THE LIBRARY OF THE Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society. presented b\? / fl HISTORY OP THE Txnijal College nf InrgeottB in Srrfimii. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/b21443348 / I HISTORY OK THE €0!!^ of Surricmto IN IRELAND, AND OV THE IRISH SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE; INCLUDING NUMEROUS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ALSO A MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. BY SIE CHAKLES A. CAMEBON, jBrcsibtnt of the Konal dMIsgt of Surgtons in Ireland. DUBLIN : FANNIN & COMPANY, 41 GRAFTON-STREET. LONDON: BAILL]EKE, TINDALL, & COX. EDINBURGH! MACLAUHLAN & STEWART. 1 8 8 (J. DUBLIN: PRINTED BY JOHN FALCONER, 53 UPPER SACKVILLE-STKEET. TO MATTHEW O'REILLY DEASE, Esq., D.L., FORMERLY MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE COUNTY OF LOUTH, WHOSE GENEROUS GIFTS TO THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS ARE RECORDED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES, THIS HISTORY IS DEDICATED. PEEFACE This work is published under the authority of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and at their expense. As the Author receives no pecuniary remuneration, the price of the book is fixed so as about to cover the cost of producing it; but should a profit be made by the sale of this or any future edition, it will be given to the Eoyal Medical Benevolent Fund. The materials used in compiling this history have been chiefly derived from the following sources:—The archives of the Royal College of Surgeons, of the Corporation of Dublin, and of the Public Records Office; the minute books of various hospitals and public Boards ; parish registries ; inscriptions on tombs; thousands of books, periodicals, and newspapers of the present century and of some of its predecessors; family papers, &c. The following libraries were searched—The College, Trinity College, the College of Physicians, the National, the Royal Dublin Society, the Royal Irish Academy, the Public Library (Marsh's), Dr. Steevens' Hospital, and King's Inns, in Dublin; and the British Museum, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the Medico-Chirurgical Society, in London. The information which enabled me to write the biographical sketches was chiefly obtained from the originals of the sketches, or from their descendants, relatives, or friends; a small portion was, however, derived from previous biographical and obituary notices. In numerous cases I was able, by reference to Parish Registers and other records, to verify or correct the information supplied to me. I was or am acquainted with many of the gentlemen whose biographies are given in Chapters XIV., XV., XVI., XVIII., and XX., and have been able to write of them from personal knowledge. For the composition of the biographies, and for the opinions expressed in the biographical and other parts of the work, I am alone responsible. I am sure that the hundreds of kind friends and others who have supplied me with information for the biographical parts of this History will rest satisfied with a general expression of thanks. I must, however, specially acknowledge my obligations to Sir George H. Porter, Mr. W. Oolles, Dr. Banks, Dr. Aquilla Smith, Dr. Martin of Portlaw, and Dr. Bigger, who gave me much valuable information, and without whose assistance several of the biographies would have been incomplete. I desire also to heartily thank Dr. Ingram, S.F.T.C.D., Librarian, and Mr. French, Assistant-Librarian, of Trinity College; Mr. Archer, F.R.S., Librarian of the National Library, and his staff; and the officials of the Public Records Office, for their courtesy, and for the facilities which they afforded me for discovering in their respective libraries materials for this History. My friend, Mr. William Edward Ellis, LL.B, having kindly volunteered to prepare the Index to this History, has carried out his proposal with that thoroughness and accuracy which charac- terise all his literary work. CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER I. On the Progress of Medical Knowledge and Literature in Ireland up to the year 1700 ........ 1 CHAPTER H. Medical Bibliography in Ireland during the Eighteenth Century . . 14 CHAPTER III. The Barber-Surgeons . . . . . . .52 CHAPTER IV. Surgical Education and Examinations in Ireland prior to the Foundation of the College of Surgeons . . . . . .91 CHAPTER V. Incorporation of the Irish Surgeons . . . . .111 CHAPTER VI. The College under their First Charter . . . . .123 CHAPTER VII. The Second Charter ....... 158 CHAPTER VIII. The College under their Second Charter . . . . 170 CHAPTER IX. The Supplemental Charter . . . . . . .196 CHAPTER X. The College under their Supplemental Charter . . .211 Page CHAPTER XI. The College Library . . . . . . .267 CHAPTER XII. The College Museum ....... 275 CHAPTER XHI. The Connection between the College and the Navy and Army Medical Departments ........ 288 CHAPTER XIV. The Presidents of the College under the First Charter—1784 to 1828 . 305 CHAPTER XV. The Presidents of the College under the Second Charter—1829-1844 . 387 CHAPTER XVI. The Presidents of the College under the Supplemental Charters, 1844-1885-6 ........ 399 CHAPTER XVII. The College School ........ 446 CHAPTER XVIII. Biographical Sketches of the College Professors .... 458 CHAPTER XIX. The Unchartered, or Private, Schools of Medicine . . .513 CHAPTER XX. Biographical Sketches of the Lecturers in the Private Schools of Medicine 544 Addenda ......... 6S3 CHAPTER XXI. The University and Provincial Medical Schools .... 684 Appendix A Table showing Attendance at Lectures in Dublin Medical Schools ...... 695 „ B The Council and Officers of the College . . .696 C Ceremonies and Banquet at the College, 28th April, 1886 699 Index 723 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page The Koyal College of Surgeons in 1886, ----- Frontispiece Daunt's and Dease's Lithotomes, - - - - - -44 The Polegate—Guildhall of Dublin Barber-Surgeons in the Seventeenth Century, 69 Arms of the Barber-Surgeons, - - - - - - - 68 Facsimile of Barber-Surgeons' Certificate, - - - - - 81 The Tailors' Hall, Back-lane, ------- 87 The First Anatomy-house, T.C.D., - - - - - - 98 Sir Thomas Molyneux's House, Peter-street, Dublin, .... 104 Mercer's Hospital in 1734, - - - - - - - 133 The Royal College of Surgeons in 1810, - - - - - - 144 The Meath Hospital a Century ago, ------ 394 The Meath Hospital in 1886, - - - - - - - 394 The Stewart Institution for Idiots, &c, ------ 429 The Richmond Hospital School in 1826, - - - - - - 523 The Whitworth Hospital, - - - - - - - 636 The Coombe Hospital, - - - - - - - - 653 Conferring Honorary Fellowship on Sir James Paget, - - - - 699 Plan of Banqueting Hall, - - - - - - - 721 HONOKAKY MEMBEKS OK FELLOWS OF THE COLLEGE, ELECTED SINCE 1784. Those marked thus (*) are deceased. *Abernethy, John, London. *Adair, Eobert, London. * Armstrong, Sir Alexander, Navy. *Ballingall, Sir George, Edinburgh. *Bell, Benjamin, Edinburgh. Bowman, Sir William, London. *Bradt, John, M.P. *Brodie, Sir Benjamin C,Bart.,London. *Burnett, Sir William, Navy. *Cloquet, Jules, Paris. *Cooper, Sir Astlet P., Bart., London. Crawford, Sir Thomas, Army. *Cuvier, Baron Georges Chretien Leopold Dagobert, Paris. *Franklin, Henry, Army. *Gibson, Sir James, Army. *Gulliver, George, London. Hanbury, Sir James Arthur, Army. Haughton, Eev. Samuel, Dublin. Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Fer- dinand, Berlin. *Hey, William, Leeds. *Houghton, Kichard, Dublin. *Humfry, William Charles, Army. *Hunter, John, London. Huxley, Thomas H., London. Lister, Sir Joseph, Bart., London. *Logan, Sir Thomas Galbraith, Army. *Louis, Antoine, Paris. *M'Grigor, Sir James, Bart., Army. Marshall, John, London. *0'Halloran, Sylvester, Limerick. Owen, Sir Eichard, London. Paget, Sir James, Bart,, London. *Parkes, Edmund Alexander, Netley. Pasteur, Louis, Paris. *Pearson, John, London. *Pitcairn, Sir James, Army. *Pott, Percival, London. *Scarpa, Antonio, Pavia. *S6mmering, Samuel Thomas, Munich. *Syme, James, Edinburgh. *Tiedemann, Frederick, Heidelberg. *Webb, Sir John, Army. Wells, Sir Thomas Spencer, Bart., London. HISTORY OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND. CHAPTER I. ON THE PROGRESS OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND LITERATURE IN IRELAND UP TO THE TEAR 1700. It is admitted that a comparatively high state of civilisation prevailed in Ireland during the earlier ages of the Christian era; we may, therefore, infer that the ancient Irish were not ignorant of such knowledge of medicine as then existed in Europe. It is likely that some of the persons who studied at the seats of learning devoted their attention to the healing art. The Annals of Tiernach are, with the exception of the Psalter of Cashel, the oldest Celtic MSS.—probably the most ancient in any language in Northern Europe. It is stated in them that in the year 366 a princess died in consequence of having swallowed a poisoned draught, from which we infer that even in that early age some knowledge of the preparation of drugs prevailed. Legendary lore assigns to the ancient Irish an extraordinary degree of surgical skill. It is stated in an ancient MS. that Josina, the son of a Scotch king who reigned about a century and a half before the birth of Christ, was sent by his father to Ireland to be educated amongst the physicians and surgeons of that country. In a MS. entitled Cath Muighe Fuiredh, preserved in the library of Trinity College, an account is given of a battle, the wounded in which were placed in medicated baths by a celebrated surgeon named Diancecht. This personage, who flourished about two B thousand years ago, is stated to have furnished a silver hand to a potentate who had been deprived of that member in a battle. The workmanship of the artificial hand was so wondrous that it was quite as useful to the potentate as his uninjured hand. It is probable that Diancecht was the Celtic equivalent of Esculapius. This legend and similar myths as to the marvellous skill of the ancient Irish physicians and surgeons show at least a traditional belief in the existence of a high degree of culture amongst the practitioners of the healing art in Ireland in early ages. In Southey's "Morte d'Arthur," page 258, it is stated that when Sir Tristram was wounded by a poisoned spear he was advised to go to the country from whence his antagonist had come—namely, Ireland, for there alone the venom could be neutralised. He went to that country, and was placed by King Anguysshe under the care of his daughter, who " was a noble surgeon." In Hammer's Chronicles we find the following account of a cure effected by an ancient Irish lady-doctor:—" In the time of Alfred, King of the West Saxons, Anno 872, as Fabian and Cooper have noted, there was a grievous malady reigning among the people, called the evil ficus, which also took the king, so that, say mine authors, an Irish maid came out of Ireland called Modwen, whose monastery in time of rebellion was destroyed, and cured the king." " Medical women " were not peculiar to the ancient Irish. We learn from Tacitus that the women followed the German armies for the purpose of dressing the wounds of the soldiers upon the battle-field—A d matres, ad conjuges vulneraferunt; nec illce numerare aut exigere plagas pavent (" De Moribus Germanic," cap. VII.). In the libraries of Trinity College, Dublin, and the Royal Irish Academy there are large collections of manuscript works on medicine written in the Irish language. Many of them are dated in the fourteenth century; and the caligraphy of several of them is quite equal to anything of the kind met with in monastic manuscripts. The Irish medical MSS. are chiefly translations from the Latinised versions of the works of the Greek " fathers of medi- cine," and of the Arabian writers on medicine, but they are by no means poor in accounts of indigenous practice, and in many of the translations the opinions of the translators are freely expressed. Epidemic influenza is first described in an Irish MS. of the fifteenth century under the names of fuacht and sloadhan. Stanihurst speaks of the Irish reading very old and discoloured medical MSS. on vellum. They were in the Irish language, and were held in much repute as the depositories of medical maxims and rules which were of great antiquity (De Reb. Hibern., Antwerp, 1584). One of the most interesting of the Irish medical works pre- served in the library of the Royal Irish Academy is the volume known as " Hy-Brassil." It is surmised that this work was written by the O'Lees. The book is of quarto size, consists of 88 pages, and dates from 1390. It is composed of three fragments of inde- pendent works, and the writing is extremely beautiful. The term Hy-Brassil refers to the fact that the MS. was discovered in the hy, or country of the O'Brassils. The valuable Celtic MSS. from the celebrated Ashburnham Collection have lately come into the possession of the Academy, and are being arranged and catalogued. They include several treatises on medical subjects. Exclusive of these, the Academy possesses in all eighty-eight medical MSS. It is a matter for regret that none of them have been translated into English for publication. The Academy receives an annual Parliamentary grant of £300 for the translation, editing, and publishing of Irish manuscripts. It is only reasonable that a few of the medical ones should be translated and published at the expense of the State. Two of the MSS. have already been translated into English by Mr. Joseph O'Longan—viz., those numbered 23 K (342 pages) and No. 42 (444 pages) in the catalogue; the former relates to the Materia Medica. Amongst the Ashburnham Col- lection there is a nicely-written treatise on Materia Medica, by Neal O'Q uin, dated 1535. The names of the articles described are given in Irish and Latin, and the descriptions of them in Irish. HEREDITARY PHYSICIANS IN IRELAND. That medical men occupied a definite position amongst the Irish from the sixth century to the fourteenth century is evident from the clauses referring to them in the Brehon, or Irish code of laws. Their rates of remuneration were fixed, and in the social scale they were ranked as equal to the smiths. At present there is a considerable difference socially between smiths and surgeons; but in the middle ages, when defensive armour was worn, the smith stood high amongst craftsmen. About a thousand years ago it became the practice in Ireland to adopt medicine as a hereditary profession. After a time it became a custom for certain families to provide from amongst themselves physicians to treat the members of other and generally more distinguished families—for example, the O'Lees were here- ditary physicians to the O'Flaherties of Galway, the O'Hickeys to the O'Briens of Thomond, the O'Sheils to the Mahonys of Oriel, and so on. A family of physicians named O'Callenan migrated from Galway to the county of Cork, where, according to Surgeon Silvester O'Halloran, they became so celebrated as physicians that down to the middle of the last century it was a common saying in reference to a supposed incurable case—" Ni leighbis jiobd Cal- lenan seine"—"even an O'Callenan could not cure him." The learned Dr. O'Donovan states that the celebrated astro- nomer, Halley, was descended from the O'Halghaiths, a family of hereditary physicians. Of the skill of the Irish physicians Professor Van Helmont, who visited Ireland, says:—" The Irish are better managed in their sickness than the Italians, who have a physician in every village."* The disturbed condition of Ireland during the greater part of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and even the eighteenth centuries greatly retarded and often arrested the progress of medical know- ledge. There was little to encourage men of ability to study or practise medicine in Ireland. The population was small and poor. There were, outside Dublin, no very large towns. Encourage- ment of learning and scientific research was almost wholly wanting. * Confessio Authoris (page 13). Anisteloedami. 1649. Literally there was but one seat of learning in the country— namely, Trinity College, which, however, did but little to advance the intei'ests of medicine until recent times. It is not to be wondered at, then, that Ireland is poor in medical literature of the seventeenth century, and that in the eighteenth century she occupied a position relatively inferior to that of many other countries of equal size, but more favourably circumstanced. There were very few books published in Ireland during the sixteenth century. Dr. Rutty, writing in the middle of the last century to an inquiring friend, says that he believes there were no books printed in Ireland during that century; but in this surmise he was mistaken, as at least two or three devotional books were printed in Dublin before the seventeenth century. It is unlikely that any medical literature existed in print at that time. In Harris's edition of Sir James Ware's work on " The Writers of Ireland " it is stated (Book I., page 94) that Nicholas Stanishurst, who died in 1554, wrote a treatise entitled " Dieta Medicorum." I have not been able to discover this treatise in any of the libraries or book catalogues which I have searched; it was probably published in Holland. There is reason to believe that the first medical work by an Irish author which appeared in type was Dr. Theobald Anguilbert's " Mensa Philosophica," pub- lished in Paris in 1530 by J. de Hursy. Its contents are chiefly table-talk and small witticisms, and it is almost undeserving of the title of a medical work. This author was educated abroad and practised in France. Dr. Thady, or Thadeus Dun, an Irishman, practised in Locarno, in Switzerland. He published, in 1591, his " Epistolse Medicinales," which, in 1619, was followed by a larger work, entitled " De Morbis Mulieribus." Dun was probably the first to suggest the use of the warm bath in tedious labour. In the following pages I shall give a list of the medical works published in Ireland up to the year 1800, and I have reason to believe that it will be found as nearly as possible a complete Irish medical bibliography for that period. A few references to the works of Irish physicians published in other countries will be given. In 1619 Dr. Dermod O'Meara published in Dublin a duodecimo work, entitled " Pathologia Hereditaria Generalis," which, I believe, was the first work of the kind printed in Dublin. It must have been considered a respectable production, seeing that it was reprinted in London, in 1665, and in Amsterdam in 1666. Edmund, son of O'Meara, graduated in Oxford, and received an honorary degree from the London College of Physicians. Some of his works were published in London in 1665. Three genera- tions of O'Mearas practised in Ireland and London. A famous Irish physician of this century, Dr. Neil O'Glacan— better known upon the Continent as Nellanus Glacanus—was born in the county of Donegal about the close of the sixteenth century. He received his medical education abroad, and filled in succession the Chairs of Physic at the Universities of Toulouse and Bologna. At that time those Universities, especially that of Bologna, were the seats of important schools of medicine. He was a physician and privy councillor to the King of France. His chief works are " Tractatus de Peste" (1629) and « Cnrsus Medicus" (1655). That O'Glacan was held in high esteem by his contemporaries is evident from the eulogistic poem referring to him, composed by Peter von Adrian Brocke, Professor of Eloquence at Lucca. It has been translated by Harrison, and commences as follows:— " Hoc Glacan nostra Glacan celeberrimus arte." " With healing art he arms us to repel Dire troops of agues and of fevers fell. Whatever ills the patient may endure, Known, or unknown, unerring is his cure. Nor more instructions from my muse inquire, The sons of science him alone admire. His works all Gallia with attention reads. Sucks in his knowledge and reveres his deeds. Hence Belgia smitten with his art divine, Far distant Spain, and thou who drink'st the vine ; Hence Italy with ample presents sued The sage when absent, and with honors woo'd. Bononia, now, with skill-imbibing ears, Devours his lectures, and applauding hears, While he unlocks the healthy mystic stores Of princely Galen, and his path explores. His country, blest in such a son, may boast; And this be thine Ultonia's ancient coast." Dr. Bernard O'Connor, a native of Kerry, was physician to the celebrated John Sobieski, King of Poland. O'Connor received his medical education at Montpelier (then and long after a celebrated seat of medical learning). He proceeded to Paris, where he was admitted professionally to the Royal Chambers, and thereupon added to his titles—e Regid Camera Parisiensis Societate. He passed the latter portion of his life in London, and died there in 1698, at the early age of thirty-two. He wrote the treatises " De Humane Hypogastri Sarco Matei," " Dissertationes Medico- Physics," and " Evangelium Medici." In the last-named work he advances an opinion that generation may be effected without actual contact of the sexes—an opinion verified by recent experi- mental results. Two Dutch physicians, Gerard and Arnold Boate, practising in Ireland, published in Dublin, in 1641, an octavo volume, entitled "Philosophia Naturales," in which they criticised the system of Aristotle. In 1652 G. Boate published in London (reprinted in Dublin, 1726, and also in 1755 by G. & A. Ewing) a " Natural History of Ireland." He applauded the action of Parliament in pro- hibiting the use of salmon out of season, and attributed the leprosy prevalent in Ireland to the consumption of that unwholesome food. In 1659 Dr. John Stearne published a work entitled "DeMorte Dissertatio in qua mottis Natura causae mobilitas remora? et Kemedia prohonuntur; acvariae de cadavere et anima separata con- troversial enodantur." It was printed in Dublin by Win. Bladen. A second edition, published in 1699, consists of a duodecimo volume of 308 pages; the type and paper are of excellent quality, as shown in the copy of this rare work preserved in the Worth Library, Dr. Steevens' Hospital, Dublin. Stearne was born at Ardbraccan, county of Meath, in 1622. He was educated in Trinity College, Dublin, and became a Senior Fellow thereof. He was the first President of the Fraternity of Physicians, Trinity Hall, 1665-7, of the College of Physicians in Dublin, 1660-7, and of the King and Queen's College of Physicians, 1669. He died 18th November, 1669. He appears to have studied divinity even more ardently than medicine. Stearne also wrote "Aphorisme de Felicitate," Dublin, 1654 and 1656, 8vo; "Animi Medela," &c. (a very long title), Dublin, 1658, 8vo, pp. 516 ; and several other works having little relevancy to medicine. In 1667 Cassin Conly published a duodecimo volume in Dublin, entitled " Willisius Male Vindicatus Sive Medicus Oxoniensis Mendacitatis et Inscitiaa Detectus." Willis was the celebrated professor of medicine at Oxford, and Conly was a native of the Queen's County. He vindicated Willis's views on fever, which had been assailed by Dermod O'Meara. A rare and curious book by John O'Dwyer, evidently an Irish- man, giving an account of the state of the medical profession and complaining of the intrusion of midwives and quacks, has the following title :—"Querela Medica se Planctus MedicinaaModerns Status Athore. Ioanne O'Dwyer, Cassiliensi Medicinal Liccin- tiato Vrbisque Montensis Medico Pensionario. Montibus Ex Officina JEgidii V. Havart. Sub Signo Paradisi. 1686." In the British Medical Journal for 1884 several letters appeared in reference to a work on Midwifery by Wolveridge, said to be the oldest original book on the subject by an English author. It was stated that the only known copy in existence was that lately in possession of Dr. Fordyce Baker, of New York, but which had been taken for transcription by a Frenchman, who subsequently dis- appeared. It was, moreover, alleged that the book was published in Dublin in 1670. It has since been ascertained that two copies (one imperfect) of this rare work are in England—one in the Ratford Library, St. Mary's Hospital, the other in the possession of Dr. Jardine, Capel, Surrey. I find that it was printed in London, not in Dublin, in the year 1671. The author practised in Cork, and his name appears, but with a " 1" before it, in Belcher's list of the "Fraternity of Physicians," Trinity Hall, Dublin, established in 1660. I find the name James Wolveridge, M.D., 1664, in Dr. Todd's roll of graduates of the University of Dublin. As Wolveridge's work seems to be regarded with so much interest, I give its title in full:—"Speculum Matricis; or the Expert Midwives' Handmaid, Catechistically Composed, by James Wolveridge, M.D., with a Copious Alphabetical Index, written IVXta Magnae la Del sCrlptor, Anno Domini 1669, Chrono- gramma 1669. 'Damnosa quid non imminuit dies'? .ZEtas paren- tum, pejor avis, tulit, nos nequiores, mox daturos progeniem vitiosiorem.'—Horat, Lib. 3, Carminum, Ode 6. London: Printed by E. Okes; and are to be sold by Rowland Reynolds, at the King's Arms in the Poultry. 1671." The book contains 210 pages and 30 engravings. Its contents are in the form of a dialogue between a doctor and a midwife. In 1677 Sir John Temple published in Dublin a work on the "Cure of the Gout by Moxa." This substance was, up to the early part of the present century, a favourite remedy for the gout. It consisted of little cylinders made from a species of night-wort. Sir William Petty, M.D., an Englishman (born May 26, 1623, died December 16, 1687), practised for some time in Dublin, and was clerk of the Privy Council and one of the surveyors of the country. He published in London, in 1683 and 1687, " Observa- tions on the Bills of Mortality of Dublin and the State of the City." They are valuable treatises. In 1683 the Dublin Philosophical Society was founded by William Molyneux, and commenced to hold meetings in a house on Cork-hill, but in the same year it removed to the house of Mr. Wetherel, apothecary, at Crow's Nest (where now the Cecilia-street School of Medicine stands), and established a labora- tory, museum, and botanic garden. Amongst its thirty-nine members in 1667 we find the names of eleven medical men. The Society's meetings were discontinued in 1686, on account of the troublous state of the times. In the list of essays on subjects relating to medical science there are various papers on human and comparative anatomy, on the dissections of a man who died from consumption, and on various other subjects, by Dr. Allen Mullin, or Moulin; on the dissection of the water newt and other sub- jects, by W. Molyneux; on consumption, by Sir W. Petty; on hermaphrodism, by St. George Ashe (Provost of T.C.D.); on venous and arterial blood, and on the dissection of a bat, &c, by R. Bulkeley ; on various dissections of the human subject, and two on the stone, by Mr. Patterson; on hermaphrodism, by Dr. Willougby; on the dissection of a monstrous child, by Dr. Houlaghan; on De Acido et Urinoso, by Dr. Silvius. There are other papers of minor interest. The most important read before this Society was that in which Mullin described the vascu- larity of the lens of the eye, to the discovery of which he appears to have been led by the dissection of an elephant. Attempts to revive this Society were made in 1693 and 1707, but they were not successful, and the papers read during these years are devoid of medical interest. During many years subsequent to the extinction of the Philosophical Society, the " Philosophical Transactions " of the Royal Society of London were the chief media for announcing to the world the facts discovered and the opinions enunciated by Irish medical men. Allen Mullen, or Moulin, was one of the most original of the writers whose papers were read before the Philosophical Society- He was born in the North of Ireland, and graduated* in medicine in Dublin University. In 1686 he removed to London, and from thence went with Lord Inchiquin to the West Indies. His fate was a sad one. Landing at Barbadoes, he fell in with some bon vivants, who induced him to drink too much of the " wine of the countrv." The result was a fever, of which he died. Mullen "was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was much esteemed in his time. He made an anatomical examination of an elephant that was accidentally burnt to death in Dublin, and with such accuracy that his descriptions have been quoted by writers down to the present time. His work was published in a small volume in London in 1682. The "Philosophical Transactions" for 1685 (No. 174) contain an account of his dissections of a " monstrous double cat." In the "Philosophical Transactions" for 1687 he gave a close estimate of the quantity of blood contained in the body, and he discovered several structures in the tunics of the eye, as acknow- * In Todd's Roll of Graduates the name Allen Moylin appears as M.B. at the Spring Commencements in 1679, and the name Alan Mullin, or Allan Moline, appears as a B.A. in the Spring, 1676, and an M.D., Spring, 1784. These entries no doubt refer to the one person, and not to three as they Beem to imply. ledged by Albert Haller, one of the earlier systematic writers on the eye. His dissection of a human subject is also recorded. The founder of the Philosophical Society, William Molyneux, was born in Dublin in 1656, and died in that city October 11, 1698. He graduated in Trinity College, and became a barrister. He wrote a paper on the Microscopic Examination of the Blood and on the Lacerta Aquatica.* His younger brother Thomas was born in Dublin, educated in its University, and studied subsequently at Leyden. He held the offices of President of the College of Physicians, Professor of Physic in the University, State Physician, and Physician-General. In 1730 he was created a baronet (being the first medical man who received that honour in Ireland). He died on the 19th October, 1733. The name of Molyneux is illustrious in the annals of Irish medicine. Arch- bishop King said of him that he was " the most eminent physician in this kingdom, yet not more remarkable for his skill in his art than for his piety and virtue." Distinguished for the variety of his talents and the extent of his erudition, he has been termed the " father of Irish medicine," and is equally deserving of the title of the father of Irish archaeology. The extent of his classical learning may be inferred from the fact of the Royal Society publishing his explanation of an obscure passage in one of Horace's Odes. The more purely medical writings of Molyneux were as follows :—On stone in the bladder, epidemic influenza, and the short fever of 1688. He described the Irish elk, the Irish greyhound, the aphrodite, and the Connaught locust. He also wrote a paper on the vesiculse seminales. His botanical essays were numerous. The Honourable Robert Boyle, who was facetiously styled the "father of chemistry and son of the Earl of Cork," published several papers relating to matters of medical interest in the "Philosophical Transactions" from 1665 to 1690. It is remark- able that he noticed the evolution of ammonia (" alkaline spirit") from the blood, and he considered that the fluidity of the blood was due to its alkalinity—a theory revived lately by Dr. Benjamin Richardson, F.R.S. * Phil. Trans. Vol. IV., p. 177. Valentine Greatrakes, a country gentleman, born in the county of Waterford in 1628, created a great sensation by bis reputed power of healing disease, especially the king's evil, by stroking the affected parts. He was sent for by members of the royal family, and his operations were performed before the Royal Society. Many of the most eminent scientific men of the day testified to the wonderful cures which he effected—amongst others, Robert Boyle, the author of the Sceptical Chemist. A Dutch physician named Bellon was the author of " The Irish Spa: being a Short Discourse on Mineral Waters; with a way of improving by art weakly impregnated Mineral Waters, and brief account of the Mineral Water at Chappel Izod, near Dublin, &c. By P. Bellon, Doctor in Physick. Dublin : Printed by J. R. for M. Gunne, at the Bible and Crown in Castle-street, and Nath. Tarrant, at the King's Arms, Castle-street. 1684." 8vo. Pp.76. Bellon's book is not worth much, but it is interesting as an example of Dublin printing in the seventeenth century. The Worth Library in Steevens' Hospital is the only one in Ireland which contains a copy of Bellon's book. Another copy is in the library of the London College of Surgeons. Charles Allen, who styles himself Professor of the Teeth, wrote a treatise entitled " The Operation for the Teeth, showing how to Preserve the Teeth and Gums from all Accidents, &c, as also the Description and Use of the Pollican, &c, &c." This book was printed in 1686 by Andrew Crook and Samuel Helsham for Robert Thornton, bookseller, at the " Leather Bottel," Skinner's- row, Dublin. It comprises 60 quarto pages, and is dedicated to the " most honourable and truly learned the physitians, chirugeons, and apothecaries of the city of Dublin." The book bears the imprimatur of the Archbishop of Dublin. The author states that he may be consulted at the Smiths' Arms in Essex-street, where he lodges. Allen also published a treatise—a quarto volume—in Dublin, in 1686, entitled "A Physical Discourse, wherein the Reason of the Beating of the Pulse or Pulsation of the Arteries, together with those of the Circulation of the Blood, are mechanically explained." George Philips, a gentleman of the county of Londonderry, published in London, in 1691, "A Problem concerning the Gout." 8vo. Joseph Pratt, M.D., who studied at Ley den and practised in Dublin, published in the former city, in 1692, a quarto volume containing his inaugural address. He dedicated it to his father and to the Bishop of Meath. Leprosy was Pratt's theme. In 1697 an inaugural dissertation, read before Trinity College, Dublin, by John Jones, M.D., was published in Dublin. It was entitled " Speciatim Vero de Dysenteria Hibernica." The celebrated Sir Hans Sloane, successor to Newton in the Presidency of the Royal Society and President of the Royal College of Physicians, London, we can claim as an Irishman. He was born at Killyleagh, county of Down, 16th April, 1660, and studied medicine in Paris and London. He was created a baronet and appointed physician to the king. Sloane died at the age of ninety-two. He published many valuable papers, and his great work on the " Natural History of Jamaica" was the means of introducing many useful drugs into the Pharmacopoeia. CHAPTER IT. MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY IN IRELAND DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Very few works relating to medicine proper or its correlated sciences were published in Ireland during the first quarter of this century, but after that period a year seldom elapsed without the issue of one or more books relating to medicine. Many of them were reprints of the works of English or foreign authors. In the last century there was no copyright law common to Great Britain and Ireland; hence it was a common practice to reprint valuable books immediately after their publication in England. To protect themselves against this smart practice, English authors occasionally published their works in Dublin, or brought them out simul- taneously in London and Dublin. Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of a greater Darwin), for instance, published his great work on the laws of organic life simultaneously in England and Ireland In 1701 John Purcell, M.D., Dublin, published in London a curious book on Hysteria, which was reprinted in Dublin in 1703. He also published in London, in 1702, a treatise on the Colic, which passed through several editions, and so late as 1772 was translated into German at Naarden. In 1710 Sir Thomas Molyneux brought under the notice of the Royal Society a case of the extraction of a bodkin from the female bladder. The operator was Thomas Proby, chirurgeon-general, ancestor of the Earls of Carysfort, County of Wicklow. The Royal Military Hospital, Phoenix Park, stands on the site of Proby's house. He was deprived of it by the Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Wharton, for which the latter received a severe casti- gation from Dean Swift, in his " Short Character of Thomas Earl of Wharton." In 1720 a book by an anonymous author was published by John Hyde, Dublin, 8vo, 30 pages. The author claims precedence for a doctor of physic over a doctor of laws, for a surgeon over an advocate, and for an apothecary over a proctor. Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century it was usual to write "Esquire" after the names of physicians, and to put the more humble prefix of "Mr." to surgeons and apothecaries. For example, in 1785, we find the officers of St. Patrick's (commonly called Swift's) Hospital described as follows:—Physician, Robert Emmet, Esq., State Physician; Surgeon, Mr. John Whiteway; Apothecary, Mr. Edward Pannel; Receiver of the rents, Charles Hamilton, Esq. So long as Samuel Croker King was merely Surgeon to Dr. Steevens' Hospital he was plain Mr. King, but when he became a Governor of the Institution he was soon promoted to the dignity of the squirearchy. Shortly after the foundation of the College of Surgeons the surgeons began to drop the prefix "Mr.," but did not, in connexion with institutions at least, assume the affix of " Esquire." The first institution in Dublin of which the surgeons were honoured with the title of "Esquire" in connexion with their official designation was the Government Lock Hospital, established in 1792. Early in the present century all the surgeons to the Dublin hospitals were dubbed "Esquire," but the apothecaries and dentists were still styled "Mr." They, too, will soon become "Esquire"—in fact, in one hospital that affix is now attached to the name of the apothecary. The Irish surgeon still, as a rule, puts "Mr. So-and-so" on his visiting cai'd, but he would justly feel offended if, in addressing a letter to him, he were styled "Mr." on the superscription. In former times physicians, as a rule, were graduates of Univer- sities, whilst surgeons learnt their art just as the goldsmith or the tailor did—namely, by an apprenticeship to a master; hence the surgeons were classed with the higher ranks of tradesmen and the physicians with the members of the liberal professions. This is the reason why surgeons did not receive until after their incor- poration into a Royal College the title of " Esquire." The College of Physicians has precedence of the College of Sui'geons, though surgery is probably the most ancient branch of the healing art. From the account which Homer has given of the sons of Esculapius acting as surgeons to the Greek army, Celsus infers that surgery is the earliest department of the healing art. These surgeons were not employed in treating diseases or combating the plagues, but solely in the healing of wounds by incisions and local applications. An Essay on the Plague, &c. By Richard Boulton, M.D. Dublin : 1721. 12mo. Pp. 43. |He endeavours to account for the plague, and gives advice with regard to its prevention. The Late Dreadful Plague at Marseilles. Dublin: Thomas Hume, Smock-alley. 1721. (A reprint.) An Essay on the Gout. By George Cheyne, M.D. Dublin: G. Grierson, at the Two Bibles in Essex-street. 1721. 8vo. Pp. 80. (A reprint.) A Collection of Essays on Inoculation, with Introduction. By Dr. D. Cumyng. Dublin: Grierson, Essex-street. 1722. 8vo. Pp. 48. An Account of the Success of Inoculating the Smallpox. By JohnNettleton, M.D. Dublin: G. Grierson. 1722. 8vo. Pp.72. An Account of Inoculation of Smallpox in the North of Eng- land. By Benjamin Colman. Dublin. 1722. 8vo. In 1722 Surgeon Peter Derante, of Waterford, published an account of the amputation of the shoulder-joint by the sloughing of a portion of the scapula and head of the femur. An Historical Introduction to the Inoculation of Smallpox. By Daniel Neale. Dublin; G. Grierson. 1722. 8vo. An Essay on the Water and Air of Ballyspillan (Johnstown), Co. Kilkenny. By John Burges, M.D. 1725. This spa was described by Dr. Taaffe in 1724. Some Remarks on a Bill for regulating the Practice of Physick, Surgery, and Pharmacy. Dublin. 1725. No author's or printer's name appears on this pamphlet. The bill referred to proposed to restrain surgeons and apothecaries from giving internal remedies. Bryan Robinson graduated in medicine in the University of Dublin in 1707, and subsequently became Professor of Physic in T.C.D., and President of the College of Physicians in 1718 and 1739. He died in 1754. Portraits of him are preserved in the College of Physicians and in the Provost's House, T.C.D. He was highly appreciated in his time. Robinson was the author of the following works :— Case of Five Children who were Inoculated in Dublin by Small- pox. Dublin: George Grierson, Essex-street. 1725. 8vo. Pp. 8. All the children became very ill and two died. A Treatise on the Animal ^Economy. Dublin. 1732. A second edition, consisting of 338 pages, appeared in 1734. An Answer to Dr. Morgan's Strictures on the Animal Economy. Dublin. 1735. 8vo. A Dissertation on the -/Ether of Sir Isaac Newton. Dublin. 1743. 8vo. Pp. 144. A Dissertation on the Food and Discharges of the Human Body. Dublin : Printed by S. Powell. 1747. 8vo. Pp. 120. Observations on the Operations and Virtues of Medicine. Dublin: Ewings, Dame-street; Smith, Dame-street; and Faulkner, Essex-street. 1752. 8vo. Pp.216. A Continuation of the Treatise on the Animal ^Economy. Dublin. 8vo. Pp. 491. Robinson's work on the Animal .^Economy was a remarkable one for its day. He was an ardent admirer of Sir Isaac Newton, and endeavoured to account for animal motions and even the rational treatment of diseases on Newtonian principles. In modern times it has been demonstrated that muscular power is only one of the many phases of force or motion. Heat is convertible into light, light into magnetism, magnetism into electricity, and so on. Animal motive power, including those movements of the heart, blood, &c, which are inseparable from vitality, are derived from the force or energy stored up in food. Under the influence of the mysterious forces which have their abiding place in the sunbeam, plants decompose mineral inert sub- stances, such as water, nitric acid, and cai'bonic acid, and convert them into organic bodies, such as oil, sugar, cellulose, albumen, &c. c These substances are reservoirs of force or energy derived from the great fountain of force—the sun. When they are dis- organised in the bodies of animals, or consumed as fuel beneath the boilers of a locomotive, heat and motive power are set free. Robinson attributes to the vibrations of an ethereal fluid per- vading the animal body (as it permeates all kinds of matter) the production of animal or muscular power. The theoiy is essentially the same with modern views as to the production of muscular force. A still more recent one is that which assumes animal motive power and all telluric phenomena to be caused by vortices in the aether. According to this theory matter is merely movement in the aether. Robinson would have appreciated these transcendental doctrines. The chapter on respiration is a remarkable one. He speaks in it of a certain portion of the air, which he calls the acid part, mixing with the blood in the lungs and being essential to life. Oxygen was not discovered until thirty-one years after the appearance of Robinson's book. The Curiosities of Common Water; or the advantages thereof in preventing and curing many diseases. By John Smith, CM* Dublin: Gr. Ewing, Dame-street. 1725. 8vo. The fourth edition of this work was published in London, 1723. It is interesting as a very early work on •hydropathy. Remarks on Dr. Cheyne's Essay on Health. By a Fellow of the Royal Society. 3rd Edition. Dublin: W. Smith, at the Dutchess's Head, Dame-street. 1725. Pp. 35. (A reprint.) An Account of the Royal Hospital of Charles n., near Dublin, for relief of the Maimed of the Army of Ireland. By Richard Colley. Dublin. 1725. 12mo. Synopsis Stirpium Hiberniearum Alphabetica Dispositarum sive Commentatio de Plantis Indigenis praesertius Dublinensibus insti- tuta. By Caleb Threlkeld, M.D. Dublin: F. Davy, Ross-lane. 1726. 8vo. In this book the names of 535 species of plants, mostly of those growing spontaneously in the county of Dublin, are given in Latin, English, and Irish. The properties of the plants are described, and there is an appendix of 60 pages, con- * Master of Chirurgery—a diploma conferred by the Preach Academy of Surgery. taining original observations upon plants by Dr. W. Molyneux. Threlkeld's book abounds in quaint aphorisms and remarks, more frequently moral or political than botanical or medical. This work was the first of the kind printed in Ireland. The author, a botanist of some eminence, was born in Cumberland in 1676. He was first a dissenting clergyman, but subsequently graduated in medicine in Edinburgh about 1712, and settled in Dublin, where he soon attained to a good position as a practitioner. He died in Mark's- alley on the 28th April, 1728. Inoculating the Smallpox. By John Smyth. Dublin. 12mo. It bears no date, but it was published before 1730, as the volume is contained in the Worth Library, which was formed previous to that year. One of the most distinguished of the Irish medical writers of the last century was Sir Edward Barry, Bart. Having studied under Boerhaave at Leyden, he graduated in medicine in the University of that city. He took the degree of A.B. in 1717, and of M.B. and M.D. in 1740, in the University of Dublin, and on the 22nd July of the latter year was made a Member of the College of Physicians, of which he became President in 1749. He was Regius Professor of Physic in Trinity College, 1754-1761, and served the office of Physician-General to *the King's Forces in Ireland. In 1762 he removed to London, and subsequently spent some time abroad. He was created a baronet on the 6th July, 1775, and died at Bath, 29th March, 1776. His son, Nathaniel, was President of the College of Physicians during his father's lifetime. In the annals of the College he affords the only instance of a son of a President succeeding his father during the lifetime of the latter. The baronetcy became extinct a few years ago. Barry wrote the following works :— A Treatise on Consumption of the Lungs. George Grierson, Essex-street, Dublin. 1726. 8vo. Pp. 228. In the preface to this scholarly production he spells his name Berry, but on the title -page the spelling is Barry. In those days they were not particular in the orthography of men's names. The book is dated "Corke, 1725." In 1727 he published a Treatise on Consumption of the Lungs, " with a previous account of nutrition and the structure and use of the Lungs." 8vo. Pp. 276. Barry states that under certain conditions consumption is con- tagious, but that unlike the acute fevers its infective action is slow. He refers to a theory of the causation of the disease, which is essentially the same as that lately advanced by Koch and others. Quoting from Martin's book on consumption, page 57 et seq., he says:—"Ulcers in the lungs, when narrowly viewed with micro- scopes, are covered with several insects, and from thence concludes that they take their first origene from such animalcules, which, being inspired with the air, fix their situation on the lungs and erode and ulcerate their vessels." Barry rejects this hypothesis on the ground that the atmosphere teams with minute organisms which enter the body, but have no permanent abiding place therein, unless in disorganised structures incapable of resisting their attack. What were the " animalcules " seen by Martin ? They were probably not the bacilli of tuberculosis, as tissue-staining was unknown 160 years ago. Barry's other works were published in London; they comprise a Treatise on the Digestions, &c, of the Body, 1759, 8vo, pp. 434 (it reached a second edition in 1763), and (in 1775) a large work on Wines and Medicinal Waters, containing numerous illustrations, and embracing 479 large octavo pages. Medicina Vindicata, or Eeflections on Bleeding, Vomiting, and Purging in the beginning of Fevers, Smallpox, Pleurisies, and other Acute Diseases. Dublin: Gr. Grierson. 1727. 8vo. Pp. 56. This little volume was published anonymously, but its author was Dr. Humphrey Markwell, a Dublin practitioner. He con- demns the practice of indiscriminate venesection which prevailed in his days, and considers that it would be desirable to render blood-letting in smallpox a penal offence unless when performed under medical direction. Although the author avoids offending the faculty by directly charging them with being too free in the use of the lancet, it is evident that phlebotomy, as usually practised by either regular medical men or unqualified persons, is not approved of by him. That blood was shed freely by the lancet a century after Markwell wrote may be inferred from the following obituary notice which appeared in the ordinary place for such announce- ments in Saunders's News-Letter, Dublin, October 22, 1822:— " After an illness of ten years' duration, during which she was bled upwards of 500 times, Mary, only daughter of William Moore, Esq., of Grimeshill, near Kirkby, Lonsdale.'' In the last century it was a common practice to bleed daily during the first two or three days of an illness, notwithstanding that the pulse was soft and the character of the disease asthenic. Truly did Ward say in his " Diary" that " physicians make bleeding as the overture to the play." Madame de Sevigne, in her charming " Letters," writes of the Chevalier de Grignan, who was seized with smallpox of the most malignant kind. The physicians immediately proceeded to their favourite practice of blood-letting, the repetition of which, in consequence of the dreadful aggravation of the symptoms which it produced, the patient endeavoured, but ineffectually, to resist. Having been depleted eleven times, he yielded " to the combined attack of the doctors and the disease, and expired a victim to obstinacy and ignorance." Markwell was not the first to denounce phlebotomy. At a remote period the disciples of Pythagoras and Erasistratus were averse to blood-letting—a practice which appeal's to have pre- vailed even in those early ages. We must not, however, come to the conclusion that venesection is always inadmissible; on the contrary, there are cases recorded in which the prompt removal of a few ounces of blood clearly saved the patients' lives. Medicina Denudata. By Humphrey Markwell, M.D. Pub- lished by Watts, Sycamore-alley, Dublin. 1727. 8vo. Pp. 37. Thomas Rutty was, it is believed, born in Wiltshire on the 25th December, 1697. He studied at Leyden under Boerhaave. In 1724 he settled in Dublin, and practised as a physician with but scant success, pecuniarily at least. He died unmarried in his house, Pill-kne, corner of Mary's-abbey, on the 26th April, 1775, and his remains were interred in the Quakers' burying ground, where now the College of Surgeons stands. He was a simple- minded, unworldly, religious man, and was greatly respected by his contemporaries. He was a voluminous writer on chemistry, natural history, meteorology, and medicine. The following are his chief works :— In 1730 he described a case of spina bifida in the " Philo- sophical Transactions." An Essay towards a Natural, Experimental, and Medicinal History of the Mineral Waters of Ireland, &c. Dublin. 1757. 8vo. Pp. 478. It was published by subscription, and was subse- quently produced in quarto size. Analysis of Milk and the different Species thereof. Dublin. 1762. Pp. 19. The information given as to the total amount of solids in cow's milk is pretty close to the modern determinations. The Argument of Sulphur or no Sulphur in Water discussed, &c. Dublin : Printed by Alexander M'Cullah. 1762. A Methodical Synopsis of Mineral Waters, &c. Dublin. 1762. Pp. 109. A Chronological History of the Weather and Seasons, and of the Prevailing Diseases in Dublin, &c. Dublin. 1770. 8vo. Pp.340. The results of forty years' observations are recorded in this most valuable volume, which may still be consulted with advantage. An Essay towards the Natural History of the County of. Dublin, &c. 2 vols. Pp. 392 and 488. Dublin: Printed by Slator, Castle-street. 1772. It is still a useful work for reference. Putty became involved in a discussion with the celebrated Charles Lucas in reference to his statements concerning mineral waters. Several anonymous pamphlets appeared on the subject. Putty's Opus Magnum, the result of forty years' labour, was a Materia Medica published in London in 1775 and shortly after- wards in Amsterdam. It contained 560 quarto pages. Being in Latin—a language then falling into disuse in medical writings— this work did not prove a decided success, though its merits were fully acknowledged. Putty's " Spiritual Diary and Soliloquies" were published in London in 1777, and a second edition in 1796. They are worth perusal. Rutty seems to have been the first to notice the presence of a sweet principle in the urine of persons affected with diabetes. He occasionally attended the meetings of the Royal Society, and at one of them, held on June 26th, 1731, he was thanked for reading a paper—the joint production of himself and Dr. Thomas Madden—on the effects of laurel water on human beings and dogs. The poisonous effects of laurel water were first noticed about this time in Dublin, where several persons were poisoned by drinking liqueur which contained a lai'ge proportion of that ingredient. Rutty's observations on the effect of temperature upon disease showed that, in Dublin, inflammatory diseases of the throat and lungs were most rife in winter and spring, measles in spring and autumn, ague in spring, and diarrhoea and dysentery in autumn. As Rutty was not a dogmatist, nor a theorist unconsciously shaping his facts so as to suit his theory, his careful and voluminous accounts of the fevers of his day are well worthy of the study of the modern epidemiologist. In his treatise on the "Urinary Ways," he gives figures showing, probably for the first time, the distribution of arterial branches upon the anterior surface of the kidney. Baron Haller refers to Rutty's figures in his " Pathological Observations." An Essay concerning the nature of Aliments, &c. By John Arbuthnot, M.D. Dublin. 1731. 8vo. Pp. 108. This book had a great circulation in the first half of the last century. The Dublin edition was a reprint by S. Powell, for no fewer than three booksellers, all having their shops in Dame-street. They were— George Risk, at the " Shakespear's Head; " George Ewing, at the "Angel and Bible;" and William Smith, at the "Hercules." Arbuthnot was a Scotchman, residing in London, and possessing some literary talent. He was one of Swift's most intimate friends. Lamenting the absence of his physician, the Dean wrote as follows:— " Removed from kind Arbuthnot's aid, Who knows his art, but not his trade ; Preferring his regard for me Before his credit, or his fee." A Reply to Dr. Robinson's Answer. Dublin: James Thompson, next Lucas1 Coffee-house. 1732-3. 8vo. Pp. 51. (Refers to Robinson's book, already noticed.) The Ancient Physician's Legacy to his Country. By Thomas Dover, M.D. 4th ed. Reprinted by G. Faulkner, Essex-street, Dublin. 1733. 8vo. Pp. 89. The author complains of the practices of his brother practitioners, but owns that he himself has committed a grave error in always recommending the same apothecary to his patients. In 1733 Dr. George Cheyne's well-known work on the "English Malady" was reprinted in Dublin by G. Ewing and W. Smith, Dame-street. An Essay on Epidemic Diseases, and more particularly the Endemical Epidemics of the City of Cork, &c, &c. By Joseph Rogers, M.D. Dublin: William Smith, at the Hercules, in Dames's-street. 1734. 8vo. Pp. 310. Rogers practised in Cork. He was opposed to the Galenical, chemical, and mechani- cal theories of medicine. He was liberal in his allowance of stimulants to patients suffering from fevers. In the case of a young person he states that he gave daily for a month from four to six quarts of sack whey and two quarts of mulled canary. That was " feeding fever " with a vengeance 1 Rogers held that fevers were the results of specific poisons, and blamed the ill- kept slaughter-houses for producing some of those poisons. In 1734 Mr. John Ferguson, of Strabane, published in the Philosophical Transactions an account of the partial extirpation of the human spleen. Botanalogia Universalis Hibernica, or a General Irish Herbalist, &c, &c. Authore Joh. K'Eogh, A.B., Chaplain to the Rt. Hon. the Lord Kingston. Corke: Printed and sold by George Har- rison, at the corner of Meetinghouse-lane. 1735. 8vo. Pp.177. K'Eogh was a fair botanist, but his work is not so valuable as Threlkeld's or Wades' treatise. He apologises for writing a medical book, being a clergyman, not a physician, but he excuses himself on the ground that he studied medicine during ten years. Zoologica Medicinalis Hibernica, &c. To which is added a short treatise on the diagnostic and prognostic parts of medicine. By John K'Eogh, A.B. James Kelburn, George's-lane, Dublin. 1739. 8vo. Pp. 210. K'Eogh in this book gives the names of all the animals (beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects, &c.) in Latin, English, and Irish. The medicinal applications of many of these animals are described. K'Eogh wrote an interesting book—A Vindication of the Anti- quities of Ireland, published in 1748 by S. Powell, Dublin. Mr. Keogh, one of the librarians in the National Library, Kildare- street, is a direct descendant of this author. Demonstratio Medico-Practica Prognosticorum Hippocratis, &c. By Henry Cope, M.D. Dublin. 1736. 8vo. Pp. 320. Cope was State Physician and had an extensive practice. He became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1718, a Fellow in 1823, and President of it in 1728 and 1740. He died in 1743. Dokeus upon the Cure of Gout by Milk Diet. To which is prefixed an Essay upon the Diet. By William Stephens, M.D., F.R.S., F.K. & Q.C.P. The author was Physician to the Royal Hospital, and Lecturer on Botany in Trinity College. He trans- lated Dola?us' book and criticised it. It was printed for J. Smith and W. Bruce, on the Blind-quay (now Lower Exchange-street), Dublin, in 1738, but London appears on the title-page. It includes 182 pages. On the Success of Mrs. Stephens' Medicines for the Stone. Belfast: James Blow. 1739. 8vo. Parliament bought Mrs. Stephens' receipt. A little book of 80 pages, entitled "Pharmacomastix," by Dr. Charles Lucas, M.P., was published by S. Powell and Abraham Bradley, at the Two Bibles, Dame-street, Dublin, in 1741. It was chiefly a tirade against ignorant and dishonest apothecaries and drug-sellers. At that time the physicians complained of the intrusion into their province of apothecaries who had received no regular medical education. Lucas mentions that Paris, which was six times more populous than Dublin, had only eight or ten apothecaries more than the latter. Lucas's Essay on Mineral Waters bears no date. It was com- posed of three volumes, containing in all 874 pages. He wrote two tracts of a polemical character on mineral waters, one of which is entitled " A Second Letter to the learned and ingenious Dr. Rutty." Printed by G. and A. Ewing. Dublin. 1763. Lucas was an M.D. of both Leyden and Dublin Universities' and a Member of the London College of Physicians, yet he practised as an apothecary. He was a very eloquent and patriotic man, and a statue erected to his memory may be seen in the City Hall, Cork-hill. He died on the 4th November, 1771, and was interred in St. Michan's Church. In 1741 a third edition of Dr. George Cheyne's work on the Gout was reprinted by G. Grierson in Dublin. Siris : a Chain of Philosophical Reflections concerning the Virtues of Tar Water. By G. L. B. O. C. (George Lord Bishop of Cloyne). Dublin. 1742. 8vo. In 1744 a second and corrected edition was printed for the author by Margaret Rhames, and published by R. Gunne, Capel-street. 8vo, pp. 150. The Bishop (Berkeley) contributed two little tracts to it in 1744 and 1753. About this time there was a discussion raging anent the medicinal qualities of tar water. James Nihell, a Limerick surgeon, published in London, in 1742, a Treatise on the Pulse. He died in 1759. A Treatise on Midwifery. By Fielding Ould, Man-midwife. Dublin: Printed by and for Oli. Nelson, at Milton's Head, in Skinners'-row, and for Charles Connor, at Pope's Head, at Essex- gate. 1742. In three parts. 8vo. Pp. 203. Fielding Ould, the son of a captain in the army, was boi'n in Galway about 1710. His mother was a member of a Galway family named Shawe. Of his early education little is known, but it is believed that he studied on the Continent. He settled in Dublin about 1736, and for many years resided in Golden-lane. He attained to a large practice, became Master of the Lying-in Hospital in 1759, and was knighted in the same year by the Duke of Bedford, Lord Lieutenant. The knighthood conferred upon Ould suggested the subject of the following witty epigram:— " Sir Fielding Ould is made a knight, He should have been a lord by right ; For then each lady's prayer would be— O Lord, good Lord, deliver me ! " The College of Physicians had, since the year 1701, examined the candidates for medical degrees in the University, but being requested by the Board of Trinity College to examine Field, they refused to do so on the ground that the practice of midwifery was derogatory to the dignity of the profession of medicine. The College of Physicians persisting in their refusal to examine Field, the University dispensed with their assistance, and conferred the degree of M.B. upon him. Sir Robert Scott, Dr. Fleury, and other obstetricians were refused admission to the College of Physicians, and that body, after what we may term the Ould embroglio, ceased to be the medical examiners for the University degree. The absurdity of tabooing a medical man because he practised the obstetric art was, in 1775, poetically exposed by Gilborne. The particular reference in the following lines is to a Dr. Sproull, who had a great reputation, and had been a distinguished surgeon in the army :— " The College him a Fellow would announce, Condition this, to Midwifery renounce ; Eenounce but sooner he would his Right Hand Than from the Service of the Fair disband. Why may not any Doctor that would chuse For Man's Relief his total knowledge use, Or does one Portion of Apollo's Trade More than the rest his votaries degrade ? " Long before the close of the century the absurd disabilities imposed upon the obstetricians were removed. Ould, Scott, and Fleury became Licentiates of the College, and the Presidency was, in 1785, conferred upon Francis Hopkins, Master of the Lying-in Hospital, the author of the Midwifery Vade Mecum, published in London in 1811. Ould d icd in his house in Frederick-street (South) on the 29th November, 1789, and was interred in St. Anne's Church. Ould's Treatise was long considered to be one of the best works of the kind in the English language. In it is pointed out for the first time the true position and relations of the child during natural labour. The face during its transit through the pelvis is directed towards one side or the other of the pelvis, and not, as was formerly supposed, towards the sacrum. He invented a perforating instru- ment termed the terrebra occulta; it was, however, too weak and small for its purpose. Remarks on some of the Errors both in Anatomy and Practice contained in a late Treatise on Midwifery, published by F. O., Man-midwife. Bv Thomas Southwell, M.D. and Man-midwife. Dublin: Thomas Bacon, Essex-street. 1742. 12mo. Pp. 48. An attack on Ould's work, to which, indeed, he left himself open with respect to his anatomical knowledge ; but F. Ould's work was not sensibly injured by this attack from his neighbour. Southwell, as well as Ould, lived in Golden-lane, which is now the abode of dealers in second-hand and cheap boots. Its decayed houses are low-class tenemental dwellings. On the 8th of April, 1885, I had the honour of conducting the Prince of Wales and his eldest son through some of the worst of them. One house which he visited was formerly the Goldsmith's Hall—hence, probably, the term Golden-lane. In 1764 Southwell published in London four volumes of Medical Essays and Observations. An Essay on the Ordinary Fevers. By John Curry, M.D. Oliver Nelson, Skinner's-row. Dublin. 1743. 8vo. Pp. 75. A Brief Account of Scorbutic Fever. By John Curry, M.D. Dublin : Oliver Nelson, Skinner's-row. 1749. 8vo. Pp. 40. The author endeavours to prove that the so-called scorbutic fever was identical with the little fever. Curry graduated at Rheims, and practised in Dublin. Several polemical works in defence of the Catholics emanated from his pen. He died in 1780. In 1744 the Physico-Historical Society commenced their short life of three years' duration. Some papers relating to mineral waters were read before them. Maurice O'Connell, M.D., a contemporary of Robinson, was educated abroad, and at Oxford and London, and settled in Cork about 1721. He attained to a very extensive practice in the South of Ireland, and died in North Abbey, Cork, on the 16th April, 1763. O'Connell, early in life, appears to have come to the conclusion that, however useful reading might be, the bedside was the best place to study disease properly; hence he was much devoted to clinical studies in the hospitals. He published the following work :—Morborum Acutorum et Chronicorum, quorundum Obser- vationes Medicinales Experimentales, Sedula compleirium annorum praxi turn coriagiae turn in locis circumjacentibus exaulata com- probatse. Dublin. 1746. 8vo. Pp.416. In this treatise O'Connell describes the dreadful pestilence of 1740, and the work may with advantage be read at the present time. He was opposed to free phlebotomy in the treatment of fevers, but, unlike Graves, was not disposed to "feed" them. He believed in the "epidemic constitution" of the atmosphere giving rise to fevers. In 1746 Thomas Prior published in Dublin a volume of 248 octavo pages on the success of tar water as a remedial agent. It includes two letters on this subject from the pen of Bishop Berkeley. The first Pharmacopoeia which appeared in Ireland was a reprint of that of the London College of Physicians, brought out in 1746 by P. Wilson and J. Esdell, Dublin. Wilson produced another in 1772. In 1774 an edition of it was published in Dublin under the authority of the King and Queen's College of Physicians. In 1778 W. Gilbert published another edition. The London Pharmacopoeia and a translation of it, by John Healde, M.D., appeared in Dublin in 1778. A curious little book, entitled " Pharmacopoeia Pauperum Dub- liniensis,1' was published in 1789 by John Exshaw. It consists of 32 pages of letterpress printed on one side only of the leaves. In 1794 the King and Queen's College of Physicians issued a limited number of the Specimen Pharmacopoeia Collegii Medi- corum Regio et Reginge Hibernia. Dublin : Apud R. E. Mercier et Soc. 8vo. Pp. 186. It was submitted tentatively to the profession in order to elicit their opinions in reference to it. With some alterations it re-appeared in 1791, and again early in the OF BRISTOL "medicine next century. The College of Surgeons refused to join in its preparation. A Physical Dissertation on Drowning. By a Physician. Dublin: P. Wilson, " Gay's Head," Dame-street, and E. Jackson, Meath- street. 1747. 8vo. Pp. 69. (Evidently a reprint.) In 1748 Exshaw reprinted a translation into English from the Latin of Dr. F. Oloss' work on Smallpox (8vo, pp. 215), and Dr. W. Watson's work on Inoculation of Smallpox. 8vo. Pp. 131. The Uncertainty of the Signs of Death (anon.). Dublin. 1748. Silvester O'Halloran was born in Limerick on the 31st December, 1728. He sprang from a race long distinguished for their ability and learning. Of his early general education little is known; but it is certain that whilst a very young man he studied medicine in the schools of London, Paris, and Leyden. Whilst in Paris he wrote a treatise on Glaucoma, which he subsequently submitted to Dr. Meade, of London, and was recommended by that celebrated man to publish it. It accordingly appeared under the title of " A New Treatise on Glaucoma," by Silvester* O'Halloran, Surgeon, Limerick. Printed by S. Powell, Crane-lane, Dublin. 1750. 8vo. Pp. 115. The illustrations in this book show that the engraver's art was highly cultivated in Dublin in the middle of the last century—at present so low has it fallen that a steel or copperplate engraving from, say, a portrait in oils, could not be executed in this city. This treatise is frequently quoted by Haller. O'Halloran is the author of the following works :— Critical Analysis of the New Operations for Catai'act. Dublin : S. Powell. 8vo. 1755. Pp. 39. A Concise and Impartial Account of the Advantages arising to the Public from the general use of a New Method of Amputa- tion. Dublin: S. Powell. 1763. 8vo. Pp. 13. A Complete Treatise on Gangrene and Sphacelus. With a New Method of Amputation. Limerick :• A. Walsh. 1765. It was republished in the same year in London by Mr. Vaillant. * So printed in all his works, but in the Minute Book of the Examiners of Candidate- Surgeons to County Infirmaries, and in his letters, it is written Sylvester. A New Treatise on the Different Disorders arising from External Injuries to the Head, as necessarily require the operation of the trephine. Dublin: W. Gilbert, Great George's-sfcreet. 1793. 8vo. Pp. 335. In the second and fourth volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy there are several articles from O'Halloran's pen; and amongst the MSS. preserved in the Library of the Academy there is a quarto volume on the Atmosphere by this able author. O'Halloran wrote a History of Ireland, which attained to the honour of a fourth edition, and is still often quoted. In the Intro- duction to his Antiquities of Ireland he displays great erudition. As a litterateur, his style combines elegance of diction, with vigour in description; but it would be manifestly out of place to dwell here upon the purely literary merits of this versatile writer. O'Halloran's writings on the surgery of the eye are very learned. He shows that Petit was not, as generally believed, the first to extract an opaque crystalline, that operation having been described by an Arabian physician, Jesus Hali Arculanus, and other ancient authors. His method for an operation for removal of cataract was admitted to be one of the best, if not the best. He invented a knife, intended to supersede the scissors of Daviel, at that time in great repute with oculists, but open to many objections. The instrument was doubled and slightly concave on the flat side of the blade. He says—" With the concave part next me I pierce the sclerotica, very near the edge of the cornea—suppose the third of a line—at either the external or internal canthus, according to the eye to be operated." His method of operating in glaucoma was considered remarkably good when it was proposed, though most of the anatomical and physiological discovery to which he laid claim has not been conceded to him by more recent writers. His practice as an oculist was considerable. O'Halloran was the first writer who demonstrated that ti'ephining was unnecessary in certain cases of depression of the bone. He had unusually favourable opportunities of studying cranial fractures, for in his time Whiteboyism and faction-fighting flourished, and contributed scores of cracked crowns to the Limerick Infirmary. He was the first to perform amputation of the thigh by a long anterior flap, and a short posterior one, formed by a circular division of the soft structures. In 1848 this method was revived in France by MM. Sedillot and Baudens, and in England—but in a modified form—by Spence and Teale. O'Halloran allowed the wound to remain open for drainage for some days, a practice which has recently been advocated. O'Halloran was Surgeon to the County of Limerick Infirmary from its establishment. Shortly after the foundation of the Royal College of Surgeons, he was unanimously elected an honorary member; and he was a member of most of the leading scientific societies in these countries. He died in his native city in August, 1807, and was interred in Kilready churchyard. A contemporary describes him as " the tall, thin doctor, in his quaint French dress, with his goldheaded cane, beautiful Parisian wig, and cocked hat." The Hibernian Magazine for 1807 states that he was a staunch adherent of the Hanoverian dynasty. Lieu- tenant-General Sir Joseph O'Halloran, who died about 1843 in London, was the last survivor of O'Halloran's children. In 1750 Michael Clancy, M.D., published in Dublin his Memoirs and Travels, and a Latin Poem—Templina Veneris sive Amorum Rhapsodic. They are not devoid of interest to medical men. Dr. Richard Mead's Medical Precepts and Cautions, translated from the Latin text by Thomas Stock, M.D., were reprinted in Dublin in 1751; and Mead's medical works were reprinted in Dublin in 1767. Mead, a celebrated London physician, realised, it is said, a professional income of £7,000 a year, yet so expensive were his tastes as a virtuosi, &c, that he never saved anything. In his old age he was indigent. It is related of him that he once asked Lord Orrery for a loan of five pounds, on the security of some little object of art made from cannel coal which he pro- duced from his pocket. The State of Surgery and the Disadvantages its Professors lie under Considered. Dublin. 1752. 8vo. Anonymous. A Dissertation on the Use of Sea-water in the Diseases of the Glands, &c. Translated from the Latin of Richard Russell, M.D., by an eminent Physician. Dublin: G. Faulkner, Essex-street, and T. Exshaw, Cork-hill. 1753. 12mo. Pp. 204. Deformity: An Essay. By William Hay. Dublin: G. Faulkner. 1754. 8vo. (A reprint.) An Essay on Fever. By George Fletcher, M.D. Dublin : Matthew Williamson, Dame-street. 1755. 8vo. Pp. 33. The author resided in Stephen-street, and subsequently in North Cumberland-street. In 1738 he took a Scholarship in T.C.D.; in 1740 he graduated in Arts, and in 1749 in Medicine, in Dublin. In 1752 he took the degree of M.D. In 1755 the College of Physicians granted him a licence. In 1756 the Medico-Philosophical Society were established by Drs. Rutty and Smith, the Rev. Mr. Caldwell, and Surgeons Dowling and Johnson, with whom Dr. Knox and Surgeon Wetherell were soon after associated. They continued to meet until 1784. Three volumes of the minutes of their Transactions are preserved in the library of the Royal Irish Academy; they contain 230 essays, of which 90 (chiefly relating to mineral waters) bear Rutty's imprimatur. It is probable that the more important of the contents of these volumes has been published in books, pamphlets, &c. Other records of the Society are to be seen in the College of Physicians. In 1785 the Society were continued under the altered name of the Medical Society, the meetings of which were of a festive character. About 1831 they ceased to meet, in con- sequence of the death of Dr. John Beatty (their Secretary for 25 years), but in 1856 the Society were revived as a peripatic dining club—sometimes jocularly spoken of as the Philo-oesophageals. Business proceedings are confined to reading the minutes of the previous meeting, which merely record the locale of the dining- room and the names of the banqueters. The number of members is limited to twelve, and the dinners to seven in " the season "—i.e., from November to May. The rotation of the hosts is effected on the alphabetical system ; the host of the evening has the privilege of inviting guests and invariably exercises it. The original members of D MEDICAL DINING CLUBS. the revived Society were—Sir Philip Crampton, Sir Henry Marsh, James W. Cusack, Robert Adams, William Stokes, W. (after- wards Sir William) Wilde, C. P. Croker, John Nugent, Hans Irvine, E. Hutton, Jolliffe Tufnell, and T. E. Beatty, Secretary. All, save Dr. Nugent and Jolliffe Tufnell, have gone over to the majority, and their places are now (June, 1885) occupied by John T. Banks, F. C. Cruise, S. Gordon, H. Head, G. H. Kidd, R. M'Donnell, B. F. MacDowel, Sir G. H. Porter, P. C. Smyly, and W. Stokes (junior). Mr. Tufnell is Secretary (since 1856). The corporate property of the Society consists of the minute book and a snuff-box, said to have once belonged to Charles Lucas, M.D., M.P. Apropos of medical dining clubs, two others deserve to be recorded here. " Our Club," or the " Rough-and-Readys," were founded in 1847, by the late Hamilton Labatt, who acted as Secretary. With him were joined Messrs. Ferguson (who subse- quently went to Belfast), Fitzpatrick, H. Irvine, L'Estrange, O'B. Bellingham, J. Denham, H. Kennedy, and Grimshaw (father of the present Registrar-General). The club never had more than ten members, and usually consists of eight. The present members are—Messrs. Denham, M'Dowel, Swanzy, Armstrong, Baker, Keogh, Stokes, Thompson, and H. Kennedy (Secretary). They dine together and invite guests after the manner of the Medical Club. In January, 1871, the following hospital officers associated for the purpose of dining together once a month:—Messrs. A. H. Corley, F. C. Cruise, James Little, T. Little, R. M'Donnell, Edward Mapother, Martin, Meldon, O'Grady, Swanzy, Tyrrell, and Walsh. The two last-named have passed away, as also has Dr. T. Hayden, who had filled Mr. Tyrrell's place. Drs. Fitzgerald and Hayes now make up the limited dozen. Of late years they have dined four times each Summer at St. Anne's Monastery, Bohernabrena—a picturesque spot ten miles away on the Dublin mountains—and their hospitable call to their professional brethren is rarely disobeyed. At an extra dinner on one occasion, visitors so distinguished as Professor Charcot, Sir Andrew Clarke, Sir W. MacCormac, Dr. Evory Kennedy, and Dr. Southey, were present. Thoughts on Inoculation. By William Bromfeild. Dublin : William Colles, Dame-street. This work bears no date, but is evidently a reprint of a work published in London in 1757 by Mr. Bromfeild, Surgeon to the Queen. A collection of articles by English and foreign writers relating to smallpox, collected by Dr. Maty, F.R.S., were printed by J. Exshaw, Dame-street, Dublin, in 1758. Di\ Gattis' work on Inoculation, translated from the French by Dr. Maty. Published in Dublin by J. Exshaw in 1759. 8vo. Pp. 66. History of Health and the Means of Preserving it. By James Mackenzie. Dublin. 1759. 8vo. (A reprint.) In 1760 a third edition of Dr. Storcks' (of Vienna) work on Hemlock was reprinted in Dublin by J. Exshaw. 8vo. Pp. 80. The New Practise of Physick. Founded upon Irrefragable Principles, and Confirmed by Long and Painful Experience. By Thomas Marryatt, M.D. Sold by S. Powell, in Dame-street, Dublin. 1760. Quarto. Another edition was published in 1764 by Watson, at the Poet's Head, Caple (Capel) street. This work was sold at the respectable price of one guinea. The author prac- tised in Dublin for some years. In 1784 he brought out in Bir- mingham a quarto work on Therapeutics; the publishers were Pierson and Rollason. Theory and Practise of Surgical Pharmacy. Dublin: George and Alexander Grierson. 1761. 8vo. Pp. 384. No author's name appears on the title-page of this book, which is probably a reprint. Practical Observations on the Use of Goats' Whey. By James Kennedy, M.D. Dublin. 1762. 8vo. Pp. 21. The author practised at Downpatrick. Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Parts of the Human Body, chiefly taken from the Dissections of Morbid Bodies. By Samuel Clossy, M.D. Dublin. 1763. 8vo. Pp.195. Glossy was invited by Dr. Steevcns to study morbid anatomy in the hospital which the latter had established in Dublin. In this work the results of his observations from 1752 to 1756 are given, as are also those of some further observations which he made in London, where he chiefly resided. He graduated in Arts in Dublin in 1744, and in Medicine in 1751. In 1756 he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, of which in 1761 he was elected a Fellow. He went to New York, where he was appointed Professor of Anatomy in King's College. He spent the last few years of his life in London, where he died about 1786. Receipts for Preparing, &c, the Prescriptions and Principal Medicines of the late Mr. Ward. Dublin : G. and A. Ewing. 1763. 8vo. Pp. 46. (A reprint.) Primitive Physick, &c. By John Wesley. Dublin. 1763. 8vo. (A reprint.) David Macbride, the son of a Presbyterian clergyman, was born in Ballymoney, county of Antrim, on the 26th April, 1727. He served his apprenticeship to a local surgeon, and subsequently acted for some years as surgeon in the Royal Navy. Having completed his studies in Edinburgh and London, he settled in Dublin, where he attained to a large and lucrative practice. He died in Cavendish-row on the 28th December, 1778. Macbride was a man of great ability and versatility—an able physician, a skilful surgeon, and an expert obstetrician. As a chemical investigator he occupies a respectable position in the annals of that science. He was a teacher, too, and his lectures in his house in Jervis- street were well attended. They were delivered at 10 o'clock a.m., and the fee for a course was three guineas. He was one of the first surgeons appointed to the Meath Hospital, which at that time was situated on the site of the present Coombe Maternity. Macbride's first work was published in London in 1764, under the title of " Experimental Essays. By David Macbride, Surgeon." They treat of fixed air (carbonic acid), of fermentation, of manures, of the scurvy and a new method of curing it, and of quicklime. The book comprises 267 pages, and is replete with original obser- vations, some of permanent value. A second and enlarged edition (230 pages) of this work was brought out in Dublin, in 1767, by Thomas Ewing, Dame-street. It was translated into French, .German, and Italian. In 1772 he published, in London, "A Methodical Introduction to the Theory and Practise of Physic." 8vo. Pp. 660. An enlarged and corrected edition of this work was published in Dublin in 1777. 