with the same gradient into the basin to float the ship off, and no locks or dock gates are required; the evaporation or leakage may be supplied by a sluice at high water, or from any other source inland. The same system, as shown in fig. 8, of raising ships, barges, or other vessels from one level to another, so as to render locks altogether unnecessary, may be applied to all the canals and inland navigation in the country, and our colonies abroad. Fig. 8. Model of the royal chain pier, Brighton, con- structed on a scale of 1^-inch to a foot, a perfect repre- sentation in detail of the whole structure. The inner chains supporting the platforms are secured to iron re- taining plates in the cliff; the outer chains are supported by diagonal shores in the centre of the outer pier-head; the lower extremities are backed on each side by two 74-gun ship anchors, driven to a considerable depth into the chalk rock. It was begun in November, 1822, and finished in November, 1823. [The Brighton chain-pier, opened in November 1823, was designed by Capt. Sir Samuel Brown, R.N,, who first suggested that the chains should be made of long flat bars with holes drilled in their ends, by Avhich they might be connected together by short links and pins. He patented this invention in 1817.—S. C] Fig. 9. Model of the mariners' compass, exhibiting the points on a vertical belt or zone, where they may be seen in all directions, at any desired altitude above the deck. Fig. 10. Model of a brass columnal bearing and distance revolving light-house, designed for the great Hanois rock, on the south-west coast of the Island of Guernsey. The centre of the light would be 130 feet above high- water mark, spring-tides, and distinctly visible in clear weather, at the distance of 12 miles; the second altitude would be seen at the distance of 10 miles; and the third altitude 8 miles. The metal dome, 10 feet in diameter, would be tempered into a bell the largest and most sonorous in the world, and would be struck at intervals, during fogs or thick weather, to warn against danger. There would be ample accommodation for the light- keeper; and also, provisions and stores for four months, or longer, if necessary. The total expense of erecting and completing the brass column ready for the reception of the light of the first order would be 10,000/.; time of execution not exceeding six months; and its stability would be guaranteed for seven years. [Sea water has an injurious action upon cast-iron; brass, however, effectually resists its effects, hence its value for the tower of a lighthouse erected in the sea. Double lights are used as distinguishing them from neighbouring lights. Lights are obscured by fog, and therefore a con- trivance, such as a fog-bell, by which the seamen can be warned of danger is desirable.—S. C] Fig. 11. Model of part of a railway, with a centre guide rail to prevent the engine or carriages from running off the rails. Model of a set of railway carriages; the axles pass between the bodies of two, which places the weight below instead of above the centre of motion and traction, and admits of an increase of the diameter of the wheels in the ratio of five to three, diminishing resistance to the motive power in the same ratio. They may also be adjusted to suit both gauges. Fig. 12. Model of the main and after body of a ship fitted with submarine steam pi'opellers; applicable also to a life-boat. Fig. 13. Model of two pair of midship timbers, or ribs, of a line-of-battle ship ; the butt end secured with wrought-iron or gun-metal plates, let in flush, which renders the joints neai'ly as strong as the solid timber. Fig. 14. Model of an equipoised bed, or sofa, undis- turbed by the ship's motion at sea. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, MILITARY ENGINEERING, GUNS, WEAPONS, ETC. INTEODUCTION. The present Class will be regarded with mucli interest by those who are concerned in the maritime and military position of this country. The objects it includes, and which are fully exhibited in many instances by models, present a favourable picture of the resources of Great Britain, particularly in her marine. They also represent her means of defence and general military equipment. The classification of objects here included comprises the following subdivisions :—A. Illustrations by Models of Shipbuilding for the purposes of Commerce, such as Ships, Boats, Brigs, Schooners, Luggers, &c. B. Illus- trations by Models of Shipbuilding for the purposes of war, such as Ships of the Line, Frigates, Corvettes, &c. C. Illustrations by Models of Shipbuilding for the application of Steam or other Powers, such as great War Steamers, Steam Vessels for long passages, Steam Vessels for Inland Navigation. D. Vessels used for Amuse- ment, and small Vessels generally, such as Sea-going and Eiver Yachts, Eowing-Boats, Fishing-Boats, Life- Boats, &c. E. Comprises Rigging, Anchors, Windlasses, Capstans, and other articles connected with Practical Seamanship, and saving of Life from Shipwreck. F. and G. relate to Army Clothing and Accoutrements. H. To Camp Equipage. I. Naval Gunnery. J. Artillery Equipments for the Garrison and Field, and Machinery for Transporting Ordnance. K. Includes Ordnance and Projectiles. H. Small Arms; and M. Military Engineering generally. The Class is not confined in the Building to one locality. Objects comprised by it are found in the South Gallery West, where some models of fortifications, together with a variety of guns, pistols, and swords are dispersed. The interspace between the South and North Galleries contains some costly and beautiful models exhibited by the Lords of the Admiralty. North of the Great Organ, a variety of models illustrating methods of rigging, capstans, windlasses, &c., are placed; and a space extending along the North Gallery eastward, contains models of ships, rafts, &c. On the Ground-floor, at the eastern extremity of the space devoted to machinery in motion, are also some objects related to Class 8. The remainder of this Class is to be sought in the Southern Galleries, on the foreign side of the Building, in Avenues P. and Q., extending from 62 to 70. The progress of naval architecture forms an interesting study in the objects included in this Class. The transition from the inconvenient and unsightly forms of antiquity to the graceful outlines and imposing contour of a modern first-class ship is no less remarkable as an indication of progress in this science, than instructive as a practical evidence of the consistency of beauty of form with those qualities deemed essential in these structures. The beautiful discoveries of the laws and forms of wave-movement in fluids—a study at first without apparent direct practical application—have been successfully reduced to practice, and have led to the adoption, in a few instances, of that form of construction which theory indicated to be the most suitable. A prolonged experience will probably justify this application. The beautiful models of frigates, and other ships, showing the bow, stern, and transverse section, will receive much attention. A very large collection of models of boats for saving life at sea is exhibited : so great a number of ingenious methods of constructing life-boats, assumed to be incapable of being upset or swamped, was probably never previously brought together. Some of these are on the twin principle, some are of caoutchouc, and some of gutta-percha. Ordnance and projectiles for purposes of war are sparingly exhibited. It appears to have been felt that this was an institution of peace. But of small arms, adapted chiefly for field and forest purposes, a great display is made at the end of the South Gallery West. Rifles, fowling-pieces, pistols, swords, &c., some of which exhibit skill in their construction, coupled with elaborateness of ornament. Several of them indicate the application of new principles for prevention of accidental discharge, and some of new propulsive power. The remarkalile properties of vulcanized caoutchouc, coupled with the discovery of the cumulating power of bands of this material, have been applied with success to various projectiles, and appear to promise new and important results. Out of the miscellaneous collection of objects grouped together in this Class, some adapted for recreation— some for utility—some for offence and defence—a selection for particular study may well be made by the visiter to the Building. But probably no part of this Class will be regarded with more interest than that which illus- trates the early, progressive, and present application of the steam-engine to navigation. The models illustrative of this subject form a most instructive })art of the collection.—R. E. West End G-allery and South-West Gallery. 1 Clayton, Richard, 9 Gresham Street—Inyenior. The swimming-glove, designed and formed after the web-foot shape. 2 Clarkson, T. C, 111 Strand—Inventor. Models of life-boats, formed of cork, &c. 3 ExALL, W., Reading—Inventor and Manufacturer. Anchor without beam or stock, and having three flukes or grapples, all of which will lay hold at the same time. 4 Murray, James—Inventor. Model of harpoon gun. 6 Light, E., 216 High Street, Wapping—Inventor and Designer. Models of life belts and buoys. Model life-boat, 5 feet long, fitted with patent ''buoy- ancy" material, and apparatus, tubes and valves complete. Model of another, for light transport in exploratory expeditions, and to cross rivers, lakes, &c. Piece of patent ''buoyancy" material, as fitted and adapted in ships, yachts, boats, and belts. Specimen of ladies' and gentlemen's yachting jacket; its object is to completely support the body in case of accidental immersion in the water. Model of a yacht's boat with patent "buoyancy" arrangements. 6 Reekes, T., 50 Hasker Street, Chelsea—Inventor. Nautical cap, which can be immediately converted into a safety swimming belt. 7 Foster, J., R.N".—Inventor. Specimen of wood and India-rubber joinings. 8 ViCKERS, Wm. Randall, 32 Baker Street, Portman Sq. —Designer, Geometrical floating life-belt, made of sail canvas, and divided into five compartments, stufled with cork-cut- tings. Models of strong sail-canvas, made up for stuffing. Samples of the sail-canvas, and two sample bags of the cork cuttings. The life-belt can be folded up (nearly in the form of a cube) and made to serve as a cushion on board ship. If one of these compartments should be torn, the rest would still form a useful belt. It is made to surround the body of the wearer and leave his arms free. 9 HoLBROOK, J. N., 4 Remington Street, City Road— Inventor. Polar life-preserver. Wood raft, to be carried on board ships. Tubular raft for same purpose. Large round floater, to be thrown out to drowning persons. Captain's life-preserver. Gentleman's fishing-stand, for the middle of rivers. Ladies' bathing machine, by which they may with safety go far out, in fine weather, and obtain the full benefit of the sea, and be brought to shore by a line attached. Small bottomless life-boat. The same made of copper, to be placed on the sea shore. Model of an iron bottomless life-boat, 26 feet long. It is suitable for the roughest sea and actual service, in case of fire or shipwreck. The boat is made entirely of wrought and sheet iron, lined and covered with strong netting. Its dimensions are 26 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, with iron gunwale 21 inches high; the rod and bar iron is about 800 feet, with 6 floaters made of 105 pieces of sheet iron, filled vsdth 300 feet of tubing formed into 150 air and waterproof barrels, vdth 15 tanks, holding 222 gallons for fresh water; provisions, warm clothing, compass, alarm apparatus, fuel, fireworks, rockets, with 1,000 feet of line attached. The whole is firmly secured together with about 400 screws and bolts, and riveted with 10,000 rivets. There is in the figure- head a simply constructed kettle, by the same inventor, that will boil in 10 minutes, 8 quarts of cofifee. The rudder can be shipped or unshipped in a few seconds, and oars and sail applied if required; the total weight is 20 cwt. The boat having no bottom renders it almost impossible to capsize, and should its six floaters become punctured, full of holes, and all filled with water, the numerous barrels inside vdll be amply suflS.cient to prevent it sinking—such is the buoyancy, that it will carry nearly 150 persons and food for many days. Model of a life and body preserver. White glass ginger-beer bottle, and green glass soda- water bottle, in the use of which no cork, string, or wire is required; they are also suitable for ale, porter, wine, &c. The stopper will not give the liquor any unpleasant smell or taste. 10 Lee, Thomas, 4 Bread Street Hill—Designer and Manufacturer. Improved life-preserver, or swimming-belt, to sustain the wearer in an upright position in the water. 11 Spencer, Edw^ard, 116 Fenchurch Street— Manufacturer. Patent buoyant and water-tight trunk, capable of sus- taining fifteen persons in the water. 13 Hely, Alfred Augustus, 16 Manchester Buildings, Westminster—Inventor. The catamaran, or life-float, composed of waterproof canvas cylindrical cases, filled wdth bedding, clothing, provisions, stores, or any matter of less specific gravity than water. Salvage boat, wholly composed of metallic tubes, forming atmospheric and hydraulic chambers, vidth loaded keel and self-shifting wheels. Life-girdle, composed of spherical floats strung upon an endless elastic band. Patent cork-driving apparatus and vent-bottle. 14 Bell, Hugh, Baltic Wharf, Millhank, Westminster— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a "water grapnel," or " deep sea anchor." Model of a "submarine boat," to pass closed under water, scale one inch to the foot. Model, on the same scale, of a "locomotive diving bell," which may be used as a common diving bell, with the apparatus usually attached for forcing in air. Life boat, for the beach, on the scale of one inch to the foot. 15 Royal Humane Society—Proprietors. Ice-boat, presented to the Royal Humane Society by the society established at Hamburgh, constructed, for light- ness, of wicker-work, and covered with raw hides; being placed upon rockers, this boat may be propelled on the ice with great facility, and in cases where a number of skaters break through in one spot, it has proved invaluable for saving lives. Breaker ladder, a simple ladder with two au'-tight barrels fixed at its broad end; being secured upon two wheels it may be used by one man with ease. On the immersion of a skater, the broad end of the ladder is pushed into the hole; the buoyant power of the barrels allows the drowning man to climb on to the machine; and to walk along it to its narrow end, which, resting upon the sound ice, affords the means of escape. Ice sledge, composed of two canoes united by three thwarts, forming thereby a floating platform. It can be used on the ice with ease; it has great buoyant power (being capable of sustaining as many persons as could cling to it), and cannot be capsized. Rope drag, used for dragging in deep water with a tide or running stream. When persons fall into the water from vessels or steam-boat piers, this machine can be used with greater certainty and in less time over a given space than any other kind of drag. The above apparatus is provided by the Royal Humane Society at stations on the River Thames, and on canals, docks, and places where they are most needed. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. Pole drag, used in shallow water and where there is no stream. To the timely use of this machine many bathers and skaters owe their lives. A pole drag, with an air-tight cylinder placed in its centre, to render it a floating drag. It is used for rescuing persons who have broken through the ice and have been drawn under its surface. 16 Hatt, C, Lowestoft, Suffolk—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 17 Sparke, W., Exeter, Devon—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 18 Robertson, John, Limehouse Hole, Poplar— Manufacturer. Coils of cordage, manufactured from tarred Russian hemp, white Manilla hemp, and tarred New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax), (In Classes 5 and 6.) [The valuable and remarkable product, commercially known as New Zealand flax, is the fibre of a plant indi- genous in that country and in Norfolk Island. The fibre is obtained from the leaves of this plant, and in many respects rivals that of hemp for toughness. The plant belongs to the natural family Liliacece: its cultivation in other than its native districts has hitherto been attended with indifferent results.—R. E.] Patent gun trumpet, for fog or alarm signals. Models, showing Rapson's patent slide tiller. 19 King, P. H. F., Sydney Cottage, Hewlett Place, Cheltenham—Inventor. Marine table for preventing breakages at sea. The exhibitor states that the top of this table will remain perfectly level without any regard to the rolling of the ship; it is portable, and may be taken apart in nine pieces. Registered. 20 HoLTUM, "William, Walmer, Deal—Inventor. Model of an apparatus for propelling a line to a vessel in distress at a short distance from the shore, intended to supersede the use of gunpowder; with a model of a wicker boat to travel on a hawser from the shore to the vessel. 21 Jerningham, Arthur William, CommanderH.M.S. " Excellent," Portsmouth—Inventor. Model of an anchor to be fired from a mortar of 5jinch bore, with a charge of 10 ounces of powder, to carry a two- inch Manilla line out 200 yards to sea, for the purpose of hauling a life-boat off" through the surf when the wind is on shore. 22 Manby, G. W., Great Yarmouth—Inventor. Model of life-boat and mortar apparatus. 23 Ayckboubn, Frederick, 129 Strand—Sole Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent float, or invisible life-preserver, and swimming- belt. This apparatus may be worn without inconvenience, may be instantly rendered available in cases of shipwreck at sea, and may be used as a support in learning to swim. It is portable, easily managed, and will last for years. Models of life-boats and portable boats, invented by the exhibitor. 25 Offord, D., Great Yarmouth—Inventor. Grapnel shot, to assist the hauling of life-boats, &c., off" the beach through heavy surfs. 26 Offord, D. & Bradbeer, S., Great Yarmouth— Inventors. Rock life-preserving apparatus. 27 Leftwich, W. H. 43 Cumberland Market, Regent's Park—Inventor. Model of a heavy-armed cutter, constructed from por- tions of various old men-of war and of other oak from places of notoriety. On a stand of the surplus wood. 28 Purser, Joseph, Shaftesbury Street, New North Road, Hoxton—Inventor. Self-acting fire-escape, with some useful practical im- provements; exhibited for cheapness. Bomb-shell. 29 Carte, Alexander Gordon, Citadel, Hull— Inventor and Manufacturer. Pocket apparatus for throwing a line to a stranded ship. Self-acting life-buoy, invented in 1831; by its means, since 1838, the lives of nearly 400 persons have been saved. Sea-service rocket apparatus, for throwing a line from a vessel to the shore, or to another in distress at sea. Self-adjusting cork life-belt. Alarm-signal, for the protection of houses, out-houses, plantations, &c. 30 DiTCHBURN, Thomas Joseph, Blackwall—Designer and Builder. Models of the following vessels, &c.:— War steam-vessel of 1,200 tons and 400-horse power, named " Vladimere," built in 1848 for the Emperor of Russia. Steam-packet, named " Taman," built for the Russian Government. Screw steam-vessel, for coast defence, named " Sharp- shooter," built for Her Majesty's service. Steam-packet, named Wonder" (one of five packets), built for the conveyance of passengers and merchandise between Southampton and the Channel Islands. Iron cutter yacht " Mystery," built for Lord Alfred Paget, M.P. The first passenger steam-packet on the river Thames, in the ferry between London and Gravesend, built 1813; of 40 tons burthen, and 9 horse-power, " Earl Spencer," one of the last passenger sailing packets that plied between London and Gravesend, built 1796. The " Fairy," screw steam-yacht, built for Her Ma- jesty. Iron schooner sailing-yacht, named " Volna," built for the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia. A River Thames passenger steam-boat. James Watt's experimental steam-boat, ''Caledonia," fitted with two 14-horse engines, which made several trips from London to Margate in 1816, and ascended the Rhine to Coblentz in 1817. A passenger steam-packet, '' Favorite," 40-horse power, built 1817, expressly to run between London and Margate. Wrought-iron caissoon, built to supersede the use of entrance gates to the new stone docks at Woolwich. 31 LAVARS, John, Bridge Street, Bristol—Inventor. Models of a floating buoyant settee, for the decks of passenger steamers, resembling in shape, size, and appear- ance the usual settees, and capable of being converted into a raft. The seat is composed of two boxes, which fold on each other, each box containing an air-tight gutta percha case. 32 Sloggett, Richard, Devonport—Designer and Producer. Specimen of naval architectiiral drawing, and a new design, representing the profile and bow of a war steam- ship of 500-horse power. The profile of the bow shows all the interior fittings, while the front view exhibits the exterior fittings, anchors, &c., which are transferred from the profile and half-breadth plans. 33 Simons, William, Greenock, Scotland—Designer and Manufacturer. Model of a screw frigate; model of a yacht. 34 Walters, H,, Monmouth Court, Dorset Place, Pall Mall—Inventor. Model of fire-escape and scaling-ladder. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 35 Moore, WilllimP., Plymouth, Devon—Manufacturer. Half model of the cutter yacht, ^'Pixey." Half model of the schooner yacht, Halcyon." Built at Plymouth by the exhibitor. Exhibited for asserted speed and weatherly qualities of the original. 36 White, Joseph, East Cowes, Isle of Wight—Designer and Manufacturer. Design for a new 90-gun ship. Models of H.M.S. Victory, Phaeton, 50-gun steam-ship Termagant, and brigs Waterwitch, Daring, and Contest. Lengthened bow of the Fox frigate. Old and new bow of the Amphion. Models of a schooner and a cutter-yacht, and Victoria yacht, built for the Emperor of Russia. 36a White, T. J. &. R., West Cowes, Isle of Wight— Inventors, Designers, and Manufacturers. Model of the steam-ship, " Vassitei Tigaret," built for the Turkish Government, 1847. Designs for a 50-gun frigate, 1838, and for the first transatlantic steam-ship to New York, 1838. The ''Medina" steam-ship, built for the West India Royal Mail Company. Design for an ocean steam-ship of 3,000 tons. Steam-ship ''Vectis," built for the Peninsular and Oriental Company. Sixty-gun frigate, designed for Turkish students study- ing naval architecture at Cowes. Design for fast-sailing or screw-ships, for the China trade, of 1,600 tons. Model of the ''Samuel Enderby," Southseaman. Models of life-boats, &c. Model of a 50-gun frigate. Model of the "British Queen" steamer. Screw steam and sailing-ships of 2,500 tons. Model of the missionary ship, "John Wesley." Model of clipper barque built for Messrs. C. Ivens & Co., Bristol. Two China clippers, one of 1,000 tons, and another of 1,475 tons. 37 TovELL, George Randfield, Mistley, Manningtree, Essex—Inventor. Model of a ship's hull, of parabolical form. The novelty claimed consists in the uniformity of its lines, and the ease with which a ship on this principle can be laid down. 38 Murray, W., 20 John Street, Adelphi—Manufacturer and Licensed. Model of a harpoon gun. Tucker's tapping-up apparatus for propelling. Normanville's ship-scrubber. 39 AztiLAY, B. Rotherhithe—Inventor. Model of a sailing vessel, with auxiliary screw-propeller, worked by the men on board. It has also a backward motion. 40 Deans, W., 9 America Square—Inventor. Two models of triangular-bottomed ships' hulls. 41 Gibson, A,, 2 Exmouth Place, Cheltenham—Inventor. Steam-ship, with improved paddle-wheels, with paddles attached to endless-chains to run over two extra wheels. Small dragon to drive a gutta percha tail to act as a propeller. Railway in place of a gunwale and space in front, to carry four guns. 42 Geordeson, James—Inventor.. Method of reefing the sails by lowering the masts. 45 Erskine, Daniel, Clerk Street, Edinburgh—In-ventor and Manufacturer. Two new life-boats; the one propelled by new pinion wheels and self-acting marine syphon-pump; the other fitted with air-tight cylinders made to revolve on axles; life-protecting rings and other improvements. 46 Richardson, H. T.—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 47 AcHESON, J., 102 Leadenhall Street—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 49 BoNNEY, William Wolfe, Claremont Villa, St. John's, Fulham—Inventor and Proprietor. New life-boat, with numerous cells, composed of gutta percha, of peculiar forms, together with gutta percha life- buoys. It is not easily capsized, and when turned bodily over, rights itself immediately. It rows or sails equally well both ways, and steers with oars or rudders. A life-boat, 30 feet long, 8 feet beam, 3 feet deep, built upon this principle, is said to be capable of saving 300 persons, and to be perfectly manageable when fixll of water and persons. A boat of gutta percha has lately been employed in the Arctic Seas with advantage. 50 Hodson, J., Sunderland—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 51 Allan, J. H.^—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 52 White, Thomas, jun., Cowes, Isle of Wight— Designer, Inventor, and Manufacturer. Four models for the entire navy, from one design. 50-gun frigate and corvette upon parabolic sections. Heav- ing-up slip, with recent improvements in doubling the power with the same machinery. Woi'k on naval archi- tecture illustrative of the whole. 53 Hawksworth, a.—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 54 Reed, John, 7 Silver St., Stockton-on-Tees—Inventor. A life-boat, which is said to right itself under any cir- cumstances, without the aid of an iron keel or deadweight. It may be built of any size, and can be constructed of wood or any of the metals at present used in boat or ship-building. 55 Tredwen, Richard, Padstow—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 56 WiGRAM, Money, & Sons, Blackball—Inventors. Half-models of ships, &c. 57 RoBSON, Jonathan, Gateshead, Newcastle—Proprietor. Model of an iron steam-tug or passenger steamer, being the first used for towing on the Lower Danube; length of .keel 98 feet, and of deck 115 feet. Breadth of beam 17 feet 3 inches. Area of midship section, G2 feet 3 inches. Draught of water 4 feet 1^ inch at each end, with 14 tons of coal on board. Single lever engine of 41 inches cylin- der, and 4 feet 3 inches stroke; with the ordinary flue and boilers. 58 Petley, T., 7 Great Hermitage Street—Inventor. Model of iron steam-tug. 59 Greener, W., Birmingham—Inventor and Manufacturer. Pair of double guns in case, 10 gauge, 7^ lbs. weight each, barrels made of laminated steel. Double rifle in case; barrels of laminated steel. Patent harpoon gun, as used in the "Arctic Seas," with lines, gun harpoon, and model of the head of a whale-boat ready for use. Harpoon gun, &c., as used in the South Seas, or sperm-whale fishing. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. Rocket gun and rocket lines for saving lives from ship- wrecks, fixed upon a model of the exhibitor's life-boat. Is calculated to effect communication up to 600 yards with accuracy, and obviate the present defect of the rocket being deflected from the intended aim. Registered stanchion gun for wild-fowl shooting. Fired by percussion tubes. Military musket, of a lighter construction, and greater durability and range than those now in use. Double military rifle on a new construction. Pair of newly-finished gun-barrels in the piston proof frame, prepared for proving. In this process the cylinders of the barrels are closed by steel plungers, and the charge is allowed no vent for escape but through the orifice of the nipples. Thus the capacity of the barrels to resist the confined force of any given quantity of gunpowder is ascertained. Specimens of laminated steel in various shapes, showing its tenacity, tenuity, and density. Gun harpoons, lances, rockets, &c., as ornaments. 60 Dyne, W., 17 Basing Place, Kingsland Road, and Brighton Station, London Bridge—Inventor and Proprietor. Model of a patent life-launch, which cannot be stove in, clears itself of surplus water, and is capable of stowing away provisions and water for one month, and of sup- porting more persons than could attach themselves to it. Model of an overland or emigration patent life-boat, ten of which can be stowed in the space of a common boat. Model of a stone life-boat." Model of a diagonal or lattice-frame registered life-boat. Model of a patent collapsible life-raft, for pontoons or bridges. Model of a stone buoy. Model of a bottomless life-boat, that can be thrown from the deck of a vessel for immediate use. Model of a patent cattle life-preserver, equipped on a horse, showing a method of buoying up cattle while in the water. Model of a patent buoyant box, the system being appli- cable for portmanteaus, mail bags, &c.. Model of a life-boat comb, or apparatus for the safety of boats when boarding wrecked or distressed vessels in heavy surfs. Model of a patent life-buoy. While buoying up an individual out of the water it provides him with rockets, blue and other lights, to show what position he is in, should it be in the night; these ignite upon being taken out. 61 Brown, Lenox, & Co., 8 Billiter Square— Inventors and Manufacturers. Model of an Admiralty regulation anchor—the largest used. Part of the largest chain cable, 2J inch diameter of iron, exhibiting a swivel, a joining shackle (with Lenox's plan of fastening the pin), and an anchor shackle. The smallest anchor and part of the smallest cable used in the Royal Navy, A patent windlass purchase. The motion is obtained by friction of metal bands upon metal barrels; no wheels, or palls, or other machinery required; cable can be given to the ship at any moment by slackening the bands with the lever in front. Registered pit chain, used in coal and other balanced pits. The three chains are fastened together by metal plates inserted in the block of wood. Patent malleable cast-iron blocks or pulleys for ships, engineering, and other purposes, intended as a substitute for wooden blocks and wrought-iron or brass blocks ; cast to any shape, and rendered tough or malleable afterwards. 62 Fawcett, Francis, Mount Pleasant, Douglas, Isle of Man—Proprietor. Models of life-boats, on the twin principle, completely decked over, and divided into twenty air-tight compart- ments, which can neither be swamped nor upset; and as the keel forms both stem and stern-post, they are well adapted for landing in a heavy surf, no point presenting itself as a fulcrum by which they can be capsized. 63 Betteley, J., Liverpool—Manufacturer. Model of ship's windlass, with patent propeller. Patent anti-friction sheaves. 64 Baillte, Benjamin, 118 Wardour Street, Soho —Inventor. Model of a vessel, with improved rigging, mast, and sails. Intended to give to a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, or to a lugger, the advantage over one square-rigged, in working to windward. The sails being bent to booms, which are pivoted or hung by their own leverage, will adjust them- selves to the required angle, without the labour required to brace the yards, as in square-rigged vessels; at the same time, being brought up to windward by the booms, will lessen the pressure to leeward incidental to ordinary fore-and-aft rigged vessels. 65 Pearson, J. W., Mill Dam, South Shields—Inventor. Model of an oar. 66 Thompson, Thomas, Commander, R.N., 3 George Street, Leith—Inventor. Safety-plug, for boats and vessels, constructed of gun- metal or brass, for the prevention of casualties arising from the loss or misplacing of the ordinary loose boat- plugs, and for greater security from leakage and facility of adjustment. 67 Parker, Chas., Newark, Notts—Inventor. A screw valve, consisting of a circular brass plate, of about three inches diameter and a quarter of an inch thick, having a hole in the centre to admit the valve, which is opened or closed by means of a screw attached to it; the latter works in another screw fixed on the plate, immediately over the valve-hole. Intended to supersede the present plug in ships' boats. Being a fixture it cannot be lost, as the plugs often are. This screw-valve is large enough for an ordinary-sized boat: it is exhibited in a rough model of a boat, one foot long. 68 Hop WOOD & Armstrong, 184 St. George Street, Wellclose Square—Inventor. Registered brass side scuttles, with metal doors, for ships, also for light and ventilation. 68a Robinson, Lieut., W. F., R.N. A self-acting safety plug for life-boats, barges, and other vessels. 69 Gregory, Alfred, 54 St. George Street East— Inventor. Safety-plate, to cover the aperture of a ship's scuttle, instead of the whole scuttle being covered with lead, copper, or wood. It is an external plate, put on from the inside, making it a solid compact body of brass. It is designed to save expense in the usual way of covering, the nails of which injure the ship's sides; also the multi- plied expenses of coverings, this mode lasting until the scuttle is worn out ; to make the windows safe in case of storm in the space of one minute, and, being water-tight, to prevent any inrush of water; thus tending to the pre- servation of human life, &c.—Registered. 71 Long, Joseph & James, & Co., 20 Little Tow^r Street—Inventors and Patentees. Curvilinear steering apparatus. By the simple action of the hand upon the steering wheel, the curvilinear lever is brought to bear on a convex cogged tiller, fixed to the rudder head. It possesses such leverage, that a boy can steer the ship. As the cogged tiller is always in a parallel line with the centre of the lever, the rudder becomes a fixture when not operated upon by the helms- man; thus securing him from accident or strain. [8] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 72 Denham, Captain Henry Mangles, R.N., F.R.S., United Service Club—Inventor. Cooper & Maclean, 12 Billiter Square, Agents. Model, with a drawing and description, of the regis- tered ''jury tiller;" for steering a ship when the usual helm fittings become disabled through fire abaft, the rudder-tree or head being shattered by shot or a wringing strain, the inboard tiller breaking short off, or the wheel gear breaking down suddenly in a gale or a tide-way. It consists of an auxiliary appendage to the rudder at the water-line", and can be thrown into gear in an instant. 73 Hall, Wm. Edward, Moreton, Bideford, and 55 Great Marylebone Street—Inventor. Mechanical apparatus for the application of the catena- rian curve to the lines of ships, which might advanta- geously be used by engravers on copper, steel, or wood. Copper model of an 18-gun brig or corvette. Series of diagrams, illustrating a theory of naval archi- tecture. 74 Baird, John R., 210 /S'^mwc?—Inventor. Method of lowering a ship's boat when hanging out of the water, with speed and safety, in cases of accident, by preventing one end of the boat going down quicker than the other. A man in the boat can lower her into the water, or raise her to a level with the ship's deck, by pulling a single rope. 75 Orr, M., Greenock, Scotland—Inventor. Model, drawing, and explanation of angulated jibs. Treatise on the area of sails for open boats. 76 Watson, T., 79 Provost Street, Hoxton—Inventor. Model of a plan for the correct measurement of ton- nage in ships, steam-boats, &c. 77 Poole, J., jun.. Copper Hov^e, Cornwall—Inventor. Model of an improved paddle-wheel. 78 Slater, W., 332 High Street, Wapping—Proprietor. Improved patent copper powder-barrel, which preserves gunpowder in perfect safety against fire and damp. 79 Gale, J. & R., Whitby—Inventors and Manufacturers. Model of life-boat, emptying itself, when full of water, in the short space of four seconds, by means of two aper- tures in the bottom. 80 Ladd, Chas. p., Lieut. R.JT., 10 Walcot Place, Lambeth—Designer and Inventor. Marine table to prevent breakage of glass and spilling of liquids at sea in rough weather. The invention con- sists in its being made to swing freely in the middle of a saloon table, fixed by screws to the cabin floor. 81 Mason, Edward, Brompton Post Office—Inventor, Designer, and Builder. Model of a steam-boat, " Queen of the Ocean," built of cedar wood out of the old '' Gibraltar," Spanish ship of war. Model of a self-acting life-boat, calculated to right her- self immediately, with the crew lashed to her thwarts, in the event of being upset, without the assistance of any additional weight or balance, &c. Midship section of a ship's deck, with concealed fast- enings. 82 Coryton, John, Erechtheum Club, St. James's Square —Designer and Inventor. Model of a sailing-vessel and life-boat, constructed and propelled on new principles. 83 Bremner, J., Wick, Scotland—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 84 Ferguson, C. A. & T., Poplar—Inventors. Model of a gun-carriage. 85 Allan, John H., 2 Leadenhall Sti^eet—Proprietor. Model of a South Shields coble. Model of truss-work, introduced by Sir Robert Sep- pings, for the internal fastening of ships, and on the same principle as the girders of the Exhibition Building. It represents a section of the between-decks of the East India ship ''Sir Robert Seppings," built at Moulmein, in the Tenasserim provinces, and is made of part of her teak planking. 86 Lyons, George, 8 Britain Street, Portsea— Manufacturer and Inventor. Model of a screw-propelling rudder. 87 Margary, —, Inventor and Patentee. Specimens of patent canvas. Upwards of half a million yards have been prepared for the Honourable Board of Ordnance by the process of the exhibitor. Various pieces of prepared and unprepared canvas in different stages of decay. The same process is extensively used in the preparation of sleepers and timber for railway and other purposes. Specimens of its application. 88 Parsey, William, 455 Oxford Street—Inventor. Working model of a bell-buoy for warning vessels of danger. Motion is obtained by the action of the surface current or tide on a water-wheel, placed between two floats or barges, which is communicated to the hammer for striking the bell and giving the alarum. 89 KiNCAiD, T., Greenock, Scotland—Inventor. Models of fan propeller, variously applied. 90 Beadon, Geo,, Captain, R,N., Creechbarroio, Taunton, Somersetshire—Inventor, Prince Alfred's mirror: a glass mounted upon a nauti- cal adjustment for glasses. Universal rowlocks, applicable for any description of oar. Whale gun, for projecting harpoons with precision. Boat safety reel, to prevent the upsetting of boats in sqiialls. Life-raft for ships; a folding catamaran hung at the stern, and occupying little room; the operation of lower- ing prepares it for use. Mast clamp, to facilitate stepping or lowering boats' masts. Gun elevator, for artillery. Illustrations of a new system of propulsion, upon a scale of \ of an inch to a cubit. Indicating or filter cock, to draw off liquids without disturbing the sediment. Phaeton hood-lifter, for raising or lowering heads of phaetons. Improved door, obviating draughts, &c. Universal tractor. Nearly all these inventions comprise certain parts for which patents have been taken. 91 Clark, Joseph, 10 Parliament Street, Westminster— Inventor. Model of the bunk life-boat. To be used as a cot, occu- pying the space of the bunk or berth, and forming a life- boat always ready for use. Model of a flexible life-boat. 92 Young, Dowson & Co,, Poplar—Manufacturers, Ship's improved rudder fastenings, by the use of which, when the old pintles are broken, new pins can be re- fitted on board, withoiit the necessity of the ship putting into port for that purpose. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 93 Grantham, John, Orange Court, Liverpool—Inventor. Model of tlie section of an iron ship, showing an improved method of sheathing the plates with wood, to enable them to be coppered. The sheathing is attached without the use of bolts. The object is to prevent fouling in tropical climates, and to preserve the iron. Iron model on a larger scale, showing the mode of construction. 94 Smale, Williajm, 13 Charlton Terrace, Woolwich— Inventor. Model of an anchor, which can be taken to pieces and stowed in one-third less room than an ordinary anchor. 95 HoNiBALL, James, 42 Cornhill—Patentee. Models of Porter's patent anchors, tested by order of the Lords of the Admiralty. Porter's Patent Anchors. These anchors (see fig.) are considered to possess superiority in strength and holding power. The advantages peculiar to their construction are—the protection of ships from accidents common with anchors of fixed arms, viz.: preventing fouling either at single anchor or otherwise; affording quick bite in all kinds of ground, hard or soft, and with short scope of cable will bring the ship up instantly; preventing damage to vessels in overlaying the anchor, or in passing over it in shallow water, as the upper fluke rests on the shank, it cannot enter the ship's bottom ; preventing vessels, while in crowded anchorage, from being hooked by the cables of other vessels; convenient for stowing on board, by dis- connecting the arms from the shank; easy of transport to or from a vessel in two boats, when the anchor is too heavy for one boat; and as, in proportion to the superior power of these anchors, less weight is required, thereby afibrding relief to ships' bows, and enabling them to sail with greater speed. 97 Betteley, J. & Co., Brunswick Dock, Liverpool— Inventor. Model of a windlass. 98 CoTTEW, J. E. 19 South Street, Laynheth—Inventor. Model of an improved windlass for raising ships' anchors. 99 Inglefield, Edward Augustus, R.N,, 9 Portsea Place, Connaught Square—Inventor. Model of H.M. brig Flying-Fish," fitted with a screw- propeller, to be worked by the capstan; also gearing for connecting the screw-shaft with the chain-pumps, A new application of the capstan, and of the chain-pumps. A small lever handle throws the screw into gear with the chain-pumps, and the revolution of the screw, conse- quent on the motion of the ship through the water in a gale, or even at anchor (in a tide-way), will pump the vessel out, without any manual labour. An anchor without a stock, and both flukes taking the ground, when in use. It is stated that this anchor cannot be fouled, nor can a ship damage herself should she ride over it. It has dotible the hold of an ordinary anchor ; it takes into two pieces; is easily catted and fished, and is simple in manxifacture. 100 Robinson, John, 6 Pattison Street, Stepney— Inventor and Proprietor. Three life-boats, which will free themselves speedily of water, and immediately right themselves in the event of being upset. Three patent steering machines, for ships or other craft, intended to economise space, with a spring rudder. Two patent machines, for raising weights, weighing anchor, &c., with facility, giving the ship chain, without surging on the windlass. Patent new pumping machine, for raising water from the hold of a vessel. 101 MuNTZ, Geo. Fred., M.P., Lirnehouse—Inventor. Patent ships' sheathing metal; intended to supersede the use of copper for that purpose. Patent metal rod for ships' fastenings. 102 Wood, JIb^-ry 8c Co., Liverpool. Wood, George, & Co., 275 Wapping—Manufacturers. Models of patent windlass purchase and spindles; Lam- port's patent ship's winch; M'Sweny's patent steering barrel; Porter's patent anchor; chain, cable-iron, &c. 103 Browning, Samuel J., 66 Hiih Street, Portsnwuth —Manufacturer and Inventor. Brass urn-shaped binnacle of new construction, with newly-invented compass. The same, bronzed by a new process. Brass urn-shaped binnacle, ornamented, on a painted and gilt pedestal. Invented by the exhibitor for Her Majesty's steam yacht "Victoria and Albert." Skeleton compass, with cards to show their application to Mr. Browning's newly-invented compass. Marine target of new construction. 104 Berthon, Rev. E. Lyon, Fareham, Rants—Inyentor. Patent perpetual log, for indicating the speed and lee- way of ships. Its novelty consists in the compensation, by which disturbing causes are neutralized. Patent clinometer, for showing the list and trim of ships, Collapsible life-boat, combining strength and capacity within small limits of stowage. The act of lowering ex- pands, and of raising collapses it; when open it contains a great volume of air in its longitudinal cells. 105 Taylor, Janet, 104 Minories—Manufacturer. A bronze binnacle, with compass, designed from the water lily. 106 Hemsley, Thomas, 11 King Street, Tower Hill— Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved ship's binnacle, containing a compass, fitted with transparent card and reflecting lamp; the lamp can also be used as a signal-light to other vessels, when re- quired. 108 Parkes, Henty Pershouse, Dudley—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. An anchor-shackle, swivel, and connecting shackles, as used in chain cables. A wrought-iron stud mooring-chain, made to supersede the chains formerly made with cast-metal stay, for hold- ing the floating light ships ofi" Liverpool. A patent flat pit chain or band, A solid link flat pit chain, intended to supersede the open link chain. 109 West, Commander, 1 James Street, Adelphi— Inventor. Marine compass, constructed on a principle which pre- vents the magnetic needle from oscillating more than one degree. Without this prevention the magnetic needle can oscillate forty-five degrees, \dz., till the lower part of the cone touches the pivot, causing continual revolutions and vibrations. On the exhibitor's principle, the mag- netic needle is always steady, and in the heaviest weather only vibrates four or five degrees. 110 Soulby, John, 126 High Street, Wapping— Manufacturer. Model of a safety windlass, made of two parts. Captain Cook's quadrant and compass, the identi- cal instrument used by that celebrated mariner in HIS VOYAGE round THE WORLD. 2 C 2 West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 111 Jenkins, James, 2 Union Row, Minories— Manufacturer. Boat binnacle, containing compass and lamp. 112 Fayrer & Robinson—Manufacturers. Model of a steering wheel. 113 ScouLLER, James, 65 Argyll Street, Glasgow— Inventor. Fog signal-light, for shore and ship signals. 114 Hastings, James, 24 Billiter Street, City— Proprietor. Model of a windlass, employed for raising and lower- ing ships' anchors, &c,, fitted with Johnstone's patent double-action lever purchase, also fitted with Gryll's patent whelps, which adjust the cable as it comes in, causing the turns to shift laterally; thus the leading turn is always in a line with the hawse-pipe, and the necessity of using a forebit stopper, and of fleeting over the cable, is obviated. The whelps being flat upon the face, and the links of the cable dropping into the cavities between, and abutting against the edge of the whelps, the cable is found to hold on, and is not liable to run out, except to the extent of a few links under a very heavy strain. The dangerous and troublesome operation of hooking up the cable, and fleeting it over upon the windlass, being got rid of, much time and labour is saved. Model of a ship's capstan, for raising anchors, &c., fitted with Johnstone's patent rim or cable-holder, which affords the advantage of being adapted for working chain- cables of various sizes; also fitted with Gryll's patent non-surging whelps. 115 Allison, Edward Wenman, ?>Q Nottingham Place, Stepney—Inventor. A steering wheel, to prevent accidents at sea. This wheel is entirely under the command of one man; and should any accident happen to him, it will remain without moving until another is sent to take charge of it. 116 Salter, John, West Street, Commercial Road— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of improved ship's capstan. 117 Spenceley, John, Whitstahle, near Canterbury— Inventor and Proprietor. Patent pillar and screw apparatus, for preventing ships from " hogging," and for restoring hogged ships to their original shear, for taking all strain off" the side fastenings, and preventing the butts from working. It can be used at sea, and the ship straightened without going into dock or laid ashore, and is applicable to steam-boats, men-of- war, and merchant vessels of all descriptions. 119 Mathews, T., 8'3 Berwick Street, Soho—Inventors. Model of a paddle-wheel. 120 Gilbert, Edward, Falmouth—Inventor. Registered marine signal lamp, which yields a light equal to a blue light. The wick, which is chiefly com- posed of metal, may be used for a very long period. The lamp and wick represented in the annexed cut. Gilbert's Registered Marine Signal Lamp. This lamp consists of a metal vessel of about the size of a two or three pint measure; it may be made of tin- plate or copper. It has a cover to prevent the waste or evaporation of the material used for producing the light, to which the wick is attached. In this vessel is siispended by the cover, a coil of metallic wire, interwoven or coiled with cotton or any other fibrous matter, for the purpose of holding a portion of the inflammable spirit, which may be either turpentine or any other of the well-known in- flammable liquids. The metalhc wick is held in the hand whilst exhibiting, and may be carried to any part of the ship without injury or danger, or be swung rapidlj^ round with the arm; thus forming a large circle of flame re- sembling a wheel rocket. 121 Chapman, J. T., 328 Wapping-—Inventor and Patentee. Brass models of patent shroud blocks, for setting up ships' rigging, and raising weights, as a substitute for the wooden dead-eye now in use. One man can raise, mth a pair of these blocks, a weight of three tons, A patent portable screw winch, for setting up ships' rigging, and for hoisting in cargo or raising great weights on shore. 123 Burgess, Francis, 18 Salisbury Street, Strand— Proprietor. Model of main and top masts, formed by splicing small pieces of wood; these may be made at sea should the masts of a ship be carried away, and no spar be on board; they are bound with iron hoops, shown by black stripes in the model. The object of this invention is to give increased strength and elasticity : the step and top being formed alike, should the step give out or decay, the mast may be reversed and so made good. 124 Simmens, J,—Producer. Model of Mounts Bay fishing-boat. 125 Smith, Stephen, Ship Yard, Waterford, Ireland— Inventor, Spring machine, for modelling ships of any form or dimensions. 126 Esdaile & Margrave, City Saw Mills, Regent's Canal —Manufacturers. Both way, J,, R.IST.—Inventor. The 20-inch cat and general purpose block, which had its strength proved by the testing-machine in H.M.'s dockyard, at Devonport, Oct., 1848, and bore the strain of 50^tons (unhurt); its weight only 2cwt, Iqr. 01b. Two models of masts and yards made to scale; one rigged with the old rope-strapped blocks &c., the other with the inventor's internal-strapped blocks, to show the contrast and the superior qualities to all others. Two models of cat-heads, with the old iron-bound cat- block and inventor's of reduced size, with weights to prove the difference in their comparative power, with a variety of blocks (from two sheaves in the pair up to fifteen). Models and drawings of lower yards fitted with in- ventor's slings and portable gear-blocks, which have been so successfully used in the largest ships in H.M.'s Navy so many years—and other inventions. 127 Russell, T. Scott, 37 Great George Street, Westminster—Inventor. Models of ships constructed on the wave principle:— 1. War steamer, with paddle-wheels, constructed by Messrs, Robinson and Russell, at Mill wall, showing the new patent system of armament, which enables a steamer to carry double the usual armament; capable of being fired parallel to the keel. This vessel is 550 tons; has 160-horse power; steams 15^ miles an hour when light, and 13^ when at her deepest immersion, with stores, ammunition, water, and provisions, and fuel for 2,500 miles, 2, War steamer, with paddle-wheels, on the same principle, of 1,200 tons, and 400-horse power; arma- ment, twelve 68-pounders. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 3. Paddle-wheel frigate, on the wave principle; same class as the " Terrible." 4. Sailing corvette, on the same principle, proposed by- Captain Fishbourne, and constructed by Dr. Phipps. 5. Various models of yachts and steamers, on the same principle, 128 Ordnance Survey Department. By Lieut.-Col. Hall—Producer. Description of Specimens forwarded by the Ordnance Survey Department:— I. —The Ordnance map of England and Wales, on the scale of one inch to a mile (equal to gg-gyg^^ part of the real size) in its present state of progress, consists of 90 sheets, double elephant size, mounted on linen, and form- ing a connected map 28^ feet by 23 feet 5 inches nearly, the more recently published sheets having, for greater convenience in engraving, been divided into four parts. The first sheets of part of Essex were published in 1805, and the last sheets included in this map, consisting of parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire, were published in 1844. The sheets of the north of Lancashire and Yorkshire, now in course of preparation, are obtained by reduction from the six-inch map of those counties; it being intended to publish the remaining portion of the map of England and Wales on the one-inch scale. The greatest number of impressions from any one plate sold to the public has been 5,500 for sheet No. 7, pub- lished in 1822; and on account of the large number of impressions that have been taken from the plates gene- rally, many of them are now in want of extensive repair. This will, however, be avoided in future, by preparing duplicate plates by the electrotype process, as new plates are finished. II. —The Ordnance map of Lancashire, on the scale of six inches to a mile (equal to -josso^^ P^^* size), mounted on linen, and forming a connected map 40 feet by 27 feet. The survey was commenced in 1841, and the engraving of the 112 sheets (each 3 feet by 2 feet), of which it is composed, has just been completed. The physical relief and features of the ground are exhibited by a series of contour lines, or lines of equal altitude, at every 25 feet vertical distance apart; and these contour lines, together with the altitudes (above the mean level of the sea), of a large number of bench marks made on convenient and permanent sites, are recorded on the map. A very large proportion of the ornament (woods and hedge-rows), and the whole of the altitude figures, are engraved on the copper-plates by the aid of stamps, and the tinting or shading on noblemen's and gentlemen's parks and demesnes, as well as that of the lands, is performed by steam machinery, recently introduced. III. —The Ordnance map of the city of Dublin, on the scale of five feet to one mile (equal to part of the real size), mounted on calico, and forming a connected map 20 feet by 14 feet 6 inches. The survey was made in 1838, but the principal details have been corrected to 1847. To render it more pecu- liarly applicable to the purposes of sanitary improvement, the present sewerage and the pipes for the supply of water have been inserted, together with contours at equal intervals of five feet in height. This map is published in 33 sheets, each sheet 3 feet by 2 feet. IV. —The Ordnance map of the town of Liverpool, on the scale of five feet to one mile (equal to jojgth part of the real size), mounted on linen, and forming a connected map of 26 feet by 15 feet. It is engraved in outline, and coloured by hand. The survey was completed in 1849, and the engraving was finished in September, 1850. It is published in 50 sheets (each sheet 3 feet by 2 feet), and it is considered to be on as large a scale as can be put together for any connected public map. The ornament (trees and shrubs), figures, and small words and initials, are engraved by stamps. The altitudes are given above the mean level of the sea. V. —Specimens of hill drawings made by G. W. Carring- ton, Esq., formerly employed on the Ordnance Survey, pre- pared for and used by the engraver as a guide in etching the hill features of the one-inch map of England and Wales, VI. - Specimens of hill engravings of the same sheets, by which the fidelity with which the engravers have fol- lowed the drawings may be seen. VII. —Two engravings of hills, in trio-tinto, by Mr. James Duncan, principal engraver at the Ordnance Survey Office, Dublin. 1. Map on the scale of one inch to a mile of part of the county of Kilkenny, Ireland. 2. Map of the same, on the scale of half an inch to a mile. The natural features of the country have been engraved on these maps (which have been reduced from the Ord- nance Contoured Survey) in a new and peculiar style, which has been named trio-tinto by the inventor, Mr. Duncan, because it combines the effects of mezzotinto, aquatinta, and stippling. It is not a tedious or a costly process, and is applicable to other subjects in art, as well as that of engraving hills upon maps, VIII. —Contoured index map to the townland survey of the county of Kilkenny, Ireland; mounted on a model of the ground in papier-mache, by Mr. William Dalgleish, engraver at the Ordnance Survey Office, Dublin. As there is no limit to the number of models which may be cast in a single mould, maps mounted in a similar manner can be produced at a cost very little exceeding that of the same maps unmounted, and such maps will be of essential service in elementary schools, by giving the pupils a more correct knowledge than they would otherwise obtain, of the relief traced out by the contour lines. IX. —1. Engraved sheets of part of the Ordnance Sur- vey of the county of Kilkenny, on which the hills have been shaded by aid of the contour lines. Scale six inches to one mile. 2. Outline map of the same, reduced from the above. Scale one inch to a mile. 3. Part of the contoured index map of the county of Kilkenny. Scale half-an-inch to one mile (equal to j2^o^h part of the real size). These specimens are intended to show the facilities afforded by the contours on the Ordnance maps for draw- ing the hills upon them, and for giving a correct delinea- tion of the features of the country. X. —1. South-east and north-east quarters of sheet 91, of the one-inch map of England and Wales, showing the physical relief of the country by contour lines, or lines of equal altitude, at equal vertical distances apart; re- duced from the six-inch map of Lancashire and York* shire. 2. The same sheets shaded as hill drawings for the guidance of the engravers in executing the one-inch map of England and Wales, prepared entirely from the in- formation afforded by the reduction of the contour lines from the six-inch map. XL—Small model of a portion of country near Bangor, in North Wales, and corresponding dra\\'ing of the same, by G. W. Carrington, Esq., late of the Ordnance Survey. XII. —Plan of the borough of Southampton, on the scale of six inches to a mile, by Charles Holland, pen- sioner from the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners. Reduced from the five-feet map of the borough, prepared by the Ordnance Survey Department for the use of the local authorities in 1847. XIII. —Diagram showing the principal triangulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, of which an account is now being prepared for publication. XIV. —Specimens of electrotyping:— 1. A copper-plate of the townland survey of the county of Donegal, engraved in 1837, and an impression from it. 2. An electro-matrix of No. 1, with the details erased, which have undergone alteration since the townland Survey was made. West End Gallery and South-West Galleby. 3. An electro-duplicate from th.e matrix, ISTo. 2, on which contour lines and other additions and alterations have been engraved, from the Ordnance survey in 1846-8, and two impressions of it, one of them taken imme- diately after its separation from the matrix, and the other taken from it in its present finished state. These specimens show more particularly the manner in which the process of electrotyping is applied to the pur- pose of revising the maps of the Ordnance Survey of the northern counties of Ireland, which must without its aid have been engraved entirely anew, as it would have been impossible to have carried out, on the original copper- plates, the extensive alterations which are necessary. 4. An original copper-plate of the Ordnance Survey of the City of Dublin, and an impression of it. 5. An electro-matrix of No, 4. 6. An electro-duplicate of No. 4, and an impression of it. 7. An unfinished copper-plate (as an index to the 5-feet plans of Manchester and Salford), prepared by electro- typing matrices from three different plates of the Ord- nance map of Lancashire, on the scale of 6 inches to a mile = xojgo; removing the detail exterior to the town- portion from the matrices, filing off the edges of the matrices at the junction lines of the sheets, and then depositing a duplicate plate on the joined matrices. 129 Ellis, F. A., Commander R,N., Great Yarmouth— Inventor. Model of a yacht, with a sliding keel, to enable her to go up shallow rivers and over bar-harbours. A method of suddenly lowering the mast to a level with the deck in a gale of wind. A projecting bow, which tends to keep the vessel up in a sea-way. 130 Macnab, John, 25 York Place, Edinburgh— Inventor. Model of an improved first-class sea-going steam-ship. 131 G-REEN, Richard, Blachwall—Owner. Model of the "Owen Glendower" East Indiaman, built at Black wall. 132 Howe, Joseph, Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Maker. Model of a clipper merchant schooner, complete and in working order. 133 Downs, Henry, Mile Town, Sheerness—De^ignQV. Model of a corvette of 20 guns, regularly built, fitted, armed, and rigged. 134 Lamport, Charles, Workington—^Designer. Model of one of Messrs. Lindsay & Co.'s line of ships to Calcutta; 800 tons register. 135 Clarke, Josi^ph Aug., 1 Hamilton Sq., Birkenhead— Designer. Model of a steam vessel to a scale of half an inch to the foot; intended to represent a steam vessel of improved construction, and to show how increase of speed may be obtained by using wheels with moveable floats, instead of wheels with fixed floats: wheels with moveable floats are attached to the model. 136 Northumberland Life-boat Committee, Somerset House, London—Producer. Models of life-boats, sent in to compete for the pre- mium of 100 guineas, offered by the Duke of Northum- berland, with the names of the designers or builders. Communicated by Captain Washington, R.N., F.R.S. 1 Ainsworth, John, Bridlington, Yorkshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 34 feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 4^ feet. 2 Anderson, Thomas, North Shields, Northumberland. Model of life-boat. Scale, 3 inches to a foot: length, 40 feet; breadth, llf feet; depth, 4 feet. 3 Beeching, James, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 36 feet; breadth, 9J feet; depth, 3^ feet. 4 Bertram, Jabies, 16 East Street, Manchester Square, London. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30^ feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 2J feet. 5 Blair, Robert, South Shields, Northumberland. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 35 feet; breadth, 12 feet; depth, 4^ feet. 6 Bosch, P. Van Den, Oosterhout, Netherlands. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 24 feet; breadth, 4J feet; depth, 2 feet. 7 Bremner, James, Wick, Scotland. Model of life-boat. Scale ^ inch to a foot: length, 33 feet; breadth, 12 feet; depth 3^feet. 8 Bromley, Gilbee, Sheerness, Kent. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 32 feet; breadth, 7 feet; depth, 3 feet. 9 Browne, John Harcourt, Moorgate Street, London. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1^ inches to a foot: length, 23 feet; breadth, 6 feet; depth, 3J feet. 10 Costain, Thomas, Liverpool. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 9^ feet; depth, 3^ feet. 11 EdmonD; John, Scarborough, Yorkshire. Model of life-boat (coble.) Scale, 1 inch to a foot: leng-th, 27 feet; breadth, 7^ feet; depth, 2|feet. 12 Falkingbridge, William, Whitby, Yorkshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 35^ feet; breadth, 8 feet; depth, 3^ feet. 13 Farrow, George, South Shields. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 10 feet; depth 3f feet. 14 Francis, Joseph, New York, United States. Model of surf life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 27 feet; breadth, 7 feet; depth, 2^ feet. Model of cutter. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 27^ feet; breadth, 6J feet; depth, 3 feet. Model of life-car. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 26J feet; breadth, 7^ feet; depth, 6^ feet. 15 Gale, John & Robert, Whitby, Yorkshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 11 feet; depth, 3^ feet. 16 Gale, G, Hamlyn, Swansea. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 28^ feet; breadth, 7| feet; depth, 2J feet. 17 Gaze, Thomas, Mundesley, Norfolk. Model of life-boat. Scale, li inch to a foot: length 30 feet; breadth, 10 feet; depth, 4^ feet. 18 Grant, William, Southsea, Hampshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 25 feet; breadth, 7f feet; depth 2^ feet. 19 Greener, William, Birmingham. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 37 feet; breadth 12 feet; depth, 2| feet, 20 GuRR, Charles, Portsea, Hampshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 1^ feet; depth, 3 feet. 21 Hall, Messrs., Aberdeen. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 33^ feet; breadth, 8^ feet; depth, 4 feet. 22 Harding, J. & J., Whitby, Yorkshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, lO^feet; depth, 3f feet. 23 Harvey, T., & Son, Halifax, Lpswich. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 \ inches to a foot: length, 41 feet; breadth, 11 feet; depth, 4 feet, 24 Hatt, Cyprian, Lowestoft, Suffolk. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 35 feet; breadth, 12 feet; depth, 4^ feet. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 25 Hay^ The Right Hon. Lord John, Devonport— Superintendent of H.M.'s Dockyard. Model of life-boat. Scale 1 finches to a foot: length 32 feet; breadth, 7ifeet; depth, 3 ft. 7in.; weight, 32 cwt. 26 HiNKS, Henry, Appledore, Devon. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 3^ feet. 27 Hodgson, Joseph, Sunderland. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 2^ feet. ' 28 Houten, William Van, Rotterdam, President of the South Holland Shipwreck Institution. Model of life-boat and carriage. Scale, f inch to a foot: length, 25 feet; breadth, 8 feet; depth, 3 feet. 29 Jones, Josiah, jun., Liverpool. Model of life-boat. Scale, f inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 9^ feet; depth, 4J feet. 30 Lee, George, Tweedmouth, Berwick. Model of life-boat (coble). Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 39 feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 4 feet. 31 Lyons, George, Portsea, Eavipshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 24 feetj breadth, 6J feet; depth, 3f feet. 32 MiLBURN, George, Blyth, Northumherland. Model of life-boat (coble). Scale, 2 inches to a foot: length, 37 feet; breadth, 8 feet; depth, 6 feet. 33 Orton, Reginald, Bishopswearmouth, Durham. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 26 feet; breadth, 6 feet; depth, 2^ feet. 34 Palmer, George, Nazing Park, Essex. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 26 feet; breadth, 6| feet; depth, 3| feet. 35 Patterson, William, Bristol. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 35 feet; breadth, 9.5 feet; depth, 3| feet. 36 Plenty, James, & Edward Pellew, Newbury, Berkshire. Model of life-boat and carriage. Scale, inch to a foot: length, 24 feet; breadth, 8 feet; depth, 4 feet. 37 Robinson, Alexander, Hartlepool. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 34 feet; breadth, 11 feet; depth, 4feet. 38 Robinson, Daniel, Gosport. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 7f feet; depth, 4feet. 39 Robinson, William Wharton, Hartlepool. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 36 feet; ^breadth, 12 feet; depth, 4 feet. 40 Saxby & Brain, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 7 feet; depth, 4feet, 41 Semmens, J,, & Thomas W., Penzance. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: leng-th, 30^ feet; breadth, 7^ feet; depth, 3f feet. 42 Severn, Henry Augustus, 21 Ja^nes Street, Buckingham Gate, London. Model of double life-boat. Scale, ^ an inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 8 feet; depth, 4^ feet. 43 Sharpe, Benjamin, Lieutenant, R.N., Hanwell Park, Middlesex. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 30 feet; breadth, 5 feet; depth, 3 feet. 44 Sinclair, Duncan, 122 Oxford Street, London. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: lengih, 30j feet; breadth, 11 feet; depth, 4^ feet. 45 Slater & Wright, Whitby, Yorkshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 31 feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 3|. 46 Sparke, William, Exeter, Devon. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 35 feet; breadth, 7 feet; depth, 4 feet. 47 Teasdel, William, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 32 feet; breadth, 10^ feet; depth, 3 feet. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 36 feet; breadth, lOi feet; depth, 3.i feet. 48 Thobipson, John, Eotlicrhithe, London. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 32 feet; breadth, 10 feet; depth, 3^ feet. 49 Tredwen, Richard, Padstow. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 32 feet; breadth, 6 feet; depth, 3^feet. 50 Turner, George, Z>eTO?^por^, Senior Assistant to Master Shipwright in H.M.'s Dockyard. Model of a safety gig for the coast guard. Scale 1^ in, to a foot: length, 36 feet; breadth, 5 ft, lOin,; depth, 2 ft. 7 in.; weight of boat and gear, 18 cwt. 51 Wake, Thomas, & Son, Sunderland. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 34 feet; breadth, 10|feet; depth, 3^ feet. 52 Wake, W. M., & R. F., Sunderland. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 36 feet; breadth, 9 feet; depth, 4 feet. 53 Whettem, James, Portsea, Hampshire. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 26 feet; breadth, 7i feet; depth, 2f feet. 54 White, Thobias & John, Cowes, Isle of Wight. Model of life-boat. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 32 feet; breadth, 8 feet; depth, 3 feet. Model of a safety galley. Scale, 1 inch to a foot: length, 25 feet; breadth, 7 feet; depth, 2^ feet, 136a Hawks, W. R,, Plantation House, Robin Hood's Bay, near Whitby—Inventor and Manufacturer, Model of life-boat, emptying itself, when full of water, in the short space of four seconds, by means of two aper- tures in the bottom. 137 Fawens, George—Inventor. A life-boat, of wood and cork. It is provided with 12 air-tight compartments, lined with gutta percha, contain- ing nearly 100 cubic feet of air, and three scuppers on each side of her keel for the egress of water. 138 MiLBURN, G,, Blyth, Northumberland—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 139 McLaren, William, 14: High Street, Camden Town— Manufacturer. Model of an 80-gun line-of-battle ship, fully rigged, sails bent, &c. Built entirely of variegated woods. 140 Constable, Henry, 22 Queen's Gardens, Brighton —Designer. Model of Lord Nelson's mode of attack on the com- bined fleet off the Cape of Trafalgar. 141 BiLBE, Thomas, & Co., Nelson Dock, Rotherhithe— Inventor. Model of a merchant ship. The frame timbers are arranged diagonally, by which great additional strength is given to the fabric, with tlie same thickness of materials as formerly used. This plan is economical from the smallness of the bevellings and elongation of the curves. 142 CoLEGRAVE, Francis dward. Round Hill House, BiHghton—Inv entor. Model of a brigantine, rigged and fitted with patent anchor, spring cable, and lanyard springs. The patent spring is intended to diminish the strain on the i-igging and anchor cable of vessels. 143 Brookes, Henry, 4:Q Mornington PL, Hampstead Road —Proprietor. Patent canal and river steam-tug, for hauling vessels on canals or narrow rivers, having neither paddles, wheels, nor screw propeller, with a double keel, and a well or trough between them, which may be closed at top West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. or bottom, or both, to form a hollow chamber or tube, inclined from the centre to the bottom at each end. Across this well at the centre are two wooden wheels, one over the other, which are driven by the steam engine. Along the bottom of the canal or river a flexible iron band or rail is laid about two inches and a half wide by one-eighth of an inch thick. This band being raised up into the well and laid between the two wheels, the upper wheel is screwed down and it becomes tightly compressed between them. As these wheels revolve, the band is drawn rapidly through them from stem to stern, when it again sinks to the bottom. 144 MuMFORD, William Thomas, 19 Edward Street, Deptford—Inventor. A model of the paddle-box of a steam frigate of 600 horse-power, with wheel and paddle-box boat, illustrating a plan for shipping and unshipping the boat. The ma- chinery consists of two straight davits, 8 feet 6 inches long, and two vertical stanchions, 11 feet 6 inches long, blocks and rigging, by the application of which the boat may be hoisted on or off with facility. Model of a gun-carriage for working a gun at a bow, broadside, or stern-port; it can be used with ease when the ship's bow or stern flares out at an angle of 25 degrees, and when wanted at a broadside port, the fore trucks can be fixed, and the slides removed immediately. 145 Admiralty, Somerset House—Producer. Series of Half-Models of Ships-of-War, fitted with Screw- Propellers :— 1. St. Jean d'Acre, of 100 guns, building at Devonport. 2. Agamemnon, of 90 guns, building at Woolwich. 3. Imperieuse, of 50 guns, building at Deptford. 4. Arrogant, of 46 guns, at sea. 5. Tribune, of 30 guns, building at Sheerness. 6. Highflyer, of 20 guns, building at Blackwall. 7. Archer, of 12 guns, at sea. 8. Cruizer, of 16 guns, building at Deptford. 9. Reynard, of 10 guns, at sea. 146 Admiralty, Somerset House—Producer. Series of Half-Models of Sailing Ships belonging to the Royal Navy :— 1. The Queen, of 116 guns, flag-ship in the Mediter- ranean. 2. Albion, of 90 guns, employed in the Mediterranean. 3. Hannibal, of 90 guns, building at Deptford. 4. Cflesar, of 90 guns, building at Pembroke. 5. Superb, of 80 guns, employed in the Mediterranean. 6. Cressy, of 80 guns, building at Chatham. 7. Cumberland, of 70 guns, flag-ship in the West Indies 8. Emerald, 60-gun frigate, building at Deptford. 9. Narcissus, 50-gun frigate, building at Devonport. 10. Diamond, 28-gun frigate, in ordinary at Sheerness. 11. Arachne, 18-gun sloop, at Devonport. 12. Siren, 16-gun brig, at Sheerness. 13. Pilot, 12-gun brig, employed in the East Indies. 14. Britomart, 10-giin brig. Series of Half-Models of Experimental Frigates of the Royal Navy :— 1. The Arethusa, of 50 guns. 2. Indefatigable, of 50 guns. 3. Leander, of 50 guns. 4. Phaeton, of 50 guns—all of the Experimental Squadron. 5. Raleigh, of 50 guns, in ordinary at Portsmouth. 6. Nankin, of 50 guns, in ordinary at Chatham. 7. San Fiorenzo, of 50 guns, building at Woolwich, 8. Thetis, of 38 guns, employed on south-east coast of America. 9. Inconstant, of 36 guns, in ordinary at Devonport. 10. Eurydice, of 26 guns, in ordinary at Portsmouth. 11. Spartan, of 26 guns, in ordinary at Devonport. Series of Half-Models of Experimental Brigs in the Royal Navy :— 1. Flying-fish, 12 guns. West Coast of Africa. 2. Espiegle, 12 guns, in ordinary at Sheerness. 3. Daring, 12 guns, in ordinary at Chatham. 4. Osprey, 12 guns, wrecked at New Zealand. 5. Mutine, 12 guns, wrecked in the Mediterranean. 6. Waterwitch, 10 guns, in ordinary at Chatham. 7. Pantaloon, 10 guns, Cape of Good Hope Station. Whole Models of Ships belonging to the Royal Navy :— 1. Queen, of 116 guns, flag-ship in the Mediterranean. 2. Royal Albert, 120 guns, building at Woolwich. 3. Vanguard, 80 guns, in ordinary at Devonport. 4. Cumberland, 70 guns, flag-ship in the West Indies. 5. Vernon, 50-gun frigate, in ordinary at Chatham. 6. Pique, 40-gun frigate, in ordinary at Portsmouth. 7. Siren, 16-gun brig, in ordinary at Sheerness. Models of Bows, Sterns, and Transverse Sections of Her Majesty's Ships :— Bow, stern, and transverse sections of H.M.S. Queen, These sections exhibit the most important features in the construction of the ship—the arrangement of her decks and the mould of the bow and stern. Bow and stern of H,M.S. Albion. Bow, stern, and transverse section of H.M.S. Vanguard and H.M.S. Pique. Stern of a 50-gun and a 60-gun frigate. Series of models of ships' boats. Bow, Stern, and Transverse Sections of H.M.S. " Queen." 147 Campbell, Alexander F,,(?r(?a^ Plumsiead, Norwich —Inventor and Patentee. Patent ship propeller in the model of a vessel with steam machinery, two blades revolving. Model of a screw steamer. 148 TwYMAN, H,, Ramsgate—Manufacturer. Model of a lugger used on the coast for rendering assistance to vessels in distress. 149 Mare, C. J. & Co., Orchard Yard, Blackwall— Designers and Manufacturers. Model of Her Majesty's iron screw steam-yacht, ''Fairy." Model of iron steam-vessels built for the Emperor of Russia, the Viceroy of Egypt, &c. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 150 Harris, Sir William Snow, Plymouth—Inventor. Practical models, illustrative of the system of con- ductors employed to protect Her Majesty's ships from Fig. 1. Sir W. S. Harris's Lightning Conductors. lightning:—!. General plan and construction of the eon- ducting plates, showing the alternate jointing of the plates. 2. Line of conduction on the masts from the vane to the step. 3. The conductor as applied to a topmast. 4. Ge- neral plan of the hull, with connecting branches and bolts ommunicating in various points with the sea, viz.: by the keel, at the sides; and at stem and stern. 5. Pre- paration of the step of the mast, with part of the keelson. This method of preserving ships against the effects of lightning has proved efl&cacious ; and it requires no care or interference on the part of the officers or crew. Since the full employment of this system in the Navy, no damage from lightning has been recorded. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Sir W. S. Harris's LightningXonductors. > Fig. 1 shows the line of conduction on the masts from the vane spindle to the step. Fig. 2 represents the moveable tumbler at the junction with the caps, in which A D is a copper plate fixed on the cap, N M an angular plate set on the hinge CD. P the conductor on the mast. This hinge is sometimes covered with a small saddle of wood, to prevent its being damaged. .—ITAVAL AECHITECTUEE, MILITARY ENGINEEEINa, West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. [United Fig. 3. The vane spindle; in wliicli s i is the portion inserted into the royal mast: s the thread of a screw for securing it: D a thick cylindrical base, with a hole at D for a small lever. Fig. 4. The step of the mast and portion of keelson. A B, M N the transverse and longitudinal branches passing round the step, and through the mortice at S. / c the branch over keelson; bolts a b c. [The several nautical and scientific conditions, which this system of lightning-conductors in ships professes to satisfy, are as follow:— The conductors are capacious, and always in place, consequently ready to meet the most unexpected danger, at all times, and under any circumstances, in which the general fabric in all its casualties may become placed. The system of conductors, whilst being permanently fixed throughout their whole extent, still admit, upon demon- strable principles of electrical action, the perfect motion of the sliding masts one on the other, or of any part of the mast being removed either by accident or design, without for an instant interfering with the protecting power. The conductors are independent of the of&cers or crew of the ship; so that the sailors are never required to handle or replace them, often a very perilous and annoying service. The conducting plates are quite clear of the standing and running rigging: the whole series is calculated to resist external violence, and at the same time yield to any flexure or strain incidental to the spars to which they are applied. Finally, the whole system is so arranged, that a discharge of lightning falling on any part of the ship could scarcely enter upon any circuit in its course to the sea, of which the conductors did not form a part; hence arises that perfect security which experience has shown to be derived from such a system. In the original conception of this system, the inventor was led to consider the electrical discharge, as seen in the phenomenon of lightning, to be an explosive form of action of some unknown agency in nature when forcing its way through resisting matter, such as air, all vitreous and resinous bodies, and some other kinds of matter; whilst in traversing other bodies, ofiering but a very small re- sistance to its progress, this explosive form of action we call lightning becomes transformed into a sort of compara- tively quiescent current. The attempt was, therefore, to bring a ship, as far as possible, into that passive or non- resisting state which she would possess as regards the elec- trical discharge, supposing the entire mass were metallic throughout, so that, from the instant the agency of lightning struck upon any portion of the masts aloft, the explosive action would vanish, and the electrical discharge be prevented from traversing the vessel under the form of lightning. The following extract from the official journal of H.M.S. Conway, 28, whilst ;^roving, by a great natural experiment, in common with numerous other cases, the truth of this deduction, is of no ordinary interest in practical science:— Port Louis, Isle of France, 9th March, 1846, 11.45 A.M. The pendant staff at main-top mast-head was shivered in pieces by lightning, Harris's conductor car- rying off the fluid without further damage." The ship was refitting at this time, and the top- gallant masts on deck, so that a small spar was set up at the top-mast head as a temporary support for the pendant; this spar had not, consequently, any conductor on it. It is seen by the ship's journal, that the spar was shivered in pieces by the explosive action, which became imme- diately transformed into a comparatively quiescent Cur- rent on reaching the line of conduction. The report of the thunder was as if one of the main- deck guns had been fired. The gunner, who was sitting in his berth, immediately under one of the lateral branckes of the conductor passing through the ship, saw, throiigh the scuttle port, a brilliant blaze of light from the ship upon the sea, but experienced no inconvenience.] 151 Husband, J., Mylor, Falmouth—Inyentor and Constructor. Model of a new life-boat. Frame of a merchant ship, showing a plan of seeming heads and heels of timbers, without chocks or dowells. 152 Aldebert, L, 57 Long Acre—Inventor. Model of a first-class frigate. 153 TuRNBULL, Egbert, South Shields—Designer. Model of the hull of a merchant ship, of 867 tons 0. M., built according to Lloyd's rules, on a scale of a quarter of an inch to the foot. 154 TuRNBULL, Edwin, Whitby, Yorkshire— Manufacturer. Models of a 74-gun ship, of the time of Lord Nelson, and of the steam-ship ''Phoenix." 156 Hall, Jabies, Bromley, Bow, Middlesex— Proprietor. Models of ships' rudders, and a plan for wearing a ship without a rudder. 157 Bell, Hugh, Baltic Wharf, Millbank—Inventor and Manufacturer. Life-boat, for the beach, on the scale of 1 inch to the foot. One end of the boat. The lines representing the manner in which the two layers of planks should cross each other, and the keel and keelson in single planks from gunwale to gunwale. It is intended that there should be a waterproof elastic material between the layers of planks, to prevent escapage, and to diniinish the effect of concussion. Gutta-percha canister fitted into the boat. Copper canister, which may fit the same end of the boat. Scoop to bale out the water after the plugholes are stopped. Cradle for transmitting every kind of boat from place to place on land. A set of boats in the position of a ship's long boat, intended for emigrant passenger, troop ships, and men-of-war. 158 Browne, Wm. Cheselden, Totness, Devonshire— Inventor. Model of " The Princess Royal," 120-gim ship, made of wood and card-board. 159 Harvey, D., 3 Currming Place, Pentomille Hill— Inventor. Model of Her Majesty's royal yacht '' The Victoria and Albert," on a scale of one-eighth of an inch to the foot; and of ''The Fairy," screw yacht, on a scale of one-eighth of an inch to the foot. A tender to the same. Also of a 46-gun fidgate, on a scale of three-eighths of an inch to the foot. It is not modelled in the usual way, but is practically built, with frame timbers, and planked over, having one plank streak left out to show the dis- position of the timbers. 160 Gray, John, Newhaven, Sussex—Ship-builder. A mechanical model of a South Sea whale fishery ship, on a scale of ^ inch to the foot, with all the lengths of timbers, plank, &c,, properly shifted, butted, and fastened as required by Lloyd's rules to Class 12 A 1 in the registry; as also in every other part of the model as far as it is completed. There are in the frame 611 sepa- rate timbers, 19 lower and 22 upper deck beams, 1,844 treenails, 4,710 bolts. 161 Horn, Henry, Victoria Cottage, Kingston, Portsea —Manufactvirer and Designer. Model of a 12-gun brig, on a slip for launching; scale a quarter of an inch to a foot. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 162 White, —, Producer. Model of the " Samuel Enderby." 163 Miller, Ravenhill, & Co., RatcUff and Blachwall —Engineers and Ship-builders. Model of the Jupiter" steam-boat, running between Blackwall and Gravesend. Designed by Edward Pasco. 164 Rose, John Thomas, Regent Street, Leith— Designer. Model, in oak, of a Roman war-galley (Quadrireme), illustrative of Mr. Howell's theory of the Polycrota. According to this theory, the ''banks" were reckoned in the direction of the galley's length, and not from the number of tiers as generally supposed. On the common theory, Ptolemy Philopater's galley, of forty banks of oars, must have been nearly two hundred feet in its height from the water; on the above theory it need not have exceeded ten feet. The oars (40 in number) are put in motion by a handle at the side. 165 Smith, Henry, 208 RotherUthe Street, Rotherhithe —Manufacturer. A built model of the barque Ealing Grove," on a scale of one-third of an inch to a foot, one side left open to show the construction. 166 Holl, J. & Co., Vamhall Wharf—Inventor. Model of a barge. *** From 167 to 180 in Fast End Prussian Gallery South. 167 Wentzell, A., Lambeth—Manufacturer. Light gig, built of mahogany, maple, and chesnut, with carved back and morocco seat. Racing boat, built of ma- hogany and maple. Model of a registered life-boat, built with tumblehome sides, the sides and ends divided into compartments, the bottom perforated so that the water finds its level as fast as the sea breaks over it. 168 Forsteb, John & Thomas, Streatham—Inventors. Boat, built of wood coated on both sides with a com- pound of gutta percha and India rubber. Sections of boats and small cases, of the same. Samples of water- proofing. Accoutrements made of the same. Specimens showing the efiect of shot. 169 Searle, George, & Sons, Stangate, Lambeth— Manufacturers. Model of the state barge of the Lord Mayor of London —scale, 1 inch to a foot. {Main Avenue West.) Boat, called, on the Thames, a pair-oared gig. Fig. 1. 169a Brown, Joseph, 71 I^eadenhall Street— Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered portable raft for the preservation of life from shipwreck, &c. Patent double-action sofa bed, intended to prevent sea sickness. Patent fire-escape; it forms a raised platform, and may be used as a scaffold, for exterior decorations, &c. 170 Lapthorn, James, Gosport, Hants—Sailmaker. Model of a brig yacht, 450 tons, with spars and sails. 171 Ruthven, Morris West, New Street, Edinburgh— Inventor and Patentee. Model of a steam-vessel, with improvements in propel- ling and navigating. To the engine shaft is attached wheel, working in a water-tight case, to which water is supplied, and from which it is allowed to escape by a pipe, terminated by a nozzle on either side the ship, which by universal joints can be i-aised or depressed to any angle, directed forwards, backwards, or downwards simulta- neously or alternately, thereby giving a greater or less speed to the ship either ahead or astern, or causing her to remain stationary; or by placing one nozzle ahead and the other astern the vessel is made to go about or alter her course, so that if the rudder be carried away those on deck can affect her motion or speed without altering that of the engine. 172 Shuldham, Molyneaux, Melton, Woodbridge— Inventor. Patent revolving masts, &c. The assumed utility of the invention consists in causing the masts to revolve, by which manual labour in the evolution of tacking " is avoided. These masts are adapted to yachts, despatch vessels, and coast cruisers ; but more particularly to coasters or ves- sels voyaging in intricate navigations, or in the Arctic Seas. Illustrations of a method of ballasting vessels, com- bined with the revolving rig. A boat made to show a method of constructing a re- volving mast, adapted for small boats, and for two-masted luggers, up to 20 tons, by the aid of a spreader for one, or a pair of shrouds, with an apparatus to show that the plan is also adapted for small pleasure-boats. 173 Penrice, Lieut., R.E., Ordnance Survey, Hull— Inventor and Proprietor. Model of the stern of a vessel, with a new propeller and machinery, the object being to obtain a more direct reaction, less slip, and greater velocity of stroke. Re- gistered April, 1851. Fig. 2. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 174 Dempster^ Henry, 1 Cannon Street, Hamburgh Place, Leith—Inventor. Drawing of a simple telegraph, being a system of sea signals, whicli, by means of colours, indicate the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and the points of the compass. Mast with model flag of the true size. 176 PiLKiNGTON, John, Goole, Leeds—Inventor. A wrought-iron keelson, for wood-built ships. Its ob- ject is to give a greater degree of strength and durability, without any additional dead-weight, and to obviate the great difficulty in obtaining suitable lengths and sizes of oak timber. This keelson, being tubular and perfectly water-tight, assists in ballasting vessels when clear of cargo, by opening a valve to admit water; it is afterwards let off into the bottom of the ship, and pumped out in the ordinary way. The keelson may be used as a water- tank. [By lowering the centre of gravity of a ship its stability is increased: the best position for the ballast, therefore, is the lowest, viz., the keelson.—S. C] 177 CoRTE, —, Inventor. Model of a rocket apparatus. 178 NoULTON & Wyld, Fore Street, Lambeth— Manufacturers. London outrigger sculling boat, for racing; the body of this boat is in one plank, from head to stern, and side to side, without a join or reel, and '^is the first boat so built;" by this means a more beautiful mould can be obtained, and less resistance is offered to the water. Model of an eight-oared shallop, with awnings; with an improved mould of floor and bow. 179 BiFFEN, William, Hammersmith—Inventor and Builder. A rigged portable boat, the length of which may be re- duced from 30 feet to 10. In case of accident to any compartment this boat will still float with her rower. 180 Hubbard, Charles, Dickleburgh, near Scole, Norfolk —Inventor. Gutta percha portable boat, for crossing detached in- land waters; it carries two persons, and weighs only 30 lbs. Miniature working model of a portable machine for climbing precipices; illustrated by a model of the crags on the Orkney coast. Case of ornithological specimens. From 181 to 197 with Class 5, Ground Floor North. 181 Brooker, James, Marxjport—Designer. Figure-head: Ceres picking up the veil of her daughter Proserpine. ^ 182 Gladstone, John, jun., & Co., Liverpool— Manufacturers. Model of ship's windlass purchase, for raising anchors, chain-cables, and other heavy weights on board ships. Sufficient to ride the ship without the possibility of having the windlass upset. With this machine less than half the usual number of hands are required to weigh the anchor, &c. [The ordinary ship's windlass is a spindle-shaped beam, polygonal in transverse section, acting horizontally at right angles to a line bisecting the ship from stem to stern, and working in and bearing upon stanchions, called knight-heads," strongly fixed to the ship's deck and deck timbers, immediately abaft the foremast. The use of the windlass is to raise or weigh the anchor by means of the cable, which is made to take a turn round the windlass beam, whose spindle shape enables it to present itself at right angles to a line drawn from either hawse- hole, under which the anchor may lie, for the ship is hove short upon her anchor by means of the more quickly moving but less powerful capstan, before the windlass is called into action. The purchase" of a windlass is the power applicable to work it, or rather the means provided, as the handspike levers in ordinary use, of applying the power of the men to turn the beam, and wind or hoist up the anchor by its cable. Nothing can exceed the simplicity or the strength of the ordinary ship's wind- lass, having regard to the size and strength of the ship herself; but there is room for improvement in the power and in the speed of a windlass, and the means of doing the same work with fewer hands would be a great advan- tage.—W. H.] 184 Ferguson, C. A. & T., Mast House, Mill Wall, Poplar—Inventors and Manufacturers. _ Model representing a mast 99 feet long and 33 inches diameter: the principal objects of which are, economy in the first cost of materials, and the practicability of building large masts with small timber. An improved fid for ships' or steam-vessels' topmasts and topgallantmasts, also for cutters' bowsprits, to facili- tate striking the same, without any necessity to ease off lanyards, or heaving on the heel rope. Also a model of the fid, showing its action. Two models of sections of deck, stanchions, &c., of a ship of war, with improved gun, for increasing the angle of horizontal pointing, and for projecting outboard at bows, sterns, and quarters, where the rake is so great; fitted with angle-meter, which will show the true position of the gun. (Gun invented by H. R. Caselli.) Registered gun-carriages and appurtenances, showing the action of the improvements for working them. Blocks, with sheaves and pins for them, showing the different improvements introduced. The old principle, wood sheave and pin. The iron- coaked sheave and iron pin. The brass-coaked sheave and turned iron pin. The anti-friction gun-metal roller- coaked sheave and turned iron pin; and the highly com- pressed leather-coaked sheave, and turned iron pin. 185 Ansell, Charles, Tottenham—^Designer. Sailing gun-punt on a new plan, with water-tight bulk- heads, and the mast so placed as to allow the gun to be fired when under sail. Tackle for the same, capable of being stowed within board. Adapted for wild-fowl shooting on the coast. Stanchion gun, with stub twist barrel, and improved spring, composed of discs of vulcanized India rubber, to ease the recoil. Range, 150 yards. 186 Weld, Joseph, Lulworth Castle, Wareham— Designer. Model of a 12-gun brig-of-war, built on scientific prin- ciples, calculated to insure fast sailing. 187 Anderson, J., North Shields—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 188 Jeffery, Walsh, & Co., Marine Glue Works, < Limehouse—Inventors. Specimens of patent elastic, adhesive, and insoluble marine glue, showing its utility in naval architecture, and its durability and cleanliness. Piece of the mast of the ''Cura9oa," found inseparable, even by the wedge, on return from South America. Piece of mast tested by the hydraulic press—22 tons required to remove one splinter—joints remaining perfect, giving an additional strength dispersed over the internal surfaces of a first-rate's main of 3,304 tons. Section of the same, showing fracture. West End GALiiERY and South-West Gallery. Jib tongued and joined with glue. Block of elm joined with glue and exploded with powder; the joint remaining entire. Piece of glued deck; the interior of the vessel de- stroyed by fire. Oak cannon ball joined and fired with 8 oz. powder at Woolwich, in 1842, at an angle of 45 degrees, at the request of the late Sir I. M. Brunei, to try the efiect of concussion on the joint when rebounding on the earth in its fall; the joint remaining entire. Deal block; square foot of surface glued; wood broke at 4 tons, thus giving, at 3 tons per foot, upwards of 25,000 tons additional strength dispersed over the hull of a first-rate. Model mast exploded with powder, rending the timber but not the joints; the glue confining the splinters; with section of the same. Model mast, made of northern seasoned timber; dur- able and strong; with section of the same. Circular timber, converted from the straight by means of the glue. Mahogany deck, payed with marine glue. Two seams payed with glue, and two with pitch, ex- posed to the same temperature; showing the efiect of the sun on topsides of vessels under the line. In the construction of made-masts, the marine glue admits of small seasoned Dantzic, or northern timber, being used instead of yellow pine. Upwards of 200^. is said to be saved in one mast, in its first construction, and upwards of 25,000 tons additional strength dispersed over the hull, and 6,384 tons over the internal surfaces of the masts of a first-rate ship. This calculation is under the actual strength, being calculated at three tons per square foot instead of four—the timber's breaking strain. A Commission recently appointed by the Admiralty, to collect evidence and report their opinion on the value of the marine glue, for the use of the invention in Her Majesty's Navy, collected evidence to this efiect, viz.:— That out of the 130 vessels which have been glued in the Eoyal Navy, one caulking and paying with glue has been found equal to three times with pitch; besides other valuable evidence as to its cleanliness, security^ and com- fort to crews. At an examination, some months since, in Sheerness yard, of the masts and bowsprits of five line-af-battle ships, all made since 1841-2, of yellow pine timber with- out marine glue, 16 out of 20 were found rotten and condemned, although the masts of three of the ships had never been in commission; while all the masts and yards made with marine glue, in 1842-3, have been found, on their return from foreign service, inseparable even by the wedge, as testified in official reports. The rapid rotting of yellow pine masts made on the old method is well known; and it was as a remedy for this that the committee of master shipwrights attached the highest importance to the marine glue; stating—''that should it be found to retain its great adhesive force, after years of trial in a tropical climate, masts for the future might be made of small seasoned timber, and a great saving effected throughout the navy." [Decks, or rather the joints between the planks which form the floors or decks of ships, are usually caulked with oakum; the joints being merely narrow spaces which the caulking fills up. The joints are made open, that the planks, being of wood, may have room to swell when wetted, and the caulking ought to be so elastic as to yield to compression, and return again upon the shrinking of the planks in dry weather, and capable at the same time of resisting water. These requisites, oakum, with the admixture of a little tar, is found to possess in a great degree, and, aided by a paying of pitch on the surface of the seam, answers very well for the caulking of lower decks. Pitch is useless for this purpose on upper decks. Any substance possessing the qualities above alluded to as requisites, being impervious to the weather, not liable to be destroyed by moisture, as ordinary animal glue is, and yet capable of being used and of acting adhesively, as being durable and cleanly, must be of value. ''Made-masts" are masts not in one tree, log, or spar, as to its transverse section, but made up or built of several pieces fitted together and hooped, as a cask is. It is difficult in practice to fit and bring together the parts of a made-mast so closely as not to require some packing in the joints, to aid the hoops in preventing movement among them, and to keep out water from the body of the mast. The glue referred to is intended to supply the packing, to cause adhesion of the parts of a made-mast, and to exclude the water.—W. H.] 189 0'Conner, Hugh, Limerick—Inventor. Model of a rotatory boat pump. 190 Anderson, Robert, Westoe, South Shields— Inventor. Small pattern life-boat, clinker-built, fitted with air- tight ceiling, feathered and grooved up to her gunwales, forming an air-tight inner skin. This boat has a well or tank in her centre bottom, holding 44 gallons of water, with which it is ballasted when in the water with the crew on board;—and when the well is full, the valves shut down tight by their own weight. The boat is also provided with air-tight compartments in her bottom sur- rounding the well, to the sides and ends, rising at each end with nearly the same sheer as the gunwale and in other parts. The boat is intended to answer either for beach service or for a passenger ship or steamer; for the latter purpose it is fitted with two small self-working lug-sails, and a jib and a rudder to use when under sail. The well, in this service, can be filled with fresh water, and the air-cases with bread and provisions. This boat has been severely tested in heavy broken water on the hard sand, and could neither be swamped nor upset. 191 Trail, Archibald, 8 Upper East Smithfield —Inventor and Patentee. Patent storm sails: the novelty consists in the appli- cation of narrow corded bands of one inch in breadth, with cords wove therein, being sewn in reversed angular directions, on the fore and after part of the sail, the ends of which are spliced into the bolt rope. By this means the destructive effects of the wind are confined within the limit of the diamond (being about 46 inches), and the sail wears much longer, by equalizing the strain over all its parts. 192 Addison & Gilbert, Emmett Street, Poplar— Inventors. Two models, one of a patent main-topsail, and the other of a patent jib, showing the graduated variation in the width of the seams used in making sails; intended to give greater strength and durability to the sails, with less canvas. 193 Robinson & Russell—Builders. Model of a Prussian war steamer. 194 Carpenter, E. J., Capt., Senior United Service Club—Inventor and Patentee. Duplex rudder and screw propeller.—The engraving represents a stern view of a vessel with two rudders and two screw propellers, fitted in new positions for improved steering and propelling. From the midship section of the vessel to the stem, no alteration is introduced into the form of the hull; but abaft this point they commence. First, the keel, with the dead wood, stern-post, and rudder, are removed, and the flooring above receives a suitable form for strength. Two additional keels lie in a line parallel with the former keel, but placed at a dis- tance of two or more feet, according to the size of the vessel, on either side of it, terminating at the midship section in the fore-part, and in a line with the former West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. stern-post in the after-part. Framework is carried down to these keels, leaving a free channel for the water to run between them in the direction of the midship keel. A stern-post is placed at the end of the additional keels, and upon each of them hangs a rudder. Carpenter's Duplex Rudder and Screw-propeller. A screw-propeller works in an orifice in each frame- work, on the common arrangement. One of the propel- lers is a little more aft than the other, to allow full play- to both, and yet economise space in the mid channel. The appearance of the vessel in the water is not altered in the side view, neither is it much changed in the stern view. The consequence of this new arrangement is, that the rudders and propellers are acting with double effect in each case. The rudders are receiving an increased power, because the impact of the water upon them takes place at an angle which is constrained by the situation of the keels, and which is the most favourable that can be had. The two propellers, also, revolving as they do in water confined in a limited space, are working to considerable advantage. The effect actually produced is, that, when required, a vessel can be turned about in nearly half the space that a single rudder can turn it, and the two pro- pellers will give a proportionate increase of speed. The advantages gained by the new construction of the vessel are considerable. There will be more strength, more bearings in the run, and more breadth for cabin room. The rolling and pitching will be reduced very considerably. The vessel will not make lee-way as formerly; the vibration, or tremulous motion, will be lessened. The safety of the vessel will be very much increased, because the duplex rudder will have the effect of instantaneously changing the direction should she be running into some unexpected danger; also, if one rudder should be damaged, the other can be used to steer with. The propellers also can be used separately when required. For river navigation, the advantages obtained by the two rudders and two propellers will jointly enable the screw principle to be applied to steam-boats plying in shallow water, such as the Thames above London Bridge, or to vessels having small draught of water. For Trans- atlantic ships the use of the two rudders and two propel- lers will jointly ensure their making a passage in less time and at less expense than before, also with more cer- tainty and safety than can possibly be done by a single screw or paddle-wheels. The duplex rudder is applicable to paddle-wheel as well as screw steam-boats. 195 Laurie, R. W., 8 Carlton Place, Laurieston, Glasgow—Inventor and Patentee. Various articles for the preservation of life and pro- perty at sea. Buoyant mattresses, mattresses forming boats, cushions, pillows, bolsters, and portmanteaus, con- structed to support from one to ten persons in water. Life-floats and belts, self-inflating, without valves. Model of a life-boat, fitted with self-acting valves, and traversing shot-ballast. Should the boat, by accident, be upset, it will instantly right itself on either side, and empties itself of water in one minute. Constructed by Messrs. Forrester & Co., boat-builders, Limehouse. Model of an apparatus called the ''Otter," for manoeuvring vessels at sea. The two latter inventions are patented by the ex- hibitor. 