2 vols. Pp. 400 and 499. A Latin translation, by Clossius, appeared soon after in Utrecht. In 1767 there was published in Dublin his " Historical Account of a New Method of Treating the Scurvy at Sea." Pp. 38. In 1776 there appeared in London his " Account of Two Extraordinary Cases after Delivery." Macbride to some extent adopted Robinson's views as to the dynamical origin of disease, as he considered it to arise from an abnormal state of the motions of the nervous or muscular systems, but he admitted that there was a distinction between the vital and inanimate forces. He insisted that disease cannot be rationally treated without a knowledge of its proximate cause. He advocated the analytic method of investigating the causes of morbid pheno- mena—a method which subsequently produced rich fruits in the domain of pathological anatomy. Most of Macbride's opinions have not stood the test of time; but, with all its shortcomings, his work on medicine must be regarded as a meritorious and original contribution to the science, equalling in many respects the great work of his contemporary, Cullen. Gilborne says of him :— " A celebrated writer is Macbride ; Great hia merit, moderate his Pride ; Cures all Diseases that Mankind befal, Relieves the Fair by Rules obstetrical: Prescriptions elegant his sense declare, The Sick retrieved by his auspicious care." In 1764 Andrew Cantwell, M.D., died at Paris. He was born, in the beginning of the century, in the county of Tipperary, and graduated at Montpelier. He wrote several medical works, but none of them were published in Ireland. In 1764-5 the third edition of Dr. William Smellie's works on Midwifery, in three volumes, was reproduced in Dublin by T. and J. Whitehouse, Parliament-street. In 1878 Dr. M'Clintock, of Dublin, edited, on behalf of the Sydenham Society, an edition of Smellie's work. Andrews' Diseases of the Army was reprinted in Dublin in 1766. W. Samson's work on Eational Medicine was reprinted in 17(36 by J. Exshaw and Thomas Ewing. A Treatise on Diseases and Deformities of the Teeth and Gums. By Surgeon Thomas Berdmore. Dublin. 1767. An Essay on Hospitals; or, Succinct Directions for the Situation, Construction, and Administration of Hospitals. By Edward Foster, M.D. Dublin : W. C. Jones, Suffolk-street. 1768. 8vo. Pp. 72. Considering that this book was written long before the importance of what is now known as sanitary science was recognised, it is a meritorious production. The illustrations in it are artistically executed. He states that the study of anatomy was becoming more general in Ireland owing chiefly to Cleghorn's teachings. Foster also wrote the following:— An Appendix to an Essay on Hospitals. Dublin : W. C. Jones. 1768. 8vo. Pp. 39, The author is indignant that the newly- established county infirmaries are provided only with surgeons, as he considers that the great majority of cases treated in them are purely medical. The Skeleton or Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, &c. Dublin. 12mo. Pp. 20. He wrote a work on Midwifery which, after his death, was edited by James Sims, and published in 1781 in London. It is an octavo volume of 316 pages, and was well received by obstetrical practitioners. Foster was a graduate of Edinburgh University, and practised in Dublin, latterly in midwifery. Gilborne's Ode shows that he was a teacher as well as a prac- titioner :— " Judicious Foster feels the latent Pulse, To hidden Maladies gives quick Repulse, In Parturition brings propitious Aid— Each Dame retrieves that has by him been laid. He teaches Pupils, either Sex, apart, In learned lectures his mysterious Art." The Doctrine of Inflammation, by Daniel Magenine, M.D., was published in 1768 simultaneously in London, Edinburgh, and (by G. Faulkner) Dublin. 8vo. Pp. 168. Advice to People in General with respect to their Health. Translated from the French of S. A. Tissot, M.D. Dublin. 1769. 2 vols. 8vo. 5th edition. Tissot's Essay on Health was reprinted in Dublin in 1766 and 1773. A Physiological Enquiry into the Process of Labour, and an Attempt to Ascertain the Determining Cause of it. By Frederick Jebb, M.D. Dublin: Richard Moncrieffe, Capel-street. 1770. 8vo. Pp. 60. Dr. M'Clintock, in his sketch of the Rise of the Dublin School of Midwifery {Dublin Journal of Medical Science, February, 1858), states that this book was published anonymously, but that it was generally attributed to Frederick Jebb. Imme- diately after the publication of the book to which M'Clintock refers another edition must have been issued, for I have a copy with Jebb's name upon the title page. Except that it contains a refutation of the old notion that the efforts of the child contribute to its evolu- tion from the uterus, there is little original matter in this book. Jebb was educated chiefly in Paris, enjoyed a good practice in Dublin, and in 1773 became Master of the Rotunda Hospital. A Dissertation on the Gout, &c. By William Codogan, M.D. Dublin: J. Sheppard, Anne-street. 1771. 8vo. Pp. 102. (A reprint.) The Natural History of the Tea-Tree. With Observations on the Medical Qualities of Tea, &c. By John Coakley Lettson, M.D. Dublin: J. Williams, T. Walker, and C. Jenkins. 1772. 8vo. Pp. 82. The author states that tea-drinking has become a universal practice. He gives the results of some experiments, showing that tea is an antiseptic. Dr. William Cullen's Lectures on Materia Medica were reprinted in Dublin in 1773. A Translation from the French of Tissot's work on Smallpox was printed by James Williams, Skinners-row, Dublin, in 1773. The treatise of Baron Dimsdale, M.D., " On the Present Method of Inoculating the Smallpox," was reprinted in Dublin in 1774. In 1774 Buchan's " Domestic Medicine " was reprinted in Dublin, and again in 1792. In 1775 John Gilborne, a physician residing in Vicar-street, off Thomas-street, published his " Medical Review: a Poem; being a Panegyric on the Faculty of Dublin—Physicians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries, marching in procession to the Temple of Fame." By John Gilborne, M.D., Dublin. J. A. Husband, printer. 12mo. Pp. 65. Dr. Aquilla Smith has pointed out that Sproull, of Strabane, is praised by Gilborne for interposing cambric or lawn between cantharides blister and the skin : Dr. William Stokes has given credit to Bretonneau for this expedient. Gilborne's book is very scarce; a copy is contained in the Halliday Collection, Royal Irish Academy's library. Advice to the People on the Epidemic (Catarrhal Fever) of October, November, and December, 1775. By a Physician. Printed by Charles Jenkin, Dame-street. 1775. 8vo. Pp. 48. The author of this brochure was Dr. Fleury, who enjoyed a good practice in the second half of the last century. He was bom at Portarlington in 1733, and was the grandson of the Rev. Mr. Fleury (a Huguenot), private chaplain to King William III., whom he accompanied to Ireland. T. C. Fleury graduated in Edinburgh in 1760, and soon afterwards settled in Dublin as a physician and man-midwife. He was the first systematic lecturer on midwifery in Dublin. He died in South Great George's-street on the 29th September, 1797. An essay on the Epidemic Cold of 1775, read by Fleury before the Medico-Philosophical Society, was considered by the late Sir William Wilde worthy of publica- tion in the fifth volume of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. In 1776 Alexander Monro's work on the Bones, Nerves, and the Lacteal Sac and Duct, was reprinted in a duodecimo volume in Dublin. Observations on Wounds of the Head, &c. Dublin. 1776. 8vo. Pp. 177. This work was published anonymously. The author was William Dease, who became President of the Royal College of Surgeons, and to whom reference will be made further on. Dease published the following works :— Observations on Wounds of the Head, with a particular inquiry into the parts principally affected in those who die in consequence of sucli injuries. Second edition, with considerable additions, to which are added some general observations on the operation of bronchotomy. By William Dease, Surgeon to the United Hospitals of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine. Dublin: Printed by James Williams. 1778. 8vo. Pp.302. Observations on the Different Methods made use of for the Radical Cure of Hydrocele, or Watery Rupture, and on other Diseases of the Testicle, to which is added a comparative view of the different methods for cutting for the stone, with some remarks on the medicines generally exhibited as solvents of the stone. By William Dease, Surgeon to the United Hospitals of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine. Dublin: Printed by J. Williams. 1782. 8vo. Pp. 149. Observations on Midwifery, &c. By William Dease, Surgeon to the United Hospitals of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine. Dublin: Printed for J. Williams, L. White, &c. 1783. 8vo. Pp. 212. The late Dr. M'Clintock expressed a high opinion of the merits of this work. Observations on the Different Methods made use of for the Radical Cure of Hydrocele. By William Dease, &c. Dublin : J. Williams, 21 Skinners-alley. 1787. 8vo. Pp. 150. Observations on the Different Methods of treating the Venereal Diseases. Dublin: Printed by J. Williams. 1789. 8vo. Pp. 131. Practical Remarks on Wounds of the Head. Dublin. 1790. 8vo.- Pp. 15. Dease did not put his name on this brochure; nor on Remarks on Medical Jurisprudence, intended for the general information of juries and young surgeons. Dublin. 8vo. Pp. 32. (No date.) In 1750 Mr. George Daunt, Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, invented a lithotome and conductor, which were intended to lessen the risk of cutting into parts which should not be interfered with in the operation of lithotomy. The instruments were used as follows:—The patient being placed upon the table, the staff is introduced and held by an assistant; the operator then makes an incision with slight obliquity downwards, to avoid injuring the erector penis and a branch of the hypogastric artery. The mem- branous part of the urethra being opened, the operator passes the conductor along the groove of the staff into the bladder, and the staff is then withdrawn. The operator now takes the conductor in his left hand, and introduces his two forefingers into the handle (A), and places his thumb over the bow of the instrument (B). By the pronation of the wrist the operator lateralises the conductor and runs the lithotome upon its crest. Having arrived at the extremity of the conductor, the operator withdraws the knife along the crest, and then introduces the forceps on the conductor, and the latter being withdrawn, the extraction of the stone is proceeded with. Daunt submitted his instruments to the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, and received the following letters from M. Morand:— " Paeis, the Uth of February, 1754. " Sir, " I have received, with great pleasure, and return you thauks for, the account and instruments, which you have sent me, for the improvement of the lateral method. I have given up to the Academy of Sciences what regards the account of your success, in order to be inserted in their transactions, as they are entitled to publish those of the lateral method. I have shewn your instru- ments to the Academy of Surgery, and I have been named one of the committee, with two others of our gentlemen, to make trials of them on the dead subject. I shall, with great pleasure, acquaint you of the judgment that will be passed on them. I have also shewn them your uniting bandage for the hair lip, and it has been much approved of. I am enjoined, on their behalf, to tell you, they will very readily receive all you will communicate to them of your observations. For me, Sir, I pray you to be thoroughly con- vinced of the perfect consideration with which— " I am, your most humble, and most obedient Servant, " MORAND." " Sir, " There have been several trials made with the instruments you have transmitted to the Academy for the lateral operation: The Academy has been satisfied with them : They cut the prostate and the neck of the bladder very well: Mr. Le Dran's history, the cutting edge of which is on the convexity of the half crescent it represents, produces the same effect. As most lithotomists have it in view to cut those parts, many of them have devised different instruments to effect it, and they have been presented to the Academy; but the particular form you have given the male con- ductor, is more sure and commodious, on account of the bow on the handle, which, according to your manner, might well be adapted to the gorgeret usually employed in this operation. The second instrument, which is both a female conductor and lithotome, is invariably introduced into the bladder, by means of the curve teeth at its extremity, and cuts laterally the neck of the bladder and prostate. " The committee, who have made the trials of this lithotome, have thought it more expedient that the cutting blade should be made on the model of Mr. Cheselden's; that is to say, that it should be a little broader, and convex, towards the point, for the purpose of cutting the prostate more exactly, and narrower towards its base, where this breadth is useless, as the parts have been cut in the incision of the teguments. " I have the honour to be most perfectly, Sir, " Your most humble, and most obedient Servant, " Andouille" . " Commissary of the Academy for Correspondencies. " Mr. Daunt." " Such, Sir, is the decision of the Academy on the instruments for cutting for the stone, which Mr. Blondel presented to me on your behalf. The little uniting bandage has been shewn at a meeting, and has been greatly approved of. We shall receive your KENNEDY ON AUCHNACLOY SPA.—REPRINTS. remarks with the highest pleasure, and I should readily undertake to display their merit, were it necessary. " I am, with perfect esteem, Sir, " Your most humble, and most obedient Servant, " MORAND. "February 27, 1755." W. Dease made some improvement on Daunt's instruments. He increased the size of the blade of the lithotome, and made it more narrow at the base and more convex. He gave a greater curve to the staff, and improved the form of the conductor. In the plate the shape of Daunt's and Dease's instruments is given, their actual size being reduced by one-half. Fig. 1, Daunt's conductor. Fig. 2, Daunt's lithotome. Fig. 3, Dease's staff. Fig. 4, Dease's conductor. Fig. 5, Dease's lithotome. Fig. 6, Dease's knife. An Experimental Enquiry into the Chemical and Medicinal Properties of the Sulphurous Water at Auchnacloy. By Henry Macneale Kennedy, M.D. Monaghan. 1777. 12mo. Pp. 70. Kennedy studied abroad, and graduated at Leyden. A Methodical Introduction to the Study of the Theory and Practise of Medicine (Anon). Dublin. 1777. 2 vols. 8vo. The Management of Children, &c. By W. Codogan, M.D. Dublin: J. Sheppard, Anne-street. 1777. 8vo. Pp. 60. (A reprint.) Dr. Codogan's Dissertation on Gout. By John Kerkenhout, M.D. Dublin: J. A. Husband. 1777. 8vo. Pp. 56. (A reprint.) The celebrated Surgeon Percival Potts' sui'gical writings were collected and surreptitiously published, in two volumes, in 1778. They were illustrated with plates. A second edition, in three volumes, appeared in the following year in London. A Treatise on the Effects of Lead. Translated from French of Mr. Goulard, Surgeon-Major, Royal and Military Hospitals, Montpellier. Dublin: R. Moncrieffe, Capel-street. 1778. 12mo. Pp. 231. About this time Mr. Vispre, of 35 Great George's- street, advertised that he sold Goulard's lotion, prepared by Goulard himself. The London Practise of Physic. 4th ed. Dublin: James Williams. 1779. 8vo. Pp.440. A Physical Enquiry into the Cause and Cure of Fevers. By Garrett Hussey, M.D. Dublin. 1779. 8vo. Pp. 275. It was reprinted in London in 1784. Hussey was physician to Inns-quay Hospital, which was subsequently removed to Jervis-street. A Safe and Easy Remedy for the Relief of the Stone and Gravel. By Nathaniel Hulme, M.D. Dublin : Printed by R. Marchbank* for L. Flinn, Castle-street. Dublin. 1780. 8vo. Pp. 169. (A reprint.) Advice to People in General; or, a Treatise on Ruptures. By P. T. Morpie, of Johnson's-court, Fishambles-street, and sold by Mr. Perrin, 3 Castle-street, Dublin. 1783. This treatise con- tains a description of a new truss invented by the author and approved of by Surgeon Pott, to whom the treatise is dedicated. Collectanea Hibernia Meilica. By Richard Harris, M.D. (Clonmel). Dublin: J. Exshaw. 1783. 8vo. Pp. 113. This work, which is written in a somewhat didactic style, contains articles on the pathology of general diseases, malformations, &c. Animadversions on the Treatment of a late Medical Case. Dublin: " Printed in the year 1785." 8vo. Pp. 23. Medical Commentaries on Fixed Air. By Matthew Dobson, M.D.; with an Appendix by William Falconer, M.D. Dublin : W. Gilbert. 1785. 2nd ed. 8vo. Pp. 230. In this treatise the use of the solution of alkaline salts charged with fixed air (carbonic acid) is recommended as a cure for the stone. The book is a reprint. In 1786 Dr. Edmond Cullen, Professor of Materia Medica, T.C.D., translated Baron Bergman's celebrated Physical and Chemical Essays. They contain an account of many medicinal waters. They were in 2 large volumes, and were published by Luke White. * His printing office is still worked in Stafford-street, and under the same name.- In 1785 a work on Medical Electricity by Sieur Palmer, M.D., was reprinted in Dublin. A Book on Coughs, &c. By Thomas Hydes, Member of the Corporation of Surgeons, London. Dublin : Luke White, Dame- street. 1786. 8vo. Pp. 152. (A reprint.) An Essay on Cold Bathing, &c. By a Physician. Dublin: P. Byrne, Grafton-street. 1786. 8vo. Pp. 73. A Maritime State Considered as to the Health of Seamen. By Charles Fletcher, M.D. Dublin: Printed for the author by M. Mills,36 Dorset-street. 1786. 8vo. Pp.342. This book describes the insanitary state of war ships, and treats upon many points in naval hygiene. It is interesting on account of the narratives of voyages which the author gives; during one of them Sterne's " Eliza " was a passenger. A Chirurgical Dissertation. By Jordan Roche, L.R. C.S.I. Dublin. 1787. 8vo. Pp. 93. The author was the second person examined for the licence of the College. He practised in the neighbourhood of Drogheda. An Enquiry into the Nature, Causes, and Cure of Consumption of the Lungs, &c. By Michael Ryan. Dublin. 1787. 8vo. Pp. 227. The author practised in Kilkenny. He published in London, in 1793, a little treatise on Asthma. An Essay on the Nature and Care of the Epidemic Putrid Fever of the Years 1787 and 1788. By Thomas Heney, M.D. Mullingar: Printed by William Kidd. 1788. 8vo. An anonymous pamphlet on the Swanlinbar Waters was pub- lished in Dublin in 1789; it contained 79 pages. A Treatise on the Materia Medica. By William Cullen, M.D. Dublin: Luke White, Dame-street. 2 vols. 1789. A reprint. A Treatise on Dropsy of the Brain, &c. By Charles William Quin, M.D. Dublin: William Jones, 86 Dame-street. 1790. 8vo. Pp. 227. Quin was Physician-General to the Forces. On the 5th May, 1783, he was admitted as a Licentiate and a Fellow of the College of Physicians. He graduated in 1777 in Arts in Dublin University, but obtained his medical degree elsewhere. Observations on Puerperal Fever. By Joseph Clarke, M.D. Dublin. 1790. Clarke was Master of the Lying-in Hospital, and his observations refer to the fever as observed by him in that institution. He published several papers in the Transactions of the R. I. A., 1780-88. A Concise History of the Human Muscles. By Thomas Wright, L.E.C.S. Dublin: J. Williams, 26 Great George's-street. 1791. 8vo. Pp. 224. Wright was one of the superintendents of dissec- tions in the School of the Royal College of Surgeons. He dedicated this book to William Dease, whom he styles the founder of the Irish School of Surgery. He published in 1811 a valuable account of the Walcheren fever. Wright was the second son of Thomas Wright, of Grenan House, County of Kilkenny, and his wife, Eleanor, daughter of Dr. Thomas Bell, of Athlone, Surgeon to Queen Anne. Sir Thomas Bell, Physician, of Dublin, and Surgeon Robert Bell, of Cork, were uncles to Mrs. Wright. He was born about 1758, and, under his uncle, Sir Thomas Bell, became a surgeon, and for some time was a teacher in the College School. He entered the army, was attached to the 60th Regiment, and saved the life of Lord Cornwallis in the American Revolu- tionary War. Whilst practising at 7 Great Ship-street, and still holding his commission, he joined the United Irishmen, and was imprisoned in the Castle, but his friend, Lord Cornwallis, the Viceroy, did not permit him to be long detained there. He served afterwards in India under the East Indian Company, and acted as physician to the Forces in the unfortunate Walcheren campaign. In the British Museum there is a letter addressed by him to Parliament on the cruelty of sending the Walcheren invalids to the East Coast, instead of to some healthier part. He was attacked himself with malarial fever, and died at Blenheim—whither he had gone to recruit his health—in 1812. Wright had dissecting rooms in Ship-street, and afterwards in Longford-street, in which he taught anatomy to a large class. His son, Surgeon Thomas Wright, of Ship-street, was for many years an influential member of the College of Surgeons. He was the founder of the Mendicity Institution. Another son, the Rev. George Newenham Wright, was an eminent and voluminous writer. T. Wright's maternal uncle, Sir Thomas Bell, M.D., of Dublin, is the author of the History of a Case of Two Foetuses retained for 20 months, being successfully extracted from the abdomen by excision (an account of this case is contained in the library of the British Museum). Another of Sir T. Bell's sisters was married to Mr. Hawkes, of Briarfield, County of Roscommon, grandfather of Surgeon Charles Hawkes Todd, so often referred to in this History. A Conspectus of a Course of Lectures on the Natural History, &c, of Various Medicines used in the Practise of Surgery. By Clement Archer. Dublin. 1791. 8vo. Pp. 68. Archer was Professor of Surgical Pharmacy, R.C.S.I., and from this book it is to be inferred that he delivered 71 lectures annually. He pub- lished, in 1791, a lecture introductory to his clinical course (8vo. 36 pages). A Sketch of a Course of Lectures on Medical Philosophy. By Stephen Dickson, M.D. Dublin. 1792. Dickson was Professor of Practice of Medicine in the University School of Physic from 1792 to 1798,and was for several years "Register" of the College of Physicians. He was deprived of his Fellowship for non- attendance during two years at college meetings. He published, in the Transactions of the R. I. A. for 1787, " Observations on Pemphigus," and in 1795 a letter relative to the School of Physic (Dublin. 8vo. Pp. 94). His essay of 294 pages on Chemical Nomenclature (including observations on the same subject by Richard Kirwan) appeared in London in 1796. On the Cause and Cure of a Species of Uterine Haemorrhage. By Joseph Moore, M.D. Dublin. 1792. 8vo. Pp. 48. A Treatise on Typhus Fever. By James Wood, M.D. Dublin. 1793. 8vo. Samuel Crumpe, M.D., born in Limerick in 1766, published in London, in 1793, a work of 304 pages on Opium. He died in 1796. In 1793 Whitley Stokes published in Dublin, and in the Latin language, his Thesis for the Degree of M.D. in the University. The subject was Respiration. 8vo. Pp. 43. Thoughts on the Abuses in the Present State of Physic, Surgery, and Pharmacy. By Philanthropos. Dublin. 1793. 18mo. Pp. 32. A Compendium of Nosology and Therapeutics, for the Use of the Students in Medicine and Surgery in the Irish Colleges. By William Gilbert. Dublin. 1794. 12mo. Pp. 120. Disputatio Inaguralis de Ictero. Dublin. 1794. 8vo. Pp.21. (Dr. Martin Tuomy's Inaugural Thesis for the Degree of M.D.) Erasmus Darwin's (M.D.) Zoonomia; or, Laws of Organic Life, in two quarto volumes, was published in 1794 in both Dublin and London. Catalogus Systematicus Plantarum Indiginarum in. Comitatu Dubliniensis Inventarum. Dublin. 1794. In this work Dr. Walter Wade, Lecturer on Botany to the Royal Dublin Society and the R.C.S.I., gives a list of the plants growing in the County of Dublin. This work, and his Plantes Rariores, gave a great impetus to the study of botany in Ireland. An Accouut of the Malignant Fever lately prevalent in Phila- delphia. Dublin: J. M. Bates, 89 Coombe. 1794. 8vo. Pp.60. (A reprint.) Internal Dropsy of the Brain. By William Patterson, M.D. (Londonderry). Dublin : W. Gilbert, at the Medical Library, 26 South Great George's-street. 1794. 8vo. Pp. 93. Observations on the Necessity of Regulating the Medical Pro- fession. By Edward Geoghegan, Surgeon. Dublin. 1795. 8vo. Pp. 36. Geoghegan was an active member of the College of Surgeons. Hermippus Redivivus, &c. Robert Bell, Dame-street. No date. 131 pages. Directions for Warm and Cold Sea Bathing. With Observations on their Application in Different Diseases. By Thomas Reid, M.D. Dublin: Printed by II. Fitzpatrick, 2 Upper Ormond-quay. 1795. 8vo. Pp. 46. (Evidently a reprint.) In 1798 Dr. Robert Blake, a Dublin dentist, published in Edin- burgh a thesis for the degree of M.D. in the University of that city. His subject was the Structure of Teeth. His thesis was, of course, in Latin, but he subsequently produced it in an enlarged E form, arid in English, under the following title :—" An Essay on the Structure and Formation of the Teeth in Man and various Animals." Dublin: Printed by William Porter. 1801. 8vo. Pp. 244. The work is illustrated by ten large sheets of copper- plate engravings. The great merit of Blake's work has been acknowledged by writers of eminence. The following extract is taken from Nasmyth's valuable treatise, entitled " Researches on the Development, Structure, and Diseases of the Teeth," published by Churchill, London, in 1839:—" The Essay of Dr. Blake must always be regarded as the best work on the subject of the period at which it was written, and will keep its place as a standard pro- duction. He is one of the few authors who have taken the trouble to read their lesson from nature, and the deductions which he has drawn from his observations are practically useful. His ideas respecting the ' crusta petrosa' were original at the time, and have since been generally acquiesced in; but his views on most of the functions of the dental capsule are similar to those entertained by other writers, and very different from the opinions which I shall have an opportunity of stating in the course of the present work. His remarks on the succession of the teeth of fishes are very accurate." Blake was for many years Secretary to the Physico-Medical Societv, which will in due time be described. He had a laro-e dental practice. I learn from catalogues of books sold by auction and from book- sellers' lists that the following works were published or reprinted in Ireland during the eighteenth century, but I have not been able to discover them in the libraries:—Becket's Chirurgical Tracts; Dossie's Theory and Practise of Chirurgical Pharmacy; Douglas on the Muscles, limes'* Description of the Human Muscles; Bellost on Mercury; Lawrence's Prelectiones Medicce; Lewis' f Experi- mental History of the Materia Medica. 2 vols. Morgan's $ Praei ise * Innes was an Edinburgh author. His work on the Muscles was edited in 1788 by Alexander Munro. f Lewis was the author of several anatomical works published in Edinburgh towards the end of the last century. X Probably a reprint of Morgan's Mechanical Practice of Physick. London. } 735. of Physic; Theobald's Dispensatory; Warner on the Gout; Culpepper's "Knglish Physician; Lewis' New Dispensatory; Brooke's Practise of Medicine* 1750. 2 vols. They were all probably either reprints or nominally published in Dublin. In Ferrar's History of Limerick it is mentioned that Surgeon Charles Dufont, who died in Limerick in 1750, wrote a Treatise on Surgery, and that John Martin, M.D., who died in 1786, described the Castleconnell Spa. I cannot find Dufont's book in the libraries or catalogues. * Evidently Dr. Richard Brooke's Practice of Physic, a popular work, published in London, and which attained to the honour of a fifth edition in 1768. CHAPTER III. THE BARBER-SURGEONS. The etymology of the word " surgery," or " cliirurgery" {Xelp, the hand, and epyov^ an organ), shows that it is essentially a handi- craft—i.e., work with the hand. From the earliest period in the history of the healing art the practice of medicine was distin- guished from remedial treatment, which consisted in the dressing of wounds, the application of bandages, and other mechanical interferences. Nevertheless, there is little doubt but that surgery and medicine were usually in early ages practised by the same individual. The " Father of Medicine," Hippocrates, was a surgeon as well as a physician. He set fractures and reduced dislocations, and he was acquainted with the midwifery forceps. He described the use of the actual cautery. Although in ancient times the physician, as a rule, practised surgery, yet there were some practitioners of the healing art who confined their practice to the treatment of wounds and sores : they were regarded as distinct from the physician. Herophilus and Erasistratus flourished as surgeons in Alexandria 300 years before the birth of Christ. It is stated that a Grseco-Egyptian surgeon named Ammianus invented an instrument for crushing the stone in the bladder, thereby anticipating by two thousand years Civiale's invention of lithotrity. In Celsus' time surgery was practised in Rome by persons who confined themselves exclusively to it. In the Middle Ages the " leech " usually practised both medicine and surgery. It is alleged that Charlemagne established medical seminaries at Metz, Lyons, and Fulda, by a degree issued in 805. The first institution which conferred distinct diplomas in the various branches of the curative art was the once famous University of Salerno, situated 32 miles from Naples. It was founded towards the end of the eleventh century by Duke Robert Guiscard, a Norman. Its medical seminary (Schola Salernitano) was the most celebrated seat of medical lore in Christendom—its alumni came from most parts of Europe. Dr. Dollinger, in his learned work on Universities, states that the medical school at Salerno was the most ancient university. After the conquest of Spain by the Moslems important schools of medicine were established in that country by the Arabians. Bologna became a great medical school about the fourteenth century, and still occupies a respectable position as a seat of medical education. It is remarkable as the first medical school which admitted women as students and teachers. Madonna Manzo- lina was its Professor of anatomy and surgery for many years. For several centuries the regular clergy generally officiated as physicians. It is probable that the power to confer medical degrees claimed by bishops down to our own time originated in the grant- ing by their ecclesiastical superiors of licences to priests to practise. By ancient usage the Archbishop of Canterbury has still the right to create Doctors of Medicine, though, of course, such a qualifi- cation would not enable the holder thereof to have his name* placed upon the Medical Register. The " Canterbury Degree" was, however, a registrable qualification at the time of the passing of the Medical Act of 1858. When the priests were forbidden * to practise physic or surgery, especially the latter, which embrued their hands in blood, their servants began to practise as surgeons, for, having acted as assistants to the clergy, they had acquired some practical know- ledge of surgery. Many of them settled in the towns and styled themselves chirurgeons. In the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- turies, whilst clerics still, to some extent, practised physic, surgery was wholly abandoned to the laity. The regularly educated sur- geons resented the intrusion of the servants and lay brothers from the monastic establishments, who practised surgery on their own * The Council of Tours forbid (in 1163) priests from leaving their cloisters to practise medicine. account. In Paris the " Procureur du Roy" proceeded against the unlicensed surgeons, at the instigation of those who possessed medical or surgical diplomas from the universities and the bishops, but notwithstanding much persecution the low grade surgeons held their ground. Some of them practised surgery exclusively, but the majority were surgeons, dentists, phlebotomists, and barbers. In addition to the surgical servants of the clerics, the ordinary barbers practised surgery. In process of time there came into existence three classes of surgeons:—1. Those who had been regularly educated in the universities, and who held diplomas issued by those learned bodies; 2. Surgeons who learned then* art by pupilage, and confined their practice to surgery; and, lastly, the barber-surgeons, irregularly educated, and practising "barbery," wig-making, &c. The first incorporation of surgeons took place in 1268, when Louis IX. (commonly known as St. Louis) formed a college of surgeons in Paris, and dedicated it to St. Cosmos and St. Damian. This king was a great patron of surgeons, and might be regarded as one himself, for he often dressed the wounds of his soldiers. Examinations to test the competency of persons to practise were first instituted tinder the reign of Philip the Fair. The examining board consisted of persons who had acquired the diploma of master of surgery—a qualification which existed in France until the Revolution. A strict edict was issued by King John in 1352 against unlicensed practitioners. Charles V. was a great admirer of surgery, and enrolled himself, whilst regent of France, amongst the members of the college of surgeons. In short, surgery has always had a high position assigned to it in France. In that country there were, previous to the Revolution, about eighteen universities, and fifteen colleges or academies of physicians, all conferring degrees, most of which were as readily purchasable as the bogus degrees of some of the American so-called universities now are, or lately were. On the other hand, there were but few corporations of surgeons, and they were well conducted, influential, and numerous fraternities. One of the most noble buildings in Paris was the Academy of Surgery, which at the time of the Revolution was converted into the Ecole de Sante, and the seat of the best medical instruction which France afforded. The Ecole de Sante subsequently became the Ecole de Medecine, which it still remains. In England the first surgeon occupying an official position of whom we have any account was Richard de Wy. He was appointed surgeon to Edward III., and was probably the first of that long roll of royal officers termed Sergeant-Surgeons, carried clown to our own time. We learn from Rymer's " Fsedera" (Tome IX., p. 182) that in 1447 the office of barber at the gates of the king's palace was granted as a mark of royal favour to his " servants of the ewry," Robert Bolley and Alexander Donour. This post was one of great emolument. Every person who received the knighthood of the Bath was obliged to pay these barber-surgeons a fee for his tonsure. The amount was regulated by the rank of the knight-elect—a duke paid £10, a large sum in those times. So far back as 1308 a company, or " crafte," of barbers prac- tising surgery existed in London. They enjoyed such municipal privileges as were possessed by other craftsmen. In 1461-2 this company was incorporated by a charter granted by King Edward IV., and following the example of the French Academy dedicated it to St. Cosmos and St. Damian.* The charter ordained that_ only competent persons should be admitted to tbe corporation, and that no one should practise without their authority in the city of London. The charter of the company was renewed in 1499 by Henry VII., and confirmed by Hemy VIII. in 1512. In this year the first Act of Parliament relating to the medical profession was passed (3rd Hemy VIII., c. 11). It points out the inconve- niences caused by ignorant persons, such as " smiths, women," &c, practising physic and surgery, and ordains that no one shall practise as a physician or surgeon unless he has been examined, approved of, and admitted by the Bishop of London or Dean of St. Paul's for the time being. The medico-ecclesiastical authority was, however, to be assisted by four doctors of physic or surgeons, as the case might be. Unlicensed persons were liable to a penalty of £5 * Brothers, physicians, who were martyred. per month whilst engaged in illegal practice. In every diocese outside of London the bishop thereof was constituted the licensing authority. The Act provided that surgeons " shall have an open sign on the street side, where they shall fortune to dwell, that all the king's liege people there passing by may know at all times whither to resort for their remedies in time of necessity." The sign insisted upon was probably meant to apply to the usual pole projected over the door of the barber-surgeon's shop. It was a symbol of the staff held in the patient's hands whilst being bled; the white stripes on the pole represented the tape used by the operator, and the red colour on the pole symbolised the blood which the operator liberated from the veins of the usually not unwilling patient. Sometimes a basin pendant from the pole represented the vessel used to receive the patient's blood. The barbers still occasionally display the parti-coloured pole; but clearly it has now no relevancy to their art. The Act 5th Henry VIII., c. 6, exempted surgeons from serving as jurors or constables, or from bearing arms. In 1541 there existed surgeons in London who were not mem- bers of the corporation. In that year the Act 32nd Henry VIII., c. 42, incorporated all the surgeons and barbers under the style of the " Masters or Governors of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barbers and Surgeons of London." No surgeon was to practise as a barber, and vice versa. The company were permitted to receive annually the bodies of four persons executed, for the purpose of dissection. The last clause in the Act provided that " it shall be lawfull for any of the King's subjects, not being a bai'ber or surgeon, to retain, have, and keep in his house as his servant any person being a barber or surgeon." It would seem that the exclusive privileges conferred on the surgeons caused discontent, for an Act passed in 1544 permitted unlicensed persons to " minister outward medicines." The statutes relating to the barber-surgeons were ratified by Philip and Mary and by Elizabeth. In 1604 the surgeons received a charter conferring upon them the exclusive right to practise within three miles of London, and a court of twenty-four assistants was constituted. A charter of Charles I., dated in 1629, extended their jurisdiction to seven miles from London, and constituted a court of ten examiners out of twenty-four assistants. The Act 18th George II. c. 15, passed in 1745, separated the surgeons from the barbers for ever. Henceforth the former formed a distinct company under the style of the Master, Governors, and Commonalty of the Art and Science of Surgery of London. In 1800 this company was dissolved, and the surgeons ceased to form a constituent of the London Municipal Companies; they were reformed into a Royal College with additional powers. The surgeons and barbers of Edinburgh were incorporated in 1505. It is remarkable that their charter enacts that the persons admitted should be acquainted with anatomy. Each year the company were entitled to receive for dissection the body of an executed criminal. In 1695 the surgeons were constituted the chirurgeons and chirurgeon-apothecaries of Edinburgh—there never was a corporation of apothecaries in Scotland. In 1778 the corporation were converted into a Eoyal College of Surgeons; but with a curious constitution, which still left them in great part a municipal institution; until 1833 the president was a member of the town council. In 1851 the college were made in every sense a national and not a local institution. It is not generally known that the medical school of Edinburgh originated with the surgeons; they established professorships, and became a teaching body.' Early in the last century they transferred their teaching faculty to the University, which is still somewhat of a municipal institution, being in part under the government of the town council. . The Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow was incor- porated in 1599. Its charter was modified by Parliament in 1672. The Faculty had power to grant licences for the four shires of Lanark, Ayr, Renfrew, and Dunbai'ton. It long successfully contested the right of the graduates of Glasgow University to practise without its permission in these counties ; but in 1850, on obtaining ;i new charter, it relinquished its exclusive privileges. RELATION OF THE PHYSICIANS TO SURGERY. Its qualification has long been considered as purely surgical, and is only accepted as such by the Local Government Board. The members of the London College of Physicians have always claimed the right to practise surgery if they chose so to do. The higher medical education which they received, as compared with the limited attainments of the barber-surgeons, qualified them to more efficiently perform the major operations in surgery. They had not that marked aversion to surgical practice in the seventeenth century that they seem to have had in the eighteenth. It is remarkable that the regular courses of lectures on anatomy and surgery, delivered in the seventeenth century before the Barber- Surgeons' Corporation in London, were, as enacted by a by-law, given by a Doctor of Physic—Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was Lecturer on Anatomy and Chirurgery to the College of Physicians. The members of the College of Physicians were sometimes brethren of the fraternity of barber- surgeons. The author of a work entitled " A Treatise on all the Muscles of the Whole Body," printed by Richard Thrallan, London, in 1634, describes himself as follows:—"Alexander Read, Doctor of Physick, a Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians of the famous City of London, and a Brother of the Worshipful Company of Barber-C hirurgeons.'' A book, which in its time created a considerable amount of angry controversy, had the following title—" On the History of Academic and Scholastic Learning. By John Webster, Practi- tioner in Physic and Chirurgery. London. 1654." The Edinburgh physicians were by no means averse to the practice of surgery, as is shown by their attempt in the seventeenth century to acquire by charter the right to practise as surgeons. In 1656 a charter was prepared, with the sanction of Cromwell, establishing a college of physicians for Scotland, and empowering its members to practise surgery, " inasmuch as the science of physick doth comprehend, include, and containe in it the know- ledge of chirurgery, being a special part of the same and member thereof." The death of Cromwell probably prevented the issue of the proposed charter, and that obtained from Charles II. contains no reference to surgery. The Edinburgh surgeons claim that they prevented the issue of the charter by the influence which they brought to bear upon the Protector through the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Sir Andrew Eamsay. It is clear, then, that whilst the physicians were persecuting and even imprisoning the surgeons for practising physic, the physicians themselves were encroaching upon the domain of the pure surgeon, whilst the apothecary invaded the territories of both the physician and surgeon. In the last century, and the early part of the present one, the physicians on the whole seem to have regarded any kind of manual treatment of the body as beneath the dignity of the profession of pure medicine. Their objection to admit obstetricians to their colleges was founded upon the fact that the work of the latter was chiefly mechanical: they considered that the obstetrician's proper place was amongst the surgeons. It seems strange that so late as the fourth decade of the present century eminent physicians should be so unenlightened as to regard midwifery practice as one which to a certain extent degraded a medical practitioner. When Sir Henry Halford, President of the London College of Physicians, was examined, in 1834, by the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Medical Education, he stated that it was not desir- able to repeal that by-law which excluded from admission to the Fellowship of his college persons engaged in the practice of midwifery. He said that it "would rather disparage the highest grade of the profession to let them engage in that particular branch, which is a manual operation very much." He further stated that it was necessary that the member of a college of surgeons should disfranchise himself before being admitted a licentiate of .the College of Physicians, in order to keep medical practice " as respectable as possible, and as distinct." In Ireland midwifery practitioners were admitted to the Fellowship of the College of Physicians long before the close of the last century. It is probable that a large number of persons practised surgery early in the fifteenth century in Dublin, as it is unlikely that only a few individuals would have been incorporated. On the 18th October, 1446, King Henry VI. established by royal charter a Fraternity, or Guild of Barbers. This was the first incorporation of medical practitioners in the United Kingdom; the next was that of the London Barber-Chirurgeons, in 1461. The Dublin fraternity were styled simply barbers, but I gather from the text of a charter granted to the fraternity by Queen Elizabeth that the word "barber" was the exact equivalent for "surgeon" in those clays. The charter of King Henry cannot be found. Perhaps it was surrendered—a practice not unusual on receiving a new charter. It is, however, somewhat fully recited in Queen Elizabeth's charter, granted in 1572. It enabled women to be admitted to the freedom of the guild—a proof that even in those early days women aspired to be disciples of Esculapius. The charter granted by Queen Elizabeth is preserved in the Manuscript Room of Trinity College, Dublin. It is beautifully written and illuminated, and is worthy of exhibition in a glass-case in the rooms usually open to readers and visitors. The wording of the charter is in Latin, of which the following is a translation :— " CHtjatotfft by the Grace of God of England France and Ireland Queen Defender of the Faith and soforth To all persons to whom these present Letters may come Greeting. Whereas our most dearly beloved progenitor Henry the Sixth late King of England by his Letters patent dated at Dublin the eighteenth day of October in the twenty-fifth year of his Reign of his special Grace with the Assent of the Reverend Father in Christ Richd. Arch- Bishop of Dublin then his Justice of his Land of Ireland for the praise of God and Honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary St. Mary Magdalene and all Saints thoroughly to fulfil the pious purpose and good Intention of his beloved and faithful Richard Arch- Bishop of Dublin Giles Thorndon Esquire his Treasurer of Ireland Brother Thos. Talbot Prior of Kilmainham Brother William Prior of the House of St. John without New Gate Dublin Christopher Barnewall his Chief Justice in his Land of Ireland Robert Dow- dall his Chief Justice of his Common Bench of Ireland Michl. Gryffen Chief Baron of his Exchequer aforesaid Edward Somerton his Sergeant at Law in his Land of Ireland Stephen Roche his Attorney Edward Brian James Cheny Barbers Philip Leghlen Barber John Browne Richard Russell Barbers Stephen Barby and John Vale Barbers Granted unto them and gave Licence for him his Heirs and Successors as much as in him lay That they or the Survivors of them for the praise of God and Honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary and all Saints might begin anew found initiate establish enter upon and make a Fraternity or Guild of the Art of Barbers of his City of Dublin to be for ever called or named the Fraternity or Guild of Saint Mary Magdalene to consist of themselves and other persons as well Men as Women and to receive admit and accept of any other persons whatsoever fit and discreet and freely willing to join them as Brothers and Sisters of the Fraternity or Guild aforesaid. " And that the Brothers of the Fraternity or Guild aforesaid so begun founded initiated and established might every year have one Master and two Wardens of themselves who shall be of the Art of Barbers for the Rule Governance and Oversight of such Fraternity or Guild and Custody of all Lands Tenements rents possessions Goods and Chattels which to the said Fraternity or Guild aforesaid were heretofore given granted or assigned or to the said Fraternity or Guild should thereafter happen to belong for the Rule and Governance of the Art of Barbers aforesaid in the City aforesaid and the suburbs thereof and that such Master and Wardens for the time being with the advice and consent of the more discreet Brethren of the Art aforesaid might have full power to elect ordain nominate and successively appoint other Master and Wardens from year to year for the rule Gover- nance and Superintendence of such Fraternity or Guild and Art aforesaid and Custody of all Lands and Tenements rents and pos- sessions Goods and Chattels aforesaid to be had in form aforesaid and them and each of them from time to time when it should be necessary and expedient from the offices aforesaid to exonerate and remove and others of the Art aforesaid in his place as it should be expedient to put and appoint and might have keep and use a common seal for the Affairs and Business to the said Fraternity or Guild belonging which Seal should remain under the Custody of the said Master and Wardens for the time being with all and singular other Gifts Grants Authority Customs Privileges Franchises and Immunities as in and by the aforesaid Letters patent bearing date the clay and year above mentioned and remaining of Record in the Rolls of our Chancery of our King- dom of Ireland may more fully appear. And We having maturely considered how useful and necessary it would be for preserving the Health of the Human Body that there were more persons skilled in the Art of Chirurgery within the City of Dublin aforesaid Sickness and Infirmities committing vast Havoc for the promotion and exercise of which Art the aforesaid Fraternity and Guild of Barbers was created and established by our aforesaid most beloved pregenitor Henry and because there are now two distinct Societies practising the said Art and Faculty in our City aforesaid (vizt.) one of Barbers and the other of Chirurgeons which said Society of Chirurgeons is not as yet constituted nor incorporated into any Body Politic and it being necessary to blend join and reduce the said distinct and separate Societies of Barbers and Chirurgeons into one Body that in one close aggregate and connected Fellowship the Art and Science of Chirurgery might flourish as well in Theory as in Practice and would greatly conduce to and be a means of perfectly learning and exercising the art aforesaid and assisting both themselves and their present and future apprentices of our more abundant Grace certain knowledge and mere motion with the assent of our dearly beloved and faith- ful Councillor Sir Henry Sydney Knt. of our most Noble Order of the Garter President of our Council of our Marches of Wales one of our Privy Council in our Kingdom of England and our Deputy General of our Kingdom of Ireland aforesaid and with the advice and consent of our Council of our said Kingdom Have given and granted as much as in us lies to our Beloved subjects William Kelly Richard Egerton Richard Luttrell Stephen Cradock Rowland Merry Walter Naghtyne John Birde Thomas Newman and Patrick Drynan Chirurgeons of our City of Dublin aforesaid. That they and all others admitted into the Liberties of either Fraternity or Society aforesaid according to the custom of our City aforesaid are hereby from henceforth united and in fact and in name made one entire Society Body and perpetual Community. And that the said Body Society and Community of Chirurgeons shall from henceforth be named and called the Fraternity or Guild of St. Mary Magdalene in Dublin and that by the same name they and their successors shall implead and be impleaded before all Judges and Justices whatsoever in all Courts Actions Suits and Pleas whatsoever and that by the same Name they are persons fit and capable to acquire and possess in Fee and perpetuity Lands and Tenements rents services and other posses- sions whatsoever and that they may have a Common Seal for the service of the Business of the said Fraternity or Guild for ever. And Whereas the aforesaid Master and Wardens of the Frater- nity of Barbers of our City of Dublin aforesaid and the aforesaid Body Society and Community of Chirurgeons of our City afore- said Have humbly besought us That they and their Successors for the furtherance and advantage of the said several Arts should be from henceforth made one Body Corporate. Know ye that We of our more abundant Special Grace certain Knowledge and mere Motion with the Assent aforesaid Have given and granted and by these presents Do give and grant for us our heirs and succes- sors as much as in us is to the said Master or Wardens of the Fraternity of Barbers aforesaid and to their Successors that the aforesaid Body Society and Community of Chirurgeons aforesaid for ever after the date of these presents may be shall be and shall be named and called the Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalene within our City of Dublin and do ordain create and found them for ever hereafter one Body Corporate in Fact Deed and Name of one Master two Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirur- geons of the Guild aforesaid and do constitute and establish them to continue for time perpetual and We do unite incorporate make constitute create declare ordain and appoint the said Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers aforesaid and the aforesaid Body Society and Community of Chirurgeons one Body Corporate and by these presents do declare them and their successors for ever hereafter to be united Incorporated and one Body made and established. And that they from henceforth for ever by the name of Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalene within our City of Dublin aforesaid may plead and be Impleaded answer and be answered before any Justices and Ministers whatsoever of us our Heirs and Successors in all Courts and places whatsoever of or for all or any manner of actions real or personal mixed. And that they and their successors may have for ever one Common Seal to serve them For sealing their Acts Deeds and Business. And further of our more abundant special Grace certain knowledge and mere motion with flic assent aforesaid We have given granted and confirmed and by these presents for us our Heirs and Successors Do give grant and confirm as much as in us is to the aforesaid Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalene within our City of Dublin aforesaid and to their Successors all and singular the Liberties Franchises Gifts Grants Authorities Customs privileges Immuni- ties and Prescriptions which our aforesaid most dearly beloved Predecessor Henry the Sixth to the aforesaid Master and Wardens of the Barbers by the name of the Fraternity or Guild of St. Mary Magdalene or by any other name "whatsoever heretofore hath given or granted. And that they and their Successors may and can use enjoy possess and exercise all and singular the aforesaid Liberties Franchises Gifts Grants Authorities Customs Privileges Immunities and Prescriptions and every of "them in as ample manner and form as the aforesaid Master and Wardens of the Barbers or by any other Name whatsoever by virtue of the Letters patent aforesaid heretofore used enjoyed or exercised or of right ought to use exercise or enjoy any omission abuse or non use thereof or any other cause matter or thing whatsoever in any wise notwithstanding. And further We have given and granted and by these Presents Do give and grant to the said Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalene within our City of Dublin aforesaid that they and their Successors may peaceably jointly and indifferently Have hold and for ever possess all Lands Tenements Hereditaments and Possessions whatsoever which the aforesaid Fraternity or Guild of Barbers or by any other Name whatsoever heretofore held and possessed to the use of the said Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons aforesaid. And that they and their Successors may yearly and every year Nominate and Elect one Master and two wardens of themselves of the Arts aforesaid or either of them to the Rule Governance and oversight of the Guild aforesaid and the custody of all Lands rents posses- sions Goods and Chattels which to the said Fraternity or Guild aforesaid in manner aforesaid belong or hereafter shall be acquired given granted or assigned to them. We also grant to the said Master Wardens and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons aforesaid and their Successors that no person in the said City of Dublin nor in the Suburbs thereof or within the Franchises of the said City shall exercise any of the said Arts of Chirurgery or Barbers unless he shall be admitted so to do by the aforesaid Master and Wardens or their Successors for the time being and by the major part of the Brethren of said Guild by Letters of the said Master Wardens and Brethren sealed with the Common Seal of the said Guild under the penalty of Five pounds sterling for every month in which he is not admitted and shall exercise any of the Arts or Faculties aforesaid to be levied received and applied to the use of the said Guild. And this without fine or fee for the premises or sealing of these presents to be made paid or in any- wise rendered to us and without any Writ of ad quod Damnum or any other Writs or Inquisitions or Mandates to be thereupon had made or prosecuted. So that express Mention of the true yearly value or of the Certainty of the Premises or any of them or of any other Gifts or Grants by us or by any of our Ancestors to the said Fraternities of Barbers and Chirurgeons before this present day made and in these Presents not appearing to be made or any other Statute Act Ordinance Proclamation Law Usage Custom Restriction or Proviso or any other cause matter or thing whatso- ever in any wise notwithstanding. In Testimony whereof We have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness our Deputy aforesaid at Dublin the Fourteenth day of September in the Nineteenth year of our Reign. " Alford." We learn from the text of Queen Elizabeth's charter that a Company of Surgeons had come into existence since the barbers were incorporated by Henry VI. There is no reference in the charter to the art practised by barbers being distinct in any way from that followed by the chirurgeon. The two communities were united for purely medical purposes, and we see that the original object in founding a Fraternity of Barbers was for " the promotion and exercise " of the art of chirurgery. The charter states expressly that the two companies—the incorporated barbers and the unincorporated chirurgeons—are to be consolidated into one body for the practise of surgery. It is clear, then, that in the age of Queen Elizabeth hair-cutting and dressing and shaving were not practised as a distinct " mystery " by the barbers. The arms of the Barber-Surgeons Company were nearly an exact copy of those granted to the London Company. In 1642 Dr. William Roberts was appointed Ulster King-at-Arms. He made a grant of arms to the company in consideration of the ser- vices which they had rendered to the sovereign:— " William Roberts Doctor of the Civill Lawe Vluester Kinge of Armes of the whole Kingdome of Ireland &c. To all and singuler as well nobles Kinges of Armes Heralds and other Officers att Armes as Gentlemen and others to whome these present Letters Patents shall come sendeth greetinge &c. Whereas these Emblemes of honnour depicted in sheilds now commonly called Armes have formerly not only benne given to persons of iminence and estima- tion for services done their Soveraignes in Martiall or Civill imployments (whereby they and their posteritie have benne destin- guished from the meere servile and ignoble multitude and their descents and Genealogies preserved from confusion) but allso ever since the establishment of good and Civill Governement under Monarchic Citties townes and Corporations by ye favour of their Princes and meritt of their services have benne endowed with divers liberties and priviledges conduceing to the freedome and commoditie of the Cittizens by which enfranchisements for- reiglmers have been wholy debarred to intrude uppon their priviledges which said Citties and townes have had devised for them and confirmed unto them (by the authority of their Sove- raignes) Common Seales with some Emblemes engraven in Sheilds silently denoting their Services and deserts that they might use the same in matters touching their publique affaires, the better to prevent forgeries and deceipts each of which have in processe of time (and that not improperly) benne called the Armes of such Corporations in respect they doe and may lawfully advance the same depicted in Standards Banners Ensignes Penons Sheilds or any other Martiall habilaments or matters of tryumph or pub- lique shewTes tendeng to the honnour of said Citties or townes. And whereas (by farther services done by such Corporacons) perticuler professions therein have benne incorporated into destinct Companies yl (with ye more facility and convenience) they might manage their owne perticnler affaires and allso have had one common seale given them differing from y* of their Corporation of the citty or any other Company therein incorported or in any other Citties or townes. And whereas it as improper and incon- venient for a perticuler profession incorporated to use in their Common Seale the Armes of a company of another citty (although of the like profession) as for one Citty or towne to use the Armes of another in their Seales unlesse such Citty or towne doe use ye said Armes with some difference or marke of diminution to denote its subordination to such Citty or towne whose Armes they beare soe differenced, and to yeeld some acknolledgemente that their liberties and priviledges are dependant on others. Wherefore I haveing taken it into my consideration how yl the Company of Barber Chyrurgeons of the Citty of Dublin (being made a Cor- poration by Kinge Henry the Sixth and endowed with many faire priviledges and liberties) haveing noe dependance on any other Citty yet notwithstanding they have for some space used in their Common Seale the Armes of the Company of Barber Chyrur- geons of ye Citty of London with some small difference being a note of diminution or subordination. In consideration of the premises and att the request of the Master and the rest of the said Company of Barber Chyrurgeons and in perpetuall memory of (not only ye ever constant loyalty of the said citty of Dublin and the many great and famous services by them done their Soveraignes the Kinges of England) but allso for the many speciall and memorable services done both in times of peace and warre by the said Company of Barber Chyrurgeons to their said Soveraignes in ancient times &c. allso of late to our now most gracious Soveraigne Lord King Charles in his late and present Armies in this Kingdome by the power and authority given mee by our most gratious Soveraigne Lord King Charles under the great Seale of Ireland I doe hereby give graunt ratefie and confirme unto the said Company of Barber Chyrurgeons forever not only as an embleme of their singuler abilities in matters concerning their professions but allso of their ancient loyallty and present fidelity and many good services clone his sacred Matie this Atcheivement depicted in the margent and blazoned as followeth viz' Parted by a crosse of England charged with a lyon passant gardant argent crowned Or these two coates armour quartered viz' the first Argent a cheveron gules betwixt three Cinquefoyles azure The second Coat Armour Azure a Harpe crowned Or The third as the second the fowerth as the first The Creast on a helme and wreath argent and gules St. Mary Magdalen &c Mantled gules doubled argent Supported by a Leopard proper and an Irish Greyhound argent each gorged with a Ducall Coronett and standing on a scrowle with their motto viz1 *i> Christi Salvs Nostra. W hich said Atcheivement by the power and authority aforesaid I doe hereby give and graunt the said Company togither incor- porate full power and authority henceforth being engraven in any mettall, to use as the publique Seale of their said Corporation and to cause the same to bee depicted engraven used or borne or advanced at any time or in any kind hereafter as hath benne accustomed by incorporate companies in any citty in his Ma" i 68 GRANT OF ARMS. dominions. I allso by the power and authority aforesaid doe hereby graunt that if any perticuler member of the said Corpora- tion who hath noe assurance or certaine knolledge of any Coat Armour borne by his Ancestours nor hath had Coate Armour graunted or confirmed unto him by a King of Armes shall desire to have his funeralls celebrated after the most decent manner befitting his quality hee may beire on his hearse and use otherwise at that time according to the ancient and moderne customes of the Cheif est Cittyes of England the Atcheivement of the said Corpora- tion, without supporters Creast or Motto and allso to all others who are Gentlemen of blood or Coat Armour to beare the same placed by their owne Armes on their heirses att their burialls or funeralls to denote their profession provided theire bee direction given for the decent ordering thereof by my selfe or successours myne or their Martiall Martialls Deputy or Deputies. In full and ample confirmation whereof I hereunto subscribe my name and title and affixe the Seale of my office togitber with the seale of myne owne Armes the eighteenth day of August in the one and twentieth yeere of the raigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles by the Grace of God King of great Brittaine ffrance and Ireland defender of the faith &c. A0 Dnj. 1645. " Wm. Eoberts Vluester Kinge [seal.] of Armes of all Irelande." The services rendered to the crown consisted, no doubt, of supplies of surgeons to the army and navy. A member of the guild, named James Crosbie, was present at the battle of New- bury, and gave evidence at the trial of King Charles I. We have no records showing where the Barber-Chirurgeons held their meetings during the first two centuries of the exist- ed O ence of their guild. The earliest records now extant of the Corporation of Dublin are the minutes of the transactions of that body from 1448 to 1841. They are engrossed on skins of parchment termed the " Assembly Rolls," preserved in the Muniments Room at the City Hall. In the record of the Christmas Assembly, 1641, the following entry occurs:—"It is likewise ordered and agreed by the authoritie aforesaid " (i e., the Corporation) " that the most worshipfull and fraternitie of the Corporation of Barber-Chirurgeons in this Cittie shall have for the use of the said corporation a lease for the tenure of sixtie and one years to be given at Easter next of St. Paul's Gate in the Cittie containing in length from south to north thirtie feete and in breadth from east to west twentie three feete at the yearlie rent of ff5 * and a couple of capons to Mr. Maior for the time being guarding the portcullis room in time of danger to the cittie." Paul's (a corruption of the Pole) Gate was situated in the old wall of the city, in Bride-street, close to Hoey's-court (where Dean Swift was born). It was usual to let the apart- ments in the forts and towers protecting the gates of the city to the trades guilds, and even to private persons. In 1664 the Hall of the Barber-Surgeons was occupied by soldiers, and the rent was for the time not charged to the company. In 1700 Paul's Gate became dilapidated and had to be taken down. It was a two- storied tower, 46 feet in height. The upper story was a room 14 feet square, therefore the assembly of the company could not have consisted of very many individuals. The third charter granted to the Dublin surgeons is dated 10th * £5. February, 1687, in the third year of the reign of James II. It begins by reciting the dissolution of the Corporation of Dublin and the minor corporations which formed a part of it, as the result of a judgment * of the Court of Exchequer:— " SlatttflS the Second by the Grace of God of England Scotland France and Ireland King defender of the Faith &c. To all unto whom these our present Letters shall come Greeting. Whereas the citty of Dublin in our Kingdom of Ireland hath been an antient citty and that the Mayor Sherriffs Comons and cittizens of the cittizens of the citty of Dublin have used and enjoy clivers Liberties priviledges and ffranchises within the same citty and were or pretended to be one body corporate and politick by the name of the Mayor Sherriffs Comons and citizens of the citty of Dublin. Which ffranchises Liberties and priviledges were lately seized into our hands by a Judgment of our court of Exchequer by which the said body corporate became dissolved since which time we by our Letters pattents under our greate Seale of our kingdom of Ireland bearing date the twenty seventh clay of October in the third yeare of our reign did constitute and again create Dublin and the antient Libertys and precincts of the same a new citty called the citty of Dublin and did therein create a new body corporate and politick by the name of the Mayor Sherriffs comons and cittizens of the citty of Dublin. And whereas our ancestors did by clivers Letters Pattents erect severall Guilds and Fraternityes of divers Misteryes arts and trades to be practiced within the citty of Dublin the suburbs and Franchises thereof which lesser boclyes incorporate and politick or Gilds being members of that greate body corporate the Mayor Sherriffs Comons and citizens of the citty of Dublin were dis- solved by the dissolution of that late greate body corporate. We nevertheless being willing in order to the promoteing of trade and traffick in our new citty of Dublin to renew the Gild or Corporation of Barbers (of which Guild or Fraternity the Barbers Chirurgeons Apothecaryes and Perriwigmakers of the citty of Dublin were members) to the intent that the severall * The judgment was the result of litigation arising out of the refusal of the Cor- poration of Dublin to admit Roman Catholics to its freedoms and offices. Ai'ts and Misteryes of Barber-Chirurgeons Apothecaryes and perwigmakers may be the better Exercised and that good order and wholesome rules may be and be observed for the better government of the arts of Barber-Chirurgeons Apothecaryes and perwigmakers within the citty of Dublin the suburbs and Franchises thereof to the avoiding of all evill and all inconveniencies that may happen to our subjects for want of the due Exercise of the arts of Barbers Apothecaryes and perwigmakers within the citty of Dublin the suburbs and Franchises of the same. Know ye that we of our special grace and of our certain knowledge and meer motive with the assent and consent of our right well beloved and right trusty cousin and councellor Richard Earle of Tyrcon- nell our deputy generall and generall governour of our Kingdom of Ireland and according to the tenor and Effect of our certain Letters Signed with our hand and under our Signet bearing date at our court at Whitehall the tenth day of February in the yeare of our Lord one thousand six hundred and eighty seven and in the ffourth yeare of our reign and inrolled in the rolls of our Kingdom of Ireland for us our heirs and Successors Do grant ordain and declare that within the citty of Dublin the suburbs and Franchises thereof there be for ever hereafter one Gild or ffraternity of the Arts of Barbers Apothecaryes and perwigmakers by the name of the Gild or Fraternity of St. Mary Magdalen. And that the Gild or Fraternity aforesaid do consist of one master two wardens and of the brothers of the arts of Barbers Apothecaryes and per- wigmakers of the citty of Dublin and that the Master Wardens and brothers of the Gild or ffraternity aforesaid be and shall be one body corporate and politick in state deed and name by the name- of the Master Wardens and Brothers of the Arts of Barber- Chirurgeons apothecaries and perwigmakers of the Gild or Fra- ternity of St. Mary Magdalen and that the Master Wardens and Brothers of the Gild or Fraternity aforesaid which at present are named and which hereafter shall be Elected into the Gild afore- said be and hereafter shall be one new body corporate and politick by the name of the Master Wardens and Brothers of the arts of Barber-Chirurgeons Apothecaryes and perwigmakers of the Gild or Fraternity of St. Mary Magdalen for us our heires and siifcessors. We do erect create constitute ordain and declare and that they by the same name may and can sue and be sued Answer and be answered defend and be defended in all the Courts of us our heires and successors and elsewhere wheresoever and in all actions suites quarrells or demands whatsoever by them or against them to be prosecuted or comencecl. And that they by the name aforesaid do hold perpetuall succession. And that they and their successors be persons able and in law capable to purchase receive and possess all lands and tenements goods and chatties unto them by these presents granted and to purchase other lands and tene- ments not exceeding the vallue of Ten pounds sterling a yeare and goods and chatties and the same to assigne and Demise as any other persons in law capable or any other body corporate and politick in our kingdom of Ireland may or can purchase receive demise grant or assigne. And further we for us our heires and successors do constitute and nominate that Patrick Archbold is and shall be the present master of the Gild aforesaid and that Robert White and William Cox are and shall be the present Wardens of the Gild aforesaid to continue in those offices untill the ffeast of St. Mary Magdalen falling upon the twenty second day of July next ensuing and from thence till others of the Wardens and brothers of the Gild aforesaid be preferred and Sworn Master and Wardens of the Gild aforesaid respectively so as in the mean time they shall respec- tively live or be not removed by reason of some provisoe in these presents declared. And we doe further for us our heires and successors make and constitute our well beloved William Earle of Limk. John Barnwell knl Robert Barnewell Esq. Richard Archbold Christopher Cruce Thomas Conner Killian Garvan Patrick ffitz Patrick physicians and readers of Anotomy Charles Thompson Henry Walker Patrick Bath John Seamor George Byrne Richard Purcell Morgan Kennedy William Heydon Robert Archbold Robert Bellew Thomas Clare Stephen Archbold Junr Stephen Clynton Robert Witherall Ken. Pendergast Dominick Ryan John Clayton George Gernon Francis Dempsey Richard Nugent Red- mond Tyrrell and Maurice Lomergan to be the ffirst and pi'esent Brothers of the Gild aforesaid, And that they and all who shall hereafter be admitted into the Liberty of the Gild aforesaid be and for the future shall be Brothers of the said Gild to continue in their places dureing their respective naturall lives unless in the mean time they be removed for misbehaviour of whom we will that each and every brother to be hereafter elected into the said ffraternity and Gild be for misdemeanor removable by the Master Wardens and Brothers of the Gild aforesaid or by the major part of them. And further we do for us our heires and successors give and grant unto the Master Wardens and Brothers of the said Gild and their successors that they and their successors upon the twenty third day of June unless it be a Lord's day and if it be a Lord's day then upon the day next ensueing in every yeare may and can assemble themselves in some convenient place within the said Citty. And that they so assembled or the major part of them may and can Elect one discreet and sufficient man of the Wardens or brothers of the said Gild who is skillfull in some of the Arts aforesaid to be Master of the said Gild and two discreet and sufficient men skilfull in some of the said Arts of the Brothers of the Gild aforesaid to be Wardens of the said Gild to continue in their offices respectively for one whole yeare from the feast of St. Mary Magdalen then next ensueing if they shall respectively soe long live and from thence untill others of the Wardens or brothers of the said Gild be appointed and sworn Master and Wardens of the Gild aforesaid respectively unless in the mean while by reason of some proviso in these presents mentioned or for misbehaviour they be removed of whom we will that each and every Master and Wardens in these presents mentioned or hereafter to be Elected by the Wardens and Brothers or by the Master and Brothers of the said Gild for the time being as the case shall happen or by the major part of them be for misde- meanor removable. And if it shall happen that the Master and Wardens in these presents nominated or hereafter to be Elected or any of them to dye decease or be removed from his office within the yeare in which they or any of them shall be consitituted Master and Wardens of the said Gild or after Election and before they be respectively sworn. Then it may be lawful] for the Wardens and brothers or the Master and brothers of the sd Gild for the time being as the case shall fall out or for the major part of them within ten days after such death or removall to elect one of the Wardens or Brothers of the said Gild skilfull in some of the said arts or one or two of the Brothers of the said Gild also skilfull in some of the said arts to be Master Warden or Wardens of the Gild aforesaid in the place of him the Master so dead deceased or removed or in the place or places of him or them the Warden or Wardens so dead deceased or removed. To be continued in those offices respectively for the residue of that yeare or for the yeare ensueing as the case shall happen and from thenceforth untill others of the Wardens and brothers of the said Gild be appointed and sworn in those offices respectively. And further we will and do for our heires and successors ordain and declare that the present Master of the said Gild take his Corporall oath accustomed for well and truly Exer- cising the said office of Master of the said Gild and the other Oaths following viz1 I do hereby acknowledge profess testifie and declare in my conscience before God and the world that our Soveraigne Lord king James is lawfull and rightfull king of this realm and other his Majesties dominions and countreys And I will bear faith and true allegiance to his Majestie his heires and successors and him and them will defend to the utmost of my power against all conspiracies and attempts whatsoever which shall be made against his or their Crown and dignity and do my best endeavours to disclose and make known to his Majestye his heires and successors or to the Lord deputy or other chiefe governour or governours of this kingdom for the time all treasons and traiterous conspiracies which I shall know or heare to be intended against his Majestie his heires or successors or any of them. And I doe make this recognition and acknowledgment heartily willingly and truly upon the true faith of a Christian so help me God &c. And I doe also declare and believe that it is not lawful upon any pre- tence to take up arms against the King And that I doe abhorr that Traiterous position of takeing arms by his authority against his person or against those that are commissioned by him so help me God &ca before the Mayor of the citty of Dublin and that the Wardens in these presents nominated and who shall hereafter be nominated as Wardens of the said Gild and every of them shall take their usuall corpoi'all oaths for well and truly executeing their offices and the other oaths of allegiance aforesaid before the Master of the said Gild for the time being before they exercise their offices. And that every Master of the said Gild hereafter to be Elected shall take the corporall oaths aforesaid to be taken by the present Master of the said Gild mutatis mutandis before the preceding Master or before the Wardens of the said Gild. And that all Brothers of the said Gild in these presents nominated and who hereafter shall be admitted into the Liberty of the same as brothers of that Gild and every of them do take the usuall cor- porall oath of a brother , or member of the said Guild and the oaths of allegiance aforesaid before the Master of the said Guild for the time being unto which several! persons appointed to receive the said Oaths. We doe for us our heires and successors give power to administer these oaths. And moreover we will and do for us our heires and successors grant unto the Master Wardens and brothers of the said Guild and their Successors or the major part of them power authority and Lycence to admitt as many as they will to be brothers of the said Gild. Provided always that every present Brother hereafter to be admitted into the said Gild be or shall be Free of the Citty aforesaid and unless he were before admitted into the Liberty of the same that he be Received into the Liberty of the Guild of the said citty and before the Mayor of the Citty of Dublin that he be sworn a Freeman of the said citty and that the Master and Wardens of the said Gild after they have quitted their offices be brothers of the said Guild dureing their naturall lives respectively Unless in the meantime by reason of some provisoe in these presents or for Misbehaviour they be respectively removed. And furthermore we doe for us our heires and successors Give and grant unto the Master Wardens and Brothers of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalen aforesaid and their successors for the support of the said Gild and pious uses and for the ordination and provision of one or more Chaplain or Chaplains for celebrating Divine Service every yeare within the said citty for the state of the Brotherhood aforesaid for ever and for other publick affaires of the said Gild as many such as much the same and the like Lands and tenements profitts comodyites customes Jurisdictions and priviledges goods and chatties as and which the Master Wardens and brothers of the said Gild or by whatever other name they were incorporated att any time heretofore had or occupyed or ought to have by reason of any charter Letters pattents Grants customes proscriptions or any other Lawfull Tytle whatsoever. To hold of us our heires and successors as of the Castle of Dublin in free and comon socage by the rent and services therefore accustomed. Saveing and out of this Charter or Grant Excepted and Reserved unto us our heires and successors all our Tytles rents Interests and demands whatsoever which we heretofore had to the premisses other then what accrewed unto us by reason of the discontinuance or dissolution of the antient Gild aforesaid. And further we doe for us our heires and successors give and grant unto the said Master Wardens and brothers of the said Gild and their successors That hereafter within the said Gild the Master and Wardens of the said Gild and their successors have the rule governance and oversight of the said Gild and the custody of all Lands Rents possessions Goods and Cliattells unto the said Gild belonging or which shall hereafter appertain. And the Rule government and oversight of the Arts of Barbers Chirurgeons Apothecaryes and Perwigmakers and in all things unto the said severall Arts appertaining within the said citty suburbs and ffranchises thereof even unto Barbers within six miles of the said citty and the custody of the Seale of the said Gild. And more over we doe for us our heires and successors give and grant unto the Master Wardens and Brothers of the said Gild and their successors that they and their successors may and can hereafter at their pleasure assemble themselves in their Comon Hall to Treate and consult of matters unto the said Gild appertaining. And being so assembled or the major part of them may and can from time to time make ordain and constitute Laws Statutes and ordinances for the better government of the said Gild and of the brothers of the same and of the arts of Barbers Chirurgeons Apothecaries and perwigmakers within the said citty suburbs and ffranchises thereof even to Barbers within six miles of the said citty and for the correction of every falsity fraud deceit oppression and extortion and of every other crime and offence to be comitted by Barbers Chirurgeons Appothecaryes or perwigmakers or any of them or in . the arts aforesaid or in any thing or matter unto the said Arts appertaining or belonging within the citty of Dublin Suburbs and Franchises of the same even to Barbers within six miles of the said citty or by any Art of Barbers Chirurgeons Appothecaryes or perwigmakers to be practiced within the said citty suburbs and Franchises thereof or as to Barbers within six miles of the said citty such as unto them or the major portion of them shall seeme necessary and requisite and to punish and correct all offenders against such Laws and Statutes so as such Laws Statutes and punishments be reasonable agreeable and not repugnant or contrary to the Laws or Statutes of this Kingdome of Ireland. And that the Master and Wardens of the said Gild and their successors have and by these presents shall have full power and Authority to Inquire as unto them shall seeme most expedient from time to time of all trespasses deceits frauds oppressions extortions and other crimes done perpetrated and that shall be perpetrated by whomsoever who in the said citty suburbs and Franchises thereof or as to Barbers within six miles of the said citty do or shall practice the arts of Barbers Chirurgeons apothecaries perwigmakers or any of them and by their servants and apprentices in all things which unto the same arts can belong within the said citty suburbs and Franchises thereof as to Barbers within six miles of the said citty and of every matter and tiling unto the arts of Barber Chirurgeons Appothecai'ies and perwigmakers appertaining in the said citty suburbs and Franchises of the same even unto Barbers within six miles of the said citty and them at the suite of Com- plainants to heare and truly determine. And damages to the party complaining to decree according to justice and execution to award and all and every of those who before the same Master and Wardens by due examination or other lawfull manner shall be found guilty of either or any of the Articles aforesaid to chastise correct and amend by Fines Ransoms Imprisonment of the body or amercements as the case requires and that the keeper of the Prison of our citty of Dublin for the time being or his deputy such persons guilty and convicted by Warrant or Warrants of the same Master and Wardens do receive into custody of Impri- sonment and there safely to keep them untill they be enlarged by due forme of Law or by Warrant of the Master and Wardens of the said Guild Granting for us our heires and successors unto the said keeper and his Deputy full power to receive such persons convicted unto him comited by the authority aforesaid without the impeachment of us our heires or successors. And that the said Masters and Wardens of the said Guild and their successors have cognizance of pleas touching all trespass debts accompts contracts agreements receipts ffalshoods and imprisonments between any concerning the arts aforesaid and their servants or apprentices or between any other person and every artificer aforesaid by suit complaining concerning whatever matter unto the said arts apper- taining within the said citty suburbs and Franchises thereof even unto Barbers within six miles of the said citty to be holden before the Master and Wardens of the said Guild and their successors where they please within the said citty suburbs and franchises thereof as also the Fines ransomes and amerciaments in that behalfe acrewing when done and awarded by the servants of the said Gild to be collected and Levyed for the use of the said Guild. And further we do for us our heirs and successors appoint and ordain that when any person of the arts aforesaid will take an apprentice of the said arts he doe first cause him who intends to be an apprentice to come before the Master and Wardens of the said Gild for the time being and the Clerke of the said Guild who are discreetly to consider if such an apprentice be at his own free disposall and be of good behaviour which if he be found to be such that then he be received an apprentice for the terme of seven yeares and that his Indenture thereof before the Master and Wardens of the said Gild for the time being be entred within two months next ensuing by the clerk of the said Guild and he who takes any one for an apprentice otherwise then as aforesaid such takeing shall be void. Nevertheless that the taker be holden forthwith to pay halfe a Mark for the use of the said Gild or fraternity and as often as any runaway apprentice of the said Arts or of any of them in the said citty suburbs and Franchises thereof or as to Barbers within six miles of the said citty as is aforesaid shall be taken into service. That then it may be lawfull for the Master of such apprentice in his proper person or by his attorney haveing letters testimoniall under the comon seale of the said Guild testifying that such a one is his runaway apprentice to take and arrest the same apprentice wherever he shall be found and to bring him back to his own proper home, and to make him serve him as in Justice he ought. And that after every apprentice hath served out his time viz1 the terme of seven years that such apprentice by his master and by the said Master and Wardens for the time being be brought to the Gildhall of the said citty and that upon theire testimony he be there sworn and received into the Liberty of the said Gild before the Mayor of the city of Dublin. And that noe person of the said Arts be hereafter received or taken into the obtaining the Liberty of the said city without the assent of the Master and Wardens of the said Gild for the time being &c.'of other good men of the same arts residing in the said city. And that noe person use or Exercise any of the Arts aforesaid in the said city Suburbs or Franchises thereof or as to Barbers within six miles of the said city unless by the allowance of such Master and Wardens for the time being he be found capable to practice the said Arts and that he be admitted into the Guild of the Liberty of said city. And we do further grant unto the Master Wardens and Brothers of the said Gild and their Successors That they and their Successors have and hold and for the times ensueing enjoy the same station precedence and place among the Guilds and Fraternityes of the city of Dublin now erected or hereafter to be erected in publick meetings as the Guilds of Barbers appothecaries and perwigmakers of the citty of Dublin or by whatever other name they were Incorporated heretofore had or ought to have at any time heretofore had or ought to have at any time heretofore (sic in original) and no otherwise or in any other manner. And further- more we do for us our heires and successors give and grant unto the said Master Wardens and Brothers of the said Guild and their successors That they and their successors or the major part of them may admitt Women of the said Guild as Sisters of the said Guild. And for the advancement of trade and to the intent that the poore children of ffreemen of the citty of Dublin may be the better maintained We do for us our heires and successors Charge and strictly comand the Master Wardens and brothers of the Guild and their successors that they and their successors doe every yeare hereafter take two of the boys who are and shall be in the hospitall of the citty of Dublin att Oxmantown such who shall be found fitt to Learn any of the Arts aforesaid and who are approved by the Governour of the said Hospitall and that such boys be by them or some of them educated in some of the said Arts for seven yeares then next ensuing anything in these presents to the contrary notwithstanding. And that there be in the said Guild one Clerk to write the Acts and Records of the said Guild to be chosen by the Master Wardens and brothers of the said Guild for the time being or the major part of them. And we do for us our heires and successors make and constitute Thomas Burke Gent, to be the first and present Clerk of the said Guild To be continued in that office dureing his good behaviour and that the present Clerk and he who shall hereafter be Clerk to the said Guild have and shall have such the same and the like wages fees and profitts which any clerk of the said Guild at any time heretofore had or received and that the said Master Wardens and brothers of the said Guild and their successors or the major part of them may and can make and con- stitute as many and such servants and Beadles as unto them shall seem most fitt for the bussyness of the said Burrow such servants and Beadles to be continued in their offices dureing the pleasure of the Master Wardens and Brothers of the said Guild for the time being or the major part of them so as the present clerk and he who hereafter shall be Clerk for the said Guild and every Inferior officer so from time to time elected do before he exercise his office take the usual corporall oath for well and truly exercising his office and the other oaths of allegiance aforesaid before the Master of the said Guild for the time being unto whom we do for us our heirs and successors give power to administer those oaths and that they and their successors have a comon scale for the service of their bussiness provided always and we do for us our heires and successors by these presents reserve and give full power and Authority unto our Deputy generall and other cheife governour or governours of us our heires and successors of our Kingdome of Ireland for the time being to remove and declare to he removed the Master Wardens or other officers of the said Guild by these presents nominated and constituted or hereafter to be elected and constituted at the will and pleasure of our Deputy Generall and other cbiefe governour or governours of us our heires and successors of our Kingdom of Ireland for the time being by any order of the privy councill of us our heirs and successors of our Kingdom of Ireland under their hands in writeing unto them respectively signified And as often as our deputy generall or chiefe governour or governours of us our heires and successors of our Kingdom of Ire- land shall from time to time by any such order of our privy councill of our Kingdom of Ireland declare such and such sort of Master Wardens or Officers or either or any of them so removed or to be removed from their respective offices. That then and from thence- forth all such person or persons so removed or declared to be removed from their respective offices is are and shall without any further process be ipso facto removed. And so as often as the case shall so happen anything to the contrary notwithstanding. And moreover we of our further speciall grace and of our certaine knowledge and meer motion Will and do for us our heires and successors give and grant unto the said Master Wardens and Brothers of the said Guild and their successors for ever. That these our Letters Patents and every article and clause therein contained or in the inrollm' of the same be construed interpreted adjudged to the best advantage benefitt and favour of the said Master Wardens and Brothers of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalen aforesaid and their successors towards and against us our heires and successors as well in our courts as elsewhere wheresoever without any confir- mation Lycence or tolleration to be hereafter procured or obtained. Notwithstanding the statute of not putting lands and tenements to Mortmaine and notwithstanding the statute made at Limerick in the thirty-third yeare of King Henry the Eighth for Lands given by the King and any other statute or any other thing cause or matter whatsoever to the contrary notwithstanding. Provided always that these our Letters be inrolled in the rolls of our Court of Chancery of our Kingdom of Ireland within six months after the date of these presents. In Wittness whereof we have caused these our Lettei's to be made patent. Wittness our said Deputy generall and generall governour of our Kingdom of Ireland at i Dublin the twenty sixth day of May in the fourth yeare of our reigne. " Inrolled the fifth day of July in the fourth yeare of the reigne of King James the Second. " Exd p. Oha. Baldwin " D. Che. & Custody Rotlor." During the greater part, perhaps the whole, of the period of the existence of the Companies of Barber- Chirurgeons in both London and Dublin, there were surgeons who repudiated professional con- nexion of any kind with the barbers. In the early part of the last century there were many surgeons in Dublin who were not con- nected with the company. Those persons were Army Surgeons, and men of liberal education who had studied in the Univer- sities, or had served an apprenticeship to surgeons of good social standing. On the other hand, persons of a lower grade in society, who were not "free" of the Brotherhood, frequently practised as chirurgeons or apothecaries, and were occasionally prosecuted by the guild. The regular mode of admission to a guild was by an apprentice- ship of five or seven years' duration—long after the establishment of the Royal College of Surgeons an apprenticeship of seven years to a surgeon was not unusual. The barber-surgeons were, however, veiy liberal in admitting to their guild " foreigners," as those who were not regularly educated in a trade were termed. Foreigners, when admitted to the privileges of practice, were termed quarter brothers, because at the quarterly meetings of the guild they were obliged to pay a sum of money termed quarterage. The City Companies were never very exclusive in Dublin, owing to the desire to induce the English, Scotch, and foreigners to settle iu their town. In 1672 the Lord Lieutenant in Council, acting under the pro- visions of an Act of Parliament, framed a set of rules for all the fortified towns in Ireland, by which, on payment of a fine of 20s., any "foreigner" was allowed to join any guild of tradesmen he might elect. This privilege was confirmed by an Act passed in the 19th year of the reign of George III. The large number of Surgeons— o not barber-surgeons—practising in Dublin in the eighteenth century- is a proof that there was practically free trade in surgery at that time. By the charter granted to the King and Queen's College of Physicians in 1692, no person could legally practise medicine in Dublin, or within a circuit of seven miles thereof, without a licence from the college ; yet we find that many graduates of British and foreign universities practised in Dublin, and were never licensed by the college. It would appear, however, that in the early days of the college attempts to prevent barber-chirurgeons and apothe- caries from administering internal remedies had been made. In 1725 the college petitioned Parliament, setting forth that their charter had been found insufficient to prevent unskilful and illiterate persons from practising physic, and praying for additional powers. A bill to grant them the powers sought for was introduced into the House of Commons, but, owing to the opposition of the barber-surgeons and of other practitioners, it was without difficulty defeated. Although surgeons not free of the corporation appear to have been rarely interfered with by the latter they felt mortified that their art, which they regarded as a liberal one, should be practised by persons esteemed to be socially on the level of tradesmen who shaved and made wigs. In the Thorpe collection of pamphlets in the National Library, Kildare-street, there is a tract entitled " Beasons for Begulating the Practice of Surgery in the City of Dublin, by Making the Surgeons a Distinct Society from the Barbers, Peruke-makers, &c. Humbly offered to the Considera- tion of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons in Parliament Assembled." It bears no date, but as " Her Majesty" is referred to, it evidently belongs to the reign of Queen Anne. It is as follows :— " There is not any place where surgery hath the least Beputa- tion (except in this Kingdom) but every Person professing that Art is obliged to prove himself qualify'd before he is admitted to Practice. The present Corporation in this City is composed of Barbers Surgeons Apothecaries and Peruke-Makers which (instead of Encouraging the true Professors of Surgery) is a refuge for Empiricks Impudent Quacks Women and other Idle Persons who quit the trades to which they were bred and wherein they might be useful to the Commonwealth to undertake a Profession whereof they are entirely ignorant to the ruine of their Fellow Subjects. There is not any person (tho of the most infamous character) who cannot obtain his Freedom of the Corporation by vertue whereof the meanest Brother assumeth the Liberty and it is a sufficient Recommendation for him to Practice Surgery with as much authority as the most Experienced Surgeon. There are in the Corporation at least Ten Barbers &ct for one Surgeon so that it is impossible for the Surgeons to make any Regulation because they must inevitably be out-voted by the majority of the others. " There is not the least Affinity between Surgery Peruke- Making and the Feat or Craft of Barbery it not being necessary for a Surgeon to know how to make a Peruke or Cut Hair nor is it any part of a Barber's or Peruke Maker's Trade to perform any operation in Surgery. " It is requisite for a Surgeon (to arrive to a tolerable perfec- tion in his profession) to have a reasonable understanding of Latin and Greek whereas a Peruke-Maker or a Barber may be Masters of their Trades though they are wholly illiterate. " "Wherefore it is Humbly offer'd to the consideration of this Honurable Assembly whether it is not highly and dangerous to the health of Her Majesty's good subjects that such Barbers &ct as take upon them (though not in the least qualified) to Practice Surgery shou'd be allow'd the same Priviledge therein as Surgeons who have taken great pains to make themselves Masters of the Art of Surgery and whose Parents have been at great expence to make them capable. " The advantages which will necessarily arise from such a Regulation will be " The preservation of many Subjects' lives which are lost by the gross Errors and the Barbarous and Inhumane Practices of Impudent [gnorant Pretenders of which there are too many instances which daily offer to the great prejudice of the Publick and discredit of the Profession. "It will encourage such persons as can afford to give their Children Learning sufficient for the Profession to breed them to it. " It will oblige Apprentices to be diligent and studious in the Profession whereby the Kingdom and Army will be supply'd with a succession of Experienced and Judicious Surgeons. " It will be an encouragement to Honest and Skilful Practi- tioners to converse with greater freedom so as to improve the art. " It is probable (that in some time) the Professors of Surgery in this Kingdom may acquire such a reputation as may prevent Young Men's going into foreign Countreys to compleat their studies. " Many other Reasons may be offer'd but it is hoped that these may prove sufficient to make this August Assembly sensible of the great benefit a due Regulation of the practice of Surgery will be to the Publick and to induce them to Enact such Laws as in their Wisdom shall be thought most proper to encourage the true Practice of Surgery in this Kingdom and punish the abuse thereof." This statement is probably that referred to in a resolution on the books of the Barber-surgeons' Company, dated 30th Septem- ber, 1703, to take measures to frustrate the attempts of certain members of the guild and several " foreigners," who had combined together and presented an address to Parliament, with the view of " preventing the members of the Corporation who were not educated or bred chirurgeons from practising surgery, as they had a right to do under their charters," and the opinion of counsel was ordered to be taken. In 1716 the Corporation had a correspondence with Mr. Proby, the Surgeon-General, in reference to his practising as a surgeon without being free of the fraternity. They complained that the high position which he occupied induced many persons to practise surgery in Dublin without having become " quarter brethren" of the guild. Proby wrote polite replies to the communications from the company, but expressed his doubts that all the surgeons in Dublin could be combined in one body owing to the peculiar constitution of the Corporation. In 1721 the communications were renewed. I gather from them that at that time the surgeons of Dublin formed a society, who met monthly in the evening. The Corporation proposed to send four of their number to confer with the Surgeons' Society. The Conference does not appear to have taken place; for it is stated that at the surgeons' meeting, held on the 3rd July, 1721, there were so many army surgeons present that the subject of amalgamation could not be discussed. It was, however, arranged that four of the surgeons should meet a like number of the barber-surgeons in friendly discussion. Nothing came out of these deliberations. The barber-surgeons were, like other guilds, disposed to be festive on suitable occasions. As a body they favoured Mr. LaTouche in his celebrated contest, in 1767, with the Marquis of Kildare for the representation of Dublin in the House of Commons. In the Dublin Register and Freeman's Journal, 10th November, 1767, the following advertisement appears :—"The Free-Brothers of the Corporation of Barber-surgeons, friends of John La Touch, Esq., intend dining at Mr. Cowes, in Coles' Alley, Castle-street, on this day, being 10th November, at 4 o'clock. The brethren that intend to dine are requested to leave their names at the Bar. Dinner on the table at 4 o'clock." The guild were, in common with the other city companies, required to join in the procession which every third year perambu- lated the city. This itinei'ary was termed " Riding the franchise," and was a very ancient usage, emblematic of the jurisdiction of the Corporation in the city. Many of the brethren were averse to taking part in these displays, because of the loss of time which they caused. On the 16th July, 1722, the Company ordered that those " who do not ride the franchise be fined 10s." On the 30th June, 1755, the Guild came to a different conclusion; for they resolved to ask the Lord Mayor to " excuse this Corpora- tion " from riding the franchise. On 1st August, 1767, Faulkner s Journal states that the Corporation perambulated the city and its liberties, and notices that the colours of the barber-surgeons were purple, cherry, and red, and those of the apothecaries purple and orange. From the close of the 17th century the brethren appeared really anxious that the members of the different crafts united in the guild should keep to their special calling. Members belonging to the barbers' craft were restrained from practising surgery, except bleeding or the drawing of teeth ; and the medical barbers and the wig-makers were, under pains and penalties, prevented from practising pharmacy. In 1736 the number of the council of the Corporation was increased to 25. In this year Edward Smith, a chirurgeon, was master ; one of the wardens—Bryan M'Cabe—was a barber, and the second warden, Richard Cox, was an apothecary. The surgeons were now dwindling away. Very few aspirants for the franchise appeared to replace the losses caused by death. When election-to-office day arrived, in 1742, it was found that there was no chirurgical brother who had not already filled a warden's chair; and they were therefore obliged to instal a barber in the warden's chair, which hitherto had always been occupied by a chirurgeon if the master were a barber. The Cor- poration, seeing that they were rapidly becoming a company of pure barbers, made attempts to rehabilitate the institution. At a meeting, held on the 12th October, 1741, they resolved to present the freedom of the Corporation to the President, Censors, and Fellows of the College of Physicians. Shortly afterwards they enacted that no surgeon should be granted the freedom of the Corporation until he had undergone an examination by the College of Physicians, and had received from the College a certificate of competency. The candidates for the apothecaries' craft in the guild were to be similarly examined. It was proposed, however, that whenever there were twelve qualified chirurgeons in the Cor- poration they should form a Board of Examiners, but the exami- nations were to be conducted in the presence of the President and Censors of the College of Physicians. In the event of the officers of the College declining or neglecting to be present, the examina- tion was nevertheless to be proceeded with. This proposal was an undoubted proof of the desire of the Corporation to improve the condition of surgery, but it does not seem to have met with any response from the College of Physicians. Some of the persons named in the charter granted by King James II. are described as " readers of anatomy," and probably they may have occasionally delivered lectures on that subject to the guild. The company were empowered to examine the appren- tices as to their fitness to be enrolled as brethren. There is, however, no evidence to show that the chirurgical apprentices who had served their full term were always, or even generally, examined as to their competency before admitting them to the fraternity. It is probable that " foreigners " were subjected to some kind of examination. Hues Occurrences (a Dublin newspaper) for February 8th, 1731, announces the arrival of the Chevalier Taylor. This person was a celebrated oculist and undoubtedly a man of ability, but many of the faculty regarded him as a charlatan. The Dublin barber-chirurgeons presented him with the freedom of the Corporation, the diploma being contained in a handsome silver box. This presentation called forth an anonymous tract denouncing the Corporation for conferring their freedom upon a quack, and asserting that they received for it the handsome fee of £161. The Corporation, in an advertisement published in Hue's Occurrences, 4th April, 1732, repudiated these "slanderous statements," and declared that the Chevalier had been duly examined and his skill fully tested in surgical operations by a select committee com- posed of eight surgeons and apothecaries. The minute books of the guild show that early in the eighteenth century their meetings were held in Tailors' Hall, Back-lane. They were apparently not rich enough to build one for their exclusive use, as the London fraternity and many of the Dublin guilds had done. The Tailors' Hall was erected in 1706, and for many years was used as the meeting place of several guilds who had no halls of their own. Public meetings were held in it, as were those of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons and of the " United Irishmen," in their early days. When the Municipal Reform Act of 1840 abolished as legalised corporations the Dublin guilds, the Tailors' Guild converted their hall into a school, and at present it is used as a place for religious meetings. The Merchants' Hall on Merchants'-quay, the Weavers' Hall on the Coombe, and the Tailors' Hall, were the only guild halls at all comparable With those of the London Companies. It is worth noting that the Tailors' Hall was erected on the site of a building once a college of the University of Dublin, and subsequently a military hospital. In 1745 the Barber-surgeons' Company began that process of disintegration which 95 years later terminated in their extinction. The apothecaries belonging to the guild were somewhat numerous, whilst the surgical members were very .few. There were apothe- caries, too, in still greater numbers practising in Dublin who were " foreigners." A charter granted by George II. incorporated the Dublin apothecaries into a guild dedicated to St. Luke. The guild were to be governed by a master, two wardens, and thirteen assistants, who were to be elected annually. They were to be exempted from attendance on juries and from filling parish offices, and empowered to deal with offenders against their privileges. The barber-surgeons formed No. 4 of the twenty-four city companies, the three companies senior to them being Trinity guild, the tailors, and the smiths. They had four representatives in the Commons, or lower House of the Corporation of Dublin. Of two of these they were deprived after the incorporation of the apothecaries as a distinct guild; and the latter having become the.twenty-fifth of the city guilds were allowed two representatives in the Corporation. The charter is dated 18th September, 1745, but in the Dublin Journal for January 13, 1746, there is an advertisement from the Barber-surgeons' Company denouncing certain "refractory brothers and irregular practitioners amongst the apothecaries for seeking for a charter." In 1750 the new Corporation passed a law restricting their membership to practising apothecaries, but repealed it in 1777. In 1792 an Act of Parliament constituted the apothecaries into the Corporation of the Apothecaries' Hall, which still exists. The new institution was a national, not a municipal one. Henceforth the Corporation of Apothecaries were of use only as a means of acquiring political rights. The proceedings of the barber-surgeons possess, after the seces- sion of the apothecaries, very little medical interest. The members were nearly altogether barbers, or persons neither chirurgeons nor barbers, who desired membership for purely political purposes. In 1773 and 1775 bills for regulating the profession and practice of surgery and pharmacy were introduced into the House of Commons, but were not persevered with. In 1784 the union between the barbers and surgeons was dis- solved de facto, though perhaps not de jure, by the creation of a Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The Irish surgeon's privi- leges were no longer confined within the narrow boundaries of a civic trade's union: he became a constituent of a national institution. The Barber-surgeons' Company were, however, not dissolved, nor were they expressly forbidden to continue styling themselves the Fraternity of Barber-chirurgeons. In the Dublin Directories, for many years after the foundation of the College of Surgeons, the guild of St. Mary Magdalene are called the barbers, but during the latter years of their existence they are frequently termed barber-surgeons. In voting the freedom of their guild, in 1819, to Alderman Sir William M'Kenny, ex-Lord Mayor, they style themselves barber-surgeons. I see nothing in the charters of the College which could have prevented the free brothers of the company from practising surgery. Very few surgeons belonged to the Corporation in the year 1784. Only one of the founders of the College, Philip Woodroffe, was a barber-surgeon ; he was admitted on the 17th of November, 1780. Gerard Macklin, State-surgeon, was a warden's peer in 1792. In 1840 the Corporation shared the fate of the other municipal bodies dissolved by the Reform Act. The last master, Mr. Michael Farrell, of Hafcourt-street, Dublin, delivered the charters and other docu- ments belonging to the Company to the late erudite Dr. William Daniel Moore, of Dublin, who deposited them in the library of Trinity College. They include the Company's Charters, Books of Transactions from 1703, Lists of Brothers, Roll-Book for 1827, Book of Quarterages and of Entry of Foreigners, 1688, and Book for Enrolment of Apprentices, dated 1535, but containing no entries earlier than 1587. All are contained in a wooden box covered with red leather and emblazoned with the arms of the Company. Through the courtesy of the Board of Trinity College and of their courteous librarians I have been enabled to make copies of the charters, and to pei'use the books, &c., of this extinct civic and surgical institution—the most ancient medical corporation in the United Kingdom. In the provincial cities in which the barber-surgeons were sufficiently numerous to form a society it seems probable that they were constituted into ordinary trades' guilds. I cannot discover that they were in any town, save Dublin, incorporated by Royal authority. In Cork they were at an early period constituted a guild by the Corporation of that city, whose charter enabled them to grant sub-charters to city companies. On the 23rd August, 1732, the Corporation of Cork resolved—"Whereas there has been a Bill preferred by some refractory persons against the Company of the Barber-surgeons of this City: ordered that said Company be supported in their ancient rights. If any freeman do assist such refractory persons he shall be disfranchised : and we appoint Mi\ Russell Wood, Attorney, to assist the Company in preserving their rights." It would seem that at this time the Cork surgeons were as anxious as their Dublin confreres to sever them- selves from the barbers. In Limerick the Barber-surgeons were constituted a guild by the Municipal Corporation. They had a master and two wardens. CHAPTER IV. SURGICAL EDUCATION AND EXAMINATIONS IN IRELAND PRIOR TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. In the early ages of the Christian era, Ireland attained to gi'eat celebrity as a centre of intellectual and religious life ; but the incessant wars waged between the native Irish and the Anglo- Norman settlers, and amongst the native septs themselves, produced a disastrous effect upon the civilisation of the country. The use of arms, rather than the cultivation of letters, became general. The want of security for life and fortune deterred wealthy persons from coming to or remaining in the country, to which, on the contrary, penniless but warlike adventurers flocked in great numbers. Long before the advent of the sixteenth century the earlier civilisa- tion of Ireland had vanished. In 1312 Archbishop Leech obtained from Pope Clement V. a Bull for the foundation of a university in Ireland, but the archbishop died before he could make any use of his powers. In 1320 a university was established in connexion with St. Patrick's Cathedral by Alexander De Becknor, acting on the authority of Pope John XXII. It lasted but a short time, and an attempt to revive it, made in 1568, by the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sydney, proved a failure. In 1591 Trinity College, Dublin, was founded; and although it nearly perished in the first decade of its existence, it weathered the fierce gales to which it was exposed, and is now one of the most important educational institutions in Europe. Up to the year 1616 (inclusive), 109 persons proceeded to degrees in the new university, but only one of them graduated in medicine. In Bishop Bedell's statutes for the University, framed in 1628, it is enacted that one of the Fellows shall be a Professor of PUBLIC rilYSICIANS AND APOTHECARIES. Physic, and shall deliver lectures in that faculty. This statute was confirmed by Charles I. The Medical Fellows were, as a rule, incompetent to act as Professors of Physic. In 1598 mention is made in the College Register of a grant of £40 yearly for a " physician's pay." In this way it is conjectured the Regius Professorship originated; but it is more likely that the grant was made to the College, not for educational purposes, but in order that it might supply a physician for the use of the troops and other residents in the city. The grant is termed " concordatum." A concordatum of twenty shillings and one day's pay from every soldier in garrison was granted by Lord Deputy Sydney, in 1566, to Thomas Smith, apothecary, to encourage him to remain in Dublin, to act as apothecary, and to supply " fresshe and newe druggs and other Apothecarye Wares in plentifull manner to the nedefull and good helpe of suche of the Englishe byrthe in this realme resident, and of the nobilitie and others of the graver and civylier sorte of this realme." In 1580 the Corpo- ration of Dublin granted a yearly stipend of £10 to Dr. Nicholas Hykie to induce him to make their city his abode. This, no doubt, was the origin of the office of City Surgeon. William Leake, of 20 Stephens-green, who died in 1823, was the last person to hold that office. On the 10th November, 1626, the Corporation of Cork invited Mr. Patrick Meade, fz * John, Doctor of Physick, to practise in Cork. He was to receive £10 a year, rent for a house. He was invited not only for his skill, but also on account of his " family descent, being a child born of this citie." It was hoped that he would " minister the poor physicke, out of charitable disposition, gratis." By a curious coincidence, in the same year the neigh- bouring Corporation of Youghal permitted "Thomas Adams, Gent,, Practitioner in the Faculty of Physicke," to keep an apothecary's shop in their town, first, because " he married a Free- man's wife " (widow, rather, let us trust); and, secondly, because there was no apothecary in the town. In 1654 a Fraternity of Physicians was established in Trinity * Son of John Meade. Hall, a building belonging to the Dublin University, situated behind the south side of Dame-street. It lasted only until 1667, when it was reorganised into the " Colledge of Physitians in Dublin," at Trinity Hall, by a charter of Charles II. This College must be regarded as a dependency of the University, as the Board of Trinity College appointed the President, and in other ways the institu- tions were connected. The College of Physicians were, however, endowed with powers analogous to those of the London College of Physicians—no person could practise physic in or within seven miles of Dublin without their permission. In 1692 the College surrendered their charter, and were reincor- porated by William and Mary under the title of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Practice in the city and neighbourhood was restricted to the Fellows and Licentiates. In the rest of Ireland only graduates of Dublin, Oxford, and Cambridge could practise physic, in addition to those licensed by the College of Physicians. The College were entrusted with the supervision of apothecaries, druggists, and midwives. Apothecaries were required to have their apprentices tested as to their knowledge of Latin by the College. They had power to enter forcibly into houses where it was sus- pected adulterated drugs were kept, and to seize upon them. Power to examine witnesses upon oath, and to fine and imprison offenders, was given to them. It was also ordained that the College should be entitled to receive annually the bodies of six executed male- factors for " anatomies," so that they might have " further and better knowledge, instruction, and experience in the faculty and science of physic and surgery." From this we must infer that the Fellows and Licentiates might, if they choose, legally practise surgery, notwithstanding the privileges of the Barber-Chirurgeon's Company. In relation to this point it is noteworthy that in an Act of Parliament passed in 1743 a Professorship of " Surgery and Midwifery" was constituted in connexion with the College of Physicians. It is evident that there were very few opportunities of studying anatomy in Ireland up to the middle of the last century. The .1 instruction in the Medical School of the University appears to have been confined chiefly to professorial demonstrations. There was very little dissecting-room work such as we now have. One of the statutes of the University, framed by Sir William Temple, provided that every candidate for a medical degree must have been present at the dissection of three bodies. It is probable that these so-called dissections were often little more elaborate than an exten- sive post-mortem examination for pathological purposes. That the College of Physicians occasionally claimed the bodies of executed persons is shown by some records referred to in Dr. Belcher's work on the College. An account-book, beginning in 1672, mentions the items of expenditure incurred in connexion with the dissection of a body. The total is £2 4s. 10d., of which 9s. was given to the " souldiers who watched," and 3s. to " the said souldiers in drinke." Some years later Molyneux describes the dissection of a malefactor, and the conversion of his osseous remains into a " skeleton." He says that the dissection lasted for a week, and that the chirurgeons and physicians present at it " spoke at random as the pax*ts pre- sented themselves." About this time Mullen, already referred to, carried on his anatomical studies, more, apparently, as an original inquirer than a mere learner of anatomy. Early in the eighteenth century there were several physicians practising in Dublin who had studied in Leyden, Montpelier, and other continental medical schools, where they had the opportunities of acquiring a knowledge of practical anatomy. There were sur- geons, too, who had been educated abroad, especially in Paris. Those persons were capable of teaching anatomy, and no doubt they did so in private. The Company of Barber-Surgeons do not seem to have instituted any systematic courses of lectures on anatomy or surgery. The London fraternity, from an early period, made some show of educational zeal. Early in the seventeenth century Dr. Gwvn delivered before them systematic courses of lectures on anatomy and surgery. In 1634 Dr. Alexander Bead commenced to lecture before the Company, and continued to do so for many years. His lectures were published in a collected form in 1750, and we learn STEALING BODIES FOR DISSECTION. from them that by a law of the Barber-Surgeons' Company their lecturer on surgery and anatomy should be a doctor of physic. The Dublin Barber-Chirurgeons' Guild made some pretence to be an examining body, but the education of apprentices they left altogether in the hands of their masters. That many members of the Company never learned the most elementary anatomy is evident from the fact that some of them were quite illiterate, even so late as the close of the seventeenth century. A man unable to write was unlikely to have studied anatomy. About the middle of the eighteenth century there seems to have been some anatomical work going on in Dublin, as the robbery of bodies for dissection purposes were of frequent occurrence. In May, 1732, the gravedigger of St. Andrew's churchyard was committed to prison for having aided in stealing bodies from that cemetery. The following advertisement appeared in Faulkner's Dublin Journal for December, 1742 :— " St. Andrew's Paeish, Dublin, " Dec. list, 1742. " Whereas we are informed that Richard Fox, late gravedigger, with the assistance of several other persons unknown, hath bar- barously, inhumanly, and wickedly opened the grave of a gentleman who was buried in the churchyard of the said parish, and took away his body, to the great grief and trouble of his friends. We therefore, the minister, churchwardens, and parishioners, in vestiy assembled, whereof due notice was given in church on the Lord's clay next preceding the date hereof, are come to the following resolutions :—Resolved—That the said R. F. and his accomplices be prosecuted with the utmost severity of the law. Resolved— That the prosecution be carried on at the expense of the parish. Resolved—That all sums of money laid out and expended by the said churchwardens, or any other person or persons employed by them on such prosecution, be allowed by this parish in the church- Wardens' accounts. Resolved—That, if it be thought convenient to carry on any prosecution against any other person or persons for taking away any other corp or corps out of the church or churchyard of this parish, any time within these six months past, the prosecution shall be carried on, one-half at the expense of the ltev. Dr. Bradford, vicar, the other at the expense of the parish, to which the said D. B. hath agreed. Resolved—That the above resolution be made public. Signed by order.—James Fetherston, Vestry Clerk. " The above R. F. was employed by the sexton of the said parish as gravedigger, and having made his escape from justice, we, the churchwardens, do promise to pay to any person that shall apprehend the said Fox and bring him to justice, £2 5s. 6d. N.B.—The said Fox is blind of one eye, a tall thin young man, wore a blue coat and pewter buttons. " James Lane, ) « Joseph Cope,} Churchwardens. " N.B.—£3 3s. more reward will be given." The following advertisement in the same journal shows that the body-snatchers were at work at the west, as well as the east, end of the city :— " Whereas the family vault of George Murphy was robbed on the 8th of December by one Thomas Owen, the sexton of St. James's Church, Dublin, who most wickedly and feloniously removed the corpse of the late Mrs. Murphy, which it is supposed he sold. This is therefore to give notice that whosoever will apprehend the said Thomas Owen, or give information thereof of the whereabouts of the body of the aforesaid Mrs. Murphy, shall have ten guineas reward paid by Mr. Lowe, churchwarden, or by Mr. Murphy, at his house. " The said Owen is above the middle height, with red hair, and wore black coat and breeches." In 1754, George Hendrick, alias " Crazy Crow," was fined and imprisoned for having stolen corpses from St. Andrew's grave- yard (Gilbert's " History of Dublin," Vol. II., p. 13). Probably about this time dissections were almost as infrequent in England as they were in Ireland. The foundation of an incomplete medical school in Dublin is due to Sir Patrick Dun. He was born, in 1642, in Aberdeen, and settled in Ireland, where he attained to the positions of Physi- cian to the Lord Lieutenant, Physician-General to the Forces, and President of the College of Physicians. He bequeathed pro- perty to make provision for " one or two Professors of Physick to read publick Lectures and make publick Anatomical dissections of the several parts of human Body's or Body's of other animals, to read Lectures of Osteology, Bandages, and operations of Chirur- gery, to read Botanic Lectures, Demonstrate Plants publickly, and to read public Lectures on Materia Medica, for the Instruction of Studients of Physick, Surgery, and Phai'macy." The deed of bequest was executed on the 18th of June, 1704, and he died on the 24th of May, 1713. In 1715 a royal charter was obtained incorporating a King's Professorship of Physic in the city of Dublin. Some law proceedings had subsequently to be taken in reference to the property left by Dun. They terminated in 1740, and the bequest was finally determined in accordance with his desire. In 1743 an Act of Parliament was obtained by which two additional professorships were created—namely, " Chirurgery and Midwifery" and "Pharmacy and Materia Medica." The emolu- ments hitherto allocated to the Chair of Physic were, after the death or resignation of its then occupant, to be divided amongst the three professors. It is said that Haller, Albinus, and Van Swietman were willing to compete for Dun's endowment if it had not been subdivided. Had any one of these great men been induced to make Dublin his home the Medical School might in the last century have become a rival to Edinburgh and Leyden. The lectures given by the three professors were in Latin, and they do not seem to have been of much utility. The " School of Physic," if it may be properly so termed, was reorganised by an Act of Parliament (25 Geo. III., c. 42), and in March, 1786, three professorships were filled up—Institutes of Medicine, instead of Chirurgery and Midwifery; Practice of Medicine, and Materia Medica and Pharmacy. The same Act converted the University lectureships of Anatomy and Chirurgery, Chemistry and Botany, into professorships. In 1800 the School of Physic Act incor- porated the Physic School of the College of Physicians with the Medical School of the University, under the joint control of the two bodies. In 1711 the first anatomical hall and chemical laboratory were established* in Trinity College, close to the Library : anatomy was taught in this building for nearly a century and a quarter. The illustration showing these buildings is copied and greatly enlarged from a rare engraving intended to show the College Library, and kindly lent for the purpose by Mr. Thomas French, the obliging assistant librarian of Trinity College. Kobert Hoyle was the first anatomical lecturer in Trinity Col- lege. He was succeeded by Bryan Robinson, an eminent physician, but he was in turn displaced by Hoyle. The latter was succeeded by Francis Madden, Thomas Foreside (a physician), Robert Robinson, M.D., George Cleghorn, James Cleghorn, and William Hartigan. During the professorship of the last-named the com- plete amalgamation of the Physic and Medical Schools took place. The unionf between the School of the Physicians' College and that of Trinity College brought these institutions into connexion for the second time in their history. In 1695 the College of Physicians decided to admit to their fellowship only Doctors of Physic of the University of Dublin, and the College acted as a board of examiners for the medical degrees granted by the Univer- sity. In 1761 the University constituted their medical lecturers a board of examiners, on account of the refusal of the College to examine Mr. (afterwards Sir) Fielding Ould, a candidate for the degree of Bachelor in Physic, on the ground that, being a man- midwife, he should not be admitted to a medical degree or licence. (See page 27.) G. Cleghorn's teaching of anatomy in Trinity College appears to have been a success. Frederick Jebb, writing in 1770, says:— " Dr. Cleghorn's accuracy and laborious application to anatomical instruction begin to diffuse their influence." Cleghorn's pupils became anatomical teachers not only in Dublin but also in the * Taylor, in his "History of the University," states that the anatomy theatre was built in 1705 and taken down in 1835. It is certain that the first stone of the present medical school in the College-park was laid July 14, 1823. + There always had been a connexion between the Schools of the two Colleges; but the Acts of Parliament above referred to defined the union and made it a permanent one. provinces, if we may judge by the following curious advertisement, which appeared in the " Dublin Journal" for July 28th, 1767 :— " Mr. Maxwell,* Surgeon of the Tyrone Hospital, being solicited by many of his friends to establish in this county an anatomical school for instruction of young gentlemen of the profession, and as he has served his apprenticeship to Mr. Cleghorn, Professor of Anatomy in Trinity College, Dublin, and also attended his anatomi- cal lectures for seven years, willing to render himself as useful to society as his abilities will allow, intends on Monday, 14th Dec, at 2 o'clock, to begin, at his house at Omagh, a course of lectures on anatomy and surgery, with some practical observations in midwifery, on the following terms, viz.:—For attending his lectures on anatomy, three guineas ; dissecting pupils provided with subjects, six guineas ; for attending his lectures in general and the practise of the hospital, and taught to dissect and to perform all the different operations in surgery, twelve guineas per annum. Such pupils as choose to come under Mr. Maxwell's more private tuition may be provided with diet and lodging in his own house at fifteen guineas per annum. To those Mr. Maxwell (considering that in order to make them good surgeons it is absolutely necessary to give them a knowledge in Physick, and as he has attented for many years the Professors of the different branches of Medicine in Trinity College, and also the Practise of Physick for a considerable time at Mercer's Hospital, under Doctor Francis Hutcheson, Professor of Chemistry) therefore intends explaining Boerhaave's Aphorisms, and reading to them a course of lectures on the Practise of Physick. TwO apprentices are wanted." The reference in Gilborne's book, published in 1775, to Halahan's methods of preparing subjects for dissection shows that the teaching of anatomy was not confined altogether to Trinity College. Halahan became subsequently a Professor in the College of Surgeons' School, but he never was connected with Trinity College. Some of the founders of the College of Surgeons, who had not studied either in Trinity College or out of Ireland, were good anatomists, and therefore must have received private instruc- tions in dissections from the surgeons to whom they had served * Probably the Henry Maxwell who, in 1768, was "passed" as candidate for thu surgeoncy of the County Tyrone Infirmary by the County Infirmaries Surgical Board. their apprenticeship. About the time of the foundation of the College of Surgeons the Anatomical Class in Trinity College did not muster a score. In 1797 only one person graduated in Medicine in Dublin University. These facts, and the prevalence of robbing the graves towards the close of the century, prove apparently that private dissections were extensively carried on in Dublin about that time. Reference has already been made to the licensing powers of the College of Physicians. With respect to physicians, the College granted licences to practise midwifery; but in 1753 they ordained that no one practising midwifery should be examined for the licence to practise physic. Only one woman (" Mistress Cormack ") received (1696) the midwifery licence—indeed very few persons in the last century received it. The College never granted a diploma to practise surgery, nor do they seem to have complied with the request of the barber-surgeons to act as a Chirurgical Exami- nation Board. The medical degrees of Dublin University did not enable the holders thereof to practise legally in the city and suburbs of Dublin, on account of the exclusive privileges conferred upon the College of Physicians, but they were entitled to admission without examination to the College. In the other parts of Ireland they enjoyed the right to practise. In England and Scotland it had been held that University degrees in Medicine conferred no right to practise—neither do they in Germany at the present time. In 1610 Dr. Bonham, Doctor of Physic of Cambridge University, was imprisoned by the London College of Physicians for practising in London without their licence. The bishops in Ireland possessed the power of granting licences to practise physic, surgery, and midwifery, enjoyed by the bishops in other countries; they do not seem to have used it much. Mr. J. T. Gilbert, the historian, has in his possession a quarto manu- script, which formerly belonged to the Diocese of Down and Connor, and is entitled " A Book of Presedents for the Eccle- siastical Court. Fran. Wotton, Registrarius." It contains the following:— " Licentia Concessa A : B: ad ■practiiand. Artem Chirurgicam. " To all xrian. people to whome these pnts. shall come: R. by ye Grace of God: B. of L : Sendeth Greeting in ye Lord God Ever- lasting: Whereas for avoycling of any accident dayly happening to many of his Maties. loveing Subjects by the unskilf ull practizers of Surgerie It was prvidently provided by speciall Acte of Parlia- ment made for the reformation thereof In the third yeare of the Raigne of our Late Soveraign Lord of famous memory King Henry the Eight That it should not be Lawful for any persons within this Realme of England to use or exercise the Science or facultie of Surgerie Except he were first Examined approved & admitted According to the Tenor of the said Statute. Know yee therefore that wee the said Reverend ffather having received sufficient testimonie from R: W: C: L: ye Masters or govnors. of the misterie & comonality of Barbers and Surgeons within the City of London incorporated by ye Due examinacion of A: B : of the parish of St. Sepulcher's wtout New gate London a free Brother of the said misterie heretofore approved and admitted to use and exercise ye said Facultie And examined the said A: B : concerning his sufficiencie therein, Doe now by these presents approve the said A: B: to be an able & sufficient Surgeon & he being first solemnly sworne before Sr. E. S. Kt. Doctor of Lawes our Chancellor to ye Supremacie of the Kings most excellent Matie. Wee doe by these presents admitt him the said A: B: to use and exercise the said Misterie of Surgerie Soe farr forth as by the Lawes & Statutes of this Realme of England, wee may lawfully admitt him thereto. In witness whereof we have caused the hand and seale of our office to be sett unto these presents dated ye " This document is in the handwriting of the period of Charles II. and is supposed to have been copied from an English Registry as a precedent. Similar forms of licences for physicians and midwives are contained in the manuscript, but in the handwriting of the time of James I. The Surgeon-General gave a certificate, or testimonial, to persons whom he considered to be competent to act as surgeons. There are no records to show to what extent those certificates were issued, or the nature of the examination to which the candidates for them were subjected. It seems likely that they were in the first instance granted to persons who were candidates for Army Surgeoncies. As the Surgeon-General was also a civil practitioner, he seems to have granted certificates to persons in civil practice. This qualifi- cation was the only one which Bartholomew Mosse, the founder of the Dublin Lying-in Hospital, possessed. The first Chirurgeon-General was James Fountaine. He was appointed under the Privy Seal, at Whitehall, and his patent is dated in Dublin, 5th April, 1661. His fee was ten shillings a day as Chirurgeon-General, and four shillings as Chirurgeon to the Military Hospital, Dublin. John Atkins was appointed Chirurgeon-General under the Privy Seal, 5th August, 1676, and his patent is dated 29th August of the same year. Unless the patent was ante-dated, these dates would show that the communications between London and Dublin were occasionally more rapid than is generally believed to have been the case. On the 28th February, 1679, Charles Thompson was appointed Chirurgeon-General. His patent, dated 21st June, 1680, was revoked, and a new one issued, dated 11th March, 1684, constitut- ing him and James Fountaine joint Chirurgeon-Generals. After the abdication of James II., Robert White was created Chirurgeon-General by a patent, dated 29th June, 1689. He died in 1699, and was succeeded by Thomas Proby, whose patent bears date 21st August, 1699. Proby enjoyed a large practice and accu- mulated a considerable fortune; he was the ancestor of the Earls of Carysfort, in the County of Wicklow. On the 9th May, 1728, Proby and J ohn Nicholls were ci*eated by patent joint Chirurgeon-Generals; and on Proby's death, Nicholls became (in 1730) sole Chirurgeon-General, and retained that posi- tion for thirty-six years. On his death, he was succeeded by William Ruxton, whose patent is dated 26th February, 1767. Ruxton lived in Hoey's-court, which opened into Cole's-alley, a steep lane leading from Castle-street to Ship-street, and which, in 1805, was converted into the " Castle Steps." In Cole's-alley, close to the Chirurgeon-Generals house, the Barber-Surgeons' Guild were wont to regale themselves in the " Royal Chop House." On the 7th January, 1784, shortly after Ruxton's death, Archibald Richardson, State Surgeon, of Stafford-street, was appointed Chirurgeon-General. His patent is dated 13th January, and his fee was fixed at 6s. 8d. per day. He died in 1787, and was succeeded, on the 10th March, by George Stewart, whose patent was made out five days later. His remuneration was fixed at 6s. 8d. per day. On the 12th June, 1819, Philip Crampton was appointed under the title of Surgeon-General, vice Stewart, deceased; and the patent issued to him, dated 19th June, specifies his fee to be 19s. a day. He was the last of the Surgeon-Generals. A Dutchman named Arnold Boate (see page 7) styled himself Physician-General to the Army, about 1650, but his name does not appear in the patent rolls. William Currer, M.D., an English physician, was appointed, under the Privy Seal, Physician-General to the Army, on the 3rd July, 1660, and letters patent were issued to him on the 26th June, 1663. He seems to have received no remuneration for his services before his patent was granted; for in that document he is authorised to receive a fee of 10s. a day, to run from 3rd July, 1660. On the death of Currer he was succeeded by Daniel de Maziers des Fountaines, M.D. The appointment was made at Whitehall, 5th February, 1668, and his patent, enrolled in Dublin, bears date May 15th, 1669. The office of Physician-General, which was in abeyance for a few years, was conferred on Sir Patrick Dun, who had acted as Physician to the Army in 1688. He was appointed at Whitehall, on the 12th October, 1705, and his patent, enrolled in Dublin, was dated on the 17th November, 1705. On the 24th May, 1713, John Friend, M.D., was appointed Physician-General, vice Sir P. Dun, deceased. His patent was dated 16th July, and his fee fixed at 10s. per day. He was removed from his office and John Campbell, M.D., appointed in his place, on the 14th February, 1714. Campbell's patent was dated on the 16th July. Thomas Molyneux, M.D. (afterwards made a baronet, see page 11), was appointed Physician-General, on the 1st of May, 1718, and his patent was dated 16th Jnne in the same year. Molyneux had a very lucrative practice. In 1711 he built a fine residence in Peter-street, which subsequently became the Molyneux Asylum for the Female Blind (an institution which Molyneux founded), and is now the " Albert Church and Molyneux Eetreat for Aged Females." In 1725 Molyneux resigned his office, and he was succeeded by Upton Peacock, M.D., whose patent bears date 10th February, 1725, and who remained in office until his death. By patent, dated 18th April, 1745, Edward Barry, M.D., was appointed Physician-General; and, on March 17th, 1749, his son, Nathaniel, was associated with him in the office. On the death of his father, in 1776, the younger Barry continued in office until his death, which occurred in 1785. On the 17th March, 1785, Charles William Quin, M.D., was appointed Physician-General, and his patent was made out four days later. On the 30th January, 1794, William Harvey, M.D., was associated with Quin—patent dated 12th February, 1794; both died in 1819, and were succeeded by Robert Percival, M.D. His appointment was made on the 18th March, and his patent was dated 5th April, 1819. Percival was a distinguished man; for many years he held the office of Professor of Chemistry in the University, and in 1799 was President of the College of Physicians. His literary attainments were of a high order. Major Robert Percival Maxwell, D.L., of Groomsport, Donaghadee, is Dr. Percival's grandson. The last Physician-General was George Cheyne, M.D., Professor of Medicine to the Royal College of Surgeons. He was appointed in October, 1820 (vice Percival, resigned), and held the office until 1833, when it became extinct. The pay of the Physician-General varied considerably from time to time. For a long period it was £1 per diem. The two Barrys had each £365 a year, though the elder was for many years an absentee from Ireland; and on the death of the elder, the survivor enjoyed both salaries until his death. When the Irish Army Medical Board was constituted in 1795, the two THE STATE PHYSICIAN. Physician-Generals and the Surgeon-General were each allowed 10s. a day, as members of the Board. Arnold Boate, already referred to, styled himself Doctor of Physick to the State, but he does not seem to have had a patent for that office. In July, 1715, Sir Thomas Molyneux, Bart., was appointed Physician to the State, or State Physician. His salary was £66 13s. 4d. He resigned the office, and was succeeded, in 1730, by Henry Cope, M.D. He also resigned, and was succeeded by Kobert Robinson, M.D., whose patent was dated 19th February, 1742. His fee, which was greater than his predecessor's, amounted to £200 a year, " during His Majesty's pleasure." His patent was renewed on the 25th March, 1761, by George III. On Robinson's resignation, Robert Emmet, M.D., F.R.S., was appointed in his stead, on 28th February, 1770, and his patent was dated on the 25th of the month following. The salary was continued at £200. On the 12th April, 1783, Thomas Addis Emmet was associated with Robert Emmet. Dr. Robert Emmet was father of the brilliant and unfortunate Robert Emmet, the United Irishman, who was executed on the 20th September, 1803, in Thomas-street. T. A. Emmet was the son of Dr. R. Emmet. He was a man of considerable ability. In 1781, at the age of seventeen, he won a scholarship in Trinity College; and he graduated, with distinction, in medicine, in the University of Edinburgh. In 1788 he abandoned medicine, and in 1790 became a member of the Irish Bar. He joined the United Irishmen, and, alter suffering nearly three years' imprisonment, eventually was permitted to expatriate himself. He died in the United States, in 1827. A patent, dated 18th May, 1788, constituted Robert Emmet, M.D., and Stephen Dickson, M.D., joint State Physicians; each received a salary of £200. On the 6th May, 1797, James Cleghorn, M.D., replaced Dickson. The patent of Emmet and Dickson was dated 13th May. On the 8th May, 1803, Alexander Jackson, M.D., succeeded Emmet, and on 17th December a patent consti- tuted Cleghorn and Jackson joint State Physicians, at a combined salary of £365. Cleghorn died in 1826, and Jackson remained sole State Physician until his death, in 1835. With him the office became extinct. The office of State Chirurgeon, or Surgeon, was created by- patent, on 1st July, 1774, and was first filled by Archibald Richardson, who resided in Stafford-street. The salary was fixed at £131 13s. 4d. In 1784 George Stewart succeeded Richardson, who became Chirurgeon-General; and in 1787, Stewart having become Chirurgeon-General, John Neill, or Neile, of Dominick- street, succeeded him. In 1791 Gustavus Hume and Clement Archer were appointed joint State Surgeons. Archer being dead, and Hume having resigned, Gerard Macklin was appointed State Surgeon, on the 22nd October, 1806; with him the office expired, in name at least. In October, 1831, a Select Committee of the House of Commons recommended the reduction of the salaries of the State Physician and Surgeon to £100 each; and another Select Committee, in July, 1834, recommended the abolition of the office of State Physician, but made no reference to that of State Surgeon. On Macklin's death, in 1848, the salary of £100, which it was proposed should in future be paid to the State Surgeon, was transferred to the office of Surgeon to the Household of the Lord Lieutenant, held by Dr. George W. Hatchell since 1838, and the salary con- nected with which was paid by the Lord Lieutenant. Dr. Hatchell having resigned the office, on becoming, in 1857, Physi- cian-in-Ordinary to the Lord Lieutenant, he was succeeded by the late Dr. James Stannus Hughes, who died in 1884. The present Surgeon to the Household is Dr. Thomas Nedley, celebrated for his wit and his vocal powers ; he may be regarded as the State Surgeon, under a new name, appointed by letter, but not by letters patent. The first State Dentist was Robert Blake, M.D., appointed in 1821. In 1822 Isaac Ryal, a retired Naval Surgeon, was created State Oculist. He died in 1827, and the office remained in abeyance until 1880, when Dr. Archibald Hamilton Jacob, F.R.C.S., was appointed Oculist to the Lord Lieutenant, Earl Cowper; under the regime of his successor, Earl Spencer, the office remained in abeyance. His Excellency the Earl of Carnarvon appointed Dr. Jacob his Oculist, in July, 1885. Br. Charles Fitzgerald is Oculist to the Queen in Ireland. The office of State Apothecary was instituted in 1784, and was first filled by Henry Hunt, of Mary-street. In 1829 P. Simon, M.D., was installed in the office of State Cupper, but held it only until 1833. The Lord Lieutenants, in former times, generally had their private medical attendants, one of whom, at one time, occupied the position of " gentleman-at-large." In 1833 the Marquis of Wellesley had a Physician-in-Ordinary, Sir Joseph de Courcy Laffan, and a " Physician-Extraordinary," namely, James E. Anderson, M.D. The first " Surgeon-in- Ordinary" was John F. Purcell, M.D. (1838). Sir James Murray, M.D., and Dr. (afterwards Sir) Francis William Smith, M.D., were, in 1835, Physicians-in-Ordinary to Lord Mulgrave, after- wards the Marquis of Normanby. James O'Beirne was the first Surgeon-in-Ordinary in Ireland, and Sir Philip Cramp ton the first Surgeon-Extraordinary, to the King, in Ireland. It is curious that for many years the state officers of George III. included an "Anatomist." Mr. St. Andre discharged the duties of that office, whatever they may have been, for many years. In connexion with the fact of there being an Official Anatomist in the Court of George III., it is interesting to note that the king's son, afterwards George IV., was very fond of anatomy. When a youth he and one of his brothers studied the science under John Hunter (vide Life of Sir Astley Cooper, Vol. II., p. 355). Few know that magnificent anatomical drawings by Leonardo da Vinci are preserved in the Eoyal Library in Windsor Castle. The first purely surgical examining board in Ireland was created under the provisions of an Act of the Irish Parliament, passed in 1765, establishing county infirmaries for the reception of poor persons suffering from non-infectious diseases, or diseases requiring surgical treatment. The Act provided that no surgeon should be appointed to a county infirmary unless he had been examined and certified to be competent by a board of surgeons. The board con- sisted of the Surgeon-General and the sm-geons to Steevens' and Mercers Hospitals for the time being. Their first meeting was held at the " Musick Hall," Fishamble-street, on the 1st August, 1766, the Surgeon-General (Nicholls) in the chair. The following members attended:—Messrs. Whiteway, Croker, Foreside, and Woodroffe, from Steevens' Hospital; and Messrs. Daunt, Gibbon, Shewbridge, Whittingham, and Hume, from Mercer's Hospital. They decided to advertise in the newspapers their readiness to examine candidates. On Friday, 15th August, the board resolved to examine in the following subjects:—Anatomy, including oste- ology, myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology; surgery, including wounds, fractures, and dislocations, tumours and ulcers, operations of the head, operations of the trunk, operations of the extremities ; chirurgical pharmacy. The fee for examination was fixed at £1 2s. 9d., to pay for the expenses of meetings, &c. (the examiners were not paid). The diploma issued by the board was a neat document, printed from a copper plate. The board, in accordance with the convivial usages of the period, dined together upon their second meeting, and upon many subsequent occasions. On September 1st the first candidates were examined—namely, George Pope, for the Carlow Infirmary; Peter Concanon, for Louth; F. K. Gervais, for Armagh ; Wm. Cleapem, for Meath ; Robert Travers, for Roscommon; Wm. West, for Wicklow; and Ebenezer Jacob, for Wexford Infirmary. The board granted certificates to all the candidates, " it appearing that they had severally served an apprenticeship of five years to a surgeon, and were in all respects Quallified." The meetings of the board were, after the first one, held at Mercer's Hospital. Nicholls never attended any of them, save the first; but he did not long survive after the establishment of the board. His successor, Ruxton, occasionally attended. On April 16, 1791, the board passed a resolution in favour of transferring their powers to the College of Surgeons. On the 9th June, 1795, the fee for examining a candidate was raised to five guineas. The board met for the last time on 8th March, 1796, on which occasion they passed Mr. Robert Young Armstrong, candidate for the Oavan Infirmary. No fee was charged to him, because he was a licentiate of the College of Surgeons. It is interesting to know that twelve years after the foundation of the Royal College of Surgeons persons were elected surgeons to the county infirmaries who were not members of any surgical corporation. The Act of Parliament, 36th Geo. III. c. 9, enacted that only those who held the letters testimonial of the Irish College of Surgeons were eligible to hold the office of surgeon to a county infirmary; and this exclusive privilege granted to the College was confirmed by Acts passed in the 54th Geo. III. c. 20 (1814), and 3rd & 4th William IV. (1833), and 6th & 7th William IV. (Grand Jury Act). For the greater part of a century an indispensable qualification for holding the office of surgeon to a county infirmary was the possession of the letters testimonial of the Irish College of Surgeons : at present any qualified surgeon can hold these appointments. Notwithstanding the formidable curriculum adopted by the Board they were evidently very lenient during at least the earlier years of their existence; if they were not, then the opportunity for studying anatomy must have been much greater in Dublin in the years 1760-90 than is generally believed. On one point the board were most particular—that was as to the regularity of the candidates' indentures. Twice they refused to examine Mr. Per- cival Banks on the ground that his apprenticeship was irregular; ultimately, but only upon the ground that he had been pronounced competent by the College of Surgeons, they gave him a qualified certificate. In 1766 they passed 19 candidates and rejected 3, because they had served less than five years as apprentices. In the following year 19 were passed, 3 were rejected on the defective indentures ground, and 2 were found to be defective in their surgical knowledge. In 1768, 4 were passed, and one rejected on account of imperfect indentures. No candidate presented him- self in 1769. In 1770, 3 were passed. In 1770-71 no candidates were examined. During the following ten years 23 were passed, and there was no rejection. In 1783-85 no work was done. In 1786, 7 were passed, and one rejected on the ground of imperfect indentures. No one was examined in 1787, and in the following year 2 candidates were rejected on the usual grounds. At the remaining meetings of the board 18 were passed, 3 were rejected on account of insufficient apprenticeship, and only one for insuffi- ciency of knowledge. Thus the Board, during their thirty years' career, rejected only 3 candidates on account of imperfect know- ledge, whilst 13 failed to pass by reason of defective indentures. The total number of candidates passed amounted to 94. In 1796 the board were dissolved, and their duties transferred* to the Royal College of Surgeons. Towards the end of the last century and during the first quarter of the present one very few Irish students graduated in medicine in the University of Dublin. During this period the Edinburgh University degrees became the most sought for, and many sur- geons studied in the school of that University. The following figures show its remarkable progress and the large proportion of Irishmen studying medicine in it. The medical graduates increased from 1 in 1726 to 12 in the year 1750, 22 in 1775, and 50 in 1800. The graduates in the last quai'ter of the last century numbered 800, of whom 237 were Irish, 217 English, 179 Scotch, and 167 colonists and foreigners. At present very few Irishmen take the M.D. degree of Edinburgh, though many apply for the diplomas of the Edinburgh Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. * By 36th Geo. BEL, c. 9, sec. 83, confirmed by 6th & 7th William IV., c. 4, sec. 116. J CHAPTER Y. INCORPORATION OF THE IRISH SURGEONS. It lias already been mentioned that there were always surgeons in Dublin who were not free of the Barber-Chirurgeons' Guild. There were surgeons in the Guild who were dissatisfied with their corporate connexion with the barbers and peruke makers. As early as 1721 the surgeons formed a society which met periodically. On the 29th March, 1780, a number of surgeons constituted them- selves into the " Dublin Society of Surgeons." Their names were as follows:—Wm. Ruxton (Surgeon-General), H. T. Lyster, P. Woodroffe, Francis Foreside, James Sullivan, Wm. Dease, George Stewart, J. Henthorn, F. M'Evoy, John Neale, H. F. Morris, John Harden, S. Croker King, Thomas Edwards, R. S. Obre, Robert Bowes, Clement Archer, A. Winter, and Vernon Lloyd. James Boyton, Peter Reilly, James Mills, Israel Read, Charles Boulger, Michael Keogh, and H. Jebb, subsequently joined the Society. They met in " The Elephant Tavern," Essex-street, at " The King's Arms," Smock-alley, and the other " King's Arms," in Fownes-street, at the " Eagle," Eustace-street, and the Music Hall, Fishamble-street. They dined together quarterly. Their secretary was Mr. Henthorn, who afterwards for a long period, filled the same office in connexion with the College of Surgeons. The Committee of the Society reported, at a meeting held on the 15th June, 1780, that they had come to the following resolutions :— "Resolved—That it appears to this Committee that the profession of Surgery in France, England, and Scotland, previous to the several incorporations of the Surgeons of Paris, London, and Edinburgh, was irreputable, poor, and unimproved. " Resolved—That it is the opinion of this Committee that a Royal Charter, dissolving the preposterous and disgraceful union of the surgeons of Dublin with the barbers, and incorporating them separately and distinctly, upon liberal and scientific pi'inciples, would highly contribute, not only to their own emolument and the advancement of the profession in Ireland, but to the good of society in general by cultivating and diffusing surgical knowledge." As to the second resolution the Society unanimously agreed with their Committee. Shortly afterwards the Society began to collect guinea subscriptions, for the purpose of defraying the expense of procuring a charter. Mr. John Butler, who was appointed agent to take the necessary steps for petitioning for one, was requested to wait upon the Attorney-General and to offer him a fee for the draft of a charter for " incorporating the surgeons of Dublin into a Royal College." The Society do not seem to have held any formal meetings after the 3rd May, 1781; but the members had their petition presented in the following terms :— " TO HIS EXCELLENCY FREDERICK EARL OF CARLISLE, LORD LIEUTENANT GENERAL AND GENERAL GOVERNOR OF IRELAND. " The humble petition of Henry Morris [and 12 others], on behalf of themselves and others the principal surgeons of the city of Dublin, " Sheweth,—That by the royal charter bearing date in the nineteenth year of the reign of her late Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, the surgeons of the city of Dublin were incorporated with the barbers or peruke-makers. " That since the grant of the said charter for uniting the said two professions in one corporation, those practising surgery have, from their sole study of, and constant application to the science of surgery, rendered the profession and practice thereof of great public utility to this Kingdom; and that the barbers or peruke- makers belonging to the said united corporation, are now and for many years have been employed in a business foreign to and independent of the practice of surgery. "That the surgeons, who are now become a numerous and considerable body, find their union with the barbers inconvenient in many respects, and in no degree conducive to the progress of surgical knowledge. " That in the eighteenth year of the reign of his late Majesty, King George II., the surgeons of the City of London, who, from the thirty-second [year of the] reign of King Henry VIII., had been united in one corporation with the barbers, were separated from them, and made a distinct corporation, by means whereof the profession of surgery has been highly cultivated and improved in England. " That your petitioners humbly conceive that a similar regula- tion in this kingdom would be a means of further improving the science of surgery, and of great advantage to the public. "^our petitioners therefore humbly pray your Excellency to recommend to His Majesty, that His Majesty may be graciously pleased to grant his royal letters patent, under the great seal of this kingdom, for dissolving and vacating the union and incorpora- tion of the barbers and surgeons by the said charter of Queen Elizabeth, and for making your petitioners, and such others as may hereafter be elected members, a separate and distinct corpo- ration, by the style and title of ' The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland;' with such powers and authorities, and under such regulations, as are contained in the annexed draft (which is humbly submitted), or in such other manner as to His Majesty in his great wisdom shall seem meet." The petition and draft of proposed charter were submitted, by direction of the Lord Lieutenant, to the Barber-Surgeons Com- pany for their comments thereon. The Company, on the 3rd December, 1781, drew up the following statement in reply to the surgeons' petition:— "to his excellency frederick earl of carlisle, lord lieutenant general and general governor of ireland. " Mat it please your excellency :— " In obedience to your Excellency's order, bearing date the 19th day of November last, whereby your Excellency was graciously pleased to refer to us the annexed petition from Henry Morris, William Ruxton, George Daunt, John Whiteway, Henry Lyster, Robert Bowes, Samuel Croker King, Gustavus Hume, John Neil, Philip Woodroffe, Francis Foreside, William Dease, and James Henthorn, on behalf of themselves and others the principal surgeons of the city of Dublin, together with a draft of a charter hereunto also annexed, and to which they, the said surgeons, in their said petition referred ; and that we should examine the allegations thereof, and report unto your Excellency a true state of the case I together with our opinion thereon, whether there is any or what objection to granting the prayer of the petitioners: " We the Master, Wardens, and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons, &c., or Guild of St. Mary Magdelene, within the city of Dublin, in full Hall assembled, having maturely examined the matters so to us referred, beg leave humbly to submit to your Excellency the following true state of the case, with our opinion thereon, and objections to the granting of the prayer of the petitioners in the full extent which they desire, or dissolving the charter granted to our predecessors in the nineteenth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. " We find that the barbers of the city of Dublin, have been an ancient and loyal corporation, incorporated by royal charter granted to them and their successors for ever, by King Henry VI., in the twenty-fifth year of his reign, and were then considered, reputed, and allowed to be the only persons fit and properly qualified to exercise the art or mystery of chirurgery within the said city of Dublin, the liberties and precincts thereof. " We also find that there afterwards appeared in the said city of Dublin, a society or community of men who took upon themselves to practise or exercise the said art, and assumed the name or appellation of chirurgeons; and that Queen Elizabeth of glorious memory, in the nineteenth year of her reign, upon the joint appli- cation of the then Master and Wardens and fraternity of barbers, and of the said society or community of chirurgeons, was graciously pleased by her royal charter to incorporate them together, and make them one body politic for ever, by the name of ' The Master, Wardens, and Fraternity of Barbers and Chirurgeons, of the Guild of St. Mary Magdalene within the City of Dublin,' with divers extensive and exclusive privileges to them and their suc- cessors. " We find that the said corporation of barbers and chirurgeons was strengthened, enlarged, and flourished after the said union and charter of Queen Elizabeth, and all along cultivated, assisted, and improved each other, until some of the surgeons have of late years thought proper to absent themselves from the community, company, public assemblies, and offices of the said corporation of barbers and chirurgeons ; but several of the said surgeons are still free brothers of the said corporation, and thereby enjoy the several privileges and immunities of citizens of Dublin. " That the Master and Wardens, and each individual of the said corporation, are in duty bound to hand down inviolably to their successors the royal charter so granted to them as aforesaid, without any diminution, violation, surrender, or forfeiture thereof. " We are therefore humbly of opinion, for the reasons aforesaid, that we cannot nor ought we, by any act or concurrence whatso- ever, consent that the prayer of the petitioners should be granted, so as to dissolve, disannul, or make void the said royal charter so granted to our predecessors by the said Queen Elizabeth; and humbly submit to your Excellency that the same cannot be dis- solved or disannulled without our incurring some forfeiture thereof, or surrendering the same; any such forfeiture whereof we, as faithful and loyal Protestant subjects of the best of kings, shall always carefully and dutifully endeavour to avoid. " Permit us at the same time to return to your Excellency our most sincere and unfeigned thanks for your candour and con- descension in referring the said petition to this corporation. " Given under our common seal, at our Hall in Back-lane, this 14th day of December, 1781. " Caleb Hughes, Master. [Seal.