197 Taylor, Francis, 6 Laurie Street, Leith— Inventor and Maker. Marine chair, that will support three persons in the water in case of accidents at sea; it is propelled by two short oars. Deck seat, capable of supporting two persons in the water. A portable chair or camp stool, on which two or three persons, each of them having an air-pillow attached to the breast, can propel themselves while in the water. Model of a seat intended for steam-vessels, to a scale of three inches to a foot; a seat of this construction, eight feet long, will support upwards of twenty persons in the water, seven being placed in the middle compart- ment and the others holding on by the sides and ends. The following models are made to a scale of one inch to a foot:— Models of life-boats, which, if upset, will right them- selves again, on carriages for conveyance, and for launch- ing when brought to the sea. Model of a substitute for a life-boat, seated for sixteen persons, which may be constructed by four or five men in a few hours, if materials be at hand, viz., two logs of light wood, or the yard of a ship cut across the middle, or a few planks of fir, and also timber for seats, &c., two large casks to be fastened at the extreme ends on the upper side. This, if upset, will right itself again; if thick boards can be got, long prismatic boxes may be made for the sides, which are much lighter than the solid sides. Model of a life-boat, for eleven persons, the framed part considered to be a ship's fender of great length, and carried always vnth. the ship, the tins on the extreme ends representing two water casks emptied and bunged up. Model of a ship's fender; while used as such, having the gunwale-pieces and fo&t-board placed temporary on the outside of the frame. Model of a substitute for a life-boat, supposed to be made of two halves of the yard of a large ship, and with other pieces of light wood, as fir. Model of a ship's seat, to carry two persons, and having the oars fixed ready for using. 199 Naylor, Isaac, Monk Bretton, near Barnsley— Inventor. Patent alarm-gun for the protection of property and game. The number of barrels in the gun may be varied from four to twenty. It will explode at intervals of half a minute, in all kinds of weather. 200 Wilkinson & Son, 27 Pall Jfa//—Manufacturers. 1. A large stanchion, or punt gun, with gun-metal stock and spiral recoil spring, for wild-fowl shooting, on improved principles, with loading rods and apparatus, and a moveable butt to admit of greater elevation in the boat. 2. A pair of best double-barrel fowling pieces, made to reverse (i. e. either pair of barrels to fit either stocks) with case and apparatus complete. 3. A patent rifle with the lock on the under side; the whole mechanism of lock, guard, trigger, and trigger-plate, consisting of only four pieces. Invented and manufac- tured by the exhibitor. 4. A series of illustrations, showing the difierent stages of the manufacture of gun-barrels:— (a.) Horse-shoe nails, or stubs. (B.) Old coach-springs, cut up by means of shears. (c.) Scrap stub-iron. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. (d.) a gun-barrel in its various stages, made of a mixture of stubs and steel (a. and b.), first twisted into a spiral, then partially welded by jumping, then com- pletely welded, and the figure of the iron brought out by acids. (e.) a bar of iron made from scrap (c), for Damascus twist. (f.) a bar of steel, made from scrap (b.), for Damascus twist. (g.) Twenty-one bars of iron and steel (e. and e.), packed alternately for welding (h.) Twenty-one bars (g.) welded together. (i.) A square rod made by drawing out the mass (h.) between rollers. (j.) The square rod (i.) twisted round its own axis, and then flattened, showing the figure produced. (k.) Specimen to show the manner in which the figure called Damascus twist is produced; two bars or rods (i.), are first twisted round their axis the whole length, the one to the right and the other to the left, then flattened and welded together, then twisted spirally to form the barrel as in (d.), partially welded by jumping, and the welding completed, filed at the end, and the figure produced. (l.) a similar specimen, finer; composed of two bars of 48 alternations of iron and steel. (m.) a similar specimen, composed of three smaller bars of 21 alternations. (n.) a similar specimen, called ''chain twist." (o.) A similar specimen, called ''steel Damascus." (p.) A finished barrel, composed of seven different kinds of twist. 5. Presentation cimeter, of arabesque pattern, standard silver richly chased and gilt, ornamented with 104 precious stones, consisting of emeralds, rubies, turquoises, jacynths, topazes, amethysts, chrysolites, carbuncles, garnets, moonstones, &c. The blade made of temper equal to those of Damascus or Toledo, combines emboss- ing with engraving on tempered steel, bluing and gilding, so as to form two elevations of ornamental pattern above the dead gold groundwork. Also, a gold sword-knot. The whole in mahogany case, lined with crimson velvet, purple and gold cord waist-belt, of oriental patterns with chased clasp, ornamented with precious stones, emeralds, jacynths, and large amethysts. (See figure.) 6. A series of all the regulation swords in use in the British army and navy, as originally submitted to the Commander-in-Chief and to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, by the exhibitor, and approved and adopted by general orders:— (a.) Regulation Infantry sword, as by general order dated March 10, 1845. (b.) Regulation sword for Royal Engineers. (c.) Light Cavalry and Royal Artillery sword. (d.) Heavy Cavalry sword. (e.) 1st Life Guards' sword. (/.) 2nd Life Guards' sword, (g.) Roj'-al Horse Guards' (Blues) sword, (h.) Regulation Highland claymore. (*.) General officers' cimeter. (k.) Admiral's dress cimeter. (/.) Regulation sword for Royal Navy, as per Admiralty order, dated November 23, 1847. 7. A sword worn by some of the Irregular Cavalry in India; the hilt of steel, electro-plated with silver; the scabbard of German silver. 8. A coat of chain mail, of tempered steel, electro-plated with silver; also a pair of gauntlets, bridle, &c., of the same material, as worn by some of the Irregular Cavalry in India. 9. Two helmets, covered with electro-plated steel chain mail, in gold and silver, to be used without a plume. 10. A Highland claymore, copied from an old one by Andrea Ferrara, 11. Regulation and other sword belts. 12. A Highland dirk, as designed and manufactured by the exhibitor, for Her Majesty's 74th Highlanders. 13. A series of illustrations, showing the different stages of the manufacture of sword-blades:—■ (a.) Swedish bar iron, (b.) Blistered steel, (c.) Ingot of cast-steel, (d) Bar, tilted down from ingot (c.) ((?.) Double sword mould, tilted down from bar (c?.) (/.) One sword mould, or ((?) broken in two. (g.) Sword mould, partly forged and prepared to receive the iron Wilkinson's Presentation Cimeter. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. tang (A). (/«.) Iron tang, (i.) Iron tang welded to blade (^.) (/s.) Forging of blade completed. (Z.) Blade hardened, (m.) Blade tempered, (w.) Blade ground, (o.) Blade polished, (p.) Blade embossed and finished, (g.) Sword hilts, scabbards, &c., in various stages of manufacture. [The weapon so long celebrated under the name of Andrea Ferrara, was an excellent description of broad- sword used chiefly in Scotland. This name is found engraved on all the Scottish broadswords considered of peculiar excellence. The name and the works of this celebrated maker form the sole record of his existence. His manufactory, and even the period when he flourished, are buried in oblivion. It has been supposed he was a Spanish or Italian artificer, brought over by James IV. or James V., to instruct the Scots in the manufacture of sword-blades. When genuine, the blades were always marked with a crown. The material for swords is obtained from Shefl&eld, in the form of a piece of steel sufiicient for two swords, and technically called a " mould." This is first beaten out to the proper length by the forger; it is then hardened and tempered by alternate heating and dipping in cold water; after this the blade is ground by a millstone driven by steam-power. The blade is subsequently proved by striking it on the flat side, vdth all the force of a power- ful man, against a stone, and in other ways. The sword is then polished, ornamented, and mounted.—W. C. A.] 201 Jennens & Co., 56 Conduit Street—Manufacturers. Specimens of military officers' cap-plates, breast-plates, and buttons; and naval, fancy, and livery buttons. 202 Allen, W. D. & Co., 124 New Bond Street— Inventors and Manufacturers. A new ventilating hat; the ventilation is in the lower crown. For hot climates it allows a current of air be- tween the sun and head. For cold climates, it acts as a ventilator without exposing the head to the weather. 203 WiTTON, Daw, & Co., 57 Threadneedle Street— Manufacturers. Double rifle, for India. Two-ounce rifle, for Africa. Double fowling piece. Duelling pistols. 204 Landon & MoRLAND, 17 Jermyn Street, St. James's —Designers and Inventors. New officers' infantry helmet, manufactured of papier mach6. This helmet is shown in the adjoining cut. Landon and Morland's new Infantry Helmet. Privates' helmets. 205 Hawker, Col. Peter, Loncfparish Home, near Whitchurch, Hants—Inventor. A stanchion gun, with improved waterproof ignition; forged and stocked on a new principle; intended to super- sede patent breechings. Model of a two-handed punt, containing double stan- chion gun, gear, &c,, for wild-fowl shooting, and mounted on the carriage to convey it by land. Model of a two-handed punt for a single gun. A new double gun, (1851). The novelty of this gun is the self-adjusting primers, without cover or spring, that vsdll not only defy wet weather, but also the saline atmosphere in sea-coast service—in which he has proved the failure of all copper-caps and fine powder. This new gun has conical breechings that will admit, when re- quired—as in wet weather, or at sea—the use of the largest grain cannon-powder. The proportions of this gun are the result of forty years' experience. With the improved ignition—when applied to a single gun,—the patent breeching is wholly superseded by a saiicer-plug, that gives a direct and instantaneous communication, and also extra force, by getting rid of the centre-hole—which is as injurious to the shooting of a detonator as it was advantageous to that of a flint-gun. Agents for double guns on the new plan, William Moore and Grey, 78 Fidgware Road. For duck-guns and other single guns, Alfred Clayton, Lymington, Hants, who has invented and registered an improved handle for the primers of this ignition. 206 Brazier, J. & R., Wolverhampton—Manufacturers. Specimens of gun manufacture. Double gun-tube locks, with self-acting tube spring, double gun-bar actions. [The manufacture of guns supplies a recent illustration of the division of labour, and to this, no doubt, is attri- butable the present reduction of price in those articles. The sphere of usefulness in which the forger moves is a limited one, and consists in hammering into shape, assisted by swages," the numerous small pieces which make up the lock and breech ; even this has been replaced by the introduction of butt plates and guards, cast out of malleable iron, which are, in many instances, ground, instead of being filed.—W. C. A.] Double rifle-locks, bolt and detant ; the same articles in forged state. Musket percussion-locks. Gun clean- ing-rod ; loading-rod, and nipple-keys and knife-keys, all with apparatus. Patch-cutters, &c. 207 Potts, Thomas Henry, Haydon Square, Minories— Inventor and Manufacturer. 1. A double-barrel gun (finished), with improved breeches, bolted triggers, &c. 2. Similar gun, in a bright (unfinished) state. 3. An instrument for drawing the breeches, applicable to all sorts of fire-arms. 208 Cox, N. F., Great Peter Street, Westminster— Manufacturer. Fencing implements. 209 MooRE & Grey, 78 Edgeware Road—Manufacturers Double fowling-pieces, on the spring tube and copper cap principles. Double and single two-grooved rifle, on the copper cap principle. Two-grooved rifled pistols. 210 Powell, Robert, 28 Poland Street, Oxford Street— Designer. Design for a military cloak coat, with sleeves and spring guards, for protecting the epaulettes. 211 FiRMiN & Sons, 153 Strand, and I'd Conduit Street, Bond Street—Manufacturers. Specimens of buttons worn by military officers; of livery buttons; and of different club and uniform buttons West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. some finished in enamel, and gilt in different ways. Fancy buttons, finished in various styles. The Star of the Order of the Garter, the Thistle, and of St. Patrick, all finished in enamel and bright cut silver. Plates for shoulder-belts of officers of infantry, new in design, finished in enamel, and chased; and for shakos of officers of infantry. Swords for officers in the army and navy. Fancy swords for full court dress. Highland dirk. .212 Hawkes & Co., Piccadilly—Inventors and Manufacturers. Specimens of military and other head dresses, and of English military accoutrements and appointments. Embroidered banner, designed in the style of ancient banners. 213 Berington, James, Hoxton—Inventor. Three full-length figures, representing British soldiers in uniform, showing the inventor's improved knapsack, belt, and pouch; and those at present in use. 214 Robinson, A., 41 Whitcomb Street, Haymarket— Manufacturer. Best Damascus gun barrels. 215 GiBBS, George, Clare Street, Bristol—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved registered double-barrel gun, in which missing fire is prevented in wet or damp weather, by the introduction of an iron cover to shut over the cap and nipple; the cover is raised by the action of the hammer falling upon the percussion cap, which it fires in the usual way, and is moveable, so that the gun may be used with or without it. 216 Beattie, J., 205 Regent Street—Manufacturer. Two-groove rifle, double guns, duelling pistols, small double holsters, set of best double gun furniture, hog- skin flasks, shot pouches, loading rod, with swivel. 217 Manton, J., & Son, 6 Dover Street, Piccadilly —Manufacturers. Pair of double guns; double rifle; and pair of duelling pistols; all in mahogany cases, and furnished with ap- paratus. 218 Needham, W. & J., 26 Piccadilly—Fov S. Needham, Proprietor. Patent self-priming gun; in which a lever places the ordinary copper cap on the nipple by the simple action of cocking, the muzzle of the gun being previously lowered to allow a cap to pass from the groove or reservoir (which is formed on each side of the stock from the butt end to the lock, and contains 120 caps) to a recess in the lever. Patent self-priming gun, with this difference, that the caps are so formed as to allow a closer communication to the charge; and with the addition of an improved safety- apparatus. Self-priming musket, to use the military flange cap; the construction similar to the preceding, with the excep- tion of the groove or reservoir being down the fore end of the stock, as more suitable for muskets. Safety stop-lock gun. This invention consists in the introduction of an extra sear to the lock, which acts in unison with the hand-spring of the guard; as soon as the hammer is lifted off" the nipple it is caught by the stop or sear in the tumbler of the lock, and the cap cannot be exploded unless the gun is up to the shoulder in the position of firing. Game registers, double and single guns to load at the breech; intended to combine safety and economy, by improvements in the construction. Self-loading carbine on the same principle, with the addition of a simple apparatus for self-loading, not liable to get out of order. 219 Boss, Thomas, 73 St. James's Street, Pall Mall —Manufacturer. Central fire double-gun; sight sliields in centre of the breast of hammers. Other single and double guns. Double gun in an unfinished state. Specimen of the manufacture of a gun-barrel previous to its being welded together. Barrels welded in a black forged state; barrels filed, put together, and ''proved." Locks in black forged state, and in bright filed state. Gun furniture in black forged state, and in bright filed state in various forms. Various articles useful in the equipment of fire- arms. 220 Beckwith, Henry, 58 Skinner Street, Snow Hill— Manufacturer. Fowling-pieces, blunderbusses, and other fire-arms. 221 Bentley, Joseph, & Son, 12 So7ith Castle Street, Liverpool—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent central double-fire percussion guns. 222 Trulock, E., & Son, 9 Dawson Street, Dublin— Manufacturers. Double-bar gun, with Damascus and plaited twist barrels. Centripetal double gun, back action. Double gun, with safety guard, and long strap. Double rifle, with shot barrels to fit stock, and with single hair-trigger. Back-action single and double guns, with cases. Double bar gun. Back-action single rifle, two grooves. Single rifles. Air gun. Bar-lock double guns, with double-rifle barrels, the barrels and locks to same fit. Rifle for rook shooting, with barrel drilled from the solid cast-steel bar, and small bore. Double pistols, with bar locks. Double back-action pistols. Six-shot revolving pistols, with cases, complete. Pair of double and single pistols. Double pistols, one trigger. Gun barrels in the forged state, and ground and bored. Gun locks, in the filed state. Rifle-barrel, bored and ground. Pair of rifle barrels. Single barrel rifle, many grooves. Bullet moulds. 223 Deane, Adams, & Deane, 30 King William Street, London Bridge—Manufacturer. Patent spiral raised rib rifles. Patent safety stop-lock guns. Patent gun locks, fowling pieces, Indian and African rifles, pistols, &c. 223a Deane, George & John, 30 King William Street, London Bridge—Manufacturer. Double guns, in mahogany case complete, and with varied style of engraving. Double and single rifles. Single guns. Specimens of double and single holster pistols. Electro-plated silver revolving pistol, ebony stock, silver studded. Electro-gilt pistol, with ivory stock, gold studded. Small pocket secret pistols, ivory stocks. Officers' double and single belt pistols. Speci- mens of malleable twisted steel barrels, from the scraps to the finish; and of the new patent rifling, the new patent safety, and the new patent lock. Double gxin, in its stripped state. Double trade guns. Single birding gun. 224 Parker, Field, & Sons, 233 Holhorn— Manufacturers. Double-barrel fowling and rifle guns, in cases, com- plete. Inlaid and ornamental pistols. Air-gun in case, complete. New spring belt for carrying shot cartridges. Percussion musket and bayonet, as employed in the Hon. East India Company's service. Percussion fusil. Sapper and Miner's carbine. Cavalry carbine and pistol, Flint and steel single gun, used by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trade gun. Truncheons, rattles, spring handcuffs, leglocks, and spring-hilted cutlass, used by the metropolitan and city of London police. Brass pocket staff" and pistol used by the inspectors and superintendents. Chain, with wrist shackles and lock, used at prisons for removing prisoners. [8.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. [The manufacture of manacles is carried on principally at Birmingham, A recent account states that 4,000 pairs are annually manufactured at that town, of which one-half are for foreign and colonial purposes. Large numbers are exported to the southern states of America for slaves. Manacles for felons are light, and highly polished.] 226 Eley, Wm. & Charles, 38 Broad Street, Golden Square—Inventors and Manvifacturers. A series of illustrations in the manufacture of patent wire cartridges, for shooting game at long distances; and in the manufacture of percussion caps, rendered thoroughly impervious to water. Varieties of gun wadding. 226 Lang, Joseph, 7 Haymarket—Manufacturer. Double gun and rifles df various sizes. Pocket and other pistols of single and double barrels, the turnover 4-shot and 6-shot revolvers of all sizes. Greyhound starters, a retriever slip, and a gun sling. A patent walking-stick gun, with rifle and shot barrels. 227 Inskip, H., ^er^/ord'—Inventor, United service flask. The novelty of this flask is, that the powder and shot are served from the same head, so that the same measure of each will constitute the load. Provisionally registered. Improved egg-boiler. 228 Golding, W., 20 Davies Street, Berkeley Sq.— Inventor and Manufacturer. Double gun, for sporting purposes; with several im- provements, 229 WooLFiELD, Thomas, Hertford—Inventor and Manufacturer, Single gun of simple construction; of use where a workman is not at hand. 230 Woodward, James, 64 St. James's Street— Inventor- Double gun (fowling piece) of a different construction to ordinary guns, possessing detached waterproof lock. 231 Yeomans, & Sons, 67 Chamber Street, Goodman's Fie Ids—Manufacturer. An assortment of muskets. 232 Egg, Henry, 1 Piccadilly—^Manufacturer, Self-priming percussion fowling-piece, very simple. Double-barrel copper cap fowling-piece, ornamented. 233 Fairman, James, 68 Jermyn Street—Manufacturer. Double cross-eyed gun, for gentlemen who have lost their right eye, to be used from the right shoulder and left eye. Double gun in soft state. Single gun. Single rifle, two grooved. Improved game markers, used for marking the killed and missed shots. Caps, and chemically prepared waddings. 234 Osborne, Charles, 1 Lichfield Street, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Improved centraLfire double gun, with chain-twist bar- rels, 14 bore; the same, 13 bore, in a soft or unfinished state. Bar-slide double gun, 16 bore, carved pistol hand-stock; and single gun, 14 bore, with improved safety lock and guard. Tube single gun, hollow top end to end, cut-up sides, 12 bore. Large single gun, with Col. Hawker's improved igni- tion, maple stock, 7-8 inch bore, flat top rib, for wild- fowl shooting; all fitted with fine stub-twist barrels. Large five-barrel revolving pistol, stock inlaid with sil- ver, and lion's head carved on butt. Pair fancy pistols, fluted, barrels, inlaid with silver. Pair officer's pistols, German silver body, electro-plated, cap-box inlaid with silver. Pair ladies' small pistols (700 balls to the pound), in tortoiseshell case, complete. Double-barrelled pistol, with swivel rod, bolted and bayoneted. Improved alarm gun, for setting in planta- tions, lawns, gardens, rick-yards, &c. 235 GoDDARD, Samuel Aspinal, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Fowling gun for sportsmen, with barrels of laminated steel. American ducking gun. Fowling gun, of good medium quality for the foreign trade. Fowling gun, with twist patent breech barrels, for the wholesale foreign trade. Pattern musket, and common African musket. ^' California protector" gun, invented by the exhi- bitor. Pair of gun barrels in the filed state. Pair of gun barrels cut open, to show the manner in which the inside of barrels are finished. 236 RiGBY, WiLLLiM & JoHN, 24 Suffolk street, Dublin— Manufacturers. Complete Indian or Highland outfit, consisting of a double rifle, double shot gun, and pair of extra barrels, forming, when required, twin double guns, with addi- tional rifle barrels, and the locks, stocks, &c., all adjusted to one fit. Double rifle with extra shot barrels, back-action locks, and single removable hair trigger, with cases and equip- ments. Bar-lock double rifle, single trigger, cases and equipments complete, with or without telescope attached. Double-shot gun, with bar locks attached. Double gun, back-action locks, and double rifle on improved plan, with cases complete. All constructed with continuous mountings, lift-out triggers, and solid slide-bolts. Bar-lock double gun, without ramrod. Bar-lock single rifle and back-action; cases complete. Double-rifle pistol for bison shooting, with single hair trigger and cases. Small horizontal double pistol and case; and various other pistols. Improved six-shot re- volving pistols, with detachable barrels, safety-bolt, and other improvements, in case, &c. Cavalry oflSicer's holster pistols in case. Bar-lock single rifle, in unfinished state, prepared for adjusting in the field. Different parts of a gun in pre- paratory states. Specimens of bullet moulds, with improved mould, in which a solid bullet can be cast. Single gun, back-action locks, in case. 237 Reilly, Edward M,, New Oxford St— Manufacturer. An assortment of double guns, rifles, air-canes, pistols, &;c. Double-barrelled rifle. Ordnance bore, the size of Go- vernment; compressed ball, and suitable for belted, co- nical, or plugged bullets. Extra barrels for small shot, fitting in the same stock; being, with case and apparatus, a complete outfit for India, the Colonies, or any service. Specimens of embossing and chasing, for ornamenting fowling-pieces and pistols. Improved air-rifle and air-canes, for shooting with ball, shot, and harpoon, in numerous sports and amusements; they are portable, durable, and effective. Practising pistols of new construction, for ball practice, without noise or report, within-doors, in gardens, &c. 238 Davidson, David, Captain, Bombay Army, per C, H. Davidson, Haddington—Inventor. Manufac- tured by J. Robertson, Haddington. Double and single barrelled rifles; double and single 10-inch rifled pistols; single 6-inch pistol; all with tele- scopic sights. These rifles are furnished with grooved bullets. The telescopic sight can be fixed to the piece in a West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. moment; it in no way interferes with the usual sights. In the use of the common sight the unassisted eye cannot observe with distinctness, at the same instant of time^ two or more objects at different distances from it; and as the breech sight, the muzzle sight, and the object aimed at, are necessarily at different distances from the eye, it is difficult to bring them at once into line, and at the same time to give the proper elevation to the piece. This disad- vantage is obviated by the use of the telescope., since the lines placed in the focus of the eye-piece, and the object aimed at, as seen through the glass, appear equally distinct to the eye. The grooved bullet sustains the spinning motion, so that the pointed end goes foremost throughout the longest flight. The groove in the zone reduces the friction, gives the rifling a firmer hold so as to prevent stripping, and secures its longer axis continuing in the axis of the piece. It is less affected by wind, and has greater power of pene- tration than the round bullet. The telescopic sight also enables the sportsman to esti- mate the distance of the deer. 238a Watkins & Hill, 5 Charing Cross—Manufacturer. Eifle fitted with a telescope for taking the sight, at- tached to the barrel on a principle suggested by Professor Potter. 239 Bull, John, Bedford—Manufacturer. Double-barrelled gun, with the modern improvements. 240 Richards, Westley, & Son, Birmingham— Manufacturers. Best double and single rifles, of various bores. Double tiger guns, of different bores, in an unfinished state. Punt gun, of a new construction. Best duelling pistols. Double and single holster pistol. Pocket pistols, secret triggers. Pair turn-over double- barrel and bulldog pistols. Revolving six-barrel pistols; revolving rifle. Copper caps; the same, twenty-two years old. Registered improved corkscrews and carving forks, with improved registered guard. 241 Cooper, J.R., & Co., 24 Legge Street, Birmingham— Manufacturers. Patent self-cocking pocket-pistol. When loaded and capped, it is ready for use, without the preparatory cocking action. Its working parts are seen on the outside. Holster pistol. The ramrod serves as the hammer-spring, by which the cap is fixed. A safety bolt is introduced into the trigger, which prevents the pistol from being fired unless the bolt is released by the finger. Six-barrel revolving pistol, central fire, with safety bolt. Twelve-barrel revolving pistol. One side of the stock is removed to show the working parts of the lock. Pair of ladies' pistols. 242 Walker, Richard, Graham Street and Broad Street, Birmingham—Manufacturer and Patentee. Specimen of percussion caps (in boxes), gold and silver. Metallic gun-wadding. [Percussion caps are produced by pressure: the blanks are cut out of thin rolled copper, and are afterwards formed by punches into the required shape. The priming is a work requiring care and attention—they are charged by touching the bottom of the cap with an adhesive sub- stance, into which the fulminating powder is dropped.— W, C. A.] 243 TowNSEND, James, 11 and 12 Sa^id Street, Birmingham—Manufacturer. Improved 1 |-inch diameter walking-stick air-gun, with silver steel rifle barrel, fancy twist air receiver, pump, and apparatus complete. Maple-colour walking-stick air- gun, to load at the breech, with stub twist rifle and shot barrels, pump, apparatus, &c. Three-quarter-inch dia^ meter Malacca-colour walking-stick air-gun, with rifle barrel, one hundred and sixty balls to the pound, pump, apparatus, &c. Bar side butt air-gun, with rifle barrel, pump, &c. Stub twist walking-stick air-gun, to load at the breech. Air-rifle, gauge twenty-six balls to the pound, to load at the breech. Improved |-inch diameter black walking-stick air-gun, with rifle barrel, &c. 244 Reeves, Greaves, & Co., 28 Bartholomew Street, Birmingham—Manufactui'ers. Officer's dress sabre and field-sword. Ofiicer's dress sabre, with scabbard and mounting of the finest cast wrought-steel; and field-sword, blade, scabbard, and hilt of the finest cast steel, wrought; Scotch claymore. Series illustrative of the manufacture of sword-blades, of cast-steel. [While Sheffield is the great source of supply for the best cutlery, Birmingham is the place where the great bulk of swords and matchets for home purposes or for exportation are manufactured. The manufacture calls into requisition no small proportion of the industry of the district. Swords are made by hammering out pieces of steel received from Sheffield, and called sword moulds. In each of these there is sufficient steel to form two swords; the flutes or creases on the back of the blade are formed by means of various shaped pieces of steel fastened to the anvil, corresponding to the indentation to be made: they are then curved or fitted, if straight, into a gauge; the process of "hardening" succeeds, which consists simply in heating the steel veiy regularly, and immersing it in water; it is then tempered (brought back to a straw colour), tested by striking on the back and edge against a wood block, and if it stands this, is passed to the grinder, who, seated before an enormous grind- stone, speedily removes all the irregularity of the hammering. To clean the ^'ooyes, stones with raised beads are used; glazing follows on bobs of wood with emery attached thereto by gliie; and the sword is'finally polished on a wheel with fine emery and oil; powdered iron-stone, or crocus, gives the brilliant polish. Where the swords are highly ornamental, the deep rich blue is produced by heat: the gilding of the ornaments on blades, when introduced, is said to be a secret process. Da- mascening, however, with precious metals, a more in- tricate mode of ornamentation, is known, and consists in making an incision in the article to be adorned, and in- troducing by pressure threads of gold or silver. This affords an opportunity for the exercise of taste, and as such it was eagerly embraced by the middle-age artists. Proofs of their excellence therein is testified by numerous specimens in public and private collections. Etching, another mode of ornamentation, is performed by covering the blade to be etched with a ground upon which the design is sketched, and finally cutting through this to the steel. A suitable acid is applied (acetic and nitric); this, after remaining a sufficient time, is removed, the ground cleansed off, and the design is found on the weapon perfect in proportion to the skill displayed by the artist. Steel sheaths are made by bending thin plates of steel round suitably formed mandrils; they are soldered at the junc- tures, are ground, and finally polished by the processes already described as being used in the polishing of swords. —W. C. A.] 245 Hart, Henry, 54 New Canal Street, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Pair of highly-finished double-barrel guns. Double- barrel gun, pistol hand-stock; gamekeeper's gun. Single gun, pistol hand highly finished, with raised top rib. 2 D 2 West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. Small pistol-hand double gun. Small single gun.—All with stub-twist barrels. Specimens of gun-barrel manufacture in every state, from the old horse-nail stubs of the earliest period to the latest improvements. [The serious accidents arising from the bursting of gun-barrels have led manufacturers to seek the means of preventing their recurrence as far as possible; fibres of iron strictly parallel would fail to impart the necessary strength, as also would iron if of a uniform crystalline composition. A better construction of material has been found in the welding together portions of iron and steel; these become interlaced in the various processes of hammering from the bundle of iron and steel called the bloom," until the barrel passes finished from the hands of the forger. The twisted appearance which is observed on the best barrels, even after the rich brown stain is removed, arises from the ribbon-like form which the ''bloom," after being drawn into a strip, takes when wound spirally round a mandril previous to welding; these are known as Damascus barrels. Barrels of a more common kind are produced from ^'blooms" made exclusively of stub-nails, while a more common class still are produced of a cheaper material, not wrapped in a spiral form, but welded in the length by one heat by means of a pair of rollers; they are ultimately extended to their proper length by the same process. Guns are bored out in large manufactories by means of steam or other power, the instrument being a rod of steel, with its cutting portion 8 or 10 inches long, and its square sides made up with pieces of wood. Rifleing, viz., imparting to the interior of the barrel a series of spiral curves, by means of which a perfectly direct motion is given to the bullet, involves care, attention, and skill in its preliminary stages, but is in reality a simple operation. Ordinary gun-barrels are finished by being ground on large grindstones; those of a superior quality are turned. Breeching, or fitting in the plug at the butt which stops the end, and upon which is fitted the nozzle for the percussion cap, requires nicety and careful workmanship. Gun-barrels are coloured by means of acid; repeated coats are given until the deep rich brown is obtained; they are then polished.—W. C. A.] 246 Brookes & Son, 28 Russell St., Birmingham— Manufacturers. Fowling-piece, double barrel, silver steel twisted. Fowling-piece, with single barrel. Rifle gun, for shooting long distances, with telescope. Four-barrel revolving gun (used in India). Walking-stick gun, to pack in a portmanteau. Military guns—British, French, and Piedmontese mus- kets. South American (Buenos Ayres) and Spanish carbines or cavalry. African trading guns used in barter, chiefly for palm oil, &c. Dane guns, black and red stocks, brass and iron mounted. Buccaneer red stocks, heavy and light mountings. Carolina gun, similarly furnished. Indian pistols, silver handles, rifledbarrels. Six-barrel revolving pistol. Safety water-tight nipples. 247 Tipping & Lawden, Birmingham—^Manufacturers. Specimens of iron and steel in various stages of pre- paration, to show the manufacture of gun barrels:— Horse-nail stubs. Scrap steel. A mixture in a partially welded state. Specimens, showing a twisted stub-barrel in the various stages of manufacture, from the first process. The stubs and scrap-steel are first welded into a rod, which is afterwards rolled out into a flat bar; it is then coiled round a mandril, and welded into a barrel; it is after- wards ground and filed, and finally brought to a finished state. Lengths, showing the various stages of manufacture o-f Damascus and laminated steel baiTels. Double gun, the barrels made of twisted stubs, - Several guns, of varied construction, and one entirely in pieces, to show all the parts of a gun separately, especially the internal work of the stock. Double and single rifle guns. Single and double guns; varieties both of fowling- pieces and military guns. Air-gun; barrel of best twisted stubs, with improved roller breech, the butt made of twisted stubs. Air-cane, twisted stubs, with improved roller action, pump, &c., complete. Small walking-stick air-cane, with rifled barrel, of im- proved construction. Air-cane lock. Six-barrelled revolving pistols, ivory stock, silver in- laid; walnut stock, silver inlaid; and chequered stock. Various pistols. 248 Mole, Robert, Broad Street, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Gilt-mounted sword, blade of finest cast-steel, richly blued and gilt, the scablsard of crimson velvet, embroidered in gold, with elaborately worked gilt furniture. Highly-mounted Mamaluke sword, with blade orna- mented in dead gold, the scabbard of polished steel, with elegant gilt mountings. Officers' regulation swords, used in the cavalry, infantry, and naval services. Two matchets of best cast steel, as exported to America and the West Indies. Patterns of those used in the plantations of South America, the West Indies, and Africa. [In addition to swords, Birmingham produces an article called a matchet, which in some countries is used to cut down sugar-cane, in others as a weapon of war, or to re- move vegetable obstructions which impede the traveller in his progress through ''the bush" or the tangled over- head of an American forest. The labour expended upon them is small: a great portion of it is performed by the tilt-hammer; they are hardened and ground, slightly glazed, and handled with common beech timber. Some idea of the consumption may be learned from the fact that one manufacturer has for the last six months been producing at the rate of 500 dozen per week.—W. C. A,] 249 Powell, William, & Son, Carr's Lane, Birmingham —Manufacturers. Double-barrel rifle, vdth apparatus. Double-barrel gun complete, and in a certain proce of finish. Miniature gun. Single and double barrel pistols. Improved safety trigger guard. Pair of lock actions. 250 Winton, Harry, 53 Cleveland Street, Birmingham Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved safety guns. 251 Carron, William, Birmingham—Inventov. Alarm gun, 251 Baylis & Son, 8 St. Mary's Bow, Birmingham— Manufacturer. Gun implements. 252 HosKiNS, John, 31 Frith Street, Soho Square- Inventor and Manufacturer. Double gun, with safety; on a new and simple prin- ciple. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. ■ 253 Davis, J., 1 Duke Street, North Parade, Bath— Inventor and Manufacturer. Soldier's musket, substituting the blade of tlie bayonet for the ramrod. 254 Shaw, J., Glossop—Inventor and Patentee. India-rubber air-gun. The novelty consists in the absence of a reservoir of condensed air, or separate pump, or valve of any kind; the requisite pressure of air for one discharge is instantly obtained from a pull of the trigger, by means of a single stroke of a condensing syringe, which is acted upon by a previously extended India-rubber spring. This gun is represented in the annexed cut. Flattened bullets, being specimens of its effect on an iron target at 20 yards. Without any previous pumping, the requisite pressure of air for ona discharge is procured instantly at the pull of the trigger, by a single stroke of a condensing syringe, actuated by a previously extended India-rubber spring. There is no separate pump, no reservoir of condensed air, nor valve of any kind. net Shaw's India-rubber Air-gun. Fig. I. represents the gun complete. Fig. II. is an un- derneath view of the gun unstocked, showing a slot (k k) in the case, through Vv'hich are visible tlie piston-rod and bead, with a portion of the India-rubber hereinafter de- scribed, and in the state in which they appear after one discharge, and prior to preparation for another. Fig. IV. represents a longitudinal section of about one half of the breech end of the gun unstocked: a is the trigger; b, the piston; cc, the inside of the pump barrel or condensing syringe; d, the piston-rod; e, the pump top perforated in the centre for the piston-rod to work through, and at the top edge for the reception of the end of the shot barrel, f; G is the bullet, held in its present situation by a slight contraction of that end of the shot barrel, i is one end of the India-rubber spring, attached to the hooked end of the piston-rod and similarly attached by its other end to a hook in the inside of the muzzle-end of case; j j are por- tions of the case, enclosing the shot-barrel and India-rub- ber, the lower shaded part being one end of the slot (k k. Fig. IV.) The section. Fig. IV,, shows the gun in act of discharge; the trigger being just pulled, releases the pis- ton, which, by the reactive power of the India-rubber spring, rushes to the opposite end of the syringe, con- densing the air therein, which air forcibly ejects the bullet. To prepare the gun for dischai'ge, the ball, if the barrel be a rifled one, must first be rammed down; an adapted hook must then be introduced into the slot (k k), betw^een the bead (h, Fig. IV.) and the hooked end of the piston- rod, as plainly indicated by Fig. 3. The butt-end of the gun must then be placed against the top part of the thigh, and the hook pulled with both hands, in the direction of the breech, until the trigger, by means of the small spring at its back, catches the piston. With a smooth or unrifled barrel, 400 discharges per hour can be made; the bullet in that case requiring no ramming, it being drawn down the barrel by the partial vacuum caused by drawing down the piston. The spring consists of from sixteen to eighteen India-rubber bands. Patent valve-bugle. The patent valves are applicable to all brass instruments, and are manufactured by Mr. J. Kohler, Henrietta Street, Co vent Garden. 255 Fletcher, Thomas, 161 Westgate Street, Gloucester —Inventor and Manufacturer. Double guns, with improved lock, jointing, and breech- ing, so as to render them perfectly waterproof. The improvements consist in the following pecu- liarities:—1st. The whole of the percussioning is on the breeching, the nipple being placed in the centre, thus avoiding the joints between the breeching and the break- off. 2nd. Peculiar construction of the break-off, giving greater facility for placing the barrels in the stock. 3rd. The closeness of the cocks covering the caps and nipples, confining the gas from the explosion of the caps. 4th. The application of platina in the percussioning of tho breeching to prevent corrosion by the copper caps. 256 Forsyth & Co., Leicester Street, Leicester Square— Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent safety gun, which cannot be discharged eitliei' in carrying when loaded, or during the time of loading, until brought up to and placed against the shoulder, and the trigger pulled in the firing position. In its use the chances of the occurrence of an accident, even at full-cock, are entirely obviated, the cock being checked in its descent by the projection of the safety-stop. Forsyth and Company's Patent Safety Gun. The preceding cuts represent the apparatus for working the safety stops from the heel-plate of the gun; the safety-stops themselves, and the original percussion lock. Also, an original percussion gun, illustrating the first application of the principle of percussion by the exhibitor to the purposes of fire-arms. This gun contains a reser- voir of percussion powder sufl&cient for a day's shooting. [Fire-arms have been discharged by three different methods, by the direct application of a lighted match, by the ignited particle of steel produced by the flint lock, and by the ignition of an explosive powder through the heat developed by percussion. This is the exact his- torical oi'der of these applications. The flint-lock is now passing rapidly into disuse, and the principle of per- cussion, in various forms, but essentially the same, is obtaining universal application. This principle was first discovered and applied by Mr. Forsyth in 1819, and was then patented. The explosive powder was contained in a small magazine attached to the locks, and by turning it on its axis a few grains of the powder were conveyed beneath a striking pin, and were ignited on the descent of the hammer. The copper cap has now supplied the place of these magazines.] 257 Erskine, James, Newton Stewart, Scotland— Inventor and Manufacturer. Two guns:—Gun No. 1, newly invented to prevent accidental discharge, combining in the same action a com- plete waterproof for the cap. Gun No. 2, invented for the same purpose, has been improved and registered. Erskine's Waterproof Gun, West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 258 RiPPiNGiLLE, E,, 81 King Street, Manchester, and 87 Albany Street, Regent's Park.—Inventor. An improved gun-lock, with stock. 259 Haswell, Robert, 12 Upper Ashhy Street— Proprietor. Air-pistol on a new principle. 260 Needham, Henry, 4 Vine Street, Regent Street— Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Self-priming gun and safety lock. 261 Briber, Joshua, 4 Clifton Cottages, Denmark Street, Camherwell—Inventor and Manufacturer, German silver telescope loading rod for fire-arms, with knob and forcer, for general use; adapted for the pocket. 262 Briber, George, 30 Bow Street, Covent Garden— Inventor and Manufacturer. Rifle mallet for hot climates, having a head of gun metal, with leather faces, (purple wood handle,) and gun- metal forcer. 263 Baker, Thomas Kerslake, 88 Fleet Street— Inventor and Manufacturer, Improved patent gun-lock for preventing accidents from the use of fire-arms. 264 Golden, W., & Son, Huddersfield—Manufacturers. Bentley's patent double gun, with improved locks, &c. 265 Webster, W., Hampstead Road—Inventor. Fusee musket. 266 Shorman, John, 6 Great PuUeney Street, Golden Square—Producer. Specimens of inlaying with gold, silver, and other sub- stances, and ornamental engraving on the ironwork of guns, &c. Impressions on paper, taken from engraved and inlaid work. 267 Mortimer, Thomas Elsworth, 97 George Street, Edinburgh—Manufacturer. Superior finished double rifle, with simple safety and improved conical ball. Highly finished double fowling-piece (for long shots), with low front sight to give elevation to the shot. Pair of silver-mounted inlaid Highland pistols. Specimens of improved conical and other balls. Specimen gun-case, Edinburgh make, with fittings complete. 268 Staines, Edward, 9 Salisbury Place, New Road— Proprietor. Models and plans illustrating a system of Fortification. 269 Hodges, R. E., 44 Southampton Row, Russell Square— Inventor. Patent application of India-rubber to projectile pur- poses. 270 Parsons, William, Swaffham, Norfolk— Manufacturer. Pair of improved double guns, 2 feet 8 inch barrels, 10 bore, central fire, elevated false breech, &c. Loading rod and socket. Pair of double guns, 13 bore, 2 feet 8 inch barrels. Pair of double guns, 20 bore, 2 feet 7 inch barrels. Wainscoat and leather case for each pair of guns. 271 Hall, Lieut.-Colonel, R, E., Southampton— Producer. Model of the Tower of London, after the destruction of the Armoury at the great fire on the 30th October, 1841. Modelled by R. Davis, under the superintendence of the exhibitor. 272 Moulin, C, 24 Stanley Street, Chelsea—Designer. Model of a fortified town, defended by six fronts of fortification on three diff'erent systems; Vauban's, as modified by Cormoutaingne ; Coehoi'n's; and Carnot's. The works of attack and defence are moveable. 273 Lilly WHITE, John, Frederick Street, Portsea— Manufacturer. Metal model of a gun of 95 cwt., with carriage and slide, on a scale of 1^ inch to the foot. 274 Beartoot, Richard, 11 Warwick Street, Woolwich ■—Manufacturer. Two magazines, especially adapted for the safe stow- age of powder, wills, documents, &c.; they are also waterproof. The one is made of copper outside and wood inside, and the other, the reverse ; with India- rubber joints instead of bees'-wax and tallow, and one lock instead of two. 275 Tylden, Capt. John, R. Artillery, Woolwich—Maker. Models of British ordnance; a light 6-pounder field- piece and caniage. A 32-pounder garrison gun, mth carriage, on traversing platform. A 10-inch howitzer, on garrison carriage. A 13-inch sea-service mortar and bed. 276 Fergusson, James, 20 Langham Place—Inventor, Model, on a scale of 1 inch to 40 feet, showing eight difierent modes, in which the front of fortification of the usual dimensions may be fortified according to a new system. Its objects are, an immense reduction in the cost of construction, and greater capability of defence. 277 Joyce, Frederick, & Co., 57 Upper Thames Street—Inventors and Manufacturers. Improved anti-corrosive waterproof percussion gun- caps. Military percussion musket-caps. Improved per- cussion tube primers. Chemically prepared indented cloth and felt gun-waddings. Improved patent wire- cartridges. 278 Grainger, James, Wolverhampton—Manufacturer. Tube and bar-action gun and rifle gun-locks. 280 Gardner, W. T., 22 Mead Row, Lambeth— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a ship's gun, adapted for loading at the breech. 281 King, Thomas John, 16 Whiskin Street—Designer. Pistols, inlaid, the iron-work with gold, the stock with silver. Small iron scent-bottle, inlaid with silver. 282 MuNRO, James, jun,, 4 High Street, Lambeth— Manufacturer. Model of a nine-povinder brass gun-carriage and limber, scale 1 inch to a foot; and of a twenty-four pounder brass battering gun and carriage, scale | inch to a foot. 283 FiTZ Maurice, The Hon. Wm. Ed., Hamilton Lodge, Prince's Gate—Producer. Model of 68-pounder gun-carriage, which, by means of a rack and pinion inserted in the platform at the rear of the gun, can be worked with great accuracy by one man; it now reqviires six. Model of a mortar platform, worked upon the same principle, the endless screw being substituted for the rack and pinion. 284 Walker, Sarah, & Co., 12 Legge Street, Birmingham—Mamifacturers, Specimens illustrative of the manufacture of percussion- caps for military and sporting purposes: piece of rolled copper from which blanks are cut and caps made. Simi- lar piece of coppei-, showing perforations ovit of which blanks have been cut by steam-power. Blanks for musket-caps, as used in Her Majesty's ser- vice and in the Honoui'able the East India Company's service. West End Gtallery and South-West Gallery. Cap-shells, made from preceding caps when finished. Blanks to make caps for ordinary sporting guns; cap- shells made from the same. Caps when finished. Improved blank to make waterproof caps for wild-fowl and duck-shooting, forming that part of the cap solid which contains the charge caps shells made from the same. Waterproof caps furnished and lined with metal. 285 Richardson, R., 21 Tonhridge Place, JSfew Road— Manufacturer, Models of tents, marquees, and rick cloth. 286 Symington, William, 41 Gracechurch Street —Inventor and Proprietor. Gun wads, a substitute for the rope wads at present used in gunnery. 287 Squires, William, Cottage Grove, Mile End —Inventor and Manufacturer, New rifle, calculated to project a ball a great distance with a small charge. 288 McGetrick, Francis, 821 Philip Street, Kingsland Road—Inventor. Model of a war-engine. It is stated that this engine will fire 10,000 charges of ball cartridges in ten minutes. 289 Truscott, Joshua, 111 Fore Street, Devonport— Inventor. Rotatory sprinkler, for watering roads and streets, or using liquid manure. When the water sinks below the axle, its action is that of a syphon. Portable life-boat or raft, applicable to vessels which carry many passengers. It occupies a small space wlien closed ; but when opened, it presents a large surface, sufficient to support many persons. In the event of a ship sinking, it could be opened out on the deck and made ready for use in a few minutes. 290 Rhind, William Greene, Ross, Herefordshire— Inventor, Model of a marine life-preserving deck seat, representing the deck seat of a steam packet or sailing vessel, so con- structed that in three minutes it can be changed into a safety raft, capable of sustaining eight people on the water. The back and seat are lined with cork, and joined by hinges, the legs being made moveable. Model representing the deck seat, as changed into a raft; this change is effected by loosening the elbows, clearing the back and seat together, and putting in the legs at right angles. Four of the seats, when spread out, are adapted for the construction of a great raft, which might be made by putting empty casks underneath, and spars, gratings, &c. as a deck; the raft, also, with a low Bermu- dian sail, might be used to convey a rope to the lee shore. The deck seat can also be instantly made into a couch, table, or litter, being equally adapted for garden seats in pleasure-grounds or hospitals. 291 RiGMAiDEN, James, Lievit, R.N., 6 Harlexj Place— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of lanyard-plates, to set up standing i^ging of ships, in lieu of rope lanyards and dead-eyes; the small space occupied by the plates allowing quarter-deck and forecastle guns to be trained to any angle, and not liable to fire, as with rope lanyards. 292 Allen, James, Greenock, Scotland- Proprietor. Model of a new patent safety anchor. -Inventor and 292 Bennett, Edward, 2 Victoria Place, Woolwich— Inventor. Universal wedge block, in stone, wood, or brick, ap- plicable for piers, dock and sea-walls, foundations, water- wheel aprons, fire-proof floorings or roofings, and all descriptions of furnace work, &c., or for any situation requiring great resistance to lateral pressure. The prin- ciple of these blocks rests upon their pure geometrical construction, for a weight or pressure cannot pass beyond the centre of the stones, and they aie better than stone altogether solid. 294 Royal Yacht Club—Producer. Models of yachts belonging to the Royal Thames Yacht Club. Name of Yaclit. 1 Nancy Dawson 2 Cynthia . . . Volante . . Avenger . . Musquito . . Fleur-de !>is Foam . . . Frolic . . Ksk 10 Sam Sly .' .* 11 Daring-. . . 12 Jockey . . . 13 Lady Louisa 14 Brilliant . . 15 Belveilere. . 16 Mystery . . Ry whom Built. R. H. Camper, of Gosport. T. Wan hill, Poole, 1849 T. Ilarvey, Ipswich . I lanson, Cowes . . . C. Mare, Hlackwall . T. Harvey, Ipswich Moore, Plymouth . . J. Duthie, jun., Aber- flefn, W, Smith, London, W, Smith, London, 1830. Ditchburn and Mare, T, Ditchburn . . . . Tlie Pioperty of The late Robert Shedden, R.N. John Wicks, Esq. J, L. Craigie, Esq. !{. Moseley, li.eq. I.d Louile.sl)<>roufh, W. II. Birch, Esq! T. Ilarvey. Alfred Cox, Esq. J. Richardson, I'lsq. T. Harvey. G. IJook, Esq. W. Hogarth, ICsq, T. Smith, Esq, W. Bucknall, Esq. Major H Bo vs. W. Kingsford, Ks<,. The first of these yachts has circumnavigated the globe; tlio third and sixth are new ; and the rest are all winners of many prizes. 295 Haughter, V,—Inventor. Model of a traversing gun on platform. Model of a life-boat. 296 HiTT, T,, ^ncif^or^—Inventor and Manufacturer, Life-boot (one of a pair) for enabling a person to sustain himself in water. 297 Cherrett, D. Grosvenor Mews, Berkeley Square, Working Gunmaker. An improved two-groove rifle pistol, with invisible lock, which throws a ball 250 yards, and can be used as a pistol, or from the shoulder. 298 Scamp, W., Admiralty, Somerset House—Inventor. Model of a great preservative dry dock for the reserve of the Royal Navy, designed for laying up ships of war out of commission, or ships ''in ordinary," high and dry, thereby preventing their rapid deterioration and pre- mature decay, &c., without dismantling them, or remov- ing the machinery; for examining, repairing, and refitting ships, and seleciing from the reserve for commission with certainty, facility, despatch, and economy; for building ships, seasoned and dry; and also for laying up ships in frame for seasoning. 299 Wilson, J., Stratford, Essex—Inventor. Models of life-boats. 301 Duthoit & Co., 6 Finshury Place South— Designers and Manufacturer. Aerial tent, about 12 feet by 6. Framework of Malacca canes and mahogany. Coveidng of Spitalfields silk, suitable for lawns. Registered umbrella tent, suitable for emigrants, officers, and field purposes at home and abroad. Its object is portability, being contained in a bag measuring 7 feet by 1, and easily fixed. (Cross Gallery, between North and North Central Gallery.) 302 Edgington, Benj., 2 Duke Street, London Bridge—■ Inventor and Manufacturer. A tent, 12 feet by 8 feet, poles with table. Four cots can be hung from the frame-work; it is waterproof, easily erected, and forms a complete room. West End Galleky and South-West Gallery. Military tent, 12 feet square; peculiar in its constiniction; few lines are used, and the tents can be placed close to each, other. Its most important feature is the increased power of ventilation. Stoves and cooking apparatus for tents. Trophy of flags, 303 BlaiR; J., Irvine, Ayrshire—Inventor. Portable camp-cot, combining a tent, bedstead, and couch. 304 Croid, R.—Inventor. Model of a life-boat, 305 Smith, Thomas & William, Newcastk-tipon-Tyne —Proprietors. Model of the merchant frigate Blenheim, built in July, 1848, at St, Peter's Dockyard, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 306 Trigenza, R,—Producer. Models of two Falmouth fishing-boats. 307 Hedley, George, Forke Street, Monkwearmouth, Sunderland—Manufacturer. Model of a merchant-vessel of the first class, on the scale of a quarter of an inch to the foot. The dimen- sions are as follow :—Extreme length, 172 ; length of keel, 161; breadth of beam, 35^ ; depth of hold, 23 ; length of poop, 48 ; length of forecastle, 33 feet. The ship is framed all round, instead of having a separate stern-frame, and is built up in the usual manner. It has five keelsons, one at the bottom of the hold, two on the foothooks, and two on the second foothooks or bilge. It is stated that as jack-screws are used in the building of this ship, she will possess one great advantage over others, whose shores being made in the ordinary way, are liable, when loaded, in a storm, to be thrown out, and cannot be put in again. The screws adopted in this ship, if likely to be thrown out during the working of the vessel in a heavy sea, can be screwed up again from the deck by a brass plate "let into a plank of the deck, and applying the key to tighten the screw, without the least injury to the vessel or cargo. The 'twixt-beam staple-knees are made half-circle, so that the two throat- holes go in the upper stroke or plauk, and the other three holes in the stroke or plank below. In between decks and lower hold are diagonal straps, 78 feet long. The iron fastenings, hooks, riders, and crutches are all secured the same as forward, across the stern-post ; diagonal straps are placed on the hold and deck beams, to prevent the vessel straining, when rolling and labouring athwart in a head sea. There are eight ventilators in the cover- ing-boards, to ventilate the timbers, and she is fitted with Mr. Hughes' new windlass and steering apparatus, a larger model of the latter of which is in the Exhibition. 308 Swallow, J. C.—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 309 Royal National Institution for the Preserva- tion OF Life from Shipwreck.—Producer. Model of life-boat. Specimens of gold and silver medals, 309a Collars, J. B,—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 310 Mariners' Friend Society, 58 Fenchurch Street— Inventors. Model of a station for affording assistance in case of wreck. It provides residence for one man, with whom a brigade is connected for the same purpose, and contains various articles for rescuing life and property, and re- covering the apparently drowned. Model of a village station for similar purposes. The large room, which is intended as a reception room, may also be used for educational purposes, for the benefit of seamen, fishermen, and their families. Life-belt worn by the brigade. Wager or racing boat, for one pair of scvills, built of luahogany and maple, with outrigger rowlocks. 312 Slater & Wright, Whitby—Inventors. A life-boat and carriage, not liable to upset on being struck by a sea on one side. An under current or back sweep acting upon the bottom in an opposite direction, would only have the effect of causing the au'-box to revolve. 313 Sparrow, Robert, Wexford—Inventor. Model of a life-boat on an improved principle. 314 Williams, William—Inventor, Model of a life-boat. 315 Laing, James, Sunderland—Bviilder. Model of the ship " Vimiera," 1,020 tons, belonging to Messrs, D, Dunbar & Sons, of London, built by James Laing. Proportion of length to beam 5 to 1: it is said to be remarkable for fast sailing and large capacity. Principal dimensions— Length . . .165 feet. Breadth . . . 33 „ Depth . . . 23 „ Length from head to tafFrail 196 feet. One side represents the ship in the finished state, and the fastening applied in securing her ; the other side shows the disposition of the framing, and the various de- scriptions of knees used in connecting the beams to the sides of the ship. This side is so arranged as to open, and show the internal structiire of the ship. The model was made by Thomas Hardy. 316 Hodgson, Moses, 6 Moor Street, Sunderland— Manufacturer. Model of a pilot coble, with its oars, sail, and other appointments. It is similar to those which ply out of the port of Sunderland. 317 Monteagle, The Right Hon. Lord, 7 Park Street, Westminster—Producer. Model of a curragh, or light row-boat, portable by one man; used for fishing on the north-west coast of Ireland. [Ofi" the western coast of Ireland, which to a consider- able extent is ''iron-bound," the ancient Celtic boat called the curragh (carabus), or nivoque (navicula), has been constructed so late as the present century. It was constructed with a frame of osiers woven in basket- work, and covered over with a hide. It is accurately described by Julius Solinus, as well as in the following passage from Cassar:—''Imperat militibus Caesar ut naves —faciant cujus grueris eum superioribus annis usus Bri- tanniae docuerat. Carina primum ac statumina ex levi materia fiebant, reliquam corpus navium viminibus con- textam coriis integebantur."—De Bello Civ., lib. i, § 54. This ancient boat has been superseded within the last 40 years by the modern curragh, or canoe, of which the present model is given on a scale of an inch to a foot. Strained canvas, coated with tar, is now used in preference to horsehide, as less liable to stretch when exposed to sea-water. These peculiar boats are well adapted to the coasts of Ireland; they are easily hauled up by the fisherman, and carried to his own cottage. Against a heavy sea and wind they possess great superiority over boats bioilt with wood. But they are only suited to line fishing, from the necessity that the men should remain steady to their seats. When going before the wind, a light lug-sail is some- times set, and though apparently unsteady and unsafe, these curraghs, when managed with dexterity, bear a heavier sea than any other open boat. They are usually manned by four rowers, each using two paddles. The original curragh, or carabus, as it is called by Latin writers, was well known in ancient times. "Cara- biis parva Scaplia ex vimine facta, qufe contexta crude cordio genus navigii praebit."—Isidor. xix. 1. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. The Commentator on Cfesar (Notes Var.) observes:— Non dubito quia vox Carabus vox sit Britannica aut Belgica,"—Anglice, coricle. See farther, Chamock's jSTa- val Architecture, vol. i. p. 222.] 317a Warner, Captain—Inventor, Specimens of bomb-shells, &c. 318 Hughes, John, Sunderland—Inventor. Model of steering apparatus. This consists of two cast-iron standards, with two traverse boxes at the top. These boxes are screwed on to a toothed rack, which has a pinion on the upright shaft to which the steering-wheel is affixed, so that when the steering-wheel is turned either way, motion is given to the rack, and thence com- municated to the rudder by means of two connecting rods leading to the tiller, which is placed on the head of the rudder. The apparatus, or steering-machine, is de- tached altogether, and is placed on the under side of the deck beams of the ship, and is free from any obstruction. When the sea strikes the rudder it runs amidships ; the great leverage that the helmsman has gives him a proper command. Model of masting-shears, capable of lifting a boiler of 20 tons weight, and shears on this principle may be con- structed to raise any weight that may be required. They are also adapted to put masts into ships. The model is made on a half-inch scale. The machinery is under cover, to protect it from corrosion, and to keep it in proper order. The middle storey is intended as a warehouse or loft for fitting up the rigging of larger vessels. 320 Rook, George Henry, Landport, Portsmouth— Working Shipwright. Model of Her Majesty's steam-yacht tender Fairy," to the scale of a quarter of an inch to a foot. The yacht, with her entire fittings on the deck, the carving and the gilding, and her masts and rigging, are closely imitated. The model, in a glass case, appears to be floating on water; but the representation of the surface of the water may be withdrawn, and the vessel displayed resting upon blocks similar to those on which ships are built. The screw-propeller is then seen ; and its action may be exhi- bited on turning a little machinery by means of a pipe- key, to be applied on the deck. {In Class 6.) 322 Druery, John, Hartlepool—Inventor. Model and plan of a ship and shore sheet-iron life-boat, intended to recover herself when upset. Provided with a cabin for the better protection of the ship's crew. Fitted with 21 separate air-tight vessels for the purpose of keep- ing the boat afloat in case of external damage. The valves of the pipes for ventilating the cabin are so constructed as to admit the air when the boat is upright, and to exclude the water when upset. 323 Gale, George Hamlyn, 38 Wind Street, Swansea—Inventor. Hydrostatic apparatus for life-boats, ships, &c., made of gutta-pei-cha ; intended to discharge water from life- boats, &c., without manual or mechanical power. Model of a life or surf-raft or boat, which presents the same form, whichever side is immersed; with life-buoys, jacket, or belt. 324 Bee, Benjamin—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 325 BowEN, Augustus F., Botley—Inventor. Clear anchor. 327 Etrick, Anthony, Hi<jh Barnes, near Sunderland —Inventor. Model, to a scale of one inch to a foot, exhibiting a new method of launching the long-boat of a merchant or other vessel; principally adapted for coal vessels. The boat can by this method be launched by one man, without the masts, or removed to the side of the vessel, clear of the hatchway. Transverse wheels are shipped on, so that the boat can be run fore or aft the vessel as required. Portable punching, slotting, and stamping apparatus, of new construction. The screw being all in one piece does not revolve, but is worked up and down by the collar to which the handle is attached ; it is fitted with five punching and two cutting tools, one with edges for cutting out mortise holes, the other for shaping and cutting devices in iron or other metals. Bogie, or timber-lifting apparatus, exhibiting a new application of the screv/. In descending a hill, the chain is quickly shifted to give greater weight before or behind, so as to act as a drag. The model is made to a scale of one inch to a foot. Registered travelling-bag or portmanteau, of new con- struction. 329 Macdonald, John, 13 Henry Street, Vauxhall— Inventor. Binnacle and ship's compass; intended to reduce local attraction; to neutralize the dip of the needle; to give an extraordinary binnacle light; speedy adjustment of the bowl; and to enable an azimuth to be taken at any hour of the day or night. Engine pump for various important ships' purposes, with double cylinders, worked with new single valve, and parallel motion. Silent water-closet, and exhauster of efiluvia; acting without trap. Steam chest and valve, applicable to double cylinders. Lantern and lamp for ship's head, and general pur- poses. This lamp throws a reflection of light from 160 degrees of its circle. 330 Pearce, Thomas Blewett, 93 Newman Street ■—Inventor. Railway fog-signal lamp, with red and green lights to be used at pleasure. Gne small lamp is sufficient on each engine. Fishing tackle. Improved walking-stick, convertible into a seat, umbrella, and landing-net handle, adapted for the pocket or fishing-basket. Fishing-rod, with winch and running tackle. Self-acting top, which instantly strikes the fish when he bites; to be used with or without a float. Folding live-bait kettle. A gafi", hook-clearing ring, and drag-hook in one. Float made out of elder pith, with newly invented caps, to be instantly detached from the line. 332 Williams, Thomas, Bed Lion Street, Clerkenwell— Inventor. Self-acting machinery for pumping ships by the move- ment of the vessel, with improved pump. 333 Longridge & Co., 4 Mansion House Place— Manufacturers, The largest and the smallest anchors used in the British Navy, Manufactured by the Bedlington Iron Company, Northumberland. * The following are exhibited outside the Building, at the West end. 335 Bateman, Jonas, 101 Upper Street, Islington —Inventor and Patentee. Patent life-boat, constructed for 30 persons. The object of the exhibitor has been to render it incapable of being stove, sunk, or upset by any sea under any circumstances. It has been exposed to the most violent testing on the coast for fovir months. Patent life-boat, constructed for six persons, on a pre- cisely similar principle, and having had the same testing. 336 Rodger, Wm,, Lieut. R. N., 9 Shawfield Street, King's Road, Chelsea—Inventor. Improved patent small palmed anchor, with improved iron stock. Improved patent small palmed kedge anchor, con- structed on the same principle. Manufactured by Fox, Henderson, & Co. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery. 337 Sturdee, A. B., Royal Dockyard, Woolwich— Inventor. Working model of a twin-stern steam sliip, with a protected propeller, prepared in 1848 at Bermuda by the inventor, to elucidate the advantages of his plan over the ordinary mode of fitting screw steamers, of which the following are the principal:— First, as regards safety and speed:— 1. The propeller is entirely protected from accident by shot, floating ice, pieces of wreck, buoys, hawsers, sea- weed, fishing nets, and from a heavy sea. 2. Expense of wear and tear of propeller is reduced. 3. In the case of the ship being driven on shore, the greater portion of the dead wood may be knocked away without injury to the propeller. 4. The fluid thrown ofi" laterally by the pro- peller being reflected by the tunnel, vents itself aft with considerable force, like the stream of a rotatory pump, and acting against the after draught of the vessel, which flows in the opposite direction, assists in propelling the vessel; while, in the ordinary construction, the power expended in driving the fluid laterally, is wholly lost. 5, However much the form of the screw may be per- fected, the fluid thrown off" laterally must always be con- siderable at starting. It will, therefore, be seen that the first revolutions of the screw will be much more effective in the twin-stern steamers than in vessels of the ordinary construction, and a great advantage be thus gained in extricating the ship from difficult situations. 6. A more direct flood, and a more free passage for the water to the propeller, the line of current being direct with the axis of the propeller. Second, as regards construction:— 1. The stern-frame of the ship is much stronger than that of an ordinary sailing vessel, has additional dis- placement, and dispenses entirely with ponderous over- hanging quarters. 2. The stern-post is not, as now, nearly severed by an enormous hole being bored through it and the sternson knee, for the screw shafts. H. Greater stability is obtained, and the heavy rolling so much complained of in the present screw ships greatly reduced. 4. Vibration of stern, when under steam, is nearly removed. 5. The twin-rudder, which can be worked by a single tiller, acts with increased effect; but in case of accident to one, the remaining one v/ill be found sufficient for ordinary work, enabling the carpenter's crew to effect a proper repair of the injured one, or to fit a temporary rudder to the sister stern-post. A single rudder can, however, be adopted, if preferred. 6. On a foreign station, or in the absence of a dock or slip, the ship may be grounded abaft to effect any slight repairs to the propeller shaft, &c. Third, as regards the application of sails:— 1. The propeller can be housed without incommoding the working of the ship or guns. 2. The lateral resist- ance is increased on the inclination of the ship, by the leeward keel having more immersion than when the ship is upright, thereby adding to her weatherly qualities. 3. The form of the water sections being preserved before each ruddex', they have more power than that of the present screw ships, where the water from the leeward side of the vessel passes through the cavity for the screw to the weather side of the rudder, 4. In the case of the ship getting on shore or striking abaft, and having an inclination or list at the time, by tacking or wearing, as the case may require, she will immediately be brought upright, and in many instances free herself, when in that position, as her draught of water abaft will then be less than at the moment she struck. Lastly, as regards armament:— 1. The propeller, and well for raising it when under canvas, can be fitted clear of the pivot gun, both when housed and in action. 2. The additional strength and support to the stern-frame, already alluded to, and the absence of quarters overhanging by many yards the section of load displacement, as in the case of the ordinary screw ships, render the stern capable of sustaining much heavier metal, and which can be better handled or worked from the increased dimensions of the after part of the quarter-deck. The illustration represents a quarter view of the ship, with two stern-posts and two rudders to work simultaneously. The space between the stern posts, re- gulated by the diameter of the screw, forms a tunnel for the propeller to work in, which tunnel, extenduig towards the fore part of the ship, gradually resolves itself into the ordinary form of the vessel near the mainmast, from whence the original model is preserved. Sturdee's Working Model of a Twin-stern Steam Ship. The sister keels which are substituted for the dispensed- with midship one abaft, are fixed at equal distances from the middle line, parallel to each other, forming bilge keels amidships, and the foundation of the arched roof of the tunnel abaft. To the roof of the tunnel is given that form which will insure the most effective delivery of that portion admitted of the displaced fluid, and the most free access of the water to the screw. The engines are placed and fitted in the ordinary way, and the ship may be built of either wood or iron. In the event of a screw steamer fitted in the ordinary manner being driven on shore, the first two or three shocks would render the ship unmanageable, upon getting off" again, both under steam and canvas, with the loss of rudder and propeller, as in the case of a corvette on the North American coast, in 1850. It is also said of the ''Great Britain," that, immediately after the first shock she received on going on shore, the screw was jammed or locked, thereby preventing any hope of assistance from her engine of 1,000 horse power, which was thereby rendered useless at the time it was perhaps most required for the safety of the ship. The experience of nautical men and others connected with the screw proves, that from its present exposed position many instances have occurred of hawsers being taken up by, and coiled around, the propeller, completely choking it, and endangering the engines as well as the ship, causing a detention of many days to cut them off* piecemeal; in some cases it is not accomplished effectually without placing the vessel on shore, or in a dry dock. The eddy formed on starting the engines, before the ship gathers way, has, in more than one instance, drawn the boats made fast astern into the propeller, which has literally smashed and sunk them. The blades of the screw have also been knocked off" by striking against projecting shelves of rock, buoys, &c. &c.] Drawings of the ''Balsa" life-boat, in two positions, also the mode of launching in a heavy surf, with the carriage , used for that purpose and transporting along- shore. Provisionally registered. Sketches of a paddle-box boat, constructed on the "Balsa" principle, showing her both mider sail and stowed in place. West End Gallery and South-West Gallery, The principles on which the "Balsa" life-boat have been constructed are those of the twin-stern steamer, with protected propeller, exhibited in Class 5, so applied as to combine the qualities recommended by the Com- mittee appointed to examine the plans which competed for the Northumberland premium. The term " Balsa" is taken from the name of the boats of " South America," famed for their qualities as surf- boats, &c. The boats so styled are each propelled by one man using a double paddle through the heavy breakers and surf on the coast of South America, fre- quently carrying a cargo of a ton weight. 338 Hudson, J., jun., 12 Hanover Square—Producer. Model of H.M. steam-ship ''Medea," on the scale of 5-inch to a foot. This splendid war-steamer has the reputation of being one of the fastest paddle steamers under canvas in the Royal Navy; and was designed and built by Oliver Lang, Esq., master shipwright in the Royal dockyard at Woolwich; last year she was the bearer to this country of the celebrated Koh-i-noor diamond, on which occasion she performed the quickest passage on record from the Cape of Good Hope to England. This model is represented in the annexed illustration. Hudson's Model of H.M. Steam Ship « Medea." 339 Farley, Henry W. A.—Inventor. Method of raising a stranded vessel. 340 Ward, —, Inventor. Model of a steam-vessel. {In class 5;. 341 M'Crae, J.—Inventor. Model of a life-boat. 342 RiCKARDS, C.—Inventor. Steersman's indicator. 343 Marcuard, C. R.—Inventor. Model of an 18-gun brig. 344 Jones, T.—Inventor. Model of a propeller for canal navigation. 345 Egg, D.—Inventor. Pistols, inlaid with gold and silver. 346 Lancaster, C.—Inventor. Guns and rifles, smooth-bored. 347 Admiralty compass. 348 Sears, M. W.—Inventor. Patent needle-gun. 349 Hall, H. W., Lieut, R.N.—Inventor. Model of an anchor. 350 Reid, Captain, J. H.—Inventor, Model of a fan-propeller. 351 Rankine, Adam, Lancefield Foundry, Kirkcudbright —Inventor. Working model of an iron planked war steam-ship, with screw motion, and propelled by a pair of direct oscillating engines; showing the principle of the ball passing through the ship, with improved tubular boilers. 352 Baily, J., Middle Street, Deal—Inventor, Model of a Deal lugger of 20 tons. Exhibited for lightness of construction, and sufficiency of strength to stand in a storm. 353 PUGH, Edwin, Whitstahle, Kent—Inventor. New ballast, called '' water ballast," possessing the following advantages over the present mode of ballasting: No delay in taking in ballast; a sufficient quantity at all times; any quantity can be discharged when requisite; no choking of the pumps; no shifting of the ballast; a greater choice of freights; greater security from leakage; greater security from fire; a saving of labour, and rest to the crew; a greater number of voyages; a greater saving to the vessel, wear and tear of ropes, &c.; strengthening of the vessel when in ballast; saving in provisions, &c.; prevention of the vessel foundering; and saving the expense of ballast. This apparatus is constructed to last for years, at a trifling annual cost. It is simple in its arrangement, so that a sailor can easily iinderstand it. It requires no alteration after it is fixed, and if by accident it should be damaged, it is soon repaired. The expense of the purchase is liquidated in the first twelve months. 354 Captain Dwyer, Woolmch Dockyard. Model of life-boats and anchors. 355 Mr. Lang, Woolwich Dockyard. Various methods of steering vessels. New plan for dead-eyes, and system of ventilating ships. 356 Peak, James, Woolwich Dockyard. Model of a brig, on slip, 358 ~~ Model of a 78-gun war-ship, in a small decanter. AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. INTRODUCTION. The application of the mechanical genius of this country to Agriculture is illustrated by the present Class. In respect of the space occupied by it, it may be considered the largest Class in the Exhibition ; but in the number of exhibitors it does not equal many other Classes. In consequence of the annual exhibitions of agricultural implements held in different towns, the exhibitors in this Class have had a degree of experience in their pre- parations for exhibiting, not enjoyed by those in other Classes, to whom a public display of their j)roductions has presented itself as a new undertaking. This Class divides itself into the following sub-classes:—A. Implements for Tillage, such as Ploughs, Harrows, Scarifiers, Clod-crushers, &c.; B. Drilling, Sowing, Manuring, and Hoeing Machines, such as Drills, Dibblers, Hoes, &c.; C. Harvesting Machines, as machines for cutting corn, &c., l»akes, Tedding, and other machines ; D. I>arn Machinery, as Steam-engines, Horse-works. Thrashing-machines, Winnowing, Hummelling, and other machines ; E. Field, Fold, and Yard machinery, as Turnip-cutters, steaming, feeding, weighing, and watering machinery; F. Agricultural Carriages, Harness, and Gear, such as Waggons, Carts, &c. ; G-. Drainage Implements, as Pipe, Tile, and Brick-making machines. Irrigators, &c. ; H. Dairy Implements, as Churns, Presses, &c.; I. Miscellaneous Implements used in Agriculture ; and J. Garden-engines and Tools. In the Building the implements and other apparatus of this Class will be found in Avenues P. Q. and R., extending from the western wall of the Building to the Sculpture Court. Some of the machines in motion, such as mills for farm produce, together with some of the steam-engines adapted for agricultural purposes, are found in the space generally occupied by Classes 5, 6. Outside the Building, also, at its western end, are gates, hurdles, &c., which properly belong to this Class. The results of much effort, in calling in the powers of the steam-engine to the aid of agriculture as to that of manufacture, are evident in this Class. The agricultural steam-engine is itself an interesting object. For its practical application, great simplicity, combined with efficiency and strength in the working parts, is absolutely necessary. The mechanism requires to be such as shall not be easily deranged, or if deranged to be capable of easy adjustment. The elements of lightness and portability, with simple but efficient working power, naturally offer themselves, as of the first moment, in the construction of an engine to be managed by agricultural labourers, to be dragged into the fields, and often over bad ground and roads. The oscillating cylinder-engine is used in some of the instances exhibited, and in others the cylinder is placed horizontally, and is fixed, the slide-valves being acted on by an eccentric in the usual manner. These engines have been put to actual service, together with the other machines in this Class ; having been tested in the trial-yard on their way to the Building. Upon the result of these experiments will principally depend the report of the Jury for this Class. A variety of ploughs and pulverizers are shown, the peculiar form and construction of which are submitted to practical agriculturists for their approbation. A large amount of attention has been given to the form of the share and furrow-turner, with a view to their adaptation to soils of varying tenacities and degrees of resistance. Many of the iron ploughs are deserving of notice from their compactness and lightness of construction. Some are made especially for convenience of stowage for emigrants. The drilling, sowing, and manuring machines exhibit features of interest. In many of these, vulcanized caoutchouc has been serviceably applied for conducting the seed, manure, &c., to the coulters. The steerage of many of these machines exhibits ingenious arrangements. Attempts have frequently been made to substitute mechanical for hand-labour in harvesting operations. Some curiously-contrived forms of apparatus are found in this Class adapted for cutting corn and grass, and thus in a degree dispensing with the labours of the reaper and the mower. Barn machinery is also well represented in a variety of chaff-cutters, winnowing, thrashing, and other machines and mills, which afford an instructive view of the present extensive applications of machinery to agricultural uses. The implements connected with the all-important subject of drainage are specimens exhibiting much inventive skill. The pipe, brick, and tile machines are highly interesting, and some are exhibited in operation, automatically producing, from well- kneaded clay, those various articles, the ordinary manufacture of which requires the labours of several indi- viduals. The pipe-making machines present a singular aspect when in work, discharging an endless row of pipes of wet clay, which are divided by the alternate rise and fall of horizontal wire. By a simple arrangement the length of these pipes can be adjusted to any required extent. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. In no other country, of late years, has agriculture been rendered so largely an object of experiment as in the United Kingdom, and in none other do the requisite amount of capital, and the supply of means for such experi- ments, proportionately to the area of the soil occupied, exist. Perhaps it may be added, that in no other country does there exist the same absolute necessity for the complete development of the productive capabilities of the soil. The application of philosophy to this art is recent, but promises favourable results. Chemistry has been applied to, for the knowledge of the properties of various earths, and Mechanics become the next object of study with a view to reduce the soil to the conditions required by the cultivator.—R. E. 1 Stanley, William Proctor, Market Place, Peterborough—Manufacturer. 1. A two-horse portable steam-engine, with an im- proved boiler, invented by John Medworth, of Nottingham. The fire is surrounded by water; in and across the fire-box, is a circulating chamber or water bridge, in the form of a square box, with about two inches inside water space. It has inlet pipes at bottom, and outlet pipes at top, into the body of the boiler. The water circulates through this box, and its violent ebullition liberates the steam as rapidly as it is generated. The cut, fig. 1, repre- sents this steam-engine. Fig. 1. Stanley's Two-horse Portable Steam-engine. (End Elevation.) 2. The farmers' registered steam-cooking apparatus. This apparatus is shown in the adjoining cut, fig. 2. Fig. 2. Stanley's Kegistered Steam-cooking Apparatus (for Farmers). 3. Rape and linseed cake-breaker, for breaking cakes for sheep, cattle, and manure. 4. Registered roller mill, or corn and seed crusher, for crushing linseed, oats, barley, malt, beans, and Indian corn. 5. Chaff engine, with safety lever, and apparatus for stopping or reversing the motion in case of accident, to cut chaff from ^ths of an inch to 5 inches long. This engine is represented in the annexed cut, fig. 3. 6. A machine for cutting roots for sheep and cattle, and known as the Royal Albert turnip-cutter: this, as also Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, are intended to work, at the same time, from the two-horse engine. d < Stanley's Cliaff Engine, The side cuts represent the safety lever seen from above and at the side; d is the lever acting through the pieces a and /, /, on the roller e, e-, c is a tightening screw, 7. Drawings of windmills for grinding corn. 8. Drawings of a roller mill, and of a steam generator. 3 Guest, John, Bedford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Three-row steerage drill on the flat, or two rows on the ridge, for turnips or mangel-wurzel, with manure. Eight-row cup drill, for corn and seed, with self-acting box, and independent steerage, by which the drill-man is enabled to steer it perfectly straight, independently of the horses, and thus to facilitate the use of the horse-hoe between the rows. 4 Dean, Thomas, Wishaw, Scotland—Inventor. Cutlery apparatus attached to a tile and pipe machine, for forming overlaps in tiles and pipes as they come through the die; intended to prevent the tiles or pipes from sinking in soft lands, and to keep them in one con- tinuous line, so as to supersede collars. Two men and a boy can cut and make an average of 4,000 daily. The one pipe is cut out of the other, so that the overlaps are very complete in the fitting. The machine will be worked to exliibit the process. 4a Smith, Alexander Kennedy, Exminster— Inventor and Maker. Rotary screening machine, for screening earths, ma- nures, coke, coal, stamped ores, &c,, having a rotary motion, constantly changing the position of the article to be screened. 11 Crosskill, E., Liverpool—Manufacturer. Cart, waggon, and patent wheels. 13 Harding, Egerton, Oldsprings, Market Drayton— Inventor. One-horse cart, the wheels running vertically, and the axle revolving as well as the wheels. Set of whippletrees. On the South Side : Aeeas N. 0. 1 ; P. Q. E. 1 to 27. 15 Busby, William, JSfevjton-Ie- Willows, Bedale— Manufacturer. Single-horse cart, and light single-horse cart, for farm- ing purposes. A light horse-hoe, for ridge work, improved'by the exhibitor. Strong horse-hoe for ridge work, with five tines. Horse-hoe, with expanding motion. Deep plough. Plough for general purposes. Light two-wheeled plough. Swing plough. Eibbing drill. 16 Harveys & Tait, Strathaven, Scotland— Inventors and Manufacturers, Clydesdale tilt-cart, in working order, with concealed fastening; intended for farm work, and adapted for jobbing on parks, lawns, or ornamental grounds. Farm kitchen fire-place crane, with improved machinery for adjusting cooking vessels. 17 Campbell, A. F., Great Plumstead, Norfolk— Manufacturer. Patent four-wheel parallel-motion harrow. 17a Gregoby, Eichard, Beverley—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a draining-machine. 18 Stent, William, Stockwith, Gainsborough— Inventor and Manufacturer. New supporter for peas, intended to supersede the com- mon sticks, and calculated to last, with care, for a con- siderable time. This supporter is neat, and can be ob- tained in lengths of 23 yards. 20 Nicholls, E. H., 11 Elizabeth Street, Eaton Square —Inventor. Patent dibble, with locomotive machine attached, for planting corn; and so constructed as to work upon any description of land without choking; progression is ob- tained by a new arrangement of mechanical powers. Machine for giving motion with power to all rotatory machinery. 21 Wilkie, J., & Co., Uddingston, near Glasgow— Manufacturer. Parallel drill grubber, made of wrought-iron, and adapted for cleaning and loosening the earth between the rows of mangel-wurzel, potatoes, and turnips sown on the ridge, having two wheels, one in front and one behind, and regulated to the required depth by a lever. Turn-wrist plough, made wholly of malleable iron, and adapted to lay the furrow to the right or left at pleasure; the mould boards and coulter are shifted by a simulta- neous motion; the bridle is self-acting, and adjusts itself in the turning of the horses, having two wheels in front to regulate the depth. Two-horse sowing plough, adapted for general purposes. It is greatly improved by welding the left handle, beam, sheath, and heel in one solid body, thus dispensing with joints and mortices. Subsoil plough, invented by Mr. Smith, and improved by the exhibitor, with frame-work and land-breakers, and a leading wheel to regulate the depth, which, running in the bottom of the furrow previously made by the common plough, makes it work more evenly and easily. Friction-wheel plough, having a friction-wheel in the sole for ease of draught. 21a Eevis, Thomas, 8 Cleave Place, Larkhall Lane, Stockwell, Surrey—Inventor. Single-seed planter. Single-seed dibbler. 22 Eaton, John, Woodford, near Thrapstone— Inventor and Manufacturer. A patent seed-dibbler, adapted for hand or horse power, Eegistered ornamental sheep-crib, for hay, roots, cake, &c. Invented by William Knight, Esq,, of Titchmarsh, 23 Habkes, David, Mere, near Nutsford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Plough, with the joints welded instead of being con- nected by bolts and screws, and improved mould-board; it can be used with or without wheels. Parallel expanding horse-hoe, for hoeingbetween turnips, potatoes, &c.; it can be set to any required width by a lever fixed between the handles, without stopping the horses. Cheese and cider press, operating on the principle of a steelyard, which can be regulated to any pressure. Hay-cutter. Machine for screening clay for bricks, tiles, pipes, &c. 24 Bbaby, James, & Son, Duke Street, Stamford Street, Lambeth—Inventors and Manufacturers. New application of springs to a caravan, or waggon, in which the perch bolt is placed behind the centre of the axletree, to allow a higher fore wheel, and give a greater amount of lock. Machine for weighing coals, attached to the hind part of the caravan or waggon. 25 Windsor, John, Oswestry—Manufacturer & Improver. Winnowing machine, for wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, &c. The improvements claimed are the peculiar construction of the riddle-case, and the placing of a fly- wheel on the fan spindle to regulate the speed, and produce an under-current of wind at the bottom of the cylinder to blow off any light substances. Clover seed drill, for sowing all grass seeds and turnips on the flat. The bottom of the box is formed so as to cause the seed to fall to the brush until empty, and there is a movement for throwing the connecting spindle out of gear. 25a Alsop, Daniel, 6 Boone Street, Lee, Kent— Inventor and Manufacturer. Sulphurator and fumigator, to difi'use powdered sulphur for destroying mildew; with a tobacco-chamber, 25b Kingswell, Frederick, Upper St. Martin's Lane —Inventor. Model waggon. 25c Gingell, W. J., Nelson Street, Bristol—Inventor. Model uniform corn and seed meter, producing a uniformity of weight and measure of corn or seed at the same time. 26 EoBERTSON, George, Allardice Street, Stonehaven, Scotland—Inventor. One-horse cart for agricultural purposes; with a sliding axle, by which the weight on the horse's back is regulated in going up or down hill; it has the advantage of keeping the cart always on a level. This invention is intended to prevent horses being at one time crushed with too much weight, and choked at another with too little. 27 Alcock, Thomas, RadcUffe, near Nottingham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Chaff-cutter, with improved rising roller. Improved two-wheeled iron plough. Improved swing iron plough. 28 LowcocK, Henry, St. Peter s Street, Tiverton —Inventor and Patentee. Patent turn-wrist plough (invented by the exhibitor, and manufactured by E. Adams, of Marldon, Devon), for turning furrows in one line of direction, and parallel to each other. With this implement the whole under surface of the furrow-slice is clean cut out at each ploughing; the weeds axe clean cut; and the upper surface of the soil, especially when brought into tilth, is kept more level, and is less trodden. 28a Fowler, John, jun., Temple Gate Implement Factory, Bristol—Inventor and Proprietor. Improved draining plough, (patented for the United Kingdom, France and Belgium) capable of effectually ex- On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. K. 1 to 27. ecuting any drainage that may be required above tlie depth of 4 feet, at less than half the cost of the present system^ and without disturbing the surface soil. The following engraving shows the machine just as it is finishing the drain. When commencing work, the plough is taken to one end of the field, and the capstan is moored at the other; the wire rope being run off the drum of the capstan and attached to the plough (either singly in shallow draining or soft soils, or returned round a single sheave when greater power is required), as shown in the cut. The plug and coulter are then dropped into a hole prepared for them, and the pipes threaded on a rope are attached to the back of the plug, the hole being sloped off backwards to allow them to enter easily. The horses are attached to the horse levers of the capstan, and by walking in a circular course, wind the wire rope on to the drum, and pull the plough forward with the pipes attached. When the required length of drain is com- pleted (which may be any length under 225 yards), the plough is run into another hole, and the rope on which Fowler's Improved Draining Plough and Windlass. the pipes are strung, being unhooked, is pulled out back- wards, and the drain is complete. As it would be in- convenient to have the pipe-rope in one length, it is made in pieces of 50 feet each and by a simple contrivance, as one rope enters, the other is attached to the end. It does not occupy more than one quarter of an hour from the time of finishing one drain to commencing another. The accuracy with which the clay pipes are laid cannot, it is said, be equalled by any hand work; and from the bottom being undisturbed, they are not liable to sink, as is sometimes the case even in the best-executed hand- draining. By this process, not only is the cost of burying the tiles reduced in many cases 50 per cent., but from the quickness and neatness of the operation it can be done at any season of the year, without injury to any short crop or interfering with the common farm operations, the surface soil being untouched, except at the headlands; and where the hedges are low, the capstan can often be fixed in the next field. In undulating or flat lands, the levels are kept, or a fall insured, by working the coulter up and down in the body of the plough, by means of the worm and worm-wheel, shown in the cut, the ploughman's eye being guided by a try-sight balanced on the plough, and a cross staff erected at the end of the field. Several of these ploughs are now in constant work, and though great lengths of the drains have been opened in the presence of large numbers of agriculturists, in no instance have tiles been found incorrectly laid. The quantity of draining that can be done per day will vary with each particular field, but in common clay land when the depth does not exceed three feet, between 6,000 and 7,000 feet will be completed with four horses in the common working day; but when the depth exceeds three feet, from two to three horses will not do more than half that quantity. Where it is possible, this drain- ing would be much more cheaply done in summer; as twice the quantity of work may be done by having two teams of horses out, and the other expenses would not be increased in proportion. 28b Fowler & Fry, Temple Gate Implement Factory, Bristol—Designers and Manufacturers. Eegistered farm cart, adapted for harvest and winter purposes. The shafts are adjusted with bent iron stays, so as to keep the body low and the wood shafts straight; the tipping apparatus is also adapted for rapid and easy delivery. 29 Ells, 3 &; 6 Tottenham Court Road—Inventor. Wheelbarrow on an improved principle. 30 Carpenter, W., Banbury—Inventor. Anti-attrition thrashing machine. 31 Sawney, William, Beverley—Inventor. Winnowing-machine. Iron model bridge. 32 Benball, James, Woodhridge—Manufacturer. Patent self-adjusting cultivator, for skimming, cleaning, pulverizing, or subsoiling land, with a double-action lever on the axle, and crescent plate, to regulate its depth; improved key mortice, for prongs; new arrangement of shares, and new mode of regulating front wheels. Patent crushing machine for corn, beans, peas, bar- ley, &c. 33 Blackhall, James, 22 Upper Gray Street, Edinburgh —Inventor. Model of high-pressure boiler, for steaming bones for manure; with additional tanks for retting flax; also, for steaming straw, turnips, and other food for cattle. Specimen of steamed bone-manure, prepared at Black- faulds, Linlithgowshire; containing, for its preservation, 5 per cent, of salt and 5 per cent of gypsum. The process of steaming bones, and afterwards dis- solving them in sulphuric acid, is intended to supersede the usual method of crushing them by expensive ma- chinery. 34 Beart, p., Godmanchester, near Huntingdon—Inventor. Patent land cultivator or scarifier, having traction wheels, to prevent the implement, when paring hard land, from moving out of the line of the draught of the horses. 35 Marshall, Lieut.-Col. William, Newfield Cottage, Craigellachie, Scotland—Inventor. Cereal seed - planting and simultaneously - operating machine, constructed to show the advantage of thin seed- ing. 36 WiNDUS, T., F.S.A., Stamford Hill—lnYentor. (J. Rendall, Maker, Stamford Hill.) Two centripetal barrows. 37 BuRRELL, Charles, Thetford, Norfolk—Designer and Manufacturer. A six-horse power portable steam-engine, adapted for driving a thrashing-machine, saw-mill, &c. It has an im- On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. [United proved tubular boiler and reversible motion. The speed can be varied from 90 to 110 revolutions per minute^ with- out stopping the engine. The following cut represents this engine. Burrell's Six-horse Portable Steam Engine. Registered machine for making hurdles or gates. It consists of a circular saw bench, fitted with a machine for boring and morticing at the same time. An extra frame is also supplied for putting the hurdles or gates together; it is also adapted for morticing posts for fencing. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Burrell's Hurdle-making Machine. Registered gorse-cutting and bruising machine. It first cuts the gorse as chaff, and then passes it through one pair of rollers, one of which has a pressure, by means of a leverage, of four tons weight. It is also fitted with an extra hopper when used for crushing. This apparatus is shown in the cut. A thrashing-machine, with straw-shaker attached, in- vented, improved, and manui^xctured by the exhibitor. This machine is upon double carriages, and is well adapted for a portable steam-engine. Burrell's Registered Gorse-cutting and Bruising Machine. A spirit-level, for laying draining-pipes or tiles, in- vented by John Matthews, and improved by the exhibitor. 38 Steevens, Wm. Dan,, 157 High Holhom.—Inventor. Model of a new plan for an agricultm'al railway, with a new engine for the same, without steam or horse power, and carriages, trucks, &c., for farming pm-poses. 38a Armitage & Company, Mousehole Forge— An improved plough. 38b Murphy, D. J., Chairiber of Commerce, Cork— Inventor. Model of the Archimedean agricultural machine for cutting, turning up, and pulverising the soil, so as to prepare it in the one operation for receiving the seed, and thereby economising much of the time, laboiu-, and expense heretofore incurred. It can be worked either by steam or horse power, and even, on a reduced scale, by manual, for horticultural purposes. 41 Elliott, John, Southampton—Inventor. Deodorizing water-closet. Model of farm buildings. Model of cottages for labourers. Portable draining level. Specimens of clay tubes, for building roofs and walls of cottages, farm buildings, &c. Manufactured in 1848, at the brick and tile works of the Duke of Richmond, 41a Fyfe, William Wallace, 30 Hamilton Place, Edinburgh—Inventor, Syphon apparatus, for the washing of sheep, and for improving the growth of wool by the copious application of pure water. [Though employed in a rude form in the case of Canadian sheep or store farming, the use of the syphon in this country is unknown in sheep-washing, a process which is performed either by ^'leaping" or "rough- handling" the animals, to their great injury and that of the wool. There is reason to believe that the free application of water, promoted by the use of this apparatus, will improve the woolly fibre, by precluding irregular growth, and the formation of knots or joints, besides conducing to the health of the sheep, A preju- dice exists against giving water to sheep, yet the necessity of.washing is admitted.] On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. 42 Slight, J., 34 ^Fa^^, Edinburgh— Manufacturer. A Tweeddale subsoil trench, plough; an improvement on Read's by the Marquis of Tweeddale. The Tweeddale trench plough^ invented by the same, for the purpose of taking a furrow slice fourteen inches deep as a precursor to the former. Model of Henderson's patent Derrick crane. 43 Starkey, Thomas, Farthinghoe, Brnckleij, North- amptonshire—Inventor, Designer, and Maker. Clod-crusher, on travelling wheels, shifting into a plain roller. Telescope ladder, extending from six feet, to 26 feet, shifting into one, two, three or four ladders, and forming a single or double flight of steps. Ship-propeller, exhibited for simplicity and power. Table, convertible into a bed or wardrobe, a suite of drawers, a seat, a closet, &c. Two tables, as specimens of British woods. Seat, to shut-up, for the pocket. 44 Race, Edward, Beverley—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a new tipping waggon. This waggon has a screw in the middle pole acting upon the fore-end of the waggon, so that one man can tip the body, and discharge a load of four tons weight. 45 --GoLDlNG, Robert, Hunton, Maidstone— Manufacturer. Improved Grecian" beehive: constructed with bars or slips of wood, to which the combs are suspended, so as to allow of their being extracted and returned uninjured. Adapted either for making observations, or for taking the honey without destroying the bees. A portion of the hive, consisting of three bars, is removed, and a similar piece, with combs attached, from another hive, substi- tuted to show the arrangement of the comb and mode of action. "Improved Huber's leaf-hive," which opens in the manner of a book, and admits of particular examination, for the purpose of observing the proceedings of the bees. 45a Golding, Edward, Ilnrsibunme Priors, Andover Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved rolling barley chumper, to break the beard from the grain by rolling it backwards and forwards over the barley when spread on the floor. Its effects are doubled by inserting wires between and underneath the bars. 46 Davis, Thomas, Guy St. Nicholas, Warwick — Inventor. The drum part of a registered thrashing-machine, worked by steam or horse, adapted to thrash all kinds of grain (leaving the straw for boltings or otherwise), with revolving drum, the circumference of which is fornied of a series of flutes or concave plates, and the beaters at- tached to the said drum and concave fixed in the interior of the same cylinder in which the drum works. These plates have teeth or sharp-edged flutes on their faces. The said teeth are not concentric with the axis of the drum, but (regarded in the direction in which the drum revolves) -the second of each set advances on the first, and the third on the second. 47 Clayton, Henry, Atlas Works, near Dorset Square —Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent double action machine for screening the clay for the manufacture of all kinds of drainage pipes and tiles, roofing and paving tiles, and hollow or solid bricks; it combines the vertical and horizontal plans of working. This double-action machine is illustrated in the annexed cut. Clayton's Brick, Tile, and l*ipe-making Machine. Patent gratings and dies for cleansing clay, being perforated metal plates instead of wires or bars. Cycloidal shape and other various improved draining tools, for cutting the drains in every desci^iption of soils. Patent drain consolidater and chaser, adjustable to every depth of drain, for the tiles to belaid in. Working drawings (to scale), for the erection of kilns, drying sheds, &c. Improved plan for drying shelves, for drainage tiles, pipes, hollow and solid bricks. Speci- mens of common and other tiles, and of Roberts' patent bonded hollow bricks. 48 Morrison, John, & Son, Banff, Scotland— Producei'S. Four bulbs of golden yellow turnip, and sampFe of seed, which have been cultivated in Banffshire and Aber- deenshire for several years. Four bulbs Aberdeenshire, or Gordon yellow turnip, and sample seed. Four bulbs of Williamson's Swedish turnip, and sample of seed. Four bulbs of Bii'chromb yellow turnip, and sample of seed, which produces heavy crops on poor soils. 48a Palmer, Richard, Bideford, Devon—Inventor and Manufacturer. Machine for cutting, and reducing to a pulp, turnips, carrots, mangold-wurzel, potatoes, &c., and mixing meal, if required. This machine may also be applied to grinding apples for cyder. 49 Drummond & Sons, Stirling—Proprietors. A grubber or cultivator, made by Mr. Lewis Potter, Bothkennar, near Stirling. The principal improvement [9.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. 11. 1 to 27. I United consists in the easy adjustment of the tine frame, by means of lever and pulley. A two-horse iron swing-plough, made by Mr. John Barrowman, of Saline, Fifeshire; with long handles and short beam. 50 Nicholson, W. N., I^ewark-on-Trent—Inventor and Manufacturer. Oil-cake breaking machines. Mill for grinding barley, beans, &c. Improved double blast corn-dressing or winnomng ma- chine. 51 Seaward, William, OuUon, Wahefidd—Designer. Tree remover, for transplanting large shrubs and trees. [When the earth has been removed round the roots of the tree, so that a large and compact ball remains, the plate is placed as far under the ball as it will admit; the longest rope is then crooked on to the ring at the corner of the plate at the furthest distance from the ball, and passed round the under part of it, until it retui^ns to the opposite corner; the power is then applied to the end of the rope, by which means the tree is easily removed to the centre of the plate in its erect position, and therefore conveyed to its intended place.] Tree supporter, to support cypresses, arbor-vita3, and shrubs, the branches of which are liable to be bent and broken down by snow, &c. 52 Jones, Edward, 138 LeadenhaU Street—Inventor. ''Airish mow," adapted to the pri^servation of corn in the harvest-time of rainy seasons. In Cornwall and Devonshire the farmers, when cutting their crops in unfavourable weather, commence early in the morning and have the produce of whole fields stacked on the spot, in '^airish mows," before the evening, where it remains for months, free from heat and injury, until it suits the grower to house or otherwise disjiose of it. Each mow contains generally about 400 sheaves. [In wet harvests it is desirable to adopt some method for keeping the cut corn as dry as possible, in order to avoid sprouting and other injury. In the north of Europe light frames are erected in the field, on which the sheaves are placed with their heads downwards, and the top ridge is then lightly thatched; or hurdles may be set up, inclined towards each other at any desired angle, and the sheaves placed on them in layers and then thatched. In many counties in England the practice is to set up a certain number of sheaves to form a stack, which is ^^capped" or "headed" by other sheaves placed on it with their heads downwards. In Northumberland a practice still exists called "gaiting."—A single sheaf is taken; the band is tied higher up than usual; the butt, by a pecu- liar movement of the workman, is spread out, and the sheaf is then set up by itself. By thus separating the straw the wet does not lodge so much as it otherwise would do. The practice of making " airish mows" has generally declined, even in Cornwall and Devon:—smaller mows are now made in the form of a conical heap, and containing about a load of sheaves.—J. W.] 53 CoocH, Joshua, Harleston, near Northampton— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent machine for winnowing or dressing corn and seeds. Barley hummeller, for breaking off the haulm or beard of barley, without injury to the corn. It is also made with a self-acting appai\atus for feeding the hopper. Patent sack-holder, invented by Hem-y Gilbert, of St. Leonard's-on-Sea, for opening the mouth of a sack while being filled; with improvements by the exhibitor. 55 Abbott, Wm., Bideford, Devon—Inventor. Common plough, diminished in weight and friction, by the _ introduction of a wheel behind, and improved by raising the share, and continuing the iron-work of the handles to the spill. Machine or apparatus for drying malt. 50 Chenery, S., March Camhs—Inventor. Land-presser, particularly adapted for fen-land. 56a Ebbs, Benjamin, 9 Lower Terrace, Islington— Designer. Lady's garden rake, consisting of a hoe, spud, and rake, all m one, by which weeds may be extracted from between closely-planted flowers, and the necessity of treading on the flower-beds or stooping to pull them up with the hand prevented. 57 Newberry, W., Hoohnorton, Ckippingnorton— Inventor. Five-row dibbling machine. 58 RoYCE, George, Fletland, Market Deeping—Inventor. Patent self-acting reeing- sieve, which takes out of corn all sprouted, damaged, and mouldy kernels; and dirt from oats, wheat, or barley. Patent smut-machine, and general corn-cleaner. The cleaning power of this machine is due to the operation of the revolving cylinder, which carries away dirt*as soon as it is detached from the gi^ain. 59 Whishaw, F., Jolm Street, Adelphi—Inventor. A self-acting feeding-trough for poultry. 00Beckford,T., &Gof^LmG,W., ffighfieldFarm., Wargrave Henley-on-Thames—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a circular mowing and tedding machine, dra^wTi on three wheels, by one horse, regulated with a lever by the driver, according to the nature of the land. Th mowing machine can be iised with or without the tedder. (31 Rodenhurst, W. & J., Market Drayton— Manufacturers. Compound screw and lever cheese-press, having mor power than the ordinary rack and i:)inion press, and there fore requiring a less weight and a shorter lever. Hay or straw cutting machine. 62 Gill & Ward, Oxford—Manufacturers. Improved portable copper steam generator, with force pvimp and supply-cistern, complete. Two iron vessels for boiling or steaming food. 63 Watt, James, Biggar, Scotland—Improver and Manufactui-er. Improved broad-cast sowing-machine, for gi'ain and grass seeds, having jointed seed-chests, adapted for pass- ing gates, and the small wheel behind for ease in working, and saving of the grain. Drawn by one horse, and sow- ing from 30 to 35 acres per day. This machine is repre- sented by a side elevation in the annexed cut. Watt's Broad-cast Sowing Machine. 65 Bigg, Thomas, Leicester LLouse, Great Dover Street, Sonthwark—Inventor and Manufacturer, Improved apparatus for sheep-dipping, which, with the assistance of five men, is capable of dipping 500 On the Soutm Side : Areas N. O. 1; P. Q. ]{. 1 to 27. slieep per day, ratr.s. The annexed cut repi-esents this appa- 15igo''b Sheep-oipping Apparatu.s. GG Green, T., 97 North Street, Leeds- Wire aviary and ornamental seat. -Manufacturer GGa Amos, Joseph, King Street, Bristol—Manufacturer. Barrel-churn and stand of English oak, with improve- ments in the bung, vent-peg, whey-tap, and gudgeons. G7 Sjianks & Son, Arbroath, Forfar—Inventor. Grass and hay-cutting machines. G8 Whitfield, James Alexander, Pelaw Staith, near Gateshead—Inventor. Improved grappling or dredging-iron, for drawing from the water the bodies of persons apparently drowned. The improvement consists in its passing over in the same time, four times the space which the present irons pass over. Should the hooks become fastened at the bottom of the river, they will straighten. The hanging- chain with the hooks will detect a body lying behind a rock or large stone. It is made to take into pieces, so that it can be easily repaired. G9 Jolly, Joseph, Vale of Aylesbury—Manufacturer. Churn and stand; large and small milk-pails ; oval butter-tub; butter prints and boards; milk-strainer. 70 Jennison, John, Frodingham, Duffield, Yorksliire— Inventor. Yorkshire corn stacks, showing the position in which sheaves are laid. Stack level, to assist the stack-builder. Hedge "models, &c. 72 Hart, Charles, Wantage—Inventor. A registered universal portable grinding-mill. The first part consists of two plates, with steel cutters, the bottom one running horizontally; the grain, in passing through which, is split into small pieces ; it is then con- veyed between two stones, one stationary anrl the other running vertically, where it is reduced to fine meal. 72a Phillips, G., Harrow-on-the-Rill—Manufacturer. Improved collateral beehive, made of wood, glass, and zinc. In this hive, the bees do not swarm, nor require to be destroyed to take the honey; and the progress of their work can at any time be ascertained withou danger. 73 France, Archibald, Stirling—Manufacturer and Designer. A drill-j)lough for green crops. A green-crop grubber, 74 Sherriff, T., West Cams, near Dunbar--liwentov. 1. A machine for sowing grain, being an improved drill. 2. A machine for dressing grain, being an improved winnowing machine. 75 Bennett, Henry, Liverpool—Manufacturer. Model of a self-cleaning roller, for crushing clods, roll- ing growing crops, and freeing land infested with wire- worm. The rings, of which the roller is composed, are fastened by bolts running through bored bosses into the solid ends. The contrivance for self-cleaning is effected by having two of the holes in each alternate ring larger than the other, so as to allow half the roller parts to rise twice in the revolution, sufficiently to cut out all clods which may rise between them. The rings are also tapered from the outer to the inner edge, so that a clod, being squeezed in, will necessarily fall into the interior, and be broken. Mill for mixing provender, and preparing manures for drill-sowing. The rollers are composed of double-toothed rings, working into each other; with strong gearing, heavy fly-wheel, with brass bushes, and hard-wood frame. Gorse-cutting machine, with eight knives, fixed on a cylinder, which revolves in brass bearings, with fluted rising feed rollers, and case-hardened cutting plate. Mill for kibbling or crushing beans, oats, &c., on hard- wood frame, with case-hardened diagonally machine- fluted rollers, working in brass bushes. The feed ap- paratus is regulated by a screw from behind. Oilcake crusher, for crushing oil or rape cake. The rollers are composed of double-toothed rings, bored out, and fitted with a key on a round shaft. It has double; pickers for cleaning the rollei'S, and sliding bars, with regulating screw in the centre, giving a parallel motion to the roller. 7G WooDBOURNE, James, L'^iagsley, near Alton— Manufacturer. Iron machine for bagging hops by pressure. The power is obtained by one pair of wheels, rack, pinion, and lever; and it is provided with an iron case, screw, and step, for the reception of the bag, to prevent its being torn by the pressure. 77 Pearce, W., Foole, Dorset—Inventor, Clod-crusher, cider-mill, goi"se-cutting and bruising machine, ploughs, &c. 78 GiLLETT, John, Bmiles, near Shipston-on-Stour— Inventor and Manufacturer. 1. Chaff engine, for cutting hay and straw with doiible- action knife, having two edges, cutting in its ascent and Gillett'b Cliair iLxigxnc On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. E. 1 to 27. descent; the appai'atus wliicli regulates tlie length of the cut, and stops the feed during the action of the knife; and the double mouth-piece, by which the feed gets a bearing on both sides, prevents the corners from being left uncut. The preceding cut represents this chaff engine. 2. Patent chaff engine, with lever beam for horse power. 3. Model of a patent rick ventilator, for ventilating hay and corn ricks. 4. Mill for splitting, bruising, and grinding beans, oats, and barley. In this mill there is but one roller which has a double-action fiute: by simply reversing the fly-wheel, the different operations of splitting beans, and bruising or grinding oats and barley, are performed. 5. Patent self-acting alarum gun, for preserving corn, fruit, and seeds from the depredations of birds or game. This machine consists of a barrel with twelve holes, to contain as many charges of powder; one of which, by means of clock-work, is discharged every hour, giving a report as loud as a gun. 80 Swan, Robert Francis, Boxford, Suffolk— Inventor and Manufactiirer. Model of a tipping waggon (on a reduced scale). The novelty consists in the three wheels, the locking, the manner of tipping, the form, the concentration of the weight or load upon one axletree near to the horses' shoulders, and its adaptation to single or double shafts. It may be used as a two-wheel cart, by removing the hind carriage-work. 81 Mackay, Wm. Henry, Swansea—Inventor. Machine for mowing hay or cutting corn. 82 Woods, James, Stoinnarhet, Suffolk—Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered iron-crushing and grinding mill, for linseed, oats, barle}^, Indian corn, rice, lentils, malt, &c. It crushes and grinds separately, or does both at the same time, as two distinct hoppers are provided, and no altera- tion of machinery is required. The cimshing is per- formed on the surface of a large wheel, 4 feet diameter, in conjunction with a small roller, 7 inches diameter. A steel roller is attached to the axis of the large wheel for grinding beans and peas, so that friction from increased bearings is avoided. The annexed cut shows the form of this mill. Woods' Registered Crushing and Grinding Mill. 83 CoRNES, James, Burbrid-je, near Nantwich, Chester —Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered chaff-cutting machine, with three knives: | invented, and manufactured by the exhibitor. It is | applicable to hand, horse, or steam power, and cuts five ; different lengths of chaff; one length of 4 inches for litter. The annexed cut represents this machine. A chaff-cutting machine, with two knives. Cornes' Registered Chaff-cutting Machine. 84 Roe, Freejian, 70 ^ifmnf?—Manufactarer. Four-horse portable steam-engine, for agiicultm-al and other purposes. 85 Sellar, George, & Son, Huntly, near Aberdeen— Inventors and Manufacturers. Double mould, or drill plough, with improved mould- boards. Swing plough. 86 James, John & Co., 24 Leadenhall Street— Manufacturers. Patent weighing-machine, without loose weights; the weights by which the goods are weighed being attached to, and forming part of, the machine itself. Three ton machine, or small patent weigh-bridge, for weighing carts, live cattle, and farm produce generally. Six hundred-weight patent machine, for weighing sheep, pigs, &c. Three hundred -weight machine, for weighing sacks of corn, &c. Machine for weighing potatoes, turnips, and other root- crops in the field. 87 Rowley, John J., lioirthome, nea Chesterfield— Inventor. Patent improved machine for dropping or depositing pulverized substances, such as peat, charcoal, bone-dust, &c., at any required distance from 8 to 18 inches. Turnip, rape, or mangold seed can be deposited with the manure. Registered corn-dressing machine, with new motion in separating corn from the chaff and short straw, as delivered from the thrashing-machine. 88 Drummond, Peter Robert, Perth—Inventor and Manufacturer. Anti-metallic table churns, with six actions. The base is a box for containing hot or cold water. Atmospheric air is carried down through the plunger staff. To the larger size, any kind of animal power can be applied. 89 Read, Richard, 35 Regent Circus—Inventor and Manufacturer. New patent garden watering engine, fitted with an improved metallic (jointed) tube. {See Engraving on p. 373.) Horticultural machine, with metal tube, &c.; and syringe, with angle branch. Stomach jDump, in case, new patent. Aperitive foimtain, with reservoir, and metal tube. Injecting instruments for removing ob- structions in the bowels of horses and other animals. Improved hollow probangs for relieving hoveu or choked bullocks, calves, sheep, &c. On the South Side : Aeeas N. 0. 1; P. Q. P. 1 to 27. Read's Patent Garden Watering Engine. 89a Blaikie, J., 71 Stockwell Street, Glasgow— Inventor. Model reaping and mowing machine. 90 Wood, G., Alnwick, Northumherlmid—Inventor. Improved cottage beehive. 90a Holbies, J., 1 Wellington Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne —Inventor. Garden-seat and plant stands. 91 Brown, David Stephens, 2 Alexandrian Lodge, Old Kent JRoad—Improver. Patent instrument for fumigating plants, to destroy insects, &c. Tobacco is placed in the magazine at top, and lighted, in the same manner as an ordinary smoking pipe. A draught of air is produced for its combustion by the revolutions of a fan, which draws the smoke in at one part of the cylinder, and di'ives it forcibly out at another, in a cool state, concentrated, and in any direc- tion. In fumigating turnips, orchards, &c., other moist- ened substances may be substituted for tobacco. The annexed cut shows the form of this apparatus. Brown's Patent Fumigator. 91a Jordan, Thomas, Billericai/, Essex—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved plough. 92 Pettit, Wyatt John, Sudhwi/, Suffolk— Inventor and Manufacturer. Temple beehive, from which the honey may be taken without destroying the bees. This beehive is_ rejjrcKented in the annexed cut. Pertit's Temple IJeauive. The construction is intended to effect the total ex- clusion of drone bees from the surplus, or gJass hives ; to give convenience for ventilation ; to supply a simple method of taking glass hives when filled, together with convenience for observation; and to prevent the necessity of swarming. Collateral beehive, possessing all the advantages of the temple hive, with the addition of a surplus-box placed collaterally, and intended for the inside of an apiary. 92a Nunn, Alicia, 2a Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square —Inventor. A new self-cleaning solid pulp-blotting roller; a hand instrument for drying ink or colour writings. New chemical churn, and apparatus for churning butter; a new process by which butter is preserved from becoming rancid. On the South Side : Akeas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. 93 Marychukch, Joseph, Haverfordwest, South Wales—Manufactui'er. Winnowing-macliine. The blast is concentrated, and the machine occupies but little space. The riddles may be placed in various positions, to suit different qualities of grain; they rise and fall independently of the case, which moves only in a lateral direction. Chaff-cutter, having the fly-wheel placed on a transverse spindle on one side of the trough, and giving at the cut- ting end a circular motion to the knives; it has three rollers, all worked by one compound-wheel. The mouth- piece is serrated above and below, and its lower jaw is moveable, being acted upon by a flexible lever working from the fly-wheel shaft. In consequence of the knives being placed on a spindle, instead of being thrown round within the area of the fly-wheel, they are reduced in size, and less power is required to work them. The fly- wheel is also situated alongside of the trough, and a case is fitted over the knives and gearwork. Turnip-cutter, formed of a cylindrical barrel, on which the large knives for slicing are placed in a diagonal position. The small knives for cutting strips (which are also diagonal) are fixed upon moveable segments, and attached to the barrel directly under the large knives, 94 Law, R., Shettleston, Glasgow—Inventor. A farm cart, iron plough, and model turn-wrist plough. 96 Crowley & Sons, Newport Pagnell, Backs— Inventors and Manufacturers, One-horse cart, with new tipping apparatus, Hames, One-horse universal hoe. 98 Brodie, William, Airdrie, Scotland. A registered drain-tile and pipe-machine. This machine is driven by steam or horse-power, and when wrought at a speed by which two women take away the pipes, makes from 10,000 to 12,000 two-inch pipes per day. By putting the rope which is attached to the driving- power on a smaller pulley, to bring up the speed, the pro- duce is from 12,000 to 18,000 pipes in 10 hours. Various sizes of tiles and pipes, for leading drains, can also be made when required. By putting on a set of grating dies, this machine is capable of cleaning the stones from clay, after passing through a pug-mill, sufficient to make from 16,000 to 20,000 two-inch pipes per day. 99 Clark, John, Kirkton Blantyre, by Hamilton, Scotland—Manufacturer. Plough. 100 ISTANCE, R,, Carmarthen—Inventor. Beehive ventilator. 101 Epps, Wm. James, Maidstone—Inventor. Machine for throwing flour of sulphur upon horticultural and agricultural crops, for the purpose of destroying the mould or mildew. The hopper contains the sulphur, and at the bottom is placed a box containing a sieve; through the box is a spin- dle, attached to a spring and lever outside the hopper, and the whole is fixed before a fan-blower: the brass wheel (which moves the latter) catches the lever attached to the box in the hopper, and causes an oscillating and tapping motion, which sifts the sulphur into tlie air- cliamber of the blower; whence it is blown in one con- tinued cloud with great force. 103 Briggs, T., Denleij Pottery, Derbyshire— Manufacturer. Improved beehive. 104 Ponton, George, Granyefoot, Linlithgow, Scotland— Manufacturer, Improved two-horse swing-plough, for lea and general purposes. Two-horse plough, for foi-ming drills; reduced in draught, and adapted for any soil. New one-row bean-sowing machine, which can be thrown out of gear at the tvirnings, to save labour. All invented, or improved and made by the exhibitor. 105 Thompson, George, 18 Great George St., Westminster —Inventor. Patent machine for digging and turning over earth, which may also be u.sed as a cultivator or scarifier, by substituting one or more hoes or coulters, in place of each spade. Working model of part of another digging-machine, of a lighter construction; to be worked in a similar manner, but having only one row of spades; for use on light soils, and adapted for forming broad or narrow ridges. 106 Halstead, Charles, & Sons, Chichester—Inventors and Manufacturers, Improved iron ploughs, either for light or heavy soils. Improved oil-cake breaker, made entirely of iron. 107 Sewell & Co., Longtown, Cumberland, and 30 Spring Street, Hyde Park—Manufacturers. ISTetherby plough, designed to cut, displace, and leave in a proper position, furrows of various widths and depths on moderately stiff soils, where the more ' ^springy " action of a lighter plough increases the ti-action, and deteriorates the appeara.nce of the work done. It is sufficiently strong for almost any soil, but for very stiff clays, it requires another form of mould plate. The principal resistances in ploughing are, the quiescent tenacity of the soil, and its rubbing friction along the mould-plate. The first is the most important; for since the friction of a body at rest is much greater than its moving friction, it follows, that in a well-formed mould- plate, the rubbing friction of the soil can only be limited. To start, displace, and replace the soil with least power, are therefore the requisites of a good plough. These qualities obtained, a few pounds more or less weight in the implement itself could make no material difference; as the actual weight should depend upon the nature of the soil to be removed. The attachment of the tractive power, however, is of importance; since it should be in, or as near to the direct line of the greatest resist- ance, as is practicable. The greatest resistance will be between the cutting edge of the coulter and that of the share which fairly starts the soil into motion, as is testi- fied by the greater wear of these parts. Since this point is near the land side, it is evident that horses walking in the previously displaced furrow are pulling at an angle of several inches from the land, requiring some compensat- ing resistance to keep the plough to the land. When one horse, however, is attached on each side, and as near to the line of resistance as they can be, their angular traction balances each other, and results in their combined force forming a diagonal line of traction in the direct line of resistance, requiring less power and less guidance to produce straight uniform furrows. The ISTetherby plough seeks to lessen resistance by the anti-fiictional curvature of the mould plate, allowing the displaced soil to press with less intensity over a larger surface, thereby preventing abrasion; and by the attach- ment of one horse on each side of the line of resistance, as sufficient power for all ordinary surface work. 108 Reeves, Thomas, Robert, & John, Bratton, Westbury, WiY^s—Manufacturers. Patent liquid manure-distiibuting cart. The liquid is distributed by means of revolving troughs, which throws it on two sloping boards or aprons, whence it falls on the land in a thin or thick sheet, as may be required; the cistern may also be turned up to empty itself, by turning a handle. Patent liquid manure drop-drill; it works on the same^ principle as the preceding, by means of a succession of small buckets, which throws the liquid into tubes, into which the seed is conveyed from a seed-box. It drills the seed and liquid, either at intervals or continuous, as may be required. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. P. 1 to 27. These machines were 'invented by Mr. Thomas Chan- dler Aldbourne, Hungerford, Berks; and were improved uid manufactured by the exhibitor, 109 Maynard, Robert, Whittlesford, near Cambridge— Inventor and Manufacturer. Universal oil-cake crusher; exhibited for new arrange- iiient of gear, combining strength and simplicity of work- ing parts. Eecent improvements have reduced the friction, and rendered the machine better adapted for preparing the cake for feeding purposes. Engine for drawing clover and trefoil seeds, invented by Mr. Constable, of Cambridge, and manufactured by the exhibitor. This machine is for separating the husk or hull from the seed, which it does at the rate of about two or three bushels of clover seed, and about double that quantity of trefoil seed, per hour, when worked by four horses. Weighing-machine, for ascertaining the weight of any Article from a quarter of a pound up to twenty stone, 109aCottam & Hallen, Winsleij Street—Inventors and Manvifacturers. Pipe-tile machine. Winnowing machine. Litter and chaff cutter. Subsoil plough. Two-wheel or swing plough. Skim or paring plough. Universal plough. One-row seed and manure drill. Oat bruiser. Liquid manure pump. Hand-power gauge. Odometer, Ornamental cast-iron vases. Set of stable fittings, viz., rack, manger, and water- vrough, enamelled. The annexed cut represents these ittings. Cottam and Hallen's Enamelled Stable Fittings, Wrought-iron basins, enamelled. Cast-iron ventilators. Improved horse-pot for stables. Cast-iron dog trough. Wrought-iron circular and corner hay-racks. Cast-iron mangers for centre and corner of stall. Set of draining tools. Cast-iron rick stand. Stand of patent metallic churns. Lawn mowing machine. Level for agricultural drain- ing. Circular saw-table for agricultural purposes. Ser- rated chain harrow. Well-boring tools. Indian corn thrashing-machine, 110 Carson, H,, Warminster, Wilts—Manufacturer. Scarifier, invented and manufactured by the exhibitor. This implement has seven shares or tines, of which there are two sets, broad steel shares and couching tines, for cutting, breaking, and pulverizing the soil. The shares are easily fixed into the frame by means of a wedge. The frame containing the shares is raised or lowered by means of a lever, at a single operation; and by the stop for regulating the lever, uniform depth of work is obtained. Patent turnip-cutter, by Edmund Moody, of Maiden Bradley. Cheese press, with double lever; constructed with a compound lever and screws. The screw, which is of wrought-iron, can be easily adapted to any depth of cheese. A set of six haiTows, adapted for wet lands, which can be adjusted to the width of any ridge, whilst the horses walk in the furrow. Their form is peculiar, the frame of each being forged into one piece, and the tines are so arranged that each follows in a distinct track. 112 Parsons, James, Craven Farm, Stamford Hill —Inventor and Maker. Model of a digging-machine, for breaking up the ground in an efficient manner, and at a small expense. 114 Hay WARD, Giles, Greiokeme, Somerset—Inventor and . Manufacturer. Plough, with drilling-machine attached, adapted for sowing all kinds of corn and turnip-seed, particularly in a dry season, with or without dry manure,. 115 BuTLiN, William, Northampton—Designer and Manufacturer. Four-horse power portable steam-engine. 116 Hodges, John, & Sons, 1Q Westmoreland Street, JJahli}i—Manufacturers, Improved safety kettles, with valves on the spouts, to prevent scalding. Improved steaming apparatus, for dressing food for cattle. 117 Hayes, James, Elton, Ilantinf/donshire—Designer, Inventor, and Manufacturer, Grinding-mill, adapted to steam or horse power, which makes 120 revolutions per minute, and requires three horses to draw it; adapted to grind barley into soft meal for pigs, and to split beans. 119 Hunter, W, & J,, Samnehton, Haddington, Scotland —Inventors and Manufacturers, Lever grain drilling-machine, having the gauge sepa- rate from the shut, or stopping of the seed; also having a lioiizontal marker. 120 SnoLL, James, 33 Lamb Street, Sjntal Square —Inventor. Castle beehive, as in use at the royal farm, Windsor. Observatory beehive, on the principle of taking pure surplus honey without destroying the bees. Glasses of honey taken from one observatory hive last season. 121 Glover, William, Warwick—Manufacturer. One-horse cart for general purposes. 122 Maynard, John, & Son, Bedford—Designers and Manufacturers. Improved Bedfordshire one-horse cart, having the body without either slot or mortice ; mounted on an improved iron axle. The wheels are made with an improved iron hub, oak spokes, and ash felloes, patent half-round hoop tire. The side and front raves are fixtures, broad, and set nearly flat, so that the load may be carried up wide and square ; the side raves, being arched over the wheels, admit of the body lying direct on the axle, bringing the floor of the cart near the ground, which is an advantage in draught and loading. The shafts, being bent, bring the body level when at work.. It is furnished with an iron regulator, of simple construction, which is used when emptying manure in small heaps upon the land, or, when descending steep hills, it is fitted with hind and front ladders. Constructed to carry 30 cwt. with one horse. 122a. Service, W., 8 Rutland Terrace, Hornsey Road, Holloioaij—^Inventor, Archimedean sifting machine. The filling and discharg- ing apparatus consists of a spiral passage formed through- out the length of a wire cylinder, and revolving with the cylinder; and an arrangement for varying the action of the sifter, 123 Weir, Edward, 351 Oxford Street—Inventor and Manufacturer, Irrigator liquid manure pump, fire, and garden-engine, with hose and hose reel. As a fire-engine it will throw 20 gallons of water per minute to a height of 40 feet from the end of the nozzle. Improved di-aining level; the level is found by means of the spirit tube. It stands on three legs, requiring no driving into the ground or fixing, and when once adjusted to its level by means of the regulating screws, it may be turned in any direction ; the most convenient fall or On THE South Side : Abeas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. [United outlet for the drain may then be easily found, without the instrument requiring any re-adjustment. The index tells off immediately the rise or fall in inches, in every yard. 123a Usher, James, Edinburgh—Inventor. Model of patent locomotive steam-plough. The novelty consists in reversing the action of the ploughs, and making them rotatory. The ploughs revolving behind the carriage act as propellers. This model is represented in the annexed cut. Usher's Patent Locomotive Steam Plough. A h are the front wheels, which are turned on a pivot by a rack and screw; B e are a series of revolving ploughs behind the engine, which, while at work, propel the car- riage; Cr/ is a spur-wheel, driven by pinion P, which gives motion to the ploughs; D« is a frame which is moved up and down by the rack, Im, by means of which the ploughs are elevated or depressed at pleasure. 123b Jones P., High Street, Fulham—Proprietor. Portable hand garden-engine, with the cylinder so con- structed that it forms an air-vessel, and forces the water in a continuous stream upwards of forty feet. 124 Ransomes & May, Ipswich—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent iron ploughs ; double breast or moulding ploughs; West Indian, double furrow, universal, broad share, and subsoil ploughs ; trussed whippletrees ; Bid- dell's scarifier; Indian cultivator; corn and seed-dropping machine; portable steam-engine; fixed steam-engine; thrashing-machines; cane-top cutter; crushing-mill; oil- cake breaker; barley awner; chicory cutter ; Scotch cart, &c. 124a Dufaur, Harry, & Co., 21 Red Lion Square— Proprietors. Dr. S. Newington, Inventor & Patentee. Agricultural implements:—Eight depositor hand-dibble, for all kinds of coi-n, pulse, &c. The cups drop any required number of grains in each hole. The same, on wheels; each box will shift to any required distance. Hand-cultivator and drill-hoe, which, by adjusting long or short slots, can be used between rows of any width; for stirring or cultivating the land, the tines only are used; for hoeing, shares suited to the width of each row are fitted on the tines. To the frame can also be adjusted coulters for drawing furrows for different depths; also potato-moulder with expanding wings. Single-horse subsoil plough and pulverizer with shares for paring and hoeing, either on the ridge or flat. When used as a subsoil pu.lverizer, three strong chisel-shaped tines adjustable to any depth, are fitted behind one another in the wrought-iron beam in such a way as to pulverize the wliole space, after the furrow slice has been removed. When used as a hoe, a slot is attached to the beam, to which two of the tines are fitted, shifting in the slot to any required width. To these tines shares of any width can be adjusted. By removing the shares, a cul- tivator or stirrer is formed. By removing the slot and shares, and adjusting to the beam a strong coulter with expanding wings, the implement forms a moulding- plough for striking out furrows; also for earthing np potatoes, &c. Hand dibble-drill with three shifting boxes, fitted with cups suited for all seeds. Hand implement for distributing pulverized artificial manures, intended to supersede the broad-casting by hand, of guano, soot, nitrate of soda, &c.; also useful for dusting with lime, wheat infested with slug, or turnip infested with the flea or fly; it is also made for horse- power of any width. [The refreshment of autumn-sown wheat in spring, by the application of artificial manures in powder over the surface of the field, is an improvement extending among good farmers. The principle of Dr. Newington's machine for this purpose was approved at the Exeter meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society.—Ph. P.] Horse dibble-drill, with six shifting boxes and manure distributor attached; it deposits any kind of seed at defined distances in the furrows, and any required quantity per acre according to the size of the cups used; and any number of grains can be deposited at each drop; with an apparatus for distributing artificial manures beneath the seed in any required quantity. Single-horse cultivator, with fittings for hoeing. 124b Cowan, Hugh, Corstorphine, Edinburgh—Inventor and Manufacturer. Self-cleansing two-horse grubber. 125 Paxton, J., Ealing, near Brentford—Inventor. A registered improvement on water-power, for grinding corn, &c. 126 Robinson, 'Wihaam, Halsham—Inventor and Manufacturer. Corn-dressing machine, for dressing, bloA\dng. hariflang, and blowing and hariffing combined, for the use of millers or farmers. Hariff machine, for cleaning wheat. Patent straw-shaker, for separating corn from straw; consisting of a seiies of flaps, or flys, that revolve and keep parallel to each other; it beats and propels the straw, and turns the corn to the floor. 127 Wedlake, Mary, & Co., Fairhytes WorJis, and 118 Fenchuroh Street, City—Manufacturers. A furze or gorse-bruising machine for hand or horse- power. A new machine, called the Utilitarian, properly re- gistered, for cu.tting straw into chaff, and for bruising oats, peas, lentils, barley, and linseed; both operations at once, or alternately, for hand-power, represented in the annexed cut. A fixed steam-engine for farming operations, complete, with boiler, occupying but the space of two square feet. A simple and effective chaff-cutter, for hand-power. A smaller one. A simple and effective chaff-cutter, for horse-power. A small oat, pea, barley, and linseed crusher. A double and single-action turnip-cutter, invented by the late Mr. Thomas Wedlake, which, by reversing the action of the wheel, cuts for either beast or sheep, viz., large slices, or small pieces for sheep. An improved Scotch cart, particularly light and hand- some, with ladders complete, so as to be used as a dung or harvest cart. An improved haymaking-machine, with double action, for throwing up the hay and then tedding or spreading it about. A general mill, bruising all kinds of grain or pulse. A very powerful oil-cake breaker. Light and heavy wood and iron harrows, differently constructed. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; 0. P. Q. 1 to 27. An excellent ten-coulter drill, for sowing all kinds of seeds. A three-hoed scarifier. Five-hoed scarifier. A set of three machines, to be worked by the same power, either man, horse, or steam, singly, or the three together, or alternately: a piece of machinery much approved of by good judges of agricultural machinery. immcmmmwdi Li Wedlake's Union Mill for Splitting and Bruising Seeds. A simple and cheap winnowing machine for cleaning all kinds of grain, also currants; very extensively used in Greece for the latter purpose. A scarifier for hop-groimds. A surface or skim-plough, for destroying weeds after a crop. A mould-up plough. A simple and most effective subsoil plough. The Essex light two-horse plough, effecting a great saving in the expenditure of that operation. 128 Barrett, Exall & Andrews, Katesgrove Iron Works, Reading-—Manufs. and Inventors. A model of a machine-house with models of steam-engine and thrashing, cutting, and crushing-machinery; with steaming apparatus, pumps, &c., complete, as required for a farm of about 400 acres, with plans for an entire model farm-yard and buildings. A four-horse power high-pressure portable steam-engine. It is fitted to work expansively from one-third to full steam. The engine is fitted and fixed to a separate cast frame, relieving the boiler from all vibration or strain. The boiler takes about 40 minutes to get up the steam to the working pressure, and requires about 36 lbs, of coals to generate the steam, the water being at 60^* to steam at 45 lbs, pressure, and is said to consume about 8 lbs. of coal per horse per hour to keep up the steam. This engine is represented in the annexed cut. Wcdliike's ChaiT-cutting and Oat-bruising Machine Barrett and Co.'s Four-horse power Portable Steam-engine. Six-horse power patent bolting and thrashing-machine with shaking apparatus; mounted upon four travelling wheels. The frame of this machine is of wood. The breast- ing is in a complete iron frame, and bolted to the sides of the machine. The patent consists in the method of altering the breastwork, which is accomplished in one minute. In front of and partly underneath the machine is attached a shaking apparatus which passes the straw from the machine, and at the same time separates all the corn from it. Intended to thrash from 30 to 50 quarters of wheat per day. United On THE South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; 0. P. Q. 1 to 27. rrett and Co.'s Four-horse power Thrashing Machine. Four-horse power thrashing-machine with four-horse power patent gear attached, Tlie preceding cuts represent this machine and the patent horse-gear. The thrashing- machine consists of a wooden frame with wire breastings and open beater drum. The patent safety gear-work con- sists of a moveable cap working upon an upright cylinder, and carrying three idle wheels, equidistant from the common centre round which they revolve. These wheels are put in motion by a rack on the inner edge of the cylinder, and they communicate motion to an upright shaft, on which are fixed the necessary wheels for getting up a speed of 3 to 11, or any other speed. The upiight cylinder contains all the gear-work within itself, bo as to equalise the strain and to exclude everything calculated to injure it; by the position of the three loose wheels friction is removed from the bearings. Barrett and Co.'s Patent Horse-gear. Two-horse power patent thrashing-machine, with two- horse power patent gear. The machine is constructed entirely of iron. The machine and gear-work are made portable upon a pair of iron wheels, and can be unloaded and set to work by two or three men in a quarter of an hour—intended to thrash from 12 to 15 quarters of wheat per day. One-horse power patent thrashing-machine with patent safety horse-gear. Will thrash by horse-power from 6 to 8 quarters, and by hand-power from 4 to 6 quarters of wheat per day. Hand-power patent thrashing-machine, made entirely of iron, with the exhibitors' new patent breasting. Intended to be worked by manual power. Claiming simplicity of construction, and not being liable to get out of order, and intended to thrash all kinds of grain and seeds with less injury than the common flail. This machine is re- presented in the annexed cut. On the South Side : Areas N. O. 1; P. Q. l to 27. Barrett and Co.'s Patent Iron Thrashing Machine. Furze or gorse-cutting and bruising-macliine, with tliree horse-power patent safety gear attached. The gorse, in passing through, is very finely cut by means of knives re- volving on a cylinder acting against a mouth-piece with feed-rollers, and then passes through two pairs of rollers, by which it is effectually crushed. The machine is made of iron, and may be applied to either horse, steam, of water power. Barley aveller or hummeller. This machine is for the purpose of breaking off the haulm, which, with the light corn, falls through the wires of a wire cylinder. The good sample is.carried through the cylinder, and delivered by a shute at the end of the machine. Registered cam chaff-cutter, No. 2. This machine is nine inches wide in the mouth, and is made entirely of iron. The straw or hay is drawn to the mouth-piece to be cut by moans of two grooved rollers. The mouth-piece is case-hardened, and the machine cuts any length of chaff under Ig inches. The annexed cut represents this ma- chine. Barrett and Co.'s Cam Chaff-cutter. Cornes' pattern chaff-cutter. No. 1. This machine is twelve inches wide in the mouth, with an anti-choking top roller, and mouth-piece. It has three knives on the fly- wheel, and cuts five different leng-ths of chaff, viz., four for horses, cattle, and sheep, and one four inches long for litter. By the addition f)f a clutch, the feed rollers can be reversed to withdraw the feed, should any accident happen or any substance injurious to the knives be intro- duced with the hay or straw. Cornes' pattern chaff-cutter, No. 2. The mouth-piece of this machine is ten and a half inches wide. The fly- vv^heel has two knives, and it cuts four lengths of chaff. The gearing is so arranged that it may be worked by one or two men or by horse-power. Universal crushing-mill for hand-power, fixed in an iron frame, for crushing malt, oats, &c., or for splitting beans or peas. The inside of the -mill may be easily inspected should any derangement take place. Universal crushing-mill for one-horse power, to crush all kinds of grain, adapted for either manual or horse power. Requires two men or one horse to work it. Barrett and Co.'s Univers;il Crusliins M On the South Side : Areas JST. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. The universal crushing-mill for hand-power, for crush- ing malt, oats, barley, and linseed, or for beans, shown in the preceding cut. The capabilities of this mill are, oats or barley, 4 bushels per hour; linseed, 1 bushel; beans, 6 bushels. Barley by being passed twice through this mill is sufficiently mealed for cattle feed, and if mashed in hot water, for pigs. The universal crushing-mill, of one-horse power, to crush all kinds of grain, and adapted for either manual or horse power. Two-horse power universal crushing-machine. Oil-cake mill, No. 2. For the purpose of crushing oil- cake for sheep or cattle. Fitted with sliding bearings to regulate the breaking of the cake to different degrees of fineness. Two-wheel plough, marked A G A B, shown in the an- nexed cut. Made entirely of iron, and workable either as a swing or two-wheel plough, the horses going either abreast or in a line. The turn-furrow is made in the shape of a coarse screw, is fitted with the patent round coulter, and with skim coulter to take ofi" the sm-face and weeds when working in low grounds and stubbles. The draft chain is fitted to the body of the plough. The wear- ing parts can be easily removed and new ones attached by the ploughman. One-wheel plough marked D. P. Light in draft. Swing plough, marked G. A. B. Made entirely of iron, and adapted to work in woodland countries and upon foul land. Universal plough. It is a D.P. one-wheel plough, and by the application of a right-handed mould-board, it forms an expanding earthing-up plough. By removing both mould-boards and attaching a bar to the beam, and two hoes which are fitted and supplied with it, it forms a horse-hoe, and thus makes the three implements of one. Read's patent sub-pulverizer, of which the exhibitors are the proprietors. This plough is readily converted into a mole-plough or paring-plough, by the addition of the requisite shares. Two-share subsoil plough. The mechanical construc- tion of this plough is simple and light. The under share, which can be shaped as a D or an 0, leaves a drain to carry off the water to the main drains. The Ducie cultivator, constructed entirely of iron, and fitted with either five or seven tines, which are set so as to draw lines eight inches apart; their curved shape and length prevent their clogging in the foulest land. The frame and tines are raised and lowered by turning a handle. Set of registered circular harrows. In these harrows the tines follow a different course, and yet all combine in covering the ground at exact equal distances. Set of patent iron harrows. Norwegian harrow, four feet wide. Registered hay-making machine, composed of two drums with rakeheads attached, revolving upon a spindle, which is supported by two carrying-wheels. Portable cavalry forge, constructed entirely of iron, with coal and water trough of the same material, fitted with a fan placed horizontally, out of the reach of injury or inconvenience; it is worked either by the foot or hand. Grist or corn mill, of two-horse power, adapted for general use. It is enclosed in a cast-iron frame. The stones are of French burr, and the mill is furnished with a cast-metal plate turned up perfectly true for pro^dng the stones, enabling a workman to dress them as well as an experienced millwright, by the old process of wooden staves. Specimens of improved Scotch cart. The body of this cart is made to hold exactly a one-horse load. It com- bines great strength with lightness. Barrett and Co.'s Iron Two-wheel Plough. and it makes the land much finer. Also used on young wheat for the wireworm, as well as for making drills for the reception of clover and other seeds. 129 Gibson, Matthew, Neiccastle—Inventor and . Manufacturer. Northumberland clod-crusher: for working on land when wet as well as dry, it is not liable to become clogged. 130 Lampitt, Charles, Banbury—Inventor and Manufacturer. A horse seed-dibbler, patented. The peculiarities con- sist of a tumbril for depositing the seed in the earth, an eccentric motion for closing the tumbril, a motion for working the revolving scraper, independently of its action on the dibbles, and a break to aid in lowering the dibble wheels to the earth. 131 Mapplebeck & Lowe, Birmingham—Manufacturers Weighing machines, mills, and draining tools. 132 Ball, W., Rothwell, near Kettering, Northamptonshire ■—Inventor and Manufacturer. Criterion plough, made of iron, with steel or cast-iron turn-furrow. Criterion plough, without wheels. Two-horse waggon, either with pole or shafts, with patent axles and perpendicular wheels. 133 Jones, Edward, Great College Street, Camden Town —Inventor. Machine for moulding bricks and tiles, with pug-mill attached for tempering the clay by the same operation, worked by one horse or steam power. Model of the exhibitor's patent, vdth important addi tions and improvements, which can be adapted to heavy drain tiles and blocks, or moulded bricks of large dimeu- 134 Laycock, J., Winlaton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Subsoiler and plough. -Patentee and 135 Crosskill, W., Ironworks, Beverley- Manufacturer. Patent serrated roller or clod-crusher ; for crushing clods, compressing soft or fenny soils. This- roller con- sists of cast-metal discs or roller parts, placed loosely upon a round axle so as to revolve independently of each other. The outer surface of each roller part is serrated and has a series of side way projecting teeth, which act perpendicularly in breaking clods. This machine is repre- sented in the annexed cut. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. K. 1 to 27. Crosskill's Clod-crusher. Improved Norwegian harrow; for pulverising without consolidating the soil. When used immediately after ploughing, it breaks and pulverises the furrows, leaving from three to four inches depth of fine mould properly- prepared for seed; and will work moist land without clog- ging. The annexed cut represents this harrow. The frame and side levers are made stronger, with a new-invented horizontal regulator. The true incline of the harrow spikelets or rowel parts, when working in the soil, is by this regulator so exactly adjusted as to work with best effect, and saves a horse-power in draught. Earl Ducie's drag harrow, or Uley cultivator and scari- fier. For paring the land, cleaning out roots and weeds, and effectively stirring the land. Yoi'kshire wold swing or two-wheel plough. For working light or heavy land. Patent diagonal iron harrows. The teeth are so con- structed that each tine cuts a separate track; and the draught is from the centre. Emigrants' implement box. This box measures 11 feet long, two feet wide, and one foot deep. Crosskill's Norwegian Hairow. Yorkshire wold corn, turnip, and manure drill, to saw six rows of corn or three rows of turnips. Road Implements. Patent wheels and axles in sets ; for farm, road, or street work. Model one-horse cart. Exhibited for workmanship, economy, and lightness of draught. Represented in the annexed cut. Crosskill's One-horse Cart. "Norwich and Exeter" cylindrical wheel prize one- horse cart. Fitted with harvest raves complete, for ge- neral farm work. Improved " Norwich and Exeter" one-horse cart; with new front tipper, loose raves, &c. ''Norwich and Exeter" prize pair-horse waggon, with double break. Two horses will draw and run easy with three-ton loads. Fitted with a double break, acted upon by a hand-wheel in front of the waggon. Also, fitted with a pole and pair of shafts. See annexed cut. Cros^kill^ I'aiv-li irsc Wac;g:on. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1 ; P. Q, R. 1 to 27. Improved liquid manure cart and pump. Fitted with pendulum watering apparatus for six feet broadcast; or with box-trough and flexible tubes for four rows of tur- nips, &c. See the following cut:— Crosskill's Liquid Manure Cart. The tank body is made of iron plates securely cemented and bolted together, and fitted with a brass outlet valve acted upon by an iron lever rod, with which the driver opens and closes the valve while walking by the side of the horse. Portable farm railway, with trucks, turn-tables, &c. This railway will convey, over the land, manure, marl, lime, &c.; and take off the land all kinds of green crops, as turnips, potatoes, and other produce. It is also use- ful for removing earth—to level, excavate, and embank. It will compete with carts, and prove far more expeditious and less expensive, especially in wet weather, when the land is so heavy as to become almost impassable for carts. The rails, manufactured in parts or lengths, are 15 feet long by 2 feet 11 inches wide, and 2 feet 6 inches in gauge: the ends fit into iron sockets. The wood rails are made of red deal, strongly put together and edged with iron. The rails when packed for delivery are four lengths in one package 15 feet long, 12 inches square, weighing about four hundred weight and a half only. Permanent farm railway. To carry 40 cwt. loads. The permanent rails are made in 15 feet lengths, three feet in gauge; and for the portable rails 12 feet in length; with sets of ironwork with dognails, also sets of wheels and axles for trucks. Fixture or portable steam-engine, for agricultural and manufacturing purposes. Exhibited as combining sim- plicity with security, cheapness, and effective power, represented in the annexed cut:— CrosskiU's Steam-engine. Bolting or thrashing machine. For thrashing the corn without bending, bruising, or breaking the straw. Four-horse driving part. For driving a thrashing ma- chine, patent mill, or other machinery. Two-horse colonial thrashing part. Exhibited as a simple, powerful, and cheap machine, well adapted for small farms, or for coloni^.ts, and easily moved from one farm to another, represented in the annexed cut:— Crosskill's BeattT Machine. New patent two-horse driving part. Fitted with an up- right shaft, and exhibited ready for working upon a stage, overhead a thrashing machine, universal power mill, and straw cutter. Patent two-horse universal mill. For grinding, cutting, and hulling purposes; will giind every kind of farm pro- duce. New patent four-horse mill. For reducing coprolites to fine dust, and broken bones to bone-dust. Two-horse power straw cutters. To cut five sizes; with fly-wheel and feeding apparatus. Beverley corn-dressing machine and blower. With two screens and six riddles for winnowing corn, beans, peas, &c. By removing the screen and riddles it may be used as a blower. It is improved in the fan and made larger inside. Archimedean root-washer. For washing potatoes, tur- nips, carrots, &c. The roots are delivered into a hoj^per, and pass thence into an inclined cylinder having two chambers, in the first of which they are confined and washed by turning the handle in one direction; and when thoroughly cleaned, by turning the handle the other way round, they pass into the second chamber, which is con- structed in the form of a spiral, along which they pass until they drop into a spout outside. The following cut represents this machine. Archimedean Egyptian bean and wheat washer. Fitted with a zinc cylinder and perforated holes, and constructed on the same principle as the root washer. Improved liquid manure fixture pumps. Improved portable pump and tripo;! stand. Forr's patent fixture iron pig trough. On the South Side : Akeas N. 0. 1; P. Q. II. 1 to 27. Crosskill's iViclnmf-dean Root-vvashor. 136 Grimsley, T., of Oxford, and Randall & Saunders, of Bath—Inventors. Patent inventions:—Brick and tile press, with corru- gated rollers, and perpetual cutter attached. The rollers gearing into one another, crush all stones or other sub- stances as the clay passes through, tempering and com- pressing it so as to produce ware of very firm and regular textur-e. The press can be constantly refilled, and the goods cut off to any required length, without arresting its operations. Biick and tile screw press, with perpetual cutter at- tached. Right and left handed screws working into each other. Perpetual cutter. Model of nest of brick or tile kilns, with drying-room over. Patent draining brick or tile, giving a drain either egg- shape or circular, to any size required; are concave on their upper surface, and rebate into one another. Hollow bricks and tiles, for walls and flues. Bricks and tiles for fire-proof roofs, floors, and walls. Wall-coping bricks. Model of fire-proof cottages, constructed of hollow brick, with provision for heating, ventilation, and drain- age. 137 Richmond & Chandler, Manchester—Inventors and Manufacturers. Corn-crusher, applicable for hand-power; another, for horse, water, or steam power. Two-knife chaff'-cutting machine, combining self-ad- justing feed, with Richmond's tooth rollers. Grain-crusher, for crushing malt, barley, oats, &c,, with fine machine-fluted rollers. Chafi'-macliines: the feed is brought forward by the tooth-rollers, and pressed into a compact body by a weight suspended upon the rising lever. Chaff'-machine, the mouth of which is made to adjust itself to any given feed by a weight appended to the ex- tremity of the lever. 138 GiLLAM, John, Woodstock—Inveutcr. Registered seed-cleaner and separator. This machine is adapted for sepai-ating the various kinds of grass, sain- foin, and other seeds, and for correcting their samples, wheat, barley, &c. The annexed cut represents this machine. Gillam's Seetl-cleaner and Separator. The machine consists of two sieves worked by means of cranks and driven by gearing, over which the seed or corn is passed, dividing the samples which pass out at spouts fixed under the bottom of the sieves. The sieves may be arranged at any suitable angle ac- cording to the condition of the seed. The hopper is supplied with a shaking apparatus, and with slide to regulate the quantity passing on to the sieves. The whole of the work is fitted in a cast-iron frame, and bolted in wrought iron. 139 Taylor, G., Bnry, Lancashire—Inventor. Locomotive shearing and mowing machine, to be worked by hand; it cuts and lays a sheaf at every stroke, ready to bind. With this machine, it is stated that one man cutting, and two binding, will do as much as six or seven in the ordinary way. 139a Robinson & Son, Coventry—Manufacturers Model churn. 140 Hill, Edward, &Co., Brierley Hill Works, Dudley —Inventors and Manufacturers. A wrought-iron skim. This implement, of which a woodcut is annexed, is generally used for paring or skim- On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. E. 1 to .27. miiig stubbles, immediately after harvest; it may also be used for paring turf, as a pair-horse scarifier, for working fallow ground, and for many other purposes. It has the great advantage of simplicity of construction, and will work easily three acres per day with a pair of horses. The handles act as a lever, by bearing on which (see engraving) the implement can be instantaneously thrown out of work; the coulters following the knives are very useful for dividing into smaller portions, or ''harrowing the surface pared by the knives, which precede them. This operation has the effect of exposing the roots of weeds, &c., more perfectly to the action of the sun; thus pi'e- venting the possibility of their growing again, even though the land should be left in this state for several days. Hill's Wrought-iron Skim. A wrought-iron expanding horse-hoe. This implement is intended for hoeing turnips, potatoes, &c., and is con- structed on an entirely new system of expansion, which enables the workman to alter the width of the knives without stopping the hoe. This is effected instantaneously without the adjustment of any screw or pin, by simply opening or drawing together the handles of the imple- ment (see annexed engraving). The perfect command over the cutting part of the hoe, which this new expan- sion movement affords the workman, will enable him to avoid any sudden iiTCgularity in the ridge or drill, or in the track of the horse, as readily as he would if hoeing by hand. It is furnished with a small Norwegian harrow behind, for the purpose of throwing to the surface the weeds removed by the hoes; but it may be used with or without this, as may be required. Hill's Expanding Horse-hoe. An iron field-gate and posts. It is made entirely of wrought iron; the hangings are made to slide over the top of a hanging-post, resting upon a collar (as repre- sented by the annexed woodcut), which renders it diffi- cult for any one to unhang the gate. It is furnished with Hill's Wrought-iron Gates and Posts. catch complete. The posts, when well set in stiff soil, are quite sufficient to carry the gate, the bases of them being specially constructed to accomplish this, and there- fore no brickwork or concrete is required for this pur- pose. It is cheaper and neater in appearance than wooden gate and posts, besides being so much more durable; and it can be fixed in one fourth the time. A wrought-iron entrance or field-gate and posts. This gate is so constructed as to combine great strength and neatness of appearance with a lightness of material, which admit of its being sold at a low price. It is hung on neat round cast-iron posts, and is fitted with a revolving or quadrant hinge, so that the gate will always shut itself. The dimensions are about 9 feet 6 inches by 4 feet high. Two specimens of continuous iron fencing. This fencing is well adapted for the enclosing and subdividing of parks, pleasure grounds, common land, and all places where fencing may be required. From its peculiar construction it possesses great advantage over iron hurdles, or other kinds of fencing, as regards economy, strength, lightness of appearance, and general efficiency; it packs up into bundles for the convenience of carriage, and is conveyed across the countiy at a trifling expense. The facility with which it can be erected, and adapted to any irregu- larity in the surface of the ground, and its cheapness, are two of its greatest advantages. Two specimens of wrought-iron hurdles. These are intended for feeding sheep on tui'nips, or for eating off green crops. Annexed is a woodcut, representing the form of the hurdle when placed for use, from which it On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. will be seen that the bars are vertitieal, and placed so far apart as to allow the sheep to eat through them without treading on the food, like eating through a rack. This is considered a great advantage in eating off turnips or other green crops, as it enables the farmer to have them eaten without any of the food being spoiled by the tread- ing of the sheep; it is consequently eaten much closer, and with greater advantage to the sheep; and the ground is more regularly trodden and manured. It does not require setting in the ground, but on it, resting upon stays in a leaning position, as represented in the cut, so that they are easily placed and removed. These stays are fixed to the hurdle, and when taken up fall to its side, so as to occupy little room. ^ 6 F E ET seed boxes for each row, which are fixed to a horizontal bar, and may be shifted to suit the varied intervals be- tween the rows, so as to come directly under the deli- vering spouts, and allow them to v^ork freely. These small boxes are partitioned off into two departments, one larger than the other, that when drilling beet and turnip seeds together, sufficient of each to last an equal time may be put into the boxes at once. This drill is also adapted for side hills, like No. 1, and is shown in the annexed cut. 141 Lydes, —, Inventor. Improved mode of boxing horses for conveying them by railway. 142 Garrett & Son, Leiston Works, Saxmundham, Suffolk—Inventors and Manufacturers. 1. Drill for seeding and manuring land. All kinds of grain and seeds may be deposited by this machine at any required intervals apart, and at any depth, either with or without compost or artificial manures. They are con- structed of various sizes and widths, to suit lands ploughed on the flat or in ridges, and suited for all de- scriptions of soil. The corn or seeds may be deposited down the same conductors with the manure if required; but separate coulters are provided for each, by means of which the manure may be buried 2 or 3 inches deeper than the seed, and 10 to 12 inches in advance of it, and a portion of mould placed between them. The jointed levers are especially adapted for this purpose, the coulters for seed acting independently of those for manure, and being pressed into the ground by separate weights, allow both seed and manure to be deposited regularly any depth, on all descriptions of land, however hilly or uneven. The improvements claimed consist, first—in constructing the boxes in which the manure and seed are contained, so as to be equally suitable for drilling on side hills as on level ground. Secondly—in the application of separate slides to each department of the manure box. Thirdly—in fixing the slides which regulate the seed to a horizontal bar, extending the width of the drill. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Garretl and Son's Seeding Drill. 2. Drill for turnips and manure on the flat. This drill is made to deposit two, three, or four rows of turnips or other seeds with compost, or artificial fertilisers, on either flat or ridged ploughed lands. It is fitted with separate Garrett and Son's Turnip Drill. 3. A lever corn and seed drill. This drill is for the purpose of drilling in rows, at any distance apart, wheat, barley, beans, peas, oats, and other grain, and by chang- ing the cup barrel, turnips or mangold-wurzel seeds with- out manure. It is fitted with a swing steerage, that when drilling lands or ridges of twice the width of the drill, the two rows where the drill joins on the top, may be kept equidistant with the rest. 4. Drill for small farms—adapted for drilling all kinds of grain, turnips, and other seeds: the quantities may be regulated by means of cog wheels, to deposit from 2 to 12 pecks of grain, or from 1 to 6 lbs. of seed per acre. The distance of the rows apart may be varied as required, from 6 inches upwards, to suit different crops; and the whole arrangement of the working parts is completely within the management of the attendant. The drill is especially made for lands ploughed on the flat, and to the draught of one horse. 5. Barrow hand seed-drill, for sowing grass seeds broad- cast. The box is made in two departments, one for heavy seeds, such as clover, trefoil, &c.; the other for lighter seeds, such as rye grass: the former being deli- vered from cups, and the latter by means of revolving brushes, down the same conductors with it. 6. Hand lever seed-drill, for sowing turnips and other seeds, on ridge or flat ploughed lands, without manure. It is constructed with two small levers, working inde- pendently of each other, which may be varied in distance from 16 to 30 inches apai% and will deposit from 2 to 6 pints of turnip, and 2 to 6 lbs. of beet seed per acre. 7. Garrett's patent horse-hoe—adapted to all the pre- vailing methods of drill culture, either for cleansing crops drilled on the level surface, or on ridges, the axle- trees of the wheels being moveable at both ends to suit the varied intervals between the rows of plants. The steerage is considered an improvement on account of its precision in guiding the hoes without injury to the corn or plants. From 10 to 15 acres per day may be hoed with one horse, and a man and boy. Repi-esented in the following cut. 8. Bolting thrashing-machine, for thrashing grain of all descriptions, without injury to the same, or bruising the straw, like the flail. It is fed lengthways instead of vertically, as in other machines; and the straw is deli- vered on to a lattice platform, ready to be tied up in trusses or bolts for sale, or other particular pixrposes. [9.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] 2 F On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. Garreit and Son's Patent Horse-hoe. 9. Patent thrashing machine for barn work; adapted for thrashing all kinds of grain without damaging the corn or straw, thrashing from 60 to 70 bushels of wheat per hour when applied to steam power. 10. Patent thrashing machine, with registered straw shaker and riddle. This machine is adapted for thrash- ing grain of all descriptions in large quantities, and may- be applied to steam, water, or horse power; it is fitted with a screen for the purpose of riddling away all loose ears, short straws, rubbish, leaf, and calder, leaving the corn ready for the dressing machine, without further prepara- tion ; and with a registered straw shaker, for sepaiuting the corn from the straw, which is by this means done much more efiPectuaJly than by the usual process by hand. Barley may also be thrashed for malting purposes with these machines, and in many cases is preferred by malt- sters to that thrashed by hand. The whole of the machine may be mounted on travelling wheels and conveyed from place to place with tAvo horses. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. ^rarrett and Son's Patent Thrashing Machine. 11. Horse-power driving machinery for thrashing ma- chines. This machinery is adapted to the power of six horses, for driving the thrashing machine barn works, Nos. 8 & 9. 12, A portable steam-engine for agricultural purposes. Exhibited for simplicity of construction, economy in fuel, and portability. It is fitted with governors, hair. felt, and iron jacket, steam and water gauges, and other necessary apparatus, mounted on four strong carriage- wheels, with shafts ; and is adapted for driving ma- chinery, for the purposes of thrashing, dressing, grind- ing, and cutting agricultural produce, pumping water, sawing timber, and other stationary labour on a farm or estate. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Garrett and Son's Portable Steam-engine. 13. A barley aveller or hummelling machine. This machine is fitted for horse or steam power, but may be used by hand if required. It is for the purpose of rub- bing the horns or avels off barley (which it performs in an expeditious manner), and screening away all loose rubbish from the corn, leaving the kernels clean and the sample perfect. 14. A corn-dressing machine, worked by steam, horse, or hand power. It is particularly suited for receiving the corn from the thrashing machine. No. 10, which it will di-ess in one operation at the rate of 12 to 15 quar- ters per hour. 15. Patent chaff-cutter, adapted for horse or steam power. It may be altered by means of toothed wheels to On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. P. 1 to 27. cut chaff I, -5, or f inch long. The rollers are so con - structed as to adjust themselves to any thickness of feed, and act independently of the mouthpiece or pressure- plate, so as always to keep a uniform pressure on the hay or straw, and prevent the machine from choking, 16, Portable stone mill for grinding wheat and other farm produce: the stones are 32 inches diameter, and en- closed in a metal and wood framing; the top stone is hung on an upright shaft, and worked by a pair of bevel wheels, from which the attachment may be made to either steam, water, or horse power: its construction admits of the stones being adjusted for grinding wheat, barley, beans, and peas. A late improvement consists in the application of a clutch box to the small feed roller, which affords great facility in starting the machine, by allowing this roller to be taken out of work, and admits of the process of crushing being instantly discontinued without stopping the mill. 17, A linseed, malt, and oat mill, fitted in an iron frame, and is for the purposes above mentioned ; the crushing being performed between the smooth surface of a large wheel, 4 feet diameter, and a small smooth roller, 18, A rape and linseed cake crusher, for the purpose of breaking cakes of any size and thickness. It is fitted with two sets of barrels which may be adjusted, as required, to break cake into different-sized pieces for bul- locks or sheep, or powder for manure: a screen is fixed between these barrels, through which as much of the cake as is sufficiently broken in passing through the first is sifted, to insure uniformity of size, and to avoid the unnecessary labour occasioned by that which is sufficiently broken passing through the bottom rollers with that which is not. 19, Iron plough for general purposes, made with •wrought-iron beam and handles, and cast-iron body, and may be adapted for all descriptions of soil, by having suitable mould-boards or breasts. It is fitted with im- proved coulter and fastening, and case-hardened shares. 20, Hand-power chaff-cutter, for small occupations, to be worked by one or two boys or men. It is made with a 12-inch box and 10-inch mouthpiece, and will cut 80 to 40 bushels an hour, 21, Corn-dressing machine, intended for all kinds of grain and seeds, and is adapted for hand labour : a man and a boy will dress from 6 to 8 quarters of wheat per hour, depending on its quality and condition. This machine may also be used as a blower when required, for sepa- rating all light kernels, dirt, ice, from the corn, 22, Corn-reaping machine, of new construction, adapted for reaj)ing wheat and other grain by horse power: the operation is performed by a series of angular knives, in- tei'secting a like series of stationary iron tines or points : a vibrating horizontal motion is communicated to these knives by means of a crank shaft, and as the corn is driven by the motion of the machine between the tines, it is cut with cleanness and regularity. As much as 20 acres per day may be reaped with one horse and a man. 2.3. Models of agricultural machinery. Specimens of coprolite and grass seeds. 24, Set of iron harrows. These harrows are constructed with wrought iron, with the ends of the balks turned round to prevent injury to the horses. 143 CoMiNS, James, South Molton—Inventor and Manufacturer, A small wought-iron horse-hoe for hoeing turnips, mangold-wurzel, &c. A wrought-iron horse-hoe for working, both on the ridge and fiat. One-way turn-over, or turn-wrist plough, for hilly land. The share turns over at each end of the furrows, and the coulter and mould-plates are changed at the same time by means of a lever between the handles. One-way turn-over, or turn-wrist plough, made of iron. Subsoil pulveriser. Horse-hoe on the flat, for hoeing from two to six drills at a time. Set of light harrows. 144 Squires, William, March, Camhrithjeshire— Manufacturer, Poad waggon for conveying agricultural produce to market, &c. Improved plough. 144a Elliott, George, Fu-nludu—Inventor and Manufacturer. Machine, of new construction, for bagging hops Avhen dried, constructed to bag two tons of hops a day. 145 Trotter, William, Ih/i'-eU, Stocksfeld, near Gateshead—Inventor. Model of reaping machine for cutting corn with revolv- ing knives. The knives being attached to two separate sets of arms, which revolve on different centres, are kept parallel to each otlier, in consequence of which their action closely resembles that of the scythe of the mower. The angle at which the knives strike or cut the corn is at the command of the attendant. The knives cut at the side of the machine, the motion being reversed to make them cut either to the right or to the left. 146 Ponder, William Richard, G<jldhanger, near Maid-,n, Essex—Inventor. Bee-house, or hive. 148 Grounsell, William, Louth, Liucolnshire— Manufacturer. Improved patent drop drill, to deposit seed and manure at intervals, delivering the manure only where the seed is intended to remain for a crop. Self-feeding registered corn-dressing machine, to dress corn taken from the thrashing machine. Registered corn and turnip hoe, worked by horse, to hoe five rows of corn at once, and three rows of turnips. 149 Hensman, William, & SoxN, Castle Works, Wohurn —Inventors and Manufacturers. Four-horse power portable steam-engine; with a tubular boiler. It may be driven either from the flj'^-wheel by band, or from the crank-shaft by spindle. It is furnished with an improved governor, spring balance, whistle, gauge cocks, water gauge, &c. Four-horse power patent bolting thrashing-machine, complete; the straw being admitted into it leng-thways, is delivered from the machine straight and unbroken as from the sheaf. Adapted for thrashing barley for malting. Eight-row patent cup-drill, to be worked by a pair of horses, and fitted with an improved swing steerage, by which it can be guided independently of the horses. The axletrees are made to slide, so that the wheels can be set to any width. The coulters are fixed upon separate levers, to adapt them to the surface of the land; the corn box, being self-acting, always finds its level, deposits the corn, &c., on any ground. Patent hand thrashing-machine. The drum-beaters are of a Vandyke, or tooth shape, and revolve through similar notches in the concave; it is adapted for thrashing all descriptions of corn and seeds. Patent plough, with two wheels, made principally of wrought iron. It may be worked with either one or two wheels, or as a swing; it is adapted for one or two pair of horses; and is fitted with round coulter, and patent coulter fixing. The skim-coulter is fitted with round stem, and is also secured by patent fixing. The wearing parts are made of cast-iron. Patent iron plough, with two wheels, similar to the preceding, but fitted with high wheels, deep turn-furrow, &c., and made stronger for deep ploughing. 150 Gray, R., & Sons, Uddmgston—Manufacturers. One-horse farm cart. Two-horse and four-horse ploughs. Subsoil pulveriser. Five-tined drill grubber. Parallel horse shoe. Canadian chafi' cutter. Equalising three-horse yoke. One way, or turn-wrist plough. Scotch thrashing-machine. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. 151 Williams, W., Bedford—Inventor & Manufacturer. Set of patent 4-beam iron harrows, for general pur poses. Their form is diagonal, and the set consists of Williams' Patent Iron Harrow.s. three, drawn by two horses. The teeth are so con- structed that each cuts a separate track. These harrows are shown in the adjoining cut. Patent wrought-iron plough, with two wheels, for general purposes, marked G. V. The plough is fitted as a swing or wheel plough, for two or three horses. The mould-board or fm-row-turner is new, the bearings of which have an equal pressure from the point of the share to the heel of the breast, which gives lightness of draught, and also causes the furrow-slice to turn over without breaking. This plough is represented in the annexed cut. Williams' Patent Wrought-iron Plough. Patent wrought-iron plough, with two wheels, for strong land and deep ploughing. A skim coulter may- be fitted to it. Chafi^-engine, with two knives, and 10-inch mouthpiece. Top and sides of iron, and legs of wood. Calculated to be worked by two men. This engine is shown in the cut. A machine for making drain pipes and tiles. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. On the South Side : Akeas N. 0. 1; P. Q. K. 1 to 27. The improvement in this implement consists^ first, in the construction of the teeth fitting into iron sockets and working on the front rod, so that one or more teeth can be removed at pleasure; secondly, the teeth, acting on a bar running parallel underneath the frame, gives it greater facility in relieving it of its load; thirdly, the ball, acting upon the leverage of the handle, keeps the teeth in their work, so that they cannot lose their yealm. It is simple in construction and cannot get out of order. The preceding figure represents this rake. 152 Rome, Robert M., LangJiolm, Dumfries- and Manufacturer. Sheep-dipping machine, for applying sheep-washing compositions, to improve the wool and destroy vermin in sheep. It consists of a trough, in which the sheep are dipped, and a platform forming the body of the carriage for them to stand on, while the superfluous liquid drips off them and flows back into the trough. With this machine, three men can dip or wash 800 sheep in a day. [It has become a common practice thus to dip half- grown lambs in a solution of corrosive sublimate, which poisons the ticks that burrow in the skin without injury to the animals themselves.—Ph. P.] 152a Morewood & Rogers, Steel Yard Wharf, Upper Thames Street—Inventors. Model of farm-yard and buildings, constructed chiefly of patent galvanised tinned iron, surrounded by a fence of the same material. Models of galvanised agricultural implements, includ- ing barrows, sieves, &c. 154 Blyth, ^.5., Norwich—Inventor and Manufacturer. Four-horse power portable horse works. Four-horse power registered portable bolting thrashing machine, for steam or horse power; with light spindle flanges, and round hollow beaters, so formed as to meet small resistance from the atmosphere, and having little friction; it will thrash about 70 quarters of wheat per day, with four horses. The annexed cut represents this machine. Blyth's Four-horse Bolting Thrashing Machine. 154a Coode, George, 473 Oxford Street, Bloomsbury— Inventor. Patent irrigator for grass land, or low crops; appli- cable also to watering roads. It may be worked by two boys, and it distributes water or liquid manure with great regularity: from 10 to 20 acres maybe done in a day. Patent irrigator for high-standing crops, of a similar description, except that it requires more power. 155 Fairless, Thomas, Corhridge, near Hexham, Northumberland—Inventor. Reaping machine for cutting corn and hay. Improved pump. 156 Sadler, William James, Bentham Purton, near Swindon, Wilts—Inventor. Agricultural chimney filter drain. The portions ex- hibited, represent the external filter pipes, a, b, and c, to slide in the chimney, d, e, for conveying to the drain any surface water which may accumulate in low places on stifi" clay soils, through which it cannot penetrate to the drain, till it has considerably injured the crop. The pipes act as filters, retaining in the bottom the mud or other matter which might choke the drain. The pipes 'J are lifted out of the chimney to unfit them, and may be left out when suflScient water has accumulated to flush the drain, if it should be required. These drains are shown in the preceding cut. Draining tools:—Paring knife; spade for surface; top bit; crummer for the same; pick and tomahawk; bottom bit; crummer for the same; rammer for level- ling bed for pipes; tool for placing pipes, g, in the pre- ceding cut, and drag for filling in. 157 RuDD, T., 16 Ebury Square, Pimlico—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved patent hand-thrashing machine ; mounted upon carriage wheels, and remaining so when at work. Working model of improved machinery, for working marble, stone, &c. 158 Hall, A,, Bank Buildings, Manchester—Inventor. Garden net, a substitute for glass in hot-houses, &c. 160 Crump, Thomas, Derby—Inventor and Manufacturer, Garden-engine, or portable fire-engine, two sizes, with jet and spreader, for watering plants, greenhouses, &c.; the hose-pipe will discharge 18 gallons of water per minute, at 60 feet distance, or 50 feet altitude. Liquid manure pump, made of galvanized sheet-iron. Instrument for singeing horses with gas. 161 Nixon, T., Kettering—Inventor and Manufacturer, A garden light or skylight. 170 Wilmot, Edw. W., Congleton—Designer. ^Model of farm buildings for a farm of about 300 acres, with plans of farm-house, labourers' cottages, and ex- planatory drawings. Sadler's Agricultural Chimney Filter Drain. 180 Deane, Dray, &Deane, Swan Lane, Upper Thames Street, London Bridge—Manufacturers. Patent cesspool and tank cleanser, for the speedy and innoxious removal of stagnant water, &c. The following cut represents this machine. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. Deane and Co.'s I'atent Tank-cleaner. Patent engine for raising water. The annexed cut re- Deane and Co.'s l*atent Water-engine. presents one of these machines^ for the purpose of throw- ing to a considerable height a volume of water. This form of engine is provided with a tank. Force and other pumps. The force-pump has the advantage of a double action, drawing the water from any depth, and forcing it fifty feet at the same operation; so that while it is well adapted for general domestic pur- poses, it is equally so for other applications. Patent portable forge, which may be worked in a barn, or removed into the open air. It is compact, cheap, and strongly made. There are various sizes of these forges, all of which are equally portable. Patent plate glass lantern, combining safety and economy. Iron pig-troughs. Enamelled milk pans. Patent enamelled mangers, of various descriptions. Double weighing-machines, adapted for commercial and agricultural purposes. Howard's J K plough. This plough is intended as a substitute for the large four-horse Kentish plough, and fitted with mould boards or breasts, which turn the furrow over round, leaving a perfect seam, in the same manner as the Kentish turn-wi-ist plough. It is used with a pair of horses, hwt occasionally with three or four. It is capable of ploughing any land, however dry and hard. It may be fitted with an extra large breast or furrow-turner, for very deep ploughing. The skim coulter, shown in the following cut, is a most useful appendage. It is of great importance when ploughing ley ground and stubbles ; it precedes the common coulter, paring and turning into the furrow the herbage upon the surface, so that when the soil is turned over by the plough, nothing of grass or weeds is left to grow out between the furrow; consequently the vegetable matter thus buried, instead of living upon the soil, decomposes, and serves to enrich the land. It will also be found most useful when ploughing in dung, mustard, tares, &c., for with the addition of "a drag-chain," all may be turned in completely. With a new registered lever, for regulating the wheels. The cut represents this plough, and the wheel having its fulcrum at b, and its point of action at a. Deane and Co.'s Howard s J K Plough. Howard's J A plough. The annexed cut represents this plough, which is adapted for heavy land. Deane and Co's Howard's J A Plouyli. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1 ; P. Q. K. 1 to 27. Improved horse-rakes. The horse-rake is adapted for raking barley and other corn stubbles; also cut grass after it is strewn in the process of making hay. Each tooth works independently on a separate lever, so as to fall to the irregularities of the surface, and the oblique direction of the teeth is altered by raising or lowering the ends of the levers, so that the teeth may rake lightly or heavily, as the quality of work or nature of the surface may require. There is also attached a simple lever-purchase, so as to enable a lad to raise the teeth without stopping the progress of the imjjlement, to relieve them of their load, and leave it neatly raked up in rows. The hay-making machines are made with iron wheels. The rake-cylinders are in two lengths, which eases the working of the machine; and, as they have a double motion, it is immaterial which way they are turned. Hay-making machines, with reversing motion. In the first process of tedding or making hay, it goes across the swarths, throwing the grass in the usual manner; when, having laid for a short period, the motion can be reversed, and it will throw it out loosely, so that the air can operate on it much more speedily than when heavily laid down. Mills, of various descriptions, for agricultural produce. Patent economic corn-mill, effecting a saving of time and labour. This machine is shown in the annexed cut. Deane and Company's Patent Com Mill. A vegetable washer, constructed with a rack and pinion, so that the cylinder enclosing the vegetables, may be raised out of the water, and emptied into a trough or barrow, with the greatest ease. A chaff-engine, applicable for hand, water, or steam power. It is constructed to cut various lengths. This machine is used in the West Indies, for cutting cane tops. Sussex butter-churn, of block-tin. Patent American butter-churn. One row turnip-drill. Gardner's patent turnip-cutting machine. Liquid manure pumps. 181 White, James, 266 High Holhom—Inventor and Manufacturer. Gorse reducer, for converting gorse into nutritious food for cattle, crushing corn and linseed, and rasping beet- root for sugar making. Patent cider mill, which cuts the pips, improves the flavour of the cider, and makes it keep longer. Wheat mill and dressing machine, to enable families to grind and dress their own wheat. 182 Turner, E. R., Ipsirich—Inventor and Manufacturer. Four-liorse power portable steam-engine, for agricul- tural purposes. This engine is shown in the annexed cut. Turner's Four-horse Portable Steam-engine. Apparatus for regulating the supply of water to a high- pressure steam-boiler whilst the engine is at work, con- sisting of a small vessel into which the force-pump dis- charges, and from which the boiler takes its supply by means of a ball valve. Adapted for stationary engines. This apparatus is shown in the annexed cut. By the ar- rangements represented, a deficiency of supply is indicated by the steam whistle. Turner s Steam-boiler Feeding Apparatus. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. [United Mill, composed of two smooth, rollers, for crushing corn and seeds; it also grinds beans, peas, maize, &c., by a serrated roll at the bottom of the hopper, which acts as a feed roller when the mill is used for crushing pur- poses. This engine is represented in the annexed cut. Turner's Crushing Mill. 183 Rogers, Jasper W., 88 St, James's Street— Inventor and Patentee. A deodorizing chamber, intended for use in public places and establishments : the receptacles being partly filled with peat charcoal. The animal matter is deodo- rized, and entirely absorbed by the charcoal, the combina- tion producing a valuable manure. 185 Samuelson, B., Banbury—Manufacturer. Patent double-action turnip-cutter, for cattle and sheep, on a wrought-iron or wooden frame; the slicer-knife for cattle may be dropped when the seed-knives are in ac- tion ; the hopper is on a hinge to facilitate the cleaning of the barrel. [The turnip-cutter is one of the most valuable improve- ments in English farming: for fattening flocks it is indis- pensable. By thus sparing the animal the labour of chewing its food, their condition is improved 20 per cent.—Ph. P.] Chaff-cutter for hand or horse power, on an angle iron frame; cuts two lengths. Universal mill, adapted to crush all kinds of grain except linseed. Improved bean mill. Small oil-cake breaker. Registered atmospheric churn. General purpose plough, but especially suited to heavy clay soils. Horse-hoe, with three tires, which may be set and firmly secured at a variable distance; also two sets of revolving rowels. Skim and paring plough, &c. 186 Bates, F., Summertown, Oxford—Inventor. Implement to facilitate the removal of plants in pots. 190 Winder, Richard, 2 Ingram Court, Fenchurch Street—Inventor. Model of a machine for mowing corn or grass by rotary horizontal knives, having a considerable velocity; pro- posed to be worked by one or two horses, according to the size the machine is required to be made. It is sug- gested, that two shafts (as in the model) are an improve- ment, by offering no impediment to the falling corn in the centre space, in allowing the machine to turn within its own length, and allowing free action to the knives while the machine is turning. Also, the means of throwing the machine in or out of gear are considered as economical and effective, as well as the means of sharp- ening the knives, and the distribution of the falling corn. 191 Henton, John—Inventor. Hand roller. The object of this roller is to combine eflGiciency with lightness of draught. 192 Smith, Henry, 12 Rufford's Bow, near the Church, Islington—Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered horticultural hot-water gas stove; consist- ing of two cylinders, the external 18 inches diameter, internal 5 inches diameter, with top and bottom con- taining water; and internal pipes. The gas is lighted at the lower end. 193 Keene, W., 24 Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn— Engineer. The multiple box hive, invented by the exhibitor. One of the objects of this hive is to permit the bees to have access at the points most convenient for their work, which always begins from the top of the hive, and pro- ceeds downwards; the natural hives chosen by them having generally access from the top, and not from below. The common cottage hive admits the bees at the bottom, and gives them much additional labour to carry their load upwards, instead of relieving them by taking it in with their descent. It is found by experience that when the bee is admitted at the top, the hive fills much more rapidly with comb and honey. In the multiple hive every box is formed exactly alike; they may be placed one on the other, and their order inverted at pleasure, in such way as may be best suitable for the operations of the bee-keeper. Any single box will form a sufficient hive for any swarm during the first season; but when this box is filled, a second is added, presenting to the bees additional room, of the same form and size as that to which they have been accustomed; they take to it at once; swarming is prevented; and without loss of time the new box is filled with comb and honey. The bees rarely deposit any larvae in this box. The colony chiefly retires to the lower one, keeping guard on the contents of the upper, and ample provision against "a rainy day," in the lower box. When the upper one is filled, and a fine box of pure clean honey in the comb is wanted, it may be removed, and replaced by an empty one, which in due season they will also fill; the hive below remaining an undisturbed domicile. In course of time the combs in which the larvae have been deposited become uncomfortably dirty; these boxes then offer the greatest facility for shifting the family into clean quarters. Suppose an upper box is full, or par- tially full, of comb and honey, the lower one may be made so uncomfortable as to oblige the colony to mount into the upper, and then the lower may be removed, putting what was the upper box into its place. If the queen or any bees have remained in the box taken away, by upsetting it, and putting a piece of plank on an inclined plane, so as to form a bridge from it to the box which remains on the stand, they will not only all go into it, but very quickly carry away the honey from the dirty comb into the clean hive, and be soon ready to begin to fill another box. The bee-keeper can thus mul- tiply his colonies of bees without permitting them to swarm; or he can produce off-casts, if he prefer to multiply his hives. The covered way by which the bees enter is pierced with openings both downwards and upwards, so that the bee, once alighted, is free to choose either direction. When the hives are in position, one on the other, a bell glass may be placed over the upward opening, if it be desired to have honey in such a receptacle. A feeding- box may be put over it, if it be needful to give them food; and either the glass or the feeding-box may be covered by a common straw cap, or by an additional box. New mode of preparing seed for sowing, consisting of wadding-rope and manured seed-wadding for inclosing On the South Side ; Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. K. 1 to 27. the seed previous to its being laid in the ground. Adapted for poor and generally unproductive soils. In the article exhibited, there are seven different kinds of manure; that from the farm-yard or stable being in the greater proportion. Guano, bones, peat, charcoal, sul- phate of lime, urate, and fecal manure, may all be inclosed in just such quantities as shall be found suffi- cient for the benefit of the plant. The advantages are— saving of manure, increase of crop, regularity of growth, and saving of seed,—sufficient to outbalance the cost of material when manufactured by machinery on a large scale, and enable about half the quantity of manure to produce crops equal to those obtained in the ordinary way of using it. 195 WiLLOUGHBY De Eresby, Lord, 142 Picoadilly —Inventor. Machinery to plough land, having a moderately-even surface. The heavy engine is not required to move up and down the field with the ploughs, but is stationary whilst they are working from the hedge on each side up to the engine, when it is advanced the width of the part ploughed each trip. These ploughs are made to travel at five miles per houi\ 196 Tebbutt, Charles Prentice, Bluntisham, near St. Ives, Huntingdonshire—Designer, Model farmstead, for 250 or 300 acres; containing stabling for 10 horses, well-sheltered yards for about 40 beasts; cattle-boxes for 16 fatting cattle; cow-house for six cows; pigsties, &c. 197 Bell, Frederick & Co., 7 Noble Street, City— Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent ventilating waterproof cloth for stack, rick, waggon, and cart covers, tents, marquees, sail-cloths, &c., of extreme lightness and pliability, prepared without oil, paint, grease, or tar. 198 Alexander, E., Taylorton, Stirling—Inventor and Manufacturer. Models of draining ploughs :— First furrow plough, drawn by from ten to twelve horses, which cuts a depth of from fifteen to eighteen inches, width at top sixteen inches, and at bottom seven inches. Second, or finishing plough, which cuts a further depth of from ten to twelve inches, finishing the drain to the exact breadth of the tiles, and which, after pulling the cleaner along, shows a flat smooth bottom to lay the soles upon; performing at the rate of about one acre per hour; distance of drains sixteen feet apart. 199 Boyd, James E,, 70 Lower Thames Street— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent self-adjusting scythe; can be put together with- out the assistance of a blacksmith, and shuts up like a knife. 200 Caborn, John, Denton, near Grantham—Inventor. Portable seven-horse power steam-engine, with governors and tubular boiler, for thrashing corn, &c. Portable thrashing machine, with straw shaker to attach to the portable steam engine, upon four wheels. A corn-dressing machine. 202 DePorquet, Fenwick, 11 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. Models:—Haymaker's horse hay rake, skim plough, dressing machine, turnip cutters, light ploughs, &c. Improved machine for bruising oats, &c. Mill for splitting beans, &c. 204 Pannell, John, Feltham, Hounslow—ln\eniov. Working model of registered heating apparatus, for heating hothouses, pineries, &c., by hot water; whereby a moist bottom heat and a dry top heat can be obtained at the same time from the same boiler ; and the circula- tion round the pipes, for top heat, can be turned ofi* or on at pleasure. 205 Bland, John George, Market Harhorough— Inventor and Designer. A two-knife hand-power chaff-cutter made by Cornes of Barbridge, with multiplying power, so as to increase the speed of the knives. Model of a farmstead, adapted for a farm of from six to seven hundred acres. The buildings are so arranged that by the aid of a two-horse power steam-engine the whole of the usual operations required on such a farmstead may be performed. 208 Restell, Richard, 35 High Street, Croydon— Inventor and Manufacturer. Metallic flexible garden and conservatory labels. Metallic flexible wall and standard tree-holders. 208a Hayes, M., Enfield Highway—Inventor and Manufacturer. Beehive. 208b Beadon, Capt. R.N., Taunton—Inventor. Model cart. Improved apparatus for drawing off liquor from casks. Frame for tilting casks. 208c Kennedy, Dr., Dublin—Inventor. Machine for watering plants. 210 Toby, Henry, & Son, King's Road, Chelsea— Inventor. Model of a green-house, with potting shed and fruit- room, showing the boiler and hot-water pipes, with im- proved ventilation, &c., on a scale of 1 inch to the foot. 211 Thornton, David, Ratho, by Edinburgh— Designer. Design for an arrangement of farm building, in which accommodation is provided for storing the grain crops under cover, in order to protect them from the weather, incendiaries, or thieves. Model of a cheap form of field-drain, adapted for dis- tricts where neither tiles nor stones are available. 212 Tytherleigh, William, 350 Coventry Road, Birmingham—Inventor and Manufacturer. Winter and summer, or self-temperature butter churn. 213 Stewart, Charles, & Co., 22 Charing Cross— Proprietors. Patent potato germ extractor. Anti-putrescent prepa- ration, into which the germs extracted, day by day, may be immersed, until the proper season for planting. Potato- germs modelled in wax, exhibiting the mode of extracting the eye. 214 Ferguson, J., Bridge of Allan, Stirling— Inventor. Model of a draining plough. 215 Padwick, William Frederick, Manor House, Hayling Island, Hampshire—Inventor. Hand-drill for depositing garden and other seeds ; adapted for patching where seed has failed, for allotments or for rough uneven ground. Improved planting line, for the purpose of obviating the necessity of setting the ordinary garden-line used in plant- ing at the end of every row. By merely releasing a pin, it changes the position of the line to any required dis- tance. Improved dibbler, or transplanter, by which seeds may be dibbled or roots transplanted in the driest soil. 21 5a Tyson, Isaac, Selby, ForMzVe—Designer. Model of farmstead and buildings where steam power is used for thrashing, grinding, cutting, and steaming, or cooking food for cattle, pigs, &c. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. [United 216 Coleman, Richard, Chelmsford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent drag harrow and scarifier, for breaking up, clearing, and pulverising land. The frame at the top is suspended about six inches above the lower frame, parallel with which, by means of a lever, it is moved backwards or forwards; it is made with five or seven prongs, accord- ing to the width of land intended to be cut. Patent drag-harrow and scarifier, on the same principle, with the addition of side levers, by which it is regulated when used on furrow land. Patent subsoil harrow, for drawing out furrows, and grubbing or raising the subsoil after the plough. Patent expanding lever-harrow. This implement is made in four compartments, each three feet, and being constructed on the principle of a parallel ruler, it may be expanded or contracted at pleasure: it is drawn by five chains attached to double hooks which move on the long whippletree. Patent expanding harrow, constructed on the same principle, but without wheels and levers. 216a Wheeler, E., 16 Faulkner Street, Manc7iester~Iny. Portable machine for bagging hops, wool, or cotton; pressing the hops without breaking the leaf. ' Hand machine for bagging hops, with rack to rise and fall by pinion and double-purchase wheels. 217 Bentall, Edward Hammond, Heyhridge, near Maldon, Essex—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent broad-share and subsoil plough, combined in one implement, with beam of wrought T iron. By divesting it of its side-arms, hind-wheels, and tines, it becomes a subsoil and root plough. It can be adjusted according to circumstances, by moving the tranverse cutters in- serted in the frame. A point, three feet long, precedes the share on the same frame for loosening the ground. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Bentall's Patent Broad Share and Subsoil Plough. THE^f OWT- WHICH , Patent mangold, or ridge hoe, on the same principle, with pair of breasts, for moulding up root crops. Patent double tom, with wrought-iron beam, having a double breast or mould-board cast in one piece of metal. • Patent N G H plough. A moveable lever, with a share attached in a way which renders it adjustable, and pre- vents any wear on the sole of the plough. The original goldhanger plough, called the Essex plough," Round hogs' troughs. Stack pillar. Patent dynamometer, for the purpose of ascertaining the draft of implements presenting irregular resistance. The arrangement of the parts prevents the vibration of the index without diminishing the accuracy of the instru- ment. ______________ 218 NUNN, J. P. & E. B., 17 Stratford Place, Oxford Street—Inventors. Instrument for elevating and holding a beehive im- mediately under a swarm of bees hanging from a bough; and instrument for grasping and shaking the bough, which, if the hive be held in a proper position, will cause the bees to fall into it, when they may be easily secured. 219 Smith, George, 3 Francis Court, Berkeley Street, Clerkenwell—Producer. Registered enamelled garden labels. 220 Wilkinson, Thomas, 309 Oxford Street— Improver and Manufacturer. Improved Baker's patent mangle; having three rollers, two of which revolve with the linen rolled upon them under the heavily-loaded box, while a third is being pre- pared with other linen to replace the first and continue the process. Improved patent box churn. The top or cover has per- forations for admitting atmospheric air, and the beater is of the form found by experience to be best calculated for agitating the cream, and forcing the air through it, so as to improve the quality and increase the quantity of butter, 221 Farlow, J. K., 5 Crooked Lane, London Bridge— Inventor, Netting for protecting fruit and flowers. 222 Smith, Thomas, 1 Hamor Cottages, Hornsey Road, Lslington—Inventor, Hyacinth glass, and glass support fixed by glass eyes. Circular earthenware enclosure, and support for the fruit and foliage of the strawberry plant, by which the blossoms and fruit are protected from slugs, and kept free from grit caused by rain. Provisionally registered. 224 Ritchie, W. & J,, Ardee, /refanc?—Manufacturers, Improved drill plough. Improved subsoil plough, furnished with two wheels. 226 Roberts, John, 34 Fastcheajj—Manufacturer. Strawberry tiles. Melon tiles. Grape tiles. Celery sockets. Ventilating flower-pot. Transplanting flower- pot. Flower supporters. Cylindrical brick. 227 Vivian, —, Inventor. Model machine for drying corn. 228 ScRAGG, Thomas, Tarporley, Cheshire—Inventor and Manufacturer. A double-action machine for making draining-tiles and pipes. It has, as a substitute for racks and pinions, a chain which winds round a roller, and presses the clay through the dies. 230 Barker, John, Dunnington, near York,—Inventor and Manufacturer. Iron wheel-plough and wood swing-plough. Expanding parallel horse-hoe, with a Norwegian harrow On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. E. 1 to 27. attached, and two sets of coulters; made to expand and contract, so as to suit either curved or straight ridges. Iron sliding horse-hoe, with shares; adapted for different soils; with wheels and Norwegian harrow attached. One-horse Yorkshire cart, with a tipping apparatus; side-boards, as a manure cart; and a set of shelvings, for harvest work; the spring end door secures the shelvings. Set of box whipple-trees, or two-horse draughts. 232 Enniskillen, Earl of—Maniifacturer. Draining pipes and collars. Draining tiles. Water pipes. Roofing tiles. Flooring tiles. 233 HoRNSBY, Richard, & Son, Sjnttlegate Iron Works, near Grantham—Manufacturers, Designei'S, & Inventors. Patent drill-machine, for corn, &c,, adapted for hilly ground, and fitted as a ten-row corn and seed drill, and j nine-row corn, seed, and manure drill. Ten-row patent corn and seed drill, fitted with the patent India-rubber tubes for conducting the seed to the coulters ; improved slides for regulating the quantity of seed to the delivering barrel; two coulter-bars to equalise ! the pressure upon each coulter; and patent independent j fore-carriage steerage, represented in the annexed cut. Hornsby's Patent Seed Drill, Four-row patent drill, to deposit turnip or mangold- wurzel seed, with bones, compost, and manures, with double-action levers, represented in the annexed cut. Hornsby's Patent Manure Drill. Two-row patent ridge drill, with patent India-rubber tubes, and various improvements for regularly delivering both seeds and manure. Three-row patent drop drilling-machine, for depositing turnips or mangold-wurzel seed and manure upon flat ground or ridges. Patent drill-machine, for distributing pulverized ma- nures broadcast on the land, represented in the annexed cut. Hornsby's Patent Drill Machine. Six-horse power patent portable steam-engine, adapted for thrashing, grinding, sawing, pumping, &c,; mounted upon four carriage-wheels, with shafts complete for travelling. The cylinder, and pipes connected there- with, being placed inside the boiler or steam-chamber, are protected from the weather; represented in the fol- lowing cut. Four-horse powerimproved portable thrashing-machine, with travelling apparatus complete. Patent corn-dressing or winnowing machine, fitted with a spike-roller working thro\xgh a grating, so arranged as to form a hopper. It may be used for separ-ating the corn I On the South Side : Areas N. 0.1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. Hornsby's Patent Six-horse Power Portable Steam-engine. from the chaff, in the rough pulsy state, as it comes from the thrashing-machine, without having been previously- riddled. It is fitted with a double-shaking screen at the bottom, &c., for cleaning the corn from all kinds of small seeds, and preparing it for market. Represented in the annexed cut. Hormiby's Patent Corn-dressinj^ Machine. Double crushing machine, for breaking oil-cake for beasts or sheep, and rape-cake for manure; fitted with two sets of cutters, with hardened points. Single crushing machine, fitted with one set of cutters. 