~\ Laurence Ball, James Blacklin, " Daniel Bourne, Clerk of Guild." The charter sought for was granted, and is dated 11th February, 1784. The surgeons named in it lived in the central and western parts of the city—the least fashionable but, at that time, mostly very respectable. King lived in 26 Jervis-street, where Todd and Burns' " Monster House " is now situated. Bowes' house was 49, and Costello's 18, in the same street; Whiteway lived close by in 28 Stafford-street; Woodroffe resided in 2 St. Andrew-street; Dease in 42 Usher's-quay ; Neale in 3 Dominick-street; Hume in 3 Suffolk-street; Vance in College-green; Lindsay in 92 Dame- street; Edwards in 7 Great Britain-street; L'Estrange in Eustace- street; Boulger in 85 Exchequer-street; Stewart in 32 Mary- street; M'Evoy in 13, and Obre in 18, Abbey-street; Hartigan in 8 South King-street; Sparrow in 133 Capel-street; Sullivan in 4 Fisher's-lane (there is now hardly a worse purlieu in Dublin); \ Wardens. and Hentliorn in 16 St. Andrew-street. Of the members admitted immediately after the charter was received no fewer than six—Gabriel Clarke, F. Drury, J. Horan, M. Keogh, John O'Berne, and P. 0. Roney—lived in Meath-street, now a very poor locality. At this time many of the members of the College of Physicians resided in such fashionable quarters as Stephen's-green, Harcourt-street, Kildare-street, Granby-row, and Sackville-street. The following is the charter :— ©COrfle the SEfurlr, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, and so forth. To all unto whom these Presents shall come greeting. Whereas we are informed by the humble Petition of Henry Morris, William Ruxton, George Daunt, John Whiteway, Henry Lyster, Robert Bowes, Samuel Croker King, Gustavus Hume, John Neale, Philip Woodroofe, Francis Foreside, William Dease, and James Henthorn, on Behalf of themselves and others, principal Surgeons of the City of Dublin, That the Regulation of the Pro- fession of Surgery is of the utmost Importance to the Publick, and highly necessary to the Welfare of Mankind, and that the Publick sustains great Injury from the Defects in the present System of Surgical Education in our Kingdom of Ireland, and that the regularly educated Surgeons of the City of Dublin, in our Kingdom of Ireland, (who are become a numerous and considerable Body) find themselves incompetent (from the want of a Charter) to establish a liberal and extensive System of Surgical Education in our said Kingdom. And the Petitioners, by their said Petition, having prayed that we would be graciously pleased, by Letters Patent under our Great Seal of our said Kingdom of Ireland, to incorporate the said Petitioners and others hereinafter particularly mentioned. " And we being graciously pleased to approve of the said Institu- tion, and to provide that a due and seasonable Regulation may be made, and that an apt, proper and legal Corporation may be con- stituted and established in our said City of Dublin, of regular able and experienced Practitioners in Surgery, endowed with Powers, Jurisdictions and Privileges, convenient and requisite for the purpose aforesaid. " Our Will and Pleasure therefore is, and We do hereby grant, ordain, constitute and appoint the said Henry Morris, George Daunt, John Whiteway, Henry Lyster, Robert Bowes, Samuel Oroker King, Gustavus Hume, John Neale, Philip Woodroofe, William Dease, and James Henthorn, and such others as shall from time to time be elected in the Manner hereinafter directed, to be for ever a Body politic and corporate, which at all times hereafter shall consist of a President and Commonalty, and shall be called by the Name of The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and by the aforesaid Name they shall have perpetual Succession, and shall and may for ever hereafter implead and be impleaded before all manner of Justices in all Courts, and in all manner of Actions and Suits. And also, that they and their Successors, by the same name, shall be at all times hereafter, for ever, able and capable in Law, to purchase, enjoy and take Lands, Tenements, Rents and Hereditaments, not exceeding the yearly Rent or Value of One Thousand Pounds Sterling; and also Goods and Chattels, and all other Things of what Name, Nature or Quality the same may be; and also to grant, demise, alien, assign and dispose of the said Lands, Tenements, Rents, Hereditaments, Goods and Chattels, and to do and execute all other Things, lawful, necessary and convenient, for the common Profit of the said College; and also that they and their Successors shall and may for ever hereafter have a Common Seal, which shall always be and remain in the Custody of the President of the said College for the Time being; and that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said College, lawfully convened, or the major Part of the Members thereof, for the Time being, to break, alter, change or make void, the said Seal from Time to Time, as to them shall seem requisite and fit. " And further, our Will and Pleasure is, That it shall and may be lawful for the said Corporation, from Time to Time, to elect, chuse and appoint one President, and six Censors, and to elect, chuse and appoint twelve Members of the said College to be the Court of Assistants of the said College; and also to elect such Number of Persons qualified as herein mentioned as they shall think fit, to be of the aforesaid Commonalty. The said President, Censors and twelve Persons, to be continued in the said respective Offices for such Time as is hereinafter set forth. " And further, That it shall and may be lawful for such President for the Time being to appoint, by Deed or Instrument under his Hand and Seal, some Person who shall have obtained such Letters Testimonial as herein mentioned, to be Vice-President of the said College, which Vice-President shall, in the Absence of the President, have all and singular the same Powers and Authorities as the said President would have if personally present. " And further, That it shall and may be lawful to and for the President, or in his Absence the Vice-President, and Censors, or any two of them, with six or more of the said Commonalty of the said College, for the Time being, when and as often as the said President, or in his Absence the Vice-President, shall think fitting to hold Courts and Assemblies, in order to treat and consult about the State and Government of the said College. And that it shall be lawful for the President, or in his Absence, the Vice-President, Censors, and Commonalty, so assembled, or the major Part of them so assembled, to make, ordain, constitute, establish, ratify, confirm, alter, annul, revoke or abrogate, from Time to Time, such By-laws, Ordinances, Rules and Constitutions, as to them shall seem requisite for the Regulation, Government and Advantage of the said Body, so as such By-laws, Rules and Constitutions be agree- able to the Laws and Statutes of our Realm, and be communicated to the Members of the said College at large, lawfully convened by Summonses, and be ratified and confirmed by the Majority of the Members so convened. "And our further Will and Pleasure is, That our said well- beloved Subject Samuel Croker King, be First President of the said College of Surgeons; and that the said Henry Morris, George Daunt, John Whiteway, Henry Lyster, Robert Bowes and Gustavus Hume, be the First six Censors of the said College of Surgeons; and that the said John Neale, Philip Woodroofe, William Dease, James Henthorn and Arthur Winter, Michael Keogh, Archibald Richardson, James Mills, Vernon Lloyd, James Boyton, George Stewart and Ralph Smyth Obre, be the First twelve Assistants, each of them to continue from the Day of the Date of these our Letters Patent, until the first Monday in January One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-five, then next ensuing, and from and after the said Day until some other meet and sufficient Members of the said Corporation be elected and sworn into the said respective Offices of President, Censors and Assistants, if they respectively shall so long live, or be not sooner removed. " And our further Will and Pleasure is, That it shall and may be lawful for the said Censors of the College aforesaid, or any two of them, to give and administer unto the said first President his personal Oath on the Holy Evangelists, well, truly and faithfully to attend and execute the said Office or Place of President of the same College; and also full Power and Authority unto the said first President, after he shall he so sworn, to give and administer to the said Censors, .and to such Vice-Presidents as he shall appoint, and to all and every Person and Persons whomsoever to be constituted by these our Letters Patent, Officers or Members of the said College, his and their like corporal Oath on the Holy Evangelists, well, truly and faithfully to attend and execute his and their several and respective Office or Offices, Place or Places; and that the suc- ceeding President and Presidents, before he or they shall enter on the said Office or Offices respectively, shall take the Oaths hereby appointed to be taken by the President before the next preceding President, or before the next preceding Censors, or any two of them; and the Censors so to be elected as herein-after directed, shall, from Time to Time, before they shall respectively enter on their respective Offices, take such respective Oaths as aforesaid before the President or Vice-President, for the Time being, or before the next preceding President or Vice-President, or any two of the next preceding Censors and the Assistants, so to be elected, as herein-after directed, from Time to Time, shall likewise, before they or any of them enter on their respective Offices, take the Oath hereby appointed to be taken by them, before the President, Vice President, or any of the two Censors, for the Time being; and such Vice-President and Vice-Presidents shall, from Time to Time, before he and they shall enter on his and their Offices, take the Oath hereby appointed to be taken by them, before the Presi- dent for the Time being, which Oath the said President, Vice- President and Censors respectively, or any two of such Censors, are hereby respectively, required and empowered to administer. " And our further "Will and Pleasure is, That the said College lawfully convened may, from Time to Time, elect a Register or Secretary, and elect such other Officer or Officers, Servant or Servants, as to them shall seem necessary for the better regulation of the said College. "And our further Will and Pleasure is, That the President, or any two of the Censors, shall, upon the first Monday of January, in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty- five, and on the first Monday in the Month of January in every succeeding year, between the Hours of Nine and Three of the said Day, or within three Days next ensuing, by regular Summonses convene the Members of the said Collge, at any convenient Place within the City of Dublin. And the said College shall and may, by Ballot, elect, chuse and appoint out of the Members at large of the said College, by the Majority of Votes, one Person to be Presi- dent, and six other Persons to be Censors, for the then succeeding Year; and then and there also in like Manner elect, chuse and appoint out of the Members of the said College twelve Persons, to be of the Court of Assistants for the then succeeding Year. "And our further Will and Pleasure is, That when and so often as the President or any of the Censors or Assistants shall die, resign, or be removed before the Expiration of the Year or other Time for which he shall be elected to serve, then and so often it- shall and may be lawful for the said College, being duly convened by Summonses, to elect a President, Censor or Assistant, as the Case may be, in the Place and Stead of the President, Censor or Assistant so dying, resigning or being removed; and such Person, so elected, shall serve for the Remainder of the Year, or other Time for which the said President, Censor or Assistant so dying, resigning or being removed, was so elected to serve. " And our further Will and Pleasure is, That the Censors of the said College, or any four of them, together with the President, or in his Absence the Vice-President shall, from Time to Time, upon request made to the President, or in his Absence to the Vice- President, or any one of the said Censors, examine every Person who shall have served an Apprenticeship of five Years to any regularly educated Surgeon, and who shall intend to become a Member of said College; and if such President, or in his Absence the Vice-President, and such four Censors, or the Majority of such President or Vice-President, and last mentioned Censors, shall be of Opinion that such Person so examined is duly qualified to practise Surgery, then they, or the Majority of them as afore- said, shall give each Person so examined and qualified as aforesaid, such Certificate or Letters Testimonial of his Qualification to practise under the Common Seal of the said College, as to the said President and last mentioned Censors, or the major Part of them, shall seem reasonable and just—And that the several Persons, so examined and approved of, shall be deemed qualified to be elected Members of the said College, the said President, or in his Absence the Vice-President, and Censors, have first taken the following Oath, that is to say:—/, A. B., do solemnly and sincerely promise and sivear, that J toill, to the best of my Knowledge, Skill and Judgment, without Hatred, Soil-will, Partiality, A ffection, Favour or Fear, justly, equally and faithfully discharge the Trust and execute the Poxoers vested in me by a certain Charter, whereby the Surgeons of the City of Dublin are incorporated by the name of " The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland "—So help me God.—Which Oath is to be administered to the President, or in his Absence to the Vice-President, by the said Censors, or any two of them; and the President is to administer the same Oath to the said Censors ; and they are hereby respectfully authorised and required to administer the same accordingly. " And our further Will and Pleasure is, That in Case any Person examined as aforesaid shall think himself agrieved by the Judgment of the said President, Vice-President, and Censors or Examiners, he may lodge an Appeal from such Judgment of the said President, Vice-President, and Censors or Examiners, to the President and Court of Assistants, who shall be required upon such Appeal to re-examine the Party so complaining, within a reasonable Time; and if, upon such Re-examination, he shall appear duly qualified as aforesaid, then to grant him such Letters Testimonial as afore- said, as to the said President, or in his Absence the Vice-President, and Court of Assistants, or to the major Part of them, shall appear just and reasonable. The said Court of Assistants first taking the said Examiners' Oath directed by this Charter, which Oath the President, or in his Absence the Vice-President, is hereby author- ised and required to administer; and that the said several Persons, so examined and approved of, shall be deemed qualified to practise Surgery and to be elected Members of the said College. " And our further will and pleasure is, That all Persons being Members of the said College shall, for so long a Time as he and they shall exercise and practise the said Profession of Surgery, and no longer, be freed and exempted from the several Offices of Constable, Church-Warden, and all other Parish, Ward, and Leet Offices, and from serving upon any Jury or Inquest in any County, City or Town, in our said Kingdom of Ireland, upon his or their producing Letters Testimonial under the Common Seal of the said College of such his Examination and Approbation. " And lastly, we do declare and ordain, That these our Letters Patent, and every Clause, Sentence and Article herein contained, or the Inrollment thereof in our High Court of Chancery in our said Kingdom of Ireland, shall be in all Things firm, valid, suffi- cient and effectual in the Law unto the said College and their Successors, according to the Purport and Tenor thereof, without any further Grant, License or Toleration from us, our Heirs or Successors, to be procured or obtained. " Provided always, that these our Letters Patent be inrolled in the Rolls Office of the High Court of Chancery in our said Kingdom of Ireland, within six Months next ensuing the Date hereof; otherwise these our Letters Patent to be void and of none Effect, any Thing herein contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. " In Witness whereof, we have caused these our Letters t° be made Patent.—Witness our Lieutenant-General and General Governor of our said Kingdom of Ireland, at Dublin, the eleventh Day of February, in the twenty-fourth Year of our Reign. " Conway. " Inrolled in the Office of the Rolls of his Majesty's High Court of Chancery of Ireland, the ninth Day of March, in the twenty-fourth Year of the Reign of King George the Third, &c, and examined h^ " M. Paterson, Junr. \ Deputy Clerks and and v Keepers of the Francis Perry, ) Rolls." THE COLLEGE UNDER THEIR FIRST CHARTER. The birth of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland fitly took place in the great maternity founded by Surgeon Bartholomew Mosse. On Tuesday, the 2nd of March, 1784, the voice of the College was first heard in the board-room of the Rotunda Hospital. It is interesting to note that the minute of the Board of Governors of the hospital permitting the meetings of the College within the institution is signed by the Lord Lieutenant (the fourth Duke of Rutland), as chairman of the meeting. Samuel Croker-King, president, and the following members were present:— John Whiteway, Robert Bowes, and Gustavus Hume, Censors ; and Michael Keogh, Philip Woodroofe, Arthur Winter, Vernon Lloyd, William Dease, James Boyton, Ralph S. Obre, and James Henthorn, Assistants. Those persons having " sworn " one another into their respective offices, proceeded to consider Mr. Archibald Richardson's (Surgeon-General) letter declining to take an oath or to attend the meetings of the College; whereupon it was resolved to regard his letter as one of resignation. Richardson's name appears in the charter granted to the College. James Mills, who had been named as an assistant in the charter, died before he was sworn in ; and George Daunt, a censor, resigned his office without having been sworn in. The next proceeding was the election of Henthorn as Secretary and Dease as Treasurer for the remainder of the current year. The College then resolved themselves into a "Court of Examiners," and elected the following to be Members of the College:—George Doyal, William Vance, James Sullivan, Francis M Evoy, Clement Archer, William Hartigan, Thomas Edwards, Sir Henry Jebb, Charles Bolger, Isreal Reade, John Hallahan, Richard Rice Gibbon, John Doyle, Alexander Lindsey, Edward Kent, Francis L'Estrange, James Scott, Paul Houston, Patrick Cusack Roney, James Rivers, John Adrien, Christopher Fitzsimon, Gabriel Clarke, Thomas Costello, James Horan, George Renny, Benjamin Wilson, William Leake (City Surgeon), Henry Lennon, Robert Moore Piele, William Whiteway, Henry Lyster, Richard Sparrow, James Farrel, William Swan, Edward Whiteway, Abraham Bolton, John Esmond, George O'Brien, William Lee, Andrew Wilson, John O'Berne, Alexander Graydon, John Forde, Peter Reilly, Henry Greene, John Morton, James Reilly, Frederick Drury, and William Cleapam. On the 8th March they were all sworn in as members, with the exception of Cleapam, who neglected to pay the fees. All the foregoing persons were first granted " Letters Testi- monial," qualifying them to practise surgery before they were elected members. At the present time a candidate may obtain the Fellowship of the College without, in the first place, becoming a Licentiate thereof. The last survivor of the members elected at the first meeting of the College was Robert Moore Peile; he died February 4th, 1858, exactly seventy-four years after the foundation of the College. At the second meeting of the College a " very elegant address" was given by the President, for which he received their thanks. At a meeting of the College, held on the 16th March, 1784, it was decided to advertise in the public journals that the President, Vice-President, and Censors were prepared to examine all regularly- educated surgeons, and to grant to those found competent, Letters Testimonial, qualifying the holders thereof to practise surgery and to be eligible for election as members of the College. On the 8th May a committee of nine were elected to prepare and digest " a code of by-laws " for the advancement of the profession and better regulation of the College. A committee were appointed to make inquiries as to the acquisition of premises suitable for " a Hall for carrying on the business of the College." On the 15th May a select committee, corresponding to what we would now term a standing committee, were elected. On that occasion Mr. Patrick Byrne, of No.-35 College-green, was appointed bookseller and printer to the College. He appears to have subsequently acted as agent also. On Saturday, 10th July, the College met to receive the draft by-laws prepared by the select committee. In this year, and for many subsequent ones, they adopted parliamentary usages. On this occasion they resolved themselves into a " committee of the whole house," and the president vacated the chair. After discus- sing the proposed by-laws, paragraph by paragraph, the president " resumed" the chair, and the vice-president, or other chairman, " reported progress " to him. It was decided to print the report and to discuss it again at a future meeting. The by-laws were discussed and amended at several subsequent meetings, and were finally appi'oved of on the 11th December; they were thirty-nine in number. The more important provisions of those by-laws were as follows:— Each member was to pay one guinea annually towards defraying the expenses of the College and establishing a library. It is less than half a century since this subscription was abolished. Four meetings of the College were to be held yearly, exclusive of the meeting for election of officers. The Court of Examiners were to meet at two o'clock. The members who arrived ten or more minutes late were to be fined five shillings, and those absent, one guinea. The fine was always remitted if the cause of absence was illness or absence from town. Examinations were to be held in the presence of the College, four days after notices to that effect had been issued. The candidates were to be examined on two days in anatomy, physiology, surgery, and surgical pharmacy. The fee for the Letters Testimonial was to be ten guineas, and for membership an additional twenty guineas. Licences in midwifery were to be granted to doctors of physic (who were not members of the College of Physicians) and qualified surgeons who on examination were found to be competent; ten guineas were to be charged for the diploma. The by-law relating to midwifery diplomas was the result of conferences held with the College of Physicians. The first midwifery diploma was granted to Charles Simpson, on the 15th December, 1791. Power to elect honorary members was to be taken. The president, within one month after his election, was to appoint a vice-president. The 15th bye-law enacted :—" That for the better advancement of the profession, it shall be lawful for the College to elect or appoint a Professor or Professors, who shall annually give a regular course or courses of lectures on anatomy, physiology, the practice and operation of surgery and midwifery; and that all apprentices or pupils to the members of the College, whose names shall be duly registered as hereinafter set forth, may attend the said course or courses gratis." Members were to be prohibited from taking apprentices or pupils without having them previously examined by the president, or vice-president, and two of the censors. The pupils or apprentices approved of were to pay five guineas in order to become " registered pupils " of the College. A portion of the fees so obtained was to be devoted towards the maintenance of professorships. Members were to be prohibited from taking a less fee than 200 guineas for an intern apprentice, or 100 for an extern apprentice. He might, however, take an apprentice without any fee. No member was to be permitted to have more than two apprentices without special leave from the College. The members and licentiates were to be prohibited from con- sulting with surgeons, usually resident in Dublin, who were not members of the College. A second conviction of this offence was to render the member liable to expulsion. Any member making a false statement to a magistrate as to the state of any person's health was to be expelled from the College. The members were to be prohibited from accusing each other outside the College of malpractices, and from soliciting votes when candidates for office in the College. The first honorary members of the College were Robert Adair, of London, Benjamin Bell, of Edinburgh, and Richard Houghton, of Dublin. The College worked hard during the first year of their existence, having held no fewer than twenty meetings. They held confer- ences with the College of Physicians in reference to the examina- tion of candidates for diplomas in midwifery; the result is seen in the bye-laws just referred to. The physicians and surgeons of those days were evidently not rigid Sabbatarians, seeing that deputations of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons conferred together on Sunday, the 31st October, 1784. Shortly after their incorporation the members of the College revived the practice of dining together, which had been instituted by the Society of Surgeons ; in November, 1784, the President of the College of Physicians accepted an invitation to dine with them. In this year Mr. Gibbons, a member, charged Mr. Gustavus Hume with being guilty of improper conduct towards himself and Sir Henry Jebb, but on hearing his statement and Hume's reply to it, the College unanimously called upon Gibbons to withdraw his charge. The College commenced business early in their second year by meeting on 3rd January. They presented a piece of plate to the Matron of the Lying-in Hospital, who no doubt made the College comfortable in the great maternity. Nor were the porter and housemaid forgotten; they were each presented with a guinea. On the 8th January Mr. Henthorn was elected Secretary, and continued for many years to discharge the duties of that office. The income of the College up to 3rd January, 1785, amounted to £395 17s. On the 8th January, 1785, the College resolved to request the Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, to present the following peti- tion to the Irish House of Commons:— " To the Right Honble. and Honble. the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses in Parliament assembled. " The Humble Petition of The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, " Sheweth,—That from the defective system of Surgical Education in this Kingdom many Students are annually obliged to resort to other Countries in order to perfect themselves in the Profession of Surgery— " That to remedy this Inconvenience and to promote the Culti- vation of Surgical Knowledge, his Majesty was graciously pleased to grant his Royal Letters Patent bearing date at Dublin the eleventh day of February, one thousand seven hundred and eighty four, constituting your Petitioners a Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland with divers jurisdictions, priviledges, and immunities— " That your Petitioners for want of a Fund to erect an Hall where the various branches of the Profession might be regularly and scientifically taught by Practitioners in Surgery, and where they might be enabled to co-operate with the other Physick Schools in this City, so as to establish a compleat system of Medical Education in this Kingdom, find themselves incompetent to carry his Majesties gracious intentions fully into effect—and they humbly beg leave to represent to this Honble. House that this, now the only Nation in Europe destitute of such an establishment which has been proved by the experience of other Countries to be essentially necessary to the welfare of the People— " Your Petitioners therefore humbly pray this Honble. House, to grant such aid as to them in their wisdom shall seem meet." The first candidate examined for Letters Testimonial was John Birch, who for many years afterwards practised at Roscrea. According to the minute book of the College he was examined on the 12th and 14th August, 1784, but the minute book of the Court of Examiners records that the examination took place on the 13th and 14th of January, 1785 ; the date given in the College minute book is evidently the correct one, as I find Mr. Roche's name in a printed list of the members and licentiates issued in January, 1785. Mr. Solomon Richards was the second candidate who received the Letters Testimonial. Both the College and the Court of Examiners' minute books agree in fixing the dates of his examina- tion on the 17th and 19th February, 1785. On the 2nd May following he was admitted a member. The Court of Examiners consisted of the president and six censors, one of whom was vice-president. At each sitting two of the censors administered an oath to the president, who then admi- nistered a similar oath to the censors. In cases where candi- dates were rejected they had a right of appeal to the " Court of Assistants," who consisted of the president or vice-president and twelve members of the College. If the court were of opinion that the candidate was competent to practise surgery they were em- powered to grant him Letters Testimonial. This right of appeal was not often exercised. The first appeal was made in July, 1791, by John Tomlinson, and proved successful. The examinations were open to the members, licentiates, and registered pupils of the College. The latter appear to have been so highly gratified by the possession of this privilege that, in Feb- ruary, 1785, they presented an address to the College expressing their thanks and their sense of the advantages which they enjoyed by being permitted to listen to tbe examinations. The College, however, on the 7th August, 1786, decided to exclude all save members and honorary members from their examinations. In September Mr. Jordan Roach, of Drogheda, received the letters testimonial. In 1786 only one candidate was examined, so that at this time there was almost no demand for the honours of the College. In 1787 four candidates and in 1788 two candidates received Letters Testimonial. In 1789 there were for the first time more than one candidate examined at a meeting of the court. Three presented themselves, one only of whom was admitted. The successful candidate was Percival Banks, father of Dr. Banks, at present Regius Professor of Medicine and Physician to the Queen. The others were rejected on the ground that they had not been regularly educated as sur- geons; their competency was not otherwise tested. The licen- tiates admitted in this year numbered only two. At a meeting of the court held on October 13th Mr. C. B. Bell, a registered pupil of the College, was examined and rejected. Before the establishment of the Royal College of Surgeons it was Unusual in Ireland for physicians to meet surgeons in consultation. In May, 1785, the College adopted the report of a special com- mittee recommending, in the interest of the public, that the mem- bers of the professions of surgery and physic should reciprocally consult together. Copies of the resolution were forwarded to all the physicians resident in Dublin and to the city magistrates. K The magistrates appear to have expressed approval of this proposal; how the physicians received the intimation is not recorded. At a meeting of the College held on the 7th November Surgeon John Henry submitted the case of a soldier belonging to the 61st Regiment who had died whilst under his treatment. He described the symptoms of the patient's ailment at great length, and detailed the treatment which he had adopted, and wound up with the fol- lowing quaere:—" If the real circumstances of the accident had been known, could any, and what, means have been adopted, or could any, or what, surgical operation have been performed with a prospect of relief to the patient % " The College referred the quaere to the Court of Examiners, who in due course reported that in their opinion no method of treatment or surgical operation could have afforded effectual relief to the sufferer. On the 9th January, 1786, the College directed a committee to prepare a memorial to the House of Commons asking for pecuniary assistance to provide a hall for meeting in and for carrying on the instruction of their pupils in the arts of surgery and anatomy. On the same occasion they resolved to present a piece of plate, of the value of thirty guineas, to their Secretary, Mr. Henthorn. Being in a liberal mood they voted ten guineas to the " Buildings Fund " of the Rotunda Hospital, and two guineas to the servants of that institution. On the 2nd September a committee was directed to seek for suitable premises in which the meetings of the College could be held and their business transacted. The committee were requested to prepare a petition for presentation to the Lord Lieutenant soli- citing a royal grant to " enable the College to build an house for their use." On the 7th May, 1787 a by-law was approved of prohibiting members and licentiates from practising as apothecaries or drug- gists or from keeping a shop in the city or Liberties of Dublin. On the same day it was resolved to arbitrate in any disputed cases relative to fees charged for surgical treatment which might be submitted to the College During this year the College continued to press the Government for pecuniary aid to found a school of surgery. Petitions were addressed to the Eight Hon. John Hely Hutchinson, Secretary of State for Home Affairs (he was also Provost of Trinity College), the Earl of Carhampton, and Lieutenant-General Cunningham, pressing the claims of the College for State aid. The following is the petition which was submitted to Mr. Orde, Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant:— " To the Et. Honble. Thos. Orde, &c, &c. " Sir,—The judicious and comprehensive plan of education you have with so much ability lately submitted to the consideration of Parliament induced the Eoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland to lay before you a detail of their present situation and intentions relative to the establishment of a compleat surgical school in this c ity for the instruction of their youth. " Impressed with a clue sense of gratitude for the polite attention with which you was pleased to honour their application, the College presume to hope that as the welfare of the publick is deeply con- cerned in the speedy accomplishment of their pixrfessional views, they will be included in the final adjustment of a system of such extensive national utility, and that reflects such distinguished credit on the policy and liberality of the proposer, more especially as this is now the only capital in Europe unprovided with a hall for the purpose of anatomical dissections and of giving lectures on the practice of surgery, which experience has shown to be highly conducive to the general safety and interests of the community." On this occasion the College met in the Assembly Eooms, Wil- liam-street, often used as a picture gallery. They passed into the possession of the Corporation and were tised for their assemblies, and are now the courts in which the Lord Mayor and the President of the Court of Conscience dispose of petty cases of debt. On the 22nd June the College met at the house of their Secre- tary, Mr. Henthorn, 16 St. Andrew-street, and continued to assemble there until the 2nd November, 1789; after that date pney met in their own premises in Mercer-street. The College expended in 1787 the sum of £30 16s. 4£d., and the balance in thfc treasurer's hands on the 1st January, 1788, was £136 16s. 4d. In February, 1788, a letter was received from the Earl of Car- hampton regretting that the state of the public finances did not permit of State pecuniary aid being afforded to establish a surgical school. On the 30th October one of the high sheriffs of the city of Dublin addressed to the secretary the following letter:— " Mr. Sheriff Tweedy presents his compliments to Surgeon Henthorn. He waited on him as secretary to the College of Sur- geons of Ireland in order to deliver to him the body of Frederick Lambert for dissection, pursuant to the Act of Parliament. Mr. Tweedy will be thankful for Mr. Henthorn's answer. " 30th October, 1788." To which Mr. Henthorn replied :— " Sir,—I this moment had the honour of receiving your note informing me that you were ready to deliver to me, as Secretary to the Royal College of Surgeons, the body of Frederick Lambert, pursuant to Act of Parliament. " I am to acquaint you that the College regret it is not in their power to comply with the Act by receiving the body, as Govern- ment has not yet enabled them to procure an hall for public dissection. " I have the honour, &c, " J. Henthorn. " October 30th, 1788, " 3 o'clock." This incident was fully availed of in subsequent applications for assistance to found an anatomical school. In 1788 the College income was £65 19s. 6d., and the expendi- ture £26 16s. O^d. Thirty guineas were voted to the Secretary to be by him applied in purchasing a piece of plate for himself ; this was an acknowledgment of his services to the College. On the 28th February, 1789, the College, having first obtained a legal opinion as to their expulsive powers, expelled Mr. Frederick Drury, one of the members. His offence consisted in having given false and corrupt testimony as to the state of a person's health in the case of Eagan against Hardy. THE THEATRE OF ANATOMY, MERCER-STREET. In this year the College were occupied in schemes for founding schools of anatomy and surgery. They succeeded, through the exertions of Mr. Patrick Byrne, their bookseller, in obtaining pre- mises in Mercer-street. On the 3rd day of August, 1789, they authorised the Court of Examiners to affix the College seal to the lease for 999 years by which the premises were acquired at a yearly rent of £26. They consisted of an old house which had been occupied by the charity children of the parish of St. Peter. It stood upon portion of the ground whereon, in the 16th century, the Leper House, or Hospital of St. Stephen existed. The Hospital Church of St. Stephen—a monastic institution—was suppressed in the time of Henry VIII., and converted into a parish church; the graveyard of this church still, to a small extent, exists at the rere of Mercer's Hospital. In process of time the church decayed, and ceased to be used after 1680. The parish was united to St. Peter's Parish. In 1724 a portion of the graveyard was leased by the minister and churchwardens of St. Peter's Parish to Mrs. Mercer, who erected thereon an institution for poor girls. In 1734 the asylum was converted into an hospital, which still exists. It was rebuilt in 1754, and enlarged a few years ago. Early in the cen- tury the hospital acquired the Mercer-street property of the College of Surgeons, and for many years the lecture theatre was used for the purpose of demonstrations in surgery for the instruction of the pupils attending this old and useful institution. Last year the whole of the buildings which formerly were in possession of the College were taken down, and a new wing to the hospital is about to be erected on the site. Whilst clearing away the old buildings the workmen came acros numerous osseous specimens used in the teaching of anatomy in former days. The old building in Mercer-street acquired by the College of Surgeons was dignified by the title of " Tdieatre." It consisted mainly of a large apartment, which contained a few semicircular rows of seats made of pinewood. Lectures were delivered in this theatre, which was also occasionally used as a dis- secting room. There were two or three other smaller apartments, »n which dissections, the preparation of " subjects," &c, were THE PHYSICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY. carried on. That the buildings were of no great value is evident from the fact that they were sold by the College for £300 to the governors of Mercer's Hospital. A small door at the rere of the buildings opened into a narrow passage which led towards Digges- lane. During the 21 years in which the theatre was occupied by the College many hundreds of subjects were, in the quiet hours of the night, brought into it through this back door. The first meeting of the College in their own premises was held on the 4th January, 1790. Thanks were voted to the late Presi- dent, Mr. Dease, and the secretary for the active part which they had taken " in establishing a school for the younger part of the profession," which was described as " an institution so essential to future interests of the profession." On the same occasion a memorial was received from a' number of members and licentiates of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons setting forth their intention of establishing a physico-chirurgical society, and praying the protection of the College and permission to hold their meetings in the theatre, Mercer-street. At the following meeting the per- mission was granted, and for many years this society continued to meet in the Mercer-street buildings. Their collection of books became in process of time the nucleus of the noble library which the College now possesses. Many valuable papers were read before this soeiety, and their meetings were generally attended by the office-bearers of the College. A few weeks after the formation of this society, a large number of pupils and students obtained per- mission to form a class in connection with them, to meet once a week in the theatre, for the purpose of mutual improvement. On the 28th January, the College were specially convened to consider the following communication from a number of apothecaries and druggists anxious to establish an Apothecaries' Hall:— " To E. S. Obre, Esq., President of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland. " SiE,—In consequence of the very flattering attention so politely expressed by your Secretary to our Chairman, we, the Committee appointed by the general meeting of the Apothecaries and Druggists in this City, have the honor of laying before you the Resolutions agreed on by them, for forming an Apothecaries' Hall in Dublin, on an enlarged plan. " Should the sentiments of this very respectable College coincide with these Resolutions, we shall immediately proceed to form the general plan, which we hope will deserve their concurrence and support. " We have the honor to be, &c , " Signed, John Clarke, Chairman. "Resolutions of the Apothecaries and Druggists of this City, unanimously agreed to at a Meeting, holden the 16th day of Jany., 1790 :— " That the establishment of an Apothecaries' Hall in this City would be a great National benefit. " That to make such an Institution permanent and respectable, it is absolutely necessary to take in the aid of every branch of medi- cine. " That physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, druggists and chymists, following their respective professions in this kingdom, be considered eligible to subscribe. "That a copy of these Resolutions be sent to the King and Queen's College of Physicians, and to the Royal College of Sur- geons, to request their concurrence and aid in forming and digesting a plan for this purpose. " Signed, "John Clarke, Chairman." The College, having considered this statement, and received a deputation in reference to it, resolved unanimously—" That, as the said Resolutions appear to us well calculated to serve the public essentially, they deserve our entire concurrence, and shall have our warmest support." The College income in 1789 was £65 8s. 3d. At a meeting held on the 9th February, 1790, it was agreed that a committee of three members should confer Avith a like number of the College of Physicians and the committee of gentle- men who proposed to establish an Apothecaries' Hall. The results of their deliberations ultimately led to the foundation of the Apothe- caries' Hall, in 1792- For sometime after their incorporation, the members of the new Society held their meetings in the Theatre, Mercer-street. On the 9th March, 1790, the Court of Examiners, by direction of the College, presented a petition to the Lord Lieutenant, praying for pecuniary assistance, to enable them to extend their Schools of Surgery and Anatomy, which were quite inadequate to the wants of a rapidly-increasing class of pupils. In reply to this petition, the Lord Lieutenant (the tenth Earl of Westmoreland) promised that he would assist the College by procuring for them a grant of £1,000, " within the space of two or three years." The money was, how- ever, obtained in April, 1791. The grant was expedited, chiefly, through the good offices of Mr. Edward Cooke, Secretary at War, and Mr. Robert Hobart, Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant. Grateful addresses were presented to those gentlemen. Surgeon Renny was indefatigable in pressing upon the Government the claims of the College, and the latter were fully sensible of the value of his services. In 1790 the College purchased from Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, of Castle-market, a house in Digges-lane. The acquisition of this house enabled a passage to be made from the premises in Mercer- street into Digges-lane, one end of which entered Stephen-street, and the other ramified into the notorious Bow-lane. This passage facilitated the conveyance of subjects, in a very private way, into the theatre in Mercer-street. The passage became, in due time, known as Digges-court, or Bramble.'s-court (from the name of a silversmith, whose house abutted upon it) ; the five small cottages in it were removed some years ago, and the entrance to the former court is now the back gate of Mercer's Hospital. On the 25th August, in this year, the famous John Hunter was elected an honorary member. He showed his appreciation of the compliment by presenting to the College copies of his published works. In 1791 the Surgeons to the County Infirmaries were requested to furnish quarterly returns, showing the number of patients received into those institutions, and the general methods of treatment adopted ; the results of this application were altogether unsatis- factory. About this time the College suggested to the Government the desirability of establishing an extensive hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases—a suggestion which almost immediately led to the foundation of the Westmoreland Lock Hospital (the Earl of Westmoreland was Lord Lieutenant at the time), in Townsend- street. The institution was opened on the 20th November, 1792. The first Board of Directors consisted of the Presidents and Vice- Presidents of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, the Physician-General, the Surgeon-General, the State-Physician, the State-Surgeon, the Surgeon to the King's Military Infirmary, the Professor of Surgery to the College of Surgeons, and the two senior Surgeons to the Hospital for the time being. For many years the Hospital staff were elected as follows:—Two Physicians were chosen annually by the College of Physicians, and two senior and four assistant-Surgeons by the College of Surgeons. The Court of Examiners annually balloted for those appointments. This mode of electing the medical staff was suggested to Government by the Physician-General, Dr. C. W. Quin, who at that time resided in Harcourt-street. The income of the College in 1791 amounted to £326 9s. 3d. On the 23rd February, 1792, the College agreed to present the following petition to the Lord Lieutenant :— " To his Excellency John, Earl of Westmoreland, Lord Lieutenant- General and General Governor of Ireland. "The humble petition of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland— " Sheweth—That your Petitioners were incorporated in 1784, by Letters Patent, constituting and appointing them a Body Corporate, with divers jurisdictions, privileges and immunities, for the pur- pose (as expressed in their Charter) of promoting the cultivation of surgical knowledge in this kingdom. " That your Petitioners, considering themselves as pledged to use the best efforts to forward his Majesty's gracious intentions, did immediately establish a Surgical School in Dublin, for the instruc- tion of their youth in anatomy and surgery, and did appoint professors from their own body, who have given regular annual lectures in those sciences. PETITION FOR ASSISTANCE. —LAW PROCEEDINGS. " That such are the beneficial effects which have already flown from the adoption of those measures, that nearly 100 pupils now attend the lectures (besides Surgeons and mates of the army on this establishment, who are admitted gratis), and there are good grounds to believe that their number will annually increase, so as to render this Institution an object of national concern. "That your Petitioners have expended £1,000 in erecting a Surgical Theatre and Dissecting-rooms, which they now find to be too small to accommodate their pupils; and having thereby incurred a considerable debt, under which they at present labour, they are utterly unable to make such additions to their buildings as are become indispensably necessary. "Your Petitioners, therefore, humbly pray that, as a Society engaged in the advancement of a science of much public utility, they may be recommended by your Excellency to his Majesty, for such mark of his royal bounty as may enable your Petitioners to complete the buildings, which are essential for carrying the pur- poses of their Institution into full effect." In 1792 the income of the College was £285 0s. 9±d. On the 5th August the pleasant fiction of presenting a piece of plate to the Secretary, Mr. Henthorn, was again enacted. The £50 voted for the purpose of purchasing plate for the Secretary was in reality a small salary for which good service was rendered. In 1793 the College received a revenue of £396 4s., and expended £362 15s. 9d. In the following year the revenue fell to £228 5s. 9d. In 1795 Mr. Frederick Drury instituted proceedings in the Court of Queen's Bench to compel the College to reinstate him as a member. In order to qualify themselves to give evidence in this case, Messrs. O'Berne, Archer, Richards, Dease, M'Evoy, Kenny, Henthorn, and Obre resigned their membership. They were subse- quently re-elected. Drury's action failed, but the College had to pay £200 in law costs, to recover which they proceeded against Drury. He appealed in abject terms not to press for the costs, which he declared he was unable to pay, but his appeal was rejected. Those law proceedings seem to have had some effect in determining Mr. Hume to resign the office of President which he then held, and he did so on May 4, 1795. Clement Archer, V.P., was elected president on the 9tli May following. The presidential chair has never since been vacated until the expiration of the otficial year, and no President died whilst in office. The College revenue in 1795 amounted to £462 Os. 10|d., and the expenditure to £571 2s. 9d. On July 19th the College declined to co-operate with the College of Physicians in the preparation of a pharmacopoeia, on the ground that their " interference " was " unnecessary." The College income in 1796 amounted to £339 16s. Id., and the expenditure to £307 4s. 10d.; and in 1797 the income was £196 12s. 3d. and the outcome £132 lis. 7^d. About this time the annual fees paid by members were discontinued for a while, as the income from other sources sufficed to meet all wants. On November 14th, 1798, the College had before them the case of one of their members, William Lawless, who it was alleged had " been notoriously engaged in the late rebellion." It was decided to omit his name from the printed list of members. On the 4th February, 1799, Mr. Lawless was expelled. In 1798 the College income was £184 5s. 9d. On the 29th October, 1799, Mr. Jordan Eoche, of Drogheda, was censured for having made a public charge against Sir Henry Jebb, instead of appealing to the College. He was cautioned against a repetition of the offence under penalty of having his Letters Testimonial withdrawn. He appears to have humbly submitted to the censure of the College. On the 11th February, 1800, they presented fifty guineas to their Secretary, Mr. Henthorn, and a like sum in trust for the benefit of the family of a deceased member, Mr. Paul Houston, who was one of the first batch of members admitted in 1784. He resided in 25 Greek-street, now one of the worst purlieus in the city. On the 2nd February, 1801, Mr. Obre,the treasurer, was presented with a piece of plate of the value of fifty guineas. In 1802 a Mr. R. W. Rorke was refused re-examination for Letters Testimonial, on the ground that he had been twice rejected by the Court of Examiners and once by the Court of Appeal. The RE-EXAMINATION OF CANDIDATES. College having asked the advice of counsel (Mr. Saurin and Mr. Plunket, who subsequently became Lord Plunket and attained to eminence as a lawyer and orator), were informed that " the College would not be justified by the former transactions in refusing a new examination, but, as to the repetition of such an examination in case the applicant should be again rejected, it must depend on the exercise of a sound discretion with respect to the probability of any change having taken place in the qualifications of the candidate since such rejection." Subsequently a bye-law was passed providing that no candidate who had been rejected could be re-examined until two years had elapsed from the date of his rejection, and that every such candidate should produce before the Court of Examiners documen- tary evidence of study subsequent to his rejection. It was an error to fix so long an interval as two years between examination and re- examination, as an examiner would certainly hesitate less in rejecting a candidate if he would be eligible for re-examination within a reasonable period. The evidence of further study required was, on the other hand, a wise enactment, which will probably soon be again insisted upon. In 1804 the College directed attention to the unsatisfactory state of the County Infirmaries, which they alleged could only be remedied by bringing those Institutions under the " immediate inspection and control" of the College. In January this year the " Porter and Messenger," Anthony M'Mahon, died, and was succeeded by Neile Lawlor, at a salary of £20 per annum. Now that oaths of office are becoming obsolete, it may create a smile to learn that Lawlor was duly "sworn in " to his office. One of the provisions of the oath perhaps was " secrecy," for in those days the proceedings in the anatomical department were often shrouded in the deepest mystery. The " messages " of Lawlor's predecessor were, no doubt, chiefly in the direction of "Bully's Acre," wherein the bodies of the poor were generally interred. M'Mahon made a substantial addition to his modest salary by doing a large business in the sack-em-up line. In 1800 he received from the Anatomical Professors of the College (Messrs. Halahan and Dease) the sum of £125 2s. Od for subjects. Early in this century the usual price of a subject was £1 2s. 9d., the value of the old golden guinea. In 1804 the revenue was £142 0s. 3d. In this year the friends of the College, but more especially Dr. Renny, were pressing their claims for a liberal grant of money upon the Government. Nor were the latter indisposed to listen to those applications, which were chiefly made in the form of private communication". At that time the country was waging war almost over the whole world. There was an urgent demand for competent surgeons for the navy and army, and the supply was unequal to the demand. Men were appointed surgeons who had only a year's experience as a student, and two or three months' education sufficed to qualify a second or third mate in a ship of war. The Government were not insensible to the deplorable fact that the care of the 6ick and wounded "defenders of their country" was too often entrusted to inex- perienced, imperfectly educated, and often almost illiterate so-called surgeons. Had they not been actuated by such a conviction they certainly would not have been so liberal in procuring grants of money for the Irish College of Surgeons, at a time when the pressure of taxation was severely felt by all classes. The Government wanted skilful surgeons, and they considered that the money voted to the College of Surgeons would be more than repaid to the State in the form of properly educated practitioners, for service in the army and navy. To Dr. Renny belongs the credit of having most persistently advocated the claims of the College for State assistance upon those grounds. 1805 is a memorable year in the history of the College. The revenue which they derived from ordinary sources amounted to £251 6s. Od.; but from an extraordinary source—namely, Parliament, they received £6,000. Business, especially that of their Court of Examiners, had by this time greatly increased, and in order to expedite it the College instituted the office of Assistant Secretary, to which on the 3rd February, 1804, one of their members, Charles llawkcs Todd, was appointed. So soon as it seemed certain that Parliament would supply funds for the purpose of erecting more suitable buildings, it was decided to abandon the Mercer-street site, and on the 22nd July, 1805, an agreement was entered into for the acquisition of a cemetery, at the junction of York-street with St. Stephen's-green, belonging to the Society of Friends, or " Quakers." Mr. Samuel Bewley has kindly permitted me to examine the minute-books of the Society of Friends, from which I learn that, in 1697, they purchased ground in Cork- street for the purpose of providing a new burial-ground. From this entry I infer that the burial-ground in St. Stephen's-green had become crowded before the close of the seventeenth century. I find that the average annual number of burials in it during the seven years previous to its purchase by the College was only three. The sum paid for it was £4,500, of which £36 were recovered by the sale of old materials. The cemetery had a frontage of 100 feet towards St. Stephen's-green and of 250 feet towards York-street, or a superficies of 25,000 feet. Under a penalty of £2,000 the College bound themselves to leave unbroken-up for a century a space 100 feet long and 100 feet wide ; but this stipulation was violated both in 1825 and in 1836, when the buildings were extended. In January, 1836, the Society of Friends considered the propriety of taking law proceedings against the College for the violation of their compact, but they resolved, in the " interests of peace," to take no action in the matter. At the present moment there is very little of the original burial-ground that is not covered with buildings. The side of St. Stephen's-green upon which the new acquisition is situated was known for more than a century as the Frenchman's Walk; it had been a fashionable promenade for the French Huguenots who had settled in Dublin, chiefly in the neighbourhood of St. Stephen's- green. They gave names to Aungier-street, French-street, Digges or Digue's-street, and Mercer, or Mercier-street. The settlement of Huguenot families conferred substantial benefit upon the trade and commerce of Dublin. New industries were introduced by them, and an improved system of banking established. Their churches have ceased to exist; but the cemeteries which they formed in Peter- street and Merrion-row are carefully conserved at the present time. They were a cultured people. In 1732 they formed a Florists' Club, who met periodically at the "Rose" Tavern in Drumcondra-lane (now Dorset-street), gave prizes to their members, and encouraged the introduction and acclimatisation of exotic plants. The sale of birds, rabbits, &c, in St. Patrick's-close and Bride-street is a local institution, originated by the French workmen in the silk and tabinet industries. The celebrated Dr. Fleury belonged to a Huguenot family, as did also Physician-General Fontaine. On the 17th of March, 1806, the foundation-stone of the new buildings was laid, with great ceremony, by the Lord Lieutenant; and in tho same year Parliament granted a sum of £4,500 towards their completion. In this year the income of the College amounted to £593 4s. At a meeting held on the 17th November, Mr. Gerard Macklin, the President, complained that a member of the College of Physi- cians had refused to meet him in consultation, whereupon it was unanimously resolved that such conduct was "injurious to both professions and the public." Macklin at the time was " State Surgeon." In this year the College stated, in answer to an inquiry from the College of Physicians, London, that there was very little quackery in Ireland, and that the encroachment of empirics on the regular practitioners were not so serious as to require legislative interference for their suppression. On the 29th November a petition to Parliament was adopted praying for further pecuniary aid towards the erection of new build- ings ; the result was a further grant of £9,517, which the College received early in 1807. In 1807 it was resolved that every member or Licentiate who took more than two apprentices, should pay for each additional one the sum of 10 guineas, in addition to the usual fee. In this year the College income amounted to £433 16s. 6d. Up to 1807 Parliament had granted £20.017, of which £4,550 had been expended in pur- chasing ground, and the rest on the buildings, law costs, &c. In 1808 it was found necessary to extend the dissecting-room accommodation, and to make other alterations and additions, for which purposes Parliament provided £5,300. In this year Richard Carmichael proposed a plan for the foundation of a ''Cancer Hospital," but the proposal was not carried into effect. The year's revenue was £609 8s. 9d., out of which the College presented £50 (for the ostensible purpose of purchasing a piece of plate) to their Secretary, Mr. Hen thorn. In 1809 £4,550 received from Parliament was expended in purchasing a plot of ground 60 feet in width (fronting St. Stephen's- green) and 250 feet in depth. Two old houses upon it were pulled down. This extension caused the College premises to be bounded on the northern side by Glover's-alley—in ancient times not a very reputable place, as we may infer from its whilom designation, Rapparee-ailey. The extension to Glover's-alley enabled the school officials to bring in subjects by a much more private way than through the gate in York-street. Towards the close of 1809 the new buildings were completed. They consisted of a two-storied edifice, having cut-granite front- ages towards St. Stephen's-green and York-street. The Plate shows the appearance which the building presented in 1810. I shall try to describe its interior. The hall was the apartment which still exists as an inner hall, from which access is had to the present library, the fellows' room, and the registrar's office. On the left side of the hall, on entering from the Green, there was a small room occupied by the professors, and the corresponding apart- ment on the opposite was a waiting or reception room. A room behind that occupied by the professors, and having a window open- ing into York-street, was the secretary's office. Behind this office there was another room, with a window opening into York-street— this was the library. A large room on the second story, with windows opening upon the Green, was devoted to the meetings of the College and their committees, and to the Court of Examiners. This is still the College meeting room. A large room at the rere of the board-room was devoted to museum purposes. The few re- maining rooms on the second story and the underground story were allocated to the resident officers of the College. This disposi- tion of the apartments was not perfected for some years. In the yard, at the rere of the buildings above described, a lecture theatre, a large dissecting-room, a smaller one (for private use), and two porters' lodges, were erected The greater portion of the premises in Mercer-street were retained until 1812 for the use of the pro- fessors of Surgical Pharmacy and Botany, and the rest was offered to the Governors of Mercer's Hospital, at a rent of £3 10s.—the amount paid by the College for their possessions in Digges-court. After prolonged negotiations it was discovered that a portion of the ground occupied by the College was in reality the property of the hospital. Ultimately the premises were sold to the hospital for £300, of which only £200 were actually received. The total amounts of the Parliamentary grants up to the year 1809 was £29,867, but the whole of this sum did not reach the College treasury, having been reduced by various official fees to £29,104 7s. 2d. The architect who designed and superintended the erection of the new buildings was Mr. Edward Parke, of No. 31 William-street. He received for his trouble £1,421 0s. 7d., inclusive of £320 allowed for an architectural clerk. Up to the 4th March, 1810, the net sum received from Parlia- ment, together with £34 14s. 5d. realised by the sale of old materials, amounted to £29,139 Is. 7d.; and the same amount, to the penny, was expended within the same period. The acquisition of ground cost £9,100. In 1811 the Physico-Chirurgical Society adopted, with the sanc- tion of the College, a new rule enabling them to elect, in addition to their official President and Vice-President (the similar office- bearers in the College), a President and Vice-President from their own body. They also passed a law prohibiting the alienation of any portion of their library without the sanction of the College. I have heard an old member of this Society state that their meetings were well attended, and their discussions interesting and instructive. In reply to an inquiry from the National Vaccine Establishment, London, the College expressed an opinion to the following effect:— That the practice of vaccination had increased in Ireland beyond the expectation of its most sanguine supporters ; that no ill effects could be justly ascribed to it; that both surgeons and physicians, appa- rently without exception, approved of it; that the public acknow- L ledged its utility; that inoculation was employed by respectable practitioners only as a means of testing the prophylactic power of vaccination ; and lastly, that vaccination had! decreased the mortality from smallpox. On the 5th August the College reduced from two years to one year the time appointed to elapse between the examination of a can- didate and his re-examination after rejection. On November 4th they resolved not to recognise any hospital which had not at least twenty beds. This resolution arose out of an application from Surgeon Kirby to recognise St. Peter's and St. Bridget's Hospital, in which there were very few beds. On December 4th they adopted a petition to Parliament requesting pecuniary assistance to enable them to increase the accommodation in their schools, rendered necessary by the wants of an increasing number of pupils ; £2,000 were granted. In this year their income amounted to £1,013 Is. 5£d., and in the following year it rose to £1,180 16s. In 1813 a Professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine was instituted, Dr. Cheyne being the first occupant of the chair. The fee for examining a registered pupil was fixed at ten guineas; and it was resolved that candidates for the midwifery diploma should produce evidence of having attended a course of lectures in mid- wifery and a lying-in hospital for at least four months. In this year the question of the propriety of abolishing apprentice- ship as the only portal to the College was raised by Mr. Edward Geoghegan. He gave the following notice of motion, but did not follow it up:—"That it is the opinion of this College that the service of an apprenticeship to the profession of surgery is deroga- tory to the honour and dignity of a learned profession, and injurious to the interests of science and the public." On November 6th the College passed a resolution declaring the salaries of the surgeons to the county infirmaries insufficient. College revenue in 1813, £1,485 Is. 10£d. On February 14th, 1814, it was decided that candidates for admission as registered pupils should be examined in the following books:—Sallust, six books of the JEneid of Virgil, the Satires and Epistles of Horace, the Greek Testament, Murphy's Lucian, and lour books of Homer's Iliad. A generation later the London College of Surgeons still required no classical knowledge on the part of their candidates. In this year the expediency of establishing, under the auspices of the College, an Infirmary for the treatment of diseases of the eye, was entertained. A deputation waited upon the Lord Lieutenant and the Duchess of Dorset, and obtained promises of their patronage and support for the proposed Institution. Ultimately the College decided that they could not with propriety found an hospital in their corporate capacity. In 1814 the revenue amounted to £1,639 12s. 7^d. The frequent occurrence of a halfpenny in the receipts is curious. In 1815 the Medical Society of the University of Dublin appointed the President of the College to be one of their official visitors at their meetings. The revenue in this year amounted to £1,053 5s. 9d. Shortly after the erection of the buildings in St. Stephen's-green Mr. Todd, Assistant Secretary, was assigned apartments in them, receiving some which had been originally intended for other purposes. In 1815 he proposed to vacate his apartments in order that they might be used in connexion with the museum, library, and reading room. The library was formed out of the long room facing York- street, and the room over it was converted into a museum—a small room over the back hall being attached to it as a store room. The two small rooms on the northern side of the hall were con- verted into an office for the secretary, and a waiting and clerk's room. A room over the back parlour, an attic, and the kitchen, were assigned to the housekeeper, who was appointed to take charge of the premises. On the 27th June, 1816, Mr. John Humphries was elected clerk and housekeeper, at a salary of £50 per annum, with an allowance of coals and candles. He was also allowed £20 a year for a hall porter or messenger. For some years before this the College was provided with a " Janitor," whose salary was £30 yearly. Shortly "fter the appointment of the porter, Christopher Dixon, his salary was raised to £30, and he was entitled to receive a fee of 2s. 6d. from each student attending lectures, on presenting the student with his lecture " ticket." Many of the elder and even middle aged members of the College recollect Christopher Dixon, or, as he was familiarly termed, " Kit." So far back as 1805 he was employed as a procurer of subjects for dissections in the College school; and as he was himself an active "resurrectionist," many were his hair-breadth escapes. But he did not always succeed in " snatching " his body; on one occasion he was captured whilst attempting to raise one from a grave in the well-known "happy hunting grounds" of the sack-em-ups—Bully's Acre. A rope was tied round his waist, he was dragged off to the Liffey at Island Bridge, and was repeatedly immersed in the river until he was nearly drowned. On the 4th November, 1816, the College addressed a remonstrance to Sir Robert Peel, in reference to a Bill before the House of Commons, the provisions of which appeared to entrench upon the privileges of the College. The particular provision to which special objection was made was that which permitted the diplomates of the London, Dublin, and Edinburgh Colleges of Surgeons to practise or hold appointments in any part of the United Kingdom. It must be admitted that at this period the examinations at the Irish College were superior to those at the sister Colleges. The London Insti- tution required the candidate for their diploma to produce certificates of only two courses of lectures on anatomy and surgery (which might be attended within the space of one year), and of one year's attendance at hospital. The candidate might, so far as a liberal education was concerned, be almost illiterate. At this period, and for a quarter of a century later, the lowest types of Irish students sought in the London College the diploma which they and their teachers well knew could not by such imperfectly taught or unin- telligent persons be obtained at home. Sir Astley Cooper relates the following anecdote of an Irish candidate before the Examining Board of the London College:—"What is a simple and what is a compound fracture?" asked the examiner. The reply was—"A simple fracture is when a bone is broke, and a compound fracture when it's all broke." Sir Astley asked what he meant by " all broke?" " I mean," he replied, "broke into smithereens, to be sure." "I ventured to ask him what was ' smithereens.' He turned upon me with an intense expression of sympathy upon his countenance, ' You don't know what is smithereens? Then I give you up!'" The receipts of the College in 1816 totted up £1,086 7s. 7^-d. In 1817 a proposal for the establishment of an order of general practitioners under the title of surgeon apothecaries was rejected. The suggestion came from one of the members, Mr. Barlow, who practised at Bath. The College came to the conclusion that if such an order were instituted in Dublin it would " materially tend to lower the profession of surgery in the confidence and estimation of the public." In this year the College corresponded with the London and Edinburgh Colleges, urging the desirability of having a uniform system of surgical education established throughout the United Kingdom. The revenue in 1817 was £1,277 14s. 2d. On the 2nd March, 1818, a petition to Parliament against a Bill for regulating the medical profession, then before the Legislature, was adopted. The College approved of the Bill so far as it pro- hibited medical practice for lucre by unlicensed persons, and also the proposal to enable all regularly educated surgeons to practise in all parts of the United Kingdom; but they complained of the injustice of restricting the candidates for examination by the Irish College to apprentices who had served at least five years, whilst no such restric- tion was imposed upon the London and Edinburgh Colleges. It was averred that there were at that time residing in Ireland persons possessing the diploma of the London College who, before receiving it, had never seen practice in a public hospital, and whose professional education extended over a neriod not exceeding eighteen months. The wording of the petition—a lengthy document—shows that the College did not wish to be placed in the position occupied by the sister Colleges, but, on the contrary, desired that all candidates for surgical qualifications should be obliged to study their profession during a reasonably long period. At this time the cost of professional education was about as follows:— £ S. a. 170 12 6 6 10 3 11 7 6 60 0 0 £248 10 3 The above-mentioned fee for apprenticeship was charged for extern apprentices; the minimal fee for the intern apprentices was 300 guineas, but many surgeons refused to take a smaller fee than £500. The fee for the Letters Testimonial was, to registered pupils, £34 2s. 6d., which sum, added to the educational fees, totted up to the respectable figures of £282 12s. 9d. The original fee for the Letters Testimonials was £11 7s. 6d., which sum was, in 1792, increased to £22 5s.; in 1807 the amount was altered to £34 2s. 6d. In 1814 the fee for persons who were not registered pupils was fixed at £68 5s. The original one for membership, paid by a licentiate, was £22 15s., but this amount was, on March 8th, 1792, reduced to £11 7s. 6d. From May 4th, 1807, each member and licentiate paid to the College £11 7s. 6d. for every apprentice in excess of two indentured to him. At this time the minimal fee for a surgeon's apprentice in Scotland was £60, exclusive of board; the apprentices paid £25 to the College. The period of apprenticeship was five years, with leave to shorten it by one year on proof of satisfactory progress. From the foundation of the Irish College their pupils were required to possess at least the elements of a liberal education. In 1784 a fee of £5 13s. 9d. was charged to each pupil for his examination in the classics and his registration, if approved of. In 1809 the amount was increased to £11 7s. 6d. In 1818 Joseph Humphreys, clerk and housekeeper to the College, got into pecuniary difficulties; was arrested and placed in the Debtors' Prison. The College appear to have sympathised Fee as apprentice - Stamp and indentures - - - Registry fee to the College Probable expenses of attendance on lectures, and at hospitals, and for anatomical dissections with his misfortunes, for they gave him three months' leave of absence in order to compose his affairs by " taking the benefit of the Insolvents' Act." In 1819 his wife, who appears to have been an ardent worshipper of the rosy god, was detected in the act of trans- ferring some of the College property to a pawnbroker's establishment. This discovery resulted in the expulsion of the Humphreys family from the College buildings. On May 4th, 1818, it was decided that candidates for registration as pupils should be examined only on the second and last Saturday in every month, and that a rejected candidate should not be admitted to re-examination within a less period than three months from the date of rejection. The examiners were the president or vice-presi- dent, and two censors. In 1818 the income amounted to £1,367 14s. 10^d. On the 5th July, 1819, the appointment by the Finance Com- mittee of Mr. Peter Ruttledge Courtney to be clerk and house- keeper was approved of. He discharged the duties of those offices until 1832, when he died. The revenue rose to £1,526 5s. 3d. in 1819. In 1820 the College resolved to establish a museum upon a proper scale (see chapter on museum), and in the same year they elected as honorary members—Astley Cooper, John Pearson, John Abernethy of London, Antonio Scarpa of Pavia, and S. J. Sbm- mering of Munich. On May 8th it was resolved to