234 Smith & Co., Stamford, Lincolnshire—Inventors and Manufacturers. 1. Double-action wrought-iron hay-making machine, for spreading and turning hay; fitted with wrought-iron wheels. 2. Two-knife cane-top litter and chaff-cutting machine, for hand, horse, or steam power. 3. Iron balance-lever horse-rake, for hay, corn, &c. 4. Lever hand-rake, in iron frame, and mounted on very light wheels; the teeth, made of spring steel,jfict independently of each other. 5. Three-knife gorse and chaff-cutting machine, for hand, horse, or steam power. 6. Improved lever cultivator or scarifier. 7. Fat-cutting machine, for tallow-melters. 8. Park or luggage cart, mounted on springs, with patent tail-board, tip movement, and wrought-iron wheels. 9. Wrought-iron wheels and axles for light and heavy carriages. 10. Set of machine models. Patents have been taken by the exhibitors for Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9. 235 Chard & Munro, Bristol—Manufacturers. Light one-horse harvest cart, of an improved con- struction. The advantage consists in its being kept low, for the diminution of labour in loading. Light cart, for pony or small horse, adapted for an errand or market cart. Light Cobourg. 237 Key & Mitchel, 103 Newgate Street— Proprietors or Agents. Patent American churn (English) by Charles James Anthony, of Pittsburgh, U. S.; the improvement consists in the arrangement of apparatus so as to introduce a larger quantity of air into the cream or milk. Kase's force and suction pumps. The valves are so arranged, as to prevent them from being choked; and, if occasion should require, a common blacksmith could replace them. Patent double-acting turnip-cutter, for cutting turnips, mangold wurzel, &c., as food for cattle or sheep; also applicable for cutting chicory; the knives with the greatest cutting surface, represented in the annexed cut. Messrs. Key and Mitchell's Patent Double-acting Turnip-cutter. Hose for liquid manure, fire-engines, and shipping purposes, made of canvas, lined and coated with gutta percha. Kegistered union joint, for connecting lengths of hose, made of gutta percha. Lift pump, made entirely of gutta percha, for acids, liquid manure, &c.; manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company. Davy's patent India-rubber elastic and water-proof saddles and collars ; the former affording a firm seat to the rider on an elastic material ; the latter, as well as the former, protecting horses from being wrung in the shoulders, laack, withers, &c. 238 Cambridge, William, Temple Gate, Bristol— Inventor and Patentee. Patent press-wheel roller, or clod-crusher, composed of wheels with thin cutting edges, revolving separately on a round spindle; used for lands affected with wire-worm or slug, leaving the land so firm that they cannot work through. 239 Whitehead, John, Preston, Lancashire— Inventor and Manufacturer. A machine for the manufacture of draining-pipes and tiles, with screening apparatus for separating stones and roots from the clay. It will make pipes or tiles of any On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. form or size, from 1 to 15 inches in diameter, and of any length to 27 inches. New machine for making and pressing bricks. Drain-pipe and tile-machine, with a clay-box at each end, so that tiles may be made at one end and clay screened at the other, or vice versa. 240 Howard, Thomas & Frederick, Bedford— Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent iron plough, with two wheels, marked X, of a small size, made principally of wrought-iron, and intended for ordinary ploughing, to be used with a pair of horses. The annexed cut represents this plough. Howard's Patent Iron Plough. Patent iron plough, with two wheels, marked XX. The moving and cutting parts of this are the same in principle as the former, but fitted for deeper cultivation and for stronger lands. Patent iron plough, marked XXX. This plough is of large size, and intended for extra deep ploughing. Every part is made so strong as to resist large stones or roots. It is also fitted with mould boards or breasts, which turn the furrows over round in the same manner as the Kentish turn-wrist plough. Patent iron plough, with two wheels, marked J. A. fitted with a furrow-turner, and a novel appliance to the wheels, by which the depth of furrow may be regulated whilst the horses are in motion. Patent iron swing-plough. Intended to be used without wheels, made with wrought-iron framework, &c. Patent iron double breast or moulding-plough. In- tended for earthing up or forming ridges or bouts, for turnips or other roots, or for striking water furrows. Patent subsoil-plough. Patent double-furrow plough. This plough is like two ploughs made into one, for the purpose of ploughing two furrows at one time, and is used upon light land with three horses abreast, and one man. Set of patent iron harrows. This set consists of three 4-beam harrows with whippletree; covers 9^ feet of ground, and is intended for two horses. The annexed cut represents these harrows. Howard's Patent Iron Harrows. Set of patent iron harrows. This set consists of three 3-beam harrows with whippletree, covers 8 feet of ground, and is intended for two horses. Set of patent jointed harrows. Pair of patent drag harrows. These are used on rough fallows, and are made to draw backward and forward: the latter way to answer the purpose of a scarifier; the former for breaking clods. Patent horse rake, intended for raking hay, corn, stub- ble, or twitch grass. The draft irons are furnished with a joint and quadrant, by which the teeth may readily be altered, so to rake upon their points, or set more or less off the ground. Improved double-action corn-mill, intended for kib- bling or grinding into fine meal, barley, oats, malt, &c,, and by simply reversing the motion of the fly-wheel, it will split beans or peas at a rapid rate. It is fitted to be driven by horse or steam power, but it can be worked by hand. Improved horse-power gear-work, intended for driving the corn-mill and other machines requiring horse power. Set of trussed whippletrees, intended for ploughs, harrows, &c., where draught bars are required. Sundry fittings for the plough, &c., and models of implements. 241 Holmes & Sons, Prospect Place, Norwich— Inventors and Manufacturers. Machine for thrashing grain, and shaking the straw after it is thrashed; the concaves can be adjusted to any width parallel, and at three difi*erent points, by a new arrangement of eccentrics; the drum and concaves are made so as not to injure any grain. Represented in the annexed cut. Holmes's Thrashing Machine. Machine for all purposes of drilling. Machine for the purpose of sowing broa'dcast or in rows, any kind of artificial manures, as top-dressing, either in a moist or dry state, such as guano, nitrate of soda, salt, soot, &c.; fitted with the registered wheels, slides, &c., by which a sliding motion as well as rotary is given to the stirrers : with other improvements. Represented in the annexed cut. Holmes's Manure Sowing- Machine. On the South Side : Areas 0. 1 : P. Q. R. 1 to 27. Registered horse-lever rake for gathering hay and corn; it may likewise be used for couch or stubbles. Machine for drilling turnips and mangelwurzel seeds, with or without manure, either on the ridge or flat. Barley aveller, or hummelling machine, for taking off the haulms of barley. The spindles are made to work quite through, admitting an extra crank at the lower end, which, running in half boxes, can be screwed down as it wears, with other improvements. Corn-dressing, or winnowing machine. The spindles are made to work in half brasses, which are placed in a strong iron frame. Hand-barrow drill, for depositing two rows of turnips, mangelwurzel, and carrot seeds, on the ridge or flat, and at any required distance. Newly invented machine for sowing grass seeds, to be worked by hand. Turnip and mangelwvirzel, and manure drilling machine, with one lever, fitted with two boxes, one for manure and the other for turnips and mangelwurzel seeds, &c. One-row lever drill for turnips and mangelwurzel seeds, adapted for ridge ploughed lands or flat work. Turnip and mangelwurzel cutter, which can be altered in a few minutes to cutting for beasts or sheep. 242 Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co., Lincoln— Manufacturers. Six horse-power portable steam-engine, of an improved and simple construction, mounted upon four wheels, which, from its extreme lightness, is easily moved from place to place ; the whole arrangement is simple and compact. It has a starting lever and safety valve (which ai'e acted upon by Salter's spi-ing balance), a water and steam gauge-cock, feed-pump, and steam whistle, all within reach of the driver, and is well adapted for agri- cultural, builders', and contractors' purposes, such as threshing, grinding, sawing, pumping, &c. The annexed cut represents this steam-engine in the state in which it is ready for use. Power is communicated by a leather band round the flj^^wheel, or the pulley on the other side of the fly-wheel. Clayton and Sliu'.tleworth's Six Horse-power Portable Steam-engine. Improved registered grinding-mill, suitable for all grain, consisting of a pair of portable registered French mill-stones, 2 feet 8 inches in diameter, adapted for steam or for water-power, and are fixed in a metal cylin- drical frame. This arangement is repi-esented in the annexed cut. Clayton and Shuttleworth's Mill. Improved registered combined thrashing, riddling, and blowing-machine. The annexed sents this machine. shaking, cut repre- Clayton and Simttlewortn Machine. The chief novelty in this machine is the registered vibrating trough, which is suspended by four links, and extends the whole length of the machine and straw- shaker, having a reciprocating motion given to it by means of a crank. But by means of the vibrating trough, the whole quantity of the pulse, as it drops from the thrashing-drum and sti^aw-shaker, is caught and passed over a riddle under which the blast is directed; thereby effectually separating the corn, chaff", and pulse from each other, each being discharged into the places assigned for them. 243 Marriott, Joseph, 74 Gmcechnrch Street— Designer and Manufacturer. New cottage beehive, for obtaining honey without destroying the bees. Bell glasses of honej^comb, as worked by the bees from the same. Glass box of honey, as specimen of finished and unfinished comb. Glass jars of pure run honey granulated. Clarified honey. Speci- mens of queen and other bees. Improved beehives, &c. 246 West, William, Leicester—Inventor and Manufacturer, Drill, for sowing corn and tui-nips. Hand seed-drill, to work with cups; and for sowing turnips, mangelwurzel. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. onions, or grain, peas, &c., either on the ridge or on the flat, and in any given quantity. 248 McCartney & Drummond, Cnmnock—Designers and Manufacturers, Thrashing-machine, in cast-iron framing, with riddles, fans, and elevators. The riddle is placed under the machine. The grain is raised by elevators to the fans placed on the top of the machine for dressing the grain. It has an im- provement for shifting the rollers and drum-cover, by a hand-wheel and levers in front, to suit the different kinds of grain. Improved construction of horse-wheel, and other parts of gearing, for safety to machinery from a sudden start of the horses ; also for preventing the drawing shafts from coming on the horse, when stopped, by the velocity of inside machinery. A peg-hummeller, for thrashing barley. The fans, though placed on the top of the machine, can be placed in the granary above, or under it, when more convenient. 248a Weeks, J,, & Co., King's Boad, Chelsea— Inventors and Manufacturers. Cylindrical revolving furnace bars, consuming the smoke, and diminishing the consumption of fuel. A slow rotary movement is given to each of the cylinders, which presents cool bars to the heat of the fire about every fifteen minutes, and equally distributes the fire throughout the fui-nace. Model of an ornamental conservatory, with improve- ments in ventilation. This conservatory is represented in the annexed cut. Weeks and Co.'s Conservatory. Boiler, for rapidly heating water. Glazed light, for a common forcing-house or pit; of new construction, with improvements in ventilation. Pedestal; for warming buildings by hot water, exposing a heating surface of 70 superficial feet. Stack of pipes for warming buildings by hot water, ex- posing a heating surface of 50 superficial feet. 248b Thompson, Henry A., Leices—Manufacturer. Set of improved entrance gates, with cast-iron piers, constructed upon improved principles: they are com- posed of iron and wood, without mortice, mitre, dovetail, nail, screw, cement, or glue, and combining strength with durability. They are trussed-braced with saltier crosses between uprights, with bevelled abutments, simi- lar to the king-post which supports a barn roof. The plan of these gates prevents their dropping from long wear or ill usage; and their power of resistance is very great. They are hung to, close by themselves, and the mountings are of peciiliar construction; the upper ride hook oscillates to adapt itself to the position of the gate, and the lower joint is a combination of levers to produce an elliptical and eccentric motion, necessary to make the gate shut itself: in the latch, is a friction roller, and a secret fastening to enable it to be locked with a key. These improvements enable them to swing without sus- taining that severe shock in their oscillating motion, when they arrive at the centre, as in gates hung on the common method. Portable steam cooking apparatus, for cooking all kinds of vegetables, linseed compounds, cut-stuif hay, &c. It consists of a cylindrical steam-generating boiler, with dome top, supported on iron legs, between which is an iron ash-pan, containing water to prevent danger from sparks, &c. On one side of the boiler is placed an iron cooking vessel, with perforated double bottom, for steaming vegetables, which is supported on centre gudgeons, so that the contents may be tipped into a wheelbarrow or other receptacle without dismounting the vessel. There is also attached to the boiler, a patent compound tube for cooking linseed, compost, or for boiling water. On the opposite side is a syphon pipe, dipping near to the bottom of cook- ing compost in the tub, through which the waste steam passes; the agitation occasioned by this supersedes the necessity of stirring. Set of cast-steel measures for corn, seeds, Sec, from a quart to a bushel; intended to supersede wooden mea- sures. The top of each is strengthened by a steel hoop, which is hardened, to prevent wear; enclosed by this hoop, and visible on the inside, is a copper medallion, to receive the inspector's stamp. Portable liquid manure-forcing pump, agricultural fire- engine, and irrigating machine, with an air-vessel iipon a peculiar principle, and arranged on an iron wheelbarrow. Portable pump or tripod-stand, adapted for raising liquid manure or water out of tanks, ponds, &c. The hose-pipe is made of patent vulcanised India-rubber; it has a helical wire-spring running through its entire length, to prevent it from collapsing; and at the end is a strong copper strainer. The "pump has a metallic bucket, and metal seats to all the valves. The valves are all formed of vulcanised India-rubber, with metal tops; and the bucket packing of gvitta percha. 249 Wilson, James, Kelso, Roxharghshire—Designer. Model of an improved seed-box for a turnip-sowing machine. 250 Brown &Archbold, Horsley, Tgne Side, Neiccastle- upon-Tyne—Inventors and Manufacturers. Miniature model machine for cleaning corn and grain. 252 Phillips, Charles, & Co., Baptist Mills Foundry, Bristol—Manufacturers. Patent turnip-cutter, to cut for sheep by turning it one way, and, by reversal of motion, to cut for other pur- poses. In this machine the knives that cut for sheep have an oblique edge; there is a grating under the barrel of the machine, by which the last piece of each turnip is prevented from escaping unslit; and the hopper has a rocking motion, by which the wedging-up of the turnips is prevented, _ 253 Fleming, George, Trentham, Newcastle-under-Lijm,e —Inventor. Machine for destroying weeds, moss, lichens, &c., on gi^avel-walks, court-yards, &c., it consists of a boiler, holding 30 gallons of water, with a furnace and iron-pipe chimney, and moves upon three broad wheels. In every gallon of water about 2 lbs. of common salt are dissolved; the mixture, when in a boiling state, is applied to the walks, &c., through a horizontal tube fixed behind the machine, under the fui-nace door. 254 Ralston, W., Malletsheugh, Newton, Eenfrewsliire —Inventor and Manufacturer. Machine for winnowing all kinds of grain; with a cloth and revolving brush, for separating the grain from burrs. 255 Stokes, William, Dean, near Shepton Mallet, Somerset—Inventor. Treble cheese-press, and curd-mill. 255a Siebe, Augustus, 5 Denmark Street, Soho— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent rotatory garden and house fire-engine pump, with improved hose and jet. This apparatus is shown in the following cut. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1 ; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. [United Siebe's Patent Rotatory Garden Pump. 256 Smith, John, Albert Iron Works, Uxhridge— Inventor. Patent chaff-cutter, cylindrical iron sifter,- thrashing- machine, barley hummeller. oat and bean mill, iron skim plough, winnowing machine, turnip-cutter, &c. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. Mr. J. Smith's Patent ChatT-cutter. The novelty claimed for this machine consists in placing the axle upon which the knives are fastened within the range of the long way of the mouth-piece, instead of the short way, as in others ; thereby placing the shaft directly over the work, and having the weight of the fly-wheel upon the stuff. The friction on the bearings is thus re- duced, and the active power of the knife is increased. 257 Warren, Joseph, Heyhridge, near Maldon, Essex— Inventor and Manufacturer. Novel regulation ploughs. Turn-wrist or perpetual furrow plough, to turn the land or furrows all in one direction, and dispense with all waste of open furrow. Adjustable screw plough. Revolving calendar roll. Hand machine adapted for hoeing all kinds of corn and root plants, mounted on wheels. Broad share or triangle plough, for top cleaning and paring off the weeds, and general cultivation. Alarm gun, giving four distinct reports, which may be heard at a considerable distance. Spring alarm. When placed in a box, it works a rack wheel, and communicates with a bell, on which is fixed a wire, that causes it to ring by the lightest touch. Skim plough for hoeing and cleaning land. 257a Johnson, Thos. (with Mr. Kinnear) Newcastle- upon- Tyne—Inventor. Model of a machine for sowing wheat and barley, with a harrow attached. 258 McPherson, P., Norton Place, Edinburgh—Importer. Improved mill for breaking, skutching, and preparing flax, and adapting it for hackling. 259 Spurgin, John, M.D. Guildford St., Russell Square. Double hoe. Shark's-tooth-shaped hoe and spud. 259a Winton, H,, Birmingham—Manufacturer. Spades and other agricultural implements. 259b Burcham, Charles, Heacham, near Lynn— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a steam and hand-power tillage machine and irrigator. 259c Hay, James, Florabank, Haddington—luYentor. Implement for cutting turnips for sheep and cattle. 262 Seal, S., Wakefield—Manufacturer. Scythe-stones. Grindstones. 262a Craig, James, & Co., Paisley—Manufacturers. Various sizes of drain pipes and tiles, for field drainage, manufactured from common clay. 262b Rowbottom, John, Halifax—Inventor. Beehive, or beeskip, with ornamental embellished pedestal, for taking honey without destroying the hive or 263 Digges La Touche, Rev. Thomas, Killenaule, Ireland—Inventor. 1. Model of a cart, made without mortices. 2. Model of a carriage, which admits of high fore- wheels, turning on their own centre ; and requires no private bolt. 3. Model of a grubber, pulverising to the depth of 15 inches. 4. Model of a harrow, on wheels, intended to clear the ground of weeds, 5. Model of a scuffler, of light draught, for cleaning between green crops. 6. Model of a turnip-dibbler. 7. Apparatus for making butter without handling. 8. A ball-iron, which leaves the ball at the root of the tongue, without startling the horse. 264 Low, Alexander, 72 Overgate, Dundee—Inventor. A mouth-bag for horses ; the front being made of net or gauze-wire. Double water-furrow roller plough, having the roller placed on the bottom of the stilts behind the double mould boards, and a bulge on the centre to form the water furrow, and also to press down the sides of the furrow, making the ridge broad, and the water fuiTOW narrow. 265 Daniell, J. C, Simpley Stoke, near Bath- Producer. Samples of manure and food for cattle. 266 Smith, Alexander & William, & Co., Woodside Works, Paisley—Inventors and Manufacturers. Registered centrifugal churn for making butter. The novelty consists in the milk being drawn up from the bottom by the velocity of the cone or disc, and thrown out at the top, in broken portions, with great force, so that none of the milk escapes thorough agitation. These machines are constructed to churn from 5 to 100 gallons. New steaming apparatus, for preparing food for horses, cattle, &c. The boiler and vessels are of malleable iron. Corn and bean-bruising machine. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. Hay and straw cutting-machine, Cai't and cattle weigliing-machine ; sliowing the weight of cattle and sheep, and fai^m produce, from 1 lb. to two tons. It is contained in a cast-iron case. Jack weighing-machine, for barn purposes, to weigh from 1 lb. to three cwt. Model of water-wheel and sugar-mill. 267 Grant, Joseph Cooke, Stamford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent lever horse-rake, for collecting hay, corn, stub- ble, twitch, &c. Patent lever pony-rake. Pair of patent lever self-cleaning harrows. Lever horse-hoe. Implements with improvements:— Haymaking machine. Three-knife chaff machine. Two-knife chaff machine. Weighing-machine, with wrought-iron beam. Iron ploughs for heavy and light land. Iron tube whippletrees for four horses. Light-iron tube whippletrees. Wooden whippletrees. New garden drill for sowing garden seeds. Mill for grinding beans. Uley cultivator, with wrought-iron frame, Norfolk dock or thistle extractor, in iron and wood. Linseed corn and bean mill, Norfolk hand-drill, for sowing turnips when the crop has partially failed. Sundry models. 268 Stuart, 3., Aberdeen—Designer and Manufacturer, Two-horse plough, adapted for either double or single mould-board, with shifting coulter. Two or three horse double or single mould-board plough, convertible into a subsoil plough. 269 Jones, C. E., B,A., Birk Home, Hvddersfield— Co-inventor, Double cottage beehive, with regulating doorway in the floor-board, invented by the exhibitor. Specimen of the adaptation of the common cottage straw hive to certain improvements, made also by the exhibitor. Double rim for enlarging the double cottage beehive previous to swarming; with an improved method of obtaining virgin honey in the comb without disturbing the bees in the parent hive; invented by J. Beaumont, Netherton, near Huddersfield. 269a Forbes, R, B., Glasgow. A Scotch farm cart. 269b Sanders, S., Birmingham—Manufacturer. Improved garden spades, draining tools, and shovels. 270 Smith, William, Kettering, Northamptonshire— Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved double-blast winnowing machine, for dressing corn and seeds. A portable board is turned back in the hopper, so that it gives the rollers the power of pulling the corn in a rough state through from the thrashing machine, without stoppage. New horse-hoe, simple in construction, and principally formed of wrought iron. It is drawn with shafts; and the wheels may be expanded or contracted, so as to be kept between the rows of the plants. A similar machine for hoeing on the ridge or on the flat. 271 Tuxford & Sons—Boston and Skirheck Iron Works, Boston, Lincolnshire—Manufacturers, Patent six-horse power portable housed steam-engine, for thrashing, grinding, sawing, pumping, and general agricultural purposes. The improvement consists in arranging the working parts, and enclosing them in a box or house, to protect them from the grit and dirt of farm work, from the weather, and from all improper interference, by being locked. The cylinder being upright, it will not wear oval as when placed horizontally. Four-horse power engine, on the same principle as the preceding. 272 Plenty, J. & E. Pellew, Newbury, Berks— Inventors and Manufacturers. Four-horse power portable thrashing machine to thrash on its wheels. Machine for pressing or bagging hops. 274 Ferrabee, John, & Sons, Phcenix Iron Works, Stro ud—Manufacturers. Chaff-cutter, with the knives set obliquely, and having serrated edges; also, for cutting hay, straw, &c. Patent grass-cutter, for cutting the grass on lawns, pleasure-grounds, &c., represented in the annexed cut. Ferrabee's Patent Grass-cutter. Set of registered screw-wrenches. 275 LoMAX, William Rothwell, Birmingham— Inventor and Patentee. Patent chaff-cutter. The novelty of this machine consists in the position of the shaft or axis upon which the knives are fastened; this being within the range of the long way of the mouth-piece, gives the knives about six times the usual amount of draught, and causes them to cut, instead of chopping. The weight of the fly-wheel is directly upon the stuff, which reduces the friction upon the bearing, and renders the cut lighter. The shaft has a bearing on both sides of the knives, so that they cut clear. Patent turnip-cutter. 277 Upfill, E., Birmingham, Warwick. Wrought-iron sheep-fold. Hay-rack for feeding sheep. Improved apparatus for melting pitch and tar. Tree guard. 278 RiCKMAN, W. C, 21 Park Side, Hyde Park Corner— Inventor. Farmer's level. {In North Transept Gallery.) 290 Neighbour, George & Son, 127 High Holborn, —Inventors and Manufacturers, The improved cottage beehive working bell-glasses, from which a glass of the purest honey may be taken during the most vigorous period of the gathering season without injury to the bees. It consists of a stock-hive. [Official Illustrated Catalogue,] On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. having three windows, with a thermometer affixed across the centre one. The ladies' observatory hive, made of stout glass, with a cover neatly made of straw; adapted for advancing and perfecting the knowledge of the habits and economy of the honey-bee. The improved single-box hive, constructed on similar principles to the former; furnished with a ventilator between the stock-hive and the glass above; thus effec- tually preventing any impurity of the honey deposited therein. Natt's collateral hive, for the humane management of honey-bees, and from its construction obviating the ne- cessity of swarming. . Taylor's amateur's beehive, consisting of three boxes, with bars fitted at proper intervals, thus rendering avail- able each comb for separate extraction. Specimens of honey and honey-comb taken from the above in 1850. Newly-invented bee-feeders, made of zinc, glass (with a supply fountain), wood, &c. Honey-cutters or bee-knives, &c. Also, closely adjoin- ing the group of untenanted beehives are three living hives, with the bees industriously at work. Neighbour's Cottage, Observatory, and other Beehives. 291 Milton, John, 10 Great Mary-le-hone Street— Producer. The ''Royal Alfred Hive." This is the centre hive in the annexed illustrations. This hive is conveniently adapted for the purpose of taking the honey without destroying the bees; and is suitable for the conservatory, library, or any room where the sun's rays come during some portion of the day. Milton's Uee-Hives. The Town Mansion Hive. The inmates of this hive consist of four first swarms of July, 1850, from four dis- tinct families or stocks or bees; thus demonstrating that a very considerable number of bees from various queens will work together in perfect harmony. They have been kept until now in a secluded spot bordering upon a heath. The Unicomb or Mirror Hive. The ''unicomb," or one- comb hive, is so constructed that the movements of every bee can be observed. On the South Side : Areas N. 0. 1; P. Q. R. 1 to 27. In addition to the bees contained in the glass case, are various beehives made of cork, wood, and straw. There are also models of beehives and apiaries, and a glass of honey gathered in the year 1837. This specimen is ex- hibited to prove the extraordinary length of time pure honey can be preserved. It weighs 26 lbs. Bar and frame hive, invented by William Augustus Munn, Esq., Throwley House, near Feversham, Kent. The advantages claimed consists in the whole of the in- terior of the hive being open to inspection at any moment, and a choice can be made of the combs containing the most honey, &c., and this without the assistance of smoke, as each bee-frame, and the bees and combs contained in it, can be drawn up and examined in the observation frame (as shown in the adjoining sketch) without interfering with any other part of the hive, or occasioning the loss, or even escape of a single bee. The hive is shown in operation, with the comb brought into the observation frame; one frame is also seen through the side of the box, to show how it is suspended in the triangular case. Munn's Bar and Frame Beehive, 2 G 2 PHILOSOPHICAL, MUSICAL, HOROLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. INTRODUCTION. The advance of physical science receives its illustration in a variety of directions among the objects collected together under this Class. The progress of experimental philosophy may be gathered, in a degree, from the perfection of the instruments it employs ; for while it is certain that in some sciences much has been accom- plished by the aid of rude and imperfect means, it is equally true that in others the perfection of the apparatus is essential to that of the knowledge sought to be established by deductions drawn from its indications. The delicacy of a balance is necessary to the accuracy of a chemical experiment, and therefore to that of the facts it is used to develop, as also is the achromatism of a microscope, or a photographic lens to the development of the optical images, and to the results sought to be obtained therefrom: chemistry, microscopical sciences, and photography, are consequently largely dependent for their progress upon the instruments by the use of which they are to proceed. The same cannot be said of surgical instruments, for in their use the operator may com- mand success by his skill, notwithstanchng the imperfections of his apparatus. Nevertheless, the present state of surgery, and the attention bestowed upon it, may be gathered from the inspection of the refined and com- plicated apparatus offered for its advancement. As one of the results of the splendid and enduring system of knowledge, and of its pursuits—promulgated by Bacon in the " Novum Organon," the system since called Experimental Philosophy—objects in this Class wear a peculiar interest, representing the means employed by man for the establishment and development of inductive science. This Class includes instruments employed for a variety of philosophical purposes ; it also comprises musical, horological, and surgical instruments and apparatus. It may consequently be considered under three Sub- Classes. The first comprehends—A. Instruments for the measurement of space, such as Transit Instruments, Quadrants, Sextants, Telescopes, Microscopes, Theodolites, &c.; B. Instruments to measure the effects of mechanical and physical forces, as Dynamometers, Balances, Thermometers, &c.; C. Instruments to illustrate the Laws of Mechanical and Physical Science; D. Application of mechanical and physical science to useful purposes not included in any of the preceding or subsequent sections, such as instruments connected with Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Magnetism, and Electricity; E. Comprehends Chemical and Pharmaceutical Apparatus. The Sub-Class, Musical Instruments, comprises—^A. Wind Instruments, in wood and metal, as Flutes, Bassoons, Horns, Trumpets, &c.; B. Stringed Instruments, as Harps, Guitars, &c.; C. Keyed Instru- ments, with fixed tones, such as Organs, Pianofortes, Accordions; D. Instruments of percussion, as Drums and Cymbals; E. Automatic Instruments; and F. Miscellaneous articles in connexion with musical instru- ments. The Sub-Class, Horology, contains—A. Great Clocks for Churches and Public Buildings in general, including Electric or Magneto-Electric Clocks; B. Astronomical Clocks; C. Clocks applied in registration. D. Clocks showing different phenomena; E. Clocks for ordinary purposes; F. Clocks of an ornamental description ; G. Sundries applicable to clocks ; H. Marine Chronometers ; I. Pocket watches of various descrip- tions ; J. Watches for different markets. The remaining Sub-Class, Surgical Instruments, includes a variety of apparatus^ adapted to the performance of operations in different parts of the human body, together with the philosophical apparatus employed by the surgeon in the investigation and treatment of disease. It also embraces the instruments employed in Veterinary Surgery. The large astronomical telescope in the Nave, mounted upon a stand, having equatorial movements and complete adjustments, is an interesting member of this Class. It is a refracting instrument, and possesses an object-glass nearly 12 inches in diameter. Telescopes of a smaller calibre, and adapted for different piu'poses, are also exhibited near it. But the general arrangement of the objects representative of this Class is to be sought in the Central North Gallery. This gallery i"s reached by ascending the stairs near the North Transept. On entering it, and proceeding past the articles in glass, which are also placed here, the commencement of this Class is met with at Area I. 22. From this point it extends to the western termination of this gallery. The mterspace between the North and South Central Galleries is also devoted to it, and a portion of the South Central Gallery, from M. 3 to M. 8, contains various articles included in this Class. Proceeding westward, in the Central North Gallery, musical instruments are first encountered, including a variety of organs, harps, pianos, &c. Succeeding to these are philosophical instruments^ electric telegraphs, daguerreotype apparatus, and specimens of photography : beyond are globes and astronomical apparatus. In the South Central Gallery are watches and clocks. A part of the North Gallery, devoted to surgical instruments, and occupying the space between F. 15 and F. 21, also belongs to this Class. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. The science of horology is ilhistrated on the great as well as on the small scale in the large clocks and the minute chronometers exhibited in this Class. The large electric clock, the hands of which are seen projecting over the south entrance of the Transept, is an interesting example of the application of the force of electro- magnetism to move mechanical arrangements for the measurement of time. A small galvanic battery keeps this large instrument, and several other clocks in the Building, in regular movement. The ribs of the Tran- sept have been made to represent the dial, and show the hours from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Other electric clocks on a smaller scale are shown, and exhibit various ingenious arrangements intended to effect the same end. Self- registering, astronomical, and other clocks are likewise exhibited. In some of the large clocks for churches and public buildings, one of which is in the Nave, and others are at the termination of the Galleries, new principles of suspension and compensation of the pendulum and of escapement are introduced. Much ingenuity has often been expended upon clocks with a view of communicating to them the power of indicating, in addition to ordinary time, that of different places, and of different periodical occurrences, as the rise and fall of the tide, the day of the month, &c. Several of these clocks are shown, and particularly one which occupied its patient constructor thirty-four years in its manufacture. The watches and chronometers exhibited have also their peculiar claims to attention. The escapements of some of the latter are in part new, and ajipear to promise favourable results. Several different specimens of watches, adapted for difterent markets, afford a curious illustration of the variation of natural tastes—the variety of methods in which compensation for the changes resulting from variations of temperature is obtained both in chronometers and in astronomical and other clocks. Extremely small watches, as specimens of minute workmanship, are exhibited. The parts of watches and clocks are likewise included in this Class. The philosophical instruments exhibited comprise a large number connected with the display of the pheno- mena of heat and electricity: the aneroid barometer, in which the mercurial column is dispensed with, and various forms of the ordinary barometer are among them. Electric communications are now effected by a variety of apparatus of greater or less facility of application. Printing electric telegraphs, in which a message is recorded by this agency, upon a chemically-prepared paper, appear in various forms with the ordinary needle telegraph. The methods of electric insulation for telegraph uses are also exhibited. Among these will be regarded with interest the wires adapted for submarine communication between this country and the Conti- nent. The magnetic and electric machines, with electro-magnets of great power, are also interesting. British manufacturers have for some time been making great efibrts with a view of i3roducing good optical glass, and a skilful method of working it into the forms desired for optical purposes. These efforts have been so highly successful that the glass produced in England is not unfrequently exported and again re-imported as foreign glass at a much higher price. The production of lenses has also greatly improved; and achromatic glasses of considerable size, as well as of a smaller kind, are made with success in this country. Microscopes, telescopes, and the minor philosophical instruments, are now of excellent quality and highly-wrought character. Photography is included in this Class, both on plates of silver and glass, and on paper. The most beautiful specimens of sun-drawn pictures are exhibited. Daguerreotypes of every kind, plain and coloured, " enamelled," and " crayon,"—improvements of recent introduction, and applied to a variety of purposes,—are found here. The largest daguerreotype probably yet produced, a group of sculpture, is placed in this Class. The talboty[3es are also very beautiful, and present a charming evidence of the fidelity and artistic efiects capable of being pro- duced by the pencil of Nature. Photographic apparatus of various kinds, together with the results of curious photographic experiments, illustrative of the distinct existence of luminous and actinic rays in the solar beam, are also represented. A great variety of miscellaneous philosophical apparatus, for popular illustration, and for the purposes of the experimentalist, is also displayed, and must attract notice. The musical instruments exhibited include several powerful organs. That over the West Entrance possesses 80 stops. The organ over the Eastern Entrance exhibits a new and pleasing arrangement of pipes, and possesses a powerful set of stops. The organ over the South Transept Entrance is devoid of a case, and exhibits the internal mechanism ; it possesses a powerful reed stop, and other stops. Pianos, harps, seraphines, of new modes of construction, and decorated in a remarkable manner, are likewise found here. The instruments of the surgeon have a purely professional value, and will be sought by those interested in that pursuit. Eegarding this Class as representing the culminating point of mechanical skill, it forms an appropriate con- clusion to those devoted to machinery generally. Delicacy and precision of workmanship are absolutely re- quisite in the industry occupied in producing philosophical apparatus. It will be found, on inspection, that the genius of this country, so remarkably developed in mechanics applied to commercial purposes, is not less successful in its application to the higher pursuits of experimental and practical philosophy.—R. E. Class 10.—PHILOSOPHICAL, NoKTH, North Central, and MUSICAL, HOEOLOGICAL, South Central Galleries. 1 Bennett, John, 65 Cheapside—Inventor and Manufacturer. A regulator, which beats half-seconds, with mercurial pendulum; adapted for reading-rooms, railway stations, and other places where an exact time-keeper is required at a small expense, and where economy of space is an object. Hall clock—in a carved oak case, of new design; chiming the quarters, and striking the hours on a gong. Finished specimen of marine chronometer. Model watch, on a magnified scale; constructed to show the most compact form of the modem watch, with all the recent improvements; to which is attached a peculiar mode of regulation, by which the wearer, with one touch of the regulator (fixed on an endless screw) can correct any variation of time. Model watches in gold cases for pocket use; jewelled in thirteen holes. Comprising, in a simple form, essentials for its correct performance in all climates; with a gold chain of new design. Exhibited to show the introduc- tion of a variety of ornamental detail, coloured by means of different bases of alloy, without the aid of either enamel or precious stones. _ Time-keeper, for railway guards, constructed to com- bine cheapness, strength, and exact performance. Specimens of standard thermometers, with ivory and box-wood scales. Bennett's registered illuminated night timepiece, at- tached to a Palmer's candle lamp, by the burning of which a spring gives motion to the hands of the dial with great exactness. Carriage clock, in rosewood case, with detached lever escapements and compensation balance. A regulator, beating dead seconds, with mercurial pen- dulum, in the simplest form of case and movement com- patible with strict nicety of performance. Cathedral clock dial of plate-glass, and of new design; weather-proof; with a movement in action. A wind dial in action from a vane above the roof of the Exhibition Building, with a self-recording machine for registering the wind's force. 2 Adams, F. B., & Sons, 21 St. John's Square, C lerkenwell—Manufacturers. No. 1. Gold open-face, double-back, cased watch; enamel dial, first class, full plate movement, lever escape- ment, capped, eight holes jewelled, and compensated balance, &c. This description of watch is used in the northern states of America. No. 2. Similar watch, with gold dial. This is made at one-third the cost of Nos. 1, 3, or 8. No. 3, Gold watch; enamel dial, first class, three- quarter plate movement, duplex escapement, 10 holes jewelled, compensated balance, &c. No. 4. Watch like the preceding; three-quarter plate movement, lever escapement, five holes jewelled, and gold balance. Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8. Gold watches; first class, three-quarter plate movement, lever escapement, full jewelled, compen- sated balance, &c. Nos. 9, 10. Gold watches; gold dial, full plate move- ment, lever escapement, jewelled, plain balance (for ladies). Nos. 11, 12. Gold watches; first class, three-quarter plate movements, lever escapement, eight holes jewelled, compensated balance, cases enamelled, and ornamented with diamonds. No. 13. Gold watch; enamel dial, showing seconds from the centre, without additional train. No. 14. Gold, engraved, double-back, hunter-cased watch; first class, three-quarter plate movement, duplex escapement, 12 holes jewelled, compensated balance. This_ description of watch is used in the East Indies, Persia, Spain, and South America. No. 15. Silver, open face, double-back, cased watch; lever escapement, capped, and four holes jewelled. No, 16. Silver hunter engine-turned watch, vertical escapement. No. 17. Silver pair of case watch; vertical escapement. Nos. 15,16, and 17, are used by artizans and labourers. No. 18. A three-quarter plate finished movement lever escapement; eight holes jewelled, gold balance. This de- scription of movement is adopted for the purpose of ob- taining a thin watch. No. 19. A full plate finished movement, lever escape- ment, eight holes jewelled, compensation balance, &c. No. 20. A finished movement, vertical escapement. The same workmen, in their various branches, were employed upon No. 1, the largest, and No. 11, the smallest of these watches. 3 Olorenshaw, Joseph, & Co., 8 Charles Street, Northampton Sq, and Oxford Terrace, Coventry— Manufacturers, Two-day marine chronometer. Specimens of gold and silver watches and watch move- ments in three-quarter and full plates, with duplex, patent diamonds, and detached lever escapements. Variously jewelled and finished. 4 Ordnance Survey Department.—Lieut.-Col. Hall —Producer. Base-measuring Apparatus.—Two compensation bars, and one connecting compensation microscope. These compensation bars and microscope form part of a base-measuring apparatus, invented by Major-General Colby, Eoyal Engineers, formerly Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey, Description of Compensation Bar.—1, The compensation bar consists of two bars of brass and iron, 10 feet 1*5 inch long, 0*5 inch broad, and 1*5 inch deep, placed 1-125 inch apart, supported on brass rollers, at one-fourth and three-fourths of their length, and firmly fixed together at their centres by transverse steel cylinders 1*5 inch in diameter, and being free to expand from or contract towards their centres independently of each other. At the extremity of, and at right angles to, each of these bars is a flat steel tongue, 6*2 inches long, 1-1 inch broad, and 0*25 inch thick; projecting 3*25 inches on the side of the iron bar, and moving freely on conical brass pivots, rivetted into the brass and iron bars, each axis being perpendicular to the surface of the tongue, allowing it to be inclined at slightly different angles to these bars, according to their expansion from, or contraction to, their centres. The centres of the two axes are at 0'5 inch and 2*3 inches from the end of the tongue next the brass bar. On the tongue, and flush with its upper surface, near the extremity, is inserted a silver pin, with a dot marked on it, as the com- pensation point. The bars are placed in wooden boxes (made of well- seasoned straight-grained deal), to the bottoms of which are fixed the plates that hold the brass rollers on which they are supported, and having in the middle a vertical brass stay, screwed to the box, and passing upwards be- tween two steel cylinders, to prevent the bars being moved longitudinally in their casing. To protect the tongue carrying the compensated point (which projects beyond the wooden box) from injury, nozzles are fixed to the boxes, having a small circular orifice with a lid on the upper side to allow the dot, or compensation point, to be seen. On one side of the connecting steel cylinders, and at- tached to the brass bar only, is placed the longitudinal level, the lid of the box being furnished with a glass window and shutter, to enable it to be observed. Over the rollers which support the bars are two pieces of metal, for preventing any sudden jar from striking the bars against the lid of the box. At each end, on the outside of the bar-box a thick metal plate is screwed, for the purpose of firmly fixing a three-armed groove-stand, intended to sup- port the tripod of the compensation microscope; and at each end of the box are two vane sights (which shut down with hinges into grooves), used for placing the bars approximately in line. Kix\GDOM.] AND SURGICAL North, North Central, and On both sides, at one-fourth and three-fourths of the length, are brass plates, with holes for receiving the screw which clamps the plate of the tripod-stand (technically- called a camel) to the box, for the purpose of adjusting the bar in a longitudinal direction. The compensation bars are six in number; the weight of each bar, with its two brass ends, is 136 lbs. Description of Compensation Microscope.—2. The com- pensation microscope consists of three microscopes, placed three inches from centre to centre, connected by two bars ' of brass and iron, 7 inches long, 0-6 inch broad, and 0'375 inch thick, 2*5 inches apart, firmly secured together by means of a brass collar and cylinder, forming part of the tube of the centre or telescopic microscope. The two bars, carrying with them the outer micro- scopes, of two inches focal distance, being free to expand from, and contract towards, the central microscope, inde- pendently of each other; and thereby forming with it small angles of inclination similar to the steel tongues of the compensation bars. The compensated point of each is so adjusted as to be in the outer focus of its object glass. The microscopes revolve on the axis of the tele- scopic microscope in a tube fastened to a horizontal plate attached to a tripod-stand with levelling screws, and fur- nished with longitudinal and lateral adjusting screws. On one side, secured to the brass bar, is the spirit-level, for levelling the microscopes, and on the other, firmly fixed to the centres of the bars by a brass plate, is a telescope, embraced by a brass collar, with a small cylinder pro- jecting from one side, which turns in a socket attached to the plate; thus affording it a vertical motion, allowing objects to be seen in opposite directions. The telescopic microscope is provided with an adjusting screw, for alter- ing the focal distance within certain limits, as v/ell as moveable object glasses of different focal lengths fitting into the lower end of the tube. The compensation microscopes are seven in number, the weight of each h&in^ 7 lbs. [All the methods adopted in the measurement of base lines in trigonometrical surveys which had been in use previous to the survey of Ireland, depended more or less for their accuracy on the knowledge of the temperature of the bars, &c., used in measuring; but as the time which substances occupy in heating or cooling is dependent upon their nature, mass, &c., it did not appear that any application of thermometers would give the true temper- ature of a bar throughout its whole length, particularly when the temperature of the air itself was undergoing constant change. This circumstance led to the application of the prin- ciple of compensation used in gridiron pendulums, to devising an apparatus for measuring a base line. As metals have different capacities for heat, and their sur- faces have different powers of radiation, experiments were made to equalize the effects of varying temperatvire in the brass and iron bars ; and for this purpose the brass bars were bronzed and varnished, and the iron bars were browned, lacquered, and smoked, and the amount of lamp-black so produced was gradually removed, on suc- cessive experiments, till the desired effect was obtained. —J. G.] 5 AiREY, Thomas, 67 Bale Street, Liverpool. Two gold centre seconds with compound independent seconds, and only one train of wheels. 6 Veitch, James, 6 Ovington Square, Brompton— Inventor. An invention denominated the medico-chirurgical ambulance, for surgical use on the field of battle, with an operating table attached thereto. The solid structure is 3 feet 4 inches in length, 2 feet in breadth, to which there is affixed an inclined plane INSTRUMENTS. ^ 407 South Central Galleries. to raise the shoulders when required. The flap is 2 feet 6 inches in length, and of the same breadth as the solid structure, and is supported when necessary by a moveable beam that can be promptly projected from under the table, which is 2 feet 11 inches in height. Un- der the body of the table and in the centre there is a square box of 16 inches in all directions, with 4 exterior and lateral divisions of 2 inches in breadth each, 16 inches in length, and 8 in depth, for receiving the cases of am- putating, trepanning, miscellaneous, and cupping instru- ments, and they are exteriorly so marked. When amputa- tion of the thigh, or any other extremity is required, the necessary instruments are laid out on the inside of the cover of the box just adverted to, beginning with the let - ter nearest to the limb to be removed, the first instru- ment wanted to be placed opposite A, and the second op- posite B, and so on, according to the order in which they are required during the operation. If a shoulder is to be removed, the same arrangements are to be adopted as in the amputation of a thigh, with the difference of placing the instruments at the head instead of the lower extre- mity of the table. The divisions in the centre are in- tended to receive bandages of 6, of 5, of 4, and 3 yards in length, and 3 inches in breadth, and they are capable of giving accommodation to 200 of the description noticed. The drawers in front marked ligatures are intended to keep these essential agents of surgery in constant readi- ness. The drawers marked slips of adhesive plaster indi- cate the propriety of their being at all times in readiness for operations and wounds. The compartment marked fractures is for keeping the splints and bandages necessary for the treatment of such accidents. The department marked dislocations indicates that all instruments re- quired for the reduction of such dislocations are there to be found. 7 HuTTON, John, 9 Lucas Place, Commercial Road East —Inventor and Manufacturer. Lady's gold watch, with patent single compensation stud. Gold watch, and silver lever and silver hunting- watches, with the same improvement. Clock, with patent compensation pendulum and baro- metric contrivance, to prevent the variation of rate arising from the changes in the density of the atmosphere. Marine chronometer, with patent pneumatic auxiliary compensation, for obviating errors in extremes of temper- atu.res; this is effected by means of a metallic ther- mometer, which varies the air space in which the balance oscillates. Gold first class watch (called Hutton's patent lever chronometer). Patent lever escapement, showing the parts separately. Silver pocket chronometer, with improved adjustments. Gold first class watch, with patent escapement and spiral spring. Gold watch, with patent double compensatioji spring, stud and patent escapement; adapted for riding, .&c. 8 Cragg, John, 8 Northampton Square., Clerkenwell —Manufacturer. Varieties of gold and silver watches, and a model of lever movement. 9 Yates, Thomas, Preston—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Patent clock, on the detached dead-beat principle. The wheel-work is so arranged that each vibration of the balance measures half a second, while in the ordinary detached lever each vibration measures a quarter of a second. The teeth of the escape-wheel are not so much undercut as in the ordinary lever. The pallets from the point of rest are drawn a complete circle to the escape- wheel teeth; so that when the balance returns and unlocks the escapement, there is no recoil. This escapement will carry a heavier balance with less motive power, and con- sequently will require a stronger balance-spring. Gold watch, beating dead half-seconds. NoETH, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 10 LowRY, S., 3 Lower Charles Street, Northampton Square, Clerkenwell—Inventor and Manufacturer. Lever watch, to show dead seconds on the one train only, with the usual number of vibrations or beats. In- vented and registered by the exhibitor. Gold chronometer, with compensation balance, iso- chronal spiral, spring rated, and adjusted with other mo- dern improvements. Model of the chronometer, or detached escapement, on an enlarged scale. Small watch, with compensation balance, hard pendu- lum spring, &c. Plain lever watch. Movements of different watches in their rough and finished state. Marine chronometers, &c., to show dead and complete seconds on the ordinary train. 11 CoNNELL, William, 83 CAeaps«c?6^—Manufacturer. Pair of two-day marine chronometers, Earnshaw's de- tached escapements; compound balance adjusted for high temperatures. 12 LosEBY, E. T., 44 Gerrard Street, Islington— Inventor. Mercurial compensation balance, exhibiting four modi- fications. • 1 . 1 1 1 A regulator, illustrating a new prmciple m clocks, and showing an improved form of mercurial pendulum. An arc compensation. 13 HoLL, Frederick Richard, 8 Weymouth Terrace, City Boad—lnsfentov, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Gold index pocket-chronometer, with short angle- locking spring to the escapement,, set-hands at the pendant. Gold centre seconds eight-day pocket chronometer, independent seconds, train, and stop work, with left- sided, short, angle-locking spring to the escapement. Silver thirty-hour pocket chronometer, with right-sided short angle-locking spring, &c. Gold compensated duplex index watch, gold dial, set- hands at the pendant. Gold compensated lever index watch. Gold lever index watch (lady's), gold dial. Silver lever index watch, set-hands on the dial, with a key, locking spring. The object of the short angle-locking spring is to make the angle of the escapement so short that the balance, being more detached, the chronometer cannot stop in the pocket from the balance receiving a motion. The index watches are a new invention, intended to answer the double purpose of supplying a lever to bend the main-spring, and also to indicate the number of hours the watch will go before the power is exhausted. Gold centre seconds eight-day pocket chronometer, independent seconds train and stop work. Silver thirty-hour pocket chronometer. Gold compensated duplex index watches. Gold and silver lever index watches. Index watches, upon a new principle, kept going from day to day by simply pushing the index. 14 Adams, Thobias, 36 Lombard Street—Manvifacturer. Black marble timepiece, of chronometrical movement, blending the Grecian and Egyptian styles. iiiil||il>iiillilimi<|lni<iilniili>lll|iiiil|!|Hil|i|{lliiil|ll|l||||ll'llll „■ lilinii' """Illlllliir, ''"Illllll Ill'lllllll'' .:,llllllllll!ll.'JllllHilll, Black Marble Timepiece, by Adams 16 Imitation oak timepiece represented in the following engraving. Timepiece, with self-acting model of the Royal Observ- atory, with staff and ball, to rise and drop at one o'clock, as at Greenwich. Marine chronometer. Howell, James, & Co., 9 Regent Street— Manufacturers. Large or-molu clock, representing Jvipiter, the twelve Hours of the Sun, Apollo, and Diana, and Spring and Autumn strewing flowers and fi-uit on the eaii;h. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Imitation Oak Timepiece, by Adams. Or-molu clock, representing the four Ages by female figures, and the Seasons by boys, in basso-relievo, and intermingled with foliage, illustrative of the Seasons. Both designed and modelled by G. G. Adams, Esq. 17 Webster, Richard, jun., 74 Cornhill—Inventor and Manufacturer. Newly-invented train remontoir clock, the novelty of which is the combination of magnetism with clockwork so as to obviate friction. Black marble Egyptian clock. 18 Ventura, Angelo Benedetto, 17 Charles Street^ Cavendish Square—Inventor and Manufacturer. Harp Ventura, played like the guitar, combining the tone of that instrument and the harp. Lyra Ventura. New British Ventura. The Venturina. Ventura; new English Cetra. 19 Delolme, Henry, 48 Rathhone Place, Oxford Street—Designer and Manufacturer. Seven gold watches, and two marine chronometers, with isochronous pendulum springs. The adjoining cut represents one of the chronometers. Delolme's Chronometer. North, North Central, and South Central Gtalleries, Specimen of the movements of the preceding, as made in Lancashire to the exhibitor's calibre. Two specimens of watch movements, to the exhibitor's calibre. Stethometer, to measure the comparative mobility of the chest in cases of disease of the lungs. [The effect of most diseases of the lungs is to diminish the extent of the motion of the walls of the chest. It becomes consequently often of considerable importance to ascertain the amount of variation from health in this respect, since this points out, with approximative accu- racy, the extent of the disease. The diminished mobility of one side as compared with its opposite thus affords important results. The instrument which reveals the fact is of very simple principles, and was originally in- vented by Dr. Sibson, F.R.S. It consists essentially of a dial plate with a moveable index, which is acted upon by the pressure of the walls of the chest against a projecting stud. The extent of the circle described by the index points out the amount of motion possessed by the walls of the chest in the side to which it is applied. In the present instance a tape is placed upon the chest at one end, and is in connexion with the index of the instru- ment at the other. Both ends being fixed by gentle pressure, the degree of expansion of the chest is easily read off by the extent of the motion of the index on the dial-plate.—R. E.] 20 Newington, S., Hastings—Inventor. Patent clock, or regulator. A common clock with spring and balance-wheel; having the hands and dial-plate removed, and a dial substituted, which revolves in the same way as an hour-hand. This clock is placed in a flat round box, and is arranged to show whether a person has been at a particular spot at any required time. 21 GiBBS, H., 2 Nelson Street, City Road—M.dk.ev. Watch, showing double time, with improved stop-work. 22 Philcox, George, 89, Great Norfolk Street, Borough— Inventor and Patentee. Patent marine time-keeper. This time-keeper is in- tended to give correct time in taking observations, where a chronometer is not at hand, or as a companion to a chronometer. It is adapted for use in locomotive railway engines, to show the engineer the rate of his speed, being the only species of escapement not affected by the motion or tremor of a railway carriage. The construction of the calibre for the train is a going barrel. The advantage is getting the motive power close to the centre, and by an extra wheel in the train taking the escapement further from the centre, the defects or irregularities of the main spring have less effect on the time, consequently the action, or the arcs of vibration, are more regular, and the time more correct. This train is well adapted for chro- nometers and watches. The timepiece should be wound up every day, though constructed to go two days. The escapement beats dead half seconds. Model of the patent " diamond escapement," as in- tended for the use of marine chronometers. It is much less expensive than the detent escapement now in use; it is not affected, as that is, by the sudden motion and tremor of the vessel, and is not so liable to stop in cold climates. The locking is intended to be jewelled. This compensating balance differs from others, having the arms resting on the brass plate. A model of a new compensating pendulum. This pen- dulum is adapted for astronomical and other purposes requiring correct time, showing how to correct the error caused by the expansion and contraction of the pen- dulum rod. The two brass arms, fixed at each end of a bar of hammered steel, will, as they become heated, ex- pand, and increase the arc of the circle,^ thus taking up the elongation of the steel rods. The brass expanding about two-thirds more than the steel, will show the pro- portions required; and should the expansion of the arms be found moi-e than required for the steel rod, an adjust- ment of the two screws will correct the error, and, once adjusted, will always correct itself. This compensating pendulum is more simple and correct than mercurial and other pendulums. Patent " double spring." This new principle possesses many important advantages: it eradicates an error now existing in the chronometer spring in present use. With the patent spring the balance of the chronometer will at all temperatures remain in the same position unaffected by heat, and at the extremes of temperature make one uniform rate (the patentee in this instance uses the com- pensating balance), thus removing the great effect pro- duced on the old principle. 23 Chevalier, Benjamin, 41 Brunswick Street, Stamford Street—Manufacturer. Chronometer cases. 25 Brookes, Joseph, 5 Berkley Court, Clerkenwcll —Manufacturer. A chronometer main-spring for a two-day marine chi'o- nometer. 26 Funnell, Edw., 2 Clarence Place, Brighton— Producer. Small lever watch, the size of a silver three-halfpenny piece of the present reign. 27 Gowland, James, 52 London Wall—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved free pendulum regulator, for the isochi^onal division of time. Patent tourbillon remontoir chronometer, in which the impulse is imparted to the balance through the balance spring, its stud being advanced one degree or tooth of the locking-plate at each oscillation. Large model of the escapement. Model of Earnshaw's escapement. Skeleton clock with improved compensation pendulum. Model of an improved anemometer and wind-dial and vane; and of an electric clock. Various specimens of watches, including gold keyless hunting lever watch, winding and setting the hands through the pendant, and also unlocking the cover of the case by the same means. A gold keyless repeater, indi- cating the hours, quarters, and minutes, &c. 28 Tanner, William, 83 Upper Street, Islington— Inventor. The polyhorion (or many-hour clock) exhibits, in addi- tion to the local time, the time at Dublin, Paris, and Edinburgh; it can be made to show the time at any other four places. This clock is simple and not liable to get out of order, as one movement and pendulum regulate the different times. This clock is represented in the following cut. Lever watch, set to Liverpool and Greenwich time; but it can be set to the times of any two places more conve- nient. 30 Davis, William, 37 Gracechurch Street— Manufacturer. Watch, horizontal escapement, made entirely by hand. Watch movement, duplex-escapement, made entirely by hand. Made by H. A. Davis, 57 New Street, Bu-- mingham. 31 Cole, Thomas, 2 Upper Vernon St., Lloyd Square, Clerkenucell—Inventor, Designer, and Maker. Inkstand, containing requisites for writing; and showing the time, the day of month, and the day of week, with thermometer. In metal, engraved and gilt, inlaid with malachite. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Tanner's Polyhorion. Design for a portable eight-day timepiece, showing the months and days of the week and the month. Design for a flat, portable clock, with calendar; metal, engraved and gilt, inlaid with malachite. Eight-day night and day timepiece, or horological lan- tern. Small eight-day clock. Improved calendar, in metal frame. Flat eight-day striking clock, to repeat the hours and quarters, in engi'aved and gilt case. [The substance here called ''malachite" is also known as mountain green. It is a beautiful mineral of a fine green colour, variegated in a pleasing manner. It consists chemically of carbonate of copper, and is foimd native in Cornwall and Cumberland.—R. E.] 32 Jackson, W. H. & S., Red Lion Street, Clerkenvcell— Inventors and Manufacturers. Registered soliclave lever watch : exhibited for cheap- ness and varioiis improvements. Specimens in gold of various styles ; specimens in cases enamelled, set in gems, and painted with designs ; the enamelling the work of this district. A gold three-quarter plate lever watch, with enamelled dial, jewelled in six holes, of the same construction. Gold lever watch, with compound balance crystal dome, showing the motion of the escapement. Duplex time piece with whole or dead seconds from centre ; a new calibre. Lever watch, with whole or dead seconds. Gold pocket chronometer. Two-day mariue chronometer, and a compensation balance, with adjiistment for extremes of temperature. Parts of watches, showing their construction. 33 Moore, John, & Sons, 88 Clerkenicell Close— Mamifactmrers. Chiming skeleton clock to go a month. Chiming clock in rosewood case. Skeleton clock. 34 Barraud «& Lund, 41 Comhill—Inventors and Manufacturers. Marine chronometer, with a model of a newly-invented compensation balance, constructed for exact adjustment to all temperatures. Marine chronometer, of ordinary construction. Veiy small gold pocket chronometer, a specimen of minute English manufacture. 35 Parkinson & Frodsham, 4 Change Alley, Comhill— Manufacturers. Astronomical clock, vdth. mercmial pendulum, in maho- gany case. Eight-day chronometer with ordinary compensation. Lever watches with compensation. Gold chronometers for pocket. Gold watch-cases and carriage clocks. 36 Fairer, Joseph, 17 Bishopsgate Street Without —Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved railway guards' timekeeper. Improved railway station clock, showing the day of the month. Pocket watch for engineering purposes. Improved electric clock, to show imiform time, ii-re- spective of distance, from one prime mover. 37 Robinson, P., Bishop Auckland—Designer and Manufacturer. Skeleton spring clock, which strikes the hours and quarters on modulated bells; with a compensator for counteracting temperature. The clock and framework are a representation of the clock-tower and entrance to the palace of the Bishop of Durham, at Bishop-Auckland. 39 Elisha, Caleb, 1?> New Bond. Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. An eight-day time-piece (regulator), to go by a weight, in a mahogany case, with a compensating pendulimi. This pendulmn has a brass ball, seven inches diameter, and three-quarters of an inch thick, on the face of w^hich is screwed a brass rim, a quarter of an inch thick and one inch broad; on the inside of this is a steel rim, secured to the brass, one-eighth of an inch thick. The outer dia- meter of this rim, composed of brass and steel, is also seven inches. This rim is divided or separated at the bottom of the ball, leaving two arms of equal length ; at the end of each is screwed a brass cup, to admit glasses of a conical shape containing mercury, about 4^ inches high, the lower diameter being about 1| inch, and the upper about the half. The adjustments for variations in temperature are made by the compensation rim with mercury in the glasses. The escapement of the clock is of George Graham's construction, dead-beat, but the pallets are jewelled. The vibration is made as short as possible. A silver lever watch, with compensation radii, composed of brass and steel united. The proportions are about 1 of steel and 2 of brass. The bar is screwed on to the upper plate at one end, and at the other end a hole is di'illed, to admit the pendulum or regulating spring, where it is pirmed in. A silver lever watch, with compensation radii, com- posed of brass and steel, fixed on the index on the cock, the two shifting together, and acting up and down the spring as the regulator is shifted. In the outer end of this radii compensation, are drilled two holes for the pins, between which the pendulum spring plays. Model of a mahogany door, with machinery. In the posts of the inside of the door are fixed two staples. An iron chain, case-hardened, rather longer than two widths of the door, is drawn through the staples, and when on the outside, the chain is pulled, so as just to admit the hand to secm-e a padlock into the links of the double chain. The chain is then di'awn, with the padlock, out of sight. The lock catch must also be case-hardened. 40 Brockbank & Atkins, 6 Coicper's Court, Comhill— Inventors. A fifty-six hours' marine chronometer, on spring gim- bals, enclosed in improved box with glazed sides and front, for the better admission of light. The same inverted, showing the interior mechanism. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 41 Walter, Francis, 9 Devonshire Place—Inventor. Agent—Mr. Hawley, 123 Regent Street. Model of a new design for giving a moral and religious application to the dial indications of a clock. The sub- ject has been the study of five years. 42 Lamb, J., Bicester, Oxfordshire—Manufacturer. Skeleton clock: to go 400 days. 43 Thorneloe, C, Lichfield—Designer and Manufacturer, Clock, which strikes quarters, and goes 32 days. Design, Lichfield cathedral, Gothic skeleton clock. 46 Grant, P,, 29 Lower William Street, St. John's Wood ■—Designer. Timepiece-stand, composed of ivory, tulip-wood, and ebony. 46a Copland, C, M.A., South Villa, Ji^ennington Oval— Proprietor. A watch once the property of King Henry VIII. Silver watch, of same character and date, finely engraved. Gilt watch, 150 years old, chased, Henri Quatre style. 47 Harvey, W., Stirling, Scotland—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improvement in horology, dispensing with striking work. Only one wheel is used, which is placed under the hour-wheel, and receives motion from it. This im- provement can be applied to almost any other timepieces, especially to skeleton timepieces. The article exhibited is the original invention. 49 Bennett, George Weedon, Blackheath, ICent— Manufacturer. A public clock, showing time on four dials, and intended to be fixed in an ornamental case at the inter- sections of streets, or the approaches to bridges, entrances to parks, village greens, the quadrangles of baronial halls, in collages or other public places, in order to supply cor- rect time, independently of church clocks (which are, from their lofty and exposed position, almost always wrong), and to serve as useful ornaments in the streets. It has a two-seconds' pendulum, pin-wheel escapement, lantern pinions, gun-metal wheels, and slate dials; and the whole is constructed with every regard to accuracy of performance. Two designs for cases accompany it; but these would necessarily be adapted to the locality and taste of the purchaser. 52 Donegan, John, Upper Ormond Quay, Dublin— Manufacturer. Gold and silver watches, of Dublin manufacture. Specimens of Irish gold and silver, from Ballycorus works. 52a Aubert & Klaftenberger, 157 Regent Street •—Manufacturers. Regulator remontoir, and of continual power. The movement consists of two barrels, centre, third, fourth, and escapement wheels: the axis of the fourth wheel traverses the upper plate, and receives a wheel which is fixed on the axis of the pinion above, the object of which is to wind up the weight of the maintaining power; this movement maintains the oscillation of the half-second pendulum. The escapement wheel, and the second wheel exposed in the dial, form part of the independent train, which has to maintain the oscillation of the mercurial pendulum. The principal and medial trains are brought into com- munication by means of the third wheel, seen in the dial: this wheel is fixed in the centre of a rack mounted on an axle, which is pivoted between the frame; a wheel here forms a depth into the rack, and upon the axle on which this wheel is placed, is fixed a double pulley, on one side of which is suspended a small weight, and on the other the half-second pendulum. The weight and pendulum draw contrary ways, and as the weight is heavier, it gives the power to the independent train. The third wheel of the principal train, which forms the depth with the medial wheel seen in the dial, will dis- place it from right to left; by which means, if the two wheels, having the same number of teeth, turn equally quick, the intermedial wheel will be set in motion, but its axle will not change in position, and consequently the rack, and also the wheel in which the rack works, will be immoveable, and the hand fixed to the axle of the pulley will point to zero. The independent train receiving thus a force constante, and maintaining the oscillation of the mercurial pen- dulum, will not be susceptible of variation. Any differ- ence of quickness in the action of the second wheel upon the medial wheel in the dial, can only be occasioned by the principal train, through the action of the half-second pendulum, which, if not perfectly regulated, will occasion an advance or retarde. If the half-second pendulum should advance, the prin- cipal train will raise the weight of the foixe co7istante, and the half-second pendulum, acting in a contrary sense, will cause it again to fall, and consequently the jDendulum will then retarde. If, on the contrary, the half-second pendulum loses, the principal train will not raise the weight of the force constante sufiiciently quick, and the pendulum will then drop; but the regulator acting in a contrary manner will again shorten it, which will then cause it to advance. Two-day marine chronometer. Repeating watch, in gold case, striking the hours, quar- ters, and half-quarters; with lever escapement and com- pensation balance, showing, on the dial plate, the age of the moon, the day of the month, the hours, minutes, and seconds. Pocket chronometer, in gold case, with enamel dial. Duplex and lever watches in gold cases. 53 Pennington, John, High Street, Camherwell— Inventor and Manufacturer. Marine chronometer, mth improved compensating balance weight, to remedy the defect produced in ordinaiy chronometers by extremes of temperature. A A represents levers with weights attached, B B, acting on pivots, C C, held against bankings, D D, in middle temperature when not in action, by springs, E E, moved towards centre of balance in extreme heat by point of screws, F F, and the same by shoulder of screws, G G, in extreme cold. Pennington's Compensated Balance. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 54 Tapfinder, —, Rotherham—Manufacturer and Designer. An eight-day skeleton clock with lever escapement. Design taken from Rotherham cathedral. 55 Dent, Edward John, 61 Strand, 33 Cockspur Street, and 34 Eoyal Exchange—Inventor and Manufacturer. 1. Gold'Hac" watch. The term ''tac" implies that the time is ascertained by turning round the large ex- ternal gold hand until it is stopped. The time is then known by determining the place of the hand with refer- ence to the twelve projecting nibs on the edge of the case by the touch. The interval of time can be thus deter- mined to about a minute. This description of watch supersedes the usual striking repeater, is less liable to derangement, and is less expensive. It is wound up and the hands set without the usual detached key. 2. Similar watch, with hunting-case, and small opening in the centre to know the time without opening the cover. 3. Hunting cased watch, with case springs outside, and to wind up and set the hands without a detached key. For use in India, and may be considered air-tight, by which arrangement frequent cleaning is avoided. 4. Gold open-faced watch, with compensation-balance, &c, A specimen of the best description of English watch. 5. Gold watch, with compensation-balance, &c., and two seconds' hands in the centre. The under one (as shown stationary at the 45 seconds or minutes) drops in- stantly on pressing a nib at the end of the pendant of the watch. This auxiliary hand remains still as long as required. Intended for delicate experiments where small intervals of time are required to be noted. 6. Chased watch, with compensation-balance, &c., having a drop seconds' hand. It is wound up, and the hands are set, without the usual detached key; made for the son of the Viceroy of Egypt. 7. Engraved watch, vdth compensation balance, &c.; a specimen of watches intended for the Spanish market. 8. 9. Watches, with compensation-balances, as speci- mens for the Turkish market. 10. Watch, with compensation-balance, &c., as a spe- cimen for the Persian market, 11. Watch, vdth compensation-balance, English style. 12,13. Ladies'watches, with compensation-balances, &c. 14, 15. Ladies' gold watches of the usual construction. 16, 17. Gentlemen's gold watches, with compensation- balances, &c. 18, 19, 20. Gentlemen's watches of the usual construc- tion, without compensation-balances. 21. Marine chronometer, with a glass balance-spring, glass balance, and compensated, for temperature, by means of platinum and silver. This glass balance-spring has been tried at the Royal Observatory, and on board H.M. surveying ship, ''Fairy" (for official rates, see ''Nau- tical Magazine," xxix). 22. Patent marine chronometer, having the steel balance- spring, gilded by the electro-metallurgic process. 23. Patent marine chronometer, having a secondary compensation, by which the compensation weights are made to move so as to counteract the effect produced by the changes of temperature. 24. Marine chronometer of the ordinary construction. 25. A compass which can be inverted; the magnetic needles are placed on a vertical axis, and the divisions are engraved on both sides of the silver ring (or compass- card), so that one reading can be made before, and the other after, inversion. The mean between these two readings gives the error of the zero on the card; there- fore the true magnetic bearing of any observed object can be determined. [The ordinary way of fixing the card and needle of a compass is upon an inverted cup resting on a fine point. The application of the chronometer suspension to com- passes, as above, is with the view of avoiding the great friction upon the fine point, caused by great vertical oscillations.—J. G.] 26. An azimuth and altitude compass. The principle is the same as in the former, with the addition of a telescope carrying cross wires, and a divided arc for altitudes; the rays from the observed object pass through the telescope, whilst those from the card, reflected by the prism, pass to the eye of the observer. 27. A steering compass, with the needles gimballed on a vertical axis, by means of which the effect of the violent motions of the ship on the compass-card, and the efiect of variation of dip, are neutralized. The superiority of this over the ordinary compass, in which the point of suspension of the card is higher than the centre of gravity, is most evident in steamers where the speed is great, and where the motion occasioned by the sea, as well as that from the vibration of the engine, disturb the usual com- pass-card, which obeys the laws of a pendulous body; whilst the compass-card placed on a vertical axis is not disturbed from any such causes. 28. An eight-day quarter striking turret clock, with compensated pendulum, 8 feet long, and weighing above 2 cwt.; vibrating half seconds, with pin-wheel, and dead escapement, but with a small recoil. All the wheels in the clock are of cast-iron, except the 'scape-wheel, which is brass, of only 4 inches diameter, containing 40 pins, and turning in 2 minutes. The 'scape-wheel is driven by a small spiral spring fixed to a pinion, which turns on a stud set in the same line as the 'scape-wheel arbor, and carrying one of the pivot-holes of that arbor. This spring is wound up a quarter of a turn by the clock, at every quarter of a turn of the 'scape-wheel. The dial-work is all driven by the great wheel, without the intervention of any pinion, and it is consequently very strong, and capable of working four very large dials. The dials in the great avenue of the Exhibition are 7 feet in diameter. The hands are adjustable by means of hand-screws, and a small regulating-dial set on the clock; this dial is reversed, in order to provide for the case of the external dial being on a level with the clock, and the hands driven directly by the prolonged arbor of the regulating-dial. The hands are counterpoised outside the dials; because, when the counterpoises are within, the force of the wind on the hands is not counterpoised at all ; and the weight of a large hand, when unbalanced, tends to loosen the hand on its arbor, and so make it point behind the true time from 6 to 12, and before it from 12 to 6. The maintaining power for keeping the clock going while winding, is of a new construction. Before winding, the maintaining weight must be raised sufficiently high to keep the clock going about seven minutes, and when wound up, it can be thrown out of action immediately. All the great wheels are set in the great frame, and the small triangular frames can be taken off" without moving the great wheels and barrel, or the pendulums, which may also be suspended from the wall. The smaller wheels will also take out separately. The weights are hung by wire ropes, and they require a fall of about 40 feet, with a single pulley. The pulleys are 1 foot in diameter. The hammers are raised by cams cast on the great wheels, of such a shape as to raise them with the least friction. They are strong enough for an hour-bell of several tons weight, and quarters to correspond, though the great wheels are only 18 inches in diameter. The hammers all stand ready to fall as soon as they are dis- charged by the going part. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd quarters begin exactly at those quarters; the 4th begins half a minute before the hour, and the hour-hammer falls exactly at the hour. The object aimed at in this clock, is to combine the greatest accuracy of time-keeping with great strength, and the cheapest mode of construction which is consistent with good work. 29. A patent dipleidoscope, to be used as a fixed meri- dian instrument. The optical arrangement consists in two silvered parallel reflecting glasses placed at an angle of about 60° behind the front glass. The image of the sun is reflected from the front glass, and the sun's rays North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. which pass through, impinge first on one plane, and are reflected to the other, they then pass out through the front glass. By this optical arrangement, two suns are visible to the eye of the observer moving in opposite directions, and when they coincide, it is the instant of apparent noon. The time can be ascertained by this instrument with considerable precision. The dipleido- scope allows of three observations of the sun : 1st, when the limbs touch; 2nd, when the images coincide ; and 3rd, when the limbs separate. [The dipleidoscope was invented, a few years since, by G. M. Bloxem, Esq., and, when accurately fixed, the time of apparent noon can be determined by it within one or two seconds. Two bright and sharp images of the sun are seen, which approach each other, and exactly coincide at apparent noon.—J. G.] 30. A dipleidoscope fitted up equatorially, which admits of observations being taken from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., and is rendered portable by having a magnetic needle. When the instrument is set by the needle, the magnetic declina- tion of the place requires to be allowed for. 31. A superior astronomical clock, with a remontoire dead-beat escapement, invented by G. B. Airy, Esq., Astronomer Eoyal (see paper in **Koyal Astronomical Society's Monthly Notices," Nov. 11, 1842, by Mr. Airy.) A large church clock. (^Main Avenue.') 56 Druey, James, 16 North Avenue, North Street, Pentonville—Designer and Manufacturer. Clock dial-case in brass, adapted for clocks in hot cli- mates, at sea, and in bakers' shops, as they are not af- fected by steam and heat. 57 Fbodsham, Charles, 84 A^iranc?—Chronometer Maker. 1. Astronomical clock, with mercurial pendulum, and Graham's dead-beat escapement. [Mercurial pendulums, and Graham's dead-beat escape- ment, are now used in nearly all astronomical clocks. The number of such clocks now in London exceeds 200; about 60 of these, chiefly the property of eminent chro- nometer makers, are rated on Greenwich mean time, and it is found that their performance is such as to adapt them for astronomical uses. They certainly reflect gi-eat credit on the various artists engaged in the science of horology. The mercurial pendulum is so called from the circum- stance of the bob being of mercury enclosed in a cylinder, screwed to the bottom of a steel rod. Gridiron pendulums were in use before mercurial pendulums were adopted: they consisted of an assemblage of brass and steel rods so arranged that, owing to 'the difference in the expansion of brass and steel, the brass rods carried the bob up, while the steel ones let it down. The shape of pendulum bobs is important. Until lately they were of the form of a double convex lens, this form offering but little resistance on passing through the air, when its edge was always in the plane of motion; but, as it was liable to be a little twisted, a varying resistance was offered; and which is not the case in the adoption of the form of the cylinder, which probably is the best shape for the bob. It is usual to call those clocks astronomical which are used in observatories for determining the right ascension of the heavenly bodies, and they are such, including every appendage which contributes to accuracy in the measurement of time under all the changes of atmospheric temperature.-—J. G.] 2. Marine chronometers, on anew calibre, with Arnold and Earnshaw's detached escapement; the compensation balance is of the ordinary kind, with Arnold's bar as auxiliary compensation. This new calibre is based upon the plan of the diameter of barrel, fuzee-wheel, and extreme diameter of the balance being the same, namely, one inch and five-tenths. The total weight of the compensation balance is 5 dwts., being as the contents of the barrel. Thus if a barrel, one inch in diameter, by three-tenths of an inch in depth, will carry a balance weighing 20 grains, a barrel of the same diameter, and of double the depth, will carry a balance weighing 40 grains. The balance-spring is 15 inches long ; the diameter the thickness of wire ^ by broad, and the number of turns 10 to 12. The wheels (escape-wheel included) are each five times the diameter of their re- spective pinions—that is, the pinion upon which the Frodsham's new Calibre for Watchfes. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. wheel revolves. The fuzee-wheel has 90 teeth, centre wheel 90, centre pinion 14, third wheel 80, third pinion 12, fourth wheel 80, fourth pinion 10, and 'scape pinion 10, scape wheel 15. 3. Specimens of gold pocket chronometers and lever watches, reduced from the calibre of the chronometer ; with improvements in the form of the teeth of wheels and pinions, in the balance-springs, and in the mode of attaching the spring. 4. The double rotatory escapement. This is a specimen of a new calibre movement, by which a powerful watch may be made in a flat case; a method which might have been adopted at the period when flat watches were first introduced, as it has all the advantages of a thick watch, by taking the contents of the barrel in diameter and depth as the basis of power. 5. Day-of-the-month watch, with lever escapement and double rollers. The calibre of this watch may be called more simple than the preceding one, only because it more closely resembles that which is daily made. The number of the teeth of the wheels is peculiar. The centre-wheel is much enlarged, with 100 teeth working in a pinion of 10, whilst the third wheel is diminished, which has 60 teeth working in a pinion of 10; the fourth wheel 63 teeth in a pinion of 7. Although this is a good working calibre for a superior watch, yet if power is admitted to be a principle in watch-making, it is impossible to get the same depth of barrel in this watch, unless the calibre of No. 1 is used. In producing the foregoing calibres, all technical sizes have been rejected, and the common measurement of inches, tenths, hundredths, and thousandths adopted; so that from one calibre, a watch of any size may be made by proportion. 6. Specimen of gold lever watches, with the split- centre seconds-hand movement. This watch, being a complete time-keeper, is capable of determining the pre- cise time of any observation to a quarter of a second, by means of an extra seconds hand, with which it is pro- vided, and which in the ordinary state of the watch lies under the principal seconds hand, and travels with it. In taking an observation, the observer keeps his eye steadily fixed upon the object, and his finger in readiness to touch a spring, which allows the registering hand to fall simultaneously upon the face of the watch, where it may be allowed to remain upwards of 40 seconds for read- ing ofl^ the time; this being done, the finger is to be im- mediately removed in order to free the register, which instantly returns to its place ready for the next obser- vation, without having in the least degree interfered with the correct performance of the watch^ 7. Specimen of railway watches. 8. Specimen of English pinions for astronomical clocks, showing the true curve of the teeth. 9. Specimen of carriage clocks. 10. Specimen of portable chime clock. 11. Specimen of chronometer and watch movements. 12. Diagrams of calibres of chronometers and watches. 13. Gauges for admeasurement of watch-work to the thousandth of an inch. 14. Specimens of gold watch cases. 15. The new calibre, by means of which the manu- facture of watches and chronometers is greatly improved and facilitated, and the expense considerably reduced. The cut in the preceding page represents this new calibre. 16. Five stages of the process of manufacture in the com- pensation balance. 17. Auxiliary compensation for the adjustments of the extremes of temperature. [Power being an indispensable element in time-keeping, it is of the utmost importance that the motive force should be transmitted with a constant velocity-ratio from wheel to pinion throughout the train, without its being absorbed by the increased friction and wear consequent upon im- proper curves. The correct forms of curve were described, a century ago, by Camus, and recently in a work on the Principles of Mechanism, by Professor Willis, of Cambridge, 8vo, London, 1841. In watch-work, the wheel is the driver, and the ad- dendum to the tooth beyond the pitch-line is of the epi- cyeloidal form, which, to the general eye, may be familiarly explained as resembling a Gothic arch, or a bishop's mitre. The pinion is the follower, and has the two flanks of its leaf formed by radial lines direct to the centre ; and the addendum upon the pitch-line is a semi- circle whose diameter is the breadth of the leaf. The specimen will explain the rest. The new calibre by the exhibitor is shown as a general improvement in chronometers and watches,] Fig. 2. 60 Hall, George Frederick, Norfolk St., Fitzroy Square—Inventor. An astronomical and meteorological clock, for mean time, and for registering the hourly variations of the barometer and thermo- meter. The escapement of the clock is a new vertical dead-beat escapement; the pen- dulum has a new micrometrical compensa- tion adjustment for temperature, intended for the self-registration of natural pheno- mena. _ Fig. 1 is a plan of the escapement, half- size. A is a vertical wheel of seven teeth, which move in a horizontal plane. B is a concentric circle, with two ruby pins moving in a vertical plane: if the pins are circular or chamfered, the action is dead during the coincidence of the two planes; but as the pins vibrate, the top of the teeth strike, and escape, and slide, under the circular or chamfered surface of the ruby pins, and give the necessary impulse to the pen- dulum. Fig. 2 is the pendulum with the micro- metrical adjustment for temperature, which is effected by a compound rod of brass and zinc, in the proportion of 20 brass and 10 zinc, joined just above the bob; a zinc screw is soldered into the top of the brass tube, and a steel screw into the zinc cy- linder, both of the same pitch. The length of compensating rod is first obtained by calculation; then, if the pendulum is com- pensated plus, the rod is turned to the right, which shortens the zinc screw, and increases the steel; the difference between the expansion of zinc and steel is the amount rendered minus in the compensa- tion. If the pendulum is compensated minus, the rod is turned to the left, which increases the zinc, and shortens the steel; the difference of expansion is the quantity rendered plus. The pendulum is made of two glass tubes expanding downwards, and the com- pound compensating rod expanding upwards; the bob being placed upon studs fastened to the inner glass tube, and passing through the outer. The black line in the drawing is the compensating rod. Fig. 3 is the elevation of the clock one-eighth real size, with the dial-plate removed, showing the meteorological registering apparatus. A a are two revolving cylinders North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Fig. 3. Hall's Astronomical and Meteorological Clock. fastened to the arbors of the first wheels of the train, and which revolve (upon the average) once in three hours. B b are the escape wheels of the train, of the same kind as the clock (the vertical dead beat), of 25 teeth, c is the going barrel to impel the two independent trains. D is the thermometer and barometer. E is the rod to which is fixed the marking apparatus in con- nexion with the revolving cylinders A a. F is the escape hour-wheel of 24 pins, with a barrel to receive the chain of the rod E. G is a wheel with a logarithmic spiral, the groove of which receives the pin of the bar H. I is the clock-frame. The action of this entirely new invention is as follows:—D d, the thermometer and baro- meter, are made to vibrate continually by the escape- ment B b, as inverted pendulums; the radii of the gyrations of which are continually affected, either by the pressure of the atmosphere, or by the change of tempera- ture : thus d, the Torricellian barometer, will, if the mercury fall one inch, increase the number of its vibra- tions per hour by 1,000, every one of which is regis- tered on the revolving cylinder A, which gives a line in length equal to the number of vibrations given by the barometer d per hour; a similar effect is produced by the thermometer D, by any change of temperature, and its variation registered on A. The hourly measure is marked by breaking the lines, which is effected by the escape of the wheel F, and the descent of the rod E, with its attached apparatus. Patent diplometer for railway purposes; the tickets are stamped with the date and the number of tickets issued, with the amount paid. 62 HiNTON, Charles, 10 Corporation Lane, Clerkenwell —Designer and Manufacturer. English hard white enamel watch dial, with sunk centre and seconds, allowing free motion of the hands, with a flatter glass than usual. 64 Jones, John, 338 Strand—Manufacturer. Gold and silver watches of peculiar construction. No. 1. The Rose Watch, showing Time and its doings. On one half of the margin around the back is engraved, on blue enamel, ^'Man cometh forth as a flower, and is cut down." On the surface of the richly engraved gold back is a Maltese cross, in white enamel, and on its four limbs are depicted the four seasons of life—in the bud, blossom, decay, and death of a rose. On the other half of the margin is engraved, ''It is sown in dishonour, it is raised in glory." The dial represents, in enamel colours, the rose window of Westminster Abbey. On the twelve compartments indicating the twelve hours, are the names of the twelve Apostles. On the bezil that holds the glass is engraved, in blue enamel, *'He that taketh not his cross daily is not worthy of me." No. 2 shows, when viewed through a magnifying power, a series of cubical crystals, that being the primary crystal of gold. No. 3 is a new and simpler mode than hitherto em- ployed of producing dead seconds, with sunk centre in the dial, also a novelty. No. 4 shows comparative merits of English and foreign work at equal prices. No. 5. Centre seconds hunter with compensation ba- lance, isochronal spring, and lever escapement. 66 Kaiser, Joseph, 30 Park Terrace, Regent's Park— Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved detector clock, on a novel principle, indi- cating, at a glance, the days of the week and of the month, also the name of the month. It goes eight days, and requires no attendance after winding. 66 a Moore, Major W., 3 Cornish Terrace, Rathmines, Dublin—Inventor. A surgical instrument for use previous to operation for lithotrity, &c. 67 MacDoual, E. J., V2 Dorset Place, Pall Mall East —Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent escapement for chronometers, watches, and clocks, without escape wheel. The same spring by India- rubber. Drill-stocks: Archimedean; centrifugal Archimedean; vibrating; and duplex, simple, and centrifugal. A new method of converting rectilinear into rotary motion. A new decomposition cell. Medals made by the pro- cess. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 68 MacDowall, C, 4 Hyde Street, Bloomsbury— Inventor. Clock-movement, with a dead escapement of a new con- struction, in which the escape-wheel consists merely of a small disc, with a single pin in it. The parts are arranged for the purpose of exhibiting the action of the escapement. The advantages claimed are—the impulse takes place at the middle of the vibration of the pendulum, as in the common dead escapement; it is given chiefly by direct action instead of oblique, and requires little oil; the con- struction is easy, and may be made with a ruby for the escape-pin as cheaply as with a common recoil escapement. It is applicable to watches as well as clocks. (E. J. Dent, Manufacturer and Patentee, byassignment.) 69 Mapple, D. D., 17 Jluirs Place, John's Row, St. Luke's—Producer and Designer* Registered skeleton timepiece, with improved lever escapement. Improved clock-winder. 70 Davis, J., 119 High Holhom—Inventor and Manufacturer. An instrument, on a new principle, to survey without calculation. 71 Marchand, Lucien, 1 Red Lion Street, Holhom —Manufacturer. Very small gold lever watch; Musical clock, with four overtures, independent seconds, and amusing figures. Size, three feet high, two square. 73 Payne, William, & Co., 163 New Bond Street— Inventors and Manufacturers. Quarter clock, on eight bells, in Amboyna wood, and or-molu case, made for the Sultan of Turkey. Timepieces, in buhl and or-molu case; and in tulip wood and or-molu case. Clocks, with lever escapement, in engraved gilt case with patent musical chimes; and in black marble case, with half dead beat-escapement. Small carriage clock, with lever escapement. Astronomical clock, with chronometer escapement, perpetual day of month, moon's age, noon and night, day of week, repeat hours and quarters, and zodiacal signs, in engraved gilt case. Timepiece in square buhl case. Clock, in square rosewood case, with lever escapement. Lever timepiece, in satin-wood case. Small clock, in rosewood case, with patent musical chimes. Half-regulator, in mahogany case, new style. Small timepiece, with thermometer. Clock, in ebony case, with silvered ornaments. Clock with or-molu ornaments, old English style. Patent pedometer, for measuring walking distances; pedometer attached to a repeating watch, with patent winding, showing seconds and day of month. Odometer, for measuring carriage distances. 74 Rix, Isaac, 21 Conduit Street, Westbourne Terrace —Inventor. Skeleton chronometer time piece, slow motion, beating only once in three seconds; the escapement so contrived as to allow the pendulum to vibrate two seconds every beat without touching anything; a perfectly dead escape. 78 Tobias & Co., Liverpool—Manufacturers. Registered compound-seconds watch movement, a new configuration produced by combining a quarter-seconds train of wheels with an independent fuU-secotlds train, in such a manner as to cause the seconds hand of the independent seconds train to perform one revolution in the same space of time that the quarter-seconds train is performing four revolutions. Gold watch, dome case, made from similar movement. Three-quarter plate movement, combining soundness and utility. Gold watch, with same movement. Lady's watch, with ornamental engraving, and engine-turned case. Gold hunting watch, with ornamented and engine- turned case. Silver lever watch, as used in Turkey. Horizontal movement, jewelled in five pair of holes; extra chronometer-balance, adapted to all climates. Left-handed movement, extra-jewelled, gold balance. Silver hunting and plain watches. Railway guards' timepiece, secured in case. 79 Gillett, W. S., Upper Harley Street—Inventor. Models of a system of thin rings or discs of metal, which being conical or disked, may by pressure be shortened, and thereby extended either inwards or out- wards ; applicable to pistons, stuffing-boxes, and other similar purposes ; also to the construction of hollow cylinders to bear pressure from within. 80 Thomson, Adam, 25 Nevj Bond Street—Inventor and Maker. Autochronograph: for the instantaneous marking or printing of time, giving the month, day, and hour (night and day), with the minutes and portions of minutes. The machine requires setting but once a-month. The clock must be wound once a-week. The register may be extended to any required length, and the date, with the exact time, may be stamped or printed in one second of time. The attendance of guards and of workmen can be correctly noted; and the presence or substitution of particular individuals can be known by their signature upon the register. The commencement and duration of any event can be correctly registered within a few seconds of time, and all the work of a time-clerk" correctly done. Provisionally registered. 81 PetTit, W., & Co., 2 Crombie's Row, Commercial Road, Last—Inventors. A watch, keeping time, though suspended in a glass globe, filled with water, and surrounded with gold and silver fish. The object of the invention is to secure the protection of time-keeping and other instruments from water, sea-damp, rust, &c. 85 Hardy, G., 5 Wellington Road, St. John^s Wood— Inventor. Electro-magnetic motive engine; exhibiting a new mode of employing electricity as a motive power. 85a Watkins, a., 7 Weymouth Terrace, City Road ■—Inventor and Manufacturer. Original eight-day chronometer, striking the hours; being a self-acting repeater, chiming the quarters upon a set of five bells, and showing the day of the month; each set of works detached; the whole comprising 200 pieces of mechanism in a diameter of not more than two inches. Chronometers of three-quarter plate construction, with hard cylindrical springs, jewelled with rul)ies in every hole; presumed to be the smallest ever made of the same construction, the diameter being nearly that of a guinea. 86 Cousens & Whiteside, 27 Lavies Street, Berkeley Square—Inventors and Manufacturers. A sporting watch, the novelty of which consists in its determining the time to one-sixth of a second, by means of an independent hand acting from the centre, and detached from all the other hands, with stopping and starting springs. It has a detached lever escapement, is jewelled in 14 holes, and is particularly adapted for racing and other purposes. It may be considerably re- duced in size. 87 Allis, J. H., Bristol—Inventor and Manufacturer. Bracket-regulator timepiece, with a new description of compound pendulum, which vibrates seconds, though less than half the length of a usual seconds pendulum. Adapted for compensation against the effects of heat and cold. [10.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] 2 H North, North CentrxVL, and South Central Galleiries. 90 Barling, Joseph, 90 High Street, Maidstone —Designer. Dial of a clock, exhibiting a new pattern figure. Table and dessert spoons and forks, ornamented in a novel manner, with enamel. 91 ViEYKES & Repingon, 129 R&jerd Street— Manufacturers, Two-day marine chronometer, in temporary gimbals^ for the convenience of exhibition. Gold and silver watches, of various fashions, for the home trade and for South America. Steel for chronometer pendulum springs, by A. Ganeral. 92 Blaylock, John, Long Island, Carlisle—Inventor and Manufacturer, Motion-work for the hour and minute hands of a turret- clock with four dials. Apparatus for turning on and off gas for illuminating dials, self-acting and self-regulating for each half-year. 94 Bolton, Thomas, Coventry—^Manufacturer, German silver watches, plated with silver. Gold-plated watch. 95 Mouillard, Pierre Fortime Victor, 71 Albany Street, Begenfs Park—Inventor. The artificial leech. It is composed of a body of cylin- drical form, about three and a qviarter inches long, and about one inch in diameter. Towards the bottom end is a small cylinder, slightly flattened at its lower part, containing a small spoon of about two-thirds of an inch of elevation on its upper part, the opening of which is slightly oblique, of an oval form. This tube, including the spoon, is about two inches long by about half an inch in diameter. The other extremity of the body of the pump is furnished with a piston, which, on being drawn back, empties the pump. This piston, being entirely drawn out to its full length, and pressed by the thumb, releases an interior spring in which the lancets are fixed, and these pierce the skin raised by its suction. The operation is not painful, as the lancets do not remain an instant in the wound. 95a Briscall, James, 48 Constitution Hill, Birmingham —Designer and Manufacturer, Self-correcting clock, with a detached lever escapement; it goes a month; and shows the day of the week and month. At the end of each month, and in leap-year, it corrects itself. 96 Brutton, Charles, Exeter—TroiprietoT. A clock, in a case, which occupied thirty-four years in its completion. The movements are as follow:—moving panorama of Day and Night; Day represented by Apollo in his car drawn by four coursers, accompanied by the twelve Hours; and Diana in her car, drawn by stags, at- tended by the twelve Hours, representing Night. Two figures which salute each other, as the panorama revolves, and the bells are ringing. Perpetual almanac, showing the day of the month on a semicircular plate, and the equation of time, regulated only once in 130 years. Circle, the index of which shows the day of the week, with its appropriate planet. Circle showing the leap-year, the index revolv- ing only once in four years. The sun in his course, ^vith the correct time of rising and setting by a horizon receding or advancing as the days shorten or lengthen; and the moon, showing her different quarters, age, &c. Two female figures, one on each side of the dial-plate, representing Fame and Terpsichore, which move in time when the organ plays. Movement regulating the clock as a repeater, Saturn, the god of time, who beats in move- ment when the organ plays. Circle on the face, showing the tunes played by the organ every four hours. Belfry, with six ringers. Bird organ, which plays when required. This clock is shown in the annexed Plate, 33. It was made by Jacob Loudan. 99 Churchill, George, Downton, near Salisbury— ' Manufacturer. An eight-day spring-clock, with music attached, play- ing a tune every three hours: cast and manufactured by a blacksmith. 100 Dell Brothers, Bristol—Inventora and Manufacturers, Specimens of ordinary clock-work. Transparent time- piece for the bed-room: a small light is placed behind the dial, showing the time distinctly ; the time-piece has a lever escapement, going two days. Specimens of iron and brass wheel-cutting, for clock- work, lathe-work, &c.; and wood-pattem cutting, for cast-iron and other wheels. Pianoforte music-box, playing six overtvires, made by Nicole Freres, of Geneva, 102 Driver, J., Silver Street, Wakefield—Designer and Manufacturer. Chime-clock, showing simultaneously upon the dial the time in any part of the world. A compensating clock, with a lever escapement, and without pendulum. 103 Edwarbs, James T., Dudley—Manufacturer. Portable spring time-keeper, to go 426 days. 104 Edwards, James, Stourbridge. Large transparent skeleton spring timepiece, made of a combination of brass and glass: the wheels consist of cut flint-glass centres, hooped with brass teeth rims, en- graved glass dial-plate, and crystal cut pendulum ball; it goes eight days. New skeleton quarter-day spring timepiece, made of cut flint-glass centres, hooped with brass teeth rims, having engraved glass dial-plate, and glass pendulum ball; it goes three months, and is kept in motion by a new clock- movement propeller. 104A Gray, James, Dr., Perth—Inventor. Medical walking-staff, containing an enema—syringe, a catheter, a test tube and test paper, a pair of forceps, a number of wax matches, and a pill-box, divided, contain- ing in each division pills of various medicines. 105 Bagley, S., & Son, Livery Street, Birmingham, Clock on carved mahogany pillar. 106 Evans, William F., Soho Street, Handsworth, near Birmingham—Manufacturer. Gothic skeleton clock, detached lever escapement. Elizabethan timepiece, chronometer escapement. Skeleton lever clock, with representation of Sir Walter Scott's mcmument, Edinburgh, Cabin clock, detached lever escapement. 109 Gerard, Alex,, Conxion's Hospital, Aberdeen— Inventor. Spherical-trigonometer," or an instrument adapted to the mechanical solution of problems in spherical trigonometiy and nautical astronomy. Portable, or field transit instrument, for finding tlie time on shore, laying down meridian lines, &c. Water-meter, for registering the quantity without inter- rupting the pressure. Clock, with conical pendulum. Marine clock, with two pendulums. A centrifugal, or conical pendulum clock; capable of performing much heavy work with great accuracy. 113 Hart, William, & Co., Christchurch, Hants— Manufacturers. Chronometer and watch fusee chains, of different sizes. 115 Lawrence, I., North Curry, near Taunton— Inventor. Sun-dial, to suit any latitude in the northern hemi- sphere. Hand-drill. Turner's centre, with friction rol- lers. Spring sci'ew-wrench. Dividers. 33. CLOCK. JACOB LOUDAN. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 117 Pace, J., Bury St. Edmunds—Inventor^ Designer, and Manufacturer. Skeleton clock, which goes three years. This period is obtained by the use of six springs, the united force of which is 2501bs. They are enclosed in six barrels or boxes: three are connected with chains to a fusee on the right hand, and three to one on the left. Pyramidical skeleton timepiece, which goes three months. The dial is placed at the bottom of the clock to show the motion of all the wheels; with Graham's dead- beat escapement, and the hands moved by a simple mechanism. Barometer of highly-polished brass, containing three glass tubes supported by scroll-work. The centre tube is the barometer, and those on each side mo v^e an index which rises and falls by turning a nut at the base of the stand: by means of wheel-work, they turn the hands on two dials, one for night and the other for day, indicating the state of the barometer. 119 Radford, Jonas, 339 High Street, Cheltenham— Inventor and Designer. Design and diagrams of a geographical clock or watch; model made by F. Drury, 26 Albert Terrace, Penton Street, Islington. Two timepieces. Provisionally registered. 121 Wright, William, Exchequer Eow, Aberdeen— Designer and Manufacturer. A clock, showing the minutes, houi^s, days of the month, and months of the year; the time of the sun's rising and setting; the diurnal revolution of the sun and moon; the moon's age; phases; time of her meridian passage and position relative to the sun; the time of high water at Aberdeen, both superior and inferior tides, and its depth at the bar; and the state of the tide at some of the principal sea-ports of Great Britain, Ireland, France, North and South America, Spain, Portugal, Holland, and Germany; it goes twelve months. [By adding one or two wheels below the great wheel, and by greatly increasing the usual weight of a clock, it can be made to go for a year. Occasionally such clocks are furnished with two barrels, for the purpose of avoiding the great strain upon the teeth of one large wheel and pinion.—J. G.] 122 Broadbent, John, Ashto7i-under-Lyne—Exhibitor, Peal of small bells to ring changes; worked by springs. Scale for pitching wheels. Time piece. 123 Roskell, John, Church Street, Liverpool—Designer and Manufacturer. Watch and clock machinery. 124 Rotherham & Sons, (7o?;(?iif/7/—Manufacturers. Gold and silver watches. Specimens illustrative of the progressive stages of manufacture of a lever watch- [A large number of watches are made at Coventry, not only for home, but also for colonial trade. The best forms of the common English watch, together with pa- tented and others of a superior manufacture, are here prepared and completed. The manufacture has had its local establishment in Coventry about 80 years.—R. E.] 126 Mapple, H. , Child's Hill, Hampstead—Inventor. Machine for saving life on railways, now used in America. Fire alarum, on the principle of the telegraphic alarum now used on the English lines. Resonant spring for English clocks. Compensation pendulum. Support- ing telegraph wires on tripods of iron rods. Improved clock escapement; system of railway signals; and mariners' compass needle. Electric telegi^aph. Specimen of insu- lated wire for telegraphic purposes. Compensation for pianoforte strings. Improved system of collecting lamp black; and of making permanent magnets. Improvements in electric timekeepers. Implement for shoemakers. Model to illustrate a theory for crossing any expanse of water by electric currents, for telegraphic purposes. 127 EiNSLE, Edward, 46 St. Martin's Lane— Manufacturer. Syphon douche, invented by Dr. Charles Jones. Model of an improved syphon, for brewers, distillers, &c., dispensing with the suction-pipe. Stomach-pump, with several useful adaptations. Com- plete case of amputating and other instruments. Double- action enema pump, enclosed in bronze. British plate and electro-plated reservoirs; the valves so arranged that they work freely, and are not likely to get out of order. Double-action enema apparatus, with metallic folding joints, suitable to warm climates; the same mth flexible tube. Portable enema apparatus, with metallic joints. Imj^roved enema apparatus, in round reservoir, dis- chai^ging the contents with one stroke of the piston. Veterinary enema and stomach pump, with useful tubes and pipes, for hove cattle, &c. Common enema apparatus. Model, to show the action of the double-action enema pumps. 127 a Taylor, G., WolverhampAon—Inventor and Manufacturer, Registered self-correcting eight-day date clock, showing the day of week, day of mouth, &c. 128 Shepherd, Charles, 53 LcadcnhallStreet—Inventor and Patentee. Patent electro-magnetic striking clock. From the pendulum of this clock, a number of dials may be worked. The greatest novelty consists in the method of giving the impulse by means of a remontoir escapement, by which the variations of the battery take no effect on the time measured. The novelty of the Large Clock in the Transept of the Exhibition Building, in connexion with the former, is in the method of locking the escape wheel, to prevent the train from running by the action of the wind on the hands. Two dials, five feet in diameter each. A skeleton electro-magnetic striking clock, showing how the number of blows to be struck is regulated. Small turret bell, illustrating the method of applying electro-magnetism to move the hammer. The power employed for keeping in continual action the electric clock, is one of Smee's batteries in con- nexion with a powerful horse-shoe magnet. In the case of the mechanism of the great clock now under con- sideration, a series of such magnets is used, the con- nexion of which, with their armature, is shown in fig. 1. Fig. 1. These are smTounded by 25,000 feet, or nearly five miles of No. 18 copper wire, the total weight of which is about 160 lbs. As weights are entirely dispensed with, the frame containing the wheel-work is much lighter than usual; the escape-wheel, a, a, fig. 2, is 10 inches in diameter, and is in two parts, the teeth of each being reversed; the click and ratchet escapement, which is moved by the electro-magnets, acts on the teeth of one of the parts, 2 H 2 North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. while the teeth of the other part are used for the purpose of locking the train, in order to prevent it running forward from the action of the wind on the extra-sized hands which present a large surface. A central vertical wheel, h, of larger diameter (see fig. 2 end fig. 3,), which works into a pinion, c, on the arbor of the escape-wheel, gives motion to the wheel-work in connexion with the hands, which are at a height of 40 feet above the pedestal in the South Gallery of the Transept on which the machinery is placed, the communication being effected by a 12-inch bevelled wheel, d, which rotates on the end of the spindle of the great wheel, and works into a horizontal bevelled wheel, e, with which a vertical shaft, /, made of brass tubes of Ij inch diameter, and Fig. 3. hand side of the semicircle; while on the left side the figure VI. is repeated, and the remaining figures up to XI. inclusive follow in the usual order. In order to render the new form of dial perfectly useful, it was necessary to have two minute hands, and also two hour hands; so that when one of the minute hands, for instance, leaves the figure VI. on the right hand, the other minute hand also points to the corresponding VI. on the left hand. The two minute hands together are 16 feet, and the two hour hands 12 feet in length respectively. Two smaller dials, each of five feet diameter, are fixed up inside the Fig. 4. screwed together in several lengths, revolves, and which, in connexion with wheel-work at top, gives motion to the hands. In order that the clock-face might harmonize with the design of the south elevation of the Transept, it was considered that the conventional form of a circle for the dial might be dispensed with; the figures were accordingly arranged in a semicircle, and placed at the intersections of the radial bars with the second semi- ring from the centre of the great fanlight.—(See fig. 4.) As is the case in ordinary dials, so in the present in- stance, XII. is at the top, I. to VI. following on the right Shepherd's Patent Electro-Magnetic Clock. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. building; one in front of the cross gallery at the east end of the central aisle, and the other in front of the south gallery of the transept. All the dials are regu- lated by one pendulum, represented in fig. 5, Fig. 5. is suspended from a triangular frame, g, resting on a bed-plate, to which it is secured by screw-bolts in the ordinary way. The pendulum has a mercurial com- pensation for heat and cold, and is kept in motion by electro-magnetism by a method entirely different to any previously invented. Instead of applying directly the attractive and repulsive forces of electro-magnetism to the pendulum, according to all the previous methods, the power of an electro-magnet is here employed to bend a spring to a certain fixed extent, the reaction of which gives the necessary impulse to the pendulum, by which means the variations which are continually taking place in the batteries have no effect on the time measured. The arrangement of the spring for giving the impulse is represented at s (fig. 5), in which b is the impulse spring, consisting of a short steel spring, to which are attached two arms, c and d, at right angles to each other; e is the detent, or catch, for holding this spring when bent by the action of the magnet; / is the pendu- lum-rod carrying the two screws, h and i, which may be called the impulse and discharging pallets. As the pen- dulum vibrates to the left, the discharging-pallet pressing against the perpendicular arm of the detent, e, forces it into the position indicated by the curved lines; the impulse spring is thus liberated and immediately falls against the impulse pallet h. As the pendulum returns to the right, the impulse spring by its elasticity urges the pendulum forward with the exact power required to con- tinue its vibration. The spring is limited in its motion by a screw, o, by screwing or imscrewing which the length of the stroke of the spring, and consequently the power may be regulated to the greatest nicety. The pendulum, continuing its motion to the right, comes in contact with a slight spring tipped with platina, which completes the circuit of the galvanic battery through the coils of the electro-magnet, which is placed immediately underneath the bed-plate in an inverted position, the poles of which pass through the bed-plate. An armature, k, con- sisting of a flat bar of iron, is placed immediately above the poles, being attached to a horizontal arm at right angles thereto, which arm moves freely on an axis x, pro- perly supported at either end on a bracket. On the opposite side of the axis is another arm also projecting at right angles, but considerably longer than the first. The use of the second arm, in connexion with an adjust- able weight, is to raise the armature from the poles of the magnet. When, therefore, a current of electricity is made to pass through the coils of wire which surround the magnet, the armature is attracted towards the poles, and consequently the long arm with the adjustable weight is elevated in the opposite direction. It is evident that this arm cannot be raised without lifting the arm, d, of the impulse spring, h, bending the impulse spring, and locking the upper end of the arm, c, on the detent, ready for the next impulse. [A point of importance in the construction of this clock is the method of making and breaking contact for the electric currents. When the circuit is broken, a spark is seen to pass between the points of contact. The continued action of this spark causes the points be. tween which it passes to become oxidised ; and as the metallic oxides are non-conductors of electricity, it fol- lows that the passage of the electricity will be thereby interfered with and prevented. In the first clock constructed, a piece of steel-wire was used as a break spring, touching against the side of the pendulum-rod ; but the points of contact oxidised so rapidly, that the clock would not go for more than a few days without stopping. The steel spring was then re- moved, and one of gold substituted, and a small plate of gold was soldered to the side of the pendulum-rod. The difficulty appeared to have been entirely overcome ; but in six weeks the quantity of electricity passing was considerably reduced, and at the end of two months the clock stopped. Platina was next tried, in the same manner as the gold, in a new clock, completed in 1848, since which time the points of contact have never required cleaning, the cir- cuits being completed at the present time with as much certainty as when the clock was first put together. Thesa points of contact present some peculiarities when exa- mined with a lens. With metals having a great affinity for oxygen, a black spot forms immediately at the point of contact ; while in the case of platina the immediate point of contact remains perfectly clean, a rim of black forming around it. This black rim has been found to be quite capable of conducting electricity. The probable conclusion, therefore, is, that the black rim is platina in a very fine state of division, and not an oxide of the metal. The battery best adapted for these clocks is that of Mr. Smee, both on account of its simplicity and the ease with which it is recharged. The amalgamated zinc em- ployed in this battery is subject to rapid local action, by the quantity of impurity which it contains, consisting usually of lead, iron, copper, tin, and cadmium ; all these metals having less affinity for oxygen than zinc, become negative when immersed in dilute acid, and form a voltaic circle with the surrounding particles of zinc. The use of amalgamation is to stop this action, which, when the amalgamation is fresh, it accomplishes ; but in a few days the local action again commences, and in- creases until the acid is neutralised, or the whole of the zinc dissolved. This may be obviated by standing the zino plate loose in the jar, resting on the bottom, and pouring in an ounce or two of mercury. This plan is found to answer remark- ably well; the quicksilver soaking up the zinc plate, keep? it thoroughly amalgamated. The zinc may be melted, and after being mixed with mercury, cast in moulds; the quicksilver would then form one of the impurities pre- sent : and should local action take place at any one point, the solution of the zinc would not only liberate the other metals present, but liberate at the same time sufficient quicksilver to cover them, and stop the local action. It is well known that the zinc of a battery is acted upon more severely at the surface of the liquid than else- where, by which the lower part is wasted. This appears to depend on the presence of oxygen ; for it does not go on, where the battery has been enclosed in a bottle to col- lect the hydrogen evolved. A double advantage results North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. from making the batteries air-tight ; not only is this pe- culiar action stoj)ped, but the evaporation of the water prevented. In batteries required to act for long periods, one zinc plate should be employed, as when two are used, one of them almost always becomes negative to the other; and although this action is very slight, yet when it con- tinues constantly for several months, its effect is very perceptible. This clock, although quite equal to that of St. Paul's Cathedral, occupies far less space ; the heavy weights, with the room necessary for their descent, being of course dispensed with. One of the most obvious advantages in electro-magnetic clocks is, that precisely similar time will be kept by any number of dials situated in the different parts of a large establishment, and connected with one pendulum. Such a series has been in operation for some time at an extensive commercial warehouse. The whole of the dials are regulated by one pendulum, situated in the counting-house. The wire required to communicate be- tween the pendulum and the dials in the different depart- ments of the warehouse is upwards of a qviarter of a mile in length.] 129 Smith & Sons, John, Lancelot, & William, St. John's Square, Clerkenwell—Manufacturers. Regulator and case, with self-adjusting pendulum, suited to any temperature, by its own action; with baro- meter, thermometer, &c. [Astronomical clocks are sometimes made, and yet not used in observation, but kept by clockmakers themselves, for the purpose of being used as a standard by which to adjust other clocks, chronometers, and watches not yet brought to time; and such clocks, when so used, are called regulators, from the use to which they are put; and when they have good compensating pendulums, and the best escapements, they differ from astronomical clocks only in the name.—J. G.] Detector clock, or watchman's timepiece, for indi- cating the precise time of absence or neglect of duty in watchmen, night wardens, &c. ; forming also a bracket time-piece. Eight-day office dials. Eight-day church or turret clock. Church clock to chime the quarters. Skeleton timepiece and almanac, which goes twelve months with once winding, and shows seconds, minutes, and hours, with , the days of the week, and the' month, on one dial. Skeleton quarter clock, which chimes the quarters on eight bells, and strikes on steel wire gong. Whishaw's uniformity of time clock and telegraph instruments. 130 EoBERTS, Richard, Globe Works, Manchester— Proprietor. Patent alpha (church or turret) clock, the wheels and pinions made of cast-iron, with the teeth retaining the scale; it has only one weight to actuate both the going and striking trains, and the chain or cord, requiring no lateral traverse, can be taken off in any direction. The pendulum (compensation) and the escapement (re- montoire) are adapted to keep the clock at an ^almost uniform rate, whilst the hands being advanced at in- tervals of thirty (or, if preferred, sixty) seconds, afford opportunity for ascertaining the time to a second. [The striking of the hour is effected through means by which the blows are given at equal intervals of time, thus avoiding both the irregularity of the fan and the expen- diture of power to drive it. The upper part of the case in which the clock stands shows a simple mode of con- structing a turret, to consist of four pillars connected together by as many dials, which turret it is proposed should be placed diagonally with reference to the build- ing on which it is to stand, in which position the dial will be better seen in all directions.] Watch which beats dead (centre) seconds with only one train of wheels, &c. Patent recorder watch with double hands. Patent normal drill, for drilling all the pivot, screw, and steady pin-holes in the frame-plates of watches, chronometers, and small clocks. A boy may drill with this machine any number of watch frame-plates, so precisely alike, that the parts that fit one of the frames will fit all or any of the others. [It will be seen that by varying the distance of the drill from the fulcrum of the graduated beam, any size of watch-plate may be dialled from the same model- plate; and that by changing the model-plate, the arrange- ment of the holes may be varied at pleasure.] Patent synchronometer model, to show that by the application of pneumatics, a clock may be made to in- dicate simultaneously the time of day on dials in various places at a distance from each other. Patent wheel sector. By this instrument the external and pitch line diameters of wheels and pinions of any pitch and number of teeth are accurately ascertained. Electro-magnet, 2^ inches square, the iron of which weighs only one pound four ounces and a half; capable of sustaining upwards of 500 lbs. Electro-magnet, three inches square, the iron of which weighs only two pounds six ounces; capable of sustain- ing 678 lbs. 131 Young, J., Knaresborough—Manufacturer. Skeleton timepiece. 137 Rush, G., Elsenham Hall, Bishop Stortford— Inventor. Design for the improvement of the dial-plate, and regis- tering of the aneroid barometer; so that by the addition of a table engraved upon the face, it will enable the tra- veller to determine approximate altitudes by simple in- spection of the dial. 138 Gray & Keen, Liverpool—Designers and Manufacturers. Wheel barometer, designed for use in naval establish- ments. Gothic wheel barometers. 140 Abraham, John Aburgham, 87 Bold Street, Liverpool—Inventor. Barometer, designed to show, without adjustment, the true height of the mercurial column. 141 Jones, W. & S., 30 Ilolhorn. A mountain thermometer. 144 Brooke, Charles, 29 Keppel Street—Inventor and Designer. Photographic self-registering magnetic, and meteorolo- gical apparatus. The object of this apparatus is to obtain a more perfect knowledge of magnetic and meteorological phenomena, by continuous observation of all the changes that occur simultaneously in the various instruments. As the mag- netic changes are too minute to actuate continuously any mechanism, however delicate, a record can be obtained by an imponderable agent only, as light. Even with a staff of assistants so large that the eye of one of them should be constantly applied to every tele- scope, the results would be liable to errors of observation; besides which, the magnetic changes occasionally occur too rapidly to be continuously recorded by an observer. Since the apparatus has been employed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the number of the staff has been reduced, and the fatiguing process of nocturnal observ- ations in the magnetic department has been entirely superseded. The apparatus consists of— 1. A declinometer. 2. A bifilar magnetometer. In these instruments, the torsion circle from which the suspension skin hangs is supported by eight brass tubes North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. springing from the four corners of a marble slab (which, when in actual operation, would be cemented on the top of a stone pillar firmly fixed in the ground, and insulated from the floor of the observatory) : these tubes, about 4 feet long, converge alternately to four points of the torsion plate; they thus compose a framework possessing great stiffness. To the suspension-frame of each magnet, a plane glass mirror and a concave metallic speculum are attached. The plane mirror is for the purpose of making eye-observations with a telescope in the usual manner. A - gas-light or lamp is so placed at a distance of about two feet in front of each speculum, that an image of a small slit in the copper chimney surrounding the burner may fall on the sensitive paper attached to— 3. The registering apparatus. This is placed midway between 1 and 2, and consists of a stand supporting hori- zontally on friction rollere two concentric glass cylinders, round the inner of which is wrapped a sheet of prepared photographic paper: the outer or covering cylinder keeps the paper moist dm'ing the 24 hours it remains in action, A bent arm, attached to the axis of these cylinders, is carried round by a fork at the end of the hour-hand of a time- piece specially constructed for the purpose. The horizontal motion of the tracing point of light, combined with the vertical motion of the paper, traces out the magnetic curve, which, when the paper is removed from the cylinder, is developed and fixed by the usual photo- graphic processes. A third light is attached to the registering apparatus, for the purpose of drawing a standard or base line on the paper; by the varying distance of any point of the magnetic curve from this line, the magnetic variation is determined. At the distance at which these instruments are placed, an angle of 1° is represented by 2 inches on the paper; but the scale valve may be enlarged at pleasure, by placing them further apart. This instrument is shown in fig. 1. AA, the declination magnet. B, a concave speculum attached to the magnet. C, a plane glass mirror also attached to the magnet, for making observations by a telescope, on the old method, when required. D, the torsion plate, reading to minutes by two verniers. E, a frame standing upon the torsion plate. A hook capable of being raised or lowered by a screw, is attached to this frame, from which the magnet is suspended by a skein of untwisted silk fibres. FFF, a glass box, in which the magnet and its appen- dages are enclosed, to protect them from the air; for the same purpose, the suspension skein is enclosed in a glass tube Gr, which passes through a stuffing box H, in the lid of the box. I, a gas-burner enclosed in a brass chimney, from which no light can escape, except a small pencil which passes through a narrow slit K, capable of being adjusted by a screw; on the breadth of this slit, the breadth of the register line depends. IAj, a combination of two plano-convex lenses. The pencil of light passing through K, falls on the mirror B, and is reflected to the cylindrical lenses ; by these, the image of the slit is condensed to a point of light on the surface of MM, the registering apparatus, consisting of two con- centric cylinders, between which the photographic paper is placed. N, the magnetic curve traced by the point of light. 0, a gas-burner, fixed to the stand on which the cylinders rest. P, a plano-convex prismatic lens, attached to the top of QQ, an opaque box, which protects the photographic paper from extraneous light, A pencil of light from 0 passes through P, and is brought to a focus on the surface of the paper, R, the base line, described by the point of light. SS, the bifilar, or horizontal force magnetometer. TT, the apparatus for producing an automatic tempera- ture compensation ; this consists of two zinc tubes, which are clamped to a glass rod by two adjustible clamps VV, the suspension skein passes over a pulley X, and the ends are attached to two hooks WW; as the temperature rises, these hooks are approximated to each other by a quantity 4;>4 Class 10.—PHILOSOPHICAL, North, North Central, and equal to the difference of the expansion of the glass rod and the zinc tubes, between the clamps VV; and thus the torsion force is diminished; the position of the clamps is so adjusted, that the diminution of the torsion force shall be equivalent to the loss of power in the magnet: and vice versa, when the temperature falls. The magnet, its appendages, and the suspension skein are enclosed similarly to the declination magnet; the glass box, Sec, is omitted to avoid confusion. The registration of its move- ments is likewise similarly effected on the opposite side of the cylinders. 4. A blackened zinc case, which is placed over the cylinders, when in actual operation, to prevent any light from falling on the paper, except the two pencils which describe the magnetic curves, and another which passes through a prism on the top of the case, and draws the base line. N.B.—This prism is placed on the top of the glass case, to show its proper position. 5. A case of the same material, which covers the whole of the apparatus, to protect the sensitive paper from any stray light, as well as to defend the whole from dust, &c. 6. A balanced magnetometer, supported by agate knife- edges, resting on agate planes. The variations of this instrument are similarly recorded on— 7. A registering apparatus, similar to the preceding No. 3, except that the axis of the revolving cylinder is vertical. The top of the inner cylinder rests on a turn- table, which is carried round by the hour-hand of a time-piece. In this and in the preceding apparatus, the lines of light reflected from the specula are each reduced to a point, by passing through two cylindrical plane convex lenses placed near the sides of the cylinders. 8. A self-registering barometer. The short arm of a lever carries a float which rests on the surface of the mercury in the lower end of a syphon barometer tube. The long arm carries a light screen with a small aperture in it, which is interposed between the revolving cylinder of No. 5, and a light. The small pencil of light passing through the screen marks the photographic paper, and thus records the changes in the mercurial column. The same light which registers the barometer serves also to describe the base line for the magnetic curve, by a pencil conducted from the back of the chimney through a tube with a right-angled prism at each end of it. This instru- ment is shown in fig. 2. AA, a self-registering barometer, enclosed in a case, resting on a stand. BB, the upper and lower ends of a syphon baro- meter, which are of the same diameter, and of large size. C, a float resting on the surface of the mercury, which hangs in a notch on the short arm of a lever. D, the pivot on which the lever turns. E, the long arm of the lever, which carries at its ex- tremity an opaque screen F, with a small aperture, through which a small pencil of light passes. G, a plate on which the tube rests, which is raised or lowered by a screw. H, a stand supporting a gas-burner. I, the register line, described by this pencil of light. The screen F will evidently rise and fall with the column of mercury, and the indications will be amplified in pro- portion to the length of leverage. K, a tube with a plano-convex prismatic lens at each end of it, placed at the back of the burner; through this, a pencil of light is conducted in the direction indicated by the dotted line, and describes the base line L. By this arrangement, two pencils are derived from the same source of light, which fall perpendicularly on two remote points of the paper. M, the balanced, magnetometer. N, a concave speculum connected with the magnet by a bar, to which are attached agate knife edges; these rest on agate planes attached to the supporting frame. 0, a plane mirror for making observations with a telescope in the usual manner. P, a gas-burner, from which a pencil of light is re- flected from the speculum N, and passing through a com- bination of two piano-cylindrical lenses in the frame Q, describes the register line R. Brooke's Self-registering Barometer. S, a frame supporting a turn-table, T, the cylinder resting on the turn-table. V, the gas-pipe supplying the burners. 9 and 10. Zinc cases analogous to 4 and 5. 11. A wet and dry bulb thermometer, and apparatus for registering the temperature they indicate. The regis- tering apparatus consists of a pair of vertical concentric cylinders, similar to No. 7, supported on a table. The bulbs of the thermometers are underneath the table, through which the stems pass vertically, and are placed between the opposite sides of the cylinders and two lights. A narrow vertical line of light brought to a focus by a cylindrical lens, falls on the stem of the thermo- meter, and passing through the empty portion of the bore, affects the paper. The boundary between the darkened and undarkened portion indicates the position of the mercury in the stem of the thermometer. Five wires are placed across the slit in the frame, through which the light falls on the stem. They intercept narrow portions of the light, and thus the scale of the thermometer is continuously impressed on the register, as well as the temperature. This instrument is shown in fig. 3. I, 2, camphine lamps. 3, 4, cylindrical lenses, by which a bright focal line of light is obtained. 5, the psychrometer, or wet-bulb thermometer. 6, the dry-bulb thermometer. 7, two concentric cylinders, between which the photographic paper is placed. 8, the register, as it appears after the impression is developed. 9, one of the rollers of a turn-table, on which the cylinders rest. 10, the frame which contains the timepiece. II, a bent pin, or carrier, attached to the axis of the cylinders ; this is carried round by a fork at the end of the hour-hand of the time-piece. MUSICAL, HOROLOGICAL, [United South Central Galleries. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. '425 Fig. 3. Brooke's Self-registering Thermometer. As this apparatus is necessarily placed in the open air, when in actual operation, it is provided with— 12. An inner cylindrical zinc case, with sliding doors, to protect the sensitive paper from light, when the cylinder is removed from, and brought back to, the photographic room. 13. An outer wind and water-tight zinc case, with water-tight doors, for removing and replacing the cylin- ders, and for trimming the lamps, if lamps are used. 14. A timepiece, to show the arrangement of the train. In order to avoid the unsteadiness of the hour- hand, which in ordinary movements results from the play of the motion-wheels under the dial, the central axis which carries the hour-hand is in the train, and the axis which carries the minute-hand is placed out of the centre. As the forked or carrying arm is firmly attached to the axis, another moveable hand or pointer is added, which travels with the former, and points to the hour. The compensating-bars of the balance of this piece are composed of brass and palladium, to prevent the rate heing influenced by proximity to the magnets. Tlie numbers of the leaves in the pinions are all prime to the numbers of the teeth in the wheels with which they are in gear, to diminish the chance of irregular motion from wear, as the face of the piece must necessarily be exposed. 15. An elastic scale of vulcanized India-rubber, stretched on a brass frame, for readily marking the subdivisions of time on the registers, which differ slightly in length. 16. Specimens of the registers obtained by similar apparatus. 17. A lithographic fac-simile of one day's work of all the instruments employed at the Royal Observatory, from the volume of •'' Greenwich Magnetical and Meteoro- logical Observations for 1847," to which the reader is referred for further details, as well as to a series of papers by the inventor, published in recent volumes of the " Philosophical Transactions." The most recent improve- ment of this apparatus is an automatic temperature com- pensation, adapted to the horizontal-force magnetometer, 2; and to the vertical-force magnetometer, 6. In the former instrument, this object is attained by approximating the lower ends of the bifilar suspension, by the excess of the expansion of a zinc tube, over that of a glass rod: in the latter, by the weight of a small quantity of mercury enclosed in a thermometer tube attached to the magnets, passing from one side of the centre to the other. [The skilful application of photography, by Mr. Brooke, to register natural phenomena, with no more labour than that of supplying the cylinder punctually with prepared paper, is one of the most useful and beautiful uses to which photography has yet been applied. The paper is prepared so as to render it extremely sensitive to light, being first washed with a solution of isinglass, bromide of potassium, and iodide of potassium, in the proportion of 1, 3, and 2, respectively; and when required for use, it is washed with an aqueous solution of nitrate of silver, which causes the paper to be sufficiently sensitive to the action of light, so that if a beam of light be allowed to fall upon it, an im- pression is made upon that part where the light falls, which becomes visible on being washed with a solution of gallic acid, with a small admixture of acetic acid. A light is placed near a small aperture, through which rays pass and fall upon a concave mirror carried by a part of the suspension apparatus of the magnet, and this reflec- tion falls upon a piano-cylindrical lens of glass placed at the distance of its focal length from the paper on the cylinder. As the magnet is ever varying and making small excursions on one or other side of its mean position, the point of light traces a corresponding zigzag line on the paper. The thermometer apparatus has no mirror and no reflector, the mercury in the tubes themselves intercepting the pencils of light; and thus this apparatus, throughout the day and night, is constantly recording the slightest change of position of the magnets, and the smallest changes of temperature. The object of the self-registering magnetometer above described is to determine the direction and intensity of the earth's magnetism. Its direction is generally found by suspending a piece of steel previously magnetized, or in other words, a magnet, by parallel threads of untwisted silk, and the bar settles in that position in which mag- netism causes it to rest, and which is called the magnetic meridian. The angle between the astronomical meridian and the magnetic meridian gives the magnetic declination, which is the subject of research with the declination mag- netometer; at present this value in London is about 22^° west of the astronomical meridian. Having determined the declination, the vertical plane is determined in which the force of magnetism is exerted. The angle which the magnet makes, when freely sus- pended on this plane from the horizon, is termed the dip. At present, the dip at London is about 68° 40'. The force of magnetism exerted in this inclined direction can be re- solved into two forces, the one acting in a horizontal direc- tion, the other in a vertical direction, so that conjointly they shall produce exactly the same force as the single force. The bifilar, or horizontal force magnetometer, is intended for measuring the variations of the horizontal component of the variations of the force of magnetism. It consists of a magnet suspended by two halves of a skein of untwisted silk, kept at a certain distance apart." If an unmagnetized bar were thus suspended, it would remain at rest only in that position in which the two parts of the suspension skein were without twist, and if it were turned out of this position, it would endeavour to resume its former position, with a force proportionate to its weight, and the angle through which it had been turned. This principle is made the means of measuring the force of North, North Central, and South Central Oalleries. magnetism. A freely-suspended magnet always endea- vours to rest in the magnetic meridian. The variations in the vertical component of the mag- netic dip are the subjects of investigation with the ver- tical force magnet, which is a magnet placed nearly at right angles to the magnetic meridian. It is kept hori- zontal, or nearly so, by weights balanced with extreme accuracy, and made to vibrate like a balance ; and from its different inclination, the variation of the vertical force of magnetism is determined.—J. G.] 145 DoLLOND, George, St. PauVs Churchyard— Inventor. Atmospheric recorder. This instrument self-registers simultaneously, on paper, the varying pressures of the atmosphere, the changes of the temperature of air and evaporation, and those of the electrical states of the atmosphere, the fall of rain, the amount of water evapo- rated from a surface of water, and the force and direction of the wind. [Self-registering instruments, which move equally by clock-work or otherwise, and are made subservient to the registration of natural phenomena, are of the highest importance, and particularly so in meteorological investi- gations, where the changes of every element of research are perpetual, and those which accrue during the night are of equal importance to those happening during the day.—J. G.] The atmospheric recorder will correctly register the slightest change which takes place during any period of time, according to the length of the paper. The apparatus is composed of a frame of about two feet by three feet six inches, firmly supported upon four pil- lars, the sides of the frame being strongly bolted together at two feet from each other. At one-fourth from each end of the frame, a roller of one foot in circumference is introduced. To one of these rollers an eight-day clock is attached, which moves it round once in twenty-four hours. At half right angles above that roller is another of the same dimensions, so arranged as to press upon it equally throughout its length. The last-mentioned roller is for the purpose of keeping the paper in contact with the driving or clock roller. The apparatus is represented in the annexed Plate. The roller at the other end of the frame acts as a rest for carrying the paper to be registered to a platform in the middle of the frame, which has its face in the same plane as the upper sides of the rollers. Near the end of the frame, which is placed towards the north, is a strong bar, upon which all the fulcrums of the indicators or markers are placed, from which arms of one foot in length, having spring points at their ends for the barometer, thermometer, and hygrometer, are struck into the paper every half hour by a falling lever or frame. For the electrometer, rain, evaporator, force and direction of the wind, ever-pointed pencils are used, which make a continuous mark upon the paper, with a weight pressing upon them so as to render the marks perfectly distinct without interrupting their proper motion. Beyond the .fulcrums there are continuations of the arms of the indicators, to which are applied, by various contrivances, the powers which give motion to the indi- cators, in those proportions which are required by the scales of the eight instruments which mark the various changes of the atmosphere. Each indicator has its proper scale placed near to the line of the registering points and pencils, so that the last indentures or marks on the paper may be compared with their respective scales, and the time referred to at which the indication took place. There are also a set of liners which separate each de- partment, and form zeros or boundary lines throughout the whole run of the paper, commencing at the point or place of the indicato] s, from which any movement or hy- grometric change of the paper may be i*eferred to for correction. On each side of the frame, there is a marker for time; these are governed by a wheel attached to the clock roller, which, by a lever and inclined planes, are made to regis- ter the time correctly at every half-hour, and sixth horn* more strongly, for the convenience of counting. The ad- vantage of thus marking the time on both the edges of the paper is very considerable ; for when the paper is taken off, or at any time examined, a line drawn across, corresponding with the opposite marks, will show the correct period at which any change in the atmosphere took place. Having described the general formation of the appa- ratus, it will be requisite to give a detailed account of those parts which are more immediately acted upon by the atmosphere, and the manner in which they are made to register the results. The barometer is upon the siphon principle of a large bore. Upon the surface of the mercury, in the shortest leg, is placed a float very accurately counterpoised, leaving only sufficient weight to compel it to follow the mercury, and correctly adjusted to that part of the apparatus which moves the indicator, when the pressure of the at- mosphere is at thirty inches. The connection of the float with the indicator is so arranged as to give a scale of three to one, which has been found to maintain the register in the most perfect manner, under comparison with an excellent instrument of the best construction. The thermometrical arrangement consists of ten mer- curial thermometers of a peculiar form. These are sus- pended upon an extremely delicate and accurate balance, by which a correct register of all the various changes in this climate have been found to agree with the best ther- mometers of the usual construction. They are placed at the north end of the frame, and are screened from the effects of the wind and rain by perforated plates of zinc. The hygrometer consists of a slip of mahogany cut across the grain. This was placed in a cylinder filled with water, and suspended from the upper end, with a weight of two pounds at the other end, until it was found by repeated examination to be completely saturated, and no longer to increase in length. The length was then referred to an accurate scale, and the slip of mahogany placed by the side of the pipe of a stove, under the same suspension and weight, until its shortest length was obtained. The difference of the two results being carefully taken, the scale was formed accordingly. It is placed in a tube, open at both ends for a free passage of air, outside the observa- tory. It is suspended, and weighted as before, Avith full power to act upon the arm of the indicator, quite free from the action of the sun or rain, and is found to be ex- tremely active and firm in its operation, showing upon an open scale every hundredth of its extremes in dryness and moisture.* The next part of the arrangement to be described is the electrometer for thunder-storms and electric changes. This is constructed by placing a well-insulated conductor upon the highest convenient place, from which a wire is brought down to an insulation on the top of the observa- tory, and from thence to a standard through another in- sulation to a metal disc, between which and a spring there is a moveable disc attached to a glass or insulating arm, for the purpose of connecting it with an accurate support upon which it can move with the greatest facility. In connexion with this arm and disc there is a pencil carried forward to the line of indication. The spring before stated is fixed to a standard at about three inches from the first disc; to this a wire is attached and carried into the earth. By this arrangement, the electricity put in motion by a thunder-cloud is received and registered. The effect of this arrangement during a thunderstorm is extremely in- teresting. When a cloud charged with the electric fluid comes within the range of the conductor, the moveable disc begins slowly to pass from the first disc to the spring, discharging each time a proportion of the electricity, and increasing in rapidity of motion until the discharge of the cloud by lightning takes place. It then falls back to the * This method of constructing a hygrometer was recommended by Henry Lawson, Ksq., F.R.S., from one in his possession made for and - used by the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, which now performs with precision, although made more than half a century a^'O. 95. THE ATMOSPHERIC RECORDER, DOLLOND. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. first disc, and remains perfectly quiet until the next elec- tric cloud approaches. If, in the interim, a cloud charged with rain only should descend or pass over, no movement of the disc takes place. The pluviometer, or that part of the apparatus which is arranged for registering the quantity of rain that falls, is formed in the following manner :—On the top of the observatory there is a receiver of one foot square, clear from all surrounding matter that might interfere with the direct fall of the rain upon its surface. From this receiver a pipe conducts the rain into another receiver inside the observatory, directly under the registering apparatus; in this there is an air-float, connected with a set of inclined planes, each inclined plane being equal to one inch of rain. These inclined planes, as they pass up, move the indicator across the destined proportion of the paper; showing, as it proceeds, the result of each drop to the hundredth part of an inch in superficies, and con- tinues to advance until it arrives at one inch. It is then instantly discharged, and returns to the zero of the scale, or commencement of another inch. The internal receiver is calculated to contain six inches of rain, a quantity that seldom falls in this island during one month. The register will show when it is nearly full. The water can then be drawai off without the slightest inconvenience, and the float be re-adjusted to the zero of the first inch. The evaporator, 10, is an open cube of one foot square, which is supplied with water from the larger vessel, and is connected with the cube by a pipe underneath the two vessels, 10-10. From that connexion the indicator of evaporation is carrried to the marker or arm, 6, of the registering paper, and is supported by a float from the surface of the water in the larger vessel. The cube or evaporator is covered by a plate of glass at an angle of sufficient elevation to prevent rain from falling into it, but not so close as to resist the air from freely acting upon the surface of the water. When the water is exhausted, it may be refilled from the pump in the observatory. The power or force of the wind is registered by a com- bination of suspended weights, acted upon by inclined planes or edges, in connexion with a board of one foot square to receive the impression; this board is kept in op- position to the direction of the wind by a powerful vane, its motion being as free from friction as possible, every part being correctly counterpoised. When the board is acted xvpon by the wind, it raises the suspended weights by a chain passing over a pulley in a line with the direction of the wind, and well secured from the weather. The suspended weights in connexion with an inclined lever carry the pencil of indication along the scale, which re- gisters the weight lifted in ozs. and lbs. avoirdupois ; the scale having been found, by repeated trials, to be cor- rectly equal to the weights recorded upon it. The direction of the wind is also registered at the same time by another pencil, which marks the course upon the paper, throughout the whole circle of the horizon, or that proportion through which it passes. For the convenience of placing upon the instrument the paper to be registered, there is a roller, with a flange at each end, to keep it from being deranged as it is un- rolled, for which proper receptacles are proAdded for the pivots underneath the frame, and parallel to the rollers above. The cut represents one day's work of this instrument. 1 I 1 / \ i c E i ^ .■■ \ 1 / } \ 1 s \ s 1 1 —i ?9 80 10 JO'so 70 30 0 60 100 103 50 0 100 bO T30 10 0 S The end of the paper is carried from this roller over the one above, at the north end of the frame, and conducted under the indicators, and over the platform to the driving and pressing rollers; it is then to be drawn forward until it reaches a similar roller to that on which it was first rolled, also vmderneath the frame; to this roller it is then to be fastened by springs prepared for that purpose. This roller has attached to one of its pivots a worm, upon which a weight is wound up; which weight is equal to the power requisite to wind up the paper as it comes from the driving roller, leaving a space between them, which gives the observer an opportunity of seeing what has been registered during the last twenty-four hours. For the purpose of reading off the register when removed from the apparatus, there are a set of scales in com- bination, corresponding correctly with those upon the instrument. The whole may be placed in a room six feet square, having an opening to the north for the convenience of placing the thermometer out of the range of the sun's rays, and the better for the action of the hygi-ometer. For the convenience of the lightning conductor and vane, an upper room would be preferable. References to Plate 95.—1. Barometer. 2. Thermometer. 3. Hygrometer. 4. Electrometer. 5. Pluviometer. 6. Evaporator. 7. Force of the wind. 8. Direction of the wind. 9. The Clock. 10. Receivers for Pluviometer and Evaporator, Lawson's meteorological thermometer stand: this ap- paratus consists of a frame (fig^ 1) of white deal boards, and can be formed or constructed by any carpenter. It is represented in the cut. It is made of an oblong tinink, T, 12 inches by 8 inches outside measure; to the opposite sides of which are nailed boards, 6, 6, at the distance of three-quarters of an inch, and projecting about six inches from it towards the north. Outside of these are nailed other thin boards, c, c, full half an inch distant, and pro- jecting about four inches beyond the last-mentioned boards, also towards the north. These sides or shades prevent the sun from heating the interior of the stand where the thermometers are placed. The top, or pent board, P, is made double, and the boards are placed at full three-quarters of an inch distant from each other, and come forward so as to overhang, by a full inch, the night index thermometer, placed immediately beneath, for the purpose of preventing rain or dew from falling perpendicularly upon the bulb of the thermometer. The legs, L, L, of the stand are merely the continuation of the sides of the trunk. The board, F, F, is loaded, or the feet fixed to the ground, to sustain the force of the wind. The interior, T, is blackened to prevent strong reflections of light. The whole is to be painted white, and no other colour; except the face of the trunk, which may be black, to pre- vent strong reflections of light. Fig. 4 is a ground plan, or bird's-eye view of the ma- chine, which will assist any intelligent workman in its construction. The sides and wood-work generally are of half-inch white deal. The distance between the sides of the trunk T (tig. 1), and the board, or inner side, i, s, (^ig. 4 is three-quarters of an inch; and the distance from that board to the outer side, o, s (fig 4), is full half an inch. The narrow boards, s, s, (fig. 4), are to be nailed, with studs intervening, to the middle board or side i, s; and are designed to prevent the sun from shining between the trunk and the sides, o, s, and i, s. when near the meri- dian. The sides are fixed, one upon the other, at the required distance (viz., three-quarters of an inch, and half an inch), by numerous wooden studs, shown in figs. 1, 2, and 3, about three quarters of an inch diameter ; the nails or screws passed through the sides and studs, fixing the whole firmly together. The v/hol'e is to be painted white, except the face of the trunk T, which may be black, to prevent strong reflection of light. Fig. 2 is the view of the north side of the stand. No. 1 is an index thermometer, to give the greatest heat of the air in the shade each day. No. 2 is an index spirit ther- mometer, to give the greatest cold of the night. No. 4 North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. are two thermometers, with finely-graduated scales, which are called the wet and dry bulb thermometer, to show the power of air to evaporate water. V is a conical vase of considerable size to hold water for the wet bulb thermo- meter; it is of glass, for the purpose of seeing when it requires re-fiUiag, and conical, to prevent its being broken by frost. Fig. 3 is the view of the south side of the stand. No. 3 is an index mercurial thermometer, with a black bulb, to give the greatest solar heat of each day. R is a rain gauge, which conveys the rain into the bottle, B, en- closed within the trunk, T (fig. 1). From the bottle, B, the water is to be poured into the gauge tubes, provided for the purpose of showing the quantity of rain that has fallen. The meteorological thermometer stand, as above ar- ranged, will be found to possess the following advantages. It can be placed in any eligible spot that may suit the convenience of its owner. Its four sides being placed to face the cardinal points, it commands a true north and south aspect. It can be visited on every side, and be free from all surrounding objects. The instruments or ther- mometers used can be read ofi" with the greatest facihty; and the whole will be at a known distance from the ground. Those instruments placed on the south face will have the meridian sun; and those on the north face will be always in the shade, in consequence of the pro- jecting wings. It can be employed by any meteorologist, wherever residing. It is of a determinate form, height, and size. The instruments may be read off with promp- titude, so as to prevent or reduce errors arising from the person of the observer being too long in the vicinity of the thermometers. By the general adoption of this stand, instruments placed upon it will all be used or observed, under similar circumstances; and deductions therefrom be more correctly drawn than at present. It follows, therefore, that observations made either in Europe, Asia, Africa, or America, if drawn from instruments thus simi- larly placed, can be compared with each other more accu- rately than heretofore. Lawson's Thermometer Stand. In using instruments a certain adroitness is necessary; but a little practice will render the use of the thermo- meter stand in every respect easy. The thermometers used should have their bulbs perfectly free from the scales, whether of metal or wood, and a space of at least half an inch should be interposed between the bulb of each ther- mometer and its scale, and the place whereon it is fixed; as in some states of the atmosphere great errors will be the consequence of their touching any sm-rounding body. The metallic indices in the tubes of registering thermo- meters are apt to tarnish and cease to slide with the re- quired ease, which may be prevented by passing them up and down the tube, half a dozen times, at every notation of the thermometer. When the thermometers are put by, and out of use, the indexes should be moved to the end of the tube furthest from the bulb^ and left there. 146 Good, S. A., H.M. Dockyard, Pembroke—Inventor. New method of transmitting motion, applied to a globe for illustrating the effect of the earth's diurnal motion upon the plane of a pendulum's oscillation at any latitude. Provisionally patented. 148 ScHOLEFiELD, Daniel, Freeman's Sq., Huddersfielcl— Manufacturer. Portable metronome, for denoting time in music ; it weighs less than half an ounce, and can be carried in the waistcoat pocket. 149 Harris, William, & Son, 50 High Holbom— Manufacturers. Patent compensating portable barometers for measur- ing the heights of mountains, and peculiarly applicable North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. for marine purposes. House barometer. Patent pocket travelling barometer. New and improved self-registering thermometer. Patent micrometrical and double-image telescope, and ''coming-up glass," according to Brewster, for measuring distances either on sea or land. Applicable as a micro- meter for the purposes of practical astronomy; as a naval telescope, for measuring distances at sea; and as a ''com- ing-up glass/' for ascertaining whether a ship is approach- ing to or receding from the observer. 151 Merryweather, George, M.D., Whitby, Yorkshire— Designer and Inventor. " Tempest prognosticator," or, atmospheric _ electro- magnetic telegraph, conducted by animal instinct; for the protection of life and property. 152 Hewitson, J., Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Inventor and Manufacturer. Self-acting and self-registering tide gauge and tidal in- dicator, recording with accuracy any variation of the tide, and requiring no supervision. Time is kept by an astro ■ nomical clock, with pendulum vibrating seconds. Hours, minutes, and seconds shown on their respective circles, with the height of the tide at the moment of observation, exhibited on the opposite dial. In connexion with the instrument, other machinery is applied to exhibit to an observer, on a large scale, and to be seen at a great distance, the depth of water on the bar, or over shoals, or, in short, at any given place. 154 Bryson & Sons, Edinburgh—Inventors and Manufacturers. Five models, exhibiting the various escapements of watches at present in general use. Self-registering barometer clock. 157 Ross, Archibald Hilson, 25 Bridge St., Sunderland —Inventor and Designer, A self-compensating barometer, having the scale which denotes the height of the mercurial column attached to float on the surface of the mercury in the cistern, to show the height of the barometrical column, which is the exact distance between the two surfaces. Design, a Corinthian column, supporting a figure of the late Sir Robert Peel. 157a Casello, Louis P., & Co., 23 Ilatton Garden— Manufacturers. Combined comparative barometer; designed, arranged, and manufactured by the exhibitor; exhibiting the Torri- cellian, the Cartesian, and wheel barometers, and sym- piesometer, acting in combination; with varying scales of 1, 11, 4, and 2 inches respectively. Improved self-registering window thermometer, which, while it protects the scale from the weather, admits of setting and correct reading without opening the window. Small pocket barometer, adapted for measuring heights. Brown's registered barometer, made by the exhibitor, and exhibited for accuracy and cheapness. 158 Love JOY, G., Rending—Proprietor. A novel timepiece, consisting of a dial of glass, in the centre of which an index-hand turns and points out the time, without any visible mechanism. It keeps correct time; strikes the hours and half hours; and requires only to be wound up once in twenty-one days. 159 Grimoldi, Henry, 31 Brooke Street^ Holborn—Maker. Improved pediment barometer in carved gilt frame. 160 Sanderson, G., Mansfield, Nottingham—Designer. Map of the country twenty miles round Mansfield, in the county of Nottingham, upon a scale of one inch to 36 chains, or 2,376 feet. 160a Negretti & Zambra, 11 Ilatton Garden— Inventors and Manufacturers. Standard open cistern barometer, with adjusting scale. Self-registering barometer. New pocket barometer. Pocket sympiesometer or air barometer. Standard thermometer, with comparative scales for atmospheric and chemical purposes. Rutherford's thermometer. Sixes' self-registering thermometer. Set of very sensitive thermometers, for delicate expe- riments. Registered thermometer for out-door exposure. Three of the most approved hygrometers now in use: a Daniel's hygrometer: a dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermo- meter, and Regnault's condenser hygrometer; the latter instrument is so constructed as to be used like the pre- ceding one, having been altered from Regnault's original form, by substituting black glass for silver caps, to avoid the necessity of cleaning the caps, an operation rendered necessary by the oxidation of metal caps. Two distinct thermometers in one stem. Simple and improved pressure gauge, less liable to get out of order than the ordinary mercury gauge. [The dry and wet bulb thermometers consist of two of these instruments, whose readings, when under the same circumstances, are identical. In use, one of the bvilbs is covered with thin muslin, and moistened by means of water passing by capillary action from a vessel containing that fluid, and will take a temperature depend- ing on the amount of moisture in the air. If the air be saturated with moisture, there will be no difference in the readings of the two thermometers; but if the air be not saturated, it will take up additional vapour : this vapour will be combined with heat, and the reduction of temperature will be shown. The different readings of the two thermometers will be according to the quantity of heat which has been required to change the state of water on the bulb to vapour. From the readings of the dry and wet bulb thermometers, nearly all hygrometrical problems can be solved. Ether is more generally used for evaporation with Daniell's hygrometer.—J, G,] 161 Orchard, John, Kensington—Designer and Manufacturer. Standard barometer, with various improvements. Series of rack slides for magic lanterns, to show the varied movements of the planets. Air-pump—having no valve to interfere between it and the receiver, so that the air can be exhausted from the receiver to such an extent as to freeze a vessel of water placed over sulphuric acid for desiccation. 162 PizzALA, Francis Augustus, ^ 9 Ilatton Garden — Designer and Manvifacturer. Wheel barometer or weather glass, with rack-work motion, intended to supersede the use of ordinary glass weights. The case is carved in walnut, of novel design, representing the leaves, buds, blossoms, &c., of the lilac, larkspur, collomia, potato-bloom, Solomon's seal, and other plants. The dial-plate is engraved with a glol)e in the centre, surrounded by the signs of the zodiac. 163 Tremlett, Richard, 9 Albemarle Street, St Johns Sq., Clerkenwell—Inventor and Manufacturer. Marine barometer in metal frame, with thermometer, &c., and enamelled metal scales and springs, to check oscillation, 166 Dobbie, William, Falkirk, Scotland—Manufacturer. Barometer, on an improved construction, which has two indices, the one of the common range, and the other North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. pointing out the thousandth part of an inch in tlie rise and fall of the mercury. This instrument is represented in the annexed cut. Dobbie's Improved Barometer. 168 Collard & Collard, Cheapside—Manufacturers. Grand pianoforte, in British mottled oak, with gold decorations, in the style of Louis Quinze; bichord piano- forte, square semi-pianoforte, vase form, and grand cabinet pianoforte, all with the patent check and repeater action. Pianoforte for the people.—{Grand pianoforte in Main Avenue.) 175 List, G. B., Southampton—Inventor. An apparatus for setting fractures, and as a rest for the treatment of other accidents and diseases of the lower extremities. Manufactured by J. R. Stebbing, ^ South- ampton. It is stated that a surgeon, by the use of this apparatus, can, without any other assistance., set simple, compound, and compound-comminuted fractures of the lower extremity : that it keeps the fractu.red ends of the bone in apposition, without the aid of splints for the after treatment; that tight straps or bandages encircling the limb above the injury, are not employed; that the limb, when the bone is set, can immediately, or at any time during the healing process, be put into any posi- tion that may be most comfortable to the patient without inconvenience. This apparatus is also stated to be an excellent rest for the treatment of fractured patella, diseased hip-joints, popliteal aneurism (by compression), varicose veins, ulcers, and other accidents and diseases of the lower extremities. 181 Matthews, William, 10 Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields—Manufacturer. Stethoscope—the ear-piece, subserving the uses of both a conductor and sounding board, is of large dimensions, so as to transmit the vibrations of the instrument un- diminished. [The science of medicine is indebted to Laennec, a French physician, for the discovery of the stethoscope. This physician first made known the important fact, that diseases of the heart and lungs might be rendered per- ceptible to a practised ear by the intervention simply of a hollow cylinder of wood. The instrument in all its forms is merely a medium for the conveyance of sound, healthy or morbid, to the ear of the j^hysician. Stetho- scopes are made in various materials; those of light deal are to be preferred.—E. E.] _ Specula for the ear, &c., made of glass, silvered with silver leaf, and covered with cotton cloth and elastic gum. Gilbert's patent fulcrum and chair, for extracting teeth. This ajDparatus is shown in the annexed cut:— Gilbert's Tooth Extractor. New swinging apparatus for the treatment of fractures of the leg; to prevent the bed-clothes from interfering with the motion of the leg. Inhaler, for opium and other medicines requiring the aid of heat for their inhalation. Inhaler, for administering chloroform in surgical opera- tions, with water-bath to regulate the evaporation. Inhaler, for hydrocyanic acid, couicine, and other me- dicines. Table knives. 187 Bateman, Joseph, LL.D., East India Boad, and Inland Revenue Office—Designer and Proprietor. Centrifugal machine, illustrating planetary motion. The object of this machine is to exhibit the remarkable tendency of all bodies, having a longer and shorter axis, to revolve upon their shorter axis: a tendency common to all the planetary bodies, as far as we are acquainted with their motions, as well as to all bodies on or near the earth's surface. To illustrate this tendency, a model of the planet Saturn is suspended by its longer axis, and set in revolu- tion by means of a machine which, in the present instance, is regulated by clockwork. As soon as it is in motion, the model, of its own accord, quits its vertical position, and assumes a horizontal one, so as to spin on its shorter axis, and this it continues to do as long as the motion is kept up,—just in the same way as the planet itself is revolving at millions of miles distance. The machine is fitted up in open brass-work, the escapement for which has been arranged by Mr. Jennings, of Birmingham. It is moimted on a kind of triumphal arch, executed by Mr. Flint and Mr. Stokes, of the same place. And the model planet revolves in a circular space, representing the solar system, surrounded by the signs of the zodiac, painted on glass by Mrs. Bateman, and Mr. Mason^ of Exeter. North, North Central, and South Centrai, Galleries. 188 Richards, N,, 3 Somerset St., Aldgate—Proprietor, Globe, with an endless rotary action, named *' the geo- graphical instructor," 189 Morrison, James Darsie, 6 Rankeillor Street, .Edinburr/h—Manufacturer, Mineral teeth in gold plate, with compound swivels, by means of which the mouth may be opened wide, without displacing the plates from the gums. Set of teeth, the under gold-screwed, the upper gold-lined. Set of carved teeth made from the hippopotamus' tusk; with a variety of other teeth of different styles and manu- factures. 190 Ryles, Moses, Cobridge, Staffordshire Potteries— Inventor. An apparatvis, of a peculiar construction, showing the ebb and flow of the tides, 191 Paxon, William, ^am^s^^ad—Proprietor._ Lunarian, with improved contrivance for showing the phases of the moon. 193 Mathews, Mary, 16 Westhoume Street, Hijde Park Gardens—Inventor. Astrorama," with a sketch explaining its use. A con- cave representation of the heavens, with the apparent diurnal motion of the stars, and the real paths of the planets, folding up in the form of an umbrella, 194 Ashe, W. Austin, 15 Brompton Crescent— Proprietor. Great circle coiirse indicator, invented by Lieut, E, D. Ashe, of the Royal Navy. Its object is to point out the course which a ship must steer in order to sail on a great circle between any two places on the globe, instead of steering by the true bearings of the port to which she is bound, and thereby materially shortening the voyage, in some instances to the amount of 600 miles. [It is well known that the shortest line which can be drawn between any two places on the surface of the globe is the arc of the great circle intercepted between them; great circle sailing, however, cannot always be practised, but it may be usefully combined with other sailings. This instrument is adapted as a companion to Mr. Towson's tables for " Great Circle Sailing," lately pub- lished by order of the Lords of the Admiralty.] 195 Facy, Richard, Wapping Wce/^—Designer and Manufacturer. A vertical orrery, exhibiting the diurnal and anntial motion of the planets ; also, showing the path of a comet whose perihelion distance is less than the mean distance of Mercury, and whose aphelion distance extends beyond the farthest known planet in the solar system. 196 Little, Major R. J., Woolwich Common—Designer. Apparatus, and a few small tools in a case, contrived to meet the loss of the right hand: its objects—simplicity, durability, and cheapness. Manufactured by Gaze, 14 Beresford Street, Woolwich. This apparatus is shown in the annexed cut. Major Little's Artificial Hand. 197 Roper, W., ^a^/i—Manufacturer. The '^reclinia." Invented by Henry Lawson, Esq., for the purpose of enabling astronomers to use large tele- scopes with greater speed and comfort. 198 Johnston, W. & A, K., Edinburgh—Manufacturers. A terrestrial globe, 30 inches in diameter, showing the geological structure of the earth, the currents of the air and of the ocean, the trade winds, ti'ade routes, mon- soons, and isothermal lines, or lines of equal temperature. The stand is carved in walnut, and was designed and manufactured by W. Davidson. It has, at the four corners of the base, heads emblematical of the four seasons. Sur- rounding the compass-box are figures which rej^resent the four quarters of the globe, with their appropriate emblems; and the circular supports of the horizon are composed of clusters of fruit, indigenous to the quarters of the world over which they are suspended, [The temperature of any particular month, or any place, varies very much in different years, and its true value can only be determined from observations made during a long series of years. Professor Dove, of Berlin, has collected the observations made at nearly 900 stations on the globe,' and from them he has constructed maps of the isothermal lines, by joining those places, by lines, whose temperature was found to be the same.—J. G.] 200 Fletcher, Peter, 11 South St. Andrew Street, Ediahu) yh—Manufacturer. Pair of globes, teiTestrial and celestial, with cases ; showing the various stages in globe making. 201 Allan, Thomas, 2Q> St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh— Inventor. Two pairs of patent electric telegraphs. [The general principle upon which electric telegraphs depend for their indications, is the remarkable fact dis- covered by Professor Oersted, that a magnetic needle freely moving on its axis is capable of being turned to one side by the transmission of an electric current through a wire placed parallel and near to it. It was subsequently found, that by placing the needle so as to surround it with a coil composed of many lengths of insulated wire, this effect was immensely multiplied, and a very feeble current became sufficient to deflect the needle so placed. The galvanometer was thus invented, and subsequently —the needle-telegraph. It is obvious that a means of communicating signals was discovered when this fact was first developed, since a needle thus placed might be ar- ranged at any distance, and being connected with the operator by insulated wires, he could cause it to turn to one side at pleasure. Such is the principal feature of the needle-telegraphs. These instruments consist essentially of the following parts—a source of the electric current, or voltaic battery, a medium through which it can be conveyed without loss, or insulated wires, and a magnetic needle arranged so as to be influenced by its passage, which is generally suspended in front of the index-plate of the apparatus, upon which certain marks are arranged. The movements of two such needles, and the combina- tion of signals which these obviously afford, form the alphabet, or signal code of the electric telegraph. —R. E.] 202 Murdoch, James, Eothes, Fochabers, Elgin, Scotland. Mechanical indicator of eclipses, without mean motions, intended to unite simplicity and expedition in opera- tions. Invented by the exhibitor. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 204 Stoker, John, Doncaster—Inventor and Manufacturer. Angular terrestrial globe, adapted for the ready solu- tion of geographical problems, and particularly to show the true motion of the earth in its orbit. Spherical geographical clock, intended to show the difference of time between two given places. Provision- ally registered. 205 Saunders, George, & Son, 278 Strand. An original revolving kaleidoscope. The object of this instrument is to afford useful information to designers, pattern-drawers, &c. Octagon temple, containing metallic tablet, razor strops with four sides. Mechanical revolving pictorial kaleidoscope. Metallic tablet razor strops. 207 Edkins & Son, 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street— Manufacturers. Pair of 18-inch globes. 208 Malloch, p., 18 Market Street, Edinhurgh— Inventor and Producer. Mechanical indicator for teaching geography, designed and manufactured by the exhibitor. The means used are studs placed in their proper posi- tion, as on the map, which on being pressed down raise others at the index, and thus indicate the correctness of the places wanted. 209 Willis, Henry, 18 Manchester Street, Gray's Inn Eoad—Designer and Manufacturer. An organ, with three rows of keys, and two octaves and a fifth of pedals. This instrument is built upon the German plan, viz., 8 feet manuals, and 32 feet pedals; it contains 77 stops, nearly 4,500 pipes, the largest being CCCC 32 feet, the smallest C | of an inch. The great and swell organs are played by means of the pneumatic lever, applied vertically, and worked without the aid of addi- tional wind pressure. In the choir and pedal organs are introduced two newly-invented patent valves, over which the pressure of the air has little influence; also a patent movement in connexion with a compound application of the pneumatic lever, which brings the instrument entirely under the performer's command. The mechanism includes several new arrangements, and in the various bellows there are five different pressures of air. This organ is repre- sented in the opposite page as it stands in the Exhibition. [The superiority of the German plan for building organs chiefly consists in its preserving a balance of power amongst its various masses. The attention of our native builders has been profitably directed to this essential point for some time past, and we hope the time will soon come when an instrument will not be con- sidered complete without a commensurate pedal organ.— H. E.D.] An organ, consisting of a swell, with 22 stops. A choir organ of 14 stops. A great organ of 20 stops. A pedal organ of 14 stops, and several coupling stops, exhibiting various improvements, including an extensive use of the pneumatic lever." [Organs on the pneumatic principle were first intro- duced into churches by Pope Vitalianus, anno 666. Coupling-stops are used for combining two or more key- boards, so that playing on one produces the effect of both.—H. E. D.] 210 DuNiN, Mx. C. DE, London—Inventor, Manufacturer, and Patentee. Piece of mechanism intended to illustrate the different proportions of the human figure: it admits of being expanded from the size of the Apollo Belvidere to that of a color.sal statue. The external part of the figure consists of a series of steel and copper plates sliding upon each other, and kept in contact by screws, nuts, and spiral springs; attached to these plates, and within the figure, are metal slides, having projecting pins at their extremities: these pins are inserted in curved grooves cut in circular steel plates; the curvature of these grooves being so arranged that when the steel plates are put in revolution by a train of wheels and screws the slides belonging to each parti- cular part of the figure are expanded or contracted in correct proportion. The elongation of the figure is accomplished either by sliding metal tubes, provided with racks, and acted upon by a combination of wheels, or by screws and slides, as found most applicable for each particular part. Besides the general adjustments de- scribed, each part of the figure has an independent and separate adjustment, by which it can be put out of its correct likeness to the Apollo Belvedere, and made to represent the deformities or peculiarities of form of any individual. The varieties of figure and size of the human body are so numerous that it necessarily requires a great number of movements to represent them. Some idea may be formed of the number of mechanical combinations included in the figure, from the following list of the parts of which it is constructed, viz.—875 framing-pieces, 48 grooved steel plates, 163 wheels, 202 slides, 476 metal washers, 482 spiral springs, 704 sliding plates, 32 sliding tubes, 497 nuts, 8500 fixing and adjusting screws, and a considerable number of steadying pinions, &c., making the number of pieces, of which the figure is composed, upwards of 7000. It is stated that this invention could easily be made applicable in the artist's studio; but that its more immediate object is to facilitate the exact fitting of garments, more especially in cases where great numbers are to be provided for, as in the equipment of an army, or providing clothing for a distant colony ; that personal attendance is not required, since there is adapted to the figure, a new system of measurement which enables any person to take the exact size and form of an individual; and from the measurement so taken, the figure can be adjusted to represent correctly the person to be fitted, so that the clothing may be tried on, and, if necessary, altered with as much facility as if the original person, whose measure had been taken, Avere present. Count Duniii's Mechnn cal Fignre. [OillCIAL IlLUST Catalogue.] 2 I North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. An establishment provided with three or four of such figures, would be sufficient to fit perfectly, and without any subsequent alteration, the clothing of an army of several hundred thousand men, at whatever distance they might be from the establishment. The inventor states it as his intention to present this figure to his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias. 212 Newton, Wm., & Son, 66 Chancery Lane, and 3 Fleet Street —Manufacturers. Large manuscript celestial globe, 6 feet in diameter, in which the positions of the stars are laid down from Flam- stead's Catalogue, brought up to the year 1850. Pair of 23-inch globes, in carved rosewood frames. Slate globes of various sizes, with the meridians and parallels of latitude marked upon them, so that outline maps may be drawn by the student with pencil. Variety of globes of various sizes, and in difierent kinds of mounting. Newton and Son's Terrestrial Globe, Complete orrery, or planetarium, in which the motions of the earth and moon, and of the planets and theh- satel- lites, are effected by mechanism, actuated by clockwork. Newton and Son's Planetarium. Orreries, for educational purposes, Amiillary sphere, mounted in a brass meridian, and attached to a brass stand. Spherical sun-dial for a lawn. [A celestial globe is an inverted representation of the heavens, on wliich the stars are laid down according to their relative positions. The eye is supposed to be in the centre of the globe. A terrestrial globe is a repre- sentation of the surface of the earth as far as it is known. The diurnal motion of this globe is from west to east, whilst that of the celestial globe is from east to west, to represent the apparent diurnal motion of the sun and stars.—J. C] 213 Bentley, Joseph, Vd Paternoster Row—Inventor and Publisher. Piano-globe. The northern and s-^uthern hemispheres are printed on circular pieces of pasteboard; each is con- fined to its revolving movement, by a brass meridian, allowing the same facility in working problems as the ordinary globe. 215 Plant, Frederic, Nottingham—Inventor. Mechanical orrery: the sun being represented by a luminous body. Model of a self-regulating steam-boiler feeding appa- ratus, being a substitute for the common force-pump and regulating float, &c. 218 Adorno, J. N., 6 Golden Square—Inventor and Patentee. A machine designed to measure and exhibit the ratio between the periphery and diameter of the circle. A machine or instrument designed to draw ellipses derived from cylinders and cones, and also the other conic sections, as parabolas and hyperbolas. A terrestrial and celestial globe combined, with the constellations arranged for facilitating the solution of astronomical problems, and for geographical and nautical purposes; with an apparatus to show the passage of the earth among the signs of the zodiac in its annual orbit, and the position of the sun in the opposite signs. A terrestrial globe, capable of separation into pieces, which may be used as convex maps for navigation, and other geographical purposes. Twelve patent convex maps of the earth, invented by the exhibitor, to form a geographical sphere, or to be used separately for marine purposes, and to constitute useful and ornamental fittings for rooms or cabins. 220 Horne, Thornwaite & Wood, 123 Newgate Street— Manufacturers. Electro-galvanic machine and set of instruments, for medical galvanism. The current of galvanism produced by this machine "flows only in one direction," and the quantity and intensity of the current are capable of being easily regulated. Represented in the following cut:— Horne and Co.'s Electro-Galvanic Machine. Apparatus for exhibiting dissolving views, chroma- tropes, &c., by the oxyhydrogen lime light, with illustrative North, North Central, and South Central Galleries, paintings and apparatus, showing the method of producing the light, the arrangement of the lenses, and contrivance for dissolving the pictures. Oxyhydrogen microscope and apparatus, in case. Daguerreotype apparatus, consisting of an adjusting back camera, with compound achromatic lens, an im- proved bromine and iodine box, with contrivance for transferring the prepared plate to the frame of the camera, mercury box, plate-box, chemical-chest, buffs, plate- holders, gilding stand, tripod, &c. The parts of the apparatus are so arranged that the process may be entirely performed in the light, without the necessity of a dark room. Registered j^ortable folding calotype camera, with achro- matic lenses, for portraits and views, &c. Improved reversing frame, for producing positive pictures from calotype negatives and other photogenic processes. Registered improved agricultural drainage-level. Balance galvanometer, for indicating the strength of galvanic currents in grain weights. " Optometer," an instrument for ascertaining the exist- ence of any defect in the refracting media of the eye, and for determining the range of adjustment for distances which it possesses. Patent electric indicator, for fire and thieves. Planning rule, comprising the chief scales required by architects and surveyors, with a peculiar arrange- ment of the odd and even scales, and reading from the edges. Chemico-mechanical voltaic battery. Registering hygrometer. Bust of Napoleon Bonaparte, from a model by Canova, executed by the electrotype process. Similar bust of Sir Walter Scott, from a model by Chantrey. Transparency, exhibiting the appearance of the lunar disc when in direct opposition to the sun, as seen through Herschel's 40-feet reflecting telescope. 233 Graham, George, 8 Liverpool Street, Walworth —Inventor. Invention for directing an aerial machine. 234: Gilbert, G. Moubray, Ealing—Proprietor, Patent portable celestial and terrestrial globes, inflated with atmospheric air, manufactured of superior tissue paper. The celestial globe is particularly adapted for the use of lecturers on astronomy: a view of the stars in their true position may be thus obtained. The terrestrial globe is inflated by means of an air- pump, or simple movement of the hand. [A view of the stars in their true position, relatively to each other and to the observer, can only be obtained by placing the eye inside of the celestial globe at its centre, A view of the countries of the earth in their true position can only be obtained by placing the eye outside of the ter- restrial globe, at an infinite distance ; but this being im- possible, the greater the distance, the more accurate is. the view.] Charvolant, or carriage drawn by kites. 237 Luntley, John, New Broad Street Court— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a self-propelling rotary balloon. Provisionally registered. Specimens of engraving by the ruling machine, com- posed of circular, elliptical, spiral, straight, and graduated lines. Designed to prevent fraudulent imitation; with a border in chromo-lithography. 248 Pritchard, Andrew, 162 Fleet Street— Inventor and Manufacturer. An achromatic microscope. 249 Hett, Alexander, 24 Bridge St., Southwark— Preparer. Variety of injected microscopic objects, showing the application of this mode of preparation, for disj)laying the structure of parts and organs, and also serving to illus- trate the utility and importance of the microscope in its application to the sciences of physiology and pathology. Microscope to exhibit the objects. [The injection of coloured substances into the minuter vessels of the animal frame is an art peculiar and diflicult. Leuwenhoek succeeded perhaps better than any previous, and the majorit}^ of subsequent, observers, in preparing minute injections, many of which are still preserved as precious relics by the Royal Society. The injections em- ployed consist of substances fluid when warm, and partially solidifying when cold. The apparatus employed is a powerful pump, the taper nozzle-piece of which is inserted into an artery.—R. E.J 250 Field, Robert, & Son, 113 New Street, Birmingham- - Manufacturers, Large and small achromatic microscopes, with moveable stage. Dissecting microscope, mth Wollaston's doublets. Compound achromatic lenses for photographic pur- poses. Calotype pictures; scene: Forest of Arden, Warwick- shire; staircase, Haddon Hall, Derbyshire; and Wych Elm, Packington churchyard, Warwickshire. [The calotype picture is a negative one, in which the lights of nature are represented by shades; but copies from them can readily be made in which the lights are conformable to nature.—J. G.] 252 PouLTON, Cornelius, Southern Hill, Beading— Manufacturer. Objects prepared and mounted for the microscope, with illustrative drawings by Mr. M. S. Legg. 253 Smith, James, & Beck, Richard, 6 Coleman Street—Manufacturers. Glass case; in the top, are stands for compound achro- matic microscopes, constructed so as to avoid tremor, with adjustments and complete apparatus. In the middle, are the requisites for mounting microscopic objects, the cells, slips, thin glass, fluid covers, &c,, and a few prepa- rations as specimens. The bottom is a new form o£ cabinet for the objects. Two tables, with revolving to^^s, for successi^ly turn- ing the microscope to two or three persons who can con- veniently sit round, [A compound achromatic microscope consists of two or more combinations of lenses, by one of which an en- larged image of the object is formed, and by means of the other, or eye-glass, a magnified representation of the enlarged image is seen,] 254 Ross, A,, 2 Feather stone Buildings, Holborn— Inventor and Manufacturer. Astronomical telescope, the diameter of the object- glass is \\\ inches, mounted on a stand, with equatorial movements and complete adjustments. The optical part wrought by Ross's improved system and machinery. This instrument is exhibited in the Western Nave, [The grinding of an object-glass of 11^ inches in dia- meter to a good figm-e, and free from both spherical and chromatic aberration, is veiy diflicult. The advantage of a large object-glass will be seen from the following consideration. The principal reason of the superior dis- tinctness of a telescope over unassisted vision arises from the fact, that the pupil of the eye takes in a certain 2 12 North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. number of rays of light; but, on looking through a tele- scope, it takes in as many more rays in proportion as the object-glass is larger than the pupil itself, and the object appears as brilliant as it would were the pupil of the eye to be enlarged to the size of the object-glass.—J. G.] Chemical pottery wares. Complete apparatus for dis- tillation and condensation. Manufactured in terra cotta chemical-stone ware, to stand great heat, and lined with acid-proof glaze. Astronomical telescope, 32 inches in diameter, mounted on an equatorial stand. Astronomical telescope, 2^ inches in diameter, mounted on a pillar-and-claw stand. Improved microscopes, with new method of illumina- tion. Improved photographic camera obscuras. 254a Reade, Rev. J. B., F.R.S., Stone Vicarage, Aylesbury —Inventor. Positive solid eye-pieces. {Main Avenve West.) The solid eye-piece (see the following cut) consists of two double convex lenses, c and e of crown glass, with an inter- mediate double concave lens, d, of flint, having the contact Reade's Solid Eye-piece. surfaces cemented together. The cap, h, contains a small eye-hole, a. Its novelty consists in its construction, v^^hich secures a large and flat field of view, together with the removal of spherical and chromatic aberration. In con- sequence of the purity of its achromatism, the webs of the transit instrument and micrometer are seen as fine black lines, and hence it is found by experiment that observa- tions are made more perfectly than with the common positive eye-piece which is not achromatic. No light is lost, as in the usual construction, by inner reflections, and there is no formation of the false image or " ghost " of planets and the brighter stars. From the following data the curves of the lenses may be determined for a given focal length :— Index of refraction of flint . . 1-600 Index of refraction of crown . . 1-523 Ratio of dispersive powers . . 0-657 Thickness of flint lens . . . 0-775 X/, where / = whole focal length for parallel rays. 256 Hudson, Frederick Thomas, Greenwich— Producer and Designer. Microscopic objects—^being minute parts of animal, vegetable, and mineral tissues, and structures, prepared for examination by the microscope. 257 Varley & Son, 1 Charles Street, Clarendon Square—Inventors and Makers. Graphic telescopes, by which general views or images of objects, may be accurately ti-aced, of any size. Reversing camera, by which pictures or objects may be traced the reverse way. Microscope, in which the moveable stage is kept parallel to one position whilst moved about in any direction. Reflecting telescopes. Model of the apparatus for movmting together and changing three small sx)eculums of large Gregorian tele- scopes, so as not to lose sight of the object; thus the power may be doubled, or quadrupled, or reduced without loss of time. Air-pump, with crank motion and double-acting single barrel. New double-acting exhausting air-pump. Portable electrical apparatus: on moving the inner tubes to and fro, the outer tube becomes charged in the same manner as the Ley den phial. 258 Jackson, E. & W., 315 Oxford Street—Inventors. Thin glass, used for microscopic purposes, and for the polarization of light. Cells for mounting microscopic objects. Slides for microscopic purposes ; exhibited for economy in production. 259 Chadburn Brothers, Sheffield and Liverpool— Manufacturers. Specimens of glass in the rough state, suitable for spectacles. Glass, cut round and oval, ready for cementing on the blocks. A block of glasses ready for grinding, being plane or parallel. A block of glasses ground to the required radius. The focus of the glass depending on the radius of the lap in which they are ground. A lap, 12 inches radius ; glasses when ground on both sides in it, are 12 inches focus. A block of glasses, ground and polished, ready to be taken off*. Tool used for polishing the glasses. A block of concave glasses finished; being cemented in the lap, they are ground hollow. Glasses ready for fitting into spectacles. The exhibitors ginnd 750 dozen per week, on the average. Provisionally registered portable barometer. The im- provement consists in making the cistern of glass (which is covered) with a flexible cover, which can be pressed down, so as to prevent the mercury oscillating when the barometer is carried about or packed for travelling. Optical lenses, of various kinds. Spectacles—reading and magnifying glasses, &c. Opera glasses and small telescopes. Day or night ship and signal telescopes. Large and portable achromatic telescopes. Simple and compound microscopes. Magic lanterns and views. Ca- mera-obscuras and diagonal mirrors. Agricultural and surveyors' levels, &c. Horse-shoe and other magnets. Steam and vacuum gauges. Barometers, &c. Garden and windov7 syringes. Galvano electric machines. Ship's berth or side illuminators and ventilators. Working models of steam-engines, &c. Craig's charactograph. 260 Bond, J. W., Emma Street, Ann's Place, Haclmey Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Natural objects, prepared in Canada balsam, for the oxyhydrogen microscope. 263 Abraham, Abraham, & Co., 20 Lord Street, Liverpool—Manufacturers. Trinoptric prismatic lantern, with apparatus for making oxygen gas, viz.: gas bag, retort, and purifier, invented by the Rev. St. Vincent Beechy. It combines the powers of three lanterns, with one small lamp of intense brightness. A disc of 25 feet for each tube maybe obtained, and each disc is capable of being darkened to any required extent, without shadow on any portion of the picture. Dioptric prismatic lantern, producing two in lieu of three discs. Compound miscroscope, exhibited for workmanship. Portable sketching camera obscura. In the optical ar- rangement, a meniscus and prism are employed in lieu of a lens and mirror, and a vivid flat picture is obtained. [The trinoptric and dioptric lanterns exhibited, are for the purpose of producing panoramic and other pictures, generally displayed by means of the phantasmagoria lan- terns and dissolving-view apparatus. The lamp employed is an oil-lamp, supplied with oxygen gas, on the principle of the Bude light.] ' North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 264 Richardson, T. W,, Brcde, near Northam, Smsex— Inventor. A reflecting telescope, for observing the sun's surface: the reflector, made of crown glass, is j^art of a paraboloid of revolution. Improved screw for straining wire fences. Hop-tallies. Specimens of the prismatic colour on glass. Sec. 265 Will ATS, T. & R., 28 Ironmonger Lane, Cheapside— Inventors and Manufacturers. Improved portable photographic camera and stand, for obtaining pictures by any known photographic process, on metal plates, paper, glass, &c. The advantages of this form of camera are, the facility with which it can be packed into a small compass; the adjustments for placing the paper or plates at the proper focus, without exposing them to the daylight; and the comparatively small weight of the appai-atus: thus render- ing the practice of photography easy to a traveller. Improved registering thread calculator, or linen prover, to ascertain the number of threads in a given space, of silk, linen, or cotton fabric, and to register this number on paper. It is of importance in purchasing any woven fabric, to ascertain the number of threads, wai'p, and woof con- tained within a square inch, as the knowledge of these en- ables the purchaser to judge of its strength and dura bility. This instrument is devised to render the opera- tion easy to the merchant. 266 Salmon, William John, 254 Whitechapel Road— Manufacturer. Day or night telescopes for ships' use. 267 Crickitt, R. E., Doctors' Commons—Designer. Universal equatorial telescope-stand, to revolve round the polar axis without altering, and at the same time to secure steadiness. 268 Callaghan, W., 45 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury —Manufacturer. An improved deer-stalking telescope. A pair of portable steel spectacles. 269 PiLLiscHER, MoRRiCE, 398 Oxford Street— Designer and Manufacturer. Large and small achromatic microscopes, with the stage movements simplified. Students' microscope, capable of forming a portable dissecting, as well as clinical microscope, with all the necessary apparatus. Double achromatic opera-glass. Opera-glasses, mounted in tortoiseshell and gilt, and mounted in ivory. Newly invented compasses, for describing ellipses of any size. Six's thermometer in ivory, for registering maximum and minimum temperatures. 