request the Secretary and Trea- surer to sit for their portraits. Henthorn's full-sized portrait now adorns the southern wall of the Board-room, but Obre" did not live to sit to the painter. On the 29th June he tendered his resignation as Treasurer, an office in which he had succeeded Woodroffe, first Treasurer, and had held for 27 years. Obre died a few weeks afterwards, and he was succeeded as Treasurer by Andrew Johnston. It was resolved that for the future the Treasurer should not keep more than £200 in hands, and that the funds of the College in excess of that sum should be invested in Government stock. In this year there was investigated a charge of malpraxis made against Dr. Woodroffe, of Cork, by a man named Roade, upon whom he had operated for stone three years previously. Having heard both accuser and accused, the College came to the conclusion that the charge had been unfounded, and had been made for the purpose of extorting money from Dr. Woodroffe. The revenue in 1820 was £1,711 14s. O^d. The College had in 3-| per cent, stocks £8,200; they had now become a rich corporation. In 1821 the College presented an address, loyal, dutiful, and congratulatory, to King George IV., on the occasion of his visit to Ireland. They resolved to commemorate it by placing a marble bust of his Majesty in the College. This work of art is now to be seen on a pedestal in the Board-room. It was sculptured by Mr. Edward Smith at a cost of 80 guineas. In the following year Mr. Smith executed the pedestal upon which the king's bust reposes; it cost £18. In their address the College say:—" We acknow- ledge that to the munificence of the Crown we are indebted for our charter of incorporation and for the splendid establishment we now possess in this city, by which we are enabled to conduct the school of surgery, and to cultivate that department of science which has been placed under our superintendence." The revenue in 1821 was £1,609 18s. 3d. Up to this time the only indispensable qualification for examination for the Letters Testimonial was apprenticeship. Candidates usually presented certificates show- ing that they had attended at hospital, and lectures and dissections; but those certificates were not essential documents. The College, in 1822, took counsel's opinion as to their power to prescribe a particular course of education for the candidates for their diplomas. They were advised by the Right Hon. W. C. Plunket that they could not dispense with the five years' apprentice- ship, but that they had the power to require candidates to pursue any course of study prescribed for them. Up to this time the examinations were held in a roomy apartment lacing York-street. This was now given to the Secretary for office purposes, and the examinations in many subsequent years were held in the Board-room. In 1822 the domestic establishment consisted of a clerk and housekeeper (Mr. Courtney), a porter, a housemaid, a porter in the School, a female servant, and a temporary porter (during six winter months) in the School. The salaries were as modest as the establish- ment. Mr. Courtney received a salary of £50, and allowances for the housemaid, abstergent operations, &c, which brought up his whole revenue to £95 10s. He had also free apartments and fuel. The hall porter enjoyed a salary of £20 a year and a suit of clothes. The School porter received 30 guineas a year and a small gratuity upon each lecture ticket, and the School female servant was re- munerated for keeping that department clean by receiving 10 guineas yearly. The housemaid was paid by Mr. Courtney, and the temporary porter received 10s. 6d. weekly. In 1822 the revenue amounted to £2,154 7s. lid. In 1823 the revenue of the College, for the first time during many years, fell. Still it amounted to the respectable figure of £1,667 Is. lOd.; £8,500 were at this time invested in the public funds. In 1824 the College was greatly exercised in connection with the proposal to admit to examination for the Letters Testimonial persons who had not served an apprenticeship A committee were appointed to consider the question of medical education, and the report which the education committee drew up was referred for consideration to another and a larger committee. Both committees were pretty equally divided on the subject of the admission of non-apprentices to examination. On the 2nd August, 1824, a report came before the College from the larger committee. Mr. J. W. Cusack, who was favourable to the proposal for admitting non-apprentices to examination, moved that the report be received. An amendment, that the consideration of the question (ie., that discussed in the report), was proposed by Mr. Thomas Wright, but was rejected, on a division, by 25 votes to 21. After the rejection of a second amendment differing but little from the first, Mr. Cusack's proposal was carried by 22 votes to 20. This was the first of the fights that preceded the granting of the second charter to the College. On the 13th August the College met again in reference to this subject. They resolved to memorialise the Lord Lieutenant to recommend the King to grant them increased powers to enforce EXTENSION OF THE COLLEGE RESOLVED UPON. an improved system of surgical education, and to admit to examina- tion every well-qualified man, whether educated in Great Britain or in Ireland. A hostile amendment was negatived by 29 votes to 26. As soon as this resolution came to the knowledge of the London College of Surgeons that body entered a caveat against a new charter being granted without their knowledge. At the same time they requested Sir Robert Peel, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, to introduce into Parliament a Bill for the better regulation of the practice of surgery in the United Kingdom. As Sir Robert had not been able to deal satisfactorily with the Medical Bill which he had previously taken charge of, he does not seem to have enter- tained the proposal of the London College. The Irish College were evidently not much offended with the sister College, for they agreed to delay applying for a new charter until they had corre- sponded on the subject of medical education with other licensing surgical institutions. On the 1st November the committee appointed to draw up a petition for a new charter unanimously recommended "that the consideration of the question be indefinitely postponed,"' and the College acquiesced. In 1824 the College income amounted to £2,443 Os. Id. In 1825 the College resolved to enlarge and beautify their build- ings. Mr. William Murray, assisted by Mr. Carolan, acted as their architect. A contract for making the necessary alterations and enlargements was made with Messrs. Murray & Dwyer (this firm soon after became Edward and Arthur Murray, 32 James's-street), for the sum of £6,385. The foundation-stone was laid on the 25th August by the Marquis Wellesley, Lord Lieutenant, and a brilliant assembly. The medical officers of the garrison were present in full dre?s. A silver trowel (for manufacturing which, by the way, Alder- man West received £26 6s. 7d.) was presented to his Excellency, which, no doubt, he used in a workmanlike manner. The altera- tions were completed early in 1827. The buildings then presented the appearance which they still exhibit. It was at first intended to extend them across Glover's-alley, which would have increased the frontage considerably, but this design was abandoned for the sake of insuring the College from fire in the event of a conflagration in the DO O adjacent houses. A comparison of the frontispiece with the engrav- ing on the opposite page will show how greatly the College buildings were improved in 1825-7. The additions consisted of a new entrance hall, an examination hall, a committee room and an office on the first floor, and apartments for the museum on the second story. The building thus completed consists of a rusticated basement story, supporting a facade in the Doric order. In the centre there are 4 fluted columns, flanked on each side by 3 three-quarter fluted columns. The central columns are surmounted by a triangular pediment, which supports statues of Esculapius, Hygeia, and Minerva, each 7 feet in height. The tympanum is charged with the Royal Arms, sculptured in relief. These works of art were executed by Mr. John Smith, a Dublin sculptor of acknowledged merit, at a cost of £313, including the expense of placing them in position. In this year the College again declined an invitation to join with the College of Physicians in the preparation of a new edition of the Pharmacopoeia. At this time, too, Kirby renewed his proposal to found a College hospital. It was not entertained, as the mind of the College was completely engrossed in the plans for extending the museum and library. In 1825 the income was £2,906 Is. 4^d., and the funded property amounted to £9,475 19s. 2d. In 1826 the College sustained a loss by the death of Mr. Todd, Assistant Secretary for 20 years. He was succeeded on the 1st May by James W. Cusack. Mr. Henthorn, Secretary, received a present of £200 for (as usual) the ostensible purpose of purchasing a piece of plate. On the 1st May it was resolved that it was expedient to found a fund for the benefit of the widows and orphans of members and licentiates, and a large committee were formed to carry out the resolution. On the 13th August a committee of 5 were appointed to take steps for establishing a medical society in connection with the College of Surgeons. It seems odd that the resolution was not to establish a surgical one. The income of the College, always increasing, made a great upward bound this year, and reached the large sum of £3,912 2s. 7d. The heavy expenditure of the year, on the other hand, reduced the invested capital to £6,800. About this time, the College seemed to be almost unanimous in desiring a new Charter, which would enable them to compete, under more advantageous circum- stances, with the London College. On the. 7th February, the draft of a new one was brought before a well-attended meeting— forty-one members being present—and was accepted. The draft of the proposed Charter was next submitted to the Attorney- General, who put it into legal shape, and the Lord Lieutenant subsequently undertook to recommend the King to grant a Charter, in accordance with the wishes of the College. The revenue in 1827 was £4,779 7s. 4d. Having shown the steady increase of the College income, from a few pounds a year to nearly five thousand, it will suffice to state that ever since the revenue has been several thousand pounds per annum. Mr. Johnston, treasurer, having stated that his office was a source of loss to him, as well as of much trouble, tendered his resignation, unless he were allowed a percentage upon the receipts. On Feb- ruary 11th, 1828, his resignation was accepted, and, in his stead, a treasury-committee appointed. On June 16th, the Court of Examiners elected James Apjohn, M.D., Professor of Chemistry. This was a new creation, and on the 4th August following, they elected Henry, afterwards Sir Henry, Marsh, M.D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, in succession to Dr. Whitley Stokes; and on the same date the clerk's salary was increased to £100 per annum. The Charter sought for was granted by the King, and bears date the 2nd June, 1829. It was enrolled in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland, on the 19th September, 1828. The costs incurred in procuring it amounted to £728 8s. 4|d., of which the following were the principal items:—To the Attorney-General, for report, £94 10a. ; his Majesty's letter, £179 9s.; attorney for "fiant," £49 7s. 6d.; the Lord Chancellor and his Secretary, £129 16s. 2|d. (note the farthings !) ; and the Clerk of the Hanaper and his Deputy, £135 3s. 2d. Under the provisions of the first Charter the Vice-President was appointed by the President, as is still the law at the College of Physicians. The Charter of 1828 provided for the election of the Vice-President by the College at large. The really important change in the constitution of the College, was the power conferred to admit candidates for examination who were not indentured apprentices. CHAPTER VII. THE SECOND CHARTER. " ©torgf tilf dFout'tfl, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, and soforth, to all unto whom these Presents shall come, greeting. "Whereas our Royal Father and predecessor, King George the Third, of blessed memory, duly considering that the regulation of the Profession of Surgery was of the utmost importance to the public, and highly necessary to the welfare of mankind, and that the public sustained great injury from the defects in the system of surgical education in Ireland, and that the regularly educated Surgeons of the City of Dublin, in our Kingdom of Ireland (who had become a numerous and considerable body), found themselves incompetent, from the want of a Charter, to establish a liberal and extensive system of surgical education in our said kingdom, by his Letters Patent, bearing date the 11th day of February, in the 24th year of his Reign, did erect, found, and establish a College or Corporation of Surgeons in the City of Dublin, by the name of ' The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.' " And whereas the wise and benevolent design and intention of our Royal Father has, from that period to the present day, had the most beneficial influence, by improving the Profession of Surgery, and thus promoting the welfare of the nation at large, and particularly by providing a sufficient number of properly educated surgeons, as well for the service of the Public in general as for that of our Army and Navy. " And whereas we are graciously pleased to approve of the said institution and foundation, and conceiving that certain alterations mav be made in said Charter, so as to constitute a Corporation in our City of Dublin, consisting of regular, able, learned, and experienced practitioners in surgery, endowed with powers, juris- dictions, and privileges, convenient and requisite for enforcing a due course of .regular education for the apprentices and students of surgery, previous to their tendering themselves to the College for examination, and further empowering the Corporation to create a fund (payable by their members, licentiates, apprentices, and others applying- for instruction and examination) sufficient for keeping the several buildings and schools of the said College' in proper repair, enlarging them when required, and supplying the library and museum thereof with suitable books and anatomical preparations, as well as for discharging all salaries and defraying all other expenses which the said College may incur. "Know ye, therefore, that we, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, in compliance with the humble petition of the President and Members of said Corporation in College assembled, presented to our right trusty and entirely beloved cousin and counsellor, Richard, Marquis Wellesley, our late Lieutenant-General and General Governor of Ireland; and by and with the advice and consent of our right trusty and entirely beloved cousin and counsellor, Henry William, Marquis of Anglesey, K.G., our now Lieutenant-General and General Governor of that part of our said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, called Ireland ; and upon the surrender made by the said President and Members of the aforesaid Letters Patent, granted by our Royal Father, which we have graciously accepted, and according to the tenor and effect of our Letters under our Privy Signet and Royal Sign Manual, bearing date at our Court, at Windsor, the second day of June, 1828, in the ninth year of our reign, and now enrolled in the Rolls of our High Court of Chancery of Ireland, have granted, ordained, constituted, and appointed, and by these Presents, for us, our Heirs and Successors, do grant, ordain, constitute, and appoint James Henthorn, Rawdon M'Namara, John Hart, George Renny,. Francis White, Robert Moore Peile, Robert Barlow, William Corbet, Francis L'Estrange, Francis Hopkins, Michael Molony, John Morton, Francis Rogau, Joseph M. Ferrall, John Adrien, William Wall ace, William Bevan, John Tandy Wilkinson, Christopher Wall, William Har- grave, Gerard Macklin, Arthur Jacob, Charles Benson, Robert Hamilton, James Duggan, Christopher Fleming, Benjamin Wilson, William H. Porter, George Peacocke, John Tomlinson, William ^ ilson, John T. Adrien, Edward Geoghegan, Farrell Mulvey, Thos. E. Bcattv, Augustus Heron, Maurice Collis, Richard R. Gregory, Abraham Colics, William P. O'Reilly, Abraham Palmer, Augustus Quest Short, Charles Johnson, Edward Hutton, John A. Garnett, Thomas Rumley, James P. Lynch, Joseph Stringer, James Willett, Kichard Twigg, Thomas L. Whistler, Andrew P. Maziere, Richard Morrison, Philip Crampton, Robert Adams, Charles Davis, Richard Carmichael, Robert Harrison, John Houston, Cusack Roney, William Tagert, Joseph Ferguson, Samuel Wilmot, Thomas Wright, Robert Pentland, Andrew Johnston, John A. Creighton, George Greene, Joseph Doyle, Henry Daunt, Samuel Cusack, James McEvoy, William Daniell, William I. Greer, Edward Barlow, Ephraim M'Dowell, George Pierce, John T. Kirby, Luke W. Whitestone, Thomas C. Reed, Brabazon Noble, John Peebles, Robert Shekleton, Thomas Hew- son, Richard P. O'Reilly, Travers R. Blackley, Alexander Read, James O'Beirne, John Macdonnell, Lodge Hall, Hugh Carmichael, Valentine Flood, Matthew Quinlan, Launcelot Armstrong, John F. Lewery, William Auchinleck, Charles E. H. Orpen, Thomas Belton, James Smith, George Roe, Andrew Ellis, William Stewart, Josiah Smyly, Matthew Stewart, James W. Cusack, Samuel H. Halahan, Benjamin Alcock, James Kerin, John Patterson, and such others as shall from time to time be elected, iu the manner hereinafter directed, to be for ever a body politic and corporate, and which, at all times hereafter, shall consist of a President, Vice-President, and Commonalty, and shall be called by the name of 'The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,' " And by the aforesaid name shall have perpetual succession, and shall and may, for ever hereafter, implead and be impleaded, before all manner of justices in all courts, and in all manner of actions and suits; and also, that they and their successors by the same name shall be, at all times hereafter for ever, able and capable in law to hold, purchase, enjoy, and take a hall, with con- venient appurtenances; and also any other buildings, lands, tene- ments, rents, and hereditaments, wheresoever situate, not exceeding the yearly rent or value of two thousand pounds sterling; and also, obligations, goods, and chattels, and all other things, of what nature, name, and quality the same may be, and also to grant, demise, alien, assign, and dispose of certain lands, tenements, and hereditaments, rents, goods and chattels, and enforce and sue upon said obligations, and to do and execute all other things lawful, necessary, and convenient for the common profit of the said College; " And also that they and their successors shall and may, for ever hereafter, have a Common Seal, which shall always be and remain in the custody of the President of the said College for the time being; and that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said College, lawfully convened, or the major part of the Members thereof, for the time being, present at such meeting, to break, alter, change, or make void, the said Seal, from time to time, as shall seem requisite and fit. " And our further will and pleasure is, that it shall and may be lawful for the Members of the said Corporation, from time to time, in manner hereinafter mentioned, to elect, choose, and appoint by ballot, one Member from amongst themselves to be President, and one other Member from amongst themselves to be Vice-President, and six other Members from amongst themselves to be Censors, and to elect, choose, and appoint twelve other Members from amongst themselves to be the Court of Assistants of the said College; and also, to elect such number of persons, being Licentiates, and qualified as herein mentioned, as they shall think fit, to be of the aforesaid Commonalty, and members of said College; the said President, Vice-President, Censors, and twelve Assistants, to be continued in their said respective offices for such time as is hereafter set forth; and said members of the Com- monalty to be and continue during life, unless removed for mis- behaviour. " And our further will and pleasure is, that the Vice-President so elected shall, in the absence of the President, have all and singular the same powers and authorities as the said President should have if personally present; and also, that in all votes, ballots, scrutinies, or divisions of the College, or its Courts of Censors or Assistants, the President or Vice-President being chairman, or whoever shall be chairman in their absence, shall not vote, except there be an equality of voices, in which case he shall give a casting vote. " And our further will and pleasure is, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the President, or in his absence the Vice- President and Censors, or any two of them, with six or more of the members of the said College for the time being, when, and as often as the said President, or in his absence the Vice-President, shall think fitting, or upon a request made in writing to him by twelve or more members, to hold courts and assemblies, in order to treat and consult about the state and government of the said College, and the administration of the affairs thereof; and that it ftt shall be lawful for the President, or in his absence, the Vice- President, Censors, and Members so assembled, to make, ordain, constitute, establish, ratify, and confirm, alter, annul, revoke, or abrogate, from time to time, such bye-laws, ordinances, rules and constitutions as to them shall seem requisite for the regulation, government and advantage of the said body, and the application and administration of the funds and property thereof, or touching or concerning qualifications of Candidates for Letters Testimonial, the enrolment, registry, matriculation, admission, and examination of Members, Pupils, Students, and Apprentices, the fees to be payable by them, and every of them, to the said College, or to any Member or Licentiate thereof, the terms and conditions of admis- sion, on taking them or any of them, and also for inflicting upon all and every delinquent or offender, whether Apprentice, Pupil, Member, or Licentiate, such reasonable pains, penalties, and punishments by censure, suspension, amotion, or fine, as to them, the said President, Vice-President, and Members, or the majority of them so convened, shall seem meet, provided such pecuniary penalty shall not exceed, in any case, the sum of fifty pounds, and so as such bye-laws, rules, and constitutions be agreeable to the laws and statutes of our realm, and be communicated to the Mem- bers of said College at large, lawfully for that purpose convened by summons, and be ratified and confirmed by the majority of the Members present when so convened. "And our further will and pleasure is, that our said well- beloved subject, Cusack Eoney, be first President of said College ; that the said William Auchinleck be first Vice-President of said College; and that the said Samuel Wilmot, James William Cusack, Rawdon McNamara, Francis White, Arthur Jacob, and William Henry Porter be the first six Censors of said College of Surgeons; and that the said Abraham Colles, Andrew Johnston, Thomas Hewson, Alexander Read, Charles Johnson, Maurice Collis, Thomas Rumley, Robert Adams, William Tagert, Robert Harrison, James O'Beirne, and Ephraim McDowel, be the first twelve Assistants, each of them to continue from the day of the date of these our Letters Patent, until the first Monday in January, in the year of our Lord 1829, and from and after the said day, until some other meet sufficient Members of the said Corporation be elected and sworn into the said respective offices of President, Vice-President, and Assistants, if they respectively shall so long live, or be not removed. " And our further will and pleasure is, that it shall and may be lawful for the said Censors of the College aforesaid, or any two of them, to give and administer unto the said first President, his personal oath on the Holy Evangelists, or (if of the people called Quakers or Seceders), his solemn affirmation, well, truly, and faith- fully to attend and execute the said office or place of President of tlie said College; and also, full power and authority unto the said first President, after he shall be so sworn, to give and administer unto the said Censors, and the said Vice-President, and to all and every person and persons whomsoever to be constituted by these our Letters Patent, Officers or Members of the said College, his and their like corporal oaths on the Holy Evangelists, or (if of the people called Quakers or Seceders), his and their solemn declaration and affirmation, well, truly, and faithfully to attend and execute his and their several and respective office or offices, place or places, duty or duties, and that the succeeding President and Vice-Presi- dents, before he or they shall enter into the said office or offices respectively, shall respectively take an oath, or (if of the people called Quakers or Seceders), his or their declaration and affirmation to the same purport and effect as that hereby appointed to be taken by the President before the next preceding President, or before the next preceding Censors, or any two of them ; and the Censors so to be elected as hereinafter directed, shall, from time to time, before they shall enter on their respective offices, take such respec- tive oaths or declarations and affirmations as aforesaid, before the President or Vice-President for the time being, or before the next preceding President or Vice-President, or any two of the next preceding Censors, and the Assistants, so to be elected as hereinafter directed, from time to time, shall likewise, before they or any of them enter on their respective offices, take the oath or declaration and affirmation hereby appointed to be taken by them before the President, Vice-President, or any two of the Censoi's for the time being, which oath or declaration and affirmation the said President, Vice-President, and Censors, or any two of such Censors, are hereby respectively required and empowered to ad- minister; and also, to administer to all and every person and persons whomsoever, to be constituted by these our Letters Patent, or hereafter to be elected Officers or Members of the said College, or to whom any Letters Testimonial, Certificate, or Diploma shall be granted, and their like corporal oaths on the Holy Evangelists, or declai-ation and affirmation, well, truly, and faithfully to attend and execute his and their several and respective office or offices, place or places, duty or duties. " And our further will and pleasure is, that the said President, Vice-President, and Members of the said College lawfully convened may, by the majority of votes of those so convened and assembled, from time to time, elect and appoint a Registrar or Secretary, and elect and appoint such other officer or officers, servant or servants, for such periods, and at such salaries, and on such terms as to them shall seem meet and necessary for the better regulation of said College. " And our further will and pleasure is, that the President, Vice-President, or any two of the Censors, shall, upon the first Monday of January, in the year of our Lord 1829, and on the first Monday in the month of January in every succeeding year, between the hours of nine and three of the said day, or within three days next ensuing, by regular summonses issued forty-eight hours previously, convene the Members of the said College, at the Hall of said College, or other convenient place within the City of Dublin, and the said Members, or a majority of the Members there assembled shall, and may, by ballot, elect, choose, and appoint, out of the Members of the said College, by the majority of the votes of the Members who shall be so then present and assembled, one Member to be President, one Member to be Vice-President, and six other Members to be Censors for the then succeeding year; and then and there also, in like manner, elect, choose, and appoint, out of the Members of said College, twelve persons to be of the Court of Assistants for the then succeeding year. " And our further will and pleasure is, that if the said Members shall not be so convened upon the first Monday of January, or within three days next ensuing, in any year, or if no election of a President, Vice-President, Censors, or Assistants, or of any of said officers, shall be made upon any first Monday of J anuary, or within three clays next ensuing, in any year, or if such elections being made, they or any of them shall afterwards become void, whether such omission or avoidance shall happen through the default of the officer or officers who ought to convene, or hold, or preside at the assembly, when such election or elections is or are to be made, or by any accident or other means whatsoever, the said Corporation shall not thereby be deemed or taken to be dissolved or disabled from electing such officer or officers so omitted to be elected, or whose election shall be avoided, for the future, but in every case where it shall happen that an election of such officers, or any of them, shall be omitted, or fail to be made pursuant to the directions and regulations hereinbefore prescribed, or such election being made, shall afterwards become void as aforesaid, the officer or officers who filled said office or offices so failed or omitted to be supplied, shall continue to fill said offices for the time, and the President, Vice-President, or any two of the Censors shall, on being thereto so required, by notice in writing, signed by any six Members of said Corporation, by regular summons, issued six clear days previously, convene the Members of the said College, to the Hall of said College, or other convenient place within the City of Dublin, upon a day, and at an hour, between the hours of nine and three, to be prefixed and mentioned in said summons, and the said Members, or majority of the Members then assembled, shall, and may, in manner aforesaid, proceed to ballot, elect, choose, and appoint out of the Members of said College, a Member or Members to fill and supply said office or offices, or such of them as shall have been so omitted or failed to be filled up, elected to, or supplied, or become void for such part of the succeeding year as shall be then to come and unexpired. " And our further will and pleasure is, that when and so often as the President, Vice-President, or any of the Censors or Assist- ants shall die, resign, or be removed before the expiration of the year, or other time for which he shall have been elected to serve, then and so often it shall and may be lawful for the said Members of the said College, being duly convened by like summonses, or a majority of those who shall meet and assemble for that purpose, to elect from amongst themselves a President, Vice-President, Censor, or Assistant, as the case may be, in the place and stead of the President, Vice-President, Censor, or Assistant so dying, resigning, or being removed, and such person, being so elected, shall serve for the remainder of the year or other time for which the said President, Vice-President, Censor, or Assistant so dying, resigning, or being removed, was so elected to serve. " And our further will and pleasure is, that the Censors of the said College, or any four or more of them, together with the President, or in his absence the Vice-President, shall from time to time upon request made to the President, or in his absence to the Vice-President, or any one of the said Censors, and upon payment of such fee or deposit, not exceeding one hundred pounds, as by any Bye-Law, Rule, or Regulation of the said College, duly made and published, shall he required and provided to be paid and .lodged with the President or Vice-President of said College, for the use of said College, and the support of its institutions, buildings, schools, museum, and library, and defraying all other necessary expenses, examine every person who shall have served an apprentice- ship of five years to any Member or Licentiate of the College, and pursued his studies conformably to the system of education to be hereafter laid down in the Bye-Laws of the College, for those who are apprentices, or for such persons who, not having been appren- tices, or served such apprenticeship as aforesaid, have duly con- formed, observed, performed, and fulfilled the rules, regulations, and enactments provided and contained in the Bye-Laws of said College, for and in respect of the professional education of students of surgery, not apprentices, who shall produce such documents and certificates as shall, by any of said Bye-Laws, be required to prove and shew that his professional education has been in all respects conformable and agreeable to the provisions and enactments of said Bye-Laws, and the Rules of said College, and who shall not have incurred the censure of said College for misbehaviour and breach of its laws or discipline, or having incurred such censure, shall have purged and made satisfaction for the same, according and agreeably to said laws and discipline ; and if such President, or in his absence the Vice-President, and such four or more, or the majority of such President, or Vice-President, and last-mentioned Censors shall be of opinion that such person, so examined, is duly qualified to practise surgery, then they or the majority of them as aforesaid, shall give each person so examined and qualified as aforesaid, such certificate or Letters Testimonial of his qualifica- tion to practise under the Common Seal of the said College, as to the said President and last mentioned Censors, or the major pari of them, shall seem reasonable and just, upon his performance or compliance with the following requisites and provisions, that is to say, every such person so examined and approved of, shall, before he shall obtain or be entitled to claim or demand such Letters Testimonial, or Certificate, make and subscribe the following oath or declaration and affirmation: 'I, A.B., do solemnly swear (or if a Quaker or Seceder, do solemnly and sincerely declare and promise) that I will observe and be obedient to the Statutes, Bye-Laws and Ordinances of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and that I will, to the utmost of my power, endeavour to promote the reputation, honor, and dignity of the said College, and that I will not, at any time hereafter, practise, follow, or pursue the business or profession of an apothecary or druggist, or sell drugs or medicines within the City of Dublin, or at any place within ten miles thereof, so help me God;' and shall at the same time, in the presence of the said President or Vice-President, sign, seal, and execute a bond or obligation in and for the sum of five hundred pounds to the said College, conditioned for the due and faithful observance, performance, and fulfilment of all and every the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances of said College, and of the said declaration and all matters and provisions in them, or any of them, contained, or to be contained, which said bond or obligation the said College is hereby empowered to take, enforce, and sue upon. " And our further will and pleasure is, that the President, or in his absence the Vice-President and Censors, shall, previous to every such examination, take the following oath, that is to say:— ' I, A .B., do solemnly and sincerely promise and swear, that I will, to the best of my knowledge, skill, and judgment, without hatred, evil-will, partiality, affection, favor, or fear, justly, equally, and faithfully discharge the trust, and execute the powers vested in me by a certain Charter of his Majesty, King George the Fourth, whereby the Surgeons of the city of Dublin are incorporated by the name of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, so help me God:' or (being of the people called Quakers or Seceders) shall make his solemn declaration and affirmation to the same effect, which oath or affirmation is to be administered by the senior present, to the President, or in his absence to the Vice-President, who is to administer the same oath to the said Censors, and they are hereby respectively authorized and required to administer the same oath accordingly, and that in case any person examined as aforesaid shall think himself aggrieved by the judgment of the said President and Censors, or Examiners, he may lodge an appeal from such judgment to the said President or Vice-President, and Court of Assistants, or some one or more of the Members thereof, who shall be required on such an appeal to re-examine the party so complaining, within a reasonable time; and if upon such re-examination he shall appear to them, or the major part of them there assembled (such major part not being or consisting of less or fewer than seven Members of said Court) duly cpialified as afore- said, then to grant him such Letters Testimonial or Certificate upon his making and subscribing the oath or declaration, and executing the bond directed to be made and executed by Licen- tiates upon their admission, but not otherwise ; the Members of said Court of Assistants first making the said examination oath, or declaration, or affirmation directed by this our Charter, which the President, or in his absence the Vice-President, is hereby authorized and required to administer; and that the said several persons so examined, approved of, and admitted, shall be deemed qualified to practise Surgery, and shall receive such Letters Testimonial, Certificate or Diploma, as is usually given by the President and Court of Censors, upon their compliance with and performance of all the hereinbefore mentioned requisites and provisions. " And that the said College shall have full power to choose and appoint in like manner as other officers of the said Corporation are hereinbefore directed to be elected and appointed, a Court of Examiners to examine such persons as may require it, being Members or Licentiates of the College, touching their ability, skilfulness, and knowledge, previous education, and experience in midwifery, and to grant to such person so examined and qualified, such Certificate of his qualification to practise midwifery, and exercise the profession thereof under the Seal of said Corporation or College, as to them shall seem meet; the Members of such Court of Examiners to be elected annually, at the times herein- before appointed for the election of other officers of the said Corporation. " And also, that all persons whatever, being Members or Licen- tiates of the said College of Surgeons, shall for so long a time as he and they shall exercise and practise the said profession of surgery, and no longer, be freed and exempted from the several offices of churchwarden, and all other parish, ward, and leet offices, and from serving npon any jury or inquest, in any county, city, or town in our said kingdom of Ireland, upon his or their producing Letters Testimonial, Certificate, or Diploma, under the Common Seal of the said College of such his examination and approbation. " And our further will and pleasure is, and we do hereby ordain that these, our Letters Patent, and every clause, sentence, and article therein contained, or the enrolment thereof in our High Court of Chancery, in that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, shall be in all things firm, valid, sufficient, and effectual in the law unto the said College, and their successors, according to the purport and tenor thereof, without any further grant, licence, or toleration from us, our heirs, and successors, to be procured or obtained: provided these, our Letters Patent, be enrolled in the Rolls Office of the High Court of Chancery, in that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, within six months next ensuing the date hereof, otherwise, these our Letters Patent, to be void and of none effect, any thing herein contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding. In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness, Henry William, Marquis of Anglesey, our Lieutenant- General and General Governor of Ireland, at Dublin, the thirteenth clay of September, in the ninth year of our reign. " Granard. "Enrolled in the Office of the Rolls of His Majesty's High Court of Chancery in Ireland, this nineteenth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight. " ERAS. J. NASH." THE COLLEGE UNDER THEIR SECOND CHARTER. The first meeting of the College, under their new Charter, was held on the 29th September, 1828. All the office-bearers (nineteen in number) and thirty-three other members were present. It was agreed that members and licentiates, admitted under the first Charter, were privileged to continue as such under the new one, provided they took the oath prescribed by it. In November, a member, Mr. Morrison, of Limerick, took the hint which the College gave him, to cease his professional adver- tisements in the newspapers. The latter part of the year was expended in framing new bye- laws. At this time the College premises were valued, for rating purposes, at £600 per annum. In 1829, a set of new educational bye-laws was published. The following were their essential provisions :— A registered apprentice submitted proofs that he had attended in the dissecting-room, at hospital, and at lectures on anatomy and physiology, surgery, medicine, chemistry, materia medica, and midwifery. Non-apprentices produced certificates showing that he had been engaged in professional study in an hospital or school of medicine or surgery for a full term of six years. He lodged certificates of attendance at a surgical hospital—containing at least fifty beds— during five sessions of six months, or three entire years, and of attendance at three courses on anatomy, three on surgery, two on chemistry, one on materia medica, one on medicine, and one on midwifery, and a certificate showing that he had dissected during three Winter Sessions. Shortly afterwards a certificate of attendance on a course of lectures on medical jurisprudence was required. All candidates had to pass the examination in general education before presenting themselves for the professional examination. The entrance examination to T.C.D. was accepted as an equivalent to the College examination, but it is not now received as such. The candidate was liable to be called upon to operate on the dead body. He was expected to read a thesis in Latin or English upon a professional subject, or to describe a series of cases which he had observed in hospital, with his observations thereon. Three of the candidate's years of professional study had to be passed in Dublin, London, Edinburgh, or Glasgow. The examination fee was—for registered apprentices, thirty guineas; for non-apprentices, sixty guineas. The fees for registering were twenty guineas. Rejected candidates were ineligible for re-examination until one year after their rejection. The examiners were unpaid, though many of them attended examinations more than eighty times in one year, and if absent or late, without sufficient cause, were fined. In 1830 the educational curriculum could be compared favourably with that of any other licensing medical body in Europe. This College was the only surgical one who submitted their candidates to an examination in the classics. They now required proof of a knowledge of medicine, chemistry, and medical jurisprudence, so that the diplomates could with truth aver that they had been subjected to an examination in which their knowledge of medical science, as well as the mechanical treatment of disease, had been tested. It cannot be denied that the diplomas of the Irish College were held in high estimation about this time. That the strictness of the examination of candidates for them was in harmony with the extensive curriculum of education imposed by the College may be inferred from the fact that large percentages of the candidates Avere rejected. The rejection of a large proportion of candidates, who had studied for three years or so, is what might be expected, but those who presented themselves in the Examination Hall in Stephen's-green were not raw lads, but were men who had spent six or seven years in the study of their profession. The records of the Court of Examiners for the years 1819, 1822, and 1823, cannot be found; but, excluding those years, I find that during the period 1815-1833, 380 candidates for Letters Testimonial were examined, of whom fifty-four were rejected. About fifty years ago anatomical studies were prosecuted in the STUDY OF ANATOMY IN DUBLIN. Dublin Schools with great ardour and success. The teachers were men whose names are imperishably associated with the annals of surgery and anatomy in this country. Macartney taught at the University; Todd, Colles, Wilmot, Harrison, and Jacob at the College; Kirby, Ellis, Hayden, and Butcher at the two Schools in Peter-street; Hargrave in the Digges-street School; Ousack, Porter, Houston, Hart, and Carlisle at Park-street School; Carmichael, M'Dowel, Adams, M'Donnell, Flood, and Power at the Richmond School; and Hillis and Irvine at the Marlborough-street School. For many years anatomy and surgery were taught by the same person, and this was the case in some of the Schools so late as 1830. The teacher knew exactly the kind of anatomical knowledge neces- sary for the proper performance of surgical operations, and that kind of anatomy he taught with a thoroughness which probably was not exceeded in the schools of any other city. The kind of anatomy termed minute or transcendental received, no doubt, scant attention in the Dublin Schools half a century ago; bnt the object of the teacher was the education of surgeons, not the advancement of anatomical science. It is nevertheless to be regretted that so few of the many accomplished anatomists in Dublin during the first half of the century devoted themselves to original research. Had the reverse been the case, the Dublin School might have contributed as brilliantly to anatomical science as it did to the art of surgery and the practice of physic. At this time willing tribute was paid to the merit of the Irish School of Surgery. When Sir Benjamin C. Brodie, Bart., was examined, in 1828, before the Select Committee of the House of Commons on anatomy, he said, speaking of the Dublin students:— " I believe the majority of them are better anatomists than the English students."* When Sir Astley Cooper, Bart., Serjeant- Surgeon to the King, was examined before the Select Committee of the House of Commons on medical education, he said:— " There is a galaxy of talent in the profession in Dublin. I do not know of any town inferior in size to London in which there is a greater combination of talent than in Dublin."! Mr. George J. * Page 28 of Report. + Part 2 of Report, page 107. May 2, 1S34. Guthrie, the well-known army surgeon, President of the London College of Surgeons in 1834, was examined before this Committee. He was asked what he thought as to the desirability of his College following the example of the Dublin College, by permitting qualified persons to be present at the examinations. In reply, he expressed his belief that it would not be desirable, because, he said, the Dublin candidates were " under very different circumstances with respect to affe and education." When asked did he mean that the Dublin candidates were " older and better educated," he replied, " Yes." Dr. James Somerville, Inspector of Anatomy, was examined, and having been asked a question respecting the late Surgeon James Richard Bennett, he said:—"Mr. Bennett was a distinguished anatomist, as, I may say, generally all members of the Dublin College of Surgeons are." The Mr. J. R. Bennett to whom Dr. Somerville referred studied from 1815 till 1820 at the College of Surgeons and the Richmond Hospital, and he took the diploma of the College in 1820. A small property which he possessed he relinquished in favour of his family, and in 1822 proceeded to Paris. In that city he studied for some time under such teachers as Dupuytren and Laennec, and then became a teacher himself. About that period the number of British medical students in Paris was close on 200. Bennett's private classes in anatomy were conducted in apartments in the anatomical school at the Hospital La PitiS. Their success became so great as to excite the jealousy of the French students and perhaps teachers. Representations were made to the Government that there was a scarcity of subjects at La PitiS School, and that Bennett caused the scarcity. Bennett's means of teaching were seriously interfered with, and he applied for protection to the British ambassador, who referred to his Government for instruc- tions. Getting no redress, he proceeded to London, and sub- mitted his case to Mr. Canning, then Foreign Secretary. Mr. Canning asked the opinion of the London College of Surgeons upon it, and received from that body an adverse one. This act of illiberality was no doubt prompted by the desire of the College to see British students studying in London rather than in Paris. They were unwilling to encourage such men as Bennett to attract his countrymen to the schools of Paris. The subsequent conduct of the College towards Bennett did not atone for their action in reference to the Paris affair. When he settled in London as a private anatomical teacher they refused to recognise his lectures, on the ground that he was not connected with an hospital, although Dr. Somerville states that he was " the most successful teacher of anatomy he ever knew." The injustice done to Bennett was the more inexcusable from the fact that the College had previously recognised the lectures of non-hospital teachers. Since those days the London College, like many other public bodies, have become more liberal and enlightened, and at present no surgical qualification is more highly valued than the M.R.C.S. I have referred to Mr. Bennett's interesting and unfortunate case— firstly, because it relates to a curious phase in the history of anatomical teaching; secondly, because Bennett may be regarded as the type of the Irish anatomist produced during the most brilliant epoch of the Irish School of Medicine. The Edinburgh Medical Journal, referring in 1837 to proposed medical legislation, said: —" The Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin is, perhaps, the most enlightened surgical incorporation in Europe, and requires from its members a greater range of accurate knowledge than any other body, excepting the Medical Faculty of the University of Edinburgh." On the 5th of March the College resolved that they would not insist for a short period (subsequently extended to 1st May, 1831) upon the new educational curriculum being strictly observed, pro- vided the candidates gave proof that they had received an educa- tion fully equivalent to that prescribed in the curriculum. On the same occasion they instituted a Board of Examiners for a special diploma in midwifery and diseases of women and children. The fee was fixed at five guineas; on the 13th August it was reduced to one guinea. It was decided that only those members and licentiates who might obtain this diploma should have in future asterisks affixed to their names in the printed lists of the College. The extra qualifications required for the new diploma consisted of attendance at two courses of lectures, each of six months' duration, or of four courses, each lasting three months ; attendance for six months at a maternity; and attendance at 30 labours. On the 23rd July, John T. Adrien was elected Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. There was but one other applicant for the office, Thomas E. Beatty, who subsequently, on the death of Adrien, succeeded him in the Professorship. On the 1st Feb., 1830, the College unanimously resolved that no licentiate could be proposed as a member until he had been four years a licentiate. On the same occasion it was decided that facilities should be afforded to members who wished to dissect in the College School. On the 9th September, 1830, the College resolved to appoint a " responsible resident officer without a family," and to style him Registrar and Accountant. He was to be accountable for the care of the library and museum. On the 7th February, 1831, the College elected Baron Cuvier as honorary member, and resolved that his diploma should be presented to him in a silver box. On the 11th July it was resolved to found a Society for the improvement of Medical Science. On the 15th September the question as to the establishment of a College hospital was again discussed. Mr. White proposed, and Mr. Kirby seconded, a resolution appointing a committee to consider if such an object could be carried into effect, and to report on the subject to the College. An amendment, moved by Mr. Colles and seconded by Mr. M'Dowel—that legal opinions should be obtained as to the practicability of applying the College funds to the maintenance of a clinical hospital—was lost, 27 votes being for and 30 against it. The original motion was then agreed to. Sub- sequently the College found it impossible to carry out this resolution. The delicate problem of the appointment of officers for such an institution was found insoluble, as every membr not already con- nected with an hospital was, probably, willing and anxious to serve. In 1832 the project was, but in another way, realised. The Pro- fessors of the College combined and purchased a house in Upper Baggot-strcct, which they converted into the " City of Dublin Hospital," although it was outside the city boundaries. The founders were—Jacob, Harrison, Apjohn, Beatty, Benson, and Houston, the last named being the curator and an anatomical demon- strator in the College School. A. Colles, Sir Henry Marsh, and Wilmot were appointed consultants. Dr. Apjohn is now the sole survivor of the founders of this hospital. During many years the physicians and surgeons, with but few exceptions, were connected with the College School, but now not one of its medical staff is attached to it. During its first twenty years the average number of pupils attending this hospital was 85, almost all being students in the College School. On the 17th November, 1832, the first meeting of the new Medical Society was held ; the name given to it was " The Surgical Society of Ireland." Its council of 21 members was elected by the College, and the subscription was fixed at a guinea annually. The Society included 65 members and 54 licentiates of the College, together with 15 physicians termed associates. The College fitted up, at a cost of £50, a room for the Society, and placed in it for a few days the periodicals taken for the library. For many years the Society flourished, the ablest surgeons and physicians of the day being constant attendants at its meetings. It lasted until it and other medical societies of Dublin were combined, in 1882, into " The Academy of Medicine in Ireland." On Marsh's resignation of the Chair of Medicine, the College, on the 14th June, resolved by a majority of 30 to 5 that " no person who is not a member or licentiate of the College shall be elected Professor of the Practice of Medicine." This illiberal resolution remained in force until 1844. At this time, however, it should be stated as " extenuating circumstances" that the College felt very sore with the University and the College of Physicians on account of the refusal of these bodies to recognise the certificates issued by the Professors of the College of Surgeons. On the 28th July, John Kirby was elected Marsh's successor; his competitors were—Orpen, Hargrave, Benson, Greene, Alcock, and Evanson. All save Orpen ultimately became Professors in the College or other schools. On the 5th November the College resolved to refuse recognition of the lectures proposed to be delivered in a medical school about to be established by the Apothecaries' Hall, on the ground that the Apothecaries' Hall was not a medical corporation, and had no light to devote its funds to the founding of a medical school. Up to this time the certificates of the Professors of Chemistry and Botany of the Hall had been acknowledged by the College. On the 14th November, 1844, the College rescinded the foregoing resolution. In this year the College lost by death the services of Mr. Henthorn, who since the foundation of the College had with unflagging zeal and extraordinary punctuality discharged his duties as their Secretary. On the 2nd December his aged widow, whom he left in poor cir- cumstances, was voted a gratuity of £200. Mr. J. VV. Cusack succeeded Mr. Henthorn as Secretary, and Mr. R. Harrison succeeded Mr. Cusack as Assistant Secretary. The cold hand of death was in this year also laid upon another old servitor of the College. Early in January Mr. Courtney, the Clerk, "passed over to the majority." The College generously granted a gratuity of £100 to his family. Courtney was a man of some education, but he did not keep the records of the College in an orderly manner. He appears to have been somewhat of an " original character." The author of the remarkable letters signed " Erinensis," in the early numbers of the Lancet, describes him (in 1824) as " a gentleman in black, with snowy temples, raven voice, and a wild Irish physiog- nomy—who perambulates here with an air somewhat unsuited to his avocation." After Courtney's death Mr. Cornelius O'Keeffe was appointed Superintendent of the domestic affairs of the College as well as Registrar, at a salary of £80, exclusive of the usual fees received from the successful candidates for Letters Testimonial. The office of Clerk to the College was abolished. In December the Lord Lieutenant, who had appointed as successor to Mr. Henthorn at the Lock Hospital a surgeon not con- nected with the College, revoked the appointment on learning that it had given offence to the College. He subsequently appointed a licentiate of the College to the situation. N In this year the College buildings were lighted by the " Oil Gas Company." On the 24th April the College adopted new educational by-laws, in virtue of which the registered pupils were examined half yearly in four different classes according to seniority. It is remarkable that after the lapse of exactly half a century a nearly identical principle of examination was again adopted by the College. In this year the College had the opinion of counsel that the members and licentiates were debarred from supplying medicines, even gratuitously, to their own patients. When Mr. Hayden set up his five shilling fee practice he employed a licentiate apothecary to dispense the medicines included in the fee. On the 1st August, 1832, Parliament passed an Act (2nd & 3rd Wm. IV., c. 75) for regulating the study of anatomy. It was one of the most important statutes relating to medical education ever enacted in these countries; it will therefore be necessary to review the circumstances which led to the passing of this measure. Although it was always admitted that a thorough knowledge of anatomy was indispensable to the proper performance of surgical operations, yet the legal provisions for the supply of subjects for dissection were of the most meagre character in these countries. The Medical and Surgical Corporations were entitled at first to a limited number of the bodies of executed malefactors; but an Act passed in the reign of George II. directed that the bodies of murderers should be given up for dissection. We have seen that shortly after the foundation of the College they were obliged to refuse to dissect the body of a criminal offered to them by the sheriff, on the ground that they had no place in which the dissection could be conducted. An Act (10th George IV., c. 24) directed that in cases where the judges ordered the bodies of murderers to be dissected the College of Surgeons were to receive them for that purpose. They were conveyed to the College not only from the gaols of the city and county of Dublin, but also, occasionally, from distant assize towns. Very often the corpse of a murderer was followed to the College gates by his weeping relatives, or by a howling mob. A small portion of the anatomical theatre was set apart for persons who might desire to witness the dissections of malefactors bodies. On the 13th March, 1831, the High Sheriff of Cavan wrote to the College asking them to receive the bodies of five men who were to be executed on the following day. Although in an early period of the history of the Medical Cor- porations they were glad enough to procure the bodies of malefactors for dissection, they seem to have considered in the early part of this century the compulsory dissection of criminals' bodies imposed upon them as a degradation rather than a privilege. On the 8th February, 1830, the Clerk of the Crown wrote to the College pointing out that under 10th Geo. IV., c. 24, they should provide for the dis- section of criminals, as the Assizes would soon be held. They made an order that except in Dublin the bodies should be delivered to the County Infirmaries. Two days before the receipt of this communication Crampton proposed at a meeting of the College a strongly-worded resolution, expressing the desire of the College to be relieved of the degrading duty of dissecting the bodies of executed criminals. It was unanimously adopted, and Crampton was requested to sound the Government privately upon the subject. Two years later the obnoxious Act of George IV. was repealed. It really never was of much use, for even if the bodies of all the criminals executed in the United Kingdom and Ireland were conveyed to the various ai atomical schools (a difficult operation) the supply would be quite in-uTcient. In England and Wales the number of executions during the period, 1805-1820, amounted to 1,150, or an annual average of (nearly) 76. As many of the persons executed were guilty of such crimes as arson, robbery, &c, the average annual number of bodies of murderers probably did not exceed 38. On the Continent, especially in France and Holland, the autho- rities, even in the last century, provided that the bodies of destitute persons who had died in eleemosynary institutions should, under certain circumstances, be devoted to anatomical dissections. Early in the century there was practically an unlimited supply of subjects in all the medical schools, even in that situated in the small town of Montpelier. The prices of the subjects—usually not more than 7 or 8 francs—enabled the students to dissect several bodies during a session. In Great Britain and Ireland there was practically but one way of obtaining bodies for dissection—namely, by stealing them from churchyards. In Dublin and its neighbourhood there were unusually good opportunities for obtaining bodies in this way. There were several ancient burial-grounds at convenient distances from the city which were either only partly enclosed, or were protected by low walls, easily scaled. Some of them were situated in lonely places— Kilgobbin and Killester, for example. The graveyard, however, which supplied, perhaps, the larger number of subjects to the Dublin Schools is that termed, in popular parlance, " Bully's Acre," owing to the number of rowdies or bullies who have been interred in it. It is situated on one side of the avenue of elms leading to the Royal Hospital, and has long been disused as a place of sepulture. Before the passing of the Anatomy Act the interments in this burial-ground were very numerous, because no charge was made for the graves; it was what is termed a free burial-ground. The lowest classes brought their dead to this place, and as they were too poor to employ persons to watch the graves at night, the latter were robbed of their ghastly contents, usually with perfect impunity. It was only on rare occasions that the sack-em-up men and the medical students who accompanied them were disturbed at their work. Besides, the caretaker of the cemetery was, it is believed, always a confederate, and gave the necessary signals to the resurrection men that they might or might not, as the case might be, enter the burial- ground. Various methods of getting the body out of its grave were used. Sometimes the earth over the coffin was removed by means of a spade or shovel provided with a short handle; at other times the clay was scooped out by means of the hands and sticks of the operators. When the head of the coffin was reached, a grappling- ron was inserted beneath the lid, and then every one tugged at the rope attached to the iron until the lid was broken across. The rope was next made fast to the neck of the corpse, and the body was hauled to the surface. The grave-clothes were never taken away, as it was a common notion that it was not illegal to steal a dead body, whereas to purloin its shroud was a misdemeanour according to law. This idea was erroneous, as the robbery of a body was an offence against the common law, though one which was tacitly condoned by the authorities. The bodies were generally removed from the burial grounds to the anatomical schools in a covered cart, or in a vehicle now rarely met with in Dublin—the covered car. Oases have occurred in which students, who, without being assisted by the dissecting-room porter or professional resurrectionist, had taken up bodies, con- veyed them on foot to the dissecting room. Their plan consisted in putting a suit of old clothes on the body, and, with a student on each side supporting it, making it stagger along like a drunken man. Inquisitive watchmen now and then proved impediments in the path- way of the resurrectionist. They were generally disposed of by means of a bribe, but occasionally they attacked the resurrectionists, whom, however, they rarely were able to capture. Many "free fights" took place between parties of sack-em-up men and the men guarding graves in rural cemeteries. On several occasions these encounters resulted in loss of life. The resurrectionists, and sometimes the students who assisted them, carried firearms. The marks of their bullets are still visible on some of the tombstones in Kilarobbin Ohurchyard, near the Dublin mountains. Resurrection men were occasionally caught in the act of conveying bodies for dissection, under circumstances which collected mobs round them. They were " ducked" in the Liffey or unmercifully beaten. On one occasion so severe a castigation with a wire cat-o'-nine-tails was administered to a sack-em-up man that he expired from the effects. About the same time another of the fraternity was kicked and cuffed to death. During the first quarter of the present century subjects in the required number were readily procurable in Dublin at a cost of one guinea each. Gradually they became more difficult to obtain, and much larger prices were demanded for them by the traffickers in bodies. The numbers of students in the dissecting rooms of the United Kingdom were steadily increasing, and the professional resurrectionists combined to demand higher prices for the subjects. They ceased to be merely assistants to the students in their expedi- tions to the cemeteries, and stole the bodies directly on their own account, disposing of them subsequently to the anatomical lecturers. They rifled the graves where rich people had been interred, and even stole bodies from vaults beneath the churches. They bribed sextons, grave-diggers, undertakers' assistants, &c, to give them timely information of impending funerals, so that they might be present at them, and note the situation and depth of the grave. Not unfre- quently they acted as assistants to undertakers— " By day it was his trade to go, Sending the black-coach to and fro ; And sometimes at the gate of woe, With emblems suitable, He stood with brother-mutes to show- That life is mutable. But long before they passed the ferry, The dead, that he had helped to bury, He sack'd (he had a sack to carry) the bodies off in ; In fact, he let them have a very short fit of coffin." The large number of anatomical students in Edinburgh* created a demand for subjects, which that comparatively small city could with difficulty supply—hence the price of subjects was very high. It is highly probable that during the first quarter of this century many persons were murdered with the object of selling their bodies for dissection. A miscreant named Burke, residing in Edinburgh, was convicted in 1828 of the murder of an old woman, whose body he disposed of, for anatomical purposes, to the celebrated anatomist, Knox. Burke and an associate named Hare, there is the strongest reason to believe, murdered at least 16 persons, for the purpose of selling their bodies to the lecturers on anatomy. They inveigled their victims, generally strangers, into their houses, where they made them drunk, and then smothered them. Hare became King's evidence, and thereby escaped being hanged. Burke was executed. *.Iu 1826 and 1827 the average was 900. In the 12 London schools in 1826 the number was 907. He was the odious cause of a new verb—to burke—being introduced into our language. The publication of the crimes of Burke and Hare sent a thrill of horror throughout the United Kingdom, and, no doubt, hastened legislation for the purpose of legitimately securing subjects for dis- section. About this time it became generally known that bodies for dissection were exported from Ireland to London, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, and for the first time during the century subjects became very scarce in Dublin. In London the price of a body, which at the beginning of the century was about two guineas, gradually rose to from eight to fourteen guineas; and a quarter of a century later, so difficult was it to procure them, that casts were actually used for teaching purposes in several of the London schools. For a period of, perhaps, thirty or forty years, bodies were ex- ported from the north of Ireland to Glasgow and Edinburgh. The usual practice was to smuggle them. They were landed from boats on lonely parts of the coast, particularly that of Ayrshire. Some- tmes they were concealed in the holds of vessels laden with lime- stone, imported from Belfast and other Irish ports. The announcement of the crimes of Burke and Hare, and the discovery that dead bodies were imported from Dublin, created great alarm amongst timid people in that city. Many of them would not venture out of their homes after nightfall or go into lonely places even in the daylight. They feared that some local Burke might pounce upon them, murder them, and dispose of the bodies to the surgeons. The detection in January, 1828, of a body about to be exported, caused a popular tumult in the streets, and led to the murder, by an infuriated mob, of a man named Luke Redmond, a porter in the College of Surgeons. There is little doubt as to the complicity of all the professional resurrection men in the exportation of bodies, and it is certain that the practice had prevailed for several years before its discovery in 1827. It is a curious circumstance that for several years previous to 1828 a company of purveyors of subjects actually made the school of the College a kind of warehouse for their ghastly goods. Not one of them was directly connected with the College or any other anatomical EXPORTATION OF SUBJECTS. school; nevertheless they were permitted to store their subjects in the College school until they disposed of them either to the pro- fessors of anatomy, to the lecturers in other Dublin institutions, or to anatomists in London or Edinburgh. Thi3 disgraceful state of affairs must either have been connived at by the servants of the College, or else the school was at that time a place open to anyone to deposit dead bodies in. The exportation of bodies was carried on almost exclusively by two men, named Collins and Daly. The former resided in Peter- street, and the latter in D'OHer-street. They and their employees appear to have been most wanton in their treatment of the graves. They smashed tombstones, and strewed the habiliments of the dead over the ground, and on one occasion exposed naked dead bodies on the public road. It was chiefly through the practices of these men and their employees that the price of subjects rose from one guinea to from six to eight guineas, and they caused such a scarcity of subjects as for a while seemed to threaten the existence of anatomical teaching in Dublin. The measures which in 1828 the College adopted prevented these men from warehousing the subjects in the school, and several rules were enacted which served to increase the supply of bodies and to put a stop to abuses which had gradually sprung up in the anatomical department. Nevertheless the expor- tation of subjects to England continued, but under much greater difficulties. Higher prices were demanded for the subjects, and in December, 1831, £38 were paid for three Irish bodies by a London anatomist. In August, 1831, the College and the teachers in the private schools, with the exception of those in the Richmond Hospital school, entered into an arrangement for a fair distribution of the subjects available for dissection. The medical officers in the majority of the hospitals agreed to allow the unclaimed bodies of persons who had died in these institutions to be conveyed to a dep6t in the College of Surgeons for the common use of all the anatomical schools. Shortly afterwards the Anatomy Act was passed, and the arrange- ment for a fair distribution of subjects was made permanent under its provisions. In 1828 a Select Committee of the House of Commons was appointed to inquire into the subject of anatomical teaching They examined several witnesses, including Professor Macartney, of Dublin. The evidence which they heard is to be found in the Report from the Select Committee on Anatomy, ordered to be printed 22nd July, 1828. The publication of this Report not only served to heighten the dislike to the practices of the resurrection men, but it also incited sympathy with the students of medicine, who were obliged to study anatomy under difficulties not encountered in the continental countries. In Dublin, even before the publication of this Report, there was a strong feeling in favour of legitimately pro- viding subjects for anatomical studies. In the course of a fortnight ninety-nine gentlemen, all in good positions in society, voluntarily signed the following document:— *' We, whose names are hereunto affixed, being convinced that the knowledge of anatomy is of the utmost value to mankind, inasmuch as it illustrates various branches of natural and moral science, and constitutes the very foundation of the healing art; and believing that the erroneous opinions and vulgar prejudices which prevail with regard to dissection will be most effectually removed by practical examples, do hereby deliberately and solemnly express our desire that at the usual period after death our bodies, instead of being interred, should be devoted by our surviving friends to the more rational, benevolent, and honourable purpose of explaining the structure, functions, and diseases of the human being." At that time there was a vase in the Museum of Trinity College, which-it was stated contained the ashes of the heart of a Dr. O'Connor. It rested upon a marble pedestal, and bore the following inscription :— " Presented by Dr. Macartney to the memory of the man who, freed from superstitious and vulgar feelings, bequeathed his body for the honourable purpose of giving to others that knowledge which he had employed for the benefit of his fellow-creatures." On the Report of the Committee on Anatomy being laid before Parliament, a Bill to carry the suggestions contained in it into effect was introduced into the House of Commons. It was not, however, until 1st August, 1832, that an Act was passed to regulate the practice of anatomy. It enacted that in Great Britain the Home Secretary, and in Ireland the Chief Secretary, might grant a licence to any qualified person to practise anatomy, under certain conditions. It provided for the appointment of inspectors of anatomical schools, who were to make periodical returns to the Home or Chief Secretary as to the number of bodies dissected, and, so far as could be ascer- tained, the name and age of each person whose body was consigned for dissection. The inspectors were to visit the anatomical schools. The salary for each inspector was not to exceed £100 a year, with such other sum for official expenses as might be considered reason- able. It repealed the Act relating to the dissection of the bodies of murderers, and authorised in several ways the supplying of bodies for dissection. No body was to be removed for anatomical pur- poses until forty-eight hours after death. The passing of this Act extinguished the resurrection men's occupation, and the supply of bodies from the workhouses, &c, to the Dublin schools has ever since been, except on a few occasions, sufficient. Sir James Murray, the first inspector of anatomy in Dublin, was appointed in 1834. He died in 1870; and in January, 1871, was succeeded by the present inspector, Dr. Daniel F. Brady, F.R.C.S.L, J.P. On the 6th of May, 1833, the College resolved to have a bust of Mr. Kirby executed in acknowledgment of his munificent gift to the Museum. On the 17th June, 1833, the College adopted by-laws relative to candidates for Letters Testimonial in which the period of study insisted upon was five years. This was the first retrograde move- ment which only ended when it became possible for a student to obtain the license of the College two years and nine months after he had commenced his studies. The Marquis of Wellesley had shown a desire that the applica- tion of the College for a new charter should prove successful, and he helped materially towards that consummation. He was superseded as Viceroy before the charter was actually received, but on his reappointment in 1833 the College expressed their gratitude to him in a formal address. This address was resolved upon after a long debate at two meetings, and by a majority of 29 to 22 votes. This want of unanimity was not due to any political hostility towards the Marquis or his Government, for Liberals and Conservatives, Whigs and Tories, voted for and against the proposition ; it resulted from a desire to preserve the character of the College as a completely non- political, non-sectarian institution, except in reference to matters affecting the profession of surgery. From their foundation to the present the College, in at least their corporate capacity, have never exhibited religious or political in- tolerance. Although a large majority of the members have always professed the Protestant religion, the Roman Catholic minority have never been deprived of their fair proportion of the honours and emoluments in the power of the College to bestow. At a time when the Municipal Corporations and many Public Boards rarely appointed a Roman Catholic to any office of honour or profit, the College of Surgeons elected Roman Catholics to be their Presidents and Professors. William Dease, Francis M'Evoy, Richard Dease, James Rivers, Cusack Roney, James Kerin, Francis White, James O'Beirne, Andrew Ellis, Leonard Trant, and Christopher Fleming, all Roman Catholics, occupied the Presidential chair during the first three-quarters of a century of the existence of the College— 11 out of a total of 57 Presidents. This religious toleration was not confined to the surgeons. In 1687 the College of Physicians elected Dr. Crosbie, a Roman Catholic, to be their President. The Board of Trinity College at that time claimed to have the power of confirming the election of President of the Physician's College, and they vetoed Crosbie's election. Nevertheless, the Physicians again. elected him, and on the continued refusal of the Board of Trinity College to recognise him, the College of Physicians remained until 1690 without a legally constituted President. On the 1st September, 1834, the salary of Mr. O'Keeffe was increased to £100, and as he had been sent to London in connection with the inquiry on Medical Education before the House of Com- mons, and had shown great zeal in the discharge of his duties, the College gave him a gratuity of £50. For this purpose the vote was not an open one, but a secret ballot. On the 2nd of February a Committee were appointed to con- sider the best means of establishing a fund for the widows and orphans of members and licentiates. During the meeting of the British Association in Dublin in August, 1835, many of the members were entertained at a public breakfast in the College. I find that the costs of the breakfast were £98 12s.