270 Carpenter & Westle^, 24 Recent Street— Manufacturers and Proprietors. Phantasmagoria lanterns, with the latest mechanical and optical arrangements. Set of lenses, and a set of sections of the apparatus to show the optical principle. Paintings of natural history, wdth some of the same subjects in outline, as printed from copper plates, and supplied to artists. Series of astronomical diagrams. Paintings adapted to dissolving lanterns. [The phantasmagoria lanterns exhibited are a scientific form of magic-lantern, diJffering from it in no essential principle. The images they produce are variously exhibited, either on opaque or transparent screens. The light is an improved kind of solar lamp. The manner in which the beautiful melting pictures called dissolving views are produced, as respects the mechanism employed, deserves to be explained. The arrangement adopted in the instruments exhibited is the following :— Two lanterns of the same size and power, and in all respects exactly agreeing, are arranged together upon a little tray or platform. They are held fast to this stand by screws, which admit of a certain degree of half-revolving motion from side to side, in order to adjust the foci. This being done in such a manner that the circle of light of each lan - tern falls precisely upon the same s^^ot upon the screen, the screws are tightened to the utmost extent, so as to remove all probability of further movement. The dis- solving apparatus consists of a circular tin plate, japanned in black, along three parts of the circumference of A\ hi(;h a crescentic aperture runs, the interval between tlu- horns of the crescent being occupied by a circular opeu^ ing, covered by a screwed plate, removeable at pleasure. This plate is fixed to a horizontal wooden axis, at the other end of which is a handle, by which the plate can be caused to rotate. The axis of wood is supported by two pillars, connected Vv^ith a flat piece which is secured to the tray. This apparatus is placed between the lan- terns in such a manner that the circular plate is in front of the tubes of both, while the handle projects behind tlie lanterns at the back. The plate can, therefore, be tui'ned round by means of the handle, without difficulty, from behind. A peg of wood is fixed into the axis, so as to prevent its effecting more than half a revolution. The widest part of the crescentic opening in the plate, is suf- ficiently so to admit all the rays of the lantern before which it happens to be placed. On the plate being slowly turned half round, by means of the handle behind, the opening narrows until it is altogether lost in one of the horns of the crescent. The light of that lantern is gradually cut ofi* as the aperture diminishes, until it is at length wholly shaded under the moveable cover occupying the interval between the horns of this crescentic oijening. In proportion as the light is cut ofi" from one, it is let on from the other tube, in consequence of the gradually in- creasing size of the crescent revolving before it, iintil at length the widest part of this opening in the plate is pre- sented before the tube of the second lantern, the first being, as we have seen, shaded. This movement being reversed, the light is cut oflp from the second lantern, and again let on from the first, and so on alternately. Thus while the screen always presents the same circle of light, yet it is derived first from one lantern, then from the next. When in use, a slider is introduced into each lantern. The lantern before the mouth of which the widest part of the opening in the plate is placed, exhibits the painting on the screen, the light of the other lantern being then hid behind the cover. On turning the handle, this pic- ture gradually becomes shaded, while the light from the second lantern streams throiigh the widening opening. The effect on the screen is the melting away of the first picture, and the brilliant development of the second, the screen being at no instant left unoccupied by a pictm"e. The principle involved in this apparently complex, but in reality simple mechanism, is, merely the obscuration of one picture and the throwing of a second in the same place on the screen. And it may be accomplished in a gxeat variety of ways. Thus, by simply placing a flat piece of wood, somewhat like the letter Z, on a point in the centre, so that alternately one or the other of the pieces at the end should be raised or depressed before the lanterns, a dissolving scene is produced. Or, by fixing a moveable ui^right shade, which can be pushed alternately before one or the other of the lanterns, the same eSect is produced, North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Individuals exist in this metropolis whose sole occupa- tion consists in painting the minute scenes or slides used for the phantasmagoria lanterns. The perfection to which these paintings are brought is surf)rising. There are two methods by which the sliders now employed are pro- duced. In one of these, the outline and detail are entirely the work of the artist's pencil. For pictures representing landscapes, or wherever a spirited painting is required, this is the exclusive method employed. The colours are rendered transparent by being ground in Canada balsam and mixed with varnish. The other method is a transfer process. The outlines of the subjects are engraved on copper plates, and the impression is received from these on thin sheets of glue, and is then transferred to a plate of glass, the impression being biu^nt in the same manner as is effected in earthenware. Sliders produced in this way receive the distinctive name of copper-plate sliders. The subject is merely represented in outline, it being left to the artist to fill up with the necessary tints, &c. The advantages of this method for the production of paintings of a limited kind are obvious. Latterly photography on glass has been employed to obtain pictures for the magic lantern.—R. E.] 271 DiXEY, C. W., 3 New Bond Street—Manufacturer. Carved oak barometer. Barometer showing the action of the mercury. Improved nautical sextant. Assortment of spectacles. Eye-glasses. Binocular opera-glasses. Thermometers. Registered thermometers. Telescopes. Mathematical drawing instruments. Ivory rolling parallel rule (fully divided). 273 Bayley, Robert, 18 Half Moon Crescent, White Conduit House—Manufacturer. Gold and steel spectacles. 274r Goddard, James Thomas, 35 Goswell Street— Manufacturer. Achromatic object-glass for a telescope of 9 inches aper- ture, and about 16 feet focus. [The larger glass placed in telescopes, or that which is placed the farthest from the eye, is termed the object- glass. If this glass consists of a single lens, the image of a circular object will not be a perfect circle, as it ought to be, for such a lens will not refract all the rays falling upon it to a single point, and will cause an image in its focus to be both distorted and coloured; the former defect arises from the fact that no spherical lens will produce a ■perfect image; and the latter, from the unequal refrangi- bility of the coloured rays which, united, form a per- fectly colourless image, and thus the image will be siirrounded with several colours. The most important improvement in object-glasses was made in the year 1757, by Dollond. This was effected by making the object- glass double, one portion being made of flint glass and the other of crown glass, of different refractive powers, which mutually correct each other, and thus give a pencil of light entirely colourless. Such object-glasses are called achromatic.—J. G.] 274a Evans, W., Brecknock, South Wales—Inventor and Manufacturer. Artificial leg, to enable persons who have lost the knee either to walk or ride. By a concentric action a stiffness is given to the knee-joint, which causes a pressure in the stirrup equal to nature, and requires only a touch of the finger outside the trousers or breeches, under the knee- joint, before mounting ; by a similar touch on the front of the thigh, before dismounting, the pressure is removed, when the person may walk with ease. 276 Clark, F., 13 Park Side, Knightsbridge—lnYentov and Manufacturer. Newly-invented adjusting spectacles and opera glasses. 278 Hyams, Hyam, 59 Corn/uY^—Inventor and Manufacturer. New object-glass, acting as a telescope or opera-glass, and consisting of only a single piece of glass or lens, in the shape of a truncated cone, having a convex surface at the base or large end, and a concave surface at the other. Improved Stanhope lens of a conical shape. 279 Weaber, Henry, 129 Ox/ord^^r^^—Manufacturer. Invisible steel spectacles; gold spectacles, and a variety of other spectacles, and hand-glasses. 280 Whitehouse, Nathaniel, 2 Cranbourn Street —Proprietor and Manufacturer. Artificial eye. Artificial silver nose. Solid silver opera-glass. Gold spectacles to fold in a walking-stick. Tortoiseshell spectacles. Improved sketching specta- cles, without rim to obstruct vision. Invisible spectacles; the frame being let in, the glass is concealed. 281 Woodman, James T., 6 Commercial Place, Commer- cial Road, Peckham—Inventor and Manufacturer. Portable self-adjusting leg and foot rest. Its advan- tages consist in the facility of being raised to the required height, and its immediate self-adaptation to the position in the leg or foot may be placed. If necessary the whole action may be made rigid without removal of the limb. As to size, it can be packed in a common carpet bag. 283 Braithwaite, S., 169 Kirhjate, Wakefield— Inventor and Manufacturer. Registered ventilating eye-shades. 284 Stark, Robert M., 1 Hope Street, Edinburgh— Inventor and Manufacturer. Microscopic objects of vegetable origin, prepared in gutta percha cells; intended as a substitute for glass cells, being equally durable, and produced at less cost. They are adapted for most vegetable and animal tissues, requir- ing to be kept in a liquid medium. Slides for exhibiting opaque objects under the micro- scope. The groove in the centre, to receive the cover, is made with a circular bit designed for that purpose. [It is an evidence of the progress of microscopic know- ledge, that the prepai'ation of objects of the kind described constitutes at present a distinct art.—R. E.] 285 Jordan, Charles, 37 Chapman Street, Manchester— Inventor and Manufacturer. Case of optical instruments for surgical and other pur- poses:— No. 1 is an instrument for the inspection of the inter- nal parts of the ear. The instrument as seen in the case, with silver truncated tube, is for the ear only. The silver tubes Nos. 2 and 3, the two long brass tubes, the sliding tube No. 4 (with magnifier), and the large brass tube, are used for other internal parts of the body. No. 5 is an instrument for the Eustachian tube: an elastic tube is made to slide inside a silver one, and inside the elastic tube, is a steel spring wire for the purpose of giving curvature to the elastic tube, when introduced into the Eustachian tube. Before introducing the instrument the elastic .tube must be partially withdrawn from the silver tube, and when the orifice of the Eustachian tube is felt, the elastic tube must be gently slid therein, when the spring wire will adapt itself to the required curve. The wire is intended to convey a feeble galvanic cur- rent through the membrane tympani, through a little aperture at the end of the elastic tube; when the wire is withdravm, fluid or vapour may be injected. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries No. 6 is a lamp for illuminating the deep cavities of moulds in iron-founding, &c. Much inconvenience has often been felt by moulders in large foundries for want of a right method of directing light down the deep parts of moulds. Ivory concentric shells, turned from the solid ball. The ball is five inches diameter; there are 14 shells, the inner ones being l-20th inch thick and the space 1-16th inch between each shell. The tusk from which the ball was turned weighed IBOlbs. Specimens of all the useful metals and alloys, showing the surface and fracture. 286 Solomon, Joseph, 22 Red Lion Squm^e— Manufacturer. Registered papier mache opera glasses. Eye pro- tectors, &c. 287 King, Thomas D,, Bristol—Designer and Manufacturer. Compound achromatic microscope mounted on a pyra- midal tripod, with mechanical stage, traversing in rectan- gular planes by micrometer screws, achromatic condenser, polariscope, double refracting goniometer, cobweb micro- meter and other eye-pieces, insect forceps, and various accessories. In this microscope the weight is equally distributed over the base, and when inclined at its work- ing angle, the chief portion is brought below the point of suspension ; the traversing stage has divided scales and verniers, whereby admeasurements can be accurately de- termined. Student's compound achromatic and single microscope. Improved spherical prismatic illuminator, for trans- parent and opaque microscopic objects, enabling the rays of light to be thrown either obliquely or vertically. 288 Earl, Francis J., Pitfs Head, Grange Road, Berrnondsey. A perpetual calendar. Registered. 289 Braham, John, 17 St. Augustine's Parade, Bristol— Manufacturer and Inventor. Spectacles, from their earliest invention: various modes adopted by Sir Isaac Newton, Drs. Kitchiner, Wollaston, and Herschel. Perfect and imperfect lenses. Lenses, from 60 inches to 1^ inch focus. Meniscus and double- convex lenses. Specimens of Brazilian crystal. Mode of producing convex and concave lenses for spectacle-eyes. Improvements on Wollaston's principle of curved lenses. Model of the eye. Spectacles without rims; and hand-frames. Patent pantoscopic spectacles, in gold, silver, steel, and shell mountings. Double pantoscopic lens, for near and far sight ; the same worked in one disc of glass (two pairs). Registered trigonometer, for measuring and protracting angles from a centre. Herapath's registered gas blow-pipe. 290 Rowley, J., Wofoer7ia?7ipio/z—Manufacturer. Front of a pair of spectacles worked out of a solid piece of cast-steel. Improved spectacles, the sides being so formed that they may be used without being placed upon the head; they also include Braham's patent. Pair of spectacles, with several improvements. Spectacles, exhibited for their extreme lightness, worked out of best cast-steel; weight, 2 pennyweights. Globular glass travelling spectacles. Wire-gauze eye- preserving spectacles. Hoi'se-shoe eye-preserving tra- velling spectacles. Another pair (finer). Small oval eye spectacle, preserver glasses. A similar pair, oblong. Small octagon eye spectacles. Folding hand-spectacle, or double eye-glass. Inclosed spring hand-spectacle, or double eye-glass. Folding hand-spectacle, or double eye- glass. Oval single eye-glass for reading. Octagon single eye-glass for reading. Hexagon single eye-glass for reading. Eye-glass handle, a preservative for the glass, 291 Mayall, J. E., 433 West Strand—FrodiUCQV. Daguerreotypes of various kinds. Daguerreotype j)anoramas.—Niagara Falls. Fairmount Water Works, Philadelphia. Birthplace of Shakspeare. River Avon, with a view of Stratford Church. Ann Hathaway's House. [By a little expenditure of ingenuity, it is perfectly possible to take daguerreotype views of nature in the open fields, by the river side, or on the sea-shore. All that is necessary is to obtain a means of transferring the prepared plate, and also of mercurializing it when im- pressed, in the dark; and by a small amount of manual dexterity, with the assistance of a piece of black velvet, this may be accomplished.—R. E.] Daguerreotype pictures to illustrate poetry and senti- ment, the backgrounds in some cases behig sketched, and the sitter posed so as to make the whole harmonise to- gether. The Soldier's Dream (Campbell), an illustrated poem (from life), in four tableaux. The Venerable Bede blessing an Anglo-Saxon child (after nature). The Lord's Prayer, in a series of ten designs (from life). The Fisher Boys, a study from nature; and a variety of others. [The application of the daguerreotype to the production of the pictures referred to is effected in the following manner:—The sitter, or the persons comprising the group, dressed in appropriate costume, are artistically posed so as to form a tableau vivant, and in this position are taken by the ordinary process. The background is procured either by placing the sitters in front of a scene painted upon canvas, in which case the plate receives the impres- sion as usual, and the scene appears as a natural back- ground to the figures; or, in other cases, the plate is painted with a fine brush, and the landscape, &c., are thus artificially sketched upon its surface. The practised eye will immediately decide which of these methods have been adopted.—R. E.] Frame of interesting specimens, including a j)ortrait of Daguerre, the inventor of the art. [The discovery by M. Daguerre of the sensitiveness to luminous impressions of an iodized silver plate, and of the development of the picture by mercurial vapour, was first announced to the French Academy of Sciences, by M. Arago, in January, 1839. The original jorocess is not now pursued, bromine and iodine, in combination or succession, being employed to render the plate sensitive to light.—R. E.] Daguerreotypes of sculpture, and novel applications of the art to a variety of subjects. " Crayon daguerreotypes." [This peculiar process is understood to be a French in- vention. In No. 1197 o£ the Athenaeum, Mr. Mayall has desci'ibed, in the following terms, the method of producing crayon daguerreotypes:— ''First. Take a daguerreotype image on a prepared plate as usual, taking care to mark the end of the plate on which the head is produced. When taken, and before mercurializing, remove the plate and place on it a plate of glass, prepared as follows: Second. Cut a piece of thin plate glass of the same size as the daguerreotype plate; gum upon one side of it a thin oval piece of blackened zinc, the centre of the oval to coincide with the centre of the image upon the plate. Having carefully placed the glass thus prepared, with the centi-e of the zinc disc, upon the centre of the image, expose the whole to daylight for twenty seconds. The action of the light will obliterate North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. every trace of the image from every part of the plafce, except that which is covered with the blackened zinc, and also from the thickness of the glass the action will be refracted under the edges of the zinc disc, and will soften into the dark parts. Third. Mercurialize the plate as usual; the image will be found with a halo of light around it, gradually softening into the background. By grinding the glass on which the disc is fixed, and by altering the size and shape of the disc, a variety of effects may be produced," The appearance of these pictures is extremely singular. The fact that the exposure of plates already impressed with an image in the camera obscura to daylight entirely removed the original impression, is one of the practical discoveries made by every daguerreotypist who has acci- dentally lifted the shutter of the plate-holder after removing it from the camera. But such an application of this fact could scarcely have been anticipated.—R. E.] Specimens of photography, on glass. [The art of photography on glass is more recent than either the daguerreotype or talbotype processes. But the principles upon which it is successfully practised are essentially similar to those involved in the latter art. In consequence of the inequality of the texture of photo- graphic paper, it became desirable to obtain some more homogeneous medium for the reception of the negative talbotype picture. Glass and porcelain have been employed with great success for this purpose. In order to render the surface sufficiently retentive of the sensitive coating of silver, the plates of glass are covered in the first instance with a thin layer of the albumen of an egg, containing a few drops of a solution of iodide of potassium. The sensi- tive washes are then applied, and the plate is exposed to the lenticular image in the camera. The picture is developed in the usual manner. The 'Sprints" from glass plates are of the most exquisitely beautiful character.—R. E,] 291a Ladd, W., 29 Penton Place, Walworth— Manufacturer. Box of apparatus for showing experiments in pneu- matics, consisting of an air-pump and 14 other instru- ments. [The air-pump was invented by Otto Guericke, a citizen of Magdeburg, in Prussian Saxony, about the year 1654. He illustrated the pressure of the atmosphere by the beautiful experiment of exhausting a hollow sphere, com- posed of two pieces accurately fitting at their edges, which before the experiment were slightly rubbed with fat. On pumping out the air, tha external atmosphere pressed the hemispheres together with such force that, to the great astonishment of the spectators, a number of horses were unable to pull them asunder. In the hands of Boyle and Mariotte it served shortly afterwards for the discovery of the principal mechanical properties of the atmosphere.—W. D. L. R.] Compound microscope, with chain and spindle, in lieu of rack and pinion now in use. Registered. 292 Beard, Richard, 85 King William Street^ City— Producer and Patentee. Photographic pictures by a new patent process, whereby daguerreotypes are enamelled." [The enamelling referred to would appear to consist in removing the glare of the polished plate by a transparent covering, resembling a varnish. The present method of fixing a daguerreotype picture is by gilding, with a solution of the hypo sulphite or chloride of gold.—R. E.] 294 KiLBURN, William Edward, 234 Regent Street— Producer. Photogi'aphic miniatures. 295 Paine, William, 5 Trinitg Row, Islington— Producer. Photographic pictures, to exhibit the progress of the art. 296 Claudet, Antoine Francois Jean, 1^ King William Street, Charing Cross—Inventor. Multiplying camera-obscura, to represent on the same sur- face a number of different pictures, or the same in various aspects, the portraits of several persons, &c. The novelty consists in moving the prepared plate by means of racks and pinions in a vertical and in a hoiizontal direction, thus making several parts of the surface pass alternately before an opening placed at the focus of the lens, A sculptor being supplied with seven difierent aspects of the features of the same person, is enabled, without seeing that person, to make a perfect bust or model. Photographometer, to measure the intensity of the di- rect photogenic rays, and to compare the sensitiveness of various photogenic preparations. [It is of the utmost importance in practice to know, at all times, the amount of chemical agency (actinism) which may be associated with the light of the sun, as they bear no direct relation to each other; the light may be intense and the chemical power very deficient, or the contrary: hence the value to the daguerreotypist of an instrument of this kind.—R. H.] Dynactinometer, to measure the intensity of the re- flected photogenic radiation, and to compare the power of lenses or object glasses, [Lenses vary very considerably in their powers of trans- mitting radiations: the difference arising from the mole- cular condition of the glass itself, which varies, and also from very slight deviations from the true curve^ which in the delicate operation of grinding it is exceedingly difficult to avoid.—R. H.] Focimeter. It is impossible to obtain well-defined, photographic pictures, without previously ascertaining the exact position of the photogenic focus, which is easily done by taking the image of the focimeter on a photo- graphic surface, and comparing the segments of the ap- paratus with the image, then on the ground glass and on the photographic surface. [Mr. Towson first observed that the focus of the chemi- cal rays was not identical with the luminous focus; that the best photographic picture was always produced at a short distance nearer the lens, than the point at which the most perfect visible image is produced: M. Claudet has shown that this applies equally to achromatic as to non-achromatic lense»; and this instrument is for the pur- pose of determining the chemical focus with facility.— R. H.] Screens, to modify the action of light on the various parts of the figure in taking portraits, and thus obtain artistic effects. Patent photographic camera-obscura. The novelty con- sists in its being possible to adapt to it with the greatest facility any system of object-glasses, to change them at will according to the power wanted, and also to use plates of any size; each having a separate moveable frame, in which the ground glass and plate fit the same groove. Without the least alteration it will serve for silver plates or paper, and answer either for views or portraits. [The photographic camera is a modified form of the camera obscura, invented by Baptista Porta, the principle in both cases being the same, the arrangements only being modified to allow of the easy introduction of the daguerreotype plate or photographic paper. The princi- North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. pie is often popularly studied by simply making a hole in the window shutter of a dark room and examining the images of external objects on a sheet of paper at a certain distance from it.—R. H.] Dark boxes, for containing the prepared plates, and carrying them to and from the camera-obscura. Brass frames, to hold two plates, face to face, without contact. Mercury box. The novelty is that a number of plates of various sizes may be mercurialized at once, in a ver- tical position, and that the heat is applied by the uniform temperature of boiling water. Apparatus for cleaning and finishing a daguerreotype plate, without burning the oil which has been used for the polishing, and without employing cotton wool, spirit of wine, or any powder. Bromide of iodine. Iodine and bromine combined in proportions found to afford means of giving the plate the highest state of sensitiveness. [In preparing a daguerreotype plate, it is essential that the agent employed to act chemically on the polished silver surface should be in such a condition, that the afl&nity may be easily upset by solar agency. This is peculiarly the case with compounds of bromine, iodine, and chlorine. The balance of action is very easily dis- turbed, and hence the extreme sensibility of plates pre- pared with these compounds.—R. H.] Daguerreotype pictvires, plain and coloured. Repre- sentation of objects of art, scientific experiments on the efiect of the various rays, illustrations of the non-coinci- dence of the visual and photogenic foci, portraits from nature, taken by means of a prism placed before the object glass, in order to obtain a non-inverted picture. [The effects shown in these experiments illustrate the influences exerted by various media, natural and artificial, upon the solar rays. In some examples, the luminous rays are shown to act as protecting the plates from change, and in others the energetic power of the chemical rays (actinism) is separated to a great extent from the luminous rays (light). The general result is to prove that the radiations which give rise to photogi'aphic phenomena, although associated with light and heat in the sunbeams, are not identical with it in their action on material bodies.—R. H.] Photographic table; showing that photographic pro- ductions may be employed in various ways, as the orna- mental part of drawing-room furniture. Daguerreotype plates, perfectly plane and free from specks, forming true mirrors. [Daguerreotype plates are of copper, plated with silver; by placing two pieces of these metals in contact with very clean surfaces, and thus passing them through steel rollers, they are pressed so closely together that the full action of cohesive force is exerted between their particles, and they adhere with great firmness. The silver is sub- sequently polished, and by nice manipulation prepared for the use of the daguerreotype artist.—R. H.] Photogenic paradox, showing that what is light for the eyes is darkness for the photogenic action^ a frame containing, on one half, the portrait of the Queen, covered with yellow glass, and on the other half the portrait of Prince Albert, covered with deep blue glass, being represented on a daguerreotype plate. The result is that the yellow glass, although showing clearly to the eyes the picture of Her Majesty, has prevented the pho- toger^c action, and that the deep blue glass, although completely hiding the portrait of Prince Albert, the pho- togenic rays refiected by his picture through the blue glass have had the same action on the daguerreotype as if the engraving had been covered with transparent glass, or with no glass at all. This experiment proves why when light appears yellow on account of vapours existing in the atmosphere, the photogenic action is always so feeble and altogether impeded. Frame containing six specimens— (1) Light of a candle represented on a daguerreotype plate. (2) Image of a statue produced by the continued action of light on a daguerreotype plate, without any mercury ; the white forming the image is due to a fine precipitate of the silver combined with iodine, taking place under the action of light during the decomposition of the compound. (3) Negative portrait produced on a plate first exposed to light, and in that state having received the image of the camera obscura through yellow glass ; this proves the destructive action of the yellow rays in the photo- graphic operation, and that the yellow rays are not only antagonistic to the jihotogenic rays, but that they destroy the effect produced by the last. (4) Image of the sun produced during a clear atmo- sphere. (5) Image of the sun produced when it appears red through a fog. (6) Image of the moon produced during a clear night. Frame containing four specimens— (1) Image of the solar spectrum on iodide of silver. (2) Image of the solar spectrum on bromo iodine of silver. (3) Experiment of the focimeter, showing the differ- ence between the visual focus and the photogenic focus and their variation. (4) Experiment of the dynactinometer, showing the intensity of the photogenic light at any given moment, for various spaces of time in a geometrical progression. It is curious to observe the small difference produced by a double intensity. Image of clouds, taken instantaneously during bois- terous weather. Interesting study for artists. Frame containing the various colours of water co- lour, and another the daguerreotype representation of the first. This experiment shows that all the tints of blue, indigo, and violet produce white in photography, and that all the tints of gi'een, yellow, orange, and red, produce black, or rather that they hdve no photogenic action. 297 Henneman & Malone, 122 Regent St., Westmiiister— Designers, 1. Talbotype apparatus of improved design, made by J, Newman, of 122 Regent Street, 2. Talbotype pictures produced on paper, silk, and other fabrics; and on porcelain, coated glass, stone, steel, wood, and ivory. 3. Talbotypes treated with caustic potash and a lead salt, in order to produce an agreeable tint of colour, and to render more secure the fixation. 4. Specimens of Sir J. Herschel's cyanotype and chry- sotype, and of Mr. Robert Hunt's chromatype pictures. [Talbotype is the name applied, in the first instance, by Sir David Brewster, to the calotype pictures, his object being to distinguish by the name of the discoverer a photographic process which is little, if anything, infe- rior to the daguerreotype of the French. Paper being covered with a pure iodide of silver, is rendered sensitive to luminous radiations by being washed over with a mix- ture of gallic acid and nitrate of silver; and after the paper is taken from the camera, a dormant picture being produced upon it, it is developed by a second application of gallic acid. Sir John Herschel's cyanotype and chrysotype processes admit of many modifications, the former consisting of the change of a persalt of iron into a protosalt by the solar rays; the paper being then washed with a compound of North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. cyanogen (hence its name), the picture is represented in Prussian blue. The latter is in most respects similar, only that a solu- tion of gold is applied to the altered iron salt, and oxide of gold is formed in the place of Prussian blue. The chromatype is formed by washing paper with a mixture of the bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper; and after the picture has been faintly developed by the chemical principle of the solar beam, it is washed with nitrate of silver, by which a positive picture, or one with correct lights and shadows, is produced by one operation,—R. H.] 298 Hayward Brothers, 196 Blackfriars Road— Inventors and Proprietors. Gauge for measuring the thickness of metal and other plates, rods, or bars :—The principle of this gauge is the progressive movement of an accurately cut screw, to which is affixed a dial or circular index, which may be divided so that each space shall indicate that the screw has advanced the 1000th part of an inch, or otherwise marked as may be required, such as to show the aliquot parts of an inch, the weights per foot super,, &c,, of any particular metals, alloys, or other material, whose specific gravity is known, or with any arbitrary line of numbers, such as the ordinary wire gauge. The gauge which is exhibited has the outer circle set out, so that each minor division is equal to 1 oz, per foot super, of sheet-iron sp, gr, 7*68, the quarters and lbs, being shown up to 20 lbs, to the foot. The relative weights per foot super, of any other metals, &c,, may be found from the sliding or circular scale of equivalents which accompanies the gauge. The next circle has a line of numbers, which are suggested by the inventor of the gauge, as an improved scale for universal adoption; the advantages being that each whole number will tell its own particular value in lOOths of an inch, with fractions added, expressing lOOOths; and if written thus, " 12, 11^ &c,, could not be mistaken for the whole numbers, 12, 14, &c., as might be the case in ordinary commercial transactions. If placed with the decimal point only, for substances less than lOOths of an inch, the numbers might be written 01, 02 to 09, each representing 1, 2 to 9 thou- sandths of an inch respectively. The inner circle gives the numbers of the present Birmingham wire gauge, or (as commonly known) 'Hhe wire gauge," by which are measured iron, brass, and black steel-wires, iron and steel-sheets, and many other articles. If the weight per foot superficial of sheet-iron be required, the screw is turned to the left until there is more than sufficient room to admit the plate to be measured; then the instrument being supported with the fingers of the left hand in such a manner as to press the three points against the under side of the plate, and the thumb being placed on the plate to hold the gauge firmly, leaving the screw perfectly free, from the relative position which this bears to the three points, it will rise and descend at right angles with the face of the plate. Now the screw being turned slowly to the right, until its further progress is obstructed, in the outer circle on the dial, against the perpendicular line inside the case, will be shown the weight of the plate in ounces and lbs. to the foot superficial of sheet-iron, sp, gr. 7'68, For measuring wire, the screw should be turned to the right, until the wire cannot pass between it and the point immediately under it; then the wire being gently pressed between the two, and the screw turned slowly to the left until the wire passes, the number of the wire will be found in the inner circles on the dial. Sliding and circular scales of equivalents for weights:— If the weight per foot superficial of any other material than iron be required, it is placed in the gauge, and then on the outer circle is found the weight which it would be if sheet-iron; this weight being found on the slide, and placed against the "iron-sheet," opposite to the name of the material on the fixed part of the rule, on the slide, will be shown the weight per foot superficial of that which is under examination; and against all the rest, their respective equivalents. The scale is also applicable to all other calculations of relative weights: thiis, the weight of a casting in iron is found from the weight of the model, by finding its weight on the slider and placing it opposite to the article of which it is made; then on the slider opposite to cast-iron, mil be found its weight in this material, the customary allowance being made for the shifting of the model, and the contraction of the iron as it cools. If the whole numbers, instead of being called lbs., are taken as cwts,, then the ounces will each represent 7 lbs. If the lbs, are called ounces, then the ounces will represent drachms. Circular scaleIn this scale the same results are ob- tained by moving the various articles which are set off on the centre, opposite to the weights on the stationary margin. 299 Tyree Brothers, 44 Regent's Circus, Ficcadilly— Inventor. Daguerreotypes, including several, in which is intro- duced a new and ornamental process. The colourmg by Mr. Alfred Tyree. [In these daguerreotypes an effect somewhat resembling that of an engraved border has been produced. Such a result is capable of being attained by means of a perforated plate of metal laid over the picture and momentarily ex- posed to the light. The action of the light through the perforated parts will then produce, on exposure to the mercury, the engraved appearance.—R. E.] 301 Sadd, William, East Hill, Wandsworth— Designer, Manufacturer, & Proprietor. Model of an aerial machine, which consists of two revolving wheels for propelling, and a rudder at each end to steer the machine; and two fioats to raise or lower it without the aid of ballast. The whole is sus- tained by two cylindrical balloons, placed horizontally. This constitutes the apparatus, which is said by the' exhibitor to be as much under control as a ship on the seas; and that, notwithstanding contrary currents of air, it can be steered in any course that may be indicated, with equal facility. 302 Bingham, Robert James—Producer. Photographs, from paper negatives, 303 Colls, R. & L,, 168 New Bond Street—VvodMCQVB. Sun pictures, on paper. [The art of producing pictures by the aid of sunlight, commonly called photography, is due, so far as the pro- cesses on paper are concerned, to Mr. Fox Talbot. Other methods of obtaining photographic pictures on paper, equally expeditiously, are known; but the principles embodied in Mr. Talbot's patent are those which in actual practice produce the finest and best pictures.—R. E.] 304 RiPPiNGHAM, M. J., 17 Oreat Prescot Street. A case of photographic portraits, on paper, from nega- tives, taken with collodion on plate glass. 306 Leonard, Samuel William, 11 Upper Stamford Street—Designer. Microscopical drawings, illustrating the use of the mi- croscope for detecting adulterations in articles of food, and for discoveries in minute anatomy. 308 Sharp, Samuel, New Geo7-ge Street, Sheffield— Manufacturer. Set of ten lenses for a single microscope, from 1-10th to 1-lOOth of an inch focal length. 309 Wray, William, 43 Havering Street, Commercial Road East—Inventor and Manufacturer. A seven-feet achromatic telescope, four and a half inches in aperture, upon a new principle, in which the diificulty North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. of obtaining large discs of flint glass is overcome by the employment of a solid substitute. This substitute is a combination of a resinous sub- stance, with a very highly refractive and dispersive essential oil, and its application is extremely simple and effective, as well as comparatively inexpensive. From its homogeneous nature, it would appear that a finer tele- scope might be constructed with lenses of this substance, than with lenses of flint-glass; for it has been found a matter of extreme difficulty to produce the dense flint- glass perfectly homogeneous, and free from strijB. The substitute for flint-glass is highly transparent, of a pale straw colour, and is tmalterable by light air, moisture, and moderate heat; it fuses at about 200 degrees, and is applied in a fluid state between crown-glass lenses. It becomes solid on cooling, and remains so at all at- mospheric temperatures. Its refractive index and dis- persive power allow a shallower system of curves than flint-glass usually does, and consequently a better cor- rection of the spherical aberration. On account of the composition being in perfect contact with the two crown- glass lenses between which it is put, little light is lost by reflection at the four interior surfaces, which is not the case with the ordinary achromatic object-glass. [An achromatic glass is a compound lens formed of two kinds of glass, which act difierently upon the rays of light transmitted by them. The effect of their united action is to bring all the rays of light to a common focus, which ordinary single lenses will not effect. Objects seen through achromatic lenses are not surrounded with those fringes of colour which encircle them when ex- amined by a single lens. Hence the term achromatic. In the case in question, the disc of flint-glass is substi- tuted by a solid resinous substance.—R. E.] 317 Denton, J. B., Gray's Inn Square—Inventor. Specimens of model or relief mapping, finished and in skeleton, accompanied by a beam-level, for ascertaining heights and distances, with plans and tools elucidating the method of construction. Model mapping is designed for the representation of districts where works of drainage and other hydraulic operations are contemplated, as the best means of de- veloping the natural capabilities of an undulatory surface, and of displaying the geological formation of the sub- strata. Workman's draining-level—particularly designed for labourers incapable of using the spirit-level, but who are familiar with the properties of the plumb-bob. Improved workman's level, similar in principle, but capable of greater facility of adjustment, with or without the spirit-level. 318 Penrose, Francis Cranmer, 4 Trafalgar Square —Inventor and Proprietor. Registered screw and sliding helicograplis for drawing volutes, scrollwork, and spirals of various kinds. The curves may be drawn on paper by means of an impression obtained from the disc by transfer paper; they may be drawn in ink or with pencil by the sliding helicograph. Fig. 1. Sliding helicograph. A heavy frame BB' slides upon a smooth straight bar AA', which passes through the guide sockets GG', forming part of the frame. Attached to the bar AA' is a point C, on which the instrument turns as a centre. Within the frame is a circular ring, carrying the axle of a small wheel or disc, D, fixed to one of its diameters. This ring, and the disc connected with it, may be placed at any angle with respect to the frame. The middle part of the frame is hollow, so that the wheel rests on the paper. By means of a gauge screw at E, and the carriage on castors FF', the instru- ment is adjusted to the proper level. A bar HK, which turns horizontally round K, a point in the frame, is pro- vided with a pen-and-pencil socket, so that the describing point may be placed at any point within its range. The centre of gravity of the frame is so arranged that its whole weight falls directly upon the wheel, and the edge Penrose's Registered Helicographs. of the latter is milled so as to ensure its taking a firm hold of the pajjer, while the frame slides on the smooth bar. The spiral motion results from the obliquity of the axis of the wheel with respect to the smooth bar AA' when the instrument is made to revolve about the jDoint C; the rate or pitch of the spiral depending upon the angle which the axis of the wheel makes with the frame. The graduations on the instrument are given on one side in degrees, and on the other in such angles as to make the longer and shorter radii in one revolution, to each other as the numbers 2:1, 3: 1 . . . 10: 1, &;c. The point C is placed at the same distance from AA' as the point where the circumference of the wheel touches the paper. The path of the wheel is the logarithmic spiral, when the instrument is made to revolve about the point C, and the pen P placed as near as possible to the wheel. To describe a vokite {fig. 3), the instrument is made to re- volve about its centre, when the wheel turns rovind, and causes the frame to slide vmiformly along the bar, until it carries the describing point as near to the centre as re- qviired. The frame being simply brought back along the bar, all the adjustments remaining unaltered, and the pen placed upon other points, a riband will be formed, preserving an uniformly decreasing thickness all the way. If a parallel line be desired, the pen must be shifted along the line of the axis of the wheel, and the latter made to traverse the same path as it did when the first line was drawn. In drawing a volute, or other figure composed of several lines, it will generally be necessary that all the lines should be drawn either towards the eye, or away from it; as owing to a change in the action of the guide- sockets upon the smooth bar, when the motion is re- versed, the angle is slightly affected. This does not impair the equiangular truth of each individual line. Fig. 2 is the screw helicograph; S, the fixed centre; and N the wheel which works upon the screw. 320 Elliott & Sons, 56 Strand—Manufacturers. Magazine case of drawing instruments. The same, containing every requisite for drawing circles from the NOETH, KORTH CENTRAL, AND SoUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. l-lOOth of an inch to 6 feet in diameter; elliptical in- struments^ comj)lete set of scales, standard measure and triangles, also complete set of water-colours. Improved dumpy-level, being simple in its adjustments, and strengthened by having the bar which supports the telescope placed vertically instead of horizontally. The same with compass. 5-inch and 6-inch transit theodolites. 30-inch ti-ansit instrument. New instrument for measuring the distance of accessible and inaccessible objects. Opisometers, or map-meters, for measuring curved lines. Wheel and pediment barometers, carved to illustrate the four seasons. Gothic barometer. Ebony and gold barometei's. Astronomical telescope. Naval and military telescopes. Opera-glasses, with varioiisly-coloured bodies. Scale, with slide, for comparing the following mea- sures —Swedish, Turkish, Bavarian, Spanish, Portuguese, Moscow, Russian, Amsterdam, Rhynland, French, and English. Standard English yard. Improved slide-rule, adapted for the use of the prac- tical engineer, having all the necessary tables for calcu- lating metal, earth, and wood works, with useful foreign measures. Thermometers. 15-inch azimuth and altitude instru- ment. 322 Lloyd, Lieut.-Col. J. A., F.R.S,—Inventor. Typhodeictor, (from tv^m; or tufose, and ^uxTm, or dcictes) or storm-pointer, an instrument for obtaining, by inspection, the bearing and relative position of a revolving storm or hurricane. Manufactured by Elliott & Sons. It is now a well-ascertained fact that great storms have a rotary motion like whirlwinds. The theory, commonly called the " law of storms," as made known in several publications by Colonel Reid, has been established from thousands of well-authenticated observations in different parts of the world, and extending over several years. It proves that during a gale of wind, particular"ly near to the tropics, the winds blow with the greatest fury round a common centre. At this centre, there is little or no wind, even a perfect calm, but there is, generally, a terrific and confused sea. The most violent and dangerous part of these revolving gales is somewhere near this central calm, the wind thei'e blowing the most fiercely, acquiring, it is stated, a velo- city of even 100 miles per hour. These storms sweep both land and sea, in certain parts of the globe ; their track and direction are pretty well known; and they ti-avel bodily from their place of origin to their destination at variable speeds; sometimes at not more than the rate of 4 to 6 miles an hour; sometimes, but seldom, at that of 20 to 30 miles an hour, although the wind within their range is blowing round with the fury above mentioned. If a ship, unhappily, becomes entangled within the range of these terrible gales, she is in great peiil ; many have foundered, and others have pursued their fearful course round and round, until they have been reduced to help- less wrecks, dismasted and v\^ater-logged. In the northern hemisphere, these winds blow round the compass from east-by-north to west, or the contrary way to the hands of a watch; whereas, in a southern hemisphere, it is just the reverse, blowing round as the hands of a watch would go. This principle must be always borne in mind, as the very foundation of all the information to be sought hereafter. On these most valuable data, instructions have been drawn up by Colonel Reid and others, how to ascertain the relative position of a gale, so as to know whether it is approaching to, or going from a ship, travelling by its side, or passing across its path. The following cut represents the Typhodeictor, Colonel Lloyd's Typhodeictor, The object of the instrument is, by graphic illustration, to show that, when the wind blows from a particular point of the compass, you can only be in one relative position in regard to the centre of the whirlstorm, so that, either the storm is approaching the ship, or the ship approaching the storm, and first of course encountering the outer edge. As a consequence of the law of rotation, the wind, sup- posing the whirl to be circular, must blow at a tangent, or at right angles to the point of the compass, where the ship or observer may be, but under diametrically opposite conditions, as far as regards the two hemispheres. Thus, in a northern hemisphere, if the wind blows east, the centre of the storm must be due south of the observer ; blowing north, the vortex east ; coming from the west, the centre of the gale is due north ; and, lastly, with the wind south, the gale is due west. Of course, in the intermediate points of the compass, the bearings are likewise different. In a southern latitude, the whirlstorm blows round just the contrary way. With an east wind, the storm centre bears north; with a north wind, west; with a west wind, south; with a south wind, east. Bearing in mind these facts, and with sea room, it is easy not only to avoid a hurricane, but to make it sub- servient in many cases to the ship's ultimtite course, Instructmis. When the barometer is falling and the wind increasing, set the large pointer of the instrument marked in red (set this to the wind), to the true point of the compass from whence the wind blows, corrected for variation. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. The glass plate is to represent tlie wind: spin it, to the left when in a northern hemisphere, to the right in the southern, it will give a good idea of the course of the winds around the centre. Now lay the instrument down on the chart or map, with the N. point engraven on the metal corresponding with the north of the chart. Move the whole instru- ment backwards or forwards, always preserving the iden- tity of the two N. points until the ship's place on the chart is beneath the hand marked " ship's place"-—^o. 1 for the northern hemisphere, No. 2 for the other hemi- sphere. Unship the revolving glass, representing the circular, or nearly circular gale, push back the moveable centre and pivot, and beneath, is the centre of the storm nearly. A good sailor then knows his duty, and will give it a wide berth accordingly. Note.—The use of the several holes along the arms in the transparent horn marked " ship's place," is to adapt the instrument to any scale on a chart—bearing in mind that the usual diameter of one of these hurricanes or tor- nadoes is about 300 to 500 miles in extent. Example.—Suppose, in a southei^nhemisphere, inlat. 19°, and long. 60° 30' E., the barometer is falling, a swell is encountered, and the wind is S.S.E. Place the red arm of the instrument at S.S.E. on the ring ; lay the instru- ment on the chart, with the north point on to the meri- dian of the arm No. 2, at the nlxii'n place. The vortex of the gale is E.N.E. of the ship ; and, as its path is ap- proximately known, the most violent part of the hurricane would sweep over the ship if it remained in that place. A sailor will immediately get out of its way as he would from a dangerous reef. Again—if a ship coming from India towards Mauritius, and in the same spot, had encountered a N.W. wind and a troubled sea, the intelligent commander would imme- diately know that he was coming up to a hurricane, the centre of which was south-west of him; and if he pur- sued his course, and did not wait a few hours, he would run the risk of foundering. In a northern latitude the circumstances are just opposite. The following extracts from the Nautical Magazine for September, 1849, from a letter by the inventor, will show how the rise and pro- gress of these terrific gales may be made subservient to human intelligence:— The history of our first few days' adventures at sea, will go far to illustrate the perfect truth and beauty of the theory of circular storms. We sailed in our excellent ship, the Sir Robert Seppings, on Wednesday afternoon, the 4th of April. The gentle breeze just served to waft us clear of the shores, when it so far failed us, that even at noon of the next day we yet discerned Round Island. " Excepting our lack of wind (which we had not long to complain of), the weather was most lovely and serene, but very sultry ; and our next day (Friday) was ushered in with a most magnificent sunrise, very calm, but a heavy swell from the south-east. The day was passed in listless apathy, v/hen at dark, a clear moon and a fine and ftiir breeze gave us some energy, and gratified our best wishes. The ship increased her speed. The increase from a gentle whisper to a rapid gurgle of the water, and from that rather suddenly, to a continuous roar beneath the stern windows, with the increased motion and the clank of the tiller- chains, spoiled our slumbers. A look out on the lovely and apparently mild niglit, showed enough in the haze of the moon, and the ''burr "of the planets, with a fleetly- passing scud, to convince us that our dreams of mortal discomfort were about to be realized. However, Satur- day's light appeared with a spanking breeze, and our worthy commander in good spirits, with the ship close- hauled, and nothing to spare. Whatever might be our inward thoughts, w^e all appeared extremely lively in having so unexpectedly fovmd the trades. " It would not do : the increasing gale, the heavy cloiids, and the murky gloom to the south-east, the on- ward and hurried, and even furious, career of the scud, told us that we must prepare. There were no signs of the trades ; and the tremendous and irregular sea, the inexplicable heaping up of the troubled waves, the roar and whistling through the rigging, and the labouring of the ship, spoke to all our perilous position. It was be- coming so, at least; for although we were to windward of the Island of Cargados Garajs, and the intricate banks, we had run on sufficiently to make the heart of them a lee-shore; not so close as to make it an immediate cause of anxiety, but sufficiently near to leave us little choice for shaping our course in an approaching hurricane, of which, by the direction of the wind, we knew we were then steering for the centre. " The beautiful precision of Col. Reid's theory, so well worked up, and supported by Messrs. Thorn's and Pid- dington's labours, was now about to undergo a severe and practical test, through the very means they have so anxiously desired and invited, namely, the judgment and intelligence of a daring English sailor. We consulted the Horn card on the chart, and, with a radius of 400 miles for the hurricane, asked his advice. He gave it to us nobly. Our commander, Captain Stuart, saw his position and the approaching peril, and that he would be "hobbled." He knew his ship, too, and, after consulting the elements, computing the time he required to get a clear sea way, and asking his barometer leave, away he stood boldly on. All precautions were in the mean time taken—hatches down, dead-lights, &c. in, masts and yards housed, and all made snug, and the lower rigging of the heavy masts secured by preventers and frapped (swifted). So passed Sunday; we could keep our course no longer; the furious gusts and the mountains of seas overwhelmed us ; it would have been madness to stand on any longer ; one object was attained—we had secured ample sea room. A pull at the weather braces, and a rather easing the lee ones, made a fair wind of our dreaded enemy, and, with all necessary and seamanlike precaution, away w^e went by a N.N.E. course, for the outer edge or limit of the fearful sway of the gathering storm. An extract from Captain Stuart's log, a copy of which I send you, will show how we made a fair wind and a triie course towards our destination with such means ; it will show, in fact, how we employed a wind from south-east, or S.E. by E., to very nearly south, going round by the west, and wth a precision and a confidence quite wonderful even in these times. I observed sufficient to find that it was a gale ex- tending to a great radius, permitting us as it did to stand on so long." Extract from the SirE. Seppings' Log. Saturday, 7th April, 1849—In moderate breezes from the eastward and fine weather. Ship under all sail. At 4 A. M. ditto, ditto. At 8 a. m. ditto ditto. Meridian, fresh breezes and cloudy, with a strong S.E. swell, lat. 17° 50', long, chron. 59° 10, bar. 29° 90'; at 4 p.m. fresh breezes, unsettled looking weather; at 8 p. m. ditto. Single reefed the topsails; at midnight strong breezes from the S.E.; squally; bar. 29° 90'. Sunday, 8th—Commences with strong breezes, and puffy, and a very threatening appearance to the south; bar. 29^ 85'; in, topgallant sails and double reefed top- sails. At 8 a. m. fresh gales, with a heavy confused sea; stowed the mainsail, jib, and mizen; ship labouring and straining heavily. Meridian, strong gales with heavy squalls of wind and rain; close reefed topsails, sent down royal yards; every appearance of a hurricane raging to the southward. Shaped course N.N.E., lat. 16° 58', long, chron. 60° 15'; bar. 29'-^ 80'. p.-M. Strong gales with heavy squalls a,nd rain, a confused cross _ sea running, causing the ship to strain and labour heavily; at 8 p. m. ditto v/eatlier. Midnight—still blowing hard in squalls, and the appearance of the sky very threatening. Monday, 9th—Strong gales continued, and very threat- ening weather; at 8 a.bi. bar. 29° 90'. At noon, a more settled appearance; wind at S.W.; shaped course E.N.E.; sounded on the Cargados Bank with Erickson's patent machine; 18 fathoms water; lat. obs. 14^ 30', long, chron. 60^ 48', E. bar. 29° 90'. p. M. 9th. The weather at 4 p. M. again assuming a threatening appearance, and barometer falling to 29° 75'; every indication of a severe hurricane blowing to the S.W.; heavy wild-looking NoKTH, North Central, and South Central Galleries. clouds rising in that quarter, and a tremendous south and south-westerly swell, causing the ship to roll and labour fearfully. At 8 p. M. no appearance of a change; again run the ship to the northward ; soundings 55 fathoms. At 10 p. M. still very unsettled; ship under close-reefed topsails; bar. 29° 80^ At midnight more moderate; wind at W.S.W, and barometer rising; shaped course N.E., and made all necessary sail. Tuesday, 10th—At 4 A. M. bar. 29° 9'and the weather having a more settled appearance; wind at west; all neces- sary sail set, the lower rigging set up fore and aft. At noon fair settled weather, lat. ob. 12-" 23' S ; long, chron. 62" 30'; bar. 30°. There are many works of reference on the subject of rotary storms, and of the greatest value, as The Laws of Storms, by Colonel Eeid; The Mature and Course of Storms ; the same, by Thorn; 27*0 Hand-book of Storms, by Piddington. 323 DoBSON, J., 268 High Holhorn—Manufacturer. Complete magazine set of drawing instruments in electrum or British metal. A variety of smaller sets in brass and electrum. 324 Tree, Jabies, & Co., 22 Charlotte Street, Blaokfriars Road—Manufacturers. Ewart's improved cattle gauge and key to the weigh- ing machine, on the principle of the slide rule, for com- puting by inspection, the carcase-weight of oxen, sheep, and swine, from their weight alive; the same arranged in a circle on tape, Ewart's farmer's slide rule and cattle gauge, for com- puting, by inspection, matters relating to practical hus- bandry, and for ascertaining the carcase-weight of cattle, in any weight in use in the United Kingdom. Ewart's circular cattle gauge, with logarithmic circle of natural and square numbers on the reverse side. Ivory, boxwood, and electrum scales, for architectural surveying, and mathematical purposes; of improved arrangement. Ivory and electrum protractors. Marquois scales, for military drawing, fortification, &c., in ivory and electrum. Eolling parallels, in ivory, ebony, brass, and electrum. Engineers' rules, arranged by Bolton and Hawthorn, made in ivory. Architects' rules, in ivory mounted in electrum, new arrangement of dividing. 325 Purvis, J., Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Inventor. Mechanical square, containing plumb-rule, spirit-level, square-level, foot-rule, and slide-rule. 326 De Fontaine Moreau, Peter A,, 4 South Street, Finshury—Producer. Aneroid barometer ; aneroid gauge, Lucien Vidie's invention.—Patented in England. [From the extreme portability and sensibility of this recently invented barometer, it has justly come into very general use. Its action depends on the varying effects produced upon a metallic box, exhausted or nearly ex- hausted of air, and these small vertical motions are con- verted into large horizontal motions, by a system of lever and spiral springs. The instrument is not adapted for meteorological investigations, but is well suited for most other purposes to which a barometer is applicable.—J. G,] 327 Towns, William, 19 Stangaie Street, Lambeth —Inventor, Spirit meter, on a new and simple principle. 328 Haggard, William Debonaire, Bank of England —Inventor, A double protractor, three inches square. 329 Sinclair & Hockley, 42 Gerrard Street, Soho— Designers and Manufacturers. Mechanical arrangement for supplj^ing artificial teeth, and making up the deficiency of the right half of the upper jawbone. Sets of mineral teeth, mounted on gold em- bossed and bone gums. Various specimens of mechanical dentistry. 330 Best, Thomas, Oldham—Manufacturer. Micrometer measuring and dividing machine. Twelve-inch and six-inch rules, marked and divided by the above machine, and intended as standard rules for opticians, mathematical instrument makers, &c. 331 Griffith, John, Barley Parsonage, near Derby— Designer. Standard barometer, manufactm'ed by John Davis, Derby, designed to give observations accurately to one- thousandth of an inch. 332 Yeates, George, 2 Grafton Street, Dublin— Proprietor and in part Designer and Manufacturer. Standard barometer. A barometer, with registering apparatus attached, the mercury in the cistern of which can be cleansed without disturbing that in the column. Small theodolite. Simple theodolite, for road work, drainage, &c. Simple and effective air-pump. Improved prismatic compass, capable of taking alti- tudes. The same, on tripod, having spirit level attached. Optic square, for measm-ing inaccessible distances. Various specimens of spectacles. 333 De Grave, Short, & Fanner, b9 St, Martin's-le- Grand—Manufacturers. Assay balances and weights. Hydrostatic balances and weights. Balances and weights for weighing diamonds to 500 and 100 carats. Letter-balances and weights; portable^ and with three beams, as used in the Post Office. Beams and scales mounted, with brass pillar, and weighing-machine, on mahogany pedestal, for shop counters. Bankers' scales. Bronzed beam for weighing 1,000 ounces of gold or silver. Gilt beam, used by inspectors of weights. Complete set of imperial standard measures from bushel to half-gill. Imperial standard yard, bed, and rod. Complete set of standard avoirdupois weights, from 56 lbs. to ^ drachm, of spherical shape. The same, from 56 lbs, to ] lb, bell shape; and from 8 ounces to ^ drachm, flat shape. The fine assay balance will turn with the thousandth part of a grain. 334 Oertling, Ludwig, 13 Store Street, Bedford Square—Manufacturer. Balance, to carry \ cwt. in each pan, and turn when loaded with of a grain. Chemical balance, to carry 1 lb. in each pan, and tarn when loaded with of a grain. Balance to carry 1,000 grains in each pan, and turn when loaded with ^J^g of a grain. In the two latter, the knife-edges are made of agate, and the suspending pieces for the pans are provided with agate planes, [The sensibility of these balances may be expressed by saying, that the first turns with about the 1,300,000th part of the weight which it can weigh; the second with the 1,400,000th part; and the third with the 1,000,000th part. The value of such balances is perceived in delicate chemical analyses, in which a fractional error has often led to important mistakes,—R, E.] 335 Brown, S,, 6 Marlborough Place, Kennington Cross —Inventor. Patent power-engine, being a water-meter and a power- engine. Patent water-meter, capable of adjustment under varying pressure. Patent meter^ for measuring or weigh- North, Noeth Central, and South Central Galleries. ing the liquid by an overshot wheel, and working in com- pressed air without cock or valve. Patent water and spirit meter, self-acting, capable of adjustment under varying pressure. Patent spirit-meter, showing at the same time the quantity measured and its money value, in order to obviate mistake or fraud. The novelty of the power-engine consists in its being a water-meter and a water-pressure engine, and also in its being applicable to steam power without alteration of its parts. It is represented in fig. 1. The machine consists of an outer case or cistern, con- taining two collapsible measuring-vessels, connected by pipes or tubes to a four-way tap or slide-valve at the lower part, and at the upper part they are connected by a beam working on a centre, one end of which centre passes through the outer case, and gives motion to the indicating chain of wheels, and also to a beam and quadrant connected with driving gear. The liquid is ad- mitted through the upper part of the case, and with- drawn at the lower part, after having passed through the collapsible measuring vessel. Attached to the four-way tap or valve is an arrangement of rods or chains connect- ing it with a tube containing a weight, or a weight other- wise arranged, so that, as the measuring vessels rise and fall, the tap or valve is acted upon and the motion is reversed, the liquid is allowed to rise in the case until the measming vessels are immersed, and as the pipe by which the liquid is conveyed to the case is not connected with the four-v/ay tap or valve, the liquid flows freely in at all times, according to the pressure, thus the mea- suring vessels, having the same pressure without as within, are not exposed to undue strain. On tm-ning the tap to withdraw the liquid and start the machine, the measuring vessels to which the four- way tap or valve is open, will descend and empty the other measuring vessels, at the same time rising and filling until a certain point is attained, when, by the ac- tion of the weights and rods, the action of the tap or valve is reversed, and consequently that of the vessels also, and thus motion will continue as long as there is liquid to pass through, or until the tap is turned to stop it. The motion is converted into a circular one by the rack and pinion represented in fig. 2. The patent meter (fig 3), in construction, resembles the one before described, but has no external apparatus except the indicator. There is no loss of power in the liquid pass- ing through the meter to a high level. It is perfect in adjustment under varying pressures, and consists of two cylinders, containing a float in each; to these floats are attached a rod having a projecting pin at the upper part, with a pointer attached. A moveable beam is fixed over and between the cylinder, having rods and chains at- tached, to work the indicating chain of wheels, and to turn the four-way tap at the lower part of, and between the cylinders. On the top of the cylinders are placed moveable ketches and chambers, to allow of the escape of air as the cylinders are being filled, and to admit air as they are being emptied. Also on the top of each cylin- der there is an indicator, graduated to small quantities, having a slot in it through which passes the pin of the float-rod with the pointer, indicating the quantity drawn off as the float descends. Both cylinders having been filled with liquid, the one float is held down by the pin at the end of the rod, being under the ketch on the top of the cylinder; the other float is up and has forced the beam to an inclined position, by its rising as the cylinder filled. On turning the tap to withdraw the liquid, the float descends, showing in its descent, by the pointer on the scale, the exact quantity drawn off, until, in its de- scent, the pin at the top of the rod comes upon the ketch, forcing it back and passing by it; but in forcing it back, as the ketch is attached to the other ketch on the opposite cylinder by a rod, the float held down is now released, and rising through the liquid, reverses the beam, thereby turning the four-way tap, and indicating one measure of liquid passed. The empty cylinder is now filled, the float being held down as before, and so the motion and indicating go on as long as there is liquid to flow, or until the tap is turned to stop it. Fig. 1. Brown's Patent Power-engine. The power obtained will, of course, depend upon the amount of pressure applied by either steam or water that may be the prime mover. Fig. 3. Brown's Patent Meter. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 336 Langlands, J., 71 Higii Street, Camden Town— Inventor. Patent compound tap, with meter. 337 Pabk, S. H., Kiiigswood, Wotto7i-under-Edge, Glou- cestershire—Designer and Manufacturer. Set of improved spanners, registered, comprising nine different sizes. The use of the instrument is to find the most accurate centre in round or square iron, for the lathe. 338 Sang, John, Kirkaldy, Scotland—Inventor and Manufacturer. A planometer or self-acting calculator of surface. This instrument is used for measuring the area of figures dravm on paper, which it does in an accurate and rapid manner, the operator merely requiring to guide the point of a pen round the outline of the figure, however irregular it may be. It measures any figure, but its great advan- tage consists in determining the area of those of irregular forms, the measuring and calculating of which by scales in the common manner is a laborious process, and one re- quiring to be repeatedly performed and revised, in order to ensure minute accuracy, and to do away with the chance of arithmetical errors. Adapted for the use of surveyors of land and engineers, and also calculated to assist students of physical geography, of geology, and of statistics; to the latter it affords the means of indicating from the best maps, with little trouble, the extents of states and other subdivisions, and of correcting the approximations given in published tables. The mode of action is very simple. The rollers (A, A) are attached to the same axis, on which there is also a cone, which revolves with them; they are exactly of equal size, so that as they move up and down the paper; the axis of the cone is always parallel to the same line. The four friction rollers, of which three (B, B, B) are shown in the drawing, carry a frame and the tracing point to the right or left, parallel to that line which it is possible to trace on the surface of the cone parallel to the paper. Attached to this frame is the index wheel (I), the edge of which touches the cone in that line, and is made to revolve by it; consequently, the revolving motion of the index- wheel is in proportion to the motion of the tracer up or down the paper, multiplied by the right and left distance of the wheel from the apex of the cone; and therefore, when the tracer is made to describe any complete peri- meter, the whole rotatory motion of the index-wheel represents the algebraic sum of the products of ordinates to every point in that perimeter, multiplied by the incre- ment of their co-ordinates; or it is a measure of the included space. It is obvious that while this arrangement of motions should in theory indicate the product of the ordinating lines by the increment of their co-ordinates, the result of mechanical imperfections in the motion is also a product, so that very great care and nicety must be used in the construction of the instrument. The specimen exhibited is the first model made by the inventor's own hands; it performs its work nevertheless very correctly. It is true that the area of a three or four-sided figure will be found a little more accurately by a scale and calculation than by In order to use the planometer it is to be laid on the figure in such a manner that the tracer can be carried round its outline. The handle is to be held like a pen in writing, and the tracer is to be brought on the outline and pressed very slightly into the paper, so as to make a small mark. The index is to be read. The tracer is then to be carried along the outline until the mark be again reached. The index is to be read again, and the difference between the two readings is the area of the figure in square inches, tenths and hundredth parts, or the area may be got without subtraction, by setting the index at zero at the commencement, but the former is the preferable mode. When the boundary consists of straight lines the process is aided by using a straight-edged ruler to guide the tracer, as in drawing. The numbers engraved on the silver index indicate square inches, which are divided by lines into tenths, and fm-ther by a vernier in the common manner into him- dredth parts. This index reads up to 20 inches; the brass index carries on the divisions as far as 100 square inches. The instrument will measm^e any figure not exceeding \\ inches in breadth and 22 in length. If the figure is of greater size it is to be divided by pencil lines into parts, which are to be treated separately. The only adjustment required is, when the instrument is lifted out of its case, to make the two indices read zero at the same time, which is readily done by lifting up the brass one and turning it a little forward or backward. If the tracer be carried round the figure in the direction that the hands of a watch move, the first reading is less than the last. If it be carried in the opposite direction, the first reading is greater. This machine is represented in the annexed cut. the instrument. This may be tested by measuring thff same figure a few times each way, and observing the difference of the results; but on the other hand, an irre- gular or curved figure will be measured more accurately by the instrument than by the scale, and with infinitely less labour, which may be tested in the same way. This is not because the instrument measures the irregular figure more accurately than it does the simple ones, but because the scale measures them less so. The accura,cy meant is the absence of minute errors. In respect to great errors, caused by mio.taken figures in calculation, the in- strument is exceedingly preferable, even for simple boun- daries, as it is not liable to faulty arithmetic. 339 Bridges, George, Hampton Wick, Kingston— Inventor. Instrument for ''ascertaining the distances of objects, either by day or night, by inspection and without refer- ence to tables." 340 EooKER, John & Alfred, 26 East Street, Foundling—Manufacturers. Sliding rule of involution, presenting at one view the series of powers arising from the successive multiplication of whole or fractional numbei-s. Questions relating to the increase of population, to the calculation of proba- bilities, to compound interest, &c., are resolvable by this instrument. Specimen of hand dividing. NOKTH, NOETH CENTRAL, AND SoUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. 341 Marriott, M., Montpelier Square—Inventor. Balance for chemical analysis; the beam^ made of pine, weighs less than one-third of an ounce; when loaded with 1,000 grains in each scale it will turn with the ^^o*^ of a grain, and with the ^i^th of a grain when light. 342 Ross, William, Strathsteven, Golspie, Sutherland— Inventor. Graduator. An instrument for the approximate deter- mination of the heights and distances of objects, in miles, chains, yards, or feet, as found by reference to tables adapted for its use; it also shows the time of day by the sun in any part of the globe. 343 William, Barton Hugh, Waterfoof, Ireland. An instrument designed to take angles and bearings in the field, and transfer them mechanically to paper, with- out reading off. This instrument consists of two rulers, with sights attached to each. These rulers turn on a pivot, and a compass is fixed in the lower valve. It is designed to take angles and bearings in the field, and transfer them mechanically to paper without reading ojBF. It is par- ticularly intended to take the place of Sir Howard Dou- glas's reflecting instrument, and Schmalcalder's compass and protractor, the offices of all three of which instruments it undertakes to perform. 344 Dover, John, 14 Little New Street—Producer. Delicate balance contained in mahogany lantern case, with weights packed in a drawer for chemical analysis and assaying. 346 DoBBS, George, 37 St. Alban's Street, Lambeth— Inventor. Universal spirit level, adapted for levelling all kinds of machinery. 347 Cox, George, 5 Barbican—Manufacturer. A portable instrument for ascertaining correct time by equal altitudes of the sun, and intended for rating time- pieces, watches, and chronometers. The ''periphan," an instrument for facilitating the study of astronomy and astronomical geography; intended to explain many phenomena which cannot be illustrated by a common globe. Beam draining-level, with adjusting parallel plates on tripod stand, giving by inspection the rise and fall of land intended to be drained; useful in laying tiles, levelling, and building operations. The A-level for the above purposes, without parallel plates or tripod stand. 348 Hardy, James, 5 Wellington Road, St. John's Wood —Inventor. Metrograph, an instrument to enable a person to draw any object from nature, by actual measurement. 349 Barrett, Robert M., 4 Jamaica Terrace^ Limehouse—Manufacturer. Improved lunar sextants. Their object is increased facility in reading off by night. Plain sextant. Improved brass quadrant, divided to half minutes. 350 Taylor, Janet, 104 Minories—Manufacturer. Sextant for measuring angular distances between the heavenly bodies. 351 Heath, George, Erith, Kent—Manufacturer. Solid bell-metal ivory arched sextant, divided to 10 seconds, combining the clearness of ivory with the dura- bility of metal. Owing to the extreme minuteness of the divisions on instruments divided to 10 seconds, the diffi- culty of reading them off is great. This is obviated by the use of ivory, as a black mark on a white ground pre- sents a much greater contrast than a self-coloured mark on metal. Improved action magnifier. In other instruments, the magnifier placed to facilitate the reading off the divisions moving in a smaller circle than the arch, distorts the divisions upon approaching the extremity of the vernier, by their being thrown out of the centre of the lens. This is avoided by the present plan. _ Improved spring hollow leg, thus to avoid the possi- bility of altering the adjustments of the instrument in placing it down. Improved ivory arch metal quadrant, possessing, in respect to the ivory, the qualifications of the before-men- tioned sextant: the ivory being dovetailed into the metal, cannot come out or shrink. 352 Williams, William, 57 Johnson Street, Somers Town—Inventor and Manufacturer, A radiator, or instrument for artists, designers, or draughtsmen, to enable them to draw lines radiating from a centre. 353 Adcock, John, 4: Marlborough Road, Dalston— Inventor. Model of a new machine for measuring and mapping roads, &c., on the scale of l-^ inch to a foot. In its use the slightest tendency to error from accidental displace- ment, an unevenness of the road, &c., can easily be detected by placing a compass upon one of the right lines of the map, which will enable the least deviation from the original or starting position to be at once per- ceived. 354 Brake, R., Glastonbury, Somersetshire— Inventor. Model of an instrument for explaining solar and lunar phenomena. Its novelty consists in the means adopted for showing the daily increase or decrease of the sun's declination, for explaining the nature of eclipses and the causes of the harvest-moon, and of the difference be- tween true and apparent time. There are two small appendages, one for measuring the sun's altitude, and the other for describing his apparent diurnal motion in the ecliptic, and for showing the angle which, at any particular time, the latter makes with the horizon. The model (six inches in diameter) is complete, but only about one-third the proposed size of the instrument. 355 Graham, John, High Roiu, Darlington, Durham— Inventor. A rule for showing the circumference of a circle when the diameter is given, and vice versa; and for showing also the side of the square equal in area to a circle whose diameter or circumference is given. 356 Cameron, Paul, 87 London Street, Glasgow— Inventor. Azimuth compass, adapted to solve various problems in nautical astronomy, practical navigation, and civil engineering. Engineer's improved indicating level. Mathematical and nautical slide rule, for the use of engineers and naval officers. Improved thermometer, steam and vacuum gauge. 357 Macdonald, Dr., 4 Coburg Place, Upper Kennington Lane—Inventor. Instrument to facilitate the finding of the longitude at sea. [10.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 358 SiEBE, Augustus, 5 Denmark Street, Soho— Inventor and Manufacturer. New-constructed dial weighing machine, with measur- ing apparatus. The annexed cut shows the form of this machine. Siebe's Dial Weighing and Measuring Machine. Self-acting water supply or steam-boiler feeder, with a patent joint to connect lead pipe without soldering. 359 Smith, W., 6 Wyatt Street, Maidstone— Inventor. Early-calling machine. The object for which this is intended is, by the aid of a clock, to awake persons at any hour required without noise. 361 Miller, James, jun., 30 Thomas Street, Woolwich—Inventor. A radiator, an instrument for drawing lines to a point or centre, with a graduated arc, fitting the instrument for being used as a protractor. [The manner of using this instrument is by placing the centre of the glass over a given point, and keeping one arm fixed, whilst drawing all the lines required by the inner edge of the other.—J. G.] 362 Liddell, John Josiah, Edinburgh— Designer and Manufacturer. Spirit levels of various kinds, used in draining, road- levelling, &c. 363 Thompson, John, 4 Wellington Place, West India Dock Road, Limehouse—Inventor. Trigonometrical machine, for drafting every description of coat, jacket, waistcoat, trousers, and riding-habit. 364 Adcock, J., Teignmouth—Inventor and Designer. Registered approximative comparative scale of the dia- meter and quadrant of the circle, designed to facilitate the measurement of standing timber. Drawing of a paddle-wheel, illustrative of an arrange- ment by which the paddles may be made to enter and leave the water at the most efiective angle. Drawings of an invention for determining and regis- tering the duration of the courses of the wind at stationary places within any given time ; of a new water-wheel, applicable to falls of any height, and capable of working under water without much diminution of efiect; and of a new tug-boat, intended for canal tunnels of great length, which have not a towing-path, and where steam power cannot be applied. 365 Gardner & Co., 21 Buchanan Street, Glasgow— Manufacturers. Optical instruments. 366 Young & Son, 5 Bear Street, and 46 Cranbourn Street—Inventors and Manufacturers. A seat scale weighing machine of multiplying power. A table weighing machine. This is represented in the annexed cut. Young's Table Weighing Machine. 367 Blyth, Robt., 2 Cheltenham Place, Westininster Road, Lambeth—Inventor. Patent indicating level, for carpenters, masons, builders, &c. (adapted with telescope and stand). 368 AcKLAND, William, 19 Dorset Street, Portman-square—Inventor. Machine for the graduation of hydrometers, thermo- meters, &c. Scale for an hydrometer, showing specific gravities. Another, showing per centages, according to Tralles. Hydrometer in a finished state, showing Twad- dell's scale. In hydrometers showing specific gravities and per centages, the divisions are of unequal magnitude. By this machine, the subdivisions are placed so that each shall be in its true mathematical position; it is applicable to the subdivisions on the scales of thermometers, baro- meters, verniers, the lines of sines, secants, tangents, semi-tangents, chords, logarithmic numbers, and, indeed, to all straight scales requiring equal or unequal divisions. A brass hydrometer for showing specific gravities. [An hydrometer is an instrument originally designed for the purpose of measuring the gravity, density, &c., of water ; but the knowledge of the specific gravities of bodies, both fluid and solid, is so essential, that there have been many contrivances for their determination.—J. G.] 369 Besant, —, Wiltshire—Manufaccurer. Music stands. 371 NuNN, Richard Maddock, Wexford, Ireland— Inventor. Hydrometer, for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids from 0-600 to 2-000. The weights are introduced into the instrument below the centre of gravity. Pump for medical and other purposes, stomach enemata, &c. Door-spring, to act without noise. 372 Blunt, H., Shrewsbury—Producer. Model of a lunar crater (Eratosthenes), diameter of the crater about 28 miles. 376 Hay, William, 113 Union Street, Aberdeen— Designer and Proprietor. Foot gauge, by which all the measurements of the foot are taken at once. Useful to shoemakers, &c. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 377 Fox, R. W., Falmouth—Inventor. Magnetic balance. The beam is supported by fine cylindrical axles, of polished steel, moving very small depth, made in agates, or hard me nished with an apparatus for diminishing the friction of the axles in the holes, so that the ten-thousandth part of m holes of or hard metal: it is fur- a grain sensibly affects the balance; the beam is magnet- ized, and it may, when required, be adjusted at O, by means of the index at the back, which is connected with a magnet within the box—the point of the pin being rubbed during the operation, front view of this balance. The following cut is a O O Fox's Magnetic Balance. [In this balance the body is weighed against the force of magnetism, instead of that of gravitation, as in the or- dinary balance. The beam is itself a magnet, and its position is governed and adjusted by the repulsive action of another magnet. To adjust the instrument for use, it must be carefully levelled by the screws. The beam is then brought to the zero points by ttirning the deflectors. The weight and materials to be weighed are then introduced, and the sliding door closed; the beam being released takes its position with great accm-acy, showing the difference of the materials and weights by the small space passed over by the points of the needle; or weights may be added till the beam becomes perfectly horizontal,—R. H.] 378 Yates, Emma Jane, 9 Portland Place^ Wandsworth Road—Inventor. Instrument for the approximate determination of the problem of squaring the circle. 379 Dyer^ Henry, Great Western Railway, Hung erford —Inventor. Registered office-index and tablet-memento. The re- volving circular plate, being properly adjusted at the end of each month, shows the month, the day of the month, and the day of the week, throughout that month. 382 Tollputt, W. B., Folkestone—Inventor. Instrument for teaching the blind to write. 383 Darnell, J., 3 King Edward Terrace, Liverpool Road, Islington—Inventor. Portable house alarum, for the detection of fire and robbery. Universal sun-dial, which may be adjusted to any lati- tude in the northern or southern hemisphere. 385 Davidson, A. Naime—Inventor. Instrument for taking the girt of trees. 386 Weare, R., Prince's Road, Plumstead Common— Inventor. Fire annihilator. 387 Wertheimer, D. J., 5 Charing Cross—Patentee and Manufacturer. Calculating machine, performing the operations of the four arithmetical rules, viz., addition, subtraction, multi- plication, and division, simply by mechanical action; and applicable for addition and subtraction of English money, from one farthing up to one million pounds sterling. Calculating machines for Indian, American, Russian, Prussian, Brazilian, Portuguese, Neapolitan, Roman, French, Turkish, and Chinese money. Counting machine, for showing the number of strokes made by a steam-engine, or any other piece of machinery; and which can also be used for telling off scores, &c. [Automaton calculation of this kind is effected by a number of toothed wheels, each turning freely about its own centre, and the ''value" of the operations depend upon the number of teeth in those wheels: thus, if a wheel has 12 teeth, it may be used for pence; another with 20 teeth may be used for shillings, and so on. But, notwithstanding the skill and ingenuity bestowed upon such instruments, their power is very limited.—J. G.] 389 Darvell, Wm. John, Chesham, Bucks—Inventor. An improved cooler, or refrigerator, for cooling malt liquors. 392 Boyle, —. Reflecting telescope. 395 Matthias, John Henry, 47 Ilatton Garden, and 1 Dorset St., Ball's Porec?—Inventor and Maker. New invention for dividing lines, upon a geometrical principle; made of German silver and of box. 396 Baker, Henry, 90 Hatton Garden—Inventor and Manufacturer. Steam gauge, upon the compressed air principle, show- ing the pressure per square inch, and also the temperature of the steam at various pressures. (See fig. 1.) Vacuum gauge, with sliding scale; the glass tube is protected by a bronze covering. The same in a brass case, showing a scale of 22 inches and upwards, intended for 2 K 2 North, North Central, and South Central Gtalleries. sugar boiling, or situations where space is an object. (See fig. 2.) Fig. 2. Baker's Steam and Vacuum Gauges. New steam gauge. Eain gauge, upon a simple plan. Thermometric alarum, for giving an alarm at any re- quired temperature; useful in case of fir?, overheating, &c. It consists of a bent glass tube, with a bulb at each end, one of which is open to the external air, a certain quantity of mercury is poured into it. The ether vapour in one bulb acts as a thermometer, and by its expansion displaces the mercury, which flows into the other; the tube rests upon a pivot, and is by this move- ment overbalanced. The brass tube over the glass one contains a ball, which then rolls down and falls upon a lever in the upright pillar, which sets the clockwork in motion, giving an alarm which vidll continue for some time. It will also act as a thief-alarum, by means of wires being fixed from it to the doors and windows. Horticultural and other thermometers. Barometers, for the working classes. Glass hydrometer for testing the strength of spirits, in a box, with a thermometer. Glass saccharometers, for testing beer. Glass lactometer, for showing the quality of milk; also the per centage of cream by measure. Urinometers, fitted up in various ways, with bottles, lamps, and test tubes. 399 Chamberlain, William, jun., St. Leonards-on-Sea —Inventor. Large model of a patent machine, to be used in re- cording votes by ballot Model of a similar patent macnme aking votes on divisions. 401 Hughes, William, Governor of the Blind Asylum, Manchester—-Inventor, Registered portable typograph. A new mechanical contrivance for the use of the blind. See the annexed cut. By the aid of this instrument persons who can read the common embossed Roman letters (even of double the ordinary size) may communicate, by letter, after a few minutes' instruction. This typograph is calculated to give, at pleasure, any letter or figure in the eighth part of an inch; and, if required, a blind person may with ease put sixty-four distinct letters within the space of a square inch. The typograph is applicable to many other purposes, such as printing uniform labels for museums, &c. Hughes's Registered Typograph. The typograph, a similar instrument, constructed for embossing, or printing in relief. 402 Wilton, William, St. Day, Truro—Manufacturer. Fox's magnetic dip and intensity instruments, various sizes, for showing the exact dip of the magnetic needle, and for measuring relative magnetic intensities. See the annexed cut. Fox's Magnetic Dip and Intensity Instrument. This instrument consists of the following parts:— 1st, Of a horizontal plate, traversing within a graduated limb mounted upon a tripod of brass, and adjusted by screws to the true level, by a ground-glass spirit bubble. 2nd. Of a strong ring fixed at right angles to the former, within which are two graduated limbs, the outer one divided to 15'^, and the inner one to 30°, and so fixed to the instrument as to direct the eye in reading off" from the points of the needle, thereby avoiding error from parallax. 3rd. Of a solid back with a graduated limb outside, and an armature carrying a telescope, with verniers made to revolve thereon. 4th. Of a concentric ring, revolving in the centre of this, and carrying a plate with bracket and appendages for the needles. 5th. Of a magnetic needle attached to a strong steel axle, terminating at the extremities in very fine, but perfect cylinders cf hardened and polished steel; these fit into jewelled holes, which maybe moved around with the concentric ring, and which suspend the needle in a verti- cal plane, making it very steady, yet allowing it perfect freedom to settle in the magnetic dip. 6th. Of a small brass stud projecting behind, and so fixed as to form a continuation from the axle of the needle; against this, is employed a small ivory disc as a rubber, which counteracts the friction of the needle on its axle, 7th, Of a fine concentric brass pulley on the axle of the needle, over which passes a fibre of unspun silk, carrying a small hook at each end, for the purpose of testing magnetic intensities by the em|)loyment of small weights, a series of which are furnished with the instru- ment, 8th, Of a pair of small cylindrical magnets fitted into brass tubes, and made to screw into the armature behind; when the verniers of the armature are placed to read off the same degree as the points of the needle, then the points of these magnets are exactly opposite thereto, and North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. are employed in deflecting the needle from its tme posi- tion, and thereby determining magnetic forces, and also of correcting the dip. 9th. Of a thermometer, for registering temperature, when obsei-vations are made with the instrument. Lastly. Of an extra needle, to be employed for correct- ing errors, arising from accident or otherwise, in the needle generally used. This is effected by taking the mean of several readings of the dip of this needle, Avith the face of the instrument towards the east, moving the horizontal limb through 180°, and taking the mean of several readings west, then of reversing the poles of the needle, and again taking the mean of several readings east and west, and lastly of taking the mean of these two results; if these correspond with the dip shown by the needle regularly employed, then the dip is correct. A mean of several readings will generally give the dip within a minute or two. The instrument may also be employed for measuring angles in azimuth and altitude, or be used as a theodohte. In using it as a magnetic variation, or declination instrument, the true meridian can be ascertained in the usual manner, by means of the telescope and the vertical and horizontal movements. The magnetic meridian can be exactly determined by reading off the azimuths when the needle is vertical, or rather when one of its poles, or points, is at 90° facing north as well as south, and the mean of the azimuths gives the magnetic meridian. These observations may be multiplied by turning the face of the needle towards the back of the instrument, and also by employing the other needle to repeat the observations. The method of different azimuths may also be employed ad libitum, reading off when the point of the needle is 1°, 2°, &c., on each side of 90° in succession. In all cases the rubbing of the point of the stud, or pin at the back, should be continued till the needle has settled in its place of rest. It should be gently done, especially at the last. [Fox's dipping-needle deflector has now been employed by Ross, Stanley, Belcher, and others, for determining the variations of the dip, and intensity of magnetic force, for many years, with the most marked advantage; as it enables the observer to determine, with great accm^acy even at sea, various points of interest in connexion with the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism. The needle being brought to its true bearing at any spot on the earth's surface, a small balance is hung on the disc around the centre of suspension, and the weight required to bring the needle back to zero is the measure of the intensity of the magnetic force in action. For a detailed account, the Second Annual Report of the Royal Corn- wall Polytechnic Society should be consulted.—R. H.J Practical miner's theodolite, or improved dial and quadrant, used for underground and surface survepng, and constructed so as to answer all the pui^poses of the scientific and practical miner, wliile it may also be used as a surveyor's theodolite. This instrument is shown in the preceding cut. 403 Anderson, James, Queensfen-y South, Edinburgh— Inventor. Perspective di'awing machine. 404 Griffiths & Le Beau, 15 Coboni Road, Mile End —Producer. Daguerreotype portraits and pictures, with electrotype copies taken from them. [The daguerreotype picture being produced by a fllm of mercmy upon a silvered plate, there is necessarily an irregulaiity over its surface. If a plate thus prepared is connected mth a galvanic battery, and placed in a solution of sulphate of copper, the copper precipitated on the sur- face receives a most delicate impression of the daguerreo- type image. In addition to the differences produced, by the varying thickness of the mercurial film, there is not unfrequently a slight difference in the colour of the copper deposited over those parts thickly coated with mercury, and those over which the silver is exposed.— R. H.] 404a Hey wood, "William, 95 Duke Street, Manchester— Inventor. Experimental air-pump, with self-acting exhaust-tap placed in immediate contact with the bottom of the cylinder. 406 Beauford, R,, Hastings—Inventor. Registered daguerreotype accelerator. This consists of a properly-constructed lens, applied in a particular manner to the ordinary daguerreotype instrument. Its advantages are assumed to be as follow:— The actinic rays (which have their piimitive source in the solar beam, and which produce the photographic eflect) diverge from the object of which an image is to be produced on the photographic plate. These rays are made, by the action of the ordinary daguerreotype instru- ment, to converge to a point at a certain distance mthin the camera. By applying the accelerator, these rays are made to converge more rapidly; and, by putting the prepared plate more forward, a smaller image is procured by means of the accelerator than could be obtained without it. Hence, by means of the accelerator, the actinic rays are condensed into a smaller area, and the intensity of the effect is heightened. This latter fact is considered to include three others, namely—photogi-aphic effects can be obtained by the application of the accelerator, when, without its aid, the desired effect could not be obtained; as, for instance, on a dark and cloudy day. Again, all other things being the same, the image of the object is much more intense and well-defined T\ith the accelerator than without it— the flatness and deadness generally observable in photo- graphic portraits being exchanged for a roundness of surface, and a natui'al projection or "bringing out" of the parts, which constitute an effect highly pleasing. A third benefit secm^ed by the accelerator is observable in the diminished time required for producing a photo- graphic effect, owing to the actinic rays being intensified by the introduction of the accelerator. The time re- quired for producing a photographic picture with the aid of the accelerator, is only one-half or two-thirds of that requned ^ith the ordinary apparatus alone. A further advantage obtained is the economy of space. When the dagueiTeotj^je instrument is used without the accelerator, the artist, if he wish to obtain actinic rays of less divergence (which is often the case), must re- move from the object. In removing further, he must use (in most cases) a large instrument. Such incon- venience is avoided by means of the accelerator; for, North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. wlien this is stated to be applied, the rays can be at once refracted into the right course, whereby the increase of distance and the change of instrument are avoided ; the accelerator therefore favours not only the economy of space, but also the economy of means, the use of the larger instrument being in this case obviated. This will appear to be still further the case, when we consider that by applying accelerators of diffei^ent foci, we can produce portraits or views of proportional magnitudes; so that from one daguerreotype instrument both large and small [)lates can be produced. Another advantage of the accelerator is, that it prevents that distortion of the image often observable in photogra- phic portraits. Without the application of the accelerator, the image produced is of such a size that any exaggeration of relative magnitude, due to the superior forwardness of any part of the object, is magnified to an inconvenient extent. The image produced by the accelerator is reduced in size, and this exaggeration is reduced in an equal degree, so that it appears free from all distortion; by this means, the ingenious but troublesome contrivances hitherto adopted to avoid this source of annoyance are superseded. 407 GoGEBTY, Egbert, 72 Fleet Street—Inventor, Model of a pair of direct-acting steam-engines, with pad- dle-wheels. Plate electrical machine to exhibit negative and positive electricity. Double-barrel air-pump with iron plate. Delicate galvanometer, &c. 408 Bryan, Rev. Joshua, 8 Hay market, Norwich— Inventor. Improved air-pump without valves, having a rotary motion and double action, exhausting both by the rise and fall of the piston; it will also condense as well as exhaust. 409 Marratt, J. S., 63 King William Street, London Bridge— Manufacturer. Five-feet achromatic telescope, the vertical and hori- zontal motion produced by endless screws. Seven-inch transit theodolite, reading to 15" in altitude and azimuth, furnished with inverting and diagonal eye pieces, needle box, tripod staff, and locking plate, axis level, &c. It can be used with or without tripod, as may be required; and is adapted for surveying, tunnelling, magnetic, or astronomical purposes. 411 Phillips, John, F.R.S., St. Mary's Lodge, York— Inventor. An electrophorus, (fig. 1.) which differs from that of ordinary construction, by having metallic conductors Phillips's Electrophorus with its Cover, and Rain-gauge. through the resin to the base on which it is placed. By this contrivance it is unnecessary to touch with the hand the metallic cover, which as often as it is lifted and replaced will give powerful sparks. Rain-gauge (fig. 2.), with one hoiizontal and four vertical receiving funnels, each furnished with a stopcock. By a simple calculation from the measures of water collected in the funnels after a shower, not only the depth of rain which has fallen, but also the dhection in which it came, and the'angle of inclination of its descent, become known. These instruments are shown in the preceding cut. Maximum thermometer, with a sepai-ated column of mercury for the index, instead of the wh"e, which is liable to get entangled in the mercury, and demands a large-sized instrument. By the construction exhibited, these defects are avoided, and the use of the instrument is extended. Anemometer, for collieries, hospitals, &c. The pressure is received on a semicu-cular disc, suspended by the diameter, and measured on a graduated arc. By tables calculated for the equation vel. ( = M. / ) the ^ V V cos velocity is obtained in terms of the angle. Air barometer, of very cheap construction, suited to collieries, in which a large scale is desirable for rendering the changes of atmospheric pressure obvious. 413 Allen, Edward Ellis, Steel Yard Wharf, Upper Thames Str^eet—Inventor. Electro-magnetic railway-train alarum, for communi- cating with the engine-driver from any part of the train. The alarum consists of the ordinary steam whistle worked by an electro-magnet, the current passing through the side-chains; thus any additional connexion between the carriages after they are attached in the usual way is avoided. 413 a ^Parks, W. J., 25, Newington Crescent— Manufacturer. Gold plate with mineral teeth mounted on it. Com- plete upper set, with natural teeth on the one side, socketed in hippopotamus ivory, and imitated on the other. 414 Nichols, W., Cambridge—Inventor. Electro-magnetic alarum, tor protection against robbery or fire; with a model showing the arrangements. 417 Cress WELL, John, Winchnore Hill, Edmonton— Inventor. Electro-magnetic engine, for the production of motion. The principal novelty in this engine consists in the mode of applying the attractive power. 419 Whishaw, Francis, 9 John Street, Adelphi — Designer and Inventor. Telekouphonon, or speaking telegraph. Consisting of gutta percha, glass, metal, or other proper tubing, with mouthpieces of ivory, hard wood, or metal; furnished with whistles, organ-pipes, and other means of calling at- Whishaw's Index Mouth-piece. XoRTH, North Ce:?^teal, a^t) South Central Galleries. tention. The index mouthpiece attached to one end of the tube has an indicatoi' to show from which room the call has been made. See the preceding cut. Gutta percha telephone. Railway trains communicator, for communicating be- tween guard and driver, or pjassengers and diiver, a tele- kouphonon, in different lengths, with screw joints to suit the lengths of the caiiiages and the spaces between them. Gutta percha tube and lathe-band; as first made by the exhibitor in 1845. Subaqueous insulated electiic telegraph conductors. Batteiy protector. Telegi-aphic private code bos. Model to illustrate the hydraulic telegi-aph. Index electro one-wire telegraph, with perforated con- versation codes. Centimetral chronometer, made by Johnston, Clerken- well. By means of tabulated velocities on a moveable ling, the speeds of railway trains, &:c., are accurately as- ceitained to the himdredth part of a minute, by obseiw- ati'-'U merely, and without calculation. Comparative plan of that part of the City of London which was destroyed by the Great Fire in 1666; showing its state at that period, and the alterations and improve- ments effectedup to 1829, with historical and other notices. Patent glass pipes to insulate and protect the wires of electric telegraphs when placed under ground. Patent multitubular pipes, of glazed earthenwai'e. Manufactured by William ZSorthen, Tauxhall. Chess-board, enamelled slate, executed by "^Ix. Magnus, Pimlico. "Whishavr's uniformity-of-time clock and telegraph ; mechanical domestic telegraph; and index electric tele- graph. [The mechanical domestic telegraph consists of an aiTangement of tubes formed of gutta percha, and sup- phed with metallic and other mouthpieces, to which a whistle is attached. By blowing into the* tube the whistle, is sounded in a remote apartment, and the mes- sage can then be delivered with scarcely any elevation of the voice through the tu.be, which ti'ansniits sotmd in a remarkable manner.—E. E.] "Wrought-iron chain pipes, with swivel joints, for pro- tecting the wires of electric telegraphs under water. 420 Harrison. C. W., & J. J., Eichmond—Invemors. Electro-magnetic engine, for producing a motive power on a new principle. 421 McXaib, a. & Co., 33 OsicaM Street, Glasgoic— Inventors and ilanufactui-ers. Conductor for electric telegraphs, consisting of a copper wii-e insulated with guttapercha, and inclosed in a leaden tube. 422 Brett, Ajlfred, 138 HoVyjra 5ars—R-oprietor. Brett and Little's patent electric telegraph, alarum bell, bell handle, and battery. The electric telegraph. The various lettere or numerals represented on the dial are made by the motions of either or both of the indicators; the nimiber of the motions for each letter or numeral is defined by the figures on the centre of the dial, conunencing at all times with the indicator on the side next the letter or numeral, and when both in<iicators are used, firushing with the opposite one. The helices ai'e double, and of a ch'cular foi-m; and the magnet is in the fonn of a ling or horseshoe, suspended in the centre of the helices, and is deflected either to the right or to the left, according to the direction of the current. The poles of the magnet being equidistant from the earth, the magnet is rendered astatic, and not affected by the ten-estrial magnetism. These magnets move parallel with the coils of wire and planes of electricity. The indicators, not being mag- nets, are periectly free from vibration, and the indication is therefore distinct and certain. The alarum bell, for calling the attention of the atten- dant, being liberated by a motion sirnilai' to that of the telegi-aph, gives thi-ee distinct blows; and should it, by any chance, be liberated by a cixr^'ent of atmospheric electricity, the apparatus would not be deranged. The deflector on the left of the instrument enables the cmrent to be transfeired fi-om the telegraph to the bell, and vice versa; and it can also be used in case of an instrument getting injured, to pass the cuirent along the line, without stopping the communications at other stations; with this, one wii-e only is requked to enable every station on a line of railway to commimicate with the whole by means of one instrument only at each station. The battery is of the ordinaiy form, except that the cells are of porcelain and sepai-ate, and the plates ai'e connected with binding screws. By the use of an undergi'ound an^angement of con- ductors (as exhibited in combination) the cost in the first instance, with wh-e encased in lead, is vei-y little more than posts with vtii'es suspended in the air; and with wu-e, enca.sed in gutta percha only, much less; while the cost of maintenance is gi^eatly reduced, and the liability of in- terference fi'om atmospheric influence avoided. 423 Winter, J., 44 Littkicood Roiise, Leeds— Manufacturer. Galvanic walking-stick, made of a kind of oak, from Australia. It contains an electro-galvanic machine and batteiy complete. On holding the knob in the hand, a shock is slightly felt; and by taking a piece of silver or copper in each hand, and touching the knob on each side, the shock is gi^eatly incres^sed. 424 S?iiTH. George PlIChard, 16 Bouvoir Terrace, Cv/.jyrd li: :• '].—Inventor, Comic electric telegi-aph and key board, which consists of a mahogany case, having in fi'ont a comic face, and three signs concea.led by shutters, the features of the face and the shutters being capable of simultaneous motion by an electric current, which also rings a bell placed inside. With thi'ee signs, it not only conveys eveiy letter in the alphabet, but exhibits distinctly the ends of letters, words, and sentences. By the bell airangement, it intimates when a message is about to be sent, and is made to facilitate the deciphering of the signs. Magnetic polai-ity, as an indicator, being dispensed with, no electric dis- tuihance in the atmosphere can render it ineffective; the internal an-^angement being veiy simple, it will not soon be disordered by use. 425 BuRDETT, Joseph, 28 Hanover Square, Clo:phara B:.'/].—Inventor. Domestic telegi^aph, requiiing only one bell for any number of rooms. All the rooms being numbered, wii'es are brought to coiresponding numbers on this machine, so that when the wire of any room is agitated, the bell will ring and the indicator will point out the number of the room on the dial where attention is re- quired. 426 Alexander, Wtt.tja^i, F.E.S.E., 52 ^yest Be^jister Street, Ediu burgh—Inventor. Model of an electro-magnetic telegraph, worked by means of voltaic currents thi'ough metallic conductors, deflecting magnetic needles, and thus unveiling the letters of the alphabet in the order requh-ed for any communication. The model was exhibited at the meeting of the Pioyal Scottish Society of Ai-ts, on 15th Xovember, 1837, after previous expeilments thi'oughout the year, to test the practicability and efficiency of the plan, made through a metallic cii'cuit of four miles in the chemistry class-room of the University of Edinbui-gh. It is beheved by the inventor to be the first definite plan for an electro- magnetic telegraph ever shown in operation before the pubhc or a scientiffc society. In 1637, the applicability of electro-magnetism to telegraphic purposes was matter of doubt and unceitainty, and the object of the invent*)r was to solve the problem by appai-attLs of the most sini|'le North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. construction, and which might lead to future improve- ments. The perfection to which electric telegraphs have since arrived, their superiority over all othef methods for conveying intelligence between distant places, and their inconceivable importance and utility, are now well known and established, and are justly considered one of the wonders of the age. The following cut represents this early telegraph:— 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ®Q ^ ^ iii/iiihiim ^ 0 jgw>////w^ Alexander's Electric Telegraph. A is a voltaic battery; B, a trough filled with mer- cury; C, a wire connecting the zinc plate in the battery with the trough of mercury; D, the return wire con- nected with the copper plate of the battery; E, a key to be pressed down by the finger of the operator, like the key of a pianoforte; F, is a pendant wire which dips into the mercury when the key is depressed, and completes the circuit formed by the wires C and D, extending from one terminus of the telegraph to the other, G is the distant dial upon which the whole letters of the alphabet and stops are marked. These are not seen when the magnetic needles—poised horizontally in free space behind the dial—are in their natural position of North and South, with screens or veils marked V, attached to each of their North poles, and concealing the letters, but when the circuit is completed by the depression of the key E, the corresponding magnetic needle is deflected to the West, and exposes, as at K, the letter previously concealed. Thirty copper wires and a return wire extend from the keys to the magnetic needles. A metallic rod may be advantageously substituted for the trough of mercury below the keys. 427 Reid, Wm., 25 University Street, Bedford Square— Inventor, Patentee, and Manufactm-er. Pair of electric-telegraph instruments, adapted for hotels, &c.; the same adapted for public companies, &c.; domestic telegraph, adapted for dressing-rooms, &c. See the following cuts:— Reid's Electric Telegraphs, An electrical apparatus for ringing bells in large man- sions, brought into instantaneous action by pulling a cord or lever; and capable of performing at the distance of 50 miles, with as much ease and rapidity as at 50 yards. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Electric-telegrapli instrument, for the pui'pose of con- veying general intelligence over the country. Specimens of insulated wire, for submarine electric telegraphs; specimens taken from the English Channel, used in the electric telegraph between Dover and Cape Grinez, near Calais. 428 Henley, Whuam Thomas, 46 St. John's Street Road, Clerkenwell—Inventor and Manufacturer. Large permanent horse-shoe magnet, weighing 65 cwt. Patent electric telegraphs, worked by the magneto- electric current. Fig. 1. Henley's Patent Electric Telegraph Fig. 3. Heialey s Magneto-Electric Machine. Magneto-electric machine, illustrating the application of the electric current derived from magnets, to the pur- poses of electro-chemical decomposition, electro-metal- lurgy, &c. The telegraphs have been tested in the worst insulated line in the country, duiing the most unfavom'able weather, and found to work any distance that it was possible to try them, without any diminution of their power. Working without the aid of a voltaic battery, they are always ready for use, without any preparation or expense. Fig. 1 repre- sents the telegraph with its cover, as in use; fig. 2, the same with its cover removed, each consists of two parts, one for producing electricity, the other for receiving it, and indicating the signals; the parts of each telegraph are alike. The first part consists of two compound bar magnets A A, the ends of each being capped with soft U'on, to bring the influence of all the plates to any particular point. B B, two armatures, wound with fine-covered copper wii-e, each placed on a separate axis, and moved by the levers C C, seen projecting through the case in fig, 1; the ends of the wire are carried from the armature through the pieces of ivory in the axle to the wood base, and from thence to the distant instiTiment, every motion of the lever and armature producing a current of electricity, the down- ward motion giving a current in one direction, and the upward motion a current in the opposite. The second part of the apparatus consists of a dial, containing the alphabet and certain marks corresponding to the motions of the needles on the face of tne dials; for instance, opposite the letter A is seen a single mark inclining to the left, signifying one motion of the left-hand needle; the letter B, two marks; letter C, three marks, signifying three motions of the same needle; the letter D, one mark to the right; E, two; and F, threej G, one right and one left; L, one left; and once both needles together, and so on. Under the dial are placed two electro-magnets D D, each having fom' poles, formed by two semicircular pieces of iron with a magnetic needle, suspended freely within, placed on the same axis as the coitc- sponding needle, or pointer, seen on the dial. The downward motion of the lever deflects the corre- sponding needles of all the instruments that may be included in the circuit, as well as its own; the needles remain so, imtil the lever is allowed to return by the force of the spring E, when the needles all re- turn to then' position, and this taking place with certainty, although the instruments may be at any distance. The current obtained from the apparatus represented in fig. 3 is very powerful, and capable of producing electro- chemical decomposition, and all the effects obtained from a powerful voltaic battery. The horse-shoe magnet A, with the revolving armature B, formed of hoop-iron, is placed on the mahogany case C, and the whole fixed on the iron framework, on which is suspended the large wheel and treadle, for giving motion to the armature by the pulley D; the magnet has soft caps, and is arranged the same as the telegraph, so that the poles of the mag- net are always connected with some part of the iron of the armature, and by that means it always retains its power. The two springs E E rub on the breakpiece F, which is so arranged that the ctuTcnt flows in one direction; the knob G moves a slide to divert the current to the mercury cup H for showing the spark ; the cam I moves the point on the spring in and out; the other knob is to make a shock with the two terminals L L. Electro-magnet capable of sustaining, when excited, 4 tons; the sphere of attraction extends much further by being made of iron hooping. Large steel permanent magnet, weighing 6i cwts., capable of sustaining about 1 ton. [The received theoiy of magnetism is, that the attracting power of the bar of steel, which we call a magnet, is due to the circulation of electric currents around the bar. It was discovered by Faraday, that when a metallic mass is North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. moved in proximity to the poles, a current is induced in it: upon this principle magneto-electric machines are con- structed. The soft iron armature, or keeper of the per- manent magnet, is fixed on an axle, which is made to re- volve by some mechanical contrivance, so that a continued and rapid reversal of its poles takes place. By this alone a magneto-electric disturbance is effected ; but for the purpose of accumulating the force, coils of copper-wire are fixed on the armature, and every time they approach or leave the poles of the magnet in the course of rotation, an induced current passes through the wire, and the reversal being extremely rapid, though the current is only instan- taneous, the result is what may be regarded as an unin- terrupted stream of electricity. The magneto-electric machine was first employed for telegraphic purposes, by Professor Wheatstone. The battery is however usually preferred in this country.— R. H.] 429 Brett, Jacob, & John, 2 Hanover Square— Patentees and Proprietors. 1. An electric printing telegraph, which, by the aid of a single wire only, prints in Roman (or other) letters, with the certainty of action, and under the control of the distant correspondent; it is worked either by galvanic or magnetic electricity, and controlled by hydraulic or atmospheric regulators, combining also a signal bell. Size, 12 inches by 7 inches, height 12 inches. 2. Similar telegraph with additions for registering in duplicate, indicating by dials or signal bells ; by the same simple means and certainty of action. Size, 12 inches by 8 inches, height 12 inches. 3. The communicator, or corresponding apparatus, by means of which any one may at first sight print commu- nications at a distant station ; the opening and shutting at the commencement and close of a correspondence by its action, taking, or giving the electric current, from or to the main line. Size, 4 inches by 4 inches, 2 inches deep. 4. A similar one, with pianoforte arrangement; the touching of the keys with the finger acting on the main wire, and printing the required or corresponding letter at the distant station. 5. Communicator, adapted as a pocket apparatus for guards of railway trains, for communicating with distant stations on the instant of an accident. Size, 3 inches by 3 inches, 2 inches deep. 6. A circiiit regulator for the absolute control of any number of stations from one given point, by the aid of an independent wire. Size, 3 inches by 3^ inches. 7. A portion of the experimental wire passed along the bottom of the channel in August last, when messages were printed by this telegraph from England to France, preparatory'to the great undertaking now in progress, which, by the aid of eight permanently-protected wires, will, it is expected, in June next, place Great Britain in constant and instantaneous communication with all the great capitals of Europe. 8. Specimens of an iron protecting cable for enclosing the covered submarine wires, where great strength is required. (Invented by Thos. W. B. Brett.) 9. Electric bells for division signals in the new Houses of Parliament, by which any number may be brought under instantaneous control. 10. Specimens of the printing executed at 200 miles distance. 11. The grants of Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon to the Messrs. Brett, for the exclusive privilege of esta- blishing electric communication between France and England. This printing telegraph effects all the purposes of tele- graphic communication by a single wire only; printing in Roman, or other letters, recording in duplicate with the rapidity of a compositor, indicating by dials, or signalising by bells. The telegraphs in general use formerly re- quired 8 or 5 wires for vibrating the single or double needles only, and an independent wire in all cases for a single bell. It requires but a single wire, and no attendants for watching, copying, or transcribing. If adapted, at a General Office in London, for the recep- tion of correspondence from all parts of Europe, during the night when the offices are closed, and no attendant present, the whole of the communications of the night from the different capitals of Europe, will, on the arrival of the attendants in the morning, be found accurately printed ; and during the day, a signal-bell will announce when, and from where, a communication had been made, requiring attention only to reply to it. For sending a communication, it is required only to move the hand or strike the key of either of the com- municators, Nos. 3, 4, 5, by which a current of electricity is sent through the wire to the distant station, bringing into action the given or required letter on the periphery of a wheel, which instantly impresses itself on part of an endless scroll of paper, rolling printed from an aperture in the instrument, as the shocks or currents of electricity are conveyed by the action on the corresponding letters of the distant communicator. The telegraph is comparatively self-supplying as the colouring or printing material requires renewal only once a month, according to regulation. [The insulation of the wires for submarine electric communication is effected by covering them with gutta percha. They are covered in the following manner: a mass of gutta percha in a soft state is contained within a cylinder, and being acted upon by a piston, is driven out through a small die, in the centre of which is the wire. The latter being slowly drawn forward, becomes sur- rounded with an uniform covering of gutta percha, the thickness of which varies with the diameter of the die-hole through which it is compressed. The coated wire is then drawn through a trough of cold water and wound on a drum. Its insulation is afterwards tested by passing an electric current through it while under water, and ob- serving the deflection, or rather the absence of the deflec- tion, of a magnetic needle.—^R. E.] 430 Walker, C. V., Tonhridge—Inventor. Insulation of telegraph wires, exhibited as in situ on a pole-head, and detached on the table. The earthenware cone by which the telegraph wire is suspended is so shaped that the point of contact with the wire is small, is sheltered, and is far from the pole. The shackle frame used for insulating the wire at winding-posts is glazed iron; and its earthen cylinders are so constructed as to give a great length of insulating material. Insulation of telegraph wires in tunnels, exhibited as in actual use. The wire is covered with gutta percha by Mr. T. Foster's patent process, and is placed in grooved boards, prepared with varnish, and fixed against the tunnel walls. [Mr. Forster's process of covering telegraphic wires is as follows:—The gum, after being cleared, is macerated by steam machinery in a heated iron vessel. It is thence transferred, lump by lump, to a pair of heated grooved rollers, between which it is passed and pressed into solid cylinders three or four feet in length. It is now ready for the covering machine to which it is carried, and where it is used while warm and soft. This machine consists of two pair of hollow polished iron flapping rollers, heated, as occasion requires, by steam, and of a pair of small grooved cutting rollers. The cutting rollers vary both in the number and the size of the grooves, according to the character of covering required. The wire employed in the tunnels on the South-Eastern Eailway, and which are under the superintendence of Mr. Walker, is No. 16 copper, and is covered by six grooved rollers, ,six wires being covered at one operation. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. The diameter of the wire, with its covering, being one- fourth of an inch. The two pairs of flatting rollers are placed one over the other, with a small interval between them. The six wires traverse the interval between the two pairs of flatting rollers, and pass between the six grooved cutting rollers with one of the sheets of gutta percha above them and another below, and appear on the other side as a perfect band of six covered wires. They are pulled apart when single wires are required, or left undisturbed when required in a band.—J. G.] Moveable studs, fitted to Cooke and Wheatstone's electric telegraph, to counteract deflections of the needle arising from meteorological phenomena. When the needles are deflected by extraneous causes, so as to touch the ivory studs, or stops, the latter are to be moved in the direction of the deflection, until they are again made equidistant. Compound needle, consisting of several small needles secured on an ivory disc. Bell transferrer, an ebony cylinder so inlaid with brass and combined with springs as to transfer the telegraph bell to the up or the down side of an intermediate station, according as that station is talking down or up the line. Let ABC be a telegraph wire of any length, having instruments at A, B and C; B being the intermediate station, and having the bell and the needle on the said wire. If the bell is so connected as to be on the A side A B C □ □ □ of the needle at station B, when B and C are in commu- nication, it is required to transfer it to the C side, when A and B are in communication; so that while B talks to A, with the rest of the line cut ofi", he can hear if C rings; or while he talks to C, he can hear if A rings. This efiect is produced, by selecting some convenient place inside the instrument for dividing the wires, and placing springs at these spots. These springs, six in number, press, three above and three below, on brass laid in the ebony cylinder, visible on the left side of the instrument. When the word up, on the stud in front of the instru- ment is vertical, the springs are connected in pairs, as 1, 2; 3, 4; 5, 6, When the word up is horizontal, the springs are connected in pairs, as 1, 4; 5, 3; 2, 6, thus transferring the bell to the other side of the needle. The same operation that transfers the bell to the C side of B, cuts ofi" the C half of the line, by the other springs not concerned in this description. Branch double turn-plate, being a box-wood cylinder, so inlaid with brass and combined with springs as to enable a junction station to put a branch line of telegraph in communication with either direction of the main line; and completing a perfect circuit for the other portion of the main line. Lightning conductors, for telegraph wires, shown in situ as fitted in telegraph offices, and shown on the table in parts. Graphite battery; a common sand battery, charged with diluted acid, but having the negative plate constructed of slices of corrosion from gas retorts, instead of copper. Such batteries last longer than the others, there being no salt of copper present to produce action on the zinc. Up and down ringing key, a contrivance for sending the electric force from an intermediate station to ring bells in the required direction only; the apparatus when at rest constituting part of a complete circuit. 432 The British Electric Telegraph Company. Saward, George, Secretary. Highton's patent electric telegraphs and apparatus. Printing telegraph, adapted to one or two wires; another by which any one of 26 symbolical characters is printed by a single touch of a key, Morse's arrangement of telegraph, worked by secondaiy power. Telegraph for showing the letters of the alphabet in- stantly, by the touch of a single key; with a revolving pointer and a revolving disc. Series of indicating and pointing telegraphs, worked by various descriptions of coils, and steel magnets; and by coils acting on soft iron. Series of telegraphic alarums, worked by electro-mag- netism, excited in the metal nickel; also by coils and magnets, and by coils and soft iron. Lightning extractors, for extracting from the wires of a telegraph, charges of atmospheric electricity. Arrangements for telegraph posts, by means of which a great saving may be effected in the construction of electric telegraphs. Specimens of wires for a submarine telegraph, pro- tected by means of a covering of wire cable. [Electric telegraphs admit of a great variety of mecha- nical arrangements, by which the modes of signalling are modified. In all, the electric current does the work; in some, by deflecting the magnetic needle directly, and in others, by inducing magnetism in soft iron, the force of which acts upon some clock-like arrangement, and thus, by a mechanical contrivance, gives the required signal. Most printing telegi^aphs are of the latter cha- racter. In some, when connexion is made and broken with the battery, electro-chemical decomposition is effected at the opposite end of a line; in others, letters actually inked by mechanical means are made by the induced magnet to print, by being pressed on paper. In this series these several varieties are shown. The specimens of wire for a submarine telegraph are de- signed to overcome the action of breakers, which proved fatal to the telegraph across the Channel, than which nothing otherwise could be more successful; if the wires can be buried deep enough in the sands to place them below the breaker action, there would be no difficulty in communicating readily with the Continent. —R, H.] 433 Bakewell, Fred. Collier, 6 Haver stock Terrace, Hampstead—Inventor and Patentee. Patent copying electric telegraph, for transmitting fac- similes of the handwriting of correspondents, so that their signatures may be identified. Its objects are, authentication of communications, increased means of secresy, rapidity of action, and economy, as it requires only a single wire. The transmitting and the receiving instruments are counterparts of each other. Trains of wheels impelled by weights are employed to impart equal movements to cylinders on each instrument. Screws placed parallel to the cylinders, and rotating with them, serve to carry metal styles, which press lightly on the cylinders, from end to end. The metal styles are insulated by being attached to ivory arms connected with brass nuts that traverse on the screws. One of the poles of the voltaic battery is connected with the cylinder of each instrument; the other pole of the battery is connected with the metal styles, so that the electric current may pass from the styles to the cylinders. The message to be transmitted is written on tin-foil with a pen dipped in sealing-wax varnish, and it is placed on the transmitting cylinder. When the instrument is set in motion, the metal style presses on the writing as the cylinder revolves; by which means the electric circuit is broken every time that the varnish interposes. Upon the cylinder of the receiving instrument, paper, moistened with an acidulated solution of prussiate of potass, is placed, and the metal style employed being a piece of steel wire, the electro- chemical decomposition that occurs whenever the electric current passes, produces a line of Prussian blue on the paper. If there were no varnish-writing to interrupt the electric current, the revolution of the cylinder, and the gradual advance of the marking point by the screw, would draw a number of continuous blue lines spirally on the paper, but so close together aa to appear parallel. The North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. interruptions, however, caused by the interposition of the varnish-writing on the transmitting cylinder, break the electric circuit in those points, and cause a cessation of marking whilst the style is passing over each letter. As the style traverses several times over each line of writing, the successions of interruptions, by corresponding with the forms of the letters, produce an exact copy of whatever is written or drawn on the tin-foil message; the wiiting appearing of a pale colour on a ground of closely- drawn blue lines. The regulation of the separate instruments, so that they may rotate exactly together, is effected by an electro-magnet or electro-magnets brought into action by local voltaic batteries. When a single wire only is used, contact with the local voltaic batteries of the electro- magnets is made and broken by pendulums, each instru- ment having a pendulum in connexion with it; by which means the electro-magnets act at regular and quickly- succeeding intervals. Levers, attached to the armatures of the magnets press against eccentric wheels fixed upon one of the arbors of each instrument, and retard the motion of the mechanism so long as they bear against them. The instruments are thus regulated at every beat of the pendulums by having their speed retarded. The degree of retardation depends on the amount of weight applied to impel the cylinders; care being taken that the ungoverned speed should be always somewhat greater than it is required to be, to allow for the regulating action. When there are two wires employed, the re- gulation of the instruments may be effected without pendulums by bringing the regulating magnet of one instrument into action by a make-and-break contact- wheel fixed on to a corresponding arbor of the other instrument. To assist in adjusting two distant instru- ments, a ''guide line" is employed, which consists merely of a strip of paper placed perpendicularly to the lines of writing on the transmitting instrument. When the corresponding instruments are set in motion, the interruptions of the electric current by the guide line indicate exactly, on the paper of the receiving instrument, how much faster or slower the transmitting instrument is moving; and by adding or taking ofi" weights at the receiving instrument, its average speed may be adjusted to that of the transmitting one, so that the marks or gaps in each successive line drawn on the paper may fall under each other. When the instruments are regulated by pendulums, the guide-line serves to show whether they are beating together; and thus affords the means of adjusting them with great accuracy. The following cut shows the telegraph;— Bakewell's Copying Electric Telegraph. a, the cylinder of one of the instruments; 6, the metal style, connected by the wire g, with one pole of the voltaic battery; o, the ivory arm to which the metal style is attached, and which insulates the style from the screw; c, the screw on which the style traverses as the cylinder revolves; d, cog wheels to turn the screw; e, a fan to regulate the speed of the instrument; /, the impelling weight; h, the wire connected with the distant instru- ment. The copying electric telegraph is not yet in operation; but its practicability has been successfully tested by the transmission of messages to and from different stations of the Electric Telegraph Company, with the experimental instruments exliibited. This figure represents the character of the printing effected by this telegraph. 434 Bain, Alexander, Beevor Lodge, Hammersmith— Inventor. Patent electric clocks, suitable for halls of mansions, oflfices, steeples, &c., kept in action by a small galvanic battery, or the electricity of the earth. Time-ball, to be discharged by electricity sent by an ordinary regulator clock. Pair of electro-chemical telegi^aphs, stated to be capable of transmitting and recording communications at the rate of 1000 letters, or even 1000 words, per minute. Patent electro-chemical copying telegraph, said to be capable of copying any figure, such as profiles, auto- graphs, stenography, &c. Patent electric telegraph, for printing all the letters of the alphabet in the Roman character. [The copying telegraph referred to, depends for its principle upon the decomposition of certain chemical substances placed on paper, by means of the electric current transmitted through the wires.—R. E.] 435 French, William Henry, Cardiff, Wales— Inventor. Hydraulic printing telegraph, enabling one person simultaneously to print telegraphic commxmications at different distant stations or towns. "Hydro-fluid" distributor, or water, telegraph, gas, and fire-engine controller, for forming a communication with any particular station or town; or any number of stations or towns connected with the hydraulic telegraph, and for the control of gas, water, and vapour service pipes. Electric printing telegraph, similar to the former, but altered and improved. Electric telegraph turn-plates, for changing the wires and circuits from main to branch lines and vice versa. Portfolios, for filing newspapers, periodicals, music, manuscripts, letters, bills, receipts, &c. 436 Bering, G. E., Lockley's Welwyn, Herts— Inventor and Patentee. Electric telegraph apparatus, illustrative of a variety of improvements. 437 Meinig, Charles Ludovic Augustus, 103 Leadenkall Street—Agent. Portable galvanic battery of 120 elements, occupying the space of 12 cubic inches. Clockwork, for making and breaking contact. Patent portable galvanic chain battery, of 24 elements. Portable interrupter for this chain. Invented by Mi', T. L. Pulvermacher. NoETH, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 438 Edwards, John Baker, Liverpool—Producer and Manufacturer. Series of glass retorts, beakers, evaporating basins, and other glass and porcelain vessels for chemical purposes, electro-coppered. Vessels thus coated accelerate solution and distillation, and require a minimum of heat to con- duct these processes, while the copper conducting the heat equably over the surface of the glass, preserves it from fracture and unequal expansion, and at the same time protects it from external casualties. The cut repre- sents several of these vessels. Edwards' Copper-covered Glass Apparatus, [The covering of glass and porcelain vessels with copper was first exhibited at the French Exposition in 1844. These vessels excited great curiosity, and occasioned much perplexing speculation as to the mode of their production. The coating of metal was applied in so smooth, perfect, and uniform a manner, as to render it evident that none of the ordinary methods of metallurgy had been adopted in their manufacture. These vessels were coated by elec- trotype process, and similar apparatus is now made for chemical purposes in England. The surface of the glass or porcelain is first varnished, then brushed over with bronze-powder, in order to form a conducting surface on which to deposit the copper, and the vessel is then placed in the decomposition-cell, in connexion with a battery. In a few days the whole external surface is covered with bright metallic copper.—R. E.] 438a Rundell, W. W., Falmouth—Inventor and Manufacturer, Carbonized cast-iron magnet. The cast iron is car- bonized with prussiate of potash and oil, and is hardened and tempered, by which the magnet is improved at a small expense. Impressions and specimens of seals, executed by ma- chinery. 439 Hearder, J. N., 34 George Street, Plymouth— Inventor and Manufacturer. Cast-iron compound horse-shoe permanent magnet, ap- plicable to purposes requiring high magnetic power. The application of cast iron is new. This magnet consists of 24 plates, 2 inches wide, fg of an inch thick, cast in the form of a horse-shoe, which is 16f inches long from the poles to the outside of the bend; the poles are 1^ inches as under, and the inside of the bend 3| inches wide. The 24 plates weigh about 72lbs., and are fastened together with three bolts and nuts. The poles are capped with cast iron, which concentrates the magnetic power in an ex- traordinary manner. The construction is very simple: the bars are cast from No, 1 pig iron as hard as green sand can make them, and they require no preparation to adopt them for magnetization. The soft-iron caps render the grinding of the poles unnecessary. The attractive power of the magnet is scarcely inferior to that of a steel magnet of the same dimensions, whilst the economy in construction is nearly as 4 to 1; the cast-iron magnet weighing 72 lbs., lifts 140 lbs; Powerful horse-shoe steel magnet, of 100 plates, adapted for purposes requiring high magnetic power. It weighs about 39 lbs,, and will support nearly 250 lbs, with a round-faced keeper. [The Rev, Dr, Scoresby appears to have been the first to employ thin sheet steel for the construction of powerful permanent magnets. His idea being that, as magnetism appeared to reside principally on the surface of the metal, by multiplying the number of surfaces, the power of the compound bar would be increased. Mr. Hearder, many years since, constructed powerful magnets from cast iron, and was certainly the first to use that material for the purpose ; and the power which can be induced is certainly very great with the soft-iron caps.—R, H,] Medico-galvanic apparatus, with graduated regulator, employed to administer galvanic electricity. Its improved construction consists in the proper adjustment of the length and thickness of the generating or primary coil to the electro-motive force of the battery, by which the battery-surface is much reduced, and a higher amount of magnetism produced in the iron core. 440 Joule, James Prescott, F.R.S., Acton Square, Salford—Inventor, Electro-magnet, constructed of a plate of well-annealed wrought iron, tapered to the poles. The iron is rendered magnetic by transmitting the voltaic electricity through the bundle of copper wires (fifty yards long, and weighing one hundredweight) with which it is enveloped. Armature to the same. Pair of tapered armatures, to concentrate the magnetic force when the electro-magnet is excited by a feeble voltaic current, and to direct the magnetic action to any required object. NoRTJi, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Surface electro-magnet, consisting of a thick piece of wrought iron, enveloped by a bundle of copper wires. Armature to the same, A battery of moderate power produces such a powerful attraction between the electro- magnet and its armature, that a weight of more than one ton has to be applied in order to draw them asunder. [The peculiarity of the former electro-magnet, which is adapted for diamagnetic experiments, the magnetization of steel bars, &c., consists in the great comparative breadth of the iron core, by means of which the full effect of the coils of wire is secured, even in the case of their being removed to the distance of one or two inches from the surface of the iron. The form of iron adopted admits of a much greater quantity of electro-magnetic coils, and consequently of a much greater magnetic effect, than can be obtained from the usual cylindrical shape. The peculiarity of the latter, or surface electro-magnet (which is the first of the kind ever constructed), consists in the comparatively great surface of contact which it presents to its armature. The principle of its construction, and of that of others of its class subsequently constructed by the exhibitor and other parties, is derived from the law of electro-magnetic action discovered by the exhibitor, viz., that the maximum attractive power of an electro- magnet for its armature is about 300 lbs. for each square inch of tranverse section of the magnetic circuit.] 441 Waite, George, 2 Old Burlington Street—Inventor. Electro-galvanic apparatus for the teeth, fm-nished with a platinum point, safety key, elevators, forceps, and other instruments used in dental surgery. Set of teeth with gold jewelled blocks or masticators. Sets of electro-gilded teeth, fitted with novel blocks for mastication. Six other pieces, with pearl blocks and plates. 444 Westmoreland, John, Derhy—Designer. Patent gutta-percha electrical machine. 446 Green, Samuel, 7 Helmet Row, Old Street— Manufacturer. Various compasses and sun-dials. Damp detectors. Angle-meters. Ivory circular thermometers with compass or magnetic sun-dial. Miners' compass, with sights, &c- 448 Bentley, Thomas, Margate. A pair of carpenter's compasses, with improved spring joint. 450 Weight, Samuel, 14 Burton Street, Cheltenham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a machine for expelling fire-damp out of coal- pits, and foul air out of wells, brewery vats, or other places where they collect. Provisionally registered. 451 Palmer, W. V., Somers Town—Producer. Electrotypes, and engravings from electrotypes. 452 Crichton, John, 112 Leadenhall Street— Manufacturer. Solid arch sextant, with improved reflector to vernier; double-limb sextant; 4-inch sextant; box sextant; coast- surveying sextant, as made for the Trinity yachts; ebony sextant. Quadrants, plain, and with tangent screw to index, and with tangent screws to index and horizon. Quadrants with spring vertical adjustment, and with two and three back shades to horizon. Quadrant, with handle, tele- scopes, and mahogany case, divided to 30 seconds. Azimuth compass, prismatic, large and small sizes. Sympiesometer; marine barometer; artificial horizon, with iron bottle and improved iron trough. Gravatt's levels, bronzed and bright; 5-inch theodolite. Naval telescopes, 3 feet and 2 feet, with signals. Achro- matic night-glass ; day or night telescope; gunner's quadrant with level; gunner's callipers, large and small; and shell callipers, for side and bottom, as made for the Honourable East India Company. 453 Knight, George, & Sons, Foster Lane— M anufacturers. Commercial chemical cabinet. Urino-chemical chest, containing all the instruments and re-agents necessary for a chemico-pathological exa- mination; designed by Dr. Venables. Portable universal chemical furnace, on the principle of Dr. Black. It is constructed of stout sheet-iron, lined with fire-bricks; it is suited for the reduction and assay of metallic ores, cupellation of the precious metals, dis- tillations of every kind, decompositions of substances by passing them through heated media, and for nearly every operation for which a furnace is required. With sand- baths, stoppers, crucibles, muffles, tongs, &c.; also an improved hood by the aid of which noxious fumes arising from evaporations pass readily into the flue of the fm^nace. Portable assay furnace and apparatus, adapted for the use of mining companies. Various blowpipes, and blowpipe apparatus, for the examination of minerals on a small scale. Patent improved air-pump by which a good vacuum can be obtained in a short time. Invented by Mr. C. W. Siemens. The air-pump consists of two cylinders diffeiing in magnitude, of which the smaller is on the top of the larger, while the valved pistons belonging to each respect- ively, are attached to the same piston-rod. The air withdrawn from the receiver or other vessel intended to be exhausted is condensed in the upper cylinder into one- fourth part of its original volume, and, consequently, always possesses sufficient elasticity to pass through the discharging valve and escape into the atmosphere, the opposing pressure of which on that valve is thus comiter- acted in a novel manner. Plate electric machine, on Woodward's arrangement. Galvanic battery; Professor Daniell's arrangement, con- sisting of a series of six cells; each cell comprises a copper cylindiical vessel, to be filled with a solution of sulphate of copper; in the centre is a porous tube containing an amal- gamated zinc rod, and filled with dilute sulphuric acid. Galvanic battery; Professor Groves' arrangement, con- sisting of a series of six cells, each cell being a glass vessel containing an amalgamated zinc plate, to be filled with dilute sulphuric acid, having in the centre a flat porous cell containing a platinum plate, and filled with nitric acid. Galvanic battery; Alfred Smee's arrangement, consisting of a series of six cells, each cell being a glass vessel to contain dilute sulphuric acid; to each cell is fitted a pla- tinised silver plate, having on each side of it an amalga- mated zinc plate; the whole of these plates being con- nected in series to one rod or bar, they can be readily raised from or lowered into the exciting liquid. Galvanic battery; Maynooth arrangement, consisting of a series of ten cells, each cell being a cast-iron trough to be filled with dilute nitric acid, in the centre of which is a porous cell containing an amalgamated zinc plate, and charged with dilute sulphuric acid. Galvanic battery, for telegraph purposes ; the cells formed of gutta percha, filled with sand saturated with dilute sulphuric acid; each cell containing a copper and amalgamated zinc plate. Working model of an electro-magnetic motive engine, being a modification of Dr. Ritchie's arrangement. Working model of an electro-magnetic motive engine, being a modification of Bain's arrangement. Improved electro-magnetic coil machine, with con- ductors, &c., for medical purposes. Larger and more powerful instrument, in which the primary or secondary current can be applied, with two batteries, water-regulator, conductors, &c. Arrangement of the coil machine, consisting of a pri- mary and secondary coil in a vertical position. Contact is broken and renewed by the rotation of a soft iron-bar mounted between two brass pillars, situated immediately over the axis of the coil in which is placed a bundle of iron wires. The electric current from the battery passes North, Noeth Central, and i South Central Galleries. through one of the brass pillars, and the axis carrying the iron-bar; contact is broken and renewed by a small platinum point fixed to the spindle, dipping, as it revolves, in and out of some mercury placed in a cup mounted on a brass pillar, through which the circuit is completed. The instrument is provided with two pair of binding screws, one pair for communication with the battery, the other for giving shocks and other electrolytical effects. Photographic apparatus, an horizontal lathe, or machine of a novel construction, for cleansing and polishing da- guerreotype plates. Invented by the exhibitor. Daguerreotype sliding camera, fitted with various plate- frames on dififerent plans. Improved double box with sliding covers and frames, for applying the sensitive coatings. Portable mercury box. Plate-holders on different plans. A series of buffs, with the different preparations neces- sary for cleaning plates. Focimeter, an instrument for ascertaining the differ- ence in the lengths of the optical and chemical focus of photographic lenses. Camera-stand, designed by W. Matthews, Esq. Camera-stand, and head-rest, with a series of ball and socket joints, designed by the exhibitor. Portable folding camera and stand, for paper processes, with frames on different plans. Pressure frames on different plans. Glass and porcelain dishes for preparing sensitive paper and glass plates. 454 Coffey, J., & Smith, J., 4 Providence Row, Finsbury—Proprietors and Manufacturers. Improved chemical apparatus, containing a still head, with suite of moveable pans for decoctions, extracts, &c.; a drying closet, a condenser for steam, and worm for other stills, the chamber containing them, acting as a stand and condensing tub. The temperature can be regulated by means of steam-cocks and valves. There is also attached an improved feed for boiler, steam-gauge and thermo- meter, safety-valve and alarum. 456 Statham, W. E., 4 Rotherfield St. South, Louder Road, Islington—Inventor and Manufacturer. Portable chemical cabinets and laboratories for amuse- ment, analysis, and chemical research. Hydro-pneumatic apparatus, containing a large pneu- matic trough, a gasometer, and an hydraulic blow-pipe, lamp, and tongs complete. Larger apparatus of the same kind for the lecture-table and laboratory. 457 Geiffin, John J., & Co., 53 Baker Street— Manufacturers. Graduated glass instruments for chemical testing in the arts; applicable to the examination of soda, potash, ammonia, the mineral acids, vinegar, bleaching powder, limestones, solutions of iron, silver, and other metals, salt-springs, white lead, and other chemical products; graduated measures for liquids, showing the usual divisions of the imperial gallon; and for gases. Set of decimal weights and measures, founded on the imperial gallon and the avoirdupois pound, with explana- tory tables. Set of hydrometers, with Twaddell's scale of improved oval form. Stokes' hydrometer for determining the strength of spirits of wine at any temperature, according to the de- grees of Sikes', by means of one glass spindle, having two scales without weights, but with a thermometer. Ammoniameter, or hydrometer for liquid ammonia. A glass spindle with a scale of 100°; every degree shows one test-atom or 212-5 grains of dry ammonia in a gallon of solution. Small chemical apparatus, in a portable cabinet, adapted for analytical researches by naval and military officers, colonial engineers, &c. Cabinet apparatus for use in colonial sugar-works, in determining the density of cane-juice, and the exact amount of lime required for properly clarifying the juice. Invented by Dr. Shier. Apparatus for the chemical analysis of urine. Portable collection of chemical apparatus for elementary expe- riments. Set of apparatus for testing the hardness of waters invented by Professor Clark. [Clark's test for the hardness of water consists in adding a standard solution of soap to water until it produces a lather, the quantity used indicating the degree of hard- ness. Most waters contain lime in the state of carbonate, with some sulphate of lime, and chloride of sodium. The waters supplied to London give these substances in the following proportions, according to the analyses of Mr. Richard Phillips:— Brentford. Barnes. Chelsea, Carb. oflime . . . 16-000 16-900 16-500 Sulph. of lime, chl. of sodium 3-400 1-700 2-900 Dr. Clark has shown that a certain measure of his test, solution of soap, is required to combine with each grain of carbonate of lime, and that the whole of it which is pre- sent in the water must combine with the soap before a lather will form. The apparatus exhibited is for measuring the soap solution with great accuracy, and for adding it drop by drop to the water under examination. The Board of Health requires that every new source of water supply should be thus examined, and the number of degrees of hardness stated according to Dr. Clark's scale. Some che- mists have lately pointed out sources of error in this pro- cess, but Dr. Clark states these may be avoided by care.— R. H.] Chemical thermometers for corrosive liquors. Set of blowpipe apparatus for the examination of minerals. Col- lection of small specijnens of minerals, in a portable cabinet, adapted for travellers in the colonies. Models of crystals executed in pottery. Apparatus for teaching agri- cultural chemistry in parish schools. Test-bottles, with indelible inscriptions, for chemical use. Glass vessels for holding chemical liquors, made in Bohemia. Books of test-papers. Circular filter-papers. Frame with pegs for test-tubes. Stoneware lamp-furnace for chemical opera- tions. Beale's furnace for executing combustions in organic analysis by gas. Beale's gas fm-nace for heating crucibles. Improved achromatic microscope and polariscope, for na- turalists and physicians. Ackland's improved combination of Smee's galvanic battery, in which the kind and amount of power can be readily modified. Ackland's improved form of medico-galvanic machine, with single current, producing great power in a small compass. 458 Allman, Fennell, 12 Stanhope Place, Hyde Park— Inventor. An electric table-lamp, suitable for a room, with an- other, illustrating the way in which the dynamic effect of the current is made to govern the lamp. The most im- portant features of the invention are the employment of electricity as a substitute for coal gas, oil, candles, &c. The novelty consists in the employment of the dynamic effects of the electric cm-rent to produce the conditions necessary for the maintenance of a constant light. The great simplicity of the lamp, consisting of only three parts, render it very durable and economic. Patented. 459 Ibbetson, Capt. L. L. Boscawen, Clifton House, Old Brompton—Inventor. Electrotypes from the animal and vegetable kingdom. Ornamental castings in various metals; also castings, &c., in iron, and covered with metallic surfaces, by a new method. Trigonometrical model of the Undercliff, Isle of Wight. The new feature in this model is, that an extent of country has been modelled from a trigonometrical survey, the vertical heights being on the same scale as the base, three feet to a mile. The model was carried to the spot and modelled, and the hypothenuse lines made to cor- respond with the base. Upwards of 20,000 heights were North, North Central, and South Central Galtleries. measured. It is painted so as to combine both geograpby and geology, the phenomena being carefully delineated. A blowpipe giving an uninterrupted and regular flame for chemical analysis and other purposes. An oxyhydrogen microscope, with new safety tubes and an adaptation of the blowpipe for chemical and other purposes, also an arrangement for collecting the gases separately. Manufactured by C, W. Collins, Royal Polytechnic Institution, Eegent Street. 460 Newberry, F., Stoke Newington Green—Producer. Electrotypes. 464 Harrison, John, 2 Chorlton Terrace, Upper Brook St., Manchester—Inventor and Manufacturer. Electrical battery, intended as a substitute for the Leyden jar. Galvanic battery, combining the inventions of Profes- sors Smee and Faraday, with a new mode of connexion for producing either quantity or intensity of the electric current. 464a Harrison, J., 45 Upper John Street, Fitzroy Square—Manufacturer and Inventor. Model of action generally used by pianoforte manufac- turers. Model of registered boudoir pianoforte; action to show in what the improvement consists. Pianoforte with the registered action. 465 Well WAY, John Sweet, 7 Denmark Street, Bristol —Inventor and Manufacturer. Syphon trough, for galvanic battery, made of gutta percha and vulcanized India-rubber; tubes passing from the bottom of each cell to a main tube, form a siphon, by which the trough may be emptied when out of use ; a gutta-percha valve, of new construction, closes the main tube when the battery is in use. Registered gas-carriers' apparatus, rendering gas port- able. A drum revolving horizontally, by means of a spring between the ceiling and floor of the room above, round which several feet of glazed vulcanized India- rubber tubing are coiled, which communicate with the main gas-pipe of the house. When in use, one end of the flexible tube is attached to a portable lamp-stand, which, when carried to a distant part of the room, is allowed to recede by the unwinding of the flexible tube; when the light is brought back, the revolving drum winds up the tubing. When out of use, the tubing is detached from the lamp-stand; it is then immediately coiled up by the drum. 466 Taylor, Thomas, 17 Fleet Street, Dublin—Inventor. Pneumatic battery, for igniting gunpowder in the blast- ing used in mining operations. Each cell is filled with sulphuric acid. The operator, blowing through the gutta-percha tube, forces the sulphuric acid out of each cell through the short siphon tubes ; it then comes in contact with a compound of the chlorate of potass, loaf sugar, and gunpowder, when an explosion takes place. The gutta-percha tube may be of any length, thus placing the operator in perfect safety. 467 KiRKMAN, Joseph, & Son, 3 Soho Square, and 9 Dean Street—Manufacturers. Miniature model of a grand pianoforte, six and three- quarter octaves, metal braces, and drilled bridges. Seven octave, full grand pianoforte, with repetition action, in rosewood case. The fonda semi-grand pianoforte, in walnut case. Oblique piccolo pianoforte. 468 Greiner, Geo. Frederick, 51 Upper Marylehone Street, Portland Place—Inventor and Maker. Semi-grand pianoforte, constructed on the principle of the speaking-trumpet, with unison tuning-screws, and repeat tongue check action. Ivory is replaced by a newly-invented material for the keys. 469 SouTHALL, William, 16 Baker Street, Portman Square—Manufacturer. Grand pianoforte. 470 Stodart, William, & Son, 1 Golden Square— Manufacturers. Patent rosewood horizontal grand pianoforte. Compact rosewood square pianoforte. 471 Cadby, C, Gray's Inn Pianoforte Manufactory ■—Manufacturer. Grand pianoforte, in rosewood, on the exhibitor's new patent suspension principle. The sounding-board, instead of being glued or permanently attached to the wooden framing, is suspended from it by metallic attachments, which, being adjustable, admit of its being tightly strained, to increase the tone. The letters A, B, C in the annexed cut represent the adjustable metallic attach- ments. Cadby's Grand Pianoforte. Grand pianoforte, in zebra wood, on the same principle modified. Upright cottage pianoforte, showing the application of the same principle to the cheaper kind of pianofortes. 472 RoLFE, William, & Sons, 61 Cheapside— Manufacturers. Specimen of a two-unison common cottage pianoforte, combining the advantages of the ordinary repetition, and check or double actions. Pianoforte, in which stability, economy, and excellence are the objects aimed at. 473 Deacock, T.—Manufacturer. A pianoforte. 474 BrinsMead, John, 15 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square—Manufactm-er. Registered pianoforte—the long brass joint generally seen upon the fall of pianofortes, obviated when opening by a simple contrivance. The case permits the instru- ment to be placed in any part of a room. Embroidered device in the central panel, and music stool. This instru- ment is shown in next page. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Brinsmead's Registered Pianoforte. 475 Metzler, George, 37 Great Marlborough Street —Manufacturer. Small size cottage pianoforte, made in pollard oak, "^■^O. G." or arched fall, with ornamental shell front. 476 Moore, John & Henry, & Co., 104 Bi.shopsgate Street Within—Designers and Manufacturers. Grand cottage pianoforte, of new design. 477 Luff, George, & Son, 103 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury—Manufacturers. Albert cottage pianoforte, of new construction. Harmonium, an instrument played like the pianoforte or organ, claiming powerful tone and simplicity of con- struction. [The peculiar tone of the harmonium class of instru- ments is produced by metal springs set in motion by a stream of air.—H. E. D.] 477a Hunt, Rich., 22 Blake Street—Inventor. The registered tavola pianoforte. A dining or drawing- room table, stands upon a centre-block or pedestal, and contains a pianoforte (opening with spring-bolts) on the grand principle, with a closet containing music composed by the inventor. This pianoforte has the ordinary power of tone, although occupying half the usual space, and can be made the piccolo or grand size. 479 Ennever & Steedman, 31 George Street, Euston Square— Manufacturers. Elegant walnut marquetrie semi-cottage pianoforte, new design, with double action. The pearl and tortoise- shell keys made by T. and H, Brooks, 31 Cumberland Market. Plain walnut square-fall piccolo, or microchordian piano- forte, with single action. 480 Allison, Robert, 69 Regent ;S'^;r^i—Manufacturer. Walnut-wood registered cottage pianoforte—the keys of the finger-board being alternated in colour, to show all the scales, major and minor, according to a single rule for each mood, founded on the place of the semi-tonic interval, which renders the seven notes to be touched for an octave of each of the other eleven scales, as evident as the scale of C. This pianoforte is shown on next page. [10.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Allison's Registered Cottage Pianoforte. 481 Jones, John Champion, 21b S-olw S-'quare— Inventor and Maniifacturer. A double or twin semi-cottap^e pianoforte, having two fronts and sets of keys, one on either side, suitable for any number of performers, from one to six; case of walnut- tree. The letters of reference in figs. 1 and 2, indicate the position of corresponding parts in the front and side views of this twin pianoforte; a, h, c, representing the case; e, the keyboard; and(/, g, g, the pedals. Jones's Twin Semi 482 HoLDERNESSE, Charles, 444 New Oxford Street —Manufacturer. Cottage grand pianoforte, 6|-octave, in a carved walnut- tree wood case (the design registered); with repeating check action. 483 Allison, Ralph, 108 Wardour Street, Soho, and 34 Brook Street, New Road—Manufacturer. A walnut-tree cottage pianoforte, with carved figures, and inlaid with flowers in woods of natural colours, check repetition action, &c. \ 484 Jenkins, Wm. & Son, 10 London Street, Fitzroxj Square—Inventors and Manufacturers. Registered expanding and collapsing pianoforte for i-cottage Pianoforte. gentlemen's yachts, the saloons of steam-vessels ladies' cabins, &c.; only ISg inches from front to back when collapsed. Cabinet pianoforte in figured walnut-tree, carved and ornamented in the Elizabethan style. 486 HuND, Frederick, & Son, 21 Ehury Street, Pimlico —Inventors and Manufacturers. New kind of cottage pianoforte, called the " Lyra."— Provisionally registered. The ''Lyra" stands on a peculiar constructed platform, or sound conductor, into which the bass strings extend; and although the instrument is only 3 feet 5 inches in height, it produces a tone equal to a semi-grand. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. The instrument lias a grand check action, with levers of great power and elasticity. 487 Addison, Robert, 210 Regent Street—Patentee and Proprietor, A transposing pianoforte. This piano will transpose music five semitones higher or lower than the written key, if necessary. Its novelty consists in the key-board, hammers, and strings being immoveable. The internal action cannot be shifted or deranged. To make this in- telligible, the first two bars of the National Anthem have been selected, which, if written thus— can, by striking the same ivory keys as the above notes repre- sent, be immediately transposed into three higher and three lower keys. 488 Aggio, George H., Colchester—Designer and Manufacturer. Pianoforte, fitted up in plate-glass case, and gold carvings, with embroidered curtain front. 489 DiMOLiNE, Abraham, Denmarh Street, Bristol— Designer and Manufacturer. Registered compensation pianoforte, seven octave. The mechanism, by its lightness, &c., produces an agreeable touch ; improved plan for uncovering the keys ; the panels are paintings of mother-of-pearl on glass. Regis- tered semi-cottage, seven octave: with same mechanism, and papier-mach^ case with inlaid mother-of-pearl, in the Italian style. 490 Akerman, William H. H., Bridgwater, Somerset —Inventor and Manufacturer. Pianoforte, with new improvement; a bevel action for the dampers, applicable to all kinds; intended to give precision of touch by the certain rising of the key. It preserves also the dampers by gentle instead of jerking movement. Octave action at pleasure, to use the octave of the key struck. 491 Smyth & Roberts, Birmingham—Inventors and Manufacturers. A 7-8va cottage pianoforte, with grand action and re- peat, having a sounding-board and back on the principle of a violoncello, &c., obtained by the application of an iron frame well secured between the sounding-board and the strings, which causes the sounding-board to tighten, in a different manner from other pianofortes. They are suited for hot climates. 493 WooLLEy, T., Nottingham—Patentee and Manufacturer. Equilibrium patent pianofortes, for all climates. Grand pianoforte, and "utiliton" pianoforte, 7 octaves each. 493a Harwar, Joseph, 28 Bloomsbury Street— Manufacturer. Pianoforte with transposing mechanism, metallic equi' librium string frame, adjusting tension rods, and improved sound-board, fitted up in newly designed case with sliding front. [The first transposing pianoforte was invented by a German named Rolla. The keys in this instrument were shifted; the modern system is incomparably superior.— H. E. D.] 494 Towns & Packer, 20 Oxford Street— Manufacturers. Grand transposing pianoforte: 'the pitch can mth faci- lity be raised or lowered two notes from the original key, without affecting its touch or durability. Microphonic cottage pianoforte up to A in alt. of eco- nomical construction. 496 Erard, Pierre Orpheus, 18 Gt. Mai-lborough Street —Inventor, Designer, and Manufacturer. New patent pianofortes : — ornamented extra-grand; extra-grand with pedal keys; small grand, improved new scale; grand oblique, ornamented in the Elizabethan style, adapted to extreme climates; grand cottage; reduced cottage ; extra-grand and grand obliqvie. The plate 22 represents a front and side elevation of the Elizabethan pianoforte. New patent metal frames for pianofortes, intended to carry the principal part of the weight or pull of the wires, independent of the wood frame, with a new screw appa- ratus for tuning attached to the same; particularly adapted to extreme climates. Harps:—full and second size, newly improved; third size; highly ornamented; foiu'th size, adapted for young begmners. Prince of Wales' harp," decorated. [The difficulty of keeping harps in order in extreme climates is greatly lessened by always placing them, when not used, in a common mahogany case.—H. E. D.] 498 Mott, Isaac Henry Robert, 76 Strand— Inventor and Manufacturer. Patent metallic cottage grand pianofortes, not liable to be affected by change of climate or weather. Horizontal grand pianofortes, with metallic frames, above and beneath the strings, capable of resisting change of climate, or great tension, without interfering with the freedom or vibration of the sounding-board. The com- pass is nearly eight octaves, also an additional key-board of five more octaves, they have the notes in unison with and an octave below the pianoforte, with an improved and peculiar action, which, by means of small rollers, &c., produces a quick repetition of the touch. 499 WoRNUM, Robert, Store Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. Improved piccolo pianoforte. Semi-bichord grand pianoforte, upon the patent over- struck principle. [In the ordinary pianoforte action, the springs are struck from below, in this instrument the hammers strike down, hence the term overstruck.—H. E. D.] 500 Hopkinson, John & James, 18 Soho Square— Manufacturers. Horizontal grand pianoforte with patent action, on an entirely new principle, giving increased power and cer- tainty to the touch, and adding the tremolo similar in effect to that produced by the voice. Mata, inventor. Rosewood boudoir pianoforte, 6f-octaves. 500a Turnbull, William, 6 Frederich Street, Regent's Park—Manufacturer. Set of pianoforte keys. 502 Peachey, G., 73 Bishopsgate Street Within— Manufacturer. Improved Pollard oak Victoria" piccolo pianoforte. Improved rosewood ''Albert" piccolo pianoforte. 503 Greaves, E., 56 South Street, Sheffield— Manufacturer. -^olian pitch pipes, German silver, electro plated, and gilt, in sets of 4 for violin, 6 for guitar, 8 for harp key E flat, 8 for the diatonic, and 13 for the chromatic. -iEolian violin mute, a combination of pitch pipe and mute. Chromatic seolian pitch pipe, one vibrator sounding 13 semitones. [The natural key of the old single-action hai'p is E flat, and of the double action C flat. The mute is a small in- strument which is fixed on the strings of a violin, over the bridge, to soften and thin the tone. The uncertainty which at present exists with regard to the pitch is a source of great annoyance. The modern pitch varies 2 L 2 North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. half to a whole tone sharper from that used in the time of Handel.—H. E. D.] Blued steel sostenuto tuning-foi^ks, philharmonic and Wilhelm's standard pitch; Lilliput size, in case, philhar- monic pitch; and French-shape, with foot and case; case of 13 tuning-forks. Pair of chromatic tuning-forks, sounding the 13 semi- tones, in an octave, both equal temperament, philhar- monic; and Wilhelm's standard pitch; case of amateur pianoforte tuning instruments. The chromatic tuning- forks are useful for tuning the pianoforte, &c. Tuning-keys for horizontal and cabinet pianofortes. Registered portable metronomes, in brass, German silver, silver, pearl, tortoiseshell, electro-plate and gild, silver, silver and pearl, silver and shell. These form a convenient substitute for the large metronome. In prin- ciple this is a variable pendulum, the tape winding up within the case, which forms the weight or bob. 504 KoENiG & Pask, 441 Strand—Manufacturers. A complete set of brass horns with valves (soprano to contra bass). French horn, trombones, and trumpets. Trombones with slides. Ophicleide with keys. Euphonion with four valves. Cornet k pistons in various designs. Clarionets, from a new design, and in metal. Flutes, on a new system- Drums—bass, tenor, and side, for military purposes. 505 DoDD, Edwakd, 112 VauxhaU Walk, Lambeth —Manufacturer. Violin, violoncello, double bass, and harp strings. 506 Drury, James Francis, Cheshunt, Herts— Manufacturer. Box of musical bells. 507 GiSBORNE, James, 37 Suffolk Street, Birmingham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Cornopeans. Trombo cornuta, or drawing-room corno- pean. Sax horns in B flat alto, and E flat soprano. Keyed bugle. Long valve trumpet. Double sax horn in A flat alto, and E flat tenor: the performer while playing upon this peculiar instrument, can, by using the extra valve with the left hand, without taking the instru- ment from his lips, glide from the alto to the tenor cleff", and vice versa, with facility. 508 Henrys & Co., 2 Budge Row—Proprietors. Newly-invented musical instrunient, Called ''Floetina," adapted for concerts, and as an accompaniment to other instruments. 509 Forsteb, Simon A., 13 Macclesfield Street, Soho Square—Manufacturer. A violin, viola, violoncello, &c,, made (according to modern improved gauges) after the models of the exhi- bitor's grandfather, popularly known as " Old Forster," 510 Heaps, John Knowles, Leeds—Manufacturer. Violoncello constructed upon principles producing in- creased vibration, and superior quality and quantity of tone. 511 Anelli, Joseph, 76 Queen Street, Edinburgh— Inventor. Centripetal regulating pegs and pins, which cannot draw back or give way, by which instruments can be tuned and regulated gradually in all their divisions, in less than half the time formerly required. Also, a spring capo-tasto," attached to the handle of the guitar, changing at once the diapason of the strings, so as to play in all keys without altering the printed notes or the position of the hand and fingei s. 512 McNeill, John, 140 Capel Street, Dublin— Inventor and Proprietor. Cambridge cavalry field-trumpet bugle, for executing trumpet and bugle field calls without having recourse to a second instrument. Bulb cornopean; the bulbs are substituted for angles, and curved passages are thus obtained for the \\'ind without enlarging the valves, or increasing the friction, which gives improved quality of tone and facilitates the execution. 514 Church, G., 12 Berkeley Place, Bristol— Inventor. Wrist-supporter, for securing a good position in playing the pianoforte. Improved guitar: by means of two bars introduced within the instrument, and fixed in the blocks, greater strength is secured. Improved finger-board for the violoncello, and other bowed instruments: groove runs the whole length of the finger-board under each string. 516 Edwards, Robert James, Church Street, Burslem—Inventor. An instrument invented to assist instrumental per- formers. It resembles the pianoforte in appearance, but, when acted upon, is perfectly silent. The keys are of porcelain. The degree of action is regulated by tui'iiing the screw at the back of the instrument. 517 Pace & Sons, 49 King Street, Westminster— Inventors and Manufacturers, Cornopeans, trumpet, and valve horn. The improve- ments consist in the small diameter of the valves, the removal of angular turnings, and the hardness and quality of the metal employed. [The modern brazen trumpet was invented at Nurem- berg ; but a similar instrument has been known from time immemorial.—H, E. D.] 518 Broadwood, John, & Sons, 33 Great Pulteney S treet—Manufacturers. Four grand pianofortes, of difierent constructions:— No, 1, In ebony case; 7 octaves, G to G; inlaid, carved, and gilt. Designed by E, M. Barry, Esq, ; inlaid by G, Watson; carved by J. Thomas; and gilt by G. J. Mo- rant. Straight bracing. No. 2. In amboyna case; 7 octaves, G to G. Designed, carved, and gilt by Mr, G. J. Morant. Diagonal bracing. No. 3. In amboyna case; 7 octaves, G to G. Diagonal bracing. No. 4. In walnut case, inlaid ; 7 octaves, G to G. Inlaid by G. Watson. Straight bracing, (^Main Avenue West.^ 519 Betts, Arthur, 27 Royal Exchange—Mamifacturer, Two violins, 520 Gates, J. P., Lichfield—Inventor, Improved brass musical instruments:— The "gem cornet," model, with the ordinary valves. The improvement consisting in the more direct course of the current through the main tube, a greater proportion of which is placed below the valves. Cornet, with the "central valve" (invented 1845), in which the right angles in the open notes are obviated, and the tone improved. Cornet, Improvement of the last by the introduction of a bow, obviating the angles in the valve note. Invented 1845. Cornet, with the bulb valves. In the perfect central valve: the piston casing is widened at the turn of the current by a hollow "bulb," or "bulge," half the dia- meter of the tube, the other half being formed in the piston. Cornet, with the " equi-trio-lateral valves," The "eql^i- tone cornet." The "pista-cor," a new di-awing-room in- strument. Improved "Sax-horn," upon the equitone principle. Transposing " military trumpet, combining the C bugle with the E flat trumpet. Both complete instru- ments. The "Staffordshire horn," The seven preceding ai^ticles are provisionall}^ regis- tered. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 522 Prince, Miss Abelinde, 29 Norfolk Crescent, Hyde Park—Inventor. Gioco di Euterpe; a new musical game, intended to assist beginners in the knowledge of the relative value of mu- sical characters, and to render them good timeists. 523 Jordan, James, 34 Manchester Street, Liverpool— Inventor and Manufacturer. 1. Newly-invented euphonic serpentcleide. The pitch is an octave lower than the ordinary serpent, and the bore being much larger, it has a more powerful and melli- fluous tone. The keys (eleven) and stays are tubular, thus rendering the instrument extremely light in propor- tion to its size. The springs, which are spiral, can be re- gulated or renewed by the performer, a desideratum in the military or naval service. 2. Newly-invented euphonic horn, contra-bass in B flat, compass from double A flat; though more powerful in tone than the ordinary bombardon, is yet more port- able, and is consequently peculiarly suited for military, naval, or concert bands. 3. Newly-in vented tenor valve ophicleide, silver mounted. 4. Newly-invented German-silver cornopean, with im- proved transposing slide and water-conductor. On this instrument the keys B flat and A flat (which are the keys most in use by the military) can be produced immedi- ately, thus saving the unnecessary carriage of crooks whilst marching. 5. Newly-invented cornopean. This improvement con- sists in substituting fixed bows outside the valves for an- gular turns inside the pistons, without enlarging the tubing, relieving the action from extra weight and fric- tion, and the instrument from leakage. 524 DoBROWOLSKi, B. W., 20 Norton Street, Portland Place—Inventor. Semibreve guitar. This newly-invented instrument is improved from the Spanish guitar: its advantages are, that it contains one octave and a half more in the treble, and that it is more easy to play; the sounding-board is larger, and produces very powerful and melodious notes, and the instrument can be held with great ease and grace. Registered. 525 Panormo, Louis, 31 High Street, Bloomsbury— Manufacturer. Enharmonic guitar (inventor and proprietor, T. Perro- net Thompson, Eliot Vale, Blackheath), capable of being arranged in the perfect ratios for upwards of 20 keys; the strings can be lengthened separately at the bridge, to correct the defects of the depression to the neck, or of false or worn strings. 526 Wheatstone, William, & Co., 20 Conduit Street, Regent Street—Patentees and Manufacturers. Treble concertina, with 48 keys, for the performance of violin, flute, hautboy, or concertina music singly, or in concert; the same, displaying the whole internal mecha- nism. Baritone concertina, with 48 keys, for the performance of harmonized music, especially psalmody, in the same register as sung by four voices. A concert tenor concertina, with 43 keys, for vocal tenor, tenor violin, or wooden wind instrument music, singly or in concert. A concert bass concertina, with 56 keys, for violoncello or bassoon music, singly or in concert; the same, of a smaller size, for the use of ladies. Double concertina, with 50 keys, so disposed that a melody may be played by one hand, and an accompani- ment by the other. A symphonion, with a single vibrator, acted on by rollers moved by stops, so as to produce any note re- quired. A tonimeter, which produces any note in the chromatic scale merely by finger pressure. An enharmonic tonimeter, which produces any sound in the enharmonic scale. Portable harmoniums, for producing expression, which can be played alone, or be placed in front of the key-board of a pianoforte, and played by the same performer; adapted for wooden or stringed instrument solo, or part music. 527 Ward, Cornelius, 36 Great Titchfield Street— Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Kettle-drum, which can be adjusted to any required note, within the range of one octave, witli rapidity and accuracy, and also may be set to any note without sound- ing it. Bass drum, both the heads of which can be tuned at once by one operation. Bass drum, wherein the tension of the heads is quickly adjusted by means of iron rods, whereby permanent order is obtained. This drum con- tains cymbals, and both drum and cymbals can be used at pleasure together or separately. Thus precision is insured; one man required in lieu of two, and the cymbals are safe from accident. Side or signal drum, with iron bracings and two sets of snares adjustible at once. Drum, both the heads of which are adjusted by one screw. Flute, with the natural proportion of tube required for each note of its scale. Bassoon of new constrviction. All patented or provisionally registered. [The bassoon or fagotto is the bass hautboy. The word bassoon is derived from hass sound, and fagotto from fagot, it being composed of several pipes hound together. —H. E. D.] 528 Snell, Robert, Ball's Pond—Inventor and Manufacturer. Seraphine, with bichromatic or double scale of notes, producing perfect harmony in every key, without the aid of temperament; the improvement effected by an octave of pedals, one being put down, corrects the scale for the key required. [That the musical scale cannot be perfectly tuned on instruments with fixed sounds, is a fact that can only be stated, vdthin the limit of a note; temperament signifies the equal adjustment of the imperfection of the scale on an organ, or similar instrument.—H. E. D.] 529 Storer, Joseph, 26 Piccadilly—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Percussion Colophon, with two sets of vibrators, one an octave higher than the other, with appropriate stops, intended as an economical substitute for an organ. Portable Colophon, for taking flute or violoncello parts, or for chamber use. 530 Faulkner, Edwin, 11 York Street, St. James's Square—Designer. Accordion stand. An apparatus to assist in playing the accordion with greater facility and effect; it will incline to any position suitable for the convenience of the performer, and by the action of a spring-stop, it can be instantly fixed in that position. Provisionally regis- tered. 531 Bray, John, 26 Westmoreland Street, Dublin— Manufacturer. Double-action harp, vnth additional notes, Gothic pillar embellished in ultra-marine and gold, and music-stool, desk, and stand. [The double-actioned harp possesses greater powers of modulation than that with the single action, and can also produce enharmonic passages ; in which respect it is a perfectly unique instrument, excepting those of the violin class. Every major and almost every minor key can be distinctly produced on it. The exceptions arc A D% and GC, minors.—H. E. D.] North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 532 Simpson, Thomas, Sea-Lion Hotel, Hanley-in-the- Fotteries—Inventor. Norma virmm, or musical accentuator, intended to supersede the metronome. It marks the first note in every bar, loud and distinct, in all measures of time; and gives in weaker beats the sectional divisions. [The word metronome" is derived from fiir^ov, measure ; and vof/.os, division. The instriTment was in- vented by John Maelzel, in Austria, 1814, The more modern kinds of this instrument exhibit an improvement analagous to the principal feature of the Norma Virium, viz., a distinct separation of the first, from the following beats in a bar, which is effected by the striking of a small bell at the first beat.—H. E. D.] 533 Jones, Bassett, Cardiff, Wales—Designer and Maker, Grand triple-strung Welsh harp, woi-ked in Welsh plane wood, carved in bold relief, the designs being emblematic of the country, in oak, mistletoe, &c., with two dragons in front, cut in round relief. On the comb is an equili- brium bearing-plate, to cause equal tension on the three rows of springs. [The triple-strung Welsh harp was an ingenious but laborious contrivance to enable the performer to take semitones, and to modulate into different keys. It is now superseded by the pedal harp, particularly that with the double action, invented by Erard. The two outer rows of strings are diatonic and unisonic: the centre row com- prises all those sounds necessary to complete the thirteen semitones belonging to each octave. This instrument is described by Mersennas in his " Harmonic Universelle," 1636,—H, E. D,] 535 SiccAMA, Abel, I'^h^ Fleet Street—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Diatonic flutes, retaining the old system of fingering while affording numerous additional fingerings, on a system strictly based upon acoustic principles. Their tone is said to be powerful and brilliant. They are easier of execution, and therefore require less exertion to play than the ordinary flute. There are three middle C's on this flute, all of the same quality, and perfectly in tune. [There are two scales commonly understood—the Diatonic, from Ita, by, wad tovos, the tone; and the Chro- matic, from xgoi^a, colour: the first proceeding by tones and semitones, and the second by semitones alone. But there is a third scale, the Enharmonic, that is not so well known. It can be thus explained : Notes have their pitch determined by a certain number of vibrations. By this we find that C # and D I', though one sound on a keyed instrument, have distinct sounds in reaty. The Enharmonic scale then is a succession of every possible note according to its vibratory intensity, e. g. G D Ci, D, E b, D#, E, and so on,—H. E. D,] 536 RuDALL, Rose, & Co., 38 Southampton St., Strand —Proprietors and Manufacturers. Richard Carte's patent flutes, with new and old finger- ing, made of silver or other metal, or of wood; possess- ing all the latest improvements arising from equidistant and equal-sized holes and open keys. The arrangement of the holes, and contrivance of the mechanism are avail- able either with Boehm's parabola and cylinder bore, or Rose's improved conical bore. Patent flute, constructed on the principles first in- troduced by Boehm, viz., equidistant and equal-sized holes, and open keys. The patent was granted for a parabola-shaped head-joint, and cylindrical body-joints. Improved ordinary flute—its merits are said to consist in the improvement of the tone, arising from the novel proportions of its conical bore. The fingering and arrangement of holes and keys remain as usual. 537 PdRDY & Fendt, 74 Dean Street, Soho— Manufacturers. ^ Violins, violoncellos, double bass. To exhibit oil var- nish equal to that used on the Cremona instruments; the art of making which is supposed to have been lost. 538 OTTER, Henry, 2 Bridge Street, Westminster— Manufacturer. Clinton's flute, on acoustic principles, being the only one with the old fingering throughout, with, equahty of tone and perfection of tune. 540 Kohler, John, 35 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden— Patentee and Manufacturer. Patent three-valve instruments—lever cornetto, in E [7; cornopean, in B\}; trumpet, in E [7; trombone, in B [7; trom- bone, in G; patent clavicor and bombardone, each with four valves in E [7; and French horn, with two valves in E [7; patent lever trumpet in E [7 with two valves; small pocket cornopean in A with two valves; cylinder cor- nopean in B t? with three valves; cylinder tenor horn in D with three valves; and Harper's improved chromatic slide trumpet in E [7. 541 Guinness, Richard, 58 East Street, Manchester Sq.— Inventor. Violin and violoncello. Self-acting pegs for the tuning of violins, violoncellos, and tenors. 542 Spurgin, Thomas, Saffron Waldcn—Maker. Violin made from a description of one invented by Mons. Savai-t of Paris. The figure represents this vioHn. Spurgin's Violii 543 DoDD, James, Image Cottage, Holloway— Manufacturer. Bows for the violin, tenor, and violoncello, mounted with gold and tortoiseshell. Silver strings for the violin violoncello, and harp. 544 Chidley, Rook, 135 High Holborn—Designer, Manufacturer, and Proprietor. Concertinas, in ivory, with gold stops, working on le- vers only supported by springs; another in ebony, with glass stops, mounted with gold. [Though an exceedingly sweet instrument, the con- certina is considered to be deficient in foi-gando effect.— H. E. D.] 545 Case, George, 32 Mew Fond Street—Manufacturer. Concertina, on which may be played any description of music, within the compass of three octaves and a half, in single notes or chords. 546 Card, William, 29 St. James' Street—Designer and Manufacturer. Silver flute, with rods, rings, and levers, equal to twelve keys.—Stirling's British gold flute. Electro-sil- vered flute, Cognas wood flute, with silver mountings and keys. The following cut represents the silver flute. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Card's Silver Flute. 547 Callcott, John, 31 Admiral Terrace, Vauxhall Bridge Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Newly invented French horn; the novel feature being its portability, the loose crooks commonly used being dispensed with : to change the key, a continuous tube is graduated into thirteen parts, each part being a semitone, at each of which again an opening is made, into which is inserted a short tube, leading from the belt of the horn to the centre of the hoop, and there turning in any di- rection, which receiving the wind as it passes through the horn bears it away to the belt. Cornet h, piston, on the same principle. 548 RooME, Thos. Fred., 67 John Street, Fitzroy Square —Manufacturer. Organ metal pipes, in plain and spotted metal—^trum- pet, hautboy, cremona, flute, open diapason, viol de gamba, and keraolophon. [The best metal for organ pipes is pure tin; this, how- ever, being expensive, it is frequently mixed largely with pewter. Cremona is a corruption of krmnhom, an obsolete German wind instrument.—H. E. D.l 549 Groome, John, Watton, Norfolk—Inventor and Manufacturer. Transparent music, in which the notes can be distinctly seen at a distance, either by day or candle light, adapted for instructing large classes. 550 Mathews, W., 5 St. James Street, Nottingham— Inventor and Manufacturer. Model, exhibiting the string frame of an upright piano- forte with lever tuning apparatus; the object being to sustain the pressure of the strings, and prevent the in- strument getting out of tune. An upright pianoforte, in which an apparatus is intro- duced to keep the instrument in its upright position. It is also simple in action, and contains an apparatus whereby various degrees in quality of tone may be produced. 551 Andrews, Richard, 4 Palatine Buildings, Manchester, and 84 Oxford Street—Inventor. Apparatus for giving a good position to the hands, arms, and fingers of pupils commencing the pianoforte; also for strengthening the fingers in exercises for that instrument. 553 Bishop, J. C, 1 Lisson Grove South—Designer and Manufacturer. Cabinet organ, containing composition pedals, by which the performer can command any combination of stops, without the aid of the hands or confinement of the feet; the wind being also perfectly steady and free from tremor. [Composition stops are used for changing the arrange- ment of oi'gan stops, without the aid of the hands, and vary in difierent instruments.— H. E. D.] 554 Dawson, Charles, 395 Strand—Inventor, Autophon. An improvement of the organ, the tunes. which are unlimited, being produced by means of per- forated sheets of mill board; it enables any person, un- skilled in the art, to perform pieces of music with ease. 555 Gray & Davison, 9 New Road, Fit27^oy Square— Designers and Manufacturers. A grand church organ of the first class, consisting of three full rows of keys or manuals, from CC 8 feet, to F in alt., and an independent pedal organ of two octaves, and a third, from CCC 16 feet, to E; two bellows, hori- zontal, with double feeders of wind of different weights, and six composition pedals for changing the stops, which are 39 in number,—13 in the great organ, 9 in the swell, 8 in the choir, 4 in the pedal organ, and 5 for coupling the manuals, and the manuals and pedals together. All the latest improvements are adopted in the construction of this instrument. The case is of novel character, made of solid oak, carved with double impost mouldings, supporting four towers of speaking-pipes, which are deco- rated: the whole from designs by Mr. Albert Howell, architect. A small church organ, with one manual, from CC 8 feet, to F in alt., and pedals of two octaves and two notes, in extent from CCC 16 feet, to D, with Bourdon stop. The whole of the manuals are enclosed in a Vene- tian swell, and there are two pedals for changing the stops. The case is of Gothic design, made of deal stained and varnished. Patent improved church barrel-organ, playing any number of tunes, without the necessity of shifting the barrels in and out of the instrument. The change from one tune to another, on whatever barrel, is made in the simplest manner possible, and an index always shows the name of the tune about to be played. 556 Hill, W., & Co., Tottenham Court i^oac?—Designers and Manufacturers. Finger organ with two sets of channels; compass from CC to F, with separate sound-boards on extra pressure of wind, containing a reed stop of great power, separate pedal sound-board of two octaves and a half from CCC; the whole of the channels placed in a swell box; the compo- sition and drawing of the stops being on a new principle. This organ contains two manuals, a great organ of ten stops, and an echo organ of five stops. Both are enclosed in sv/ell-boxes, the echo organ being in a box which opens into the larger one. The mechanism is upon an entirely new construction, and is much simplified. The stops are drawn by means of keys, to which is attached the pneumatic apparatus, so that a trifling pressure of the finger only is required to change them. The composition pedals also, by acting upon the above keys, are remark- ably light, and effect the changes in the stops with much greater ease than those on the old plan. A new system of valves has been introduced to the great organ, which secures lightness and equality of touch. The organ also contains a new stop, of inmaense power and volume of tone, called the 'Huba mirabilis," the invention of the exhibitors. NOETH, NOETH Ce^nITEAL, AND SoUTH CENTRAL GaLLEEIES. 558 Nolan, Artificial teeth. [The sound-board of an organ is the upper part of the wind chest in which the mouths of the pipes are inserted, and, by the removal of a small valve, sounded. The manuals are the stops played by the hand: the term also is synonymous with key-hoard. Pedals were invented by a German, called Bernhard, about 1400. The swell was invented by an Englishman, in the last century, the idea having been suggested, it is said, by the modified intensity of sound from a pianoforte, produced by the opening and closing of the door of a room in which it was played. The channels convey the wind to the pipes.—H. E. D.] 557 Holdich, George Maydwell H., 4 J add Place East, Kmj's Cross—Manufactui'er. Small choir-organ; having a stop, called the " dia- octon" which makes every single stop as good as two distinct ones; having, therefore, double the power and variety of an ordinary organ. [The choir organ, properly so called, is that part of a large organ which is used for accompanying the choir of Fro7it View and Profile of the Fingee-boards, on a Scale of One Fourth. singers in a church or cathedral, and is softer voiced than the rest of the instrument.—H. E. D.l W. H.—Inventor. Lowest board contains Keys of G\ F\ G', Bb^ Major, Bb'Major, Eb Major, Ab Major, D' Minor ; and by having Exchangeable pipes for Gb' and Gb', Cb^ and Cb', the Keys of Db' Major, Gb^ Major, Bb' Minor, Bb' Mmor, Eb' Minor. Middle board. Keys of E\ B', G' Major, D' Major, G Major, and (with help from the board) A\ C#\ G#'. Uppermost board, the Keys of D\ A\ F Major, Bb' Major, G\ and (with help from the E board) B\ K\ and ^ ^ 559 RoBSON, T. J. F., 101 St. Martin's Lane — Manufacturer. Enharmonic organ ; presenting the power of executing with the simple ratios in twenty keys, with a correction for changes of temperature. By Lt.-Colonel T. PeiTonet Thompson. The object of this instrument is, first, to determine the proportions which make music in a single key, and then to transfer the same proportions to a variety of keys, beginning from some of the previously established sounds as a new key-note. The same process was attempted by the ancients, constituting what they called the Enharmonic; but it broke down and was finally abandoned, in consequence of making an unfortunate division for a single key. The leading principle involved in this instrument, is, that the Dissonances are double, or have each two forms, one of which makes harmonious combinations with the Fifth of the Key and the Thirds, and the other with the Fourth and the Sixths. Hence, if the one set is coloured white and the other black, the similarity of colour will help to point out the connexion. The best way of illustrating this will be to refer to the lowest or C board, in the repre- sentation of the finger-boards annexed, taking no notice for the present of the smaller manuals resembling the keys of a flute. The key-note C is coloured red ; which in the Plate is represented by longitudinal lines, as done in Heraldiy. The same process is applied on the middle board for the key of E, and on the uppermost board for the key of D\ When this was done, it was plain that by the addition of a comparatively small number of manuals, several more keys might be prodviced ; which was accordingly done, by the addition of the manuals which, from the lik^ess formerly described, may be called the Jiutals. A further addition was made of the manuals on the middle and uppermost boards, which from their form may be denominated buttons; giving the power of making E#, Bit, and F x. There is also a provision of spare pipes for Gb and Cb, by means of which preparation may be made for playing in five and in six fiats. On the whole, the number of keys amounts to twenty, extending from eight sharps (or as generally called, six sharps and a double sharp) to six flats. In many cases, there are keys for the two forms of the same note, which may be called for according to circumstances. The different sounds resulting, are dis- played in the Table which follows (next page). Though adapted to 53 divisions, they are not the sounds of the division into 53 equal intervals, but the accurate sounds, as may be proved by examina- tion of their Measures. A line drawn over any number of figures implies that they form a recurring decimal. Though the appearance of such a number of sounds is formidable, it has been proved by experience, that three weeks are sufficient for acquiriTig the same facility as on an ordinary instrument; and North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. directions are appended to the instrument, by which any performer who will consent to follow them may, at a first sitting, perform with inconsiderable risk of error in a limited number of keys. The tuning is effected by means of what is called a Phonometer, being a monochord with a wire of four feet, stretched by a weight capable of very accurate adjust- ment. The compass is what is called the German scale, or from C C to / in alto. The pipes are of wood, of what is called Stopped Diapason, and each is tuned with a screw, the whole number being 155, besides those which may be denominated Exchangeable. The swell is divided in two at middle c, and each part has a quick movement and a slow. The dimensions of the instrument are, in extreme height 8 feet b\ inches English measure (7 feet 11 inches French) ; length 7 feet 5 inches ; depth 3 feet 7 inches. Table of Sounds in Enharmonic Organ. Places in Primitive Key. Key-note . . Grave Min. 2nd Acute Min. 2nd Grave Maj. 2nd Acute Maj. 2ud Minor Third Major Third Fourth . . Tritone . . Fifth . . Minor Sixth Major Sixth Grave Min. 7t]i Acute Min. 7th Crave Maj. 7th Acute Maj. 7th Octave Boards in Zudic6$, Measures, which found. in decimals Hi u G' 0 I- C* G' 1 ■987654320 D 2 •972 E D 3 •96 4 •9481481 C 5 •9375 c Q 7 •925925 c E D 8 •9 c E D'' 9 10 "888 E 1J ■864 E 12 "8533 D Eb' -Li [7 Et?' 13 '84375 c D 14 J. o •8:33 D E^^ 16 •81 c E D E^ 17 •8 E^ E' 18 19 '790123456 Dt 20 21 •768 n c D F^ 22 ■75 E F' 23 '740740 24 E D 25 •72 c E 26 '711 Gb^ GK 27 •703125 Gt 28 •(.944 Et Fx 29 •68266 D G^ 30 •675 C E G' 31 32 •666 D^^ G#^ 33 •648 E D Gr 34 35 •64 C Ab 36 37 "625 A" 38 •6075 C E D A^ 39 •6 E* A^ 40 41 •592592 E^ A#^ Ar 42 •576 E 43 •5688 c D Bb^ Bb^ 44 •5625 G 45 46 •555 G D 47 •54 G E D* 48 '533 ci Cb^ Gb' 49 '52734375 GX 50 '520833 Et B# 51 •512 D G" 52 •50625 G E D G^ 53 or 0 •5 Vlutal. Hook. 7 I'lutton. + ICxcIiangcaMe Pipe 560 Hewitt, D. C.^ Tirickenham—Inventor. The musical ra'tiometer. {Soxdh Wall.) 561 Walker, J. W., 27 Franc's Street, Bedford Square—Manufacturer. An organ (in the Tudor style, designed by Banks and Barry), adapted for a hall or music room. This organ is represented in the cut on the follo-\\ing page. 562 Forster & Andrews, IThII—Manufacturers. Original model of the transposing organ, wliich enables the performer to change the pitch of his instrument five semitones higher or lower from a given pitch, by an easy turn of a small key. The manuals remain stationary. [The method generally employed by mvisicians when transposing (i. e. changing the key of) a piece of music, is to suppose it written in another cleff, e. g. original key key required D, suppose the music written in the alto cleff ~l"'j-~r— and the note indicated becomes D. —H. E. D.] 565 Grossmith, W. R., 175 Fleet Street—Inventor and Manufactiu-er. Artificial legs, for amputation above and below the knee; or at the ankle, allo%^ing the fi-ee use of the natural knee-joint. The same for contracted knee (foot ampu- tated), vrith locking joints. Common socket and pin leg, with knee-joint. Artificial eyes. Spring braces for the prevention of round shoulders and stooping; with other instruments. 567 Eagland, Tho3ias, Leeds—Manufacturer. Teale's trusses for inguinal and femoral hernia. Bandage for prolapsus of the rectum. Knee-joint extensor. a la- 568 Miles, James, St)'eet, near Glastonbury— Inventor. Improved double truss for hernia^ invented by bouring man. 569 Masters, Moses, 12 St. David Street, Neicmgton—Manufacturer. Artificial leg, for amputation above the knee. 570 Gaplin, Jean Francois Isidore, Strawberry Hill, Pendleton, Manchester—Inventor and Manufacturer. Gymnastic apparatus, and orthorachidic instruments, for deformity of the spine, &c. 570a Gaplin, Madame, 58 Berners Street, Oxford Street, and 55 Princess Street, Manchester—Inventor and Patentee. The Hygeianic corsets. The registered coi-poriform corsets, plain and mechanical. The new contracting belt. Abdominal supporters. Medical belt and chest expander. Spinal corsets. The child's boddice ; also the reverso- tractor, to prevent children standing on one leg, Avith a vai'iety of other Hygeianic adaptations made in accordance with the science of anatomy and physiology. 571 Swithenbank, J., 100 Bridge Street, Bradford, Yorkshire—Manufacturer. Artificial legs. 572 LoNGDON & Tdbberer, Derby—Inxentovs and Manufacturers. Elastic surgical stockings, knee-caps, belts, &c., which requii-e no lacing, and may be washed in hot water. 573 Smith, S., 1 High Holbom—Manufacturer. Yarious trusses of different constructions, bandages, belts. &c. NoiiTH, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Walker's Organ. Leg instrument, for right leg. Elastic knee-cap, to lace, used to support the knee-joint. Ankle-sock, to lace, used to support the ankle-joint. Lace stocking, for producing pressure on swollen veins in the legs. Syringes, silver catheters, bougies, pessaries, &c. 574 Ghrimes, Samuel, 71 Baker Street, Portman Square, —Designer and Producer. Casts of mouths. Sets of artificial teeth. Various cases of artificial teeth. 575 HoRNE, James, West Regent Street, Glasgow— Designer and Manufacturer. Three models of mouths, with artificial cases of teeth, showing a plan of fitting teeth in the mouth so as to obviate the necessity of applying wires or bands of metal to the sound teeth. Models of irregular sets of teeth, showing a plan of correcting them by means of palladium plates. These plates are tasteless and economical, and may be made so as to gradually press the teeth into the true position. There are three specimens of each regularity, shov/ing improvements in progress. The models No. 1 represent deformed teeth in tlieir original state. The models No. 2 represent deformed teeth at first, and afterwards as pressed out with the plate, and drawn in with silk. The models No. 3 represent deformed teeth made straight by fastening silk round the teeth, and pins at each side. 576 Laurie, S., 36 Argyle Street, New Toac?—Designer. Artificial teeth, carved in hippopotamus ivory. 577 James, John Haddy, F.R.C.S., Exeter—Inyeutov. Surgical instruments and apparatus. A collar, resting below, on the collar bones; above, supporting the base of the jaw and cranium, with hinges and screw, by which the face and head may be raised in cases of contraction; disease of the cervical vertebrae; and in wry neck; with two casts illustrating its effects. A pair of forceps, which may be designated a bone- holder. Its use is to grasp the projecting end of any bone which it may be necessary to saw off: with this instrument a firm and steady hold can be obtained, and the bone as readily sawn through as if it were entire. It is applicable to cases of compound fracture; conical stumps or bones left too long in; common amputations; and nonunited fracture. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. An improved saw, which may be advantageously sub- stituted for the various forms of metacarpal saws, or small saws commonly in xise for surgical purposes. This saw was invented by the exhibitor for the purpose of sawing through the lower jaw, parallel with and close to the base, in a case of tumour. Model of an apparatus employed in the treatment of fractures of the thigh, with accompanying sketch, show- ing its use. 578 Ash, Claudius, & Sons, 8 and 9 Broad Street, Golden Square—Manufacturers. Improved mineral teeth, with gold tubes. Two sets of teeth, mounted, and some smaller pieces; also single teeth of various fox*ms and colours. [Artificial teeth, for a considerable period, were ex- clusively made of the tusk of the hippopotamus, a mate- rial closely resembling in colour human teeth, and sus- ceptible of a fine polish. A large number, inclusive of those described, are now made of a peculiar description of porcelain, so intensely hard as to resist steel files: they are consequently united with corundum. They closely resemble natural teeth, and are made of different shades of colour.—R. E.] 579 Parks, 25 Nevoington Crescent, Kennington— Inventor. Artificial teeth. 581 Perkins, William, lib Prospect Place, Maida Hill, Paddington—Designer and Manufacturer. Artificial teeth, carved from the hippopotamus tooth. Mineral teeth on gold, with side springs complete, Na- tural teeth, set in hippopotamus tooth sockets. Specimens of partial cases. 582 Robinson, James, 7 Gower Street, Bedford Square—Inventor. Artificial teeth, with gold masticators, on suction principles. Elastic gold lever, used for turning irregular teeth in the upper jaw. Spiral spring for correcting deformities in teeth, 583 Reid, R., 19 HeriotRow, Edinburgh—Inventor. Compress for alveolar haemorrhage, with expanding plate and turnscrew; adapted to a model head and chin, to show the mode of attachment and working of the apparatus on both jaws. 584 Ransom, Robert, 3 Verulam Place, Hastings— Manufacturer. Case of artificial teeth. 585 MoLLisoN, James, 3 Grove Terrace, St. John's Wood—Inventor. Pedestal planisphere, giving a natural representation of MoUiaon's Pe<lestal Planisphere. the heavens at any given time. It is intended to solve the chief problems of the globe, and preserve the forms of the constellations. See preceding cut. 587 White, John, 228 P«ccac?i7^?/—-Manufacturer. Various single and double trusses, known as the Patent Moc-main Lever Truss," 589 ToD, D., 5 Upper Fitzroy Street, Fitzroy Square ■—Inventor. Improved single and double trusses. 590 Thomson, Hugh, ;^.D., Greenock, Scotland— Inventor. Apparatus intended for fractures of the thigh with the knee bent, or in a straight position, for fractures of the leg. The proposed advantages of this apparatus are: 1st, The power of making suitable extension and counter- extension whilst the knee is bent. 2nd. By means of the pelvic portion, a more advantageous angle is obtained for making counter-extension. 3rd. The bandages contain- ing steel springs, which encircle and grasp the limb, being fixed to the splint, serve for making extension and counter-extension, 4th, Numerous points for making extension and counter-extension are obtained, so that no part may suffer from an undue pressure. The proper angle of flexion of the knee is maintained by the screw for that purpose at the knee-joint, and by pillows placed below the limb. 591 Sparks, J., & Co., 28 Conduit Street, Regent St., and 115 New Bond St.—Manufacturers. Spinal machine, with elastic spring crutches, for weak- ness of the spine. Registered. Dr. Foucart's spinal rectifier, and chest-expander. Dr. Foucart's improved splints for fracture of tibia and fibula. Extending knee instrument for contracted knees. Spring crutch, for convenience in travelling, &c. New elastic single and double spring trusses, with vul- canized Indian-rubber pads. Umbilical truss, with air pads. Bathing truss, covered in India rubber. Elastic spiral silk stockings, ankle-socks, and knee-caps, elastic silk belt for giving support, &c. Elastic steel backboard, with vulcanized India-rubber arm-straps, for stooping of the shoulders, &c. Young lady's boot, for weak ankles. Moulded leather hip, knee, and ankle splints, for con- fining the motion of the limb during disease. Hydrostatic, or water bed, invented by Dr. Arnott. India-rubber water-pillow, for holding hot or cold water. Waterproof silk coat. Portable cloak boat, for crossing rivers and lakes; can be worn as an ordinary cloak, and can be instantly inflated. Hand paddles for cloak boat. 592 Fuller, John, 239 Whitechapel Road—Inventor. Artificial leg, eyes, and nose. Improved scarificator, with shifting pinions, for cupping. Improved truss. Antique metal-gilt oval watch, made in the reign of Charles L, by ''Francois Nawe, at London." 593 Foucart, Dr., 59 Arlington Street, Mornington Crescent. New registered spinal rectifier and chest expander. A safe and amusing calisthenic instrument, well adapted for ladies, 594 Salmon, Odt, & Co., 292 Strand—Inventors and Manufacturers. Patent single and double self-adjusting trusses, for in- guinal hernia. Truss for umbilical and right femoral hernia. New resisting, anti-pressure, self-adjusting truss, with regulating spring, suggested by Dr. Arnott. 596 Brunton, J., Huddersfield—Manufactui-er. Artificial leg. NOETH, NOETH CeNTEAL, AND South Centeal G-alleeies. 597 L'Estrange^ Francis, 39 Dawson Street, Dublin— Inventor. Various patent trusses. Stricture instrument. Apparatus for the reduction of dislocations ; having a windlass and pulleys; and a disengaging apparatus, with extension and counter-extension hooks. Apparatvis for the cure of fractures of the lower jaw, composed of two parts, the divaricator, and the horse-shoe splint with the cramps. Lithotrite instruments, composed of the sound and sounding-board, the screw lithotrite, and drill. 598 Huxley, Edward, 5 Vere /Sf.—Manufacturer. Stockings, knee caps, calf-pieces, and anclets, for vari- cose veins, weakness, sprains, fractures, and all cases in which bandages can be applied. 601 Miles, Edward, 15 Liverpool Street, Bishopsgate— Proprietor. A set of mineral and curved teeth. Several whole and palatial highly-finished sets of teeth. Gold palates. 601c Chapman, T., & Alderman, J., 8 Denmark St., Soho —Inventors and Manufacturers. General invalid couch, which is capable, by mechanism, of being changed into any required position, without dis- turbing the patient ; the change of position being so gradual that it is almost imperceptible. It will form an easy chair, with arms, which adjust themselves without trouble, or can be taken off if required, without unscrewing. It is also suitable for surgical cases, as every variety of position can be obtained. When converted into a level couch, the moveable scroll end at the head may be turned into a writing table and reading desk, so that a patient, while reclining, may read and write with comfort. The mattress is elastic, resting upon an elastic-adjusting foundation, by which all pressure can be taken off from any part of the patient, in cases of long illness. The following cut represents the couch. Chapman's Invalid Couch. 