—it was therefore a substantial one. Several of the mem- bers read papers in the Medical Section of the Association, which it is worth noticing was instituted at this meeting. On the 2nd November, 1835, the College resolved to offer prizes for essays on the best methods for securing the appointment of the most competent medical teachers. On the 27th of the same month they resolved—Kirby having resigned his Professorship—to appoint two Professors of Medicine. On the 16th January, 1836, a Committee were appointed to inquire into the nature of the charters proposed to be granted to a contemplated University in London, and to Colleges in London and elsewhere; £100 was placed at the Committee's disposal to meet expenses, such as the consulting of counsel, &o. On the 1st February Professors Tiedmann and Cloquet were elected honorary members. In 1836 the College protested against the issuing of diplomas in midwifery by the authorities of the Rotunda Hospital. The College held that the Board of the Hospital was not empowered by charter to grant licenses. The hospital continues to issue these diplomas, but they are not registrable qualifications in midwifery. In this year the College entrusted to Mr. Kirk the execution of a bust of Mr. Cusack. On the 19th September Mr. Colles, whose health had been failing for some time, resigned his Professorship, which he had held for 32 years. The College, on the 1st October, unanimously resolved to have his portrait painted, and his bust sculptured, and to present him with a piece of plate. On the 10th May, 1837, the College appointed Messrs. Evanson and Corr a deputation to proceed to London to watch the progress of legislation, as some measures affecting the medical profession were on the tapis. These gentlemen were to receive three guineas per diem, and " travelling expenses to and from London." It had always been a grievance with the physicians that the medical officers of the County Infirmaries should exclusively be appointed from amongst the surgeons. In 1837 a number of the Fellows and Licentiates of the College of Physicians petitioned Parliament to remedy this grievance by directing the appointment of both physicians and surgeons to the Infirmaries. The prayer of the physicians does not seem unreasonable, but several of the state- ments contained in their petition were controverted in a counter- petition presented to Parliament by the College of Surgeons in June, 1837. The allegations which seem to have given most offence to the College were that the surgeons to the Infirmaries were not only the apothecaries but the "providores" of provisions, &c, to those institutions, and that they were the surgeons to the gaols, and medical attendants in the Fever Hospitals. In this affair the surgeons were victorious. On the 6th October the College resolved to appoint a Court of Pharmacy to examine the registered pupils in pharmacy, materia medica, and chemistry. This was a blow aimed at the apothecaries, who at that time were not in good odour with the College. The new Court granted certificates of competency in pharmacy, which are still possessed by many of the Fellows and Licentiates of the College. The certificate in pharmacy was not delivered until the candidate had qualified for the Letters Testimonial. On the 6th November, 1837, the College voted a subscription of one hundred guineas to the Zoological Society in recognition of their services in promoting a knowledge of comparative anatomy in Ireland. Many of the skeletons in the College museum were prepared from animals that had died in the Society's gardens. On the 30th November it resolved not to recognise lectures delivered by any person keeping an apothecary's shop. This resolu- tion was rescinded on the 24th November, 1842. On December 21st the College resolved to hold monthly evening reunions. On the same occasion they agreed to the discontinuance of the annual subscription of one guinea, payable by the members of the Surgical Society, and resolved to grant an annual sum, not exceeding £25, to the Society. On the 16ih January, 1838, the College, in a most voluminous petition presented to Parliament, formulated a terrible indictment against the apothecaries. They averred that all the advantages supposed to be the result of the institution of the Apothecaries' Hall had, in reality, no existence. They denounced the apothecary aa an imperfectly educated person, who whilst he had usurped the place of the physician and the surgeon, had not properly per formed the functions legally assigned to him. The College desired to have their members and licentiates who were found competent by the Court of Pharmacy empowered to dispense medicines to their own patients. The petition was presented to the House of Commons by Mr. Henry Warburton, M.P. The apothecaries were, as might be expected, highly indignant at these proceedings; they repudiated the terms " mischievous" and " dangerous," as applied to their incorporation by the College, as " altogether unwarranted and untrue." They resolved to resist the injurious attempt to deprive the apothecary of that station which by public opinion and professional knowledge he has so long and deservedly occupied. Since those days the apothecary has lost his monopoly in the dispensing of medicines, but he has continued to the present to act as a general practitioner. The apothecaries were, however, not unanimous in their view as to their true functions. Many of them, especially the late Mr. M. Donovan, a man of conspicuous ability, were most anxious that the apothecaries should be, as they were on the Continent, pure pharma- ciens. They went so far as to make an attempt to procure the foundation of a College of Pharmacy for Ireland. The men who held those views formed the well-known " Committee of Apothecaries," which existed for about four years. On November 5th, 1838, the College, having taken legal opinion, came to the conclusion that they were not prohibited by law in their charter from dispensing medicines to their own patients; and they resolved to defend any action at law in relation to this matter which might be instituted against any of their members or licentiates. On the 30th January the first of the evening scientific meetings came off with great eclat—the Lord Lieutenant and 89 other persons, many of them noblemen and high officials, being present. The cost of the entertainment was £28 12s. 4d. Early in 1838 deputations from the three Colleges of Surgeons held conferences in London, and agreed upon the following points:— (1) That the candidates for surgical qualifications should possess a "suitable preliminary education;" (2) that the schools and hospitals recognised in each country by the College of that country should be acknowledged by the other Colleges ; (3) that evidence of 21 months of hospital practice, and of attendance during two full sessions at lectures on anatomy and surgery, and of one course on each of the following subjects—medicine, chemistry, materia medica, midwifery, botany,and medical jurisprudence; also two sessions in the dissecting room; (4) that the members of any College which does not examine in medicine, pharmacy, and midwifery be required to produce (as qualifications for holding such appointments) a certificate of exami- nation in these subjects from a properly constituted authority, or to produce a degree in medicine from a university requiring bond fide in those subjects before granting such a degree. Some other points of less importance were agreed upon, one being that candidates should not be less than 21 years of age. The College adopted the resolutions of the delegates, but expressly on the understanding that the amount of education required in candidates was " a mini- mum," and the Irish delegates were directed to use their influence to have the minimal hospital attendance increased to 24 months, and to make the period of study absolutely four full sessions. The Edinburgh College adopted the resolutions of the delegates, as did also, with some modifications, the London College. Subse- quenty it was found that the latter body had not fully acted up to their promises. The higher education henceforth required by the Ciindidates for licenses of those institutions was the immediate result of the action of the Irish College. The College, too, laboured hard to prevent the Medical Charities Bill from being converted into a statute likely, as they thought, to be injurious to the interests of the surgical profession, and especially to their members. In this endeavour they were materially assisted by the late Dr. Henry Maunsell, who proved himself an able writer and eloquent debater. Professor Williams also at this time became a leader in the College counsels, and wrote many articles in favour of the College in the public journals. On August 6th the College agreed upon an address to the Lord Lieutenant, requesting that medical statistics should be collected at the next census, and offering to prepare forms for the purpose. On the same occasion, Sir B. C. Brodie, Bart., and Sir G. Ballingall, President of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, were elected honorary members. In September a curious case came before the College. One of their members, Mr. C. Langley, of Nenagh, complained of the conduct of a magistrate, who had impugned the veracity of a medical certifi- cate which he had given. At the request and expense of the College, the President proceeded to Nenagh and examined Mr. Langley's patient. His report led to the College bringing the matter under the notice of the Lord Lieutenant. On January 23rd, 1839, the College resolved to admit to the examination for Letters Testimonial those holding qualifications from other surgical corporations. On April 2nd it was agreed to petition Parliament as to the injustice of medical men being obliged to give evidence in criminal cases, before coroners and magistrates, without being remunerated for their loss of time. In this year the College endeavoured to effect a union of the physicians and surgeons, under the designation of the Medical Union of Ireland. Overtures, with this object, were made to the College of Physicians, but they were not entertained by that body. Nevertheless, a congress of physicians and eurgeons, including sixty-one delegates from the counties, assembled on the 29th May, at the College of Surgeons, to discuse the matter. Several resolu- tions were passed, including the following:—"Resolved—That it is, therefore, our opinion a legislative measure should be sought for by us, to unite the medical profession of Ireland into a corporation, upon such principles as shall constitute them one National Faculty, and thereby identify, in feeling and interests, the great mass of provincial practitioners with their metropolitan brethren." A deputation of the new society shortly afterwards waited upon the Lord Lieutenant, and submitted their proposals to him, which, in the usual diplomatic manner, his Excellency said should " receive " his most careful consideration. It is to be regretted that this attempt to unite medical practitioners into one body, and to have such examinations for the student as would, if he passed them, qualify him to practise any department of the healing art, ended in failure. The College, undoubtedly, were not to blame for this unfortunate result. On the 6th January Mr. Small was elected Assistant-Secretary, in place of Mr. Jacob, but he resigned on the 4th November following. The office then ceased to exist, and the duties pertaining to it were transferred to the Registrar. A large part of 1840 was consumed in correspondence with the other Surgical Colleges in reference to medical education. On January 3 3th, 1841, a motion to give £30 to each of the Censors, for their services during 1840, was carried on a division by twenty-two to two. This is the first time that the examiners were paid, except for examining candidates for the army and navy medical services. In 1842 it was agieed that the Censors should each receive half a guinea for each examination in which he was engaged. The average income of the College, during the years 1838-39-40, was only £2,050, and the average expenditure £2,170. On the 1st November, 1841, the College founded a Professorship of Hygiene, or Public Health. On the 13th December a Professor- ship of Botany was founded. Lectures on this subject had, how- ever, been for many years delivered in the school. In 1842 the College invited the attention of the Irish and Scotch Medical Corporations to regulations of the English Poor-law Com- missioners, excluding all practitioners from the office of Union- Surgeon, unless provided with a London qualification. Sir James Graham's Medical Bill was, at this time, before Parliament, and its provisions were considered satisfactory by the College. o At several meetings held in 1842, various proposed changes in the constitution of the College were considered, and were, as a rule, adopted. They included the formation of a Governing Council, the institution of an order of Fellows, and the creation of a paid Court of Examiners, instead of the Courts of Censors and Assistants. On the 24th January, 1843, the consideration of the clauses of the proposed supplemental Charter was completed, and directions to have it put into legal form given. The supplemental Charter was granted on the 11th January, 1844. The authorities relinquished the fees to which they were entitled, as did also the law officers of the Crown; consequently, the expense of procuring the Charter was reduced from £220 to £94 17s. 3d. The reason assigned for the abatement of fees was the short period that had elapsed since the payment of a large sum on account of the second charter. The period was, however, nearly fourteen years. CHAPTER IX. THE SUPPLEMENTAL CHAKTEK. " ©tCtOria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, and soforth. To all unto whom these Presents shall come, greeting. " Whereas the body politic and corporate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland was incorporated or re-established under and by virtue of a certain Charter or Letters Patent, bearing date the thirteenth day of September, in the ninth year of the reign of King George the Fourth, or otherwise, as in such Letters Patent mentioned or referred to; and the said College is now regulated and governed by the provisions of such Charter or Letters Patent, and according to certain Bye-Laws and Ordinances made by the said College for its regulation and better government. "And whereas the body politic and corporate of the said College at present consists of persons named and created Members of the said College by the said Charter, or since duly elected to be such Members. And whereas certain other persons have received Letters Testimonial, Certificates or Diplomas under the Common Seal of the said College, qualifying them to practise Surgery, who are called Licentiates, but are not included in the body politic and corporate of the said College. And whereas the governing body of the said College consists of the Members of the College, or a majority of those Members present, who, being lawfully convened, shall meet and assemble for that purpose; one of the Members of the said College being the President, and one other Member the Vice-President, and six other Members being Censors, and twelve other Members being Assistants of the said College. " And whereas, in order more effectually to promote and encourage the study and practice of the art and science of Surgery, it appears to us expedient that the several persons who are now Members of the said College should be called Fellows, and that other persons may be appointed or elected Fellows, in the manner and subject to the regulations hereinafter provided; and that all persons who may hereafter become Fellows of the said College, but not those who are by these presents named and constituted Fellows, nor such other persons as shall be appointed and enrolled as Fellows within one year from the date of these Presents in the manner hereinafter provided, should be required, in order to obtain a Fellowship of the said College, to pass through a longer and higher course of studies, and to have attained a greater age than shall be required in the case of those persons who shall hereafter be constituted Licentiates of the said College, according to the provisions hereinafter contained. "And whereas it is further expedient that certain other per- sans may be appointed Licentiates of the said College as aforesaid, in the manner and subject to the regulations hereinafter provided, and that the offices of Censors and Assistants of the said College should be respectively abolished, and that all the powers and privileges of the said body politic and corporate for the government thereof, and the superintendence and advancement of surgical education and practice, should be vested in and exercised by an Executive Council of the said College, to be constituted and chosen as hereinafter mentioned, and that certain further powers and privileges should be granted to the said College. " Know ye, therefore, That we, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, by and with the advice and consent of our right trusty and right well beloved cousin and councillor, Thomas Philip, Earl De Grey, our Lieutenant-General and General Governor of that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, and according to the tenor and effect of our Letter, under our Privy Signet and Royal Sign Manual, bearing date at our Court at Saint James's, the twenty-fifth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, in the seventh year of our reign, and now enrolled in the Rolls of our High Court of Chancery, in that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, have granted, declared, ordained, and directed, and by these Presents for us, our heirs and successors, do grant, declare, ordain, and direct:— " 1. That all persons who are Members of the said College at the date of these Presents, together with such persons as shall be appointed and enrolled in manner hereinafter provided, within one year from the date hereof, and also such persons as shall, from time to time, be elected and admitted after examination had in manner hereinafter provided, shall be and become Fellows of the said College, and be called or known by the name or style of •The Fellows of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland,' and shall exercise and enjoy all and singular the gifts, grants, liberties, privileges and immunities, possessions, real and personal, whatsoever, by any act or acts of Parliament, or by any Letters Patent, granted and confirmed unto, and lawfully acquired by, the said body politic and corporate, or which might be exercised and enjoyed by them as Members for the time being of the said College, and not hereby altered or amended. " 2. And that all persons who are Licentiates of the said College at the date of these Presents, together with such other persons as shall be appointed and enrolled within one year from the date of these Presents, in the manner hereinafter provided, and also such other persons as shall hereafter from time to time be admitted Licentiates by examination, shall be and become and be called Licentiates of the said College; and such Licentiates shall respec- tively exercise and enjoy all rights of practice in the art or science of Surgery or otherwise, which are commonly enjoyed by Members of the said College, and shall have free access to the library and museum thereof, subject to such regulations as the Council may, from time to time, lay down and direct to be observed, and be eligible or admissible to the rank of Fellowship of the said College, subject to the conditions and regulations hereinafter contained. " 3. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, direct and command that, from and after the election of the Council of the said College, as hereinafter provided, and the acceptance of the office of Councillors by the persons in that behalf chosen thereunto, the offices of Assistants and Censors of the said College shall be abolished, and the present manner of electing a President and Vice-President and other officers of the said College shall cease. " 4. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, declare, and appoint that it shall and may be lawful for the Fellows of the said College, from time to time, in manner hereinafter mentioned, to choose by ballot one person from amongst them- selves to be President, and one other person from amongst them- selves to be a Vice-President, and any number of persons from amongst themselves, and not exceeding the number of twenty-one, including the said President and Vice-President, to be the Council of the said College, the said President, Vice-President, and other Members of the said Council to be continued in the said respective offices for such time as is hereinafter set forth; and the presence of at least one-third part of the said Council shall be necessary to constitute a meeting of the said Council competent to transact business and perform the duty of the said Council. "5. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, declare, and appoint that the President and Vice-President shall be ex-officio Members of the said Council of the said College, and the Vice-President shall and may, in the absence of the President, have the same powers and authorities as the said President would have if personally present, and that in all votes, ballots, scrutinies, or divisions at any meeting of the Fellows or Members of the said College, or of the Council, the President or the Vice-President, or such other person as may preside over such meeting and be chairman thereof, shall not vote unless there be an equality of votes, in which case he shall give a casting vote. " 6. And We do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, ordain and appoint that the President, or in his absence the Vice-President, when and as often as the said President, or in his absence the Vice-President, shall think fitting, may or upon a request in writing made to him by twelve or more Fellows of the said College, shall, without wilful delay, convene a meeting of the Fellows at large, and, with such of the said Fellows as may attend thereat, deliberate and consult about the state and government of the said College, and the administration of the affairs thereof, and shall be at liberty to recommend to the consideration of the Council of the said College such matters as to the said Fellows so assembled may seem expedient. " 7. And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the Council, or a majority of such of the Members thereof as shall assemble (the whole number then and there present not being less than one-third part of the whole Council), to exercise the powers and privileges and perform the duties and functions of the said body politic and corporate, as the governing or executive Council of the said College, and in all respects to act for or on behalf of the said College as lawfully representing the same, and so to make and publish, and also to alter, change, and annul, from time to time, such Bye-laws, Rules, Ordinances, and Constitutions as to them shall seem requisite, for the regulation, good government, and advantage of the said body, and the Licentiates of the said College, and the administration of the funds and property thereof, or con- corning qualifications of the candidates for Letters Testimonial; the Enrolment, Registry, Matriculation, Admission, and Examina- tion of Fellows, Licentiates, Pupils, Students, and Apprentices, the fees to be payable by them and every of them to the said College, or to any Fellows, or to any Licentiate thereof, the terms and conditions of admission on taking them or any of them, and to provide and enact Bye-Laws and Rules for the Regulation of meetings and assemblies under these Presents to be holden, and the adjournment thereof, as occasion may require. And in case of any emergency, wherein the directions in these Presents could not be followed, to make provision for such emergency, and direct the manner of assembling, electing, or other act or transaction necessary for the government, discipline, or continuance of the said body corporate, and the said College, and also to provide regulations for inflicting upon any delinquent, whether Apprentice or Pupil, Fellow or Licentiate, such reasonable pains, penalties, and punishments by censure, suspension, amotion or fine, as to them so assembled shall seem meet, provided such pecuniary penalty shall not exceed, in any case, the sum of fifty pounds, and that such Bye-Laws, Rules, and Constitutions shall not be repugnant or contrary to the laws and statutes of our realm, and such Bye-Laws, Rules, Ordinances, and Constitutions, and acts and proceedings of the Council shall be, from time to time, reported to the Fellows in College assembled in manner herein provided. Provided always, and it is our further will and pleasure, that no Bye-Laws hereafter to be made by the said Council shall be of any force until our approval thereof shall have been signified to the said College, under the hand of one of our principal Secretaries of State, or the same shall have been otherwise approved in such manner as shall be directed by us, with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons of our realm, in Parliament assembled. " 8. And We have made, nominated, constituted, and appointed, and by these Presents we do make, nominate, constitute, and appoint James O'Beirne to be President of the said College, and John Hart to be Vice-President of the said College, and at once to enter upon their said respective offices, and perform the duties thereof respec- tively, and to continue until the appointment of their successors to the said respective offices, and the acceptance thereof by such persons elected in such manner as hereinafter mentioned. " 9. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain, direct, and appoint that, within one week after the date of these Presents, the Fellows of the said College shall be summoned to assemble together by the said President, or by other the President for the time being, or in his absence, or by his assent or permission, by the Vice-President for the time being, by special summons, indicating the time and place of said meeting so to be convened, and the purpose thereof; which said summons or notice shall be addressed respectively to each person who shall be a Fellow of the said College at the time of transmitting the same, in case his residence shall be known by such President or Vice-President, and shall be transmitted through the General Post Office of the City of Dublin, three clear days at least before the day appointed for the said meeting; and in case such notice or summons shall not be transmitted in manner and within the time aforesaid, then the Fellows of said College shall and may meet and assemble together there, on the Monday first after the expiration of one week from the date of these Presents, at the hour of twelve o'clock, at the said College; and in any of the cases aforesaid the said Fellows so assembled shall proceed to elect and choose the said Council of the said College in manner hereinbefore mentioned ; and the chairman of such meeting shall and may, at the close of said poll or election, announce the result thereof, and declare the sevei'al persons elected and chosen to be and be constituted, together with the said President and Vice-President, the Council of the said College as aforesaid, arid shall thenceforth so continue until the election and appointment of their successors in manner hereinafter provided, and shall possess, enjoy, and exercise all the corporate powers, privileges, and authorities of the said body politic and corporate, as far as the same relate to the good government, regulation, discipline, and control of the said College, or the practice of the said art or science of Surgery, and shall, to all intents and purposes, be the governing or executive body in Council thereof. " 10. And We do hereby further for us, our heirs and successors, ordain, declare, and direct that, whenever and so often as it shall be necessary to elect an Examiner or Examiners, or a Professor or Professors, of the said College, the President or Vice-President, together with not less than two-thirds of the other Members of the, said Council for the time being in that behalf convened shall assemble; or in case of the absence or non-attendance of the President or Vice-President, then not less than three-fourths of the said Council, exclusive of said President or Vice-President, shall meet and assemble together, pursuant to a special summons in that behalf to be issued and transmitted as aforesaid, three clear days at least before such meeting and assemblage; and being so assembled shall choose and appoint by lot seven Members of such Council, or as near thereto as may be ; which said persons so chosen and appointed shall proceed forthwith to elect by a majority of voices such Examiner or Examiners, Professor or Professors, to respectively examine or teach, as the case may be, such branches of surgical, medical, and colllateral arts or sciences as the Council may direct with respect to any or each of the Examinatorships or Professorships to be instituted, filled up, and elected, provided the said Members of the Council, so by lot appointed, shall find among the candidates for the said offices of Examiner or Professor a person or persons having such qualifications as the Council may, from time to time, determine by Bye-Law to be necessary; and also, being in their judgment, or in the judgment of the majority of them, fit and competent to discharge the duties of said office of Examiner or Professor, as the case may be; and the said Members of such Council, so by lot appointed or chosen, shall thereupon make and subscribe the following declaration :— " ' /, do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will, to the best of my knowledge, skill, and judgment, without hatred, evil-will, partiality, affection, favour, or fear, justly, equally* and faithfully discharge the trust now reposed in me to elect the most fit and proper person to fill the situation of Examiner (or Professor) of And further, that I consider myself bound to elect the candidate who affords the most unquestionable proofs of good character and of ability, acquirements, industry, and perseverance applied to the branch for which I am now called upon to elect a Professor (or Examiner); and that I do not consider previous services in the College, in this or any other department, as establishing a peculiar claim to a preference. And also, that I have not, directly or indirectly, promised to vote for or favour any particular candidate.' And such declai*ation shall be duly administered to them respectively by the President or Vice-President, or any Member of the Council who shall be then present, and such declaration shall be taken, and such appointment by lot of seven Members, to make such election, shall be made at a meeting of the Fellows of the College duly convened as herein- before provided. " 11. And We do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, ordain, declare, and direct that the President or Vice-President, with other Members of said Council of the said College shall, in manner aforesaid, elect, or cause to be elected, from the persons who shall offer themselves to the Council of said College as candidates for the said office, provided the said Members of Council, by lot appointed to elect to the office of Examiner, shall find among the candidates for the said office a person or persons, in their judg- ment, or in the judgment of the majority of them, fit and com- petent to discharge the duties thereof, six or more persons to be Examiners of said College, such candidates for such office as Examiners not being Members of said Council, and if elected as Examiners shall not be capable of being elected as Members of the Council, so long as they hold the office of Examiners, and such Examiners so elected, if Professors or Lecturers, or Teachers, shall, so long as they hold the office of Examiners, cease to hold the office or perform the duties of Professors, Lecturers, or Teachers, except as Clinical Lecturers in Hospitals. And they, the said President or Vice-President, and Council, shall in like manner, from time to time, fill up any vacancy or vacancies that may occur in the body of Examiners, so that the said Examiners shall always consist of such number of persons as shall be from time to time determined by any Bye-law of the said College; and they shall in like manner elect Professors of the said College, when and so often as a vacancy or vacancies shall occur, from the persons who shall offer them- selves to the Council of the said College as candidates for the said office; provided the Members of Council, by lot appointed to elect to the office of Professors, shall find among said candidates for the said office a person or persons in their judgment, or in the judg- ment of the majority of them, fit and competent to the discharge of the duties thereof, so that the Professors of the said College shall always consist of thirteen persons, unless such number shall be altered by any Bye-Laws of the said College; and the said persons so respectively elected and appointed to fill the said respec- tive offices of Examiner or Professor, shall respectively hold and enjoy their said office during such period as shall be fixed by Bye- Laws of the said College, to be duly enacted for that purpose, and such Examiners shall be entitled to such salary, emolument, and reward, as the said Council shall, by any Rule or Bye-Law in that behalf, make or provide for any person so chosen and appointed an Examiner as aforesaid. That it shall and may be lawful for the President or Vice-President and Council of the said College, from time to time, to elect and appoint a Secretary, and also to elect and appoint a Registrar, and such other officer or officers, servant or servants, for such periods, and at such salaries, as to thein shall seem meet, for the better regulation of the said College. " 12. And We do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, grant, ordain, and appoint, that the President, or in his absence the Vice- President, or any two Members of the Council, shall, upon the first Monday in the month of June, one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, or in ten days thereafter, and upon the first Monday in June in every succeeding year, or within ten days thereafter, con- vene a meeting of the Fellows of said College at the Hall of the said College, or some other convenient place within the City of Dublin by special summons as hereinafter provided, and the said Fellows, or such of them as shall assemble in pursuance of such summons, shall then and there elect yearly, by ballot, out of their own body, by a majority of votes of such Fellows as shall be then and there present, one person to be President, and one other person to be Vice-President, and any number of persons from amongst themselves, and not exceeding the number of twenty-one, including the said President and Vice-President, to be Members of the Council of said College for the then succeeding year, which per- sons so elected shall respectively serve in the offices to which they shall be so elected for and during one whole year, and thenceforth until others shall be duly elected in their places respectively, and notices in writing of every such meeting shall be delivered or sent by post, addressed to the usual place of abode of each of the said Fellows then residing in Ireland, where the same is known at the said College, and every such notice shall specify the time and place at which such meeting shall be held. " 13. And We do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, grant and ordain, that in case such election shall not be held and com- pleted as aforesaid, or if at any time any vacancy shall occur by death, resignation, removal or incapacity of the President, or Vice- President, or any Member of the said Council, or any other officer of the said College hereby nominated, or hereafter to be elected, then and in such case it shall and may be lawful for any two of the Fellows of the said College, on being thereunto so required by- notice in writing, signed by any six Fellows, to issue a summons six clear days, and thereby convene a meeting of the Fellows of said College, at the Hall of said College, or other convenient place within the City of Dublin, upon a day, and at an hour, before the hours of nine and three, to be mentioned in such summons, and the said Fellows shall then and there elect by ballot out of their own body, by a majority of votes of such Fellows as shall be then and there present, a person or persons to fill up and supply the said office or offices, or such of them as shall have so become vacant or required to be filled up, for such part of the ensuing year as shall be then to come and unexpired, and that the person or persons so elected shall thereupon enter the office to which he or they shall have been so elected, and shall serve for the remainder of the year, and thenceforth until a new appointment and election be made as hereinbefore provided, and shall have all the powers, privileges, and authorities which would have belonged to him or them if origi- nally elected and appointed thereunto. " 14. And We do hereby enjoin and require that the oath or affirmation, or declaration required by the said hereinbefore, in part, recited Charter or. Letters Patent, to be taken or made by the Pre- sident, Vice-President, Censors, Assistants, Officers, or Members, or Licentiates of the said College respectively shall, save where the same is hereby altered or annulled, be taken or made by the President or Vice-President, Members of the Council, Fellows, Examiners, Officers, or Licentiates of the said College appointed, or to be appointed under these Presents; and the President or Vice-President, or Members of the Council, or any two of them, shall administer such oath, or affirmation, or declaration, save as aforesaid, at such time, and in such manner as the President, Vice- President, and Censors, or any two of them, were empowered and required to administer the same by the said Letters Patent. " 15. And We do hereby further for us, our heirs and successors, grant and declare that it shall and may be lawful for the Council of the said College, at any time or times before the expiration of one year from the date hereof, by Diploma or Diplomas, under the Seal of the said College, and in such form as the said Council shall think fit, and upon payment of a fee for admission, not exceeding fifty pounds, to be paid and lodged with the President or Vice- President of the said College, for the use of the said College, to appoint and enrol any person or persons, being a Licentiate or Licentiates of the said College, or Practitioner or Practitioners in Surgery, whom they shall think fit to be a Fellow or Fellows of the said Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; and that it shall and may in like manner be lawful for the Council of the said College, at any time or times before the expiration of one year from the date hereof, by Certificate or Certificates, or Diploma or Diplomas, under the Seal of said College, and in such form as the said Council shall think fit, and upon payment of a fee for admission not exceeding fifty pounds, to be paid and lodged with the President or Vice- President of the said College, for use of the said College, to appoint and enrol any person or persons, being a Practitioner or Practi- tioners in Surgery, whom they shall think fit to be a Licentiate or Licentiates of the said Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. " 16. And We do hereby further for us, our heirs and successors, ordain, direct, and appoint that, except as hereinbefore mentioned, no person shall become or be admitted a Fellow of the said College until after he shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, and shall also have gone through such extended course of studies, and have complied with such other rules and regulations and conditions as the Council of the said College shall from time to time consider expedient and direct, nor unless he shall have passed such special examination by the Examiners of the said College as the Council shall, from time to time, think fit and direct that candidates for a Fellowship of said College shall undergo; but every fit and proper person, having attained such age, and gone through such extended course of studies, and complied with such rules and regulations and conditions, and passed such special examination, shall be ad- missible as a Fellow of the said College in the manner hereinafter specified. Provided always, and our will and pleasure is, that every person so admitted a Fellow of the said College, and not being already a Member or Licentiate thereof, shall also, by virtue of such his admittance as a Fellow, become and be called, and be considered admitted as a Member or Licentiate of the said College, and that the fee to be paid on the admittance of every new Fellow as last aforesaid, over and above the stamp duty on his admittance or Diploma, shall be any such sum not exceeding the sum of one hundred pounds, as the Council of the said College shall, from time to time, think fit and direct. " 17. And We do hereby further declare and direct, that from henceforth no person shall be eligible as a Fellow of the said College who shall, by the judgment of said Council, be declared to be concerned, either directly or indirectly, in practising pharmacy; and if any person shall, in the opinion and by the judgment of the said Council, be declared to be concerned, either directly or indirectly, in the practice of pharmacy after he shall have become a Fellow by virtue of this Charter, or shall have been appointed or admitted a Fellow of the said College, then, and in every such case, and after previous notice to, and hearing of, such Fellow, as under the circumstances the Council shall think proper, it shall be lawful for such Council to censure and admonish such person, and if the case should so require (whereof the Council shall determine) to recall and to declare the Letters Testimonial or Diploma of such Fellow to be void, and thereupon every such Fellow shall cease to be a Fellow of said College. " 18. And We do hereby further for us, our heirs and successors, declare and direct, that if it shall at any time hereafter appear that any Licentiate or Fellow of said College shall have obtained his Letters Testimonial or his Diploma respectively, by any fraud, false statement, or imposition, or that either before or after obtain- ing such his Letters Testimonial or Diploma, he shall have wilfully violated any Bye-Law, Rule, or Regulation of the said College, then and in every such case, and after such previous notice to, and such hearing of, such Fellow or Licentiate, as under the circum- stances the Council of the said College shall think proper, it shall be lawful for the Council to pass such judgment or censure upon the person so offending, or (in case it should seem expedient) to recall and to declare the Letters Testimonial or Diploma respec- tively, of such Fellow or Licentiate, to be void, and thereupon every such Licentiate or Fellow shall accordingly cease to be a Licentiate or a Fellow of the said College, as the case may be. " 19. And We do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, further ordain and appoint that the Examiners of said College, or so many of them as may hereafter be declared necessary to constitute a court or board by any Bye-Law, shall, from time to time, upon request made to the President, or in his absence, to the Vice-Presi- dent, or any two of the Council of the said College, examine in such form and manner, and on such subjects as the Council may, from time to time, direct and prescribe, every person who shall be desirous of obtaining the Certificate or Letters Testimonial of the said College of his qualification to practise under the Common Seal of the said College, and who shall have duly observed and fulfilled the Rules, Regulations, Conditions, and Ordinances pro- vided and contained in the Bye-Laws of the said College, and in the said, in part, recited Letters Patent in respect of such candidates for the Certificate or Letters Testimonial of the said College: and in case the said Examiners shall be satisfied with the result of such examination, and shall certify to the said Council to the effect aforesaid, then, and in such case, the said Council shall give to each person so examined and qualified such Certificate or Letters Testimonial of his qualification to practise, under the Common Seal of the said College, as to the said President and . Council, or to the majority of them, shall seem just, subject to such regulations in respect thereof as the Council of the said College shall direct upon his performance of or compliance with all and every the requisites and provisions in the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances of the said College, and in the said Letters Patent contained, in respect of such person, save that instead of the oath or affirmation and declaration appointed to be taken by the said Letters Patent, every such person so examined and approved of shall, before he shall obtain or be entitled to claim such Letters Testimonial or Certificate, make and subscribe the following de- claration :—' 1, A. B., do solemnly and sincerely declare and promise that I will observe and be obedient to the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and that I will, to the utmost of my power, endeavour to promote the reputation, honour, and dignity of the said College.' " And that the Examiners, or any number of them, declared by the Bye-Law to be competent to transact business as a Court of Examiners, shall, in the presence of the President, or in his absence the Vice-President, and two or more Members of the Council, from time to time, in like manner, upon request made to the President, or in his absence to the Vice-President, and upon payment of the fee hereinbefore mentioned, examine, in such form and manner, and on such subjects as the Council may, from time to time, direct and prescribe, any candidate for a Fellowship who shall prove to the satisfaction of the President, or Vice-President and Council, that he has attained the age at which persons are by • these Presents qualified to be admitted a Fellow of the said College; and if such candidate shall pass such examination as the Council of the said College shall, from time to time, think fit and direct that candidates for a Fellowship shall undergo, to the satis- faction of the said Examiners, to be certified to the said Council, then and in such case the said Council shall grant to such persons such Diploma under the Seal of the said Corporation or College, and in such form as the Council of the said College shall direct, upon his performance or compliance with the following requisites and provisions, that is to say: every person so examined and approved of shall, before he shall obtain or be entitled to obtain such Diploma, make and subscribe the following declaration and affirmation :—' /, A. B., do solemnly and sincerely declare that I am twenty-Jive years of age and upivards, and that J ivill observe and be obedient to the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and that I will, to the utmost of my power, endeavour to promote the reputation, honour, and dignity of the said College, and that I do not now practise the business or profession of an apothecary or druggist, or indirectly sell drugs or medicines, and that I will not, so long as I shall be a Fellow of the said College, practise such business or profession.' And all persons who ai'e Members of said College at the date of these Presents, and are hereby created Fellows, shall take and subscribe the said declaration. " 20. And we do hereby further ordain and direct that Examiners of the said College, or so many of them as shall be declared com- petent to transact business as a Court of Examiners, shall in like manner, from time to time, upon request made to the President, or in his absence to the Vice-President, or any two of the Council, examine in such form and manner, on such subjects as the Council mav, from time to time, direct and prescribe, such persons as may so require it, being Fellows or Licentiates of the College, touching their ability, skilfulness, and knowledge, previous education and experience in midwifery; and in case the said Examiners shall be satisfied with the result of such examination, and shall certify to the said Council to that effect, then and in such case the said Council shall grant to such person so examined and qualified such Certificate of his qualification to practise midwifery and exercise the profession thereof, under the Seal of the said Corporation or College, and in such form as the Council of the said College shall direct. " 21. And we do hereby enjoin and require that such Examiners shall, on being appointed to their respective offices, take the follow- ing declaration, that is to say :—A. B., do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will, to the best of my knowledge, skill, and judgment, without hatred, evil-ioill, partiality, affection, favour, or fear, justly, equally, and faithfully discharge the trust and execute the powers vested in me by a certain Supplemental Charter granted by Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.' Such declaration is to be administered by the Senior Examiner present, to the President, or in his absence to the Vice- President, who is to administer the same declaration to the said Examiners, and they are hereby respectively authorised and required to administer the same accordingly. " 22. And we do hereby grant and declare that it shall be and may be lawful for the said College, at all times hereafter, and upon all such occasions as they shall think proper and expedient, to exercise and enjoy the right and privilege of having a Mace, and causing the same to be borne by such officer as they shall appoint for that purpose. " 23. And we do hereby further declare our will and pleasure to be that, except in the respects hereby altered, the said College shall continue to have all such and the same jurisdictions, powers, authorities, and discretions, for and with respect to the government of the said College, as such College now has, under or by virtue of the said hereinbefore recited Charter or Letters Patent, or in any other lawful manner whatsoever. And we do hereby further for us, our heirs and successors, grant and confirm unto them all such jurisdictions, powers, authorities, und discretions accordingly. " 24. And we do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, further grant unto the said College that these our Letters Patent, or the enrolment or exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all things good, firm, valid, sufficient, and effectual in law, according to the true intent and meaning hereof, notwithstanding the not fully or not duly reciting the said in part recited Letters Patent, or the date thereof, or any other omission, imperfection, defect, matter, cause, or thing whatsoever in the same, to the contrary thereof, in anywise notwithstanding, and shall be taken, construed, and adjudged in the most favourable and beneficial sense, for the best advantage of the said body politic and corporate, and their successors, as well as |11 all Courts of Record as elsewhere, and by all and singular the officers and ministers of us, our heirs and successors, provided p always that these our Letters Patent be enrolled in the office of our High Court of Chancery in that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, within six months next ensuing the date hereof, otherwise these our Letters Patent to be void and of none effect. In witness whereof, we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent: witness, Thomas Philip Earl de Grey, our Lieutenant-General and General Governor at Ireland, at Dublin, the eleventh day of January, in the seventh year of our reign. " C. Fitzsimon. " Enrolled in the Office of the Rolls of Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery in Ireland, the twenty- fourth day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-four. "WILLIAM WEBB, "Deputy Keeper of the Rolls." CHAPTER X. THE COLLEGE UNDER THEIR SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER. The first meeting of the College, under the provisions of their supplemental Charter, was held on Thursday, the 16th January, 1844. Seventy-one members were present. The first Council of nineteen members—the President and Vice-President were named in the Charter—were then elected as follows:—Sir Philip Crampton, Bart., Richard Carmichael, Samuel Wilmot, Alexander Read, William Auchenleck, James William Cusack, James Kerin, Arthur Jacob, William H. Porter, Thomas Rumley, William Tagert, John Peebles, Thomas E. Beatty, William Hargrave, Charles Benson, John Houston, Andrew Ellis, Robert C. Williams, Henry Maunsell; with the exceptions of Houston, Peebles, and Maunsell, all were past Presidents, or subsequently became Presidents. The Council at once assumed the government of the College, and up to the 21st May held thirty-three meetings. Henry Maunsell was appointed provisional Secretary to the Council at the first meeting, and at the last one, held before the re-election of a new Council, he was presented with a cheque for twenty-five guineas; he remained for many years Secretary to the Council. On the 14th June, the salary of the Secretary to the Council was fixed at £100 per annum, and he was expected to go to London, or elsewhere, on College business, without further charge, except for expenses. On the 30th January the Council resolved to admit, without examination, the licentiates to the Fellowship, provided they applied before the 11th January, 1845. The fee for Fellows residing in Dublin was fixed at twenty guineas, and for country Fellows ten guineas, provided their Letters Testimonial bore date prior to 1839. The fee for other Fellows was thirty guineas, for those who resided in or within ten miles of Dublin, and twenty guineas if they resided beyond those limits. The Council decided—perhaps with too much liberality—to allow the persons who obtained Letters Testimonial up to the 10th January, 1845, to become, without further examination, Fellows. It was also resolved to admit, during one year, all surgical civil practi- tioners and medical officers in the army, navy, and East India Company's service, provided they were of seven years' standing. The College, after the 10th January, 1845, consisted of two grades of members admitted after examination. The Bills for regulating the practice of medicine, which had been, or were intended to be, introduced into the House of Commons, but which had fallen through, provided for a uniform minimal standard of education. The College of Surgeons desired that the examination for their licence should be a minimal one, whilst that for the higher grade of Fellow should be stricter and more extensive. At the present time many persons are of opinion that the Fellowship should be conferred on licentiates of several years' standing, without oblig- ing them to pass a strict examination. This idea contemplates a reversion to the old mode of election, without examination, such as is still practised by the College of Physicians. The intention of the framers of the supplemental Charter was clearly to have a minimal and maximal standard of education at their examinations. Before 1844 a man was elected a member because of his long stand- ing in the profession, or his social position, but certainly not on account of his superior education. After 1844 any candidate, however humble in his social status, could present himself for the Fellowship examination without having previously entered the order of the licentiates. He had to show that his knowledge of the medical sciences was greater than would suffice to pass him for the Letters Testimonial; and to insure that the candidate had ample time to acquire the necessary amount of technical information, he was not to be admitted to examination under the age of twenty-five years. As to the position of the distinguished members of the College, the Council afforded a dignified place for them, subject to the annual suffrages of the Fellows at large. In accordance with the provisions of the supplemental Charter, the first Council elected as Fellows forty-two licentiates of the College, and twenty-nine qualified practitioners in surgery—total, seventy-one; of these, thirteen still survive, and fifty-eight have " passed over to the majority." The total number ultimately admitted amounted to 354 Fellows, of whom 226 were licentiates, and 128 were qualified practitioners. During the year forty-two licentiates were admitted by examination, of whom the majority subsequently became Fellows, without examination. It is pleasant to record that no one was admitted to the Fellowship who had no diploma, except a few surgeons who had served in the navy and army. On the 5th March, 1844, the new Board of Examiners were elected as follows:—Examiners in Surgery and Medicine, Messrs. Collis, Adams, and Hutton ; in Anatomy, Messrs. M'Donnell and Jameson ; in Materia Medica, Chemistry, and Medical Jurispru- dence, Mr. M'Coy; and in Midwifery, Mr. Nixon. The remune- ration to each Examiner was fixed at 10s. 6d. per candidate for examination. The Council devoted much time in the preparation of by-laws and in determining upon an educational curriculum. The oy-laws, &c, were confirmed by Sir James Graham, the Home Secretary, in August. So far as the general government of the College wa3 concerned, no change of vital importance was made from 1844 until 1884, when the method of electing Professors and Examiners was altered, as will be described further on. The regu- lations affecting candidates have been in several respects altered since 1844. In that year the more important points in relation to the examinations for Letters Testimonial were as follows:—The candi- dates were required to pass an examination in the Latin and Greek languages, and to show that they had studied professionally during a period of not less than four years, of which three had been spent in Dublin, London, Edinburgh, or Glasgow. They were to produce certificates of three years' hospital practice, and of attendance on three courses of lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery, two on Chemistry, one on Materia Medica, one on Medicine, one on Midwifery, and one on Medical Jurisprudence ; also of attendance during three sessions in the dissecting-room. This curriculum virtually permitted a student to present himself for examination two and a half years after the commencement of his studies. As compared with the educational requirements previously insisted upon, there was a decided reduction in the minimal period of study. So far as the element of time was concerned, the educational standard of the College was lowered. We have, in fact, seen that it was evidently the intention of the framers of the supplemental Charter that such should be the case. The qualifications for the Fellowship were to be the equivalent, perhaps somewhat more than the equi- valent, of the qualifications for the license granted before 1844. Perhaps it was a mistake not to allow candidates for the higher grade to enter for it at an earlier age. It might have been wise to encourage the student to work for the Fellowship before he sought for practice. If the majority of the surgeons who entered their profession through the portals of the Irish College had obtained the Fellowship whilst fresh from the schools, the reputation of the Irish surgeons as anatomists might still be as bright as in the days of Colles and Crampton. Candidates for the Fellowship were required to study for a period of six years. In addition to the certificates necessary for the license, he had to produce evidence of attendance on courses of lectures on Comparative Anatomy, Botany, and Natural Philosophy, He had to show that he had either been a House Surgeon or a dresser in a hospital. Lastly, he had to pre- sent a medical thesis, or observations on six or more medical cases. Bachelors of Arts were allowed to present themselves after five years' study. The fee for the license was £21 and for the Fellow- ship £36 15s. for those proposing to live in Dublin, and £26 5s. for all others. Licentiates on becoming Fellows paid twenty guineas or ten guineas, according as they went on the town or country list. No one could be admitted to examination without first becoming a " registered pupil" of the College, for which a fee of £5 5s. was payable. The candidates might enter as registered pupils at any period before they presented themselves for professional exami- nation. On the 3rd June, and at the largest meeting of the College hitherto held,* a new Council was elected for a period of one year. * 114 Fellows were present. Mr. O'Bcirne had held the office of President for eighteen months. Henceforth the President and other officers of the College, and their Council, were elected on the first Monday in June. The first President elected under the provisions of the supplemental Charter was Sir Philip Crampton, and the first Vice-President was Richard Carmichael. For many years the meetings of the College continued to be numerously attended, even on occasions when the business to be transacted was merely formal. On the 21st May the Council was informed by Mr. Cusack that the Lord Chancellor (Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden) had resolved to offer annually, for ten years, a sum of ten guineas as a prize for the best essay on a subject connected with the treatment of mental disease—the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons to adjudicate alternately on the merits of the essays. The Council resolved to accede to the Lord Chancellor's request. Doubts having arisen as to the power of the Council to prepare and submit by-laws to the Home Secretary for his approval, without having previously submitted them to the College, it was decided to take the opinion of counsel upon the point. Mr. Jonathan Henn's opinion proved to be as follows:—" As the power to make by-laws (subject to the approbation of Her Majesty) is given to the Council, and as no power to revise or alter them is conferred upon the Fellows, it appears to me that the object of the Charter in requiring them to be reported to the Fellows in College assembled is thereby to give publicity to those laws by which they are all to be bound; and in my opinion it is not obligatory upon the Council to report drafts of proposed by-laws to the College, although they may do so if-they think fit, in order to procure suggestions which may assist them in their deliberations.—July 5th, 1844, 22 Upper Merrion- street." On the 20th September, 1844, Sir John Webb, Director-General of the Ordnance Medical Department, was elected an Honorary Fellow. On the same occasion the Council prepared a circular letter to be addressed to the medical teachers in reference to the punctual attendance of pupils at their lectures. Returns of such attendance were called for. On the 8th November Sir William Burnett, Director-General of Naval Hospitals and Fleets, was elected an Honorary Fellow. On the 15th November it was decided to alter the hour for com- mencing the examination of candidates from 2 to 4 o'clock. The Council dined together on the anniversary of the date of the new Charter, and at the expense of the College, as the minute of Council of 17th January directed chat the bill for the Council dinner be paid, and that " the Treasury Committee do sign a draft for same, amounting to £28 13s. 8d." This was the only time that the "Council dinner" was eaten at the cost of the College. Such a proceeding having been objected to by several of the members, on the next occasion the Council dined at their own expense. On February 28th the Council decided to obtain counsel's opinion in reference to certain publications, by advertisements and pamphlets, of Mr. George T. Hayden, a Fellow of the College. This was the beginning of proceedings and discussions which eventuated in Mr. Hayden being obliged to resign his Fellowship. The chief charges against him were that he advertised, and that he indirectly practised pharmacy. His system of giving advice and medicine— the latter compounded by a licentiate apothecary—gave grave offence to nearly the whole Faculty in Dublin. In 1845 Sir James Graham introduced a Medical Reform Bill into the House of Commons ; several of its clauses were objected to by the College, especially that which recognised the apothecaries as medical practitioners. The College suggested that they should be restricted to the practice of pharmacy. As the Bill provided for a combined board competent to examine for diplomas in both medicine and surgery, they proposed that the Apothecaries' Hall should be privileged to send two members to this board, to examine in pharmacy and materia medica. Sir James Graham's Bill did not become a statute. The large accession which accrued in 1844 replenished the College treasury, which had become somewhat impoverished. The year's receipts amounted to £5,908, of which £4,368 were received from the newly-elected Fellows. The expenditure amounted to £1,853 18s. 8d., leaving the handsome balance of £4,054 Is. 4d. to the credit of the College. On the 27th May, 1845, the Council decided to require candi- dates for the Fellowship to perform operations on the dead body in the presence of the President or Vice-President. On October 2nd it was decided to lend £10,000 to Mr. Matthew Brinkley, as a mortgage, bearing 5 per cent, interest for 10 years, upon his estates. In this year the Council protested, but ineffectually, against the establishment of Schools of Medicine in connexion with the Queen's Colleges, then being founded in the provinces. On January 23rd, 1846, the Council resolved to receive certificates of attendances at county infirmaries and provincial surgical hospitals containing at least 50 beds. On the 3rd July it was resolved not to give credit for attendance at meetings of the Council unless the member was present thereat from within one quarter of an hour after the time appointed for the meeting until the termination of the meeting. On the same occasion, Messrs. Robert L'Estrange and Richard John Leeper were elected students in anatomy, pursuant to the regulations made in accordance with the terms of Sir James M'Grigor's letter, already referred to. Early in 1847 the Council repeatedly sat in committee to hear evidence respecting the nature of the examinations of students; much information was afforded, and opinions freely expressed by many of the teachers in the Dublin schools, especially by the late Thomas H. Ledwich. On the 7th April the Council made several regulations affecting students, which substantially were as follows :— The fee for examining a student in the classics and registering him was five shillings. Registered pupils were permitted to read in the library on paying the balance of the full registration fee. Sessional examinations were held in May, at which the pupils were arranged into senior and junior classes. The junior pupils were those who had studied during at least two winter sessions, and the senior pupils those who had been engaged in professional study during at least three. The junior class were examined in anatomy, physiology, and the elements of surgery and medicine, and the senior class in anatomy, physiology, surgery, medicine, and the elements of chemistry and materia medica. The pupil who passed a sessional examination in each of the classes was subjected to but one day's examination in his final trial for the Letters Testimonial. The Council, on June 5th, petitioned the House of Commons, in favour of Mr. Wakley's Medical Registration Bill, but objected to the clause recognising apothecaries as practitioners in surgery. On the 15th March, in the troublous year 1848, the College, at a special meeting, seventy members being present, unanimously adopted an address to the Lord Lieutenant, expressive of their desire to aid in the preservation of public order. Whilst abstaining from discussing any party questions, the College expressed their abhorrence of " any attempt—by inflammatory words or ill-con- sidered acts—to excite an agitation that could not, under any circumstances, pass away without increasing to a frightful extent, and most grievously amongst the humbler classes, the famine and pestilence with which the will of Providence has inflicted us." The University of Dublin had a short time previously presented a some- what similar address to the Lord Lieutenant. In this year the Council considered certain resolutions agreed upon by a committee representing the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries of London, and the members of an association styling themselves the National Institute of Medicine, Surgery and Midwifery. They agreed to several of them relating to the constitution of a medical council, the registration of practitioners, &c, but they objected to the foundation of a " Royal College of General Practitioners." On the 21st June the Council adopted a resolution in favour of holding quarterly meetings of the College, at which abstracts of the proceedings of the Council should be submitted, and such subjects as might affect the interests of the profession discussed. Sub- sequently it was resolved to convene extra meetings of the College on the second Monday in January, the last Monday in May, and the second Monday in September. The May meeting is still held, but the others soon fell into abeyance. The Council resolved, 22nd December, 1852, not to convene a meeting of the College in January, as there was no business to bring before them. On the 10th April, 1849, the Council, by eight votes against six, resolved that at all future elections for examiners and professors the electors shall vote openly. When the Court of Censors elected pro- fessors their votes were recorded openly. On the 15th August the Council received the resignation of their registrar, Mr. O'Keeffe, then in a bad state of health. He was nearly nineteen years registrar of the College. On the 29th August the Council consolidated the offices of registrar and library clerk in the person of Mr. Boyton, who had discharged the duties of the latter office, and they granted an annuity of £80 a year to Mr. O'Keeffe. Sir Philip Crampton having privately, at the request of the Lord Lieutenant, laid before the Council a draft of the charter for the proposed Queen's University, the Council approved of it. As the University was certain to become a competing diploma-conferring body with the College, the latter acted in this matter with great liberality. In 1850 the Council protested against the threatened withdrawal of Parliamentary money grants annually made to the Dublin hospitals. On the 12th November, Henry Franklin, Inspector-General of Hospitals, a former pupil of the College, was elected an honorary member. On the same occasion the Council received a letter from the Board of Trinity College in reference to the recognition of lectures. The Board made a proposal to the effect that they would require can- didates for the M.B. degree to attend during one annus medicus the Medical School of the University, but that the rest of their pro- fessional education might be conducted in the School of the College of Surgeons. In return for this concession the Board required from the College the recognition of the lectures delivered in the School of DISPUTE WITH THE UNIVERSITY. Physic. The Council did not point-blank refuse to come to an arrangement with the Board, but they passed, on the 18th December, a resolution indefinitely postponing the " further consideration of the subject." This resolution, which was carried only on a division, was not to the advantage of the College. It was not unreasonable to require a candidate for a University degree to acquire at least a portion of his education in the University. It is to be regretted that an arrangement was not arrived at, for there is little doubt that the tacit refusal of the Council led the University authorities to institute a surgical diploma in 1851 The Council took legal opinion as to the competency of the University to confer surgical diplomas. Counsel were of opinion that the University was not empowered to confer surgical diplomas. This opinion was given by Mr. (now Lord) Fitzgerald, and Mr. O'Hagan, afterwards Lord Chancellor of Ireland. On the other hand, the claims of the University to grant diplomas in surgery, or, in fact, in any art, were endorsed by Sir Frederick Thesiger, afterwards Lord Chancellor, and Mr. (subsequently Judge), Willes. Ultimately the University triumphed. It now confers as registrable qualifications the degrees of Master and Bachelor of Surgery, and a license in surgery. On the 2nd August, 1852, Mr. William Carte, a licentiate of the College, was elected Curator. The Council held several meetings for considering the revision of the charter. On the 16th February, 1853, they decided by 11 to 5 votes in favour of the eligibility of members of Council to act as examiners, and, by the casting vote of the President, that the College professors and private teachers should also be eligible. On the 23rd February the Council, by 11 votes against 5 votes, passed the following resolution:—" That the President, or in his absence, the Vice-President, should be President of the Court of Examiners by right of his office and during the time of filling it." At the annual meeting of the College, on the 30th May, 1853, these resolutions were reported by the Council. A motion approving of them was moved by Mr. Beatty, and seconded by Mr. Pentland, whereupon Mr. Ledwich moved, and Mr. Labatt seconded, the fol- lowing amendment:—"That as the College is in a prosperous condition, and has hitherto maintained its high character as a licensing body, the alterations in its constitution by Queen's letter or supplemental charter, as proposed in the report from the Council, are at present unnecessary." The amendment was carried by 38 votes against 14. On the 6th April, 1853, the Council resolved to procure a bust of the late Mr. Carmichael for the College. It was obtained by copying a marble one, by Mr. C. Moore, in the possession of Mrs. Carmichael. On the 18th July, 1853, the Council again petitioned Parliament relative to the treatment of the Navy Surgeons, whose accommoda- tion on board ship was unworthy of their position. Professor Hart resigned his Chair of Anatomy on the 25th August, and being in broken health and poor circumstances, was granted an annuity of £50 a year. In this year the College received from the trustees of the late Mr. Carmichael the sum of £3,407 Is. Id., being the amount of his bequest (with interest thereon), which provided prizes for the best essays on medical education. This bequest will be referred to in Mr. Carmichael's memoir. On the 21st March, 1854, an evening scientific meeting was held, upon which occasion the Egyptian mummy presented by Sir Francis Hopkins was unrolled. Upwards of 400 persons, including the Lord Lieutenant, were present. On the 24th March a handsome presidential gown was ordered to be procured; and about the same time Messrs. West & Son, of College-green, made the College silver mace, at a cost of £110. On the 14th December the Council unanimously voted £100 to the " Patriotic Fund." On the 16th January, 1855, Messrs. Williams, Hargrave, and Bellingham were appointed judges to award the prizes for the best essays submitted to the College under the terms of the Carmichael becpiest; £50 was allowed, share and share alike, to the judges. On November 23, George Gulliver, F.R.S., was elected an Honorary Fellow. On the 28th May it was decided to allow Mr. Boyton, then in delicate health, a retiring allowance of £30. Mr. Brennen, library- clerk, was appointed registrar as well as library clerk, at a salary of £40, with the diploma fees and apartments. It was decided to give Mr. Beaumont, who for-two or three years previously had audited the accounts, a salary of £20; and, lastly, the Council resolved to appoint a library porter. The Council were occupied during part of 1856 in vigorously opposing attempted legislation in reference to medical education and examinations, the results of which, they considered, would be injurious to the College. This opinion seems to have been shared in by the sister Colleges and by the Apothecaries' Company, London. The four Surgical Corporations appointed deputies, who met in London, and on the 27th of June agreed to the following resolu- tion :— " 1. That a Council be established, to consist of representatives chosen equally by and out of each body respectively, to meet annually, at such time and place as may be agreed upon. " 2. The Medical Council shall, at their annual meeting, prepare a register, in such form as they may agree upon, of the several Fellows and Licentiates of those Colleges represented upon the Council, to be printed and published under their joint sanction. " 3. That the Medical Conncil shall consult respecting all matters relating to preliminary and professional education and examination, with a view of regulating medical and surgical education, and leading to uniformity and reciprocity of privileges of the members of each division of the profession in the United Kingdom. " 4. That these articles shall be submitted to the consideration of the several Colleges of Physicians, with the expression of an anxious desire that they should accede to them." Soon after the three Colleges of Physicians joined in the League. The Medical and Surgical Corporations, the Universities of Dublin and Oxford, and the Society of Apothecaries, subsequently appointed representatives, to confer in London. The delegates met in session during a week. They drafted a Bill, which they entrusted to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Napier, M.P. ; Sir W. Heathcote, Bart., MP.; and J. C. Headlam, M.P. It provided for the estab- lishment of General and Branch Councils, with the view of super- vising the schools and insuring uniformity of education, and the registration of qualified practitioners. It arranged for the examina- tion of candidates by Boards representing both the Medical and Surgical Corporations. It contained a provision enabling phy- sicians and surgeons to enrol themselves, ad euendem, in the respec- tive Colleges of any of the divisions of the United Kingdom into which they might remove from that in which they were originally admitted. This Bill did not become law ; but the important Medical Act which was passed on the 2nd August, 1858, is not very dissi- milar from the Bill proposed by the medical and surgical licensing bodies, and probably is to a great extent moulded upon the latter. The chief objection which the College had to this Act was its practical recognition of the apothecaries as surgeons. On the 15th January, 1858, the Council resolved to place a bust of Professor Bellingham in the College Hall, and on the 23rd of July it was decided to place one of Sir Philip Crampton in the College. The busts were executed by Mr. Kirk, at a cost of £132 for both. On the 1st October Mr. Williams was elected the first repre- sentative of the College on the newly constituted Medical Council. He was one of the ablest members of the Council, a clever debater, and an excellent writer. He was frequently selected to go on depu- tations to London on the business of the College. On the 3rd December Mr. Maunsell was appointed Secretary to the Branch Medical Council, just established in Dublin ; where- upon the Council lost the services of an able officer. On the 17th December Mr. J. S. Hughes was elected Secretary to the Council. In this year negotiations were opened with the College of Physi- cians, with the view of combining their examinations. Several con- ferences were held and a scheme drawn up, but the proposal fell through. On the 4th February, 1859, the Council resolved to recognise the certificates issued from the School of Physic, but on the 4th April following this resolution was repealed, because of the apparent deter- mination of the University to issue surgical licenses. This action of the Council caused considerable dissatisfaction amongst a large pro- portion of the Fellows. On the 14th April, 1859, the Council voted £50 towards the expense of erecting a statue to John Hunter. On the 7th October Mr. Beatty proposed, at a Council meeting, a resolution in favour of full recognition of the lectures delivered in the School of Physic, and at the same time expressed the hope and expectation that the University would discontinue to issue licenses in surgery. An amendment, moved by Mr. Jacob, recognising the lectures as part qualification for the diplomas of the College, was carried by 10 votes against 9. At a meeting of the College, held on 27th October, 1859, a resolution was passed by 39 votes against 25, in favour of the recog- nition of the certificates of the Professors of the School of Physic. On the 21st October, 1859, the Council voted £21 towards the monument, proposed to be erected in memory of the late Sir James M'Grigor, Bart. On the 20th January, 1860, the Council unanimously resolved to accept the certificates of the Professors of Trinity College, and also those issued by the professors and lecturers in all the recognised Universities, Colleges, and Medical Schools in Her Majesty's dominions. The concession to the University did not prevent that body from seeking and obtaining, in 1860, an Act of Parlia- ment, authorising the surgical degrees as registrable qualifications. On the 17th February, 1860, the money lent on mortgage having been repaid, the College lent the sum of £10,000 to Captain Bookey, on the security of his estates in the counties of Carlow and Wicklow. It was repayable in not less than 10 years, and bore 4£ per cent, interest. On March 29th Dr. James B. Gibson, C.B., Director-General of the Army Medical Department, and William Charles Humfry, Inspector-General of Military Hospitals in Ireland, were elected Honorary Fellows. Mr. Humfry was a Licentiate of the College. On the 17th April, examinations by means of written papers was decided upon, and the candidates were to make dissections in the presence of the examiners. On the 30th April the Council petitioned the Government to procure for the College Parliamentary representation. At this time the College consisted of 404 Fellows and 1,212 Licentiates. On the 11th June the Council added the subjects of English com- position, Arithmetic, first two booksof Euclid, andElementsof Natural Philosophy to those already required for the preliminary examination. On the 21st June the Council gave directions to have a bust of Mr. Williams executed. The work was carried out by Mr. Kirk at a cost of sixty-three guineas. On the 13th July Mr. W. H. Porter waa elected representative on the General Medical Council. On the 17th December the Home Secretary refused to sanction a by-law proposing to admit to the Fellowship after a special {i.e., nominal?) examination Licentiates who had obtained Letters Testi- monial before the granting of the supplemental Charter. On the 19th April, 1861, the Council expressed an opinion that they had no power to prevent Licentiates or Fellows from practising "homoeopathy or any other form of quackery." On this occasion the old practice of the withdrawal of the President from the chair and the resolution of the Council into Committee was adopted. This practice has now fallen into complete disuse. On the 2nd August, however, the Council passed an ordinance prohibiting the Fellows and Licentiates from practising " homoeo- pathy or any other form of quackery," or from advertising for business, or from consulting with homoeopaths, &c. On the 10th May Mr. Hargrave was elected representative on the General Medical Council in place of Mr. Porter, deceased. A complaint having been made that fees not mentioned in the by-laws were charged by the College officials, the Council on the 5th July passed the following resolution:—"That Licentiates of the College are bound by immemorial custom and usage to pay a fee of one guinea to the Registrar of the College on receipt of their Letters Testimonial." Q On the 11th October, 1861, it was decided to place a bust of Mr. Cusack in the College. It was executed at a cost of £66 3s. by Mr. Kirk. On the 22nd March, 1862, a Court of three examiners for pre- liminary education was constituted. In this year the members of Council who attended