60Id MacMahon, Charles, Upper Camden Street, Dublin —Inventor. 1. The jaw-lever, a newly-invented instrument for keep- ing open the mouth of the horse, ox, dog, or any other animal whilst administering medicine or performing an operation. The advantages are simplicity, without injury to the animal's mouth, and protection to the operator. 2. A temporary horse-shoe, to fasten on without nails; useful where a foot is unsound, or where it may be neces- sary to remove the shoe frequently. 602 FiNZi, S. L., 6 Dalby Terrace, City Road, Islington —Inventor and Manufacturer. Universal drill, designed and made for the purpose of removing decay fi'om teeth to prepare them for stopping. Can be used 8.t all angles of the mouth without incon- venience. Upper and under set of teeth, carved entirely from a tooth of the hippopotamus. 604 Halford, H., 8 St. John Square—Manufacturer. Artificial human eyes. Eyes for figures life-size. Eyes for miniature figures—animals, dolls, and birds—of various sizes and colours. 605 Atkinson, Benjamin Frederick, 26 Strand— Inventor and Proprietor. Registered anal truss. The instrument consists of an elastic pad, which dispenses with the necessity for steel springs round the body. Rectum-supporter of ordinary construction. Artificial leg for below the knee. Artificial hand and arm. Instruments for correcting distortion of the bones of the leg, and for weak knees, when they incline inwards. Variety of trusses. Improved bandage for prolapsus. 606 Bunney, Charles, 27 Lower Eaton Street, Pimlico— Manufacturer. Surgical belts, &c. 607 Whibley, Ebenezer, 12 Lloyd's Place, Brompton. Surgical operating table; a contrivance for placing the body and leg^ of the patient at various elevations and inclinations. 609 PUCKRIDGE, F. L., 4 York Place, Walworth— Inventor and Manufacturer. Transparent waterproof membrane plaisters. Tinted goldbeaters' skin and court plaister. 610 Binyon, Alfred, 3 Great Marlborough St., Regent St. —Inventor and Manufacturer. Elastic chest-expanders. 612 Spratt, William Henry, 2 Brook Street, Hanover Square—Manufacturer. Single and double trusses; the new truss devised by Dr. Arnott. Pads, belts, and bandages, of various con- structions. Elastic laced stocking. New spinal chair, which may be used as a bed, chair, sofa, or in a carriage, designed by R. Druitt, Esq, 613 Lindsey, Mark, 264 Bigh Street, Borough— Inventor and Manufacturer, Various trusses for hernia in adults and children. 614 Lee, John, Bideford—Inventor and Manufacturer. Bedstead, which is so constructed that the patient may be raised by machinery, the bed made up under him, and he may recline in any position most easy to himself; all with the assistance only of one attendant. 615 Heeps, John Henry, 46a Liverpool Street, City— Inventor and Manufacturer. Pulpit, containing a gutta-percha hearing apparatus, for the deaf in churches, chapels, lecture-rooms, &c.; a gutta-percha funnel is placed out of sight, to which the tubing is attached, and carried under the wood-work or fioor, to the pew in which the deaf person sits. The end of the tube is applied to the ear. Self-adjusting prolapsus spring-bandage and abdominal supporter, with gutta-percha pad; also self-adjusting abdominal spring-belt. 617 Robinson, Richard, 27 Cumberland Street, Portsea— Inventor. An artificial leg; with the foot constructed so as to dispense with steel springs; the invention being adapted to an amputation either above or below the knee-joint. 619 Arnott, J,, M.D., 34 Baker Street, PortmanSquare— Inventor. Current apparatus for regulating the temperature of morbid parts with precision, and combining an appropriate temperature with equal pressure. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Apparatus for applying a very low or ansesthetic tem- perature in various inflammatory and painful diseases. [The object of the apparatus here described is to supply a constant source of pressure, combined with a constant abstraction or supply of caloric. This is useful in the treatment of inflammatory and irritative diseases, and has been found of service in the relief of the pain of ulcers and diseased joints. A waterproof cushion is applied to the part, and its contents are changed by a current of water from a small reservoir elevated above the patient. A uniform temperature, whether below or above the standard of the body, is thus supplied. It is a singular fact that pain may be actually extinguished by benumbing cold, and the apparatus for supplying this degree of tem- perature has been successfully used in the relief of inflam- matory and neuralgic diseases. The term anaesthetic is applied to agencies which remove the power of perceiving pain. The perpetual siphon exhibited is used in the ap- plication of this temperature to internal diseases, and for other purposes in surgery. An anaesthetic temperature may also be substituted for chloroform in many surgical operations.—R. E.] Apparatus for removing contractions or obstructions in the excretory canals by the dilatation of fluid pressure. [Dilatation by fluid pressure was suggested as a remedy in the cases described by Dr. Neil Arnott. It excels some modes of treatment in the quickness and safety of its action, and in the permanence of its effects. The principle of this dilator is illustrated by the suspended distensible tube; its construction by the instruments in the glass case. A fluid pressure dilator, used in the ex- traction of stone, and another used in dystocia, are also exhibited.—R. E.] 620 Leaked, Arthur, Oulart, Wexford, Ireland— Inventor. Double stethoscope, made of gutta-percha. 624 Simpson, G., F.R.C.S., 6 Bedford Street, Bedford Square—Manufacturer and Inventor. Anatomical model of the human figure, in papier mach^ and gutta percha. On the right of the figure, are represented the external layer of muscles, the superficial arteries, veins, andnerves; on the left, are shown the second and third layers of muscles, with the deep-seated vessels and nerves. The chest and abdomen are moveable, in order to exhibit the internal organs; and the skull-cap, to show a vertical section of the brain. The arteries are coloured red, the veins blue, and the nerves white. Anatomical model in gutta percha, being a vertical section of the human head and neck, exhibiting the brain, spinal marrow, niembranes, and sinuses; together with the nose, mouth, larynx, fauces, the large blood vessels, and parts concerned in the cavity of the mouth. 625 TowNE, Joseph, Guy's Hospital—Producer. Deep section of the head, showing the distribution of the fifth nerve, the internal ear, the muscles and nerves of the orbit, and the muscles, large vessels, and nerves of the cervical region. Model showing the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the neck, upper extremity, and chest. From dissections by John Hilton, Esq., F.R.S., of Guy's Hospital. Twelve models from the egg of the goose, exhibiting the progress of development during incubation. Twenty models from the egg of the common fowl, exhibiting the same. 627 Brown, John, &Son, Grey Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne —Manufacturers. The railway tourniquet, exhibited for efficiency and simplicity of application. The aneurismal compress, for the application of the treatment of pressure to aneurism. Dilators for stricture. The ostracide, or oyster opener. 628 Salt, M., & Son, 21 Bull Street, Birmingham— Manufacturers. 1—7. Cases of surgical instruments: for amputation; post-mortem examination; minor operations, by Cooper; dissection; catheters, for strictures; for the pocket; and Kidston's mechanical leeches. [The principle of the mechanical leech is identical with that of the ordinary cuj^ping apparatus. The scarificator is composed of three lancet points, wliich inflict a wound of the same form as that given by the leech. The punc- ture is instantaneous, and is produced by the operation of a spiral spring, which, released, projects the points into the flesh ; a vacuum pump is attached, the piston of which is withdrawn, also by the operation of a spiral spring, into the barrel of which the blood flows; when filled, it is removed, and another small pump is applied, the piston being at the lower part of the cylinder, and the operation of the spiral spring withdrawing the piston and forming the vacuum alluded to.] 8—13. Salt's registered spontaneous, and enema appa- ratus. [The spontaneous action syringe or enema is produced by the compression of the air, which operates upon the surface of the fluid by its elasticity, and forces it out by its reaction or desire to regain its equilibrium. The ope- ration is, of course, less powerful towards the conclusion of the discharge, but it is still sufficiently so to eff'ect the intention.] 14. Improved medical galvanic apparatus. 15. Five patterns of stethoscopes. 16. Five patterns of midwifery forceps. 17. Four patterns of uterine specula. 18. Skey's new tourniquet, for amputations. 19. Scarificator for cupping. 20. Tooth-extracting instruments, including Salt's compound. 21. Two chloroform inhalers. 22. Fifty varieties of surgeon's pocket instruments. 23. Salts, improved pessary, for prolapsus uteri and bandage. 24. Six trusses for hernia. 25. Models of elastic stockings, fracture apparatus, and instrument for club feet. 26. Sundry instruments and appliances. 029 Rein, Charles, 108 Strand—Inventor. New instrument for aiding the hearing, which requires no spring, and is not observable; the length of the tube is 18 inches. Various instruments of the same kind, which may be worn without being seen. Acoustic chair, vases, bells, walking-sticks, telescopes, &c., adapted for various useful purposes. Conical flexible whispering-tubes; domestic telegraph; ear-caps or reflectors ; acoustic pulpit, and group of acoustic instruments. Continual stream enema reservoir; several kinds of aperitive vases and enemas. Ear springs of different constructions. Registered, self-acting lactatory. A variety of tubular ear specula and other instruments. 630 Greenhow, T. M., Nexocastle-npon Tyne—Inventor. Fracture bed, for the treatment of patients having frac- tures of the thigh and leg. 631 Ferguson & Sons, 21 Giltspur Street—Manufacturer. Complete set of surgical instruments, for capital and minor operations. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Specimens of forceps, scissors, knives, and tourniquets, including Mr. Skey's, and Dr. Malan's. Case of gilt cathe- ters. Mr. Wakley's stricture instruments. Speculums. Instruments for lithotrity. Dental, polypi, and midwifery instruments. Splints and inclined planes for the different fractures. Dr. Burgess's apparatus for fumigations in diseases of the hair. Apparatus used in orthopedic surgery, showing the latest improvements for the treatment of contractions of the neck, hip, knee, foot, arm and hands, including apparatus for lateral and posterior spinal curvatures. 631a Weiss & Son, 62 Strand—Inventors, Manufacturers, and Patentees. Complete cabinet of surgical instruments, containing all that are necessary for general operations in surgery, and combining the latest improvements. In this cabinet, the instruments are so arranged that each set is com- plete, and the drawers and trays are so planned that the instruments may be seen at once. The handles of the instruments are made of pressed buffalo horn, this sub- stance being light and durable, and calculated to prevent their splitting or breaking. The screw lithotrite, invented by the exhibitor. The lithotrite, as used by Professor Fergusson, substi- tuting the rack and pinion for the screw. Invalid bed couch or bearer. When carefully placed on the bed by an attendant, it will enable the patient, with little assistance, to place himself in an easy position, as in a self-acting arm-chair. By means of a broad band placed underneath, he can be lifted out of bed and taken up or down stairs; and by a board sliding between the arms, it is rendered convenient for reading, writing, or refresh- ment. Improved enema syringe, without valves or stop-cock. Osteotome or rotary saw, for the excision of diseased or fractured bone. Splint, with extending screw, for fractured leg or thigh. Apparatus for contracted knee. Support for the head in paralysis. Jointed forceps for extracting foreign bodies from the throat. Patent fleam, for bleeding horses or cattle, in which the depth of the lancet can be nicely regulated, and danger avoided. The preceding articles are the inventions of the exhi- bitors. Avery's lamp and reflector for examining the ear, throat, and different canals of the body. The peculiar features of this apparatus are, the employment of a lamp and mir- ror with an opening in the centre, which enables the ope- rator to look immediately upon the object: and the use of gazeine, in the lamp, which gives a more brilliant light than can be obtained either from oil or from a candle; to this is added the necessary tubes, specula, &c. Avery's new instrument for facilitating the operation of lithotomy: by this instrument an operation is performed with ceitainty. Bulley's splint for fracture of the thigh. The advan- tages of this splint are, that while extension is kept up by means of a screw at the foot, the long continued and inju- rious strain upon the knee is taken off by the use of a soft band passing above, and all excurvation of the thigh is prevented, by a short regulating splint passing within the long one. Bulley's double tourniquet for compressing the artery in aneurism. The advantages of this instrument are, the firmness with which it sets upon the limb, and the pecu- liarity of its form, adapting itself more completely to the form of the limb when compressed by the pads. Dr. Jarvis's surgical adjuster, for reducing dislocations, adjusting fractures, and maintaining coaptation. By means of this instrument an extending and counter-extending force, equal to that of twelve men, may be employed; all or any part of which can be applied to the limb at plea- sure, and yet the limb remains perfectly moveable and free for manipulation. ^ Eynd's instrument for applykig fluid to the nerves in tic doloureux. Wakley's stricture instruments. The great advantage of these instruments is, that where the required passage is once secured, it need not be surrendered until the pro- per end is gained. Whitehouse's safety apparatus for transfusion. By means of this apparatus the operator is enabled to detect the presence of any globules of air in the fluid to be in- jected, and to prevent their entering the veins. Yearsle/s acoemeter, or instrument for ascertaining the different degrees of deafness, by a series of modulated sounds. Yearsley's tympanotoire, and instruments for artificial tympanum. Instruments for the excision of the tonsils, nasal probe, bottle, and tube. Dr. Tyler Smith's periodoscope. An assortment of razors and table cutlery ; among the latter are some table-knives made from the materials of old London bridge. 631b Ellis, Joseph, 41 Spring Street, Sheffield— Manufacturer. Amputating and post-mortem instruments. Pocket instruments, and scalpels. Lancets of various qualities. Trusses of various kinds, for hernia. 633 Harnett, William, 4 Francis Street, Brewer Street, Golden Square—Manufacturer. Dental instruments, mineral teeth, and materials used by dentists. 634 Downing, Charles Toogood, M.D.,42 Great Russell Street—Inventor. The aneuralgicon, an apparatus used for the application of warm medicated vapour, in the treatment of tic dou- loureux, and other neuralgic affections. The aneuralgicon is extremely simple in construction, and consists, essentially, of three parts: a cylinder, for igniting the vegetable matter; bellows, for maintaining a current of air through the burning material; and tubes and cones for directing the stream of vapour. Dr. Downing's Aneuralgicon. The cylinder is a silver vessel, of a cylindrical shape, about two inches in length, and one inch in diameter. It has a metallic plate at the lower part, perforated with many holes, on which the burning materials lie. Beneath this is an opening for the admission of air, and a socket into which an ivory handle is made to screw. The dome- shaped lid fitting accurately to the top of the vessel, allows the vapour to escape through an orifice and tube at the summit. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. The bellows consist of two plates of mahogany, of an oval shape, and about eight or nine inches in length. These are joined together by thin leather, maintained in its proper position by ribs at suitable distances. A strong spring is fixed in the interior, to keep the plates apart, and react against the pressure of the hand. A socket to hold the ivory handle of the cylinder is fixed upon the upper plate. In order to apply the vapour the cones are attached to the cylinder. For different parts of the body cones of various sizes have been constructed. These are tubes shaped like extinguishers, covered with leather, and lined with sheet lead. By this arrangement they retain the shape given them by the hand, [This apparatus consists of a receptacle for medicinal substances which are kindled, and an air bellows which impels a stream of air through the mass into a tube, by which it is directed upon the painful part. It has been said to give relief in the cases mentioned.—R. E.] 635 Pratt, Joseph, 10a Charles Street, near Middlesex Hospital—Manufacturer. Scarificators. Cupping-glasses. Graduated cupping- glasses. Tea-pot spirit-lamp, used in cupping. Portable ball lamp or torch; and portable case of cupping instru- ments, for general practitioners, with extra sets of lancets. 636 Goddard, Lemuel, 6 Crescent, Mlnories—Importer. Patent instrument, with shifting spring-jaws, for ex- tracting teeth by means of a fulcrum and lever attached. The invention of Edward Bourne, of New Bedford, Mass. 639 Gordon, J., Bristol—Producer. Anatomical figure. 640 Weedon, Thomas, 41 Hart Street, Bloomsbury —^Manufacturer, Surgeons' instruments and cutlery. Various patterns of small knives, scissors, cutting and spring forceps, and other instruments, used in the minute dissection of insects, flowers, or morbid matter, for in- vestigation under the microscope; also, instruments used in the preparation of birds and animals previous to stufl&ng. Specimens of tooth forceps, electro-plated and polished steel; also stoppers, scalers, and levers, in agate handles. Specimens of cutlery, mounted in the Haliotis pearl shell, plain pearl, and agate handles. 641 Phllp & Whicker, 67 St. James's Street— Manufacturers. Cutlery and surgical instruments. 642 Simpson, Henry, 55 Strand—Manufacturer. Regulation case of instruments, for a surgeon in the Royal Navy. (Proposed) case of instruments for a surgeon in mer- cantile passenger ships. Cases of amputating, trephining, cupping, operating, pocket, teeth, dissecting, post-mortem, eye instruments, &c. Improved horse and cattle fleams, and various small cases of surgical instruments. Various specimens of surgical instruments, viz., knives, splints, improved extension splints, stethoscopes, ear- trumpets, trusses, &c,; and fine cutlery, including cases of razors, knives, scissors, and patterns of London-made table-knives, &c. 643 Wood, W. R., German Place, 'Brighton— Manufacturer. A series of mechanical adaptations for regulating and preventing the irregularities of the permanent teeth. 643a Evans & Co., 10 Old CAcmr/c—Manufacturers. Surgical instruments. 645 Gowing, Thos. Wm., Camden Toion—Inventor. Complete set of dental instruments for operations in treating diseases of the teeth of the horse. Leg apparatus for fractures occurring to race-horses or other valuable animals. Tracheotomy tube, with adjusting-shield and chain- director. Neurotomy scissors and knife for dividing nerves. 646 Kidston, W., & Co., 18 Bishopsgate Street Without —Inventors and Manufacturers. Mechanical leech, for the purpose of local bleeding, for the gums or any pai"t of the body. It is always available; the mode of using is very simple, and any quantity of blood may be drawn, in much less time than by the natural leech, with diminished risk of erysipelas. It is also important for use on shipboard, and in many parts where the natural leech cannot be procured. 647 EvRARD, Jean, Charles Street, Middlesex Hospital. Adjusted tooth forceps. Specimens of the manufacture of these instruments in the various stages. Enamel cutters, used by dentists for scaling the teeth. Specimen intended to show the hardness of steel neces- sary for that operation. Instruments for lithotripsy, with specimens of the various stages of manufacture. Artificial nose and chin, made of gutta percha. Sporting knife, fitted up with screws, so as to be taken more easily to pieces, for the purpose of cleaning. New pattern of nail-nippers. 648 Hess, Richard, 16 Little New Street, Shoe Lane —Manufacturer. The registered " Osteotom," a surgical instrument for cutting bones. 649 Barker, John, M.D., 45 Mount joy Street, Dublin— Inventor. Thoracitone, a new medical instrument, for the pur- pose of rendering more efficient and certain the act of percussion in disease: by using the instrument with one hand, transmitted sounds can be employed in the diag- nosis of diseases. 651 Small, Thomas, Boston, Lincolnshire—Inventor. Apparatus for restoring suspended animation in persons apparently dead. It consists of a box with a hole in the lid, and bellows. The body is placed in the box, the lid put on, the face exposed through the hole, the mouth kept open, and the India-rubber kept adjusted to the cheeks, forehead, and chin, so that no air can pass by the sides; the bellows are now worked gently upwards and downwards, just as fast as a healthy person breathes, till animation be restored. The electro-magnetic apparatus, bottles containing restoratives, &c., can be kept fitted ready in the inside, near the feet, and the box may be mounted on wheels. It is peculiarly serviceable for the still-born. 652 Jones, P., High Street, Fxdham—Inventor. Improved metallic shield for the nipple. 653 Blackwell, William, 3 Bedford Court, Covent Garden—Inventor and Manufacturer. Surgical apparatus for fractured clavicle, and apparatus for injuries of the lower extremities, &;c. 654 Machell, Thomas, 2 Carlisle Street, Soho— Inventor. Patent improved method of raising water and other fluids. Surgical instruments. 655 Farquharson, James, Ealing, near Brentford— Inventor. Spring stump for a wooden leg, which gradually receives the pressure of the wearer, gives assistance to North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. the next step, and takes off the jerk and jarring usually experienced. 656 Jones, Theodore, 28 Lombard Street—Inventor and Proprietor, Registered silent alarum bedstead. The movement of the hand of a common watch will turn any one out of bed at any given hour when attached to this bedstead. 657 BoTTOMLEY, George, Croydon, Surrey—Inventor. New splint for fractured thigh, with a leather belt for the chest, perineal band, boot and knee straps. The object of this apparatus is to apply and maintain firm extension, in a line parallel with the axis of the body, which can be exactly regulated by means of the thumb- screw at the end; also by keeping the limb uncovered (as by bandages, &c.) to permit the free use of local ap- plications and adjustments. Model of the same, upon a lay figure, showing the mode of application. 659 Watkins & Hill, 5 Charing Cross— Manufacturers. Three feet plate electrical machine, with all the recent improvements, having positive and negative conductors, on the plan suggested by Sir William Snow Harris. Very sensitive and delicate galvanometer of the most approved form, for measuring the feeblest currents of voltaic electricity. Electro-magnetic engine ; microscopes ; aerometric balance; sextants; rain-gauge; Polariscope; theodolite; levels; &c. 660 Coles, William, 3 Charing Cross—Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Patent trusses. An internal spring is fixed in the cushions or pads, at every point of bearing. Medicated band, for the relief of sciatica, lumbago, rheumatism, &c. 661 Renezynski, Capt. G. A., Stirling, Scotland— Inventor. Portable telescope stand, with desk for artists, engi- neers, land surveyors, &c., with various useful improve- ments and apparatus. 663 Simons, William Vazie, South Shields— Designer and Manufacturer. Electro-magnetic machine, with an improved arrange- ment of the primary coil and contact breakers, &c. 664 Ward, N. B., 14 Claphnm Rise—Inventor. Closed cases, by which plants may be grown in any locality, even in the centre of the most crowded cities, or conveyed from one country to another with complete success. A bottle, in which the experiments accidentally origi- nated in 1829. There are now in this bottle one or two ferns which have not received any fresh water for more than seventeen years. Several seedling ferns may be ob- served springing up in various places. Improved travelling case, as at present used by Lod- diges. A case with two palms, phoenix dactylifera and rhapis flabelliformis, planted in it fifteen years ago. The other plants are of recent introduction. This case has always stood in a room with a southern aspect. A case containing hymnophyllum and other ferns, which have been enclosed between two and three years, has always been placed in a room with a northern expo- sure. Ii'ish case, likewise containing ferns planted in 1846, and placed in a shady position in the open air. The bot- tom of this case is filled with inverted empty garden pots to insure efficient drainage. Case with two larger roses, which have been enclosed for eight years, five of which were in London. The case has alwaj^s been in the open air, fully exposed to the south, and the roses have flowered during three or four months in every year. It remains to be seen whether, in the Exhibition Building, they will flower as well, under the adverse conditions of increased heat during the night, and diminished amount of solar light in the day. New terra-cotta case, manufactured by Mr. Dralton ; all the ferns recently planted. Fern case, lent by E. W. Cooke, Esq., Kensington. When Mr. Cooke first planted this case, in 1848, he found that the ferns planted on the top of his conical mass of stone suffered from want of sufficient nourishment. In remedying this deficiency, the ferns in the lower part of the case suffered from redundance of wet, and some perished. To obviate this, and to ensure a more equal distribution of moisture, Mr. Cooke removed the upper stones to about | from the case, and inserted a small zinc dish, one inch deep. The stones were then replaced, some resting in the dish, and others packed around it, so as effectually to conceal it from observation. Whenever the plants required water, the dish became full, and thus the stones at the apex were kept as moist as those below. Fern-case, likewise the property of E, W. Cooke, Esq. Case, containing cactuses, enclosed in 1848, the pro- perty of Mr. Deane, Clapham Common. The use of these cases was first suggested to the in- ventor in the summer of 1829. For many years previous he had endeavoured, by a most careful imitation of their natural conditions, to grow various plants, particularly ferns and mosses, at the back of his house in Wellclose Square, a locality surrounded by numerous manufactories, and constantly enveloped in their smoke. Vain was the attempt; the plants perished. New light and fresh im- petus were given by the following incident. Wishing to obtain a perfect specimen of a sphinx, he had buried its chrysalis in some moist mould in a bottle covered with a lid. Two or three days before the insect assumed its perfect form, a seedling fern and a grass made their appearance on the surface of the mould. In this condition all their wants were supplied. They had sufficient light; whilst the lid, at the same time that it excluded the noxious soot, prevented the escape of the moisture. The law which enforces the diffusion of gases secured a constant circulation of the air, and its quiescent state enabled the plants to bear variations of temperature, which in open exposure would have proved injurious. Various experiments carried on with hundreds of plants, and extending over several years, established the con- clusion, which has been fully carried out by the results,— that all plants whose natural conditions can be fulfilled, can be grown in these cases in any locality, even in the centre of the most crowded cities, or conveyed from one country to another with complete success. The importance of duly and properly supplying the wants of the plants cannot be too strongly impressed upon the mind of the experimenter, so numerous have been the failures arising from want of thought or of knowledge in the attempts to associate plants of different habits. Many plants require very little light, but need constant moisture and a pure atmosphere, such as the Trichonumes specioMm and Oxalis acetosclla. Others require a large amount of solar light to bring them to perfection. In June, 1833, the first experimental cases were filled with plants, furnished by Messrs. Loddiges, and sent to Sydney under the care of Capt. Mallard. Placed on the deck of his ship, fostered with a genial atmosphere, fed with proper food, and protected alike from the noxious effects of salt spray and dust, they arrived in perfect health at Sydney, in January 1834. The cases were refilled at Sydney in February, the thermometer then being between'go^ and 100° Fahr., andin their passage to England encountered very varying temperatures. The thermometer fell to 20° in rounding Cape Horn, and the decks were a foot deep in snow. At Rio Janeiro, the temperature rose to 100°, and in crossing tlie line to 120°. In November, after an eight months' voyage, they arrived in the British Channel, the thermometer having fallen to 40°. The plants were in the most vigorous condition, and the beautiful appearance of the fronds of Gleichenia microphyUa, then, for the first time, seen alive in Europe, created great surprise. Since 1834, the use of these cases in the trans- North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. portation of plants has become universal. Col. Reid, whilst governor of Bermuda, made use of them in procuring plants to stock the Bermvida Islands. These were made light enough for two sailors to carry by hand. Double addresses were painted on the boxes, and they were per- petually travelling by sea between different countries, by which their vegetable productions were exchanged. Mr. Fortune, who Avas sent out to China with glazed cases by the Horticultural Society, comparing the old and new methods of conveying plants, says that, in a paper communicated by Mr. Livingstone, of Macao, and pub- lished in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society, vol, iii., it is stated, that then only one plant in a thou- sand survived the voyage from China to England." Mr. Fortune put 250 plants into the cases, and landed 215 in good condition. The same principle is applicable to the animal kingdom —even to man. For several years gold and silver-fish have been the constant inhabitants of the inventor's fern house, and during his residence in Wellclose Square, they lived and flourished in an earthern vessel, containing about 20 gallons of water, which was never changed, but kept sweet by the aquatic plants growing in it, A robin was likewise an inmate for six months. The same pure and properly-moistened atmosphere which favoured the growth of the most delicate plants in the heart of the most crowded cities would be of incalculable advantage in numerous diseases. {North Transept.) 664a Cooke, E, W,, The Ferns, Victoria Road, Kensington. Several closed cases for ferns, exotic and British. 665 Bryson & Sons, Edinburgh—Inventors and Manufacturers. Five models, exhibiting the various escapements of watches at present in general use, and a self-registering barometer clock. 666 Ross, Andrew, 2 Featherstone Buildings—Agent. Bleeding instruments, as substitutes for leeches and cupping instruments, adapted to apply to any part of the body. Invented by Baron Heurteloup; manufactured by J. Scholl, Berwick-street, Soho. The cutting instrument, consisting of a circular cutter made to revolve by a pulley and cords, makes a slight circular incision of equal depth. The pump, or sucker, is a glass tube, with a piston of cork or felt, worked by a screw, while the effect is observed through the glass. Larger pumps are made to cover "three or more small in- cisions. The glass tubes have metallic ends, of various forms, to apply to different parts of the body, which, in the larger ones, serve as a diaphragm to prevent the skin being drawn into the tube. This invention is perfectly new, and is patented 667 Topping, C. M,, 4 New Winchester Street, Pentonville Hill—Preparer. Microscopic objects. Test objects and fossil earths. Fossil and recent vegetable structures,. Dissections of insects. Bone, teeth, shell, &c. Injected preparations. 668 Durham, J. D., 16 Linton Street, New North Road, Islington—Inventor. Hydrometer, with all the recent improvements, with spirit tube. Thermometer, and book of instructions. 670 Owen, H., 3 Somerset Terrace, Bristol—Producer. Series of views in Somerset, Wilts, and Devon, by the calotype process, from negatives on paper. 670a Evans, Sparke, Hung erf or d, Berks—Inventor. Self-acting instrument, for easily determining the strength of oak bark, valonia, cutch, divi divi, and other tanning materials. Instrument for determining the heat of newly-made hay-ricks; and when ventilation, or tm^ning over, to pre ^ vent firing, are required. 671 Parkes, James, & Son, 5 St. Mary's Row, Birmingham—Manufactm-ers. Rosewood case of mathematical drawing instruments, containing beam compasses, proportional divider, trian- gular compasses; a set of fine steel spring bows with needle points; full set of 6-inch double jointed instru- ments, the compasses and bows having improved screw needle points; also tube compasses, pillar compasses with bars, and Napier compasses, each of which combines in itself a complete set of drawing instruments. Set of 6-ineh drawing instruments, electro-plated on German silver, with solid silver cheeks, in rosewood case. Russia case, of 3^ inch drawing instruments, with very fine spring bows. Case of new portable drawing instruments, electro- plated on German silver. Architect's companion—a complete set of portable in- struments, in small morocco pocket-book, with silver pencil and gold pen. Botanist's companion—a double lens microscojie, with tweezers, dissecting needle, fine scissors, &c., in neat morocco pocket-book. Ivory 2-foot slide rule, Avith spirit level and graduated scale, for taking angles.—Registered. Self-acting tapes, with improved spring tops, &c. Surveyor's measure, with multiplying action, by which a hundred turns of the hand are saved, each time the tape is wound up. Invented by J. Parkes. Assortment of pocket compasses. Portable sun-dial and pocket compass combined. Portable compass, with thermometer, in morocco case. A portable galvanic battery, for medical purposes, capable of very sustained action. Gilt watch-keys; and in various states of finish, illus- trating the progressive stages of their manufacture. Watch-keys and seals, containing mariners' compasses. [Mathematical drawing instruments are used in draw- ing circles, circular lines, parallel lines, &c. Bow com- passes are of great use in spherical projections, in drawing fine circles. Proportional dividers are of value in di- viding circles into any number of sides, or to inscribe polygons in circles, and to reduce and augment figures in a given proportion,—J, G.] 671a Webster, W. Buli.ock, 2 St. James's Place, Hampstead Road—Inventor and Manufacturer. Fire escape. Percussion carbine musket, with rotary primer. Omnibus passenger register. A mileometer. Small weighing machine. Cannon, with improved per- cussion-lock. 672 Taylor, T., Inventor. Hydraulic safety-lamp, to prevent explosion in coal- mines : water being used to prevent its becoming heated, and mica to give an increase of light. Revolving self-amalgamating galvanic battery. The zinc plate dips into a mercurial trough ; motive power is ap- plied to the zinc plate ; the gutta-percha shaving is placed between the plates to prevent a superfliaous amal- gamation on the zinc plate, and also local action, 672a Newcomb, Thomas, 12 Norfolk Place, East Lane, Walworth—Inventor and Maker, Brass model of machine, for rolling tanned hides. Its objects are, increased speed in drying hides, less power in working, and a finer finish in the leather. The pres- sure on the hides may be varied from one cwt. to two tons. Brass model of patent furnace for marine or sta- tionary steam engines; it supplies itself with fuel, con- sumes its own smoke, and burns small coal. Improved bass strings for pianofortes—the body and covering of the same material, viz., hard-drawn steel wire, which produces a finer tone than either copper or brass. Lamps, intended to burn common pale seal oil, with- out smell, smoke, or shadow. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 673 Macfarlane, G., 85 Newman Street—Designer, Improved cornopean (comet h, piston), with, short action valves, direct passage of the air, and can be played with ease. 673a Bursill, G. H., 9 York Terrace, Hornsey Road, Holloway—Inventor. Patent compensating cistern barometer; the mercury, by a self-acting contrivance, is always preserved upon a level within the cistern, notwithstanding any alteration of temperature, or any rise or fall of the barometrical column. Artificial hand, possessing elastic properties; which enable those who require it to pick up, seize, and even make use of minute objects. Invented by Sir G. Cayley, Bart,; improved and manufactured by Mr. James Buck- ingham, 13 Judd Place East, 674 Newman, J,, 122 Regent Street—Inventor and Manufacturer, Standard barometer. The frame consists entirely of metal; the cistern, when required for long journeys, is all of iron, so arranged as to be made portable for tra- velling, by the lower part shifting a quarter of a turn; thus obviating the objection so long made to the wood cistei-n and leather bag. The scale is marked off from an authentic standard scale (verified by the late Mr, Baily), and terminates in a point; it is capable of being adjusted with great accuracy to the surface of the mercury in the cistern, and when the vernier at the upper part of the scale is adjusted to the surface in the tube, the exact length of the column of mercury is in this way measured; the diameter of the tube is 0-6, Portable mountain barometer; consists of a metal frame, with the iron cistern similar to the standard barometer, and has all the data marked on it for the corrections, for reducing the observations to those of the standard baro- meter. Standard thermometer, divided to fifths of a degree. Maximum and minimum register thermometers. Maximum thermometer, with black bulb for solar radiation. Minimum thermometer in the focus of a mirror, for terrestrial radiation. Daniell's dew-point hygrometer. Mason's wet and dry bulb hygrometer. Lind's wind gauge. The foregoing meteorological instruments are described by the Committee of Physics and Meteorology, in their Report published by the Royal Society, and made by the exhibitor for the various magnetic observatories. Usual copper rain gauge, with accurately turned circle 12 inches diameter. Howard's rain gauge and evaporator, Sykes' thermometer and boiler, for measuring heights by the boiling point. Miners' safety-lamp, as made for Sir H. Davy. Miners' safety-lamp, as improved by the exhibitor. Improved air-pump with metallic valves, and ground glass plate, which exhausts to within ^^th. of the Torri- cellian vacuum. Rain and wind gauge, contrived to register the quantity of rain and direction of the wind, at the precise time, on a cylinder which has motion given to it by a clock; the register paper is replaced at the end of each month. Self-registering tide-gauge; consists of a cylinder, moved by means of a clock 1 inch to the hour, and a pencil moved by the float 1 inch to the foot. The pencil, by being attached to a chain carried over two small brass cylinders, the one containing a spring, is so con- trived that there is no loss of time in marking the change of the tide; so that the exact moment of the commence- ment of its rise or fall is registered, and its progress for every portion of time, from the highest to the lowest point, is traced on the paper. The paper for this instru- ment was laid down by the Admiralty, and is used with metallic pencils. On the face of the clock is shown the height of the tide during observation, and it also registers the highest and lowest for the day. 674a ^T-E.v^^-i!i^o-ii,'R., Great George Street, Westminster —Inventor, Machine for tracing. 675 Newson, Henry, 18 Percy Street, Tottenham Court Road—Inventor, Patent wire trusses, single and double, the latter passing round one hip only. 675a Oakey, H., 81 Dean Street, Soho—Inventor. New musical atlas, a work on the theory of music, which consists of a series of moveable diagrams, by the aid of which all the intervals, scales, chords (nearly 700 in number), inversions, &c., are brought to view; and the dif- ficult problems in the science may be solved instantaneously by musical amateurs at any period of their studies. Guide to harmony, and treatise on the musical atlas. 676 Bigg, H,, & Son, 29 Leicester Sq., and 9 St. T/iomas*s Street, Southwark—Manufacturers, Inventors, & Proprietors. Patent artificial leg, constr^icted without metallic or external springs; colour, that of the natural limb; sur- face, admitting of ordinary soap and water washing. Artificial hand with jointed fingers, and apparatus for enabling the wearer to use it as a natural hand. Spinal supports, for lateral posterior curvature, and an- terior curvature; and for vertebral and muscular weakness. Self-acting spring crutches. Instruments for fixed contraction of theknee(aMc/i?/fosis); fractured patella; clubbed feet, {talipes valgus et varus); and contracted heel (talipes equinus). Trusses: —P. Aston Key's, with pad, whose surface is con- tinually changing; L'Estrange's patent for radical cvire of hernia: Bigg & Son's convolute; and for umbilical hernia. Instrument for support of prolapsus ani. Aneurism needle; hernia knife; embryotomist; and explorator, invented by the exhibitors. 676a Brown, David Stephens, Alexandria Lodge, Old Kent Road—Inventor, Registered barometer, 39 feet high, range of scale 27 feet, manufactured by Casello and Co,, 23 Hatton Garden. 677 Readhouse, Charlotte, Newark-on-Trent— Designer and Producer. Lunar globe: a model of the moon, giving a general idea of the relative position of the mountains, valleys, and plains of our satellite, in relief. [The distinctive structural peculiarities of the lunar regions are,—1st. A vast distribution of annular moun- tains, thrown up like ramparts round plains or valleys, having rugged ridges, and a conical hill rising out irom the centre of many of them. Sir John Herschel, who computes the height of the highest of these mountains, at 1 f English miles (though Scroeter gives 5 miles as his calculation), testifies that they ofier, in its highest per- fection, the true volcanic character, and, speaking from his own observation, says that, ''in some of the principal ones, decisive marks of volcanic stratification, arising from successive deposits of ejected matter, maybe clearly ti-aced with powerful telescopes," 2, Extensive plains, having the appearance of alluvial soil—relieved, however, with a number of crater-formed mountains (Copernicus, Kepler, Aristarchus, &c,), and small rocky eminences, with here and there circular cavities of various dimensions. These ''large i-egions" (to use Herschel's term) are scattered over with fragments of rock, ashes, &c. They are given in neutral tint on the model. 3. Hundreds of cup-shaped valleys dimpling the general surface in every direction, and giving the idea of a con- traction or settling down of the exterior on the receding North, North Central, and South Central Galleries, interior, according to a theory proposed by Mr. Nasm; at the last meeting of the " British Association." Readhouse's Lunar Globe. The model illustrates the more reflective localities of the moon in dull gold bronze, displaying a mimber of bright rays, which seem to spread over a large section of the southern regions of the hemisphere, and diverging from a common centre (Tycho).] 677a Shadbolt, G., 2 Lime Street Square—Inventor. Sphajro-annular condenser, for condensing light in a peculiar manner, on transparent objects while under examination by the microscope. Diagrams and descrip- tion, illustrative of the action and construction of the condenser. 678 Jack, W., '6% Devonshire Street, Portland Place, and 14 Ratcliff Row, St. Luke's—Manufacturer. Mr. Clendon's new form of tooth-forceps and elevators. Improved adjusted forceps. Forceps for irregular front teeth. Forceps for roots of teeth. New stopping instru- ment, invented by the exhibitor. 678a Morton, Professor, Royal Veterinary College, Gamclen Town—Inventor. Medicated cotton for setons. Galvano-arsenical apparatus. 679 Bell, Thomas, \^ Homer Street—Inventor. Watches, to go for one or three years, keep correct time, and show the day of the month; some ai-e furnished with centre and others with ordinary seconds and quarter se- conds; maintaining power whilst winding; duplex and other escapement; and composition balances. Time-pieces and clocks, on the same construction. A turi-et clock, to strike the hours and quarters; with best gun metal wheels and bosses, or holes; tempered and polished steel pinions of high numbers; dead-beat escape- ment, with adjusting palletts; tempered steel escape wheel, and tempered steel racks, snails, and hammer tails to the striking work; and improved pendulum, with adjustment of the same. Interior hour, minute, and seconds hands, and dials for regulating and setting the hands upon clock faces, by patent metal lines instead of cords, to suspend weights. Balanced hands, &c. 679a Bettle, Philip, 11 Regent Street, City Road— Maker or Producer. Model of a steam-engine, of new design and workman- ship. It is worked by machinery contained in the pedestal. 680 OfFORD, D., Great Yarmouth—Inventor, The improved truss for hernia. Improved instruments for the treatment of uterine diseases. 681 RicKMAN, William Charles, 21 Park Side, Hyde Park Corner, and Pole Ilure, Wexford—Inventor and Designer. Road level: two varieties of an instrument for use in agrictilture, drainage, and other purposes. This instru- ment enables a person unacquainted with the practice of levelling, and without calculation, or the aid of an assistant, to know the level of the ground, and also its rise or its fall. Only one observation is necessary, and the result is then found stated upon the dial. J. Peirce, maker, Wexford. 681a SoMALVico & Co,, Hatton Garden—Manufacturers. Wheel barometer; ornamental gilt frame, improved por- celain plates. Barometer in papier machd inlaid with pearl; ebony sides. Standard pediment barometer, with extra large tube, and improved glass cistern showing the rising and falling of the mercury in the tube. Improved mariner's barometer; combined marine tube, siphon tube, and hygrometer, to indicate the changes quicker than the oixlinary marine barometer ; making a complete and sensitive instrument for ascertaining the variations of the atmosphere correctly. New siphon pedestal, or pocket barometer, 8 inches long. Improved engineer's guide gauges, combined with baro- meter for correction. Vacuum steam-pressure gauge, on a new principle: a great improvement on the former ; prevents the water mixing with the mercury. Steam-engine indicator: for showing the working quality of the exhibitors' patent brewers' liquid prover; requires no tables. Engines, walking-stick telescopes, with compass and hygrometer, and with double eye- glasses to spring out of the stick. Improved sextant, with patent universal lunar lamp, which may be set to any angle, the observer being able to read off the sextant during rough weather or at night. Solid limb sextant. Model representing the circulation of the blood. Improved self-generating coffee-pot, and for producing hot water in a few minutes, with an extinguisher which puts out the flame of the lighted spirit at any moment required; and portable cistern for travelling. Case of mathematical instruments, &c. 682 Coxeter, James, 23 Grafton Street East— Manufacturer. Aneurism needle, for facilitating the tying of deep- seated vessels. Scissors guillotine, for removing the tonsils. Scissors for excising the uvula. Artificial leech without piston or spring. A compound needle for in- jecting small cysts, designed by John Marshall, Esq., assistant-surgeon to University College Hospital. Forceps, for applying ligatures to arteries. A forceps so constructed that the ligature might be readily slipped over the points on to the vessel, originally designed by James J^uke, Esq., improved by the exhibitor by adding Listen's spring catch and tenaculum teeth, and cutting out the head, so as to leave only, as it were, four fine wires for North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. the ligature to slide over. This enables the operator to take up a deep-seated vessel, and tie it without assistance, in cases of emergency. A new description of India-rubber air-pad trusses. In- dia-rubber dilator, for stricture of the rectum. These instruments are introduced uninflated, by means of a concealed flexible stilette, and when in the stricture, are filled with air ; thus the parts are dilated without the pain produced by the usual method. As soon as the dilatation is accomplished, the air is allowed to escape, and the dilator is then easily withdrawn. Tubes for stomach pumps and enema syringes. The ordinary tubes (however carefully made) when taken to a warm climate, soon become melted on the siu-face, and utterly useless. The exhibitor claims the merit of in- troducing and applying vulcanised India-rubber, having a metal head firmly fixed, as a tube that will bear the heat of any climate, and which will be less liable to receive injury by coming in contact with the teeth. Double action enema syringe. This instrument secures a well supported, continuous stream, is simple in its construction, and does not occupy more space than the syringe in common use. The stethometer. An instrument for assisting in the diagnosis of diseases of the lungs, by measuring the com- parative mobility of opposite sides of the chest, by Dr. Quain, Assistant-Physician to the Hospital for Consump- tion. Various other useful and important instruments. 683 Oetzmann & Plumb, 56 Qreat Russell Street, Bloomsbury—Inventors and Manufacturers. Cottage and cabinet pianofortes, with newly-invented tubular supporters, patent double repeating check action, and other improvements. This pianoforte is represented in the annexed ctit. Oetzmann and Plumb's Pianoforte. 683a Mudie, David (of the Firm of Gourlay, Mudie, & Co.), Dundee, Scotland—Proprietor & Manufacturer. A salinometer. This instrument is represented in the following cut (next page). The apparatus is placed outside the boiler, a pipe from which, A, communicates with the branch on the brine- receiver, B, which is cast in brass, with a solid closed bottom, but open at the top, to receive a slightly convex lid, which is bolted upon it. In this receiver is contained the hollow salinometer float, C, which is also of cast brass, with a solid top, the bottom being fitted in and made tight by a separate disc screwed on. In the centre of the top and bottom of the float are light vertical rods, the ends of which carry the disc piston-valves, D, D, fitted to work accurately in the upper and lower cylinders, E, E, like pistons. The vipper cylinder is cast in one piece with the cover of the brine-receiver, into which it opens, to receive the "upper piston-valve of the float. The lower cylinder is screwed into the centre of the bottom of the receiver, on which there is a short collar formed to receive it. It projects for a shor"t distance into the receiver, and forms a rest for the float, when the latter is in its lowest position, as shown in the cut. Both cylinders have a series of ports, F, disposed in a ring near the upper ends of each; and it is by these ports that the brine escapes when the valves are open, passing along in the direction of the arrows, by the upper and lower copper branch pipes, G, G, to the main discharge pipe, H. A small spindle, I, passes up from the upper valve, to" carry the adjusting weights, as well as to act as the salinometer index, by projecting into a glass index tube, L, carried upon the top of the small chest, which is screwed on to, and covers, the upper cylinder, M. 684 Harnett, John, 45 Museum Street, Bloomsbury— Manufacturer. Instruments and materials used by dentists. Specimens of mineral teeth. Natural specimens showing the growth of the teeth. 684a Macpherson, Daniel, 7 Salisbury Street, Edinburgh —Inventor a,nd Manufacturer. A weighing-machine, to be used in the same way as the common balance, the levers on either side of the fulcrum being of equal lengths. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. Mudie's Salinometer. 685 Cook & Williams, 10 Princes Street, Hanover Square—Inventors and Manufacturers. Respiratory organ and chest protectors. Registered. No. 1. For ladies.—Can be raised or lowered at plea- sure. In the former case, adjusting itself by an elastic hold over the mouth and nose as required; and in the latter case, assuming the form of a neck-ruff. It is fastened by ribbons drawn from behind and tied in a bow in front. No. 1. For gentlemen.—Is of a stock configuration and adjustment, and is put on over the ordinary cravat, unless made to answer the double purpose of in and out of door wear. No. 2. For gentlemen. Is of simpler and lighter con- struction, but effecting a similar purpose. A curtain, shaped to the configuration of the parts covered, is sus- tained over and to the mouth and nose as required, by an elastic cord, which passes over the head, resting upon the ears. No. 3. For clergymen. These instruments are useful in severe weather, or under sudden transitions of temperature, as affording com- fort and protection against colds, and affections of the throat and lungs; enabling those suffering from these affections, or from tooth-ache, to take out-of-door exercise without injury from atmospheric influences, and with certain benefits of convenience and health. 686 Marshall & Company, 4 Park Side, Hyde Park Corner—Inventors and Manufacturers. " Corset a tons ressorts." An invisible sling for para- lysis of leg and foot, with belt. An invention of im- proved means of supporting and sustaining various parts of the human body. 687 White, John, 228 Piccadilly—Manufacturer. Trusses and lacing stockings with moc-main patent lever truss. 687a Gall, James, Myrtle Bank, Edinburgh—ln\entor. Gall's triangular alphabet for the blind, which, by its sifliilarity to the common Roman alphabet, is easily read by the eye, and may be taught without previous instruc- tion. This alphabet is considered as an improvement on circular alphabets, by its angular form ; the letters are rendered more distinct to the touch; and by the exclusion of the capitals, the attention of the blind is concentrated upon 26, instead of 52 letters, and the size of the printing may be reduced. Volume, containing the Epistle to the Ephesians, printed for the blind, in Gall's triangular alphabet, with the letters serrated. Gall's apparatus for writing by and to the blind. The blind can, by this invention, readily correspond by post, and can keep books and other memoranda. The apparatus consists of a stuffed frame on which the paper is placed; of a cover with bars to guide the lines, which are written from the bottom upwards; and of small stamps, with the letters formed of common pins, which are pricked through the paper and read on the opposite side. By means of the two register points on each side of the frame, and by shift- ing the cover one half line up, the paper is written on both sides, each perfectly legible either by the fingers or the eye. 688 Nasmyth, J., Manchester—Inventor. Map of the moon: exhibiting the relative positions and character of the most striking features of its surface, as they appear when seen under the most favourable cir- cumstances in respect to light and shade, with drawings from nature of certain portions of the lunar surface, as seen by the aid of a very powerful telescope. [The number and magnitude of crater-formed moimtains with which every portion of the moon's surface appears to be covered, seems to lead to the conclusion that these are really the craters of extinct lunar volcanoes; the frequent occurrence of the central cone being con- sidered as the result of the last eruptive efforts of an ex- piring volcano, a feature of volcanic craters on the earth's surface. This central cone has been shown to exist in the majority of the lunar craters; and the conclusion consequently appears probable that they are the result of the same kind of action which has produced them on the volcanoes of the earth. The cause of the vast numbers of such volcanic moun- tains with which the kmar surface is covered has been assigned by some to the rapid consolidation and con- traction of the crust of the moon; whose mass or bulk being only l-64th of that of the earth, while its surface is the 1-16th, has, in consequence of these proportions, a radiating or heat-dispensing surface four times greater than that of the earth in relation to its bulk. From this consideration it has been suggested by the exhibitor that, by the rapid cooling and collapse of the crust of the moon on its molten interior, the fluid matter under the solid crust has been by this action forced to find an escape through the superincumbent solid crust, and come forth in those vast volcanic actions which in some remote period of time have covered its surface with the myriads of craters and volcanic features that give to its surface its remarkable character. The vast magnitude of the lunar craters, it has also been suggested, are due to this rapid collapse of the moon's crust on its molten interior, — the action as re- gards the wide dispersion of the ejected matter being enhanced by the lightness of the erupted mattei', seeing that the force of gravity which gives the quality of weight North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. to matter on the moon, as- on the earth, is less on the sm^face of the moon than on the earth,—so that the col- lapse action had to operate on a very light material. The causes of those vast ranges of mountains seen on the moon's surface has been suggested to be produced by the continued progress of the collapse action of the sglid crust of the moon crushing down or following the con- tracting molten interior, which, by the gradual dispersion of its heat, would retreat from contact with the interior of the solid crust, and permit the crust to crush down and so force a portion of the original surface out of the way, and in consequence of this action, cause such to assume the form and arrangement of mountain ranges. In illustration of this important action, the familiar case of the wrinkling of the surface of an apple, by reason of the contraction of the interior and the inability of the surface to accommodate itself to the change otherwise, has been adduced. The origin or cause of those bright lines which radiate from certain volcanic centres on the moon's surface (Tycho, for instance) has been illustrated by the experiment of causing the surface of a globe of glass filled with water to collapse on the fluid interior, by rapidly contracting the surface while the water had no means of escape. The result wa's the splitting or cracking up of the surface of the globe in a multitude of radiating cracks, which bear the most remarkable similarity to those on the moon. This sub- ject is also illustrated by reference to the manner in which the surface of a frozen pond may be made to crack by pressure from underneath—so yielding radiating cracks from the centre of divergence where the chief discharge of water will take place, while simultaneously all along the lines of radiating cracks the water will make its appeai'ance :—thus explaining how it is that the molten material, which had in like manner been under the surface of the moon during that period of its history, aj^pears to have come forth simultaneously through the cracks, and appeared on the surface as basaltic or igneous overflow, irrespective of surface inequalities.] 689 OxLEY, W., Manchester—Manufacturer. Smith's patent steam indicator and water indicator. 689a Dunn, T. Edinhurgh—liweniov. Electro-magnetic machine. . 690 Gore, G., 31 New St. Birmingham—Inventor. Medical galvanic apparatus. 691 Hughes, J., Queen St., RatcUffe—Manufacturer. Compass. 693 Perigal, H., jun—Inventor. Lunarian. 696 Loot, —, Manufacturer. A galvanometer, with the names Brett and Little, patentees, engraved on the dial. 697 Walker, John, 48 Princes Street, Leicester Sq uare—Manufacturer. Drawing-room clock, from a design by Mr. C. Grant; with subjects in panels embossed by Mr. G. Abbott. The case of the clock, which is electrotyped, consists of a base and a pedestal of turquoise blue glass, surmounted by figures indicating the progress made in the civilisation of this island. This is illustrated by seven subjects revolv- ing at the base : the savage life of ancient Britons—the Roman governor introducing agriculture—the encourage- ment given to Flemish weavers to settle in the island- introduction of printing by Caxton—the improvement of the steam-engine by James Watt—the opening of the first railway at Liverpool—and the movement which led to the Great Exhibition. The clock shows the hours and minutes on an open dial, supported by appropriate figures. The signs of the zodiac are made to represent the months, and seven subjects, embossed in silver, fac- similes of those in the pedestal, have been grouped so as to be seen at one view. The accompanjdng plate repre- sents this clock. 698 Trotman, S., Netting Hill—Inyeniov. Night clock. A lamp is suspended upon a lever, the light from which is thrown upon each hour as it arrives. 700 Vulliamy, B. L., 68 Pa//Ifa?/—Inventor. Model of a peculiar method of suspending the pendu- lum of a large turret clock. Model of a method not genei-ally known of suspending a pendulum. Supposed to have been only twice reduced to practice; firstly, in the case of a clock the property of Her Majesty, and now at Osborne; secondly, in the great clock at the Post Ofiice. The suspension of a pen- dulum upon the bases of four isosceles triangles is pro- bably the best denomination for this method of suspen- sion. This model is made to a scale of six inches to a foot. It was proposed in this clock to employ a two-seconds pendulum, which is preferable to any other for a large clock. In the model, the length of the pendulum is regu- lated by the height of the stand from the floor. The principal pieces forming this suspension are the following:—A base upon which the support rests; four supports connected together two and two; eight steel bearings; and the beam to which the pendulum is attached. As the following description must necessarily be very brief, an attempt is made, first, to describe the construc- tion, and then to point out a few of its advantages. The apex of the triangles is the centre of motion; this, for the convenience of construction, is made contimious in reference to the two triangles on the same side, of which the centres of motion are in practice very small cylinders, answering the purpose of pivots, prolonged from the one to the other. The reverse ends of the four supports, though very short, are the bases of the triangleS;, which, when placed in their proper situation relative to each other (which is done by means of the two counter- weights), form the four supports upon which the pendu- lum rests. The pendulum is itself immediately sus- pended from a beam, the underside of which terminates in a small cylinder, which in a similar manner, as in the case of the triangles, answers the pui'pose of two pivots. The pivots of the triangles work in sinks instead of holes, in four pieces of steel made perfectly hard, which pieces of steel are kejit in their places by the pressure of the sup- ports. The bearings upon which these four pieces rest are arcs of circles which, should any inaccuracies occur in the execution of the work, secui^e for the pivots a full bearing upon the four pieces. The tops of the supports (upon which the four pieces of steel are, in which the pivots of the beam rest) are in like manner, and with the same intention, made arcs of circles; the four pieces that rest xipon them are also loose pieces made of steel and j)er- fectly hai'd. By this arrangement, all inconvenience from any inaccuracy in the construction is obviated, and a full beaiing given to the pivots of the beam. There is an arm attached to and projecting from the base of each of the supports, terminated by a weight. These weights act as counter-weights, to retain the supports in their j)roper position. The weights move upon screws, for the greater convenience of regulating their distance from the centre of motion. The action of the parts will now be very easily ex- plained. The pendulum being set in motion, the pivots of the beam, and the bases of the triangles upon which they bear, roll together, the friction being removed to the 280. ORNAMENTAL CLOCK CASE. MR. WALKER, North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. pivots of tiie triangles; but the quantity of motion is so exceedingly small that it would be very difficult to ex- press it by a decimal fraction: it is jiist perceptible at the points of the arms which carry the counter-weights^, and which are of the same length as the supports of the beam. At first sight, this suspension might be considered as a modification of the well-known application of friction- rollers as supports, to a pendulum; to which mode, how- ever, it bears no resemblance. In the case of the friction- roller, though the motion is alternately both ways, still the wheels ultimately revolve, which sufficiently proves that the motion backwards and forwards is not equal: it follows that the total circumference of the wheels mvist be of the same material; and as yet, no material has been discovered of sufficient hardness to make friction-rollers, when employed to support heavy weights, or which in prac- tice did not become indented and then wear into hollows: when this commences they cease to be rollers, and friction is speedily engendered to a degree that renders them much worse than useless. In this suspension, the case is quite different in principle and execution. The triangles which form the supports by which the pendulum is carried have no tendency to revolve, because the places where the pivots of the beam bear (which are geometrical lines at the shortest distance from the centre of the pivots) and the eight bearings, being detached pieces, afford the convenience of being made of steel, and being perfectly hard. When the pen- dulum is set in motion, two of the supports ascend while two descend, moving an equal quantity each way up and down, those that ascend when the pendulum vibrates in one direction, descending when it vibrates in the other : their motion, expressed by the angle they vibrate, is determined by the arc of vibration of the pen- dulum. It must be specially noticed that the practical effect of this motion is to raise the beam, and con- sequently the pendulum, and the longer the arc of vibration, the more it is raised; bvit the quantity raised would with a long arc of vibration be so exceedingly small that it would be difficult to express it by a decimal fraction, consequently it is not attended with any practical inconvenience. That the pendulum must be raised is evident from the circumstance, that a line supposed to be drawn from the centre of the lower pivot to the termination of the geometrical line on the base, on which the pivot bears when the pendulum is at rest, is necessarily, from the principle of this suspension, the shortest that can be drawn between these two points. It follows that whichever way the supports move, that line must be lengthened, because the sides of an isosceles triangle, however short the base, are necessarily longer than a line that bisects into equal angles, the angle at the vertex or apex of the triangle. There are many advantages attendant upon this mode of suspension, the principal of wliich may be briefly enumerated as follows:— The power of dispensing with the pendulum spring, which renders any compensation for change of tempera- ture in reference to the alterations in the strength of the spring caused by alteration of temperature, unnecessary, and enables a very heavy bob to be carried by a very light rod. The omission of the crutch, by which the friction of two pivots and other inconveniences are avoided. The facility afforded to employ a much heavier bob than can safely be suspended by a spring. The power of giving a pendulum, with a bob of a given weight, a certain arc of vibration with much less maintaining power than ■ would be required to produce the same arc of vibration from a similar pendulum hung by a spring; a circumstance which necessarily reduces the wear and tear of the machine. The power of determining the exact length of the pendulum hung by a spring. The avoidance of the whole train of evils which result from the breaking of the suspension spring, an accident which does sometimes occur, and never without great detriment to the machine. 70-2 Edge, Thomas, Great Peter Street, Westminster— Manufacturer. Photometer ; to ascertain the illuminating power of gas as compared with any other description of light ; it is compact and portable, the disc is fixed at a certain distance from the standard light. Diagram to show the instrument in use. [It is difficult to determine with accuracy the compa- rative intensity of light. If we suppose the (piantity of light falling on a body to be the same as would have fallen on the place occupied by its shadow, it follows that the intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance increases, and therefore the denseness of the shadow of an interposing body becomes a means of determining the comparative intensities of light; for, if they appear of unequal density, it is sufficient to move the luminous bodies to those distances till the densities of the shadows be equal; then the intensities of the light or kiminous bodies will be to each other as the squares of their respective distances from the interposing body. Instruments for the purpose of determining the in- tensity of one light with another; of one strong light with several smaller lights; the comparative intensities of the light of the moon, and of that of a candle; the light of the heavens by night and by day, &c,, have been invented at different times.—J. G.] 703 LiPSCOMBE & Co., 233 Strand—Manufacturers. Two patent pneumatic fountains. 704 TuDSBURY, R., Edwinston—Inventor. A '''volta subito " turn-over desk and stand. 705 Brooks, George, St. Alhayis, //c^rfo—Proprietor. " Clavic attachment," for facilitating the performance on the violin, violoncello, and double bass, and enabling the student to play with correct intonation. 706 Tootal & Brown, 73 Piccadilly—Manufacturers, Pianoforte. 707 Dearlove, M. W., Leeds—Maniifacturer. Miniature model of an Antonius Straduarius' violin and a miniature double-bass. 708 Barton, H. W., The Waterfoot Pettigo, Treland— Inventor. Military sketching compass. 709 Beloe, W. Linton, Coldstream—Producer, Copy of Antonius Straduarius' violin. 710 MoYLE, ^AMV-EL, Bosvigo House, Truro—Producer. Model of a floating breakwater. Mountain barometer, on an improved plan, for mea- suring heights by boiling water. 711 Petermann, Augustus, Camden Street, Camden Town—Producer and Manufacturer.^ Geographical illustrations, consisting chiefly of physi- cal and statistical maps of the world. Specimens in manuscript, drawn with the pen and brush, and comprising plans and maps to show the phy- sical configuration of certain countries. Specimens engraved on metal (steel and copper). The various shadings and tints produced partly by machine- ruling, partly by aqua-tint: this latter method is very rarely employed for mapping, on account of certain diffi- culties in the combination of the shading mth the out- line and writing; when successful, it produces effects correcter and finer than other methods. Specimens engraved on stone. The process of en- graving maps and plans on stone is very little used in North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. this country, although it possesses considerable advantages over drawing them on stone, or engraving them on metal. 712 Clapham, John Kighley, 6 Bnggate, Leeds— Proprietor. A county map of the United States of America, from a steel plate, on Goodyear's gum elastic. 713 Bkown, Joseph, 71 Leadenhall Street—Inventor and Manufacturer. Aerial machine. 714 Mason, Edward, Brompton Post Office—Inventor and Manufacturer. A model of a navigable balloon, which works by sails, helm, and mariner's compass. Scale J inch to a foot. 715 Bell, Hugh, Baltic Wharf, Millbank—Inventor and Manufacturer. Model of a "locomotive balloon." The steering appa- ratus has the motions of a bird's tail; the car is so arranged with buoyant apparatus at the ends, as to be a life boat in case of a descent being made into the sea, and the balloon and machinery may be stowed away in it. Improved valve for a balloon. Model arrangement for a ^' locomotive parachute," equipped for service. 716 Plummer, H. Lorenzo, 112 Fowis Street, Woolwich, Kent—Inventor. Working model of an aerial machine, with wings, which is put in motion by a clock-spring. 717 Watt, G. T., 2 William Street, Albert Gate, Hyde Park —Inventor. Dentistry: consisting of specimens of artificial palates, models of the mouth and jaw, and sets of teeth of various construction, of hippopotamus tusk, porcelain, &c, 718 DiNSDALE, Cuthbert, Newcastle—Manufacturer and Inventor. Model of artificial gums, composed of incorrodible material, showing a metallic artificial alveolar process. Patented in England, Scotland, and France. Wax models of the human head. Model of a dissected human head. Series of wax models, showing the different stages of in- cubation in the egg of the barn-door fowl. [The mysterious changes which occur in the egg on the application of the stimulus of heat, and the progress of the germ up to its perfect condition, have long attracted the attention of physiologists.—R. E.] 719 Rose, J. E., 68 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool— Manufacturer. Artificial teeth, with models of the mouth. 720 Truman, E., AO a. Hay market—Inventor. Patent artificial teeth, with gutta-percha gums. Set of mineral teeth, mounted in gutta percha. Small case, intended to illustrate a further application of the principle. Specimens of pure gutta percha, such as used in the preceding articles, before the colouring process. 721 Harrington, G., M St. Thomas Street, Portsmouth— Inventor and Patentee. New description of patent artificial teeth. Model teeth for taking the mould and dimensions of the required set. Gauge for adjusting the set, and machinery for pressing' tortoiseshell for the bed and palate. 722 Lawrence & Co., Islington Place, Park Road, Islington —Manufacturers. Patent improved horse-hair flesh gloves and straps, for friction of the skin. Gloves and straps for use in the bath, not injured by wet. Flesh brushes of a new design, with hat, cloth, velvet, and horse brushes. 723 BossiNGHAM, B., Wisbech—Inventor. Artificial leg. 724 Gray, Peter, 47 Hanover Street, Edinburgh— Inventor. Model of an invalid bed, made by Thomas Sturrock, 1 Duke-street, Leith. 725 Kennedy, Evorry, M.D., Merrion Square, Dublin —Inventor. Siphon, adapted to green-house or garden watering. The principle is the substitution of an elastic caoutchouc chamber, for the suction pump to procure exhaustion, the water being directed in its course by double ball and socket valves. The pressure of the hand or carriage handle expels the water, and its own elasticity pro- cures the exhaustion. The siphon has a sustained or continuous action, by means of an external exhausted air-chamber. Siphon adapted to medical purposes, as a substitute for the pumps at present in use for throwing fluids into internal cavities. The exhaustion is produced by the elasticity of the India-rubber bag itself, the fluid being propelled by the pressure of one hand leaving the other free to guide the instrument; the material is not acted upon by the usual chemical agents. 726 Seltzer, Sophia, 7 Upper Ranelagh Street, Pimlico—Inventor. Chair for spinal curvature. 727 HiGHLEY, Samuel, 32 Fleet Street—Producer, An anatomical statuette, height, 27 inches, exhibiting the external muscles of the human figure; carefully modelled, and expressly adapted for the use of artists, and others interested in the study of anatomy; accom- panied by a key, containing outline views of the statuette in its several aspects, with references to the names of the muscles. 727a Titterton—Inventor. Instrument for slaughtering cattle. 728 Lanagan, Francis, 12 Brownlow Street, Bedford Row. Apparatus, and shoes for the cure of bunions. 729 EwART, George, 19 Quickset Roiv, New Road, Regent's Park—Manufacturer, Zinc spirometers, for ascertaining the capacity of the lungs; zinc mouldings for the decoration of buildings, internal and external; and samples of manufactured zinc. [The spirometer is an instrument invented in order to determine the capacity of the human lungs. Its prin- ciple is extremely simple. It is merely an inverted zinc cylinder, balanced by a weight, and rising and falling within another outer case containing water: it has, con- sequently, a close resemblance to a gas-holder. The ex- tremity of a tube leading into the inner cylinder is ap- plied to the mouth of the individual, who is directed to expel the air from the chest as far as it is possible to do so. The inner cylinder rises, carrying with it a measured scale, on which the cubic capacity of the lungs is easily read off". When this scale indicates an unusual departure from an ascertained average, disease is generally found to exist,—R. E.] 730 RiTTERBRANDT, Dr. L. A., 7 Northumberland Street, Strand—Inventor. Galvanic bath. The principle of this bath is simple; it consists of a vessel constructed of two diff'erent metals, separated by a non-metallic substance which not merely fulfils the purpose of an ordinary bath, but at the same time acts as a perfect battery. The metals employed are zinc and copper, the latter being plated with silver. This combination, however, is not the only one that may be employed. Any other two North, North Cektral, and South Central Galleries. metals differing in their electrical relations—that is, posi- tive and negative to each other—will afford in a more or less degree the same result- as^ for example, zinc and iron, iron and copper, &c. This bath is a simple apparatus for causing a current of electricity to pass through the body of the bather. The fluid employed is common water. By connecting the wires attached to the two metals a strong current of electricity will be made to pass through the body of the bather, which will be attested by the deflection of the needle of the galvanometer attached to the bath. If, instead of cold water, warm water be employed, the deflection of the needle will increase in proportion to the temperature of the water. If a small quantity of common salt, or any soluble salt be added, or sea or mineral spring water em- ployed, the current of electricity will still further increase; notwithstanding which, however, it will pass so mildly and imperceptibly through the body as to obviate any unpleasant sensation. In cases where it is necessary to make use of electricity of greater intensity than that producible by the bath, this may be effected by combining it with one or more cells of an ordinary battery, so as constitute one compound bat- tery. Where it is necessary to pass shocks through the body of the patient it can be effected, in the bath, in several ways:—1. By closing two of the caps of a single coil with a wire, and connecting the other two by wires attached to the bath. 2. By connecting one or more cells of a battery with the caps of a primary coil, and connecting the two ends of the secondary coil with the wires of the bath; care being taken that the direction of the current from the coil coincides with that of the bath. 3, By using a single coil, connecting two of its caps with a battery, and the two others with the two wires of the bath—viz., the positive wire of the coil with the negative wire of the bath, or with the wire attached to the zinc, and vice versa. In this manner the patient will receive shocks from the electricity of the coil, while his body will be affected by the electricity from the bath. 732 Badcock, John, Brighton—Frodncer. Photographic specimens of vaccine, produced by inocu- lating the cow with small-pox, showing the character of the vesicles in their different stages. The specimens, fur- nished by Mr. Constable of Brighton, show the genuine vaccine vesicle and its characteristic areola as described by Dr. Jenner. [The production of vaccine virus is a subject of much importance. The exhibitor states that he has proved the efiiciency of virus thus obtained, and suggests that by proceeding in the manner described, a supply of virus may be procured without the loss of time caused by sending, in some instances, many thousand miles for vaccine.—R. E.] 733 Hamilton, Henky G., R.N. 71 Eccleston Square— Producer. Collection of ancient Greek coins electrotyped by the exhibitor. 735 Bryceson, Henry, 5 Tottenham Court New Road, St. Pancras—Manufacturer. Powerful church barrel organ of superior construction in a gothic case. 736 GowiNG, J. W., Camden Towrw—Inventor. Instruments for operating on the teeth of horses. Apparatus for fractures, &c. Neurotomy knife, and scissors for dividing nerves. 737 Wood, J. W,, Manchester—Inventor. ^ Trusses. Support for curvature of the spine and sur- gical instruments. 740 Tayler, G. R., Sunderland—Inventor. Geographical clock. (South East Corner, United States Department.) 741 SiMMS, William (surviving partner in the firm of Troughton and Simms), 138, Fleet Street— Inventor and Manufacturer. An equatorial instrument, adapted for the latitude of 25°, and mounted generally after the method of Frauen- hofer; it is furnished with a clock-work motion, so that the telescope moves so as to counteract the effect of the earth's rotation; the diameter of the object-glass is four inches and nine-tenths of an inch, and its focal length is about 7 feet. The declination axis is open and exposed between its two supports; its ends are cylindrical, and admit of the application of a spirit-level, by this means the adjustment of the instrument is facilitated, and it is readily brought to the meridian, and thus, observations of transits over the meridian can be made sufficiently near for identifying an object. The illumination of the telescope is regulated by the application of the throttle valve of a steam-engine, and is as effective as the more elaborate methods hitherto in use, A best spider line position micrometer, of which exten- sive use has been made in measurements of the relative position and distance of binary stars. The position circle is divided to one minute of arc, and the reading is by means of opposite verniers upon the edge of the circular plate to which the micrometer is fixed; the value of the microme- trical divisions, however, depend on the focal length of the telescope with which this instrument is employed. An annular micrometer, and a set of negative eye-pieces are shown with this instrument. An equatorial instrument adapted for the latitude of London, on the same principle as the preceding, but without clock motion. It has been arranged as an inex- pensive, but at the same time an effective instrument. The diameter of the object-glass is 3^ inches, and its focal length is about 45 inches; it is provided with a spider line position micrometer of the second order, in which one screw motion only is given. The whole is supported upon an iron column with suit- able arrangements for its final adjustments. [An equatorial instrument consists of a telescope fixed to a graduated circle called the declination circle, and of a polar axis, to which is fixed a circle called the hour circle. When the instrument is adjusted the polar axis is parallel to the axis of the earth, and perpendicular to the plane of the hour circle, and to the axis of the decli- nation circle, &c. In its use, the delination circle can be turned about the polar axis, and the telescope can be directed so as to be inclined at all angles to the earth's axis, and by the means of these two motions, the tele- scope can be directed to any point in the heavens, and if a clock-work motion be applied, an object when viewed through the telescope seems to be withovit motion, afford- ing the opportunity of examining it minutely,—J. G,] The altitude and azimuth instrument, known as the " Westbury Circle," so called from the valuable observa- tions made with it at Westbury by John Pond, Esq., the late Astronomer Royal, by which a change of figure in the great mural quadrant at the Royal Observatory was clearly demonstrated. This instrument was made originally by the late E. Troughton, and subsequently repaired and re-divided by the exhibitor. The re-division was effected by the pro- cess invented by Troughton, and described by him in the Philosophical Transactions for 1809, The diameter of the altitude circle is 30 inches, and of the azimuth 24 inches. The spaces upon the respective circles measure five minutes of arc, which are subdivided to single seconds by two opposite micrometer microscopes. Five revolutions of the micrometer screw being, by the optical arrangement, made to measure five minutes of arc upon the circle; the 60th part of a revolution of the [10.] [Official Illustrated Catalogue.] 2 N—P 476* Class 10.—PHILOSOPHICAL, North, Noeth Central, and MUSICAL, HOEOLOGICAL, South Central Galleries. [United micrometer screw is^ therefore, equal to one second of arc. The positions of the azimiithal micrometers are unalterable; those of the altitude circle are fixed to the extremities of an arm which is moveable upon a centre, an arrangement which admits of their positions being altered relatively to the zero of the circle, and hence the readings obtained upon particular objects are changed in every new series of observations. Such errors as are due to the graduation are by these means much diminished if not entirely eliminated. The axes are adjusted by means of spirit-levels, in addition to which the instrument is furnished with a plumb-line apparatus. A portable altitude and azimuth instrument: each circle is 15 inches in diameter, graduated upon bands of silver to five minutes of arc, upon Mr. Simms' new self-acting dividing engine. There are two micrometer microscopes to each cii'cle showing single seconds of arc. The micro- scopes have achromatic object-glasses. This instrument is furnished with the nadir point apparatus, or central collimator, the invention of the exhibitor, which consists of a telescope in the interior azimuthal axis, around which the superior parts of the instrument revolve. The spider lines, in the form of an acute cross upon the diaphragm of this central collimator, being placed in the principal forms of its object-glass, can be seen in the telescope of the instrument when it is directed downwards, or towards the iSTadir; and their intersecting point serves as an object to which every observation made with the instrument can be referred, and therefore supersedes the use of an artificial horizon, or other extraneous means having the same object in view. The transit collimation can also be adjusted by its means, without reference to any external object, and it supplies the place of the riding level for the transit axis, in the event of its being broken. A transit circle, 2 feet diameter, with two reading micrometer microscopes having achromatic object-glasses; the divisions upon the circle are sub-divided to single seconds by the micrometers. This circle was also gra- duated upon the self-acting dividing engine invented by the exhibitor, as were also the circles of the altazimuth and the transit circle lately made for the Royal Observa- tory at Greenwich. The telescope is achromatic and has an aperture of 3j inches, and a focal length of about 46 inches. The apparatus by which the field of view is illuminated is the invention of the exhibitor, and has been adapted to the great transit circle at the Royal Observatory. The field of view and the wires interchange the conditions of light and darkness; hence, if the object be a bright one, the field of view can be illuminated, and the wires appear as dark lines upon it; but if the object be a faint one, the field can be made dark, and the wires luminous. This change is brought about instantaneously by either draw- ing outward or pressing inward a small cylindrical plug placed conveniently for the observer. The illumination of the divisions upon the circle is effected by the same lamp which illuminates the field of the telescope, as follows :— A prism acljoining the microscope object-glass receives the light from a lens in the side of the lantern, which is condensed upon the graduated face of the circle as a disc of light, which just covers the extent of the field of the micrometer microscope, and is so arranged that a normal to the face of the circle bisects the angle formed by the incident and reflected rays. The instrument is supported upon wooden models of the stone piers upon which it will be ultimately fixed; and the whole may be taken as a representative of the class of instrument which is now rising in the estimation of British astronomers. A transit instrument 3^ feet focal length, and 2f inches aperture, with two setting circles upon the telescope tube, axis level, micrometer in the eye-piece, &c., as is usual in the most perfect instruments of this class; but as this instrument has been made for the, coast survey of the. United States, now being carried on under the direc- tion of Professor A. D. Bache, and is intended for obser- vations both in the meridian and prime vertical, the exhibitor has introduced two additional parts to fit it the better for its work. Firstly, a reversing frame by which the telescope can be lifted from the Y's, turned end for end and again lowered into its bearings without being subjected to any handling, or other operation by which the parts may be unequally expanded and the adjust- ments deranged; the operation is safe and expeditious. Secondly, both the pivots are perforated, in one of which a diaphragm with cross lines and an eye piece is fitted, and in the other an obj ect-glass of suitable focal length is fixed, and hence the axis becomes a telescope. Now, if this telescope be directed to any object, such as the cross lines of a collimator or any terrestrial mark that presents itself, or is set up at a considerable distance from the instrument, and the axis be made to revolve, the form of the pivots may be thereby examined, or (which in the instrument exhibited, is its primary purpose) this tele- scope may be used for turning the principal telescope 9t)°; that is to say, for changing its meridional to a jorime vertical position, or the reverse. This instrument is supported upon a cast-iron stand, [The transit instrument consists of a telescope placed in the meridian. It is fixed to two arms, the extremities of which are turned into two equal cylindrical pivots, which turn in Y's on the top of two piers, placed east and west of the centre of the telescope. The centres of the pivots, or their axes are in the same straight line, which is called the axis of the instrument. In order to obser\'e the instant that a celestial object passes the meridian, there is placed in the telescope, at the focus of the object glass, a system of fine cobweb wires perpendicular to the horizon, and one placed horizontal. At the instant an observation is made, the star's image coincides with the intersection of these wires. An arrangement of this kind is absolutely necessary, as the field of view of the telescope is not a mere point. The transit instrument is used in connexion v^dth an astronomical clock, adjusted to sidereal time. A clock so adjusted that it completes a circuit in a sidereal day, and indicates Oh. Om. Os., when the first point of Aries is on the meridian, and having its dial-plate divided into 2 4 equal spaces; hence, when the transit instrument is ad- justed, and the clock goes correctly, at the instant tlte first point of Aries is on the meridian, the time shown by the clock is Oh.; when this point is 15° or 30° west of the meridian, the time shown by the clock is Ih. or 2h. respectively, and so on.—J. G.] A diagonal transit instrument, in which the means of illuminating the field of view is new in this class of in- strument, and is the invention of the exhibitor. The mode hitherto adopted has been the placing of a reflecting surface in front of the object-glass, and receiv- ing light upon this plate from a lamp or candle placed in a distant part of the observatory. The objections to this mode are, the difiiculty of throwing light upon the re- flector at all, under such circumstances; besides, for every observation, a new arrangement of the light has to be made; and further, by the reflector being placed in front of the object-glass, part of its light is cut ofi". In the instrument exhibited, the light passes through the axis, and this is effected by placing a lens, of which a very large segment, nearly an annulus, projects beyond the edge of the diagonal reflector within the axis. The light, passing through a small lens fixed in one of the pivots in the usual way, diverges upon the open segment of the interior lens, and is thereby converged to the op- posite pivot, where the diaphragm is placed. An isometrical elliptograph invented by the Astronomer Royal, G. B. Airy, Esq., by which ellipses in isometrical perspective can be drawn with great facility and accuracy. The exhibitor is the manufacturer. Three imperial standard yards, made for Her Majesty's Commissioners for the restoration of the Standard of Weights and Measures, with the supports invented by Professor Miller and the Rev. R. Sheepshanks. 77. APPARATUS FOR A DIOPTRIC LIGHT-HOUSE. CHANCE BROTHERS AND CO., BIRMINGHAM. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. The bars, which are one inch square^ are an alloy of copper with tin and zinc, the proportions of each consti- tuent is engraved upon the bar, and these proportions were determined by the late F. Baily, Esq., after very careful experiments. The planes upon which the divisions are cut, showing the standard yard, are at the bottom of cylindrical holes, and in the neutral axis of the bar. The divisions are upon pins of gold, and their situation is well calculated to defend them from everything but wilful injury. Professor Miller's support consists of a system of levers by which an equal degree of support is given to eight equi-distant points in the bar. Mr. Sheepshanks' support is simply a trough of mercury in which the bar floats, and is prevented from turning- over by means of a stirrup in the middle of its length, with pivots resting in two Y bearings. To this apparatus is added two of Mr. Sheepshanks' recently made thermo- meters. A 5-feet standard bar, and the 5-feet tubular scale, No. 4, of the late F. Baily's Report, are the property of the exhibitor, and have been used in the formation and com- parison of many existing standard scales, both for this and for foreign countries. A Troughton's reflecting circle, of the usual kind, the circle being cast in one piece. This circle was arranged as an improvement to that by Borda, and substitutes the reading of six verniers in a complete observation, for the repetition of the angle as practised with the older instru- ment. A Troughton's sextant, having the advantage of light- ness and strength in its construction. A transit theodolite in which the ordinary vertical arc is extended to a complete circle, and is read by opposite verniers. The range of the telescope is unlimited, like that of a transit instrument, and by means of a diagonal eye-piece observations can be made even in the zenith. The axis of the telescope is perforated, and the field is illuminated by a lamp attached to one of the supports, it is, in fact, an altitude and azimuth instrument equally well-adapted for the surveyor and the scientific traveller. Five achromatic object-glasses, one of 9 inches, two of 8 inches, one of G^r^ inches, and one of 4 inches, effective aperture, all worked by the exhibitor. The discs of glass in the first-mentioned being of English manufacture. [A telescope furnished with an achromatic object glass is termed an achromatic telescope. The distance of the point from the object-glass, where the image of an object is formed, is called the focal length of the telescope. The magnifying power of a telescope depends upon the follow- ing considerations,—if it be directed to the sun or moon, and a piece of transparent paper be held in its focus, an image of the object will be formed upon the paper. Now the size of an object depends upon the angle under which it is seen, and the image formed upon the paper will subtend exactly the same angle when moved to that dis- tance from the eye which is equal to the focal length of the telescope, as the object itself, when viewed with the naked eye, or in other words, if held at such a distance from the eye as the focal length of the telescope, it will exactly cover the object itself. Suppose this distance be seven feet, we can with unobstructed vision view an object at the distance of six inches; if then we view the image at this distance it will appear fourteen times larger than the object it represents. By the application of another lens near the eye, termed the eye-glass, the image can be seen distinctly at a very much less distance, in fact, it can be viewed at the distance which is equal to the focal length of the eye-glass; and suppose this to be half-an-inch, then the image will appear twelve times larger than it did to the unassisted eye, and, therefore, fourteen multiplied by twelve, or one hundred and sixty- eight, would be the magnifying power of the telescope. Hence the rule for finding the magnifying power of a telescope is to divide the focal length of the object-glass by the focal length of the eye-glass, and the quotient will give the magnifying power.—J. G.] {Main Avenue West,) Chance (Brothers) & Co., Glass Works, near Binnbvjham—Manufacturers. Dioptric apparatus of the first order, for lighthouses, with revolving lenses and catadioptric zones; constructed according to the system of Fresnel. The upper and lower paints consist of a series of prismatic rings, each of which reflects at the internal surface of its base, the inci- dent rays of light. The middle portion is refractive, and produces by its revolutions a succession of flashes or blazes of light, for the purpose of enabling the mariner to distinguish any particular lighthouse. This revolving part consists of eight annular lenses. Each of these great lenses is composed of a number of concentric rings round a central lens, so as to produce all the refi'active efifect of a single solid lens of corresponding dimensions, but with less loss of light. This apparatus is represented in the accompanying Plate 77. {Main Avenue West.^ Electric Telegraph Company, Office, South Entrance to the Exhibition Building—Proprietors. Electric Telegraphs. 1. Original five-needle telegraph invented by Cooke and Wheatstone in 1837, and worked on the Great Western Railway. 2. First complete telegraph for intermediate stations requiring four wires and a return circuit. Cooke and Wheatstone's patent of 1838. 3. Two-needle portable telegraph. Intended to be carried by guards of trains and attached at any required part of the line to the telegraphic wires, thus opening an immediate communication between the spot of an accident and the stations on the line. Cooke and Wheatstone's patent of 1838. 4. Ordinary two-needle telegraph of the construction now in use throughout the whole of England. Constructed under Cooke and Wheatstone's patents of 1837, 1838 and 1845. 5. Two-needle telegraph of the most recent form ; con- structed under the same patents as the last, but with modifications and improvements of parts. 6. Ordinary single-needle telegraph, used for small and second-rate stations.-. Constructed under the patents of 1837, 1838, and 1845. 7. Portable galvanometer, or detector used for tracing out faults on the lines. Patent of 1837. 8. Portable single-needle telegra^ph to be carried by guards of trains. The dial arranged in a sloping position to facilitate the reading of the signals. Patent of 1845. Electro-magnetic Alarums. 1. Electro-magnetic alarum: patented in 1847 by Cooke and Wheatstone. In this alarum the magnet operated directly to impel the hammer against the bell. A se- condary battery was brought into action to excite the magnet. 2. Electro-magnetic alarum of 1837 ; the magnet only operating to release the striking machinery. 3. Electro-magnetic alarum of 1838. The striking machinery released by the deflection of a magnetic needle. 4. Small decomposition apparatus. This apparatus, or an ordinary magnetic needle, was vised to bring into ope- ration a secondary battery at the station where the signal was to be received. 5. Electro-magnetic alarum. The magnet excited by the direct current transmitted, and not by a secondary battery. Patents of 1837 and 1840. 6. Large alarum used for signalling at the entrances of tunnels at railway stations and other places where a loud sound may be required. Cooke and Wheatstone's patents of 1837 and 1845. 478* Class 10.—PHILOSOPHICAL, MUSICAL, HOROLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. North, North Central, and South Central Galleries. 7. Another form of the same alarum. 8. Plan proposed by G. Little for sounding a bell by the self-action of an electro-magnet. Disc Telegraphs. 1. Disc telegraph : the signals given by the step-by- Btep rotation, and pausing of a disc bearing letters or figures. The rotation produced by the action of an electro-magnet. Wheatstone and Cooke's patent of 1840. 2. Disc telegraph: the letters or figures pointed out by the rotation and pausing of an index or hand operating by electro-magnetic action. Patent of 1840. 3. Disc telegraph: similar to No. 1, except that signals are given by numbers. 4. Modification of the disc telegraph proposed by Nott. 5. Disc telegraph: the communicator, or signal-giving apparatus being conjoined to the instrument. 6. Modification of the disc telegraph arranged for a counter, or register of any successive movements or actions, such as persons passing through a door or gate, strokes made by a steam-engine, fly or other press, &c. 7. Magneto-electric commimicator for the disc tele- graphs : no battery is required, a permanent magnet fur- nishing a constant series of induced currents by the rotation of an armature and coils over its poles. Wheat- stone's patent of 1841, 8. t>econd form of the magneto-electric communicator, adapted to work disc telegraph, giving signals by numbers. Double Index Disc Telegraphs. 1. Double index disc telegraph: the two hands move independently, so that one may be set to give any re- quired permanent signal, while conversation is carried on by the other. This instrument was arranged for working the atmospheric machinery on the South Devon Railway. It requires one wire only. Hatcher's patent of 1847. 2. Double index disc telegraph. The two hands re- volve step by step in opposite directions. They would therefore indicate exactly at all stations on a single line the progressive movement and approach of two trains running in opposite directions. Patent of 1847. 3. Single index disc telegraph. The index can be made to rotate in either direction, so that the speed of Bignalling would be increased by the facility with which any position could be given to the index by a few move- ments. Patent of 1847. Printing Telegraphs. 1. Elective magnet printing telegraph. The signals are printed in ordinary type, according to the first arrange- ment of Wheatstone in 1841. The current when sent in one direction moves the type wheel to the required position, and when reversed brings into operation the printing machinery. Hatcher's patent of 1847. 2. Second form of the elective magnet printing tele- graph. Patent of 1847. 3. Third form of the elective magnet printing telegraph: the signals being printed not in type but in combinations of dots or points. 4. Type printing telegraph: the type wheel, after each signal is printed, is released from the machinery and regains its zero or quiescent position at one bound, thereby increasing the correctness of the operation by making each signal wholly independent of the correctness or in- correctness of the preceding one. Barlow and Forster's patent of 1848, 5, Chemical printing telegraph: signals given by dots or spots arranged in two lines. The marks produced by the chemical action of the current on a prepared paper, Alexander Bain's patent of 1846, 6. Chemical printing telegraph: signals given by dots and lines combined in various ways. Bain's patent of 1846. Magneto-electric Machines. 1. Magneto-electric machine. Currents induced by the permanent magnet can be sent in one direction by this machine. It is used for the sounding of alarums. No battery is required. Wheatstone's patent of 1841. 2. Magneto-electric machine for sending currents in either direction at pleasure. Used for working the double index telegraphs. Hatcher's patent of 1847. 3. Induced current machine: an inducing battery of small power is used with this form of machine. It sends currents in either direction like the last. It was used for working the double index telegraphs on the South Devon line. Patent of 1847. 4. Second form of induced current machine: arranged for working with the code of signals in use by the Admi- ralty. Patent of 1847. Galvanometers. 1, Indicator or galvanometer in which the magnetic needle is replaced by a magnetised steel disc. Mapple's patent of 1847. 2, Simple current director for causing the current to ring either of two bells or to actuate either of two in- struments, 3, Simple current director for ringing either of two bells as for an ofiice, 4, Current director, for causing the current to soimd either of three bells, or actuate either of three instruments. 5, Current director or switch for a line of telegraph with two wires to any one of three other lines of similar telegraph. Switches of this kind are extensively used in England. 6, Punch or stamp used for cutting out in paper the signals or combinations of dots and lines to be trans- mitted by Bain's chemical telegraph. Bain's patent of 1846. 7, Stick or rule of type used with Bain's printing telegraph. A series of insulators of various forms constructed under Cooke and Wheatstone's, Ricardo and Clark's, and Mapple's patents. 750 Tracy, W. M,, 13 Hill Street, Berkeley Square. Bullet extractor. 751 AiREY, Thos., 67 Dale Street, Liverpool— Manufacturer. Newly-invented sunk centre seconds watches. This invention admits of the seconds hand beating dead. Two seconds hands may be applied—one from the centre, and the other in the us vial place. I r