at exami- nations were allowed 5s. 3d. per hour. As four councillors were summoned to each examination, their united fees amounted to one guinea per hour. The examiners were supplied with caps and gowns by an order of Council, dated 29th August, 1862. In this year the room now used by the Fellows was fitted up at a cost of £162. It had previously been a reading room for registered pupils. In 1859 the English Poor Law Board passed an order requiring candidates for the situation of medical officer to possess diplomas in medicine and surgery. In 1862 a similar order was passed by the Irish Poor Law Board. The validity of this order was contested by the Council, on the grounds that the Fellows and Licentiates of the College were entitled to practise medicine and surgery, and that surgeons had for a century past been sole medical as well as surgical attendants in the County Infirmaries, and had the charge of many of the Fever Hospitals. On the 7th November, 1862, the Council directed the Finance Committee to consider whether or not the College had power under their Charter to grant diplomas in medicine. Shortly after the Council received a letter from one of their Licentiates (Mr. John Henry Chapman), stating that be was a candidate for the office of medical attendant at the Donnybrook Dispensary, and requesting the Council to grant him a certificate in medicine, as otherwise he feared he would, under the recent Poor-law regulation, be disqualified. The Council thereupon granted him a diploma, certifying that he was qualified to practise medicine. This diploma was dated 2nd December, 1862, and large numbers of similar diplomas were immediately afterwards issued to Fellows and Licentiates. The Poor-law Board refused to recognise them, having obtained opinions from the Attorney-General and Solicitor-General that the College were not authorised to grant purely medical diplomas. Like the diplomas in pharmacy, the medical license soon fell into abeyance owing to its inutility. In 1863 an Act of Parliament for the registration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in Ireland was passed. The Council, in con- junction with the Social Science Association, made several valuable suo^estions to the framers of this useful measure. One relating to the registration of still-births was unfortunately not adopted. In this year the Council protested again against medical witnesses in criminal cases not being allowed compensation for loss of time. They suggested that three guineas per day should be the rate of remuneration allowable in such cases. In February the College became possessed, at a cost of £140, of a large microscope and a set of microscopical preparations, the property of the late Mr. Bergin. The Examination Hall was a large room, but not lofty. In 1859 the Council consulted Mr. Darley, architect, as to the best way of improving it. Acting under his directions the floor was lowered by about five feet. The ceilings and walls were decorated—the four panels on the latter enclosing designs emblematic of morning, noon, evening, and night. The room is imperfectly lighted, though in the present year, 1885, an improvement in this respect has been effected. Its sunken floor gives it rather a gloomy appearance. The cost of this improvement exceeded £1,100. On the 16th January the Council resolved to have it named the Albert Hall, in memory of the Prince Consort, recently deceased. On Thursday, the 21st May, the Hall was inaugurated by the Lord Lieutenant, in presence of a large gathering of the Fellows and of distinguished visitors, including the Lord Mayor, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Justice of Appeal, &c. The bust of the Prince Consort, already mentioned, is placed in the Albert Hall upon a handsome pedestal, and beneath a canopy. It is a replica from one in possession of Her Majesty, and was executed by Mr. Theed at a cost of £105. • On the occasion of the marriage of the Prince of Wales the College was brilliantly illuminated. A deputation, consisting of the President and Secretary of the College, and Mr. Adams, accom- panied by the mace-bearer, proceeded to London, where they presented an address to the Prince and his consort. On the 17th March, 1864, the College agreed upon a petition to Parliament in favour of superannuation allowances to medical officers appointed under the Poor Law and Medical Charities' Acts. On the 7th April the Council resolved to have a marble bust of the late Charles H. Todd copied from one in possession of his son, the Eev. Dr. Todd, F.T.C.D. Mr. Kirk executed the work, at a cost of £46 3s. On the 5th January, 1865, the Council were presented with the bust of the late Professor Power. It was originally intended to be placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, but difficulties in the way of procuring a good site for it had been encountered. On the 6th July an ordinance of Council was passed allocating to the Secretary of the College for the time being the seat to the left of the presidential chair. On the 18th May the resignation of Mr. Hutton as Secretary to the College was accepted. On the 5th June Mr. William Colles was elected Secretary, and continues to discharge the duties of that office. On the 17th August, caps (Fellow Commoners') were ordered for the Councillors, Examiners, and Professors; the President's to be bound with broad gold lace, and to have a gold tassel. On the 7th March, 1867, the Council resolved to have a portrait in oils and a bust in marble of Professor Jacob executed. It was also decided to present him with a piece of plate of the value of one hundred guineas. Mr. Catterson Smith painted the portrait, at a cost of £84, or, including frame, £95 lis.; and the bust was sculptured by Mr. Kirk. On the 16th May it was decided to classify the successful candi- dates at the preliminary examinations into three groups—namely, first-class, second-class, and unclassed. Honorary certificates were to be presented to the classified candidates; the others were to be " passed." A deputation from the Council to London, in June, succeeded in getting a clause providing compensation for medical witnesses in the Common Law Procedure Bill, then before the House of Commons. This deputation cost £118 5s., beside printing expenses. Unfor- tunately the bill was withdrawn by the Government, as they were unable before the completion of the session to get it passed. The British Medical Association met in Dublin this year, and were entertained at a soirde by the College; 400 persons were present. Two distinguished visitors—James Syme, of Edinburgh, and William Bowman, of London—were, on the 8th August, pre- sented with the Honorary Fellowship. On the 5th March, 1868, the Council adopted a petition to Par- liament in favour of the superannuation of medical officers under the Poor-law. On the same occasion the fee for the diploma in Midwifery was reduced to one guinea. On the 22nd April the Prince of Wales visited the College. On the 27th April the Council directed a cheque for fifty guineas to be paid to each of the three judges of the essays for the Car- michael Prize. The money was paid out of the Carmichael Prize Essay Fund; but a judicial opinion was subsequently given by the Master of the Rolls to the effect that the payment of judges out of the funds of the bequest was illegal. Dr. E. D. Mapother was declared the winner of the first prize (value £200), and Dr. Isaac Ashe of the second (value £100). It was suggested that Dr Mapother, being a member of Council, was ineligible to compete for these prizes; but the opinion of Mr. Lawson (now a Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal) was contrary to this view. On the 28th May the Council accepted a present of the portrait of their late Secretary, James W. Cusack, presented by his son, Mr. (now Sir Ralph S.) Cusack. On the 19th November the Council accepted a portrait of the late Professor Porter, presented by his son, Mr. (now Sir George H.) Porter. On the 25th May the College recommended the Council to seek for a new charter, and to take steps to enable Fellows to vote by proxy at elections of officers. The Council did not accede to these proposals, but in 1883 they were agreed to. On the 19th July the Council directed Mr. Litton, their solicitor, to prepai'e a draft Bill to provide superannuation for medical officers under the Poor Law and Medical Charities Acts. On the 10th June the Council resolved:— " That the following are the Fees to be paid by Candidates for Letters Testimonial, viz.:— " 1st. The Candidate pays Ten Shillings for his Preliminary Examination. " 2nd. Five Guineas as Registered Pupil of the College. " 3rd. Five Guineas for the Junior Class Examination, which is not returned in case of rejection, but is allowed in the fee for his second Examination. " 4th. Fifteen Guineas for the Senior Class Examination— total, £26 15s. " 5th. In addition to the foregoing, a fee of One Guinea is to be paid to the Registrar on handing each Licentiate his Diploma. " 6th. Every Candidate rejected at the Quarterly Examination shall be required to pay to the College the sum of Two Guineas on applying for re-examination, so as to recompense the College for the necessary expenses." On the 12th January, 1870, the Council resolved:— "That in future all candidates requiring special examination shall pay an extra fee of Five Guineas, to cover additional expenses." On the 3rd December the Council decided that the examinations for letters testimonial should be held quarterly—in the months of January, April, July, and October. The respective merits of the candidates were to be determined by numbers, which were to be given by the examiners to the councillor in charge of the candidate. In June, 1869, a deputation from the Council were sent to London in connexion with the Medical Officers' Superannuation Bill. Deputations have not often been very successful in their objects; but this one seem to have accomplished their mission. The Bill became law, and enables local Poor-law authorities to grant pensions to their medical officers, who, after twenty years of service, and being at least sixty years old, are disabled by disease or accident from attending efficiently to their professional duties. The question as to the payment of councillors continued a vexed one in 1868-9. Letters strongly objecting to its continuance were addressed to the Council by Messrs. Mackesy and Battersby. On the 31st May, 1869, the College, on the motion of Mr. Darby, of Bray, seconded by Mr. Martin, of Portlaw, resolved to recommend the Council to reconsider their determination to continue the pay- ment of councillors for attendance at examinations. The Council declined to discontinue the payment, and the following reasons were assigned for this decision :— " The Council arrived at this determination because they firmly believe that the presence of one of their members at each examina- tion tends largely to inspire confidence in the candidate; and, by the official weight which it gives to the proceedings, adds to the value of the diplomas of the College to such an extent as to justify even a larger expenditure than it has hitherto entailed. " The Council find, on reference to the books of the College, that previous to the adoption of the present arrangement, this duty, being apparently considered extrinsic to the functions of Councillor, was most irregularly discharged; and the Council is of opinion, that any arrangement which secures the efficient performance of this duty should not, without grave reason, be interfered with ; and they also consider, that the inability of the collegiate funds to affoi'd an honorarium worthy of the duty discharged would be an insufficient reason for disturbing an arrangement which now works well, and is believed to act bene- ficially. Whilst with reference to the actual expenditure hereby incurred, it may fairly be questioned whether it ultimately entails a pecuniary loss upon the College, inasmuch as the candidates regard the arrangements as specially provided for their encourage- ment, an impression which tends to swell the numbers of those who now seek our licence; and in considering this question, it must also be remembered that the examinations are not conducted at present as formerly. Formerly, the entire Court of Examiners had an opportunity of listening to the examination; as now con- ducted, the candidate passes from one table to another with his attending Councillor, who is liable at any moment to be called on to make an explanation, or to answer any appeal made to him, either in the Examination Hall or at the Council Board." On the 17th December, 1873, the Council having procured an opinion from Mr. Frederick W. Walsh, Attorney-General, resolved to discontinue these payments. This opinion was as follows:— " In my opinion, the 14th Bye-Law is conclusive against the power of the Council to vote any sums for the purpose of presen- tation to any Fellow of the College. I am also of opinion that the Council could not, even if the Bye-Laws did not exist, make the proposed presentation to Drs. Benson and Hargrave; they are not authorised to do so by any of the provisions either in the Charter of 1828, or that of 1844. "I am of opinion that the fee of 5s. 3d., paid to the Members of the Council for attending the Examinations of Students, is wholly unauthorized and illegal; provision for these Examinations is made by the 19th section of the Charter, 1844, page 50; and the fees to be paid to the Examiners, and the duty of two Members of the Council, in rotation, to attend the Examinations, are provided for and declared by the Ordinances of Council, pp. 78 and 79. It is manifest that the attendance of the two Members of the Council, under the resolution of the 22nd of October, 1844 (see page 79), as well as the attendance directed in the 19th section upon the Examination of Candidates for Fellowships (see p. 52), is part and parcel of the duty of the Members of the Council, as such, and for which they are not and cannot be entitled to any remuneration. " The last question is one of some difficulty, particularly when stated in the general way it is. By the Charter of 1828, p. 7, it is directed that the Corporation ' is empowered to create a fund sufficient for keeping the several buildings, &c, &c, as well as for discharging all salaries, and defraying all other expenses which the said College may incur. Now, I can conceive a case in which the interests of the College are so much involved, that it would be quite proper, and the duty of the Council, to send one of their Members to attend in London, to aid in resisting any attempt which might be made to prejudicially affect the College; but, in doing this, the Council should use great discretion, and satisfy itself, in the first instance, that such a course was necessary, and required to protect the College from a hostile movement—a move- ment actually in existence, not merely threatened. As to any expenses which might be incurred in upholding and maintaining the position of the College, I am inclined to think such would also come within the meaning of the words I have above referred to. The Council is, however, in my opinion, the best judge of these occasions, and should be guided very much by the unanimity of the Members when passing resolutions authorising the expenditure; and in cases where the Members of the Council are divided in opinion, I should advise the Council to abstain from incurring such expenses." It was up to this time usual for four members of the Council to attend at each examination, but after the decision as to their non- payment was arrived at, the number was, on the 1st April, 1875, reduced to one. An ordinance of Council enacts " that the councillor shall preside and superintend each examination, occupying the chair, instead of the senior member of the court, as heretofore." The question as to the expediency of paying the councillors who act as assessors at the examination was again discussed early in 1885. An opinion on this and some other points was obtained from Mr. T. A. Purcell, Q.C., who is of opinion that there is no illegality in such a payment:— "1. I am clearly of opinion that it is quite competent for the Council, under the existing charters and by-laws, whenever a necessity should arise for sending delegates to any distance out of Dublin to represent the College, to apply the funds of the College to the payment, not only of their travelling and hotel expenses, but also of a reasonable remuneration for their services and loss of time; and that there is nothing to prohibit such payment being received by delegates who are members of Council equally with the others. " Such remuneration must, however, be moderate, and should not exceed the rate allowed to witnesses before Parliamentary Com- mittees, or which would be legally payable to a medical man, sum- moned to attend from a distance, as a witness in a court of law in Dublin—viz., £3 3s. per day. " 2. 1 am also of opinion that it is competent for the Council to pay such of its members as are required to attend the examination of candidates, pursuant to the by-laws, a moderate remuneration for their services in so attending, the amount to be fixed by a reso- lution of Council." The Council, at a meeting held on the 19th February, 1885, decided by a large majority against inserting a clause in a pro- posed new charter specially declaring such payment legal. On the 5th August, 1869, Dr. John Brady was elected an Honorary Fellow, in recognition of his distinguished services to the profession in his capacity as a member of Parliament. On the 4th November the following were also elected Honorary Fellows:—Sir Galbraith Logan, C.B., Diz*ector-General of the Army Medical Department; Alexander Armstrong, M.D., Director-General of Naval Hospitals and Fleets; and Dr. Edmund A. Parkes, Professor of Hygiene, Netley Army Medical School. On the 7th October the portrait of the late Professor Macnamara was accepted by the Council from his son, Prof. Rawdon Macnamara. On the same date the Council decided to invite the College of Physicians to join in examining for a diploma in medicine and surgery. The College of Physicians appointed a committee to take the proposal into consideration. The Court of Directors of the Apothecaries desired to join in the conferences, but their overtures were finally declined. Ultimately the negotiations fell through, on account of the College of Physicians insisting upon receiving half the fees payable by candidates. The College of Surgeons proposed division of the fees into tenths; three to be devoted to the " main- tenance of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons and of its chartered establishments, institutions of national as well as profes- sional importance, and for other allied expenses." Of the remaining tenths, three were to be given to each of the Colleges, and one to the Apothecaries' Hall. It must be admitted that in view of the larger fees charged for the surgical diploma, and the greater expense in maintaining the various departments of the College of Surgeons, it was only reasonable to allocate to that institution the larger part of the fees. In 1870, deputations from the Council watched the progress of the Medical Acts (1858) Amendment Bill, introduced by the Lord President of the Council. It provided for the creation of a single examining board for each of the three great divisions of the United Kingdom—a proposal which appears to have met with the Council's approbation, though its ill effect upon the finances of the College was apparent. Owing to pressure put upon the Government by the Universities the " one portal " clause was withdrawn, whereupon the Council strenuously opposed the Bill, which ultimately was withdrawn. Towards the close of 1870 conferences were held by delegates from the Irish Universities and the Colleges of Physicians and Sur- geons. They adopted a number of suggestions relating to medical examinations, which were submitted to the Universities and Col- leges, and were approved of by all save the College of Surgeons. Subsequently the latter submitted to the delegates a scheme for a Medical Bill, founded upon the following Principles:— " I. That the General Medical Council should be remodelled, by some plan which, whilst preserving to the Medical Authorities their due share of representation on the General Medical Council, should provide for a more extended representation thereon of the Regis- tered Medical Practitioners. "II. That the privileges of the several Universities and Medical Corporations should remain as heretofore, as proposed in Sugges- tion I. "III. That there should be three Examining Boards, formed by the union of the Medical Authorities, in each division of the Kingdom, whose Certificate should be indispensable for Regis- tration. " IV. That the Universities and Medical Corporations should have power, if they see fit, to affiliate persons holding the Certificate of any of the Examining Boards, with liberty to such persons to register their additional titles. " V. That there should be a power of appeal, on the part of any of the Medical Authorities, to the Privy Council. " I. was agreed to by the Conference with one dissentient voice. II. is identical with Suggestion I. Principle II. was agreed to, but III., IV., V. were not agreed to by a majority of the Con- ference." A Bill embodying these Principles was drawn up by the solicitor to the College. It was introduced by Dr. Brady, and read a first time on the 14th March, 1870, but was not persevered with. Negotiations with the other medical bodies were opened up in 1871; but after twenty conferences had been held, the scheme finally decided upon by the delegates did not meet with the general approval of the licensing bodies. On the 25th March, 1872, the Council received an overture for renewed conferences from the College of Physicians; and subse- quently all the licensing bodies appointed representatives to discuss the terms of a conjiont scheme of examination, &nd one Avas agreed upon. A special meeting of the College was held on the 19th March, 1874, to consider this scheme, and it was disapproved of. The Council declined to withdraw the scheme which they con- sidered themselves pledged to support—it, however, remained only a scheme. On the 3rd July, 1873, the Honorary Fellowship was conferred upon the Eev. Samuel Haughton, M.D., F.R.S., F.T.C.D. In 1872-3 an unpleasant matter was much debated by the Council. Professor Hargrave had been elected a representative on the General Medical Council for five years. According to Mr. Walsh, Attorney- General, this election was illegal as regards time, which ought to have been one year. The Council unanimously requested Mr. Hargrave to resign, but he refused to do so. On the 16th February, 1873, Professor Macnamara succeeded Mr. Hargrave, the Council having elected him on a notification from the General Medical Council that the College representation would be vacant on that date. On the 1 7th October, 1872, the Council resolved to have Pro- fessor Benson's portrait painted, and on the 17th December arrived at a similar resolution in reference to Professor Hargrave. The Council also presented Professor Benson with an honorarium of £105 in recognition of his long-continued and distinguished services to the College. A proposal to present a similar sum to Professor Hargrave fell through, partly on account of his refusal to resign the office of representative on the General Medical Council, and partly on account of doubt raised as to the legality of such a present. On the 5th March, 1874, the Council accepted Mr. Chancellor's estimate for painting a portrait of the late Vice-President, Robert W. Smith, at a cost of 15 guineas. On the 25th March, Mr. John Houston's portrait was presented to the College by Mrs. Denny, his sister. The annual meeting of the College in June, 1874, was an unusually large one, in consequence of the Vice-Presidency being contested by Messrs. E. Hamilton and E. D. Mapother; 202 members attended, and Mr. Hamilton was elected. Professor Mapother was, however, unanimously elected Vice-President in 1878. On the 17th November, 1874, the Council resolved to discon- tinue issuing medical diplomas; they never had any legal value. In lieu of the fee of 5s. granted to the Registrar on issuing each of these certificates, his salary was increased by £15 a year. On the 1st April, 1875, the number of examiners was increased from seven to eight. On the 15th April the College held an evening scientific meeting, or conversazione, at which the Lord Lieutenant (the Duke of Abercorn) was present. It cost £183 13s. 3d. In this year the Council sent a deputation to London, to suggest alterations in a Bill, which subsequently became the Public Health (Ireland) Act of 1874. It is believed that the deputation did good service on this occasion. On the 29th April the payment of each examiner was fixed at the rate of one guinea per candidate. On the 15th July the Council resolved to direct the attention of the Board of Trinity College to the low fee—viz., one pound, charged for the degree of Bachelor of Surgery: the fee was shortly afterwards increased to five pounds. On the 16th December it was ordained that candidates for the Fellowship were to be examined in Clinical Surgery and Medicine. Mr. Maurice Coir, a Fellow of the College, had, in former years, been a most active and successful advocate for the just claims of the profession. He had rendered the College good service, as a member of several deputations sent to London. In 1875 the College expressed a desire that his services should be recognised in some substantial manner. In view of the recently expressed opinions, as to the illegality of presents to Fellows, the Council appointed Mr. Corr Secretary to the Building Committee, at a yearly salary of £90. On the 24th June the Council resolved to have a portrait of the late Mr. Wilmot painted. In 1875 the Council presented memorials to the Secretary-at- War, in favour of the claims of the medical officers of the army and militia. Deputations for this purpose proceeded to London. In this year, out of a total of 938 army medical officers on full pay, 300 were licentiates of the Irish College of Surgeons. The Council having learned that one of the Fellows possessed a share in the Apothecaries' Hall, obtained an opinion from Mr. Litton, Q.C., that it was in the power of the Council to withdraw his Fellowship diploma, if they thought proper. On the 7th October, 1875, it was decided to accept Mr. Thomas Hall and Sons' (of Harcourt-street) estimate for enlarging the Museum and Library. The sum named was £5,000. The plans had been prepared by Messrs. Symes and Miller, who had shortly before succeeded Mr. Darley as architect to the College. The foundation-stone of the new building was laid, upon the 29th April, 1876, by the Duke of Abercorn, in the presence of a brilliant gathering. The army medical officers present in Dublin appeared in full uniform. The President, Mr. E. Hamilton, delivered an address to his Grace, in which he gave a short sketch of the history of the College and the objects of the Institution. The Lord Lieutenant replied in suitable terms. The mallet which was used in laying the foundation-stone was the identical one employed, half a century previously, by the Marquis Wellesley, in laying the foundation-stone of the then new Museum. It had a short time previously been presented to the College by Mr. Drew, architect. As already stated, the covenant made with the Society of Friends contained a clause prohibiting the College from building upon certain portions of the site acquired from that Society in 1805. The existing Council were not aware of this clause, but, on their attention being directed to it, orders were given to discontinue the building operations. The following arrangement was, however, shortly arrived at, after conferences between the representatives of the College and the Society:— First—" That the human remains found on the ground at the rere of the College, at one time occupied by the Society of Friends as a burial-gi'ound, be immediately re-interred in some portion of the reserved ground, and that the superfluous earth be carted by the authorities of the College, either to Cork-street or Temple-hill Friends' Burial Ground." Second—"That the excavation for the intended buildings be restricted to the main walls, the pillars to be supported on concrete." Third—"That the leave thus accorded shall not be considered as a waiver of the rights of the Society of Friends, in case of any future breach of the bond." In July, 1876, the Board of Trinity College invited the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons to consider the subject of combined examinations. A committee representing the three bodies were formed, but the scheme which they prepared was disapproved of by the Council at their meeting held on the 6th January, 1877. The Council, on the 27th of same month, resolved to invite the co-operation of the College of Physicians in establishing conjoint examinations. A joint committee were formed, but their scheme, like so many of its predecessors, failed to give satisfaction to the Colleges. On the 5th April, 1877, the Council resolved not to receive as equivalent to the preliminary examination of the College any certi- ficate from Trinity College that did not show its presentor to be of Junior Sophister's standing. On the 5th December Mr. Pelham Mayne was appointed solicitor to the College, in room of the late Mr. Litton, deceased. On the 6th December it was resolved to grant the sum of £100 to the widow of the late Dr. Handsel Griffiths, Assistant Librarian. Early in 1878'Mr. Kidd caused the financial state of the College to be investigated; the results showed that the average income for the five years, 1872-3 to 1876-7, amounted to £4,359 4s. 8d. The maximal income (in 1874-5) was £4,806 16s. lid.; the minimal (in 1876-7) £3,481 17s. 9d. The average expenditure, exclusive of the cost of the new buildings, was £4,226 14s. 2d. On the 28th March, 1878, Mr. Gathorne Hardy, Secretary-at- War, addressed a letter to the College, asking their opinion " unreservedly " as to the causes of the disinclination of medical men to enter the army medical department, whereupon the Council submitted sufficient reasons to justify this disinclination. In June the Council petitioned against the Duke of Richmond's Bill to amend the Medical Acts Amendment Bill of 1858. It proposed the formation of a Board of Examiners, the certificates of whom would enable medical registration to be effected. A depu- tation proceeded to London to oppose the Bill, which was with- drawn at the close of the session. On the 4th July the Council accepted from Mr. Tufnell, past President, his portrait. On the 18th July a Professorship of Dental Surgery was founded. The first Professor, Mr. Theodore Stack, was elected on the 3rd January, 1884. In 1878 an Act for the regulation of dentistry was passed; under its provisions the College, on the 5th September, established a Court of Examiners, consisting of three Fellows of the College and three registered dentists. The President or Vice-President, or a member of Council, acts with the Court, presides as Chairman, and is enabled to vote. All dentists in actual practice were admitted to examination without curriculum ; 512 have received the dental diploma of the College, but at present the examination is strict, and a thorough education required. The fee for the diploma is ten guineas. The fees payable to the examiners are to each half a guinea per candidate. The Council have revoked the diploma from a dentist who advertised in the newspapers, contrary to the terms of his obligation. On the 10th August, 1878, the new buildings were opened by the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Lieutenant, in presence of the Duchess of Marlborough and a distinguished company. In this year the British Association paid their third visit to Dublin. The College held a conversazione on the evening of the 16th August, to which more than 700 ladies and gentlemen were invited. Music, the electric light, and numerous exhibitions of microscopy and scientific articles, &c, were employed successfully to entertain the assembly. On the 23rd August a deputation were appointed to proceed to London, to urge upon the Government the claims of the County Gaol Medical Officers. On the 9th January, 1879, the Vice-President and Council pre- sented the President, Mr. Smyly, and the Hon. Mrs. Smyly with a silver cradle to commemorate the occasion of the birth of a child daring the President's year of office. The Duke of Richmond's Bill re-appeared in March, and was petitioned against by the Council. As usual, a deputation to oppose it proceeded to London. The Bill was amended in the House of Lords, and in its new shape met with the approval of the Council, who, on the 19th April, petitioned in favour of the measure. It was a good Bill, and provided for conjoint examinations being held by the existing licensing bodies, but unfortunately it did not pass. On the 23rd October Mr. Thomas Kennedy, LL.D., Univ. Dub., of the Fines and Penalties Office, was appointed Accountant in succession to Mr. Henry Beaumont, deceased. The latter had, in 1859, succeeded his father as Accountant to the College. His salary, at first £20, was, on the 21st November, 1867, raised to £40. The College Accountant holds a similar situation in con- nection with the College School. In 1S80 the proposed Charter of the Royal University was sub- mitted to the Council by the Lord Lieutenant. The Council com- mented upon the circumstance that the proposed Senate did not include the name of a single Licentiate or Fellow of the College practising surgery, whilst seats were assigned to several physicians. In reply to this remonstrance his Grace expressed regret that the omission had not been brought earlier under his notice; the full number of Senators had been appointed, but in the event of a vacancy the claims of the College would be considered. Up to the present no prominent member of the College has been appointed a Senator. In 1880 the Council adopted a report, prepared by a joint committee of the Council and of the Fellows of the College of Physicians, on the causes of the high death-rate in Dublin. It was printed and circulated. R On the 1st July the Council petitioned against the Vaccination Act Amendment Bill, which was designed to render vaccination an optional act. The Bill was defeated. Much of the time of the Council this year was expended in considering new schemes of medical education and examination. On the 7th October they adopted the scheme which is at present the law of the College. The principal features of it are as follows :—The minimal period of study is 45 months, and must date from the registration of the pupil. The first year may be expended in the prosecution of medical studies in any way the pupil chooses, as no certificate showing the nature or extent of his studies is required. There are four professional examinations in addition to the preliminary examination in general education which must precede registration. The professional examinations are held annually in the months of July and October. The pupil must pass yearly an examination, on either or both of these occa- sions. If he fail, he loses his year, and his period of study is lengthened by 12 months. It is objected to this curriculum that the year in which no lectures are obliged to be taken out ought to be the fourth and not the first of the period of study. As the pupil may study where he pleases during his first year, this one has been facetiously styled the " Ballyhadareen year." The new laws came into force in May, 1882, but were not retro- spective in reference to students who had entered upon their studies before that date. The Council now (December, 1885) are engaged in reconsidering this scheme, and have slightly modified it. On the 13th January, 1881, the Council received from members of the Pathological Society a marble bust of Professor Robert W. Smith, and ordered it to be placed in the hall. On the 17th March the Council voted £25 towards defraying the expenses of the International Medical Congress Avhich met in London in 1881. On the 13th April the Honorary Fellowship of the College was conferred upon Professor Helmholtz, of Berlin. In concluding an admirable address to the distinguished Professor, Mr. M'Clintock, the President, said:— " In thus claiming you as a member of the medical confraternity, we gladly quote your own words, spoken in 1877, at the Institute for Army Surgeons:—'Medicine,' you say, 'was once the intel- lectual home in which I grew up, and even the emigrant best understands, and is best understood by his native land.' We are, I need hardly add, justly proud to have you affiliated with us; and thereby we venture to hope that the lustre of your name will, in some degree, be reflected upon our College. At all events, we desu*e to testify, so far as is possible, our thorough recognition of your indefatigable industry and your great achievements in the wide fields of natural and physical science. We, therefore, cordially and respectfully tender to you this tribute of our admiration, and beg your acceptance of the honour you so well deserve, our only regret being that it is not more proportionate to the magnitude of your services to science, and your life-long devotion to its successful cultivation." Professor Helmholtz, in returning thanks, and speaking in ex- cellent English, said:— " I ask you and your College to accept my most hearty thanks for your great and kind appreciation of my scientific labours. 1 cannot accept this honour without diminishing it a little. I must consider that the opthalmoscope is only the instrument which every man acquainted with the wants of surgery and the method of optics would have invented at the time. It was an accident—a lucky accident, I may say—that I was the inventor. It was far more the complication of circumstances that existed at that time for surgery and medicine that made this little invention of so great importance; and I am very happy to think that I have been the man that has brought such profit to surgery. I assure you that I am very happy that that invention has been so much appre- ciated in foreign countries, and I thank you very much for your kindness." Only six foreigners beside Helmholtz have been elected Honorary Fellows of the College—namely, Antoine Louis, Baron Cuvier, and Jules Cloquet, of Paris ; Antonio Scarva, of Pavia ; Samuel T. Sommering, of Munich ; and Frederick Tiedmann, of Heidelberg. On March 16th, 1882, the Council resolved to offer three prizes of the respective value of fifteen, ten, and five pounds, for complete dissection of regions to be hereafter specified. They were to be open to all students studying in Dublin. On the 18th March the Home Secretary approved of a by-law passed by the Council on the 14th November, 1881, providing for the election of an Examiner in Ophthalmic Surgery. On the occasion of the visit of the Social Science Congress to Dublin in September, 1881, the Council gave to the Statistical Society the use of the College for the purposes of a conversazione, and contributed £25 towards the expenses of the entertainment. On the 16th February, 1882, the Council petitioned in favour of the Union Officers Superannuation Bill. On the 20th April they presented an address to the Queen, congratulatory of her escape from the hands of an intended assassin. For many years past there have existed a certain proportion of the Fellows who have entertained the opinion that the School of the College ought to be separated therefrom. According to some of the Fellows such a separation would be beneficial to the College— in the opinion of others to both the College and the School. On the 20th March, 1860, Mr. Clarke gave a notice of motion that the interests of the College required that the School should be separated therefrom; the notice was, however, withdrawn. In 1882, when it was proposed by the Council to grant a large sum of money for the improvement of the School buildings, those opinions were very strongly expressed, and the action of the Council challenged. At a meeting of the College held on the 3rd June, 1882, the whole policy of the connection between the College and the School was debated at great length. Ultimately the following resolution, proposed by Mr. Wharton, and seconded by Mr. Whistler, was carried by 71 to 39 votes, exclusive of tellers:—" That the Fellows are of opinion that in the interests of the College, and in accordance with its charters, the Council is bound to maintain the School of the College by every means in its power." Two days later Mr. Wheeler was elected Vice- President.. At his election, which was contested, 176 Fellows were present. On the 2nd March, 1882, the Council accepted a plaster bust, life-size, of the late Mr. Hans Irvine, past President. It was presented by his nephew, Mr. W. H. Irvine, of Enniskerry. On May 11th a meeting of the College was held, at which resolutions were passed expressive of " deep horror and indignation at the atrocious murders of the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish, and of the Under-Secretary, Mr. Thomas H. Burke." Letters of condolence to the Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Devonshire, and Mr. Augustus Burke, were agreed upon. On November 23rd, 1882, a committee of the Council recom- mended that the conferring of the Letters Testimonial should be conducted in such a way as would render the proceedings more dignified. The Council and Examiners should be regularly sum- moned to witness the ceremony, and should form a procession from the Council-room to the Board-room. The Council adopted the suggestion, but the attendance of Councillors and Examiners has up to the present been very small. On January 10th, 1883, the Council again decided to invite the College of Physicians to consider the propriety of establishing conjoint examinations in medicine, surgery, and midwifery. Re- presentatives from the Colleges met and prepared a scheme; the fourth clause of which, being objected to by the Council, the College of Physicians withdrew from the negotiations. This clause was to the effect that neither College should confer a separate diploma except to candidates who already held, in the case of physicians, surgical diplomas approved of by the College of Physicians; and in the case of the College of Surgeons, medical diplomas approved of by the College of Surgeons. This clause would, no doubt, prevent the College of Surgeons from examining licentiate apothecaries. Attempts to re-open negotiations with the College of Physicians were at once made, but proved abortive. In the last negotiations it ■was admitted by the combined Committee that five-eighths of the examination fees ought to go to the College of Surgeons. Mr. George H. Henderson, architect to the College, having died from typhoid fever, to the great regret of the Council, Messrs. Deane and Son were, on the 30th November, appointed in his stead. The Council resolved :— " The salary to be paid to the Architect shall be £20; and the additional commission on estimated works 5 per cent, for works the cost of which shall exceed £5 and be less than £50: and 2\ per cent, for works costing more than £50." On the 28th Jnne, 1883, it was resolved by the Council to appoint one of the Examiners to act as Secretary to the Court, and that he should receive 10s. 6d. per day extra for doing the clerical work in connection with the examinations. On the 5th July Mr. W. Thomson was elected Secretary for the ensuing year, and has con- tinued to act up to the present. On the 19th July the Honorary Fellowship of the College was conferred upon Dr. (now Sir Thomas) Crawford, Director-Gsneral of the Army Medical Department, and Surgeon-General Sir J. A. Hanbury, M.B., K.C.B. Both are Irishmen. In 1883 the Surgical Society ceased to exist, in consequence of the fusion of nearly all the Medical Societies of Dublin into " The Academy of Medicine in Ireland." The Council offered to the Surgical Section of the new Academy £25 a year, the sum granted annually to the Surgical Society. The Academy accepted the offer, but, in 1885, its finances being flourishing, the annual grant was not required. The Surgical and Pathological Sections of the Academy meet in the College, and the President of the College is ex-officio President of the Surgical Section. Early in 1883 the Government introduced a Medical Acts Amendment Bill. At first a considerable number of Fellows were in favour of its provisions, but when they came to be carefully con- sidered in relation to their probable effects upon the College, a decided hostility against the Bill was manifested. It deprived the existing Licensing Bodies of the power to grant registrable diplomas, and created departmental Examining Boards for England, Ireland, and Scotland, The Dublin Board would consist of eleven mem- bers—two from each of the Universities, three from each of the Colleges, and one from the Apothecaries' Hall. The final exami- nation only was to be conducted by the Board, and the other examinations by the Universities and Corporations. The surplus of the fees paid by the candidates, after the payment of the Examiners of the Board, were to be distributed amongst the Cor- porations. The Council petitioned at once against this Bill, and sent deputations to London to adopt every possible means to oppose it unless certain amendments were introduced into it. The prin- cipal amendment desired was the insertion of a clause requiring every successful candidate to become "affiliated" to some one or more of the existing Licensing Bodies before being registered. On the 7th May the following statement, prepared by Mr. Barton, President, was adopted by the Council:— " Upon the following Points the College seeks Amend- ment of the Bill now before Parliament. " First — Uniformity of Medical Education in the three divisions of the Kingdom. Clause X. of the Bill contains provision for uniformity of examination, but there is no provision whatever in the Bill to secure that the length of time spent in study, or the subjects included in the curriculum, shall not be reduced in one division of the Kingdom below the others, with the effect of attracting Students to that place where least is required of them. " To obtain this uniformity, the College would propose an ad- dition to Clause XIV., by which the Medical Council would be required to see that no unworthy inducement to attract Students shall be allowed. " Second.— The transference of the power of making a scheme of education from the Medical Board to the Council. Each Board, under Clause X., can make such rules as they see fit regarding the 'age, moral character, and every other matter' qualifying for admission to the final examination. This, in the opinion of the College, is very objectionable, as power thus given (only limited by appeal to the Medical Council) to the Board to make regulations entirely at variance with the system of previous examinations. " The College believes that a more uniform and better scheme— applicable to all parts of the Kingdom—could be made by the Council than by the several Boards; and, therefore, propose that Clause XIV. be amended to give this duty to the Council. " Third.—The clause (page 22, line 13) regarding the fees to be paid for the final examination by University Students is vague, and requires amendment, in stating clearly that the persons whose fees are reduced are either graduates in arts, or undergraduates in arts, of at least three years' standing. " Fourth.—This College is of opinion that there should he an equal representation of the four medical authorities on the Irish Board, and will support the proposition of putting the elected representative upon the Board. " Fifth.—This College is of opinion that the members of the Medical Board should not be paid, and for this purpose sub-section 2, clause 36, be omitted from the Bill. " Sixth.—The clause under which the surplus funds remaining in the hands of the Medical Council are to be distributed is exceedingly vague, and requires amendment." Ultimately the Bill met with so much opposition that the Govern- ment were unable to get it through all the necessary stages. In June, 1883, the College passed resolutions in favour of electing Professors and Examiners by the whole Council, inslead of any seven of them drawn by lot, and of electing the President, Vice- President, and Council by voting-papers, transmitted by post or otherwise. Mr. Edward G. Brunker had long advocated the desirability of the latter change. On the 31st of October, 1883. a supplemental Charter was granted, enabling the whole Council to vote at the election of Pro- fessors and Examiners. It is to be regretted that the application for it was not delayed a little, so as to include in it a clause relating to the voting, by means of papers, for Council in absentia. The Council were blamed for exhibiting undue haste in obtaining the Charter, and they accordingly vindicated their action in a lengthy statement published in their Report for 1883-4. SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER OF VICTORIA. " SSh'CtOtta, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, and soforth, to all unto whom these Presents shall come, greeting:— " Whereas the body politic and corporate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland was incorporated or re-established under and by virtue of a certain Charter or Letters Patent, bearing date the thirteenth clay of September, in the ninth year of the reign of King George the Fourth, and certain provisions were thereby made for the regulation and government of the said College. " And whereas by a certain Supplemental Charter or Letters Patent granted by us, and bearing date the 11th day of January, in the seventh year of our reign, further provisions were made for the regulation and government of the said College, including certain provisions regulating and prescribing the mode of election of the Examiners and Professors therein. " And whereas it has been represented unto us by the governing body of the said College to be expedient, and seems to us to be fit, that certain alterations should be made in the mode so established of electing such Examiners and Professors. " Know te, therefore, that we of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, by and with the advice and consent of our right trusty, and well-beloved Councillor, Sir Edward Sullivan, Baronet, Master of the Rolls in that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, and our right trusty and well- beloved Councillor, Sir Thomas Montague Steele, Knight Com- mander of the most Honorable Order of the Bath, General in our Army, and Commanding our Forces in that part of our United Kingdom called Ireland, two of our Justices General, and General Governors of Ireland, aforesaid, and according to the tenor and effect of our Letter under our Privy signet and Royal sign manual, bearing date at our Court at Saint James's, the twenty- sixth day of October, in the forty-seventh year of our reign, and now enrolled in the Rolls of the Chancery Division of our High Court of Justice in Ireland, have granted, declared, ordained, and directed, and by these presents for us, our heirs and successors, do grant, declare, ordain, and direct that:— " 1. Whenever and so often as it shall, after the date of these presents, be necessary to elect an Examiner or Examiners, or Professor or Professors, of the said College, the President or Vice- President, together with not less than two-thirds of the other members of the said Council for the time being in that behalf convened (or in case of the absence or non-attendance of the I 'resident or Vice-President, then not less than three-fourths of the said Council, exclusive of the said President or Vice-President), shall meet and assemble together, pursuant to a special summons in that behalf to be issued and transmitted in the manner provided in the said Supplemental Charter or Letters Patent, three clear days at least before such meeting and assemblage, and, being so assembled, shall proceed to elect by a majority of votes such Examiner or Examiners, Professor or Professors, to respectively examine in or teach as the case may be, such branches of Surgical, Medical, and collateral arts or sciences as the Council may have already directed with respect to any or each of the Examinerships or Professorships to be filled up or elected: Provided the said members of the Council shall find among the candidates for the said offices of Examiner or Professor, a person or persons having the qualification determined to be necessary by the Bye-Law of the College in that behalf for the time being in force, and also being, in their judgment, or in the judgment of a majority of them, fit and competent to discharge the duties of said office of Examiner or Professor as the case may be, and the said members of such Council, before proceeding to such election, shall make and subscribe the declaration which, by the said Supplemental Charter or Letters Patent, it was provided should be made by the electors of Professors and Examiners thereby constituted. " 2. And such Declaration shall be duly adminstered to them respectively by the President or Vice-President, or any member of the Council who shall be then present, and such Declaration shall be taken at the meeting so convened as aforesaid. " 3. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, further ordain, declare, and direct that the President or Vice-President, with other Members of the said Council of the said College, shall in manner aforesaid, and according as a vacancy or vacancies shall occur in the Body of Examiners, fill up such vacancy or vacancies from the persons who shall offer themselves to the Council of the said College, as candidates for the said office, provided the said Members of Council shall find among the candidates a person or persons in their judgment, or in the judgment of the majority of them, fit and competent to discharge the duties thereof, provided that such candidates for such office as Examiners, shall not be members of the said Council, and if elected as Examiners, shall not be capable of being elected as Members of the Council, so long as they hold the office of Examiners, and such Examiners so elected, if Professors, or Lecturers, or Teachers, shall, so long as they hold the office of Examiners, cease to hold the office or perform the duties of Professors, Lecturers, or Teachers, except as Clinical Lecturers in hospitals. And so also that the said Examiners shall always consist of the number of persons determined by the Bye- Law or Bye-Laws of the College in that behalf, for the time being in force, and they shall in like manner elect Professors of the said College, when, and so often as a vacancy or vacancies shall occur, from the persons who shall offer themselves to the Council of the said College as candidates for the said office, provided the Members of Council shall find among the said candidates for the said office, a person or persons in their judgment, or in the judgment of the majority of them, fit and competent to the discharge of the duties thereof, so that the Professors of the said College shall always consist of the same number as at present: Provided always that such number shall be altered by any Bye-Law of the said College. " 4. And the said persons so 'respectively elected and appointed to fill the said respective offices of Examiner or Professor, shall respectively hold and enjoy their said office during the period fixed by the Bye-Laws of the said College enacted, or to be enacted for the purpose. " 5. And such Examiners shall be entitled to such salary, emoluments, and reward as the said Council already has made, or shall hereafter by any rule or Bye-Law in that behalf, make or provide for any person so chosen and appointed an Examiner as aforesaid. " 6. And We do hereby further declare our will and pleasure to be, that as regards any election to the office of an Examiner or Professor taking place after the date of these presents, the provi- sions contained in the said Supplemental Charter of the eleventh day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, in so far as the same prescribe a different mode of holding such election, or constitute a different body of electors, or are otherwise incon- sistent with the provisions hereby made, but to no further or greater extent, shall stand and be annulled. " And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, further grant unto the said College, that these our Letters Patent, or the enrolment or exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all things, good, firm, valid, sufficient, and effectual in the law, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, notwithstanding the not fully or not duly reciting the said in part recited Letters Patent, or the date thereof, or any other omission, imperfection, defect, mattei', cause, or thing whatsoever in the same, to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, and shall be taken, construed, and ad- judged in the most favourable and beneficial sense, and for the best advantage of the said body politic and corporate and their successors, as well as in all Courts of Record as elsewhere, and by all and singular the officers and ministers of us, our heirs and successors. Provided always that these our Letters Patent be enrolled in the Record and Writ Office of the Chancery Division of our High Court of Justice in Ireland, within the space of six months next ensuing the date of these presents, otherwise these our Letters Patent to be null and void. In witness whereof we have caused these our Justices General and General Governors of Ireland, at Dublin, the thirty-first day of October, in the forty- seventh year of our reign. " Alexander Hamilton, "Deputy Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper." In 1884 the Medical Acts Amendment Bill was again introduced by the Government, and was strongly opposed by the Council. On the 15th February, the College held a special meeting for the purpose of considering the Bill and its probable effect upon the College, should it become law. It is remarkable that not one of the 18 Fellows upon whose requisition the meeting was con- vened resided within the city of Dublin. A motion in favour of admitting reporters for the press was carried. After a prolonged debate, and the defeat of two amendments to motions, the following resolutions were carried:— Moved by Mr. Molony, seconded by Mr. Hamilton :— " That this meeting approves, and will gladly support, a well- considered measure of reform calculated to remove such defects as have been proved to exist in the constitution of the medical profession; but, at the same time, the Fellows here assembled desire to express their conviction that it would be injurious to the public welfare, and an unjustifiable employment of State authority, to strip of their privileges institutions which can be shown to be using them both well and wisely." Moved by Mr. Whistler, seconded by Mr. Stokes:— " That inasmuch as the Bill introduced into Parliament last session would, had it become law, have deprived this and other medical authorities of the power and influence over the profession which they have hitherto exercised, and which were conferred on them by charter, the Fellows of this College are of opinion that any such legislation should be resisted by the entire profession as being in a high degree injurious to its best interests." Moved by Mr. Nolan, seconded by Mr. Thomson:— " That this meeting, having been informed that it is the intention of the Government to introduce into Parliament during this session a Bill similar to that of last year, recommends the Council to use all the influence it can command to obtain such changes in that Bill as may be necessary to preserve the chartered privileges of the College, more especially the right of conferring a title to practice ; and, failing this, to oppose the passing of such a measure by all constitutional means." At the annual meeting of the College, held on the 31st May, the College passed a resolution "thoroughly" disapproving of the Bill as it then stood, and calling upon the Council to oppose it unless its objectionable provisions were amended so as to maintain the interests of the College. The Bill was withdrawn near the end of the session. On the occasion of the tercentenary anniversary of the foundation of the University of Edinburgh, the Council agreed upon a congra- tulatory address to that body. It was presented by the President, Mr. Wheeler, who was invited to the celebration. On 14th February the College reached the hundredth anniver- sary of the granting of their first Charter. Upon the evening of that clay the President, Mr. Wheeler, entertained the Lord Lieutenant and 122 Fellows and other guests at a banquet in the Albert Hall. Apropos to dinners, it is the custom for the Yice-President and Council to entertain the President, and the President the Vice- President and Council, within the College walls. No other persons are invited to these dinners. A College Dinner Club consists of the Councillors and Examiners, present and past. They invite guests, and occasionally entertain distinguished persons. The Examiners have also a Dining Club. At the annual general meetings in 1883 and 1884 the College expressed a desire to be made acquainted more frequently with the proceedings of the Council. Since then the latter have issued a report of their proceedings during the period June 5th to November 30th, 1884. On the 10th July a project for the amalgamation of the private medical schools with the College School was brought before the Council; a motion to discuss it having been made, it was defeated. Mr. Hughes' sudden death on the 1st of June caused the offices of Secretary to the Council and Professor of Surgery in the College School to become vacant. Mr. A. H. Jacob was elected to the former of these offices. For the other, Mr. Corley, Vice-President, and Mr. Hamilton, Member of Council, became candidates, having for that purpose resigned their seats at the Council. On the 21st July Professor Cameron was elected Vice-President. On the 24th July Mr. Edward Hamilton was chosen Professor of Anatomy, and on the 4th of August Mr. Corley was elected Member of Council. The Council and their Parliamentary Committee held several meetings in 1884, to discuss the propriety of certain proposed changes in the Charter. Having agreed that some of them were necessary, the clauses of the Charter proposed to be amended were submitted to the College at a meeting held on the 10th January, 1885. A proposal to give a vote in addition to a casting vote to the President or other presiding officer at meetings of the College or Council was modified so as to limit the double vote to College meetings. The proposal to substitute the Lord Lieutenant for the Home Secretary, as the authority to whom new by-laws were to be submitted, was adopted, as was also the proposition, so long advocated by Mr. E. Brunker, to allow the Fellows to vote in absentia for the President, Vice-President, and Council. It was also agreed that Professors and Lecturers should be eligible to act as Examiners. The proposal to admit qualified practitioners, other than those holding diplomas of the College, to the Midwifery Examination, was agreed to. The Vice-President moved, and Sir Robert Jackson, C.B., seconded—" That a new clause be inserted, to provide that all provisions of the Charters, by-laws, and ordi- nances as to education, examination, and granting of diplomas to Fellows or Licentiates shall extend to include women." An amendment, to omit the word "Fellows," proposed by Professor Hamilton, and seconded by Mr. Tufnell, was negatived by eighteen to fourteen votes. The original motion was then carried by twenty- five to eleven votes. This resolution, since sanctioned by the Queen, renders women eligible to compete for every office in connection with the College. There is now, therefore, no legal impediment to the Presidential Chair being occupied by a lady. On the 26th February the Council resolved to recognise the lectures delivered in the School of Medicine for Women, London. On the 5th March the Council, on the motion of the Vice- President, agreed to admit ad euendern licentiates of the London and Edinburgh College of Surgeons, provided that they had ohtained their diplomas by examination. It was ordered that a clause to effect these objects should be inserted in the proposed new charter. On the 10th April the Council presented a congratulatory address to the Prince and Princess of Wales at Dublin Castle. On 7th May a new form of Letters Testimonial was-approved of, in which the signature of the President or Vice-President, Secretary to the Council, and Secretary to the Court of Examiners, were to be used, instead of (as heretofore) the signatures of the whole Council. On the 23rd May, 1885, the new Charter was obtained:— SECOND SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER OE VICTORIA. " 3Utttorta, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, and soforth. To all to whom these Presents shall come, greeting :— " Whereas the body politic and corporate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland was incorporated or re-established under and by virtue of a certain Charter or Letters Patent, bearing date the thirteenth day of September, in the ninth year of the reign of King George the Fourth, and certain provisions were thereby made for the regulation and government of the said College. " And whereas by a certain Supplemental Charter or Letters Patent granted by us and bearing date the eleventh day of January, in the seventh year of our reign, further provisions were made for the regulation and government of the said College, including certain provisions regulating and prescribing the mode of voting by the President, the authorization of Bye-Laws, the election of Examiners, the recording of the votes of Fellows, the admission of candidates for Letters Testimonial and Midwifery Diploma. " And whereas it has been represented unto us by the govern- ing body of the said College to be expedient, and it seems to us to be fit, that certain alterations should be made in the mode so established of performing the functions hereinbefore recited :— " 1. Know ye, therefore, that we of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, by and with the advice and consent of our Lords Justices-General and General Governors of Ireland, according to the tenor and effect of our letter, under our Privy Signet and Royal Sign Manual, bearing date at our Court at Saint James's, the thirtieth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five, in the forty-eighth year of our reign, and now enrolled in the Record and Writ Office of the Chancery Division of our High Court of Justice in that part of our said United Kingdom called Ireland, do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, grant, declare, and appoint that the President and Vice-President shall be ex-officio Members of the said Council of the said College, and the Vice-President shall and may, in the absence of the Presi- dent, have the same powers and authorities as the said President would have if personally present; and that in all votes, ballots, scrutinies or divisions at any Meeting of the Fellows or Members of the said College, the President or the Vice-President, or such other person as may preside over such Meeting and be Chairman thereof, shall be entitled to vote and also in case of equality of votes shall give a casting vote. " 2. And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the Council, or a majority of such Members thereof as shall assemble (the whole number then and there present not being less than one-third part of the whole Council) to exercise the powers and privileges and perform the duties and functions of the said body politic and corporate, as the governing or executive Council of the said College, and in all respects to act for or on behalf of the said College, as lawfully representing the same, and to make and publish and also to alter, change, or annul, from time to time, such Bye-Laws, Rules, Ordinances, and Constitutions as to them may seem requisite for the regulation, good government, and advantage of the said body and Licentiates of the said College and the administration of the funds and property thereof, or concerning qualifications of the candidates for Letters Testimonial, the enrolment Registry. Matriculation administration, and examination of Fellows, Licen- tiates, Pupils, Students, and Apprentices, the Fees to be payale by them and every of them to the said College or to any Fellow or to any Licentiate thereof, the terms and conditions of admission, of taking them or any of them, and to provide and enact Bye-Laws and Kules for the regulation of the Meetings and assemblies under these Presents to be holden, and the adjournment thereof as occasion may require. " 3. And in case of any emergency wherein the directions in these Presents could not be followed, to make provision for such emergency, and direct the manner of assembling, electing, or other act or transaction necessary for the government, discipline, or continuance of the said body corporate and the said College, and also to provide regulations inflicting upon any delinquent, whether Apprentice or Pupil, Fellow or Licentiate, such reasonable pains, penalties, and punishments by censure, suspension, a motion, or fine, as to them so assembled shall seem meet, provided such pecuniary penalty shall not exceed in any case the sum of fifty pounds, and that such Bye-Laws, Rules, and Constitutions shall not be repugnant or contrary to the laws and statutes of our realm, and such Bye-Laws, Rules, Ordinances, and Constitutions, and acts and proceedings of the Council shall be, from time to time, reported to the Fellows in College assembled in manner herein provided. Provided always and it is our further will and pleasure that no Bye-Law hereafter to be made by the said Council shall be of any force until our approval thereof shall have been signified to the said College under the hand of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland for the time being, or the same shall have been otherwise approved in such manner as shall be directed by us with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons of our realm, in Parliament assembled. " 4. And We do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, grant, declare, ordain, and direct that whenever and so often as it shall after the date of these Presents be necessary to elect an Examiner or Examiners, or a Professor or Professors, of the said College, the President or Vice-President together with not less than two- thirds of the other Members of the said Council for the time bein<r in that behalf convened, shall assemble or, in case of the absence or non-attendance of the President or Vice-President, then not less than three-fourths of the said Council, exclusive of the said President or Vice-President, shall meet and assemble together, pursuant to special summons in that behalf to be issued and trans- mitted in the manner provided in the said Supplemental Charter or Letters Patent, three clear days at least before such Meeting s and assemblage, and being so assembled shall proceed to elect, by a majority of votes, such Examiner or Examiners, Professor or Professors, to respectively examine in or teach, as the case may be, such branches of Surgical, Medical, and collateral arts or sciences as the Council may have already directed, or may hereafter direct, with respect to any or each of the Examinationships or Professor- ships to be filled up or elected. Provided the said Members of the Council shall find among the candidates for the offices of Examiners or Professors a person or persons having the qualification determined to be necessary by the Bye-Law of the College in that behalf for the time being in force, and also being in their judgment, or in the judgment of a majority of them, fit and competent to discharge the duties of said office of Examiner or Professor, as the case may be, such candidates for such office as Examiners shall not be Members of said Council, and shall not be capable of being elected as Members of the said Council so long as they hold the office of Examiners. " 5. And the said Members of such Council, before proceeding to such election, shall make and subscribe the declaration which, by the said Supplemental Charter, it was provided should be made by the electors of Professors and Examiners thereby constituted. " 6. And such Declaration shall be duly administered to them respectively by the President or Vice-President, or any Member of the Council who shall be then present, and such Declaration shall be taken at the Meeting so convened as aforesaid. " 7. And they, the said President or Vice-President and Council, shall, in like manner, from time to time, fill up any vacancy or vacancies that may occur in the body of Examiners, so that the said Examiners shall always consist of such number of persons as shall be, from time to time, determined by said Council, and they shall in like manner elect Professors of the said College, when and so often as a vacancy or vacancies shall occur, from the persons who shall offer themselves to the Council of the said College as candidates for the said office, provided the Members of Council shall find among said candidates for the said office a person or persons in their judgment, or in the judgment of the majority of them, fit and competent to the discharge of the duties thereof, so that the Professors of the said College shall always consist of thirteen persons, unless such number shall be altered by any Bye- Law of the said College; and the said persons so respectively elected and appointed to fill the said respective offices of Examiner or Professor shall respectively hold and enjoy their said office during such period as shall be fixed by Bye-Laws of the said College to be duly enacted for that purpose, and such Examiner shall be entitled to such salary, emolument, and reward as tbe said Council shall, by any rule or Bye-Law in that behalf make or provide for any person so chosen and appointed an Examiner as aforesaid. Provided also that it shall and may be lawful for the President or Vice-President and Council of the said College, from time to time, to elect and appoint a Secretary, and also to elect and appoint a Registrar and such other officer or officers, servant or servants, for such periods and at such salaries as to them shall seem meet for the better regulation of the said College. " 8. And We do hereby for us, our heii's and successors, grant, ordain, and appoint that the President or, in his absence, the Vice- President, or any two Members of the Council shall, upon the first Monday in the month of June, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five, or in ten days thereafter, and upon the first Monday in June in every succeeding year, or within ten days thereafter, convene a Meeting of the Fellows of the said College, at the Hall of the said College, or some other convenient place within the City of Dublin, by special summons, as hereinafter provided, and the Fellows shall then and there elect yearly, by a majority of votes given by ballot papers, in such method as the Council may, from time to time, direct, from amongst those Fellows who shall have sent in their names, as hereinafter provided, one President and one other Fellow to be Vice-President, and any number of Fellows, not exceeding the number of twenty-one, including the said President and Vice-President, to be Members of the Council of the said College. No person shall be qualified for election who shall not be a Fellow of said College, and have complied with the existing regulations, or who shall not have sent in or delivered, in writing, to the Registrar of the College, ten clear days before the day of election, his name and place of abode; notice of such Meeting specifying the time and place at which such Meeting shall be held shall, together with a list of such duly qualified persona as shall have so offered themselves for election, he sent by post, six clear clays before said day of election, to the usual place of abode of each of the Fellows of said College then residing in the United Kingdom where the same mav be known at the said College. " 9. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant and ordain that in case such election shall not be held and completed as aforesaid, or, if at any time, any vacancy shall occur by death, resignation, removal, or incapacity of the President or Vice-Presi- dent, or any Member of the said Council, or any other officer of the said College hereby nominated or hereafter to be elected, then and in such case it shall and may be lawful for any two of the Fellows of said College, on being thereunto so required by notice in.writing, signed by any six Fellows, to issue a summons six clear days before the day therein named and appointed for the Meeting, and thereby to convene a Meeting of the Fellows of said College at the Hall of said College, or other convenient place within the City of Dublin, upon a day and at an hour between the hours of nine and three to be mentioned in such summons, and the said Fellows shall then and there elect as heretobefore provided a Fellow or Fellows to fill up and supply the said office or offices, or such of them as shall have so become vacant or required to be filled up for such part of the ensuing year as shall be then to come and unexpired. And the person or persons so elected shall there- upon enter the office to which he or they shall have been so elected, and shall serve for the remainder of the year and thenceforth until a new appointment and election be made as hereinbefore provided, and shall have all the powers, privileges, and authorities which would have belonged to him or them if originally elected and appointed thereunto. Provided always that every summons issued under the authority of this clause, and by virtue of this provision, shall specifically state the object for which the Meeting thereby convened is to be held. " 10. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, further ordain and appoint that the Examiners of said College, or so many of them as may hereafter be declared necessary to con- stitute a Court or Board by any Bye-Law, shall, from time to time, upon request made to the President or, in his absence, to the Vice-President, or any two of the Council of the said College, examine in such form and manner, and on such subjects, as the Council may, from time to time, direct and pi-escribe every person who shall have satisfied the Council that he is of good moral character, and who shall be desirous of obtaining the certificate or Letters Testimonial of the said College of his qualifications to practise'under the common seal of the said College, and who shall have duly observed and fulfilled the Rules, Regulations, Conditions, and Ordinances provided and contained in the Bye-Laws of the said College, and in the and in part recited Letters Patent in respect of such candidates for the certificates or Letters Testimonial of the said College, and in case the said Examiners shall be satisfied with the result of such examination, and shall certify to the said Council to the effect aforesaid, then, and in such case, the said Council shall give to each person so examined and qualified such certificate or Letters Testimonial of his qualification to practise under the common seal of the said College, as to the said President and Council, or the majority of them, shall seem just, subject to such regulations in respect thereof as the Council of the said College shall direct, upon his performance of or compliance with all and every the requisites and provisions in the Statutes, Bye- Laws, and Ordinances of the said College; and the said Letters Patent contained in respect of such person, save that instead of the oath or affirmation and Declaration appointed to be taken by the said Letters Patent, every such person so examined and approved of shall, before he shall obtain or be entitled to claim such Letters Testimonial or Certificate, make and subscribe the following declaration :— "' /, A. B., do solemnly and sincerely declare and promise that I will observe and be obedient to the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and that I will, to the utmost of my power, endeavour to promote the reputation, honour, and dignity of the said College' " 12. And the Examiners, or any number of them, declared by the Bye-Law to be competent to transact business as a Court of Examiners shall, in the presence of the President or, in his absence, of the' Vice-President and two or more Members of the Council, from time to time in like manner, upon request made to the President or, in his absence, to the Vice-President, examine in such form and manner, and on such subjects, as the Council may, from time to time, direct and prescribe, any candidate for ;i Fellowship who shall prove to the satisfaction of the President or Vice-President and Council that he has attained the age of twenty- five years, and if such candidate shall pass such examination as the Council of the said College shall, from time to time, think fit and direct that candidates for a Fellowship shall undergo, to the satis- faction of the said Examiners, to be certified to the said Council, then and in such case the said Council shall grant to such pex*sons such diploma under seal of the said corporation or College, and in such form as the Council of the said College shall direct, upon his performance or compliance with the following requisites and pro- visions, that is to say—every person so examined and approved of shall, before he shall obtain or be entitled to obtain such diploma, make and subscribe the following declaration and affirmation:— " ' 7, A. B., do solemnly and sincerely declare that I am twenty- five years of age and upwards, and that I will observe and be obedient to the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and that I will, to the utmost of my power, endeavour to promote the reputation, honour, and dignity of the said College, and that I do not practise the business or profession of an apothecary or druggist, or indirectly sell drugs or medicines, and that I will not, so long as I shall be a Fellow of the said College, practise such business or profession.' " 13. And We do hereby further ordain and direct that the Examiners of the said College, or so many of them as shall be declared competent to transact business as a Court of Examiners, shall in like manner, from time to time, upon request made to the President or, in his absence, to the Vice-President or any two of the Council, examine in such form and manner, and on such subject, as the Council may, from time to time, direct and prescribe, such persons as may so require it, who possess such other legal qualifications in medicine or surgery as may be approved by the Council, touching their ability, skilfulness, and knowledge, previous education, and experience in midwifery. And in case the said Examiners shall be satisfied with the result of such examination, and shall certify to the said Council to that effect, then and in such case the said Council shall grant to such person so examined and qualified such certificate of his qualification to practise mid- wifery and exercise the profession thereof under the seal of the said corporation or College, and in such form as the Council of the said College shall direct. " 14. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, declare, and appoint that all provisions of the Charter, Bye-Laws, and Ordinances as to education, examination, and granting diplomas to Fellows or Licentiates shall extend to include women. " 15. And We do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, declare, ordain, and direct that it shall be lawful for the Council of the said College, by diploma under the seal of the College, to admit without examination to the Letters Testimonial or Fellow- ship of the said College, on such conditions and on the payment of such respective fee as the Council of the College shall by Bye-Law determine, the Members, Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, and the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, provided such Licentiate Members and Fellows shall be at the time of said application for admission in the bona fide practice of the profession of a surgeon in Ireland, and such persons so admitted to such Letters Testimonial or Fellowship shall take rank amongst the Licentiates and Fellows of the said College according to the date of such last-mentioned diplomas or licences. " 16. And We do hereby further declare our will and pleasure to be that, except in the respects hereby altered, the said College shall continue to have all and the same jurisdictions, powers, authorities, and discretions for and with respect to the government of the said College as such College now has under or by virtue of the said hereinbefore recited Charters or Letters Patent, or in any other lawful manner whatsoever. And we do hereby further, for us, our heirs and successors, grant and confirm unto them all such jurisdictions, powers, authorities, and discretions accordingly. "And our further will and pleasure is that these our Letters Patent and everything herein contained, or the enrolment thereof, shall be in all things form valid, sufficient, and efficient in the law as aforesaid, according to the tenor of these our Letters Patent, without any further order, grant, or confirmation from us, our heirs or successors, to be had, procured, or obtained. Provided always that these our Letters Patent be enrolled in the Record and Writ Office of the Chancery Division of our High Court of Justice in Ireland aforesaid, within the space of six calendar months next ensuing the date of these Presents. In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness, John Poyntz Earl Spencer, K.G., our Lieutenant-General and General Governor of Ireland, at Dublin, the 23rd day of May, in the forty-eighth year of our Reign. " J. Nugent Lentaigne, " Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper, and Permanent Secretary to tho Lord Chancellor of Ireland." On the 19th February Mr. Archibald Robinson was elected Solicitor to the College, vice Mr. Mayne, who had died from typhus fever. On the 16th of April a communication was received by the Council from the Vice-President, offering (on the part of Matthew O'Reilly Dease, D.L.) to erect a statue to William Dease, one of the founders of the College. The offer was accepted with " sincere gratitude " to Mr. Dease. The eminent surgeon was Mr. O'Reilly Dease's grandfather. On the Vice-President expressing to Mr. Dease how desirable it would be to have a statue of his grandfather placed in the College hall, he at once said that he would defray all the expenses necessary to have such a statue erected. He subse- quently authorised the Vice-President to have the work carried out, and the latter arranged with Mr. Thomas Farrell, R.H.A., of Gloucester-street, to execute a statue for £600. The design approved of represents William Dease seated in an antique chair. The material employed is the finest white marble, and the work is to be completed in April, 1886. On the suggestion of the Vice-President, Mr. Butcher kindly con- sented, in April, 1885, to present his valuable museum to the College, and his friend Mr. M. O'Reilly Dease has generously undertaken to defray the cost of building a room for its reception. Messrs. Deane and Son made plans for the room, which is to be termed the Butcher Museum. They involved the demolition of a portion of the Curator's department, to compensate for which a new building has been constructed between the Museum and the Dissecting-room. The new Museum will be approached by a flight of steps from the large Pathological Museum. The new buildings, which are nearly completed, are being constructed by Mr. R. Mellon, of Rathgar. They will cost about £750. Mr. Butcher had intended to bequeath his Museum to Mr. Wheeler, but the latter expressed his consent that it should be placed in the College. On the 10th of April an address was presented by the Council to the Prince and Princess of Wales at Dublin Castle. On the 25th of April the Zoological Society held, by permission of the Council, a conversazione in the College. On the 7th of May the salary of the Secretary to the Council was increased from £100 to £200 per annum. In 1885 the constitution of the Examining Board was altered. The number of Examiners was increased to 20—viz., 4 in Anatomy, human and comparative; 4 in Surgery and Surgical Pathology ; 2 in Physiology and Histology; 2 in Medicine and Therapeutics; 2 in Physics, Chemistry, and Medical Jurisprudence; 2 in Materia Medica, Botany, and Pharmacy; 2 in Ophthalmic Surgery, and 2 in Midwifery. It was arranged that there should be an assessor with each Examiner, and that both should give marks on the candi- date's answering. According to the opinion of counsel it is desirable that candidates for Examinership should be balloted for, so as to first get a select list from which, by a subsequent vote, the neces- sary number of Examiners should be elected. It was held that where there were several candidates for one or a larger number of vacancies the elector might vote for only one candidate or for any number not exceeding the number of vacancies. On the 5th of November an' ordinance was enacted providing that, when there was only one candidate for a vacant office, no voting papers should be used. On the 17th of July the Council presented an address of con- gratulation to the Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Lieutenant. On the 15th of October the Registrar's salary was increased by £35 per annum. A conjoint committee of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons held, in 1885, several meetings, and agreed upon a conjoint scheme for examinations. The Council, however, on the 22nd of October, received a letter from the College of Physicians, in which it was stated that they objected to the clause of the draft scheme which provided that five-eighths of the candidates' fees should go to the College of Surgeons. Negotiations between the Colleges on the subject of a conjoint examination are now suspended. The valuation of the College for taxation purposes was, in 1885, reduced from £600 to £350 per annum, on the ground that the Library and Museum were in a certain sense public institutions of a scientific character, and were not properly liable to taxation. The following resolution in reference to this matter was passed by the Council on the 28th of November :— " Eesolved unanimously—That the best thanks of the Council be given to Sir Charles A. Cameron for his successful efforts to obtain a remission of a part of the taxation of the College." On the 17th of December the Council resolved to relieve the Professors from the payment of interest on the money expended in 1882 in the extension of the School premises. They came to this decision in consequence of the satisfactory condition of the College finances and of the fact that the overdraft on the Bank of Ireland, rendered necessary by the expenditure on the School buildings, had been redeemed. On this date the Council decided to invest £1,000 in the Three per Cents. At the close of 1785 the College numbered 41 Members and 13 Licentiates—total, 54 ; at the close of 1885 they comprise 363 Fellows, 3,580 Licentiates, and 512 Licentiates in Dental Surgery— total, 4,465. I have now brought down this History to the close of 1885. The career of the College has been hitherto a prosperous and an honour- able one; let us hope that they will continue to keep well in front in the march of improvement and of judicious reforms— " Hoc opus, hoc studium, parvi properemus et ampli, Si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari." CHAPTER XI. THE COLLEGE LIBRARY. In the first year of their existence the College resolved to establish a library. A subscription of one guinea annually was levied upon each member for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the College and of establishing a library. As the College had no house of their own until 1789 they did not incommode themselves with many books before that date. On the 12th January, 1787, they subscribed to Dr. Walter Wade's " Flora Dubliniensis." This was their first investment—the foundation stone, so to speak, of their library. In the following year they purchased the anatomical plates of D'Azyr, published in Paris. So soon as the Mercer-street premises were taken the library began to increase steadily. In 1790 the Physico-Chirurgical Society were established in the College premises, and in a short time they formed a library, which on the dissolution of the Society became the property of the College. In 1790 the great anatomist, John Hunter, presented the Col- lege with copies of his works. On the 15th January, 1805, the College resolved to appoint a librarian, and on the 4th February John Armstrong Garnett, member, was elected to that office. On the same occasion a library committee were appointed, consisting of Sir Henry Jebb and Messrs. Colles and Dease. In 1811 Mr. Todd, assistant-secretary, was appointed assistant- librarian—an office continued to the present time. In the follow- ing year the books belonging to the College and to the Physico- Chirurgical Society were removed from Mercer-street to the new buildings in St. Stephen's-green. Mr. Todd having vacated the apartments which he occupied in the College, one of them was devoted to the library. This room was a long one on the first floor and faced York-street. In 1817 a subscription reading library was established. The subscribers consisted of two classes—life and annual; the former paid a composition of ten guineas, and the latter an annual sub- scription of two guineas. Professors of the College who were not members were permitted to subscribe. In 1816 the Physico-Chirurgical Society having become extinct their large collection of books passed into the possession of the College. The society's librarian, Dr. Blake, the eminent dentist, had advanced £60 to pay off a debt which the Society had incurred to their bookseller, and the College reimbursed him in this sum. On the 19th May, 1817, it was resolved to expend at once £100 in the purchase of books, and to allocate £50 yearly towards the maintenance of the library for the use of the members, licentiates, and registered pupils of the College. An admission fee, for members and licentiates, of £3 3s. was fixed, and was to be increased to five guineas after the 1st January, 1818. For registered pupils of two years' standing the fee was two guineas. A pupil, on becoming a licentiate, became free of the library on payment of three guineas. The resolution relating to pupils was repealed in February, 1819. No person in connection with the library received any salary or other emolument. So soon as these regulations came into force Todd resigned his position as assistant- librarian on the ground that he was unable to give sufficient time to the duties of the office. Mr. Courtney then took charge of the books, and J. W. Cusack succeeded to Todd as assistant-librarian. Up to May, 1818, 21 persons paid £3 3s. each = £71 13s. 3d., and one pupil paid £1 2s. 9d., making a total of £72 16s., in addition to the £100 allowed by the College. No one having paid the " late fee " of five guineas, the time for receiving the three guineas one was extended to January, 1819. In 1821 a code of rules for the management of the reading- room was approved of. In 1822 the secretary's office was added to the library. In 1823 the College voted an additional £50 towards the purchase of books; duplicate copies of works were sold, and the library was increased by 500 volumes. It had now become of respectable dimensions. On the 1st February, 1825, a resolution was passed—which is still in force—permitting medical officers of the garrison to read in the library. On the 3rd May, 1825, the library committee recommended a payment of £34 2s. 6d. for Mr. Courtney's services in taking care of the library. His son had previously been awarded £5 for the preparation of a Catalogue. On the 1st August, 1825, John Armstrong Courtney, son of the clerk to the College, was appointed library clerk at a salary of £20 a year. In this year the College, being financially prosperous, acted generously towards the library. They purchased from Messrs. Hodges and M'Arthur £447 worth of books, and, having paid the bill, immediately afterwards voted £300 towards a further purchase of books. From February, 1825, to February, 182(5, the sum expended on the library amounted to £1,182 18s. 3|d., and £524 3s. was still due for books ordered from Messrs. Hodges and MArthur. In 1826 Mr. Wright, member, presented to the library a copy of a rare and valuable work, " Botanical Dorsthenii," published in 1540. In this year the large sum of £32 Is. 8d. was paid for Wilson's " American Ornithology." After the 1st August, 1829, the admission fee for licentiates and others was fixed at five guineas. The room formerly used to contain the Museum (which had now been removed to larger apartments) was in 1830 added to the library, which was now extended to the second story of the College buildings. On the 2nd February, 1835, the College voted £100 towards making the library a "circulating" one. Mr. O'Kcefe, the regis- trar and assistant-librarian, was requested to attend on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from 10 till 11 o'clock, to give out and receive books ; for this duty he received £10 annually. In 1836 £300 was voted for the purchase of books. The librarian undertook to select them in London, and £25 was voted to pay the expenses of his journey. On the 13th of May Mr. O'Keefe's salary as assistant-librarian was increased to £20. Mr. James O'Beirne, past President of the College, offered in 1839 his library of 3,000 volumes to the College for the sum of £525. On the 13th March his offer was accepted. This library included some valuable works, but in the opinion of some com- petent judges it would not have realised nearly so large a sum as £525 had it been sold by auction. On the 14th October Mr. Williams, librarian, was allowed £100 to meet the expense of cataloguing the library. The work was chiefly performed by a Mr. Evers. On the 11th April, 1838, £50 was paid for the anatomical drawings of the late Surgeon William Wallace. In 1840 the number of books had become so large that the shelf accommodation for them was insufficient. The library now comprised 14,102 volumes, of which 748 were folio, 2,991 quarto, and 10,363 octavo et infra. 1,838 of the volumes were duplicates; these were subsequently disposed of to Mr. Fannin for £100. On the 7th April, 1847, the Council passed a resolution per- mitting the registered pupils to read in the library. On the 16th June, 1847, Mr. Houghton, of Weld House, the Mall, Kensington, London, presented to the College a set of Chinese anatomical plates. In 1851 the medical works of the late Sir Philip Crampton were presented to the College by his son, the present Sir John Crampton, Bart. In the same year a collection of Chinese anatomical drawings was presented by Dr. Henry Fulton. John Brennen was appointed library clerk in 1851 ; he is now registrar. He was born in Dublin in 1819, and is the son of the late ^Eneas Brennen, coach-builder, of Whitefriars-street. On the 12th May, 1854, Mr. Williams resigned the office of librarian, and was succeeded by Mr. O'Bryen Bellingham. In 1855 £200 was voted for the purchase of books at Mr. Conway's Sale. The greater portion of this sum was expended in the acquisition of the following works :— Augustine Aglio's Antiquities of Mexico, comprising Fac-similes of Ancient Mexican Paintings and Hieroglyphics, preserved in the Koyal Libraries of Paris, Berlin, Vienna, the Vatican, &c. 7 volumes, tall folio, bound in half crimson morocco, with gilt backs ; also the Supplement, bound in whole crimson morocco, with Lord Kingsborough's Arms stamped on the sides of the volumes. Champollion's Monumens de l'Egypt et de la Nubie. 4 volumes, together with Atlas, folio, bound superbly in half crimson morocco, richly gilt. Description de l'Egypt ou recuil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte, pendant l'Expedition de lArmee Francaise. 9 volumes, folio, with plates in an Atlas of 10 volumes, folio. Paris. 1809-1818. It matches the preceding work, and is equally magnificent. Denons' Voyage dans la Basse et la Haute Egypte. Royal 4to, with folio Atlas of plates, bound in half Russia, with proofs on Indian paper. In this year John Maclean was appointed library porter; his time was exclusively devoted to the library. He was subsequently promoted to be library clerk. In this year Dr. (now Sir John) Lentaigne, F.R.C.S.I., C.B., presented a manuscript book on surgery, written in 1349 by the celebrated English surgeon, John of Arderne. It contains some curious illustrations. Surgeon-Major Gore, F.R C.S.I., has given some account of this book in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for October, 1883. After Mr. Bellingham's death in 1858, Mr. W. Colles was elected librarian, and retains that office, which is honorary. In 1858 Mr. Humphrey Minchin, F.R.C.S.I., spent some time in arranging the books. In the printed Report of the Council for 1860-61, the annual fleport on the library first appears. It is signed by John Maclean, library clerk. Since 1868 the annual reports on the library bear the signature of Mr. William Colles, librarian. On November 16th, 1871, Dr. Handsel Griffiths was appointed assistant-librarian; his salary was fixed at £100, which, on the 2nd January, 1873, was increased to £150. On the 21st May, 1874, he was presented with £50 for having completed the catalogue of the library, and arranged a collection of 2,000 volumes, which the late Professor Jacob had presented to the College in 1871. William Handsel Griffiths was born on the 5th January, 1846, at No. 5 South Frederick-street, Dublin. His father, John Griffiths, a merchant, was the youngest son of a Welshman who settled in Waterford and conducted a well-known classical school in that city. John Griffiths was married to Helena Leycester Spearing, daughter of a wine merchant, of the city of Cork. When only one year old Griffiths lost his father, who died of heart disease. His mother was obliged to open a ladies' school, which proved a success, and enabled her to educate her sons. The elder, William, matriculated in the Queen's College, Cork, and subse- quently spent some time with his uncle, Dr. Spearing, of Antrim. In 1871 he "passed" at the Edinburgh Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and obtained the license of the Apothecaries' Hall in 1876. For a treatise on Hasmodromonieters he received the degree of Ph.D. from Gottingen. He was at the time of his early death Lecturer on Chemistry at the Ledwich School. He was the author of " Posological Tables," which has reached a sixth edition, and he left almost ready for the press a work on " Materia Medica," which has been edited by Dr. Duffey. He contributed several articles to the journals, and was a corresponding member of several societies. Dr. Griffiths married Lizzie Smythe, only surviving daughter of Rev. James Smythe Alison, Presbyterian minister at Parkgate, county of Antrim. She died in 1882. He died in Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin, of typhoid fever, on the 16th November, 1877. In 1876 the College, as already narrated, commenced the enlargement of the library and museum; and in August, 1878, the work was completed. The Fellows' room, which communicates with the library, contains many handsome volumes placed in glass cases. John Alexander Spencer was elected assistant-librarian on the 5th December, 1877. He was the son of Alexander and Elizabeth Spencer, and was born at No. 1 Nelson-street, Dublin, on the 12th November, 1835. He served as a surgeon in the American Civil War, and on his return was elected medical officer to the Dun- fanaghy Dispensary, in the County of Donegal. He resigned his office in the College, having obtained another dispensary appoint- ment in the County of Donegal. He contracted typhus fever whilst in the discharge of his duties, and died from that disease at Burton Port in 1882. He married, in 1869, Margaret, daughter of John MacDonald. Mr. Spencer was a Fellow of the College. On the 18th November, 1880, Mr. George Francis Blake, son of Martin Kirwan Blake, J.P., of Merlin Park, County of Galway, and 30 Ebury-street, Chester-square, London, S.W., was elected assistant-librarian. In 1883, on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the College, Mr. William Colles, librarian, presented 193 books and several plates to the library. In November, 1885, Professor Macnamara presented the sixth volume of the Index to the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, United States. He had previously presented volumes 1 to 5. This magnificent work has now reached to letters Is. On the 17th of December, 1885, the salary of the assistant- librarian was increased from £150 to £200. Many of the volumes in the Library are of great size and con- siderable value. Amongst the most elaborate may be mentioned the following :—H. Lebert's Traite d'Anatomie Pathologique, &c, Paris, 1857, 4 vols., 4to. Jacob's edition of Bourgery's Anatomy of Man, Paris, 1840, 6 vols., 4to. Cruveilheir's magnificent Ana- tomical Plates. H. M. D. Blainville's Osteology, edited by Werner, Paris, 1839-64, 4 vols. Carus' Comparative Anatomy, Leipsig, 1826, et seq. I Monumenti dell' Egitto della Nubia, &c, dal Dottore Ippolito Kosselini, 3 volumes, folio, Pisa, 1832 to 1844. Quain's magnificent Anatomical Plates. T The dimensions of the library are as follow:—Upper Room— Length, 37 feet; width, 20 feet; height, 16 feet. Lower Room— Length, 66 feet; width, 36 feet; height, 18^ feet. The works are classified under the following heads :—Medicine, Surgery, Anatomy and Physiology, Midwifery, Materia Medica, Chemistry, Botany, and Natural History; all have separate com- partments. The entire collection now (December, 1885) amounts to 21,901 volumes. CHAPTER XII. THE COLLEGE MUSEUM. The history of the Museum is nearly coaeval with that of the College. Mr. Halahan, one of the members, was a skilful anato- mist, and his success in preserving bodies for dissection is referred to in Gilborne's poetical work, published in 1775. It is probable he had a large collection of anatomical specimens, as he taught anatomy for many years before the establishment of the College of Surgeons. In November, 1785, he offered to the College to deliver a course of lectures on anatomy and physiology, and to fit up a theatre at his own expense. On the 16th January Mr. William Dease presented a collection of anatomical preparations. When the College got possession of the house in Mercer-street they were able at once to fit up a Museum, to which many contri- butions were subsequently made by the Professors and other members. In 1795 the first Catalogue of the Museum was prepared by the Professors of Anatomy, and a dissecting-room added to the theatre. During the removal, in 1884, of the remains of the old build- ings in Mercer-street, large numbers of bones were discovered. They were labelled, and had evidently formed at one time part of the College School Museum. In the new buildings in Stephen's-green a large room on the second story, facing York-street, was provided for a museum, and for many years its Curators were the Professors of Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery. About this time the condition of the Museum was very unsatis- factory. Many of the preparations had disappeared, and, as we have seen, some of them had not been removed from Mercer- street. The energies of the College seem to have been wholly devoted to their building operations. Some anatomical and other J. SHEKLETON, FIRST CONSERVATOR. preparations used for teaching purposes were contained in a small room belonging to the School. In 1820 a stable and coach-house in the yard of the College, which had been some years previously used by Todd, were converted into a " School Museum." In 1819 the very defective state of the Museum was uppermost in the minds of the College. On the 2nd of August a committee were appointed to consider the best means for forming a Museum of Natural History; and on the 1st May, 1820, it was decided to establish a Museum upon a scale commensurate with their other departments. For this purpose it was resolved to entrust an annual expenditure of a sum not to exceed £200 to a committee of five members. The committee being empowered to appoint a Curator, advertised at once for one, and intimated that licentiates as well as members were eligible to compete for the office. The post was won by John Shekleton on the 6th June. A modest salary of £30 was voted to him, which, on the 17th February, 1821, was increased to £40. Shekleton was born in Dundalk about 1795. He was one of a family of ten—five sons and five daughters, born alternately. His father, Joseph Shekleton, was a merchant in that town; his mother was Margaret Pentland, a member of a County of Louth family. Shekleton's grandfather possessed landed property at Peppers- town, County of Louth. His eldest son having gone abroad, remained away so long that it was concluded he was dead. His next brother took possession of Pepperstown at his father's death, and provided for the maintenance of his mother, brothers, and sisters. The eldest son, who had been so many years unheard of, returned, and ejected his mother, brothers, and sisters from Pepperstown; and Joseph Shekleton then entered into business, and supported all his near relatives, and educated his children liberally. Shekleton received his primary education in his native town. In 1810 he was bound to A. Colles, and his sux-gical education was conducted in the College School. On the 27th August, 1816, he "passed" at the College, and was elected a Member on the 1st February, 1819. In 1817, after a short period of study at Paris, he became a demonstrator of anatomy in the School and soon acquired a great reputation for his anatomical knowledge. He discovered a small muscle—the compressor vence dorsalis penis—which is occasionally present in man. He died on the 28th May, 1824, of peritonitis, the result of a wound which he received in his hand whilst dissecting. An account of his case by Abraham Colles appears in the fourth volume of the Dublin Hospital Reports. Shekleton was undoubtedly the man wbose name deserves the most honourable mention in the history of the Museum, and many of the most valuable existing preparations are products of his skill and industry. A bust of him in marble fitly adorns the scene of his labours, and is believed to be an excellent likeness of the original. The first Museum Committee was composed of Messrs. Todd, Colles, Kirby, Read, and Cusack. Contributions to the Museum soon began to flow in. Richard Carmichael, on November 5th, 1821, presented the tattooed head of a New Zealand chief, which at the time excited great curiosity. About this time a large number of the heads of New Zealanders were imported into Europe and placed in various museums. It is said that to keep up the supply of these ghastly wares several New Zealanders were murdered by their compatriots for the purpose of getting possession of their heads. It is certain that these importations from New Zealand were prohibited by the Government. At the close of 1822 600 preparations were in the Museum, of which .300 had been put up within the year. On the 31st December, 1823, the Museum contained 1,300 preparations. In 1823 the College appointed the President, the Vice-President, and the Professors of Anatomy and Surgery to be the Curators of the Museum, and Mr. Shekleton was styled Conservator. In 1824 the enlargement of the Museum was decided upon, and a prize of fifty guineas for the best design for the accomplishment of that purpose was offered. John Houston was elected Conservator on the 1st November, 1824. He was the son of a Presbyterian clergyman, and was born in the North of Ireland. On the 13th January, 1819, he was apprenticed to Shekleton, and commenced his professional studies in the College School, and completed them in Edinburgh. In 1824 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and in the same year became a demonstrator of anatomy in the School. On the 19th June, 1826, he was elected a member of the College, and in that year graduated M.D. at Edinburgh. In 1832 he became one of the physicians to the newly-founded City of Dublin Hospital, and in 1837 was a lecturer on surgery in the Park-street Medical School. He died on July 30,1845, from cerebral disease— the result, apparently, of overwork. He catalogued, in admirable style, the preparations in the College; and, were the preparations themselves to perish, his description of them would remain valuable for pathological purposes. For this service the College pre- sented him with £150. He published, in 1843, a catalogue of the Museum in Park-street School. He was an excellent human and comparative anatomist. He published, in the " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," an original account of the structure and mechanism of the tongue of the chamelion. He described, more fully than Shekleton did, the compressor vence dorsalis penis, and showed that it sometimes occurs in the lower animals {Dublin Hospital Reports, Vol. V.). He described also, very fully, the so-called valves of the rectum, and published a paper, in the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, 1835, on the organs of circulation in diving animals. Houston was one of the largest contributors to the Museum. In 1824 Richard Dease's collection of surgical instruments was purchased, and a double-headed calf was added to the curiosities in the Museum. On the 13th August Mr. Abi*aham Colles pre- sented his extensive collection of preparations and casts to the "School Museum" as a distinct collection. Professor Harrison shortly after made a similar presentation under identical conditions. In 1826 £50 was expended in purchasing articles from the late Dr. Tuke's Museum of Natural History. In this year a gratuity of £100 was voted to the Conservator in addition to his salary of £50. The new Museum was completed at the close of 1828 (the works were delayed in consequence of a strike for an increase of wages amongst the workmen). The approach to it was by means of the flight of narrow steps which now leads to the small Patho- logical Museum. In 1829 the Museum was brought into direct communication with the older portion of the buildings ; the expense attendant on this operation was £200. For a similar sum the Museum was provided with shelves, and the whole apartment was painted at a cost of £200. The room was 84 feet in length, 30 feet in width, and was provided with a gallery running completely round it. On the 29th December, 1829, the College were informed of the intention of the Lord Lieutenant (the Duke of Northumberland) to present them with £500 for the purpose of providing the Museum with anatomical casts in wax. The money was expended in purchasing a collection of anatomical models in wax, executed by M. Talrich, of Paris. In 1830 Dr. Clarke, Physician to the Forces, presented the skull of a hippopotamus. In 1832 a fine fossil Irish elk was found in a bog in the County of Leitrim. It was purchased in Ballyshannon by Mr. Hart, on behalf of the College, for £50. Hart prepared the skeleton, and published a paper on the results of his examination of it. In November, 1832, Mr. Kirby presented the Museum of the Peter-street School to the College, in gratitude for which gift his bust in marble was placed in the College. In 1835 the skeleton of an elephant was purchased for £30, and in the- following year £40 was paid to Dr. William Jacob for a collection of skulls of natives of India. On the 18th October, 1836, Professor Eawdon Macnamara presented, his Materia Medica Museum to the College. In October, 1836, Talrich's very fine wax model of the system of the sympathetic nerve was purchased from him for £30. Wax models have played an important part in the history of anatomical education. In former times, and especially in Spain, they, together with engravings, were often the only aids which anatomical teachers employed. They were also largely made use of even in schools in which the human subject was dissected. The first modeller in wax for anatomical purposes was Julio Zumbo, who was born in Syracuse in 1656. A Florentine, named Fontana, executed for Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, an immense number of anatomical models in coloured wax. In 1794 20 rooms in the Tarrigiano Palace, Florence, were devoted to those models, which represented in almost every variety of detail the organs of sense and reproduction, and the osseous, muscular, vascular, and nervous systems, in health and disease. In 1837 the skeleton of a giraffe was purchased in London for fifty guineas. In 1838 a moose deer died in the Zoological Gardens, and its skeleton was procured for the museum. In this year £30 was paid for the ankylosed skeleton of a man who had died in the Isle of Man. His body had been broken up by his relatives, in order to prevent a public exhibition of his remains; but at great personal risk the resurrectionists contrived to disinter the body and convey it to Dublin. In 1841 a Peruvian mummy, on sale in Dublin, was purchased by some gentlemen and presented to the College. On the 7th August, 1843, Mr. Houston resigned his office of Curator, and on the 4th February was succeeded by Professor John Hart.* This gentleman, owing to ill-health, allowed the Museum to get into an unsatisfactory condition. He resigned his office in May, 1846. The Council, in 1846, resolved not to insist, as the College hitherto had done, on the office of Curator being held by a Fellow or Licentiate of the College. A short time previously they had passed an ordinance declaring the Curator disqualified from acting as a lecturer or teacher in any school, or from having a seat at the College Council. Mr. Alexander Carte was elected Curator on the 15th May, 1846, and held the office till 11th July, 1851. He did much to improve the condition of the Museum. A. Carte was born on the 11th of August, 1805, at Newcastle, * Professor Hart is referred to in the Chapter on the College Professors. County of Limerick. His father, Edward Carte, J.P., was agent for the Devon Estates in the County of Limerick. His mother was Margaret, daughter of Alexander Elliott, of Killocrin, County of Kerry. Having received a primary education at Mr. O'Brien's academy, Limerick, he was apprenticed to Mr. Hewson on October 25th, 1823, and registered as a pupil at the College, commencing his studies in the school in the session 1823-4. Shortly after- wards he matriculated in T.C.D., and in 1830 proceeded to the degree of B.A. The dates of his other degrees are as follows :— M.A., 1833; M.B., 1840; and M.D., 1860. In 1833, after an unusually protracted course of study—during which he devoted himself chiefly to anatomy—he obtained the licence of the College, and in 1844 was admitted a Fellow under the provisions of the new Charter. He did not care much for practice, and the only medical appointment which he held was that of assistant-surgeon to the South-Eastern Dispensary. On the 15th May, 1846, he was elected Curator of the College Museum; he did excellent work in the preparation of new specimens, and under his management the condition of the Museum was much improved. In 1851 he was appointed to the more lucrative position of Director of the Natural History Department of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, and continued to efficiently discharge the duties of that office until within a few days of his death. He married Ellen, daughter of Thomas Dickson, " Father " of the North-West Bar. Mr. Carte died on the 25th September, 1881, and was interred in the family vault at Mount Jerome Cemetery. Mr. Carte served for many years on the College Council, and was a member of various learned societies at home and abroad, including the Linnaean Society, London, and the Imperial Botanical and Zoological Society, Vienna. His dissection of the valves of the shark has received compli- mentary mention by Professor Macalister. He wrote many articles on comparative anatomy and fossil remains. He invented a vulcanised India-rubber aneurysmal compressor, which has been favourably noticed by surgeons, and has been the means of curing rapidly and permanently cases of this formidable disease. In 1849 an Egyptian mummy was presented by Sir Francis Hopkins, Bart. It was unrolled by Professor Jacob at an evening conversazione, in the pi'esence of the Lord Lieutenant and many distinguished guests. I believe that those who could not get near enough to see the unrolling were enabled to smell the proceedings. During the year after Mr. Carte's resignation no preparations were put up. On the 2nd August, 1852, Mr. William Carte was, after competition, elected Curator. He was born on the 5th August, 1829, at Woodlawn, Newcastle, County of Limerick. The Carte family came to Ireland in the middle of the last century from Kent, where it had been located for centuries, its members being of good fortune and family, and some holding Church livings. The Rev. Joseph Carte married Sidney, the last of the daughters of the Earl of Leicester, about 1660. The name appears to have been indifferently spelled Carte or Cart. Robert Carte, an officer in the Royal Navy, married Margaret, daughter of William Devereux, of Deerpark, in the County of Clare. His son, William, resided at Tasmania, Australia, and married Honoria Forster, who, through the Fitzgeralds of Kerry, was descended from King Edward I. Their son, William Carte, was educated in Tasmania. He entered as a pupil the College School in 1848, and became a pupil in Baggot-street Hospital. On the 4th March, 1852, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and, on the 30th May, 1874, the Fellowship. Mr. A. Carte resigned his office as Curator on being appointed an assistant-surgeon in the army in 1854. He served on the staff during the Crimean campaign. He was commissioned in 1855 as Pathologist to the Army in the Crimea, with the view of securing interesting objects for the Military Surgery Museum of the Irish College of Surgeons. A valuable collection was secured, illustrative of gunshot injuries, models of ambulances, and the equipments, &c, of the soldiers of the different armies. On the Chair of Military Surgery being abolished, these specimens were sent to the Netley School, where they now are. In 1859 he was appointed physician and surgeon to the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham. Mr. Carte married, first, in 1854, Mary Josephine, daughter of Thomas F. Carroll, solicitor (she died in 1857) ; and, second, Annie. daughter of Alexander Elliott, of Tarmons, County of Kerry. Mr. Carte is a member of Council, and for many years has held the Commission of the Peace. He is author of " Notes on the Climate and Zoology of the Crimea during the Campaign 1854-5-6," and has contributed papers on the anatomy and physiology of the horse's foot, and on zymotic disease in sheep, to the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science for 1852. Mr. Carte added to the Museum during the two years that he was Curator a large number of new preparations, and " re-put up" several hundreds of the old preparations. He resigned in July, 1854. The position which he vacated was thrown open to compe- tition, but no one competed for it. Mr. Alexander Carte, the former Curator, gave valuable assistance at this time in the con- servation of the Museum. In January, 1855, Captain Kellett, C.B., R.N., presented the skeleton of a musk ox from Melville Island. Mr. John Barker was elected Curator in 1856. He was born at Ceuta, on the coast of Barbary, in the year 1818. His father, George Barker, an army surgeon, having served throughout the greater portion of the Peninsular War, was appointed Inspector of Hos- pitals at Gibraltar, where several of his children were born. J. Barker was educated in Trinity College. He graduated in arts in 1841 and in medicine in 1846. He studied chiefly in the Richmond Hospital School and the adjoining hospitals, and attended some lectures in the School of Physic. On the 31st December, 1846, he became a licentiate, and, on 22nd of August, 1863, a Fellow, of the College, of which he subsequently became an Examiner. Having acted for a short time as demonstrator of anatomy in Trinity College School, he, in 1851, was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry in the Dublin School of Medicine, and in 1856 resigned that office on being elected Curator to the College. He wrote the cryptogamic part of Steele's "Handbook of Botany." He was an excellent microscopist, and a member of the Microscopical Club—a peri- patetic and moderately festive Society, who meet in the members' residences in a very pleasant and instructive manner. Barker died suddenly on the 2nd February, 1879, in his house on Waterloo- road. He never married. His generous bequest to the Museum will be referred to further on. Mr. Barker's salary was, on his appointment, £80 a year, but a gratuity was always given in addition to it, which at first was £40, but in 1861 increased to £70. It was always the practice to take a ballot on the pro- posal to grant a gratuity to the Curator. In 1860 a remarkable specimen of hermaphrodite was presented to the Museum by Mr. Banon; and an example of elephantiasis was sent to it from the Island of Tobago by Dr. Purser. In 1865 a collection of skeletons was purchased from Mr. Gerrard, of London. In 1867 a collection of fishes was presented by Commodore (now Admiral) Sir Leopold M'Clintock, the celebrated Arctic explorer, and brother of the late Mr. M'Clintock, past President of the College. In the same year Mr. J. W. Grimshaw, a Fellow, added a collection of specimens, illustrative of dental surgery, to the Museum. In 1869-70 Mr. J. H. Lyddon prepared in the Museum work- rooms 24 anatomical and pathological models. Ten of them were designed to illustrate the continuous stages of development of the chick in the egg of the hen, from the earliest period of incubation. The eggs were furnished by Mr. Robert M'Donnell, who at that time was engaged in physiological investigations. In 1871 Dr. Cullen presented the skeleton of an Andaman islander. On the 2nd May in that year the Council sent to the President of the London College of Surgeons a collection of preparations of aneurysms. They were requested as a loan to illustrate a course of lectures to be delivered in that College by Professor Holmes. In December the salary of the Curator was increased to £200, and the annual ballot for his gratuity ceased. On the 21st January, 1875, his salary was further increased by £50. From that date to the present the salary has remained £250. The Curator has hitherto been generally elected a member of the Court of Examiners, which adds to his emoluments. At the meeting of the College held on the 27th May, 1872, a resolution was passed recommending to the Council the enlarge- ment of the Museum buildings, and the ventilating and heating of the old Museum. In this year Mr. Henry Gray Croly presented a valuable collection of specimens, casts, and photographs. In 1875 Professor Bevan presented upwards of 306 anatomical and pathological preparations, some of them of great value, and all nicely put up. In 1875 the eminent dentist, Mr. Francis L'Estrange, bequeathed his surgical instruments and appliances to the College. On the 29th May in that year the foundation stone of the new Museum and Library was laid. In 1876 a collection of antique surgical instruments was pre- sented by Robert Johnston, F.R.C.S.I. In 1878 the new Museum was completed. It is a noble room, 72 feet in length and 36 feet in width ; a gallery encircles it. In 1879 the Obstetrical Museum of the Coombe Hospital was presented to the College by Mr. G. H. Kidd, past President, on behalf of that institution. In 1880 the large cast of a plesiosaurus, presented by Sir Philip Crampton, was sold to the British Museum for £45. It was out of place in the College collection. Mr. John Barker, Curator, died suddenly in 1879. He made a valuable bequest to the College, as will be seen by the following extracts from his will:— "I bequeath to Elizabeth Drury, 16, Ely-place, some Civil Service Building Shares in my name for her life use; which, after her death, are to revert to the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland for a purpose to be specified afterwards." " I also give a life interest in the sum of One Thousand Pounds to my cousins, Elizabeth Barker and Frances Kate Barker, her sister, which is also to revert to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland after their death." " When the Shares of the Civil Service Building Society and the Interest of the Thousand Pounds aforesaid shall revert to the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, I wish that they would found a 'Prize Dissection,' to be preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. This Prize to be awarded by the Curator of the College of Surgeons in Ireland for the time being, the President of the College, and the Professor of Anatomy of the University of Dublin; ten pounds being given to the Curator to entertain (in the College, if possible) the successful student; no student to get the Prize more than twice; the Prize being open to all Medical Students." Mr. Phineas S. Abraham was elected Curator on the 12th June 1879. This gentleman was born in Falmouth, Jamaica, on 3rd October, 1847. His father, Phineas Abraham, J.P., a planter and West Indian merchant, married Caroline, daughter of the late Isaac Simon, J.P., of Montego Bay, Jamaica, and sister of Sergt. Simon, at present M.P. for Dewsbury. Mr. Abraham studied arts, science, and medicine in the following places:—University College, and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London; Trinity College, and the College of Science, Dublin; the School of Medicine, Paris; and the School of Mines, Clausthal, in the Hartz, Saxony. He received his M.A. Degree in Dublin University, slip, condon., is also a Bachelor of Science of the London University, a F.R.C.S.I., an Associate of the Royal College of Science, Ireland, and a Senior Moderator and (large) Gold Medallist, T.C.D. He has received a great many other collegiate, medical, and scientific distinctions, was one of the few principal promoters of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland, and has acted as Secretary for the Dublin University Biological Club. Mr. Abraham's reputation secured his election to the Curator- ship, for personally he was quite unknown to the members of the Council. They soon gave him a place in the Court of Examiners, which he retained until November, 1885. He is now Curator of the Museum of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Mr. Abraham has chiefly devoted his attention to pathology and physiology, and has contributed largely to the Journals in both departments, especially the former. In 1881 a large collection of preparations were sent for exhibi- tion to the International Medical Congress, at London. On May 3rd, 1883, the Council received a gift of 53 anatomical preparations from Professor Cunningham, and in 1885 a similar but smaller collection from Professor Fraser. Amongst the most interesting objects of the Museum are the specimens showing the mercurial injection of the absorbents in the lower extremity and pelvis. Several hundred specimens of human and other entozoa, presented by O'Bryen Bellingham, are well worth a careful study. The collection illustrative of aneurysms is also one which will repay their study. Many years ago the Museum was visited by Tiedmann and Jules Cloquet, both of whom pronounced it to be one of the most valu- able in Europe. CHAPTEE XIII. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE COLLEGE AND THE NAVY AND ARMT MEDICAL DEPARTMENTS. MacLiag was secretary and physician to King Brian Boru, and attended npon that monarch at the memorable victory which he achieved in 1014 over the Danes at Clontarf, near Dublin. MacLiag wrote an account of the battle. He was a poet as well as a physician, and was the author of the beautiful fiction upon which Moore's lyric, " Rich and rare were the gems she wore," was founded. His " Wars of the Danes " is an Irish classic. During the reigns of the earlier sovereigns of England no systematic arrangements were in existence for succouring wounded soldiers. The earliest mention of a military surgeon occurs in a letter dated in 1223, and addressed by the Lord Chief Justice of England to the Bishop of Chichester. In it he recommends one Master Thomas as a surgeon of great skill, and very useful during the sieges of castles. Nicholas de Farnham was physician to Henry III., and attended upon him in some of his campaigns. It is probable that it was in recognition of his medical services to the king that De Famham was promoted to be Bishop of Durham, in 1241. Philip de Beauvais served as surgeon in the army of Edward I. during the invasion of Scotland in 1300; he was allowed a liberal salary, and, therefore, was probably assisted by some surgeons of lesser note. When Edward III. lay ill in Scotland, during his invasion of that country, he was attended by Coursus de Gangeland. His attendance must have given satisfaction to his royal patient, seeing that the latter, in 1345, conferred upon him a pension of sixpence a day. The deed of grant styles De Gangeland " an apothecary of London " (Rymer's Fcedera). In 1346 a surgeon is mentioned as being one of the retinue of the Prince of Wales, at that time besieging Calais. During the campaign of King Edward III. in France, John of Arderne served as surgeon in his army, and was present at the battle of Crecy. He, Gilbert Anglicanus, and John of Gaddesden (author of " Rosa Anglica") are the earliest of the English surgeons deserving niches in the Temple of Fame. In the chapter on the library, page 271, a notice of a surgical MS. by John of Arderne will be found. In 1360 Richard de Wys was appointed surgeon to Edward III. He was styled Ohirurgico Regis, and no doubt he attended in the retinue of the King during his military expeditions. In 1415 Henry V. invaded France with an army of 30,000 men. His personal medical attendant was Nicholas Colnet, and for his army the surgical staff consisted of a chief, Thomas Morestede, and fifteen assistants, of whom, however, three. served also as archers. It is stated that during this campaign the King gave some of his jewels to the surgeons as pledges for the payment of their arrears of wages on his return to England. During the second invasion of France, in 1417, the army was better supplied with surgeons, but their number was still insufficient. In 1417 a royal warrant was issued to Thomas Morestede, Surgeon to Henry V., to impress surgeons for service in the army then being collected for the invasion of France. This practice of impressing surgeons was continued down to the eighteenth century. The warrants in later times were addressed to the Master, and Wardens of the Worshipful Company of Barber- Chirurgeons. After the incorporation of the Barber-Chirurgeons the surgical art became more generally cultivated. During the l'eign of Henry VIII. the native surgeons were very numerous, but, at a later date, they appear to have become scarcer, and to have been largely supplanted by foreign surgeons. In a rare book on " Chirurgyry," written by Thomas Gale, and published in London in 1566, the following passage occurs (I have modernised the orthography):—" I have myself, in the time of King Henry VIII., helped to furnish out of London in one year, who served by sea, three score and twelve surgeons, who were good workmen, and well able to serve, and all Englishmen. At this present day there are not thirty-four of all the whole company Englishmen, and yet the most part of them be in noblemen's service, so that if we should have need I do not know where to find twelve sufficient men. What do I say ? Sufficient men ! Nay, I would there were ten amongst all the company worthy to be called surgeons." In the chapter on the Barber-Surgeons reference has been made to the clause in the statute of Henry VIII. referring to surgeons being employed as domestics. At this time, however, the position of the higher classes of domestics was much more respectable than is now the case. The sons of gentlemen did not consider it a disgrace to enter the service of the nobility, and many belted knights acted as major domos in the castles of the great nobles. If, therefore, 300 years ago, the surgeon was sometimes a domestic, he had for his fellow-servants men of gentle birth. It is evident, from what Thomas Gale writes, that service in the houses of the great was more pleasant and profitable than doing surgical duty in the navy and army. In an account of the payments allowed to the staff of the ordnance in the army sent to St. Quintin in 1557, the surgeon's daily pay is set down at Is., which was also the allowance for the chaplain. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth the importance of having a full supply of army surgeons was beginning to be recognised. One was allowed to each company of 100 men, and his pay was Is. per day. This small stipend was augmented by an honorarium of 2d. per month, deducted from the pay of each of the soldiers. During the reigns of several sovereigns the Barber-Surgeons' Company of London appear to have been chiefly relied upon to furnish surgeons for the sea and land forces; and, as already stated, the Dublin Company no doubt rendered similar service. In the reign of Charles I. the London Barber-Surgeons' Com- pany provided surgeons for the navy and army, and they were empowered to impress them for foreign service. Royal warrants were issued enabling the Company to call upon sheriffs, mayors, bailiffs, constables, &c, for assistance in enforcing the service of (i.e., kidnapping) the surgeons required for the service of the Crown. In the time of Charles I. the pay of a surgeon in the army or navy was 3()s. per month, and that of surgeon's mate 20s. They also received the usual stoppages from the pay of the men. In the reign of James II. the daily pay of a surgeon was 4s., and of his mate 2s. 6d. Many of the surgeons held commissions as ensigns, and not infrequently, in the heat of battle, relegated their curative functions to their mates and discharged the more congenial duties of combatant officers. In the reign of Queen Anne the term surgeon began to be substituted for that of chirurgeon. At this time the pay of the army surgeons on the Irish establishment was as follows:— Surgeon-General, 6s. 8d. per diem; surgeon to each of the six cavalry regiments and fourteen regiments of foot, 4s.; surgeon's mate, 2s. 6d. From about the reign of Queen Anne the Corporation of Barber-Surgeons examined candidates for surgeoncies and surgeons' mateships in the Royal Navy; and the Company of Surgeons, after their incorporation in 1745, continued to discharge this duty. They also, but at a much later period, examined candidates for surgeoncies in the army. The army surgeon purchased his commission in the same way as the combatant officers up to the year 1783. Even after that date it was not uncommon to purchase a surgeon's commission privately. The regimental and hospital mates were rarely promoted to be surgeons. Dr. Tobias Smollett, himself a navy surgeon, in his humorous novel, "Roderick Random," has left us an amusing and probably but slightly exaggerated account of his hero's examination as a surgeon's mate before the Barber-Surgeons' Company. The Board Consisted of twelve members. The fee for examination was 5s., besides 2s. 6d. to the beadle, and Is. to the old woman who swept the hall. The first question put was, " Where was you born?" to which Random replied, " In Scotland." " In Scotland ! " rejoined the examiner; "I know that very well. We have scarce any other countrymen to examine here. You Scotchmen have over- spread us of late, as the locusts did Egypt. I ask you in what part of Scotland you was born1?" From this we may infer that the Scotch stu-geons had a monopoly of the medical department of the navy, as the Irish graduates a few years ago had nearly attained to in the army. " If," said an examiner, " during an engagement at sea a man should be brought to you with his head shot off, how would you behave?" The reply that the candidate had never read of any method of cure applicable to such a case, caused all the members of the Board save one to smile. The Company's examination was probably not too strict, still they occasionally rejected candidates—our versatile countryman, Oliver Goldsmith, for example. Towards the close of the 18th century the surgeons for the navy were examined as to their knowledge of medicine by a medical man. From the time of Queen Anne it was the custom for army and navy surgeons who had retired from the service to enter upon civil practice, even if they had no diplomas. The Acts 22 Geo. II., c. 44, and 3 Geo. III., c. 8, enacted that officers on retiring from the army and navy might practise any trade they pleased, without having served an apprenticeship to it. Many surgeons of this kind set up in practice in London, Dublin, and other places. In 1781 the London Corporation of Surgeons were disposed to prosecute retired navy and army surgeons who were practising in London without being possessed of the freedom of the Corporation, or who had only the diploma issued by the College to army and navy surgeons. They did not institute any prosecutions, the legal opinions which they obtained having been of a conflicting nature. In the last century the army in Ireland formed a distinct establishment, there being a Secretary-at-War and a Commander- in-Chief. Up to the establishment of the College of Surgeons there does not seem to have been any regular system of testing the competency of candidates for surgeoncies in the army. The Surgeon-General occasionally examined candidates for medical appointments and granted certificates of competency, and even civil practitioners possessed certificates of competency issued by the Surgeon-General. I have not been able to discover that the Physician-General gave certificates of the kind to candidates for army medical appointments. At this time the majority of the surgeons on the Irish establish- ment were " young and uninformed;" some of them had undergone no examination whatever. The pay of a regimental surgeon was 4s. per diem, together with 3s. for subsistence. The surgeon's mate received 2s. 6d. a day, and 2s. for subsistence. The surgeons ranked as lieutenants, but many of them held commissions as combatant officers, which increased their emoluments. The only military hospital at that time in Dub mi was a small one in James's-street. It was subsequently converted into a brewery (Manders'), and the gateway, with military insignia over it, is still intact. Regimental surgeons received an allowance of £175 a year to provide hospital accommodation and medicine for the sick soldiers. These were generally billeted in inns and private lodgings, two patients, except in fever cases, occupying the same bed. In 1793 the following were the emoluments of army surgeons during field service:—Inspectors of hospitals, from 30s. to £3 a day, and from 10s. 8d. to £1 allowances, according to the number of troops to which they were attached; second-class inspectors, £2, and 13s. allowances; physicians, £1, and 6s. 8d. allowance; staff surgeons and apothecaries, 10s., and 3s. 4d. allowance; hospital mates, 7s. 6d., and 2s. 6d. allowance. In 1798 the pay of a battalion surgeon commenced at 12s. a day, and rose, sometimes, to £1. As the purchasing power of money was much greater towards the close of the last century, the present pay of army surgeons shows no substantial improvement as compared with a centuiy ago. On the 10th November, 1784, a Committee of the Royal College of Surgeons were appointed to consider the expediency of passing a by-law to enable the Court of Examiners to examine persons as to their competency to serve as surgeons in the army. Whilst the matter was under discussion the College received, from General ^lackey, a letter, dated Edinburgh, 30th November, 1784, requesting them to examine into the competency of Mr. Donald Scott, who had recently been appointed surgeon's mate in the 23rd regiment of foot, but whose fitness for that office had been called in question. The College directed the Court of Examiners to test the professional knowledge of Mr. Scott, and the Court, in due time, brought in a favourable verdict. On the 7th March, 1785, whilst the College were still considering the subject of the proposed examination, and the fees to be charged for it, the matter was settled by the receipt of a letter from the Lord Lieutenant. This document having set forth the fact that in Great Britain gentlemen were not appointed to surgical positions in the army until they had first received certificates of competency from the London Corporation of Surgeons, the Lord Lieutenant requested that the Dublin " Corporation of Surgeons would likewise examine candidates for the office of surgeon and surgeon's mate." The College unanimously agreed to do so. The certificate, as suggested by the Lord Lieutenant, ran as follows:— " To the Honourable the Secretary-at-War. " Sir,—We have examined Mr. , and find him qualified to act as surgeon, or surgeon's mate, to any regiment in His Majesty's service." This certificate was only to be given, if merited, to persons whom the College examined at the request of the Lord Lieutenant. The fee for the diploma for surgeons was fixed at three guineas, and for surgeons' mates at one guinea. The Court of .Examiners had, for a long time, many more candidates for the certificates for surgeon and surgeon's mate than for the Letters Testimonial of the College. On the 7th August, 1786, the Secretary announced to the College that the Court of Examiners had, since the previous meeting (1st May), granted certificates to the following:—One army surgeon, three surgeons' mates, and one Licentiate of the College. On the 19th August, 1786, the Examiners resolved to hold a Court, on the first Thursday in every month, for the purpose of examining for surgeoncies and mateships in the army; but they did not regularly observe this resolution. The first candidate whom the Court rejected was a Mr. John Black, who presented himself on the 1st December, 1787. The College reported the rejection to the Irish Secretary-at-War. Mr. Black was re-examined, and approved of, on the 14th June, 1788. In 1791 the College resolved to admit navy and army surgeons and surgeons' mates, free to the lectures delivered in the College School. Subsequently this privilege was extended to surgeons serving in the militia. In 1793 the militia force was established. The surgeons attached to it generally held commissions as combatant officers, as did also some of the hospital mates, who were, in virtue of their surgical appointment, merely warrant officers. The Court of Examiners on the 19th April, 1794, examined, at the request of Lord Ely, into the competency of Mr. William Jacob to act as surgeon to the Wexford regiment of militia. The Court granted him a certificate to act as surgeon to a regiment. In 1796 the holding of surgical commissions or warrants by combatant officers was prohibited. The surgeons were directed to be appointed by the colonels of the regiments, and they were to have the necessary qualification from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. On the 6th November, 1797, the College were informed by the Court of Examiners that they had received a letter from the Honourable the Commissioners for Sick and Wounded Seamen, London, requesting them to examine surgeons' mates for the navy upon the terms of the London Surgeons' Company—viz., one guinea per candidate and 2s. 6d. to the beadle. The College granted the necessary permission. On the 21st May, 1799, the College received a letter from the Secretary-at-War, stating that the Lord Lieutenant desired that candidates for staff surgeoncies should be examined in the same manner as candidates for Letters Testimonial. The College agreed to equalise the examinations, but decided to equalise the fees also. From April, 1801, each examiner was paid one guinea for each attendance at examinations for surgeons and surgeons' mates for the navy and army. Before this date the examiners received no remuneration for their trouble. By an Order in Council, passed on the 23rd January, 1805, the term surgeon's mate was changed into assistant-surgeon. No person was to be appointed as such who did not prove himself to be qualified to act as surgeon or first assistant-surgeon. In May, 1806, it was decided to require candidates for service in the medical departments of the navy and army to lay before the Court of Examiners proofs of attendance on at least one course of lectures on surgery, one on anatomy and dissections, and of six months' attendance at a surgical hospital. On September 5th, 1808, the College agreed upon the terms of a letter to the Royal College of Surgeons, London, requesting in effect that body to raise their standard of education, by requiring from candidates for service in the army and navy proof of study during two years. In reply, the London College stated that they were bound by their charter to examine all who were sent to them for that purpose by the army and navy authorities, and that in a "season of war," when surgeons were urgently required by the army and navy, restrictions such as those urged by the Lish College would be detrimental to both services. Finally, the London College stated that they were guided more by the merit than by the testimonials of the candidates. On the 1st November, 1809, the Court of Examiners resolved that candidates for the navy and army should produce certificates of twelve months' attendance at hospital, and of two courses of lectures on anatomy and dissections. On the 1st May, 1809, the College passed a by-law regulating the examination of apprentices for service in the navy and army medical departments. The Court of Examiners decided on May 12th, 1810, that certi- ficates for competency to serve as surgeons' mates in the navy, should not henceforth entitle them to serve in the land forces. On the 19th December, 1811, the London Army Medical Board addressed a letter to the Dublin Board, stating that in future, as the army was well provided with surgeons, the Board would require proof that the candidate had attended an hospital for twelve months, and the usual lectures delivered during that period. No doubt the authorities had before this become aware of the very imperfect education which navy and army surgeons received before their entry into the service. Their examinations, and conditions; for admissions thereto, became stricter. At this date the exami- nation lasted for two days. During the wars which arose out of the French Revolution and the action of Napoleon Buonaparte, the demand for surgeons for the British forces was so great that it was impossible to supply it with thoroughly educated men. Had the pay and position of the medical officer been1 better than they were, no doubt more of the better class of medical men would have been recruited. John Hunter wrote sarcastically in his " Essay on Gunshot Wounds," " it was hardly necessary for a man to be a surgeon to practise in the army." The Medical limes, February, 1840, states that " a blacksmith's lad went from the anvil at a late period of adolescence into a hedge apothecary's shop for six months, whence he was swept, during the war, to spread salves and cut plasters on the drum-head. At this time they were wont to hail the Scotch smacks at the Nore—'Ahoy, there! ahoy, there! What have you on board? ' Which was answered, ' Only a shipload of Scotch surgeons, going to the war.' The young blacksmith returned a full-fledged surgeon." In Mr. Kirby's school in Peter-street, Dublin, large numbers of men were prepared for the army, and, but to a far less extent, for the navy. With the aid of a small hospital established and main- tained by himself (and which his enemies said at one time contained only a single bed), he provided a complete course of education for medical candidates for service under the Crown. At one time his certificates were somewhat extensively forged, and employed by persons who had received no regular education in the schools. At Harold's-cross, one of the suburbs of Dublin, there once existed a house of entertainment known as the " Grinding Young." Over its entrance a signboard represented a mill, into the hopper of which old, crippled persons were precipitating themselves, whilst from the outlet on the other side of the mill a stream of vigorous and youthful personages issued. This was to symbolise the youth- restoring, health-reviving properties of the liquor retailed within the edifice. A humourist produced an illustration representing Mr. Kirby grinding country bumpkins into surgeons. Awkward fellows, some with straw ropes round their legs, were placed by " Miller" Kirby in his mill, and rattled out therefrom as navy and army surgeons decked out in suitable uniforms. This illus- tration attained to a large sale in Ireland and across the Channel, and probably had some influence in inducing the authorities to require a more extended period of study to be gone through by candidates for the Navy and Army Medical Departments. It should be added that Kirby's pupils chiefly " passed " in London. In 1812 the College, at the request of the Admiralty, undertook the examination of the wounds and the state of health of naval and marine officers retiring from the service or going upon half- pay. The fees charged for examination and report were as follows:—For an admiral, three guineas; for a captain, two guineas ; for a mate, one guinea. In this new department the College were not overworked. In 1813 the Court of Examiners testified that they had examined Mr. Howard Moore, acting master of the " Alceste," and found that he had received a gunshot wound through his lungs. They were of opinion that such an injury was as prejudicial to bodily exertion as the loss of a limb would be. On the 23rd April, 1813, the Army Medical Board addressed a letter to the College, stating that their diploma would be received as a proof of surgical ability in candidates seeking employment in the Medical Department of the Army, but pointing out that the Department always required proof of a medical education as well as a surgical one. It was necessary, too, that candidates should possess an "original liberal" education. The letter announced that candidates duly qualified would be appointed, firstly, as hospital assistants, and, secondly, as hospital mates—an inferior grade of warrant officers. The candidates for the first-class attendants were expected to have attended two sessions, at least, of medical lectures, and to have spent a year in a hospital. The hospital mates were not to expect commissions without showing proofs of further improvement. The receipt of this letter determined the College to institute forthwith a Chair of the Practice of Physic, of which the first occupant was the celebrated Dr. John Cheyne. After the conclusion of the war in 1815 a large number of navy and army surgeons retired from their respective services, and but few candidates for the navy and army were afterwards examined. There is some uncertainty as to the date of the last examinations for the army, owing to the loss of some of the records for 1819-20. Probably the examinations practically ceased about that time. Sir T. Crawford, Director-General of the Army Medical Depart- ment, kindly directed the records of his office to be searched, with the view of ascertaining the exact date at which the exami- nations ceased, but the search proved fruitless. The authorities of the English College of Surgeons, having most courteously, at my request, searched their records, find that the last examination for an army assistant-surgeoncy was in 1826. It seems probable that there was no actual order made to discontinue the qualifying examination at the Colleges, but that the practice died out. Indeed, so soon as the examinations for the diplomas of the Col- leges and those for the navy and army became identical, the necessity for the latter ceased. Until the recognition of the degree of Bachelor of Surgery, in very recent times, by the navy and army authorities, no one could be examined for an assistant- surgeoncy in the navy or the land forces unless provided with a diploma from a College of Surgeons. With respect to the navy it is certain that so far back as 1797 their Medical Department examined their candidates after they had been passed by the Colleges of Surgeons. After the peace of 1815 very few candidates for employment in the Medical Depart- ment of the Navy appeared before the Irish College, until the war with Russia commenced in 1853. About that time a rather large number were examined. I am informed by the Navy authorities that in February, 1867, the "qualifying examination" of the Colleges was abolished by a special order. IRISH ARMY MEDICAL BOARD. Up to 1795 the certificate of the College was the only one necessary to prove the professional fitness of candidates for the Army Medical Department in Ireland. On the 1st Jnne in that year an Army Medical Department was established in Dublin. It was composed of the following members :— Joint Physician-Generals. Medical Board:— Dr. C. W. Quinn, Dr. W. Harvey, George Stewart, Esq., Surgeon-General. George Kenny, Esq., Director-General of Hospitals. At the close of 1797, the Medical Staff of Ireland was consti- tuted as follows:— Doctor James Cleghorn. As Staff Physicians, „ Thomas Egan. ( having an allowance „ Francis Hopkins. [ of 20s. per day, with „ William O'Dwyer. J half pay. Messrs. Ralph Smith O'Bre.) „ Francis M'Evoy. As Staff Surgeons, on A , > 10s. per day, with „ Clement Archer. 1 J „ Wm. Moore Peile. ] a Staff Physician.—Dr. John Haig. Staff Surgeons.—Ralph Smith 0'Bre\ Clement Archer, R. Moore Peile, Wm. Comins, H. Bigger, Robert Hamilton, M. Poole, A Everard, A. Graydon. Staff Hospital Mates.—Samuel Banks, Edward Purdon, Joseph Stringer, Robert Magee, John O'Donnell, J. S. Thwaites, Hem*y Reed, Henry Irvine, Edward Ashe, John Hume, Joseph Power, William S trass. Apothecaries.—John Cowan, Edward O'Brien. Secretary.—E. Berkeley Hippax, Esq. Surgeon-Major Gore states that "under the immediate superin- tendence of the Board were—9 regiments of regular and 7 of fencible cavalry, 8 regiments of regular and 22 of fencible infantry, and 38 regiments of militia—a total force of 42,200 men, to which were added, in the following year, some 20,000 yeomanry. In addition, there were several general hospitals attached to the summer encampments." How soon after the formation of this Board candidates for medical commissions were examined by them it is now impossible to discover, as the earliest records of the Board have been destroyed. Probably, immediately after their formation, the fitness of candi- dates was tested in some way; it is certain that in 1804 they regularly examined the candidates who came before them provided with the qualifying diplomas of the College. The following are the results of the examinations of candidates for the navy and army up to and including the year 1818:— NAVY. Passed Rejected Assistant-Surgeons 62 28 Mates - 1 6 First Mate to a " First rate "* 13 0 Second „ „ 24 0 Third 27 0 Fourth „ „ 5 0 Fifth 20 0 First Mate to a Second rate V 2 0 Second „ „ 1 0 Third 3 0 First Mate to a Third rate 2 0 Second „ „ 1 0 Third 2 0 Second Mate to any rate 2 0 Third „ • „ 1 0 Fifth 2 0 168 34 202 * Man-of-War. ARMY. Passed Rejected Surgeons, - - - 206 13 A ssistant-Surgeons 276 46 Mates - 142 12 624 71 695 Total Navy and Army Surgeons passed 792 „ „ rejected 105 897 The examination of persons desirous of serving as surgeons' mates in the navy must have been as nearly as possible pro forma, only 6 out of 112 of those candidates having been rejected. In 1805 the mates were converted into " assistant-surgeons," where- upon their examination became so stringent that nearly every third candidate was rejected. From 1805 to 1818 90 were examined, and of these 28 failed to qualify. There were very few rejections of candidates for surgeoncies in the army, no doubt because they were already qualified as surgeons' mates or assistant-surgeons, and many of them were diplomates of a College of Surgeons. There were few rejections of candidates for the office of army surgeon's mate; but, on the other hand, 46 of the 322 applicants for assistant-surgeoncies were declared to be incompetent. On the 3rd February, 1840, the College received a letter from Sir James MacGrigor, Director-General of the Army Medical Department, offering to recommend, every third year, for a commis- sion as army surgeon, a diplomate of the College. The person to be nominated by the College should have some special knowledge as a naturalist. Some difficulty was experienced in finding a suitable candidate for this appointment. After some time it was decided to create two studentships in comparative anatomy, the holders of which were to study in the Museum under the directions of the Curator. On the 30th August, 1848, Mr. John C. Gray was recommended by the Council, and in due time he was gazetted Assistant-Surgeon to the 44th Regiment. On the 4th December, 1846, the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty granted to the Council the privilege of nominating, every third year, an assistant-surgeon to the navy. On the 18th October, 1848, the Council received a memorial from the assistant- surgeons serving in the Fleet in the Mediterranean, complaining of the bad accommodation on board ship. The Council thereupon resolved to write to the Admiralty in their favour. On the 21st February, 1849, the Council petitioned the House of Commons in reference to the grievances of assistant-surgeons of the Royal Navy. In this year a petition from army surgeons was transmitted to the Council through Sir James Pitcairn, Inspector-General of Hospitals, requesting accommodation for the performance of dis- sections. It was decided to give them every facility for the study of anatomy in the College School. On the 15th October, 1851, the fee for examining surgeons, non- diplomates of the College, for the navy was raised to five guineas, and the fee for examining assistant-surgeons to two guineas. These fees were paid over in full to the Examiners. In 1851 the Government established a Chair of Military Surgery, and connected it with the College (see Chapter on the College School). In 1852 Lord Hardinge, the General Commanding-in-Chief, made a regulation requiring candidates for assistant-surgeoncies to be subjected to a preliminary examination similar to that required to be passed by combatant officers, except as to military drawing. In 1859 the Army Medical Department refused to admit persons to their examinations unless they were provided with a medical as well as a surgical qualification. The Council protested, but vainly, against this regulation. At a meeting of the General Medical Council, held in May, 1867, returns were received from the Navy and Army Medical Boards which were favourable to the Irish students. Professor Parkes, of Netley, referred to them in highly commendatory terms. Since the institution of the competitive system of gaining appointments in the Navy and Army Medical Departments the diplomates of the College have been very successful in securing those positions. It has recently been decided by the military authorities to examine army surgeons who are candidates for higher rank— i.e., surgeons desiring to become surgeon-majors, &c. If such candidates obtain the Fellowship of the College or a similar diploma, they are exempted from the medical part of the military examination. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE COLLEGE UNDER THE FIRST CHARTER— 1784 TO 1828. The following is a list of the 1784 until 1885-6 :— Samuel Croker-King. 1785. ) to 1786. John Whiteway. 1787. Robert Bowes. 1788. Philip Woodroffe. 1789. William Dease. 1790. Ralph Smith Obre. 1791. Francis M'Evoy. 1792. George Stewart. 1793. George Renny. 1794. Solomon Richards. 1795 l^us^avus Hume. ' (Clement Archer. 1796. Francis L'Estrange. 1797. William Hartigan. 1798. Robert Moore Peile. 1799. George Stewart (2). 1800. Sir Henry Jebb. 1801. James Rivers. 1802. Abraham Colles. 1803. Solomon Richards (2). 1804. Francis M'Evoy (2). 1805. Robert Hamilton. 1806. Gerard Macklin. 1807. Francis M'Evoy (3). 1808. Solomon Richards (3). 1809. Richard Dease. 78 Presidents of the College from 1810. John Armstrong Garnett. 1811. Philip Crampton. 1812. John Creighton. 1813. Richard Carmichael. 1814. Cusack Roney. 1815. Samuel Wilmot. 1816. Robert Moore Peile (2). 1817. Andrew Johnston. 1818. Solomon Richards (4). 1819. Thomas Hewson. 1820. Philip Crampton (2). 1821. Charles Hawkes Todd. 1822. James Henthorn. 1823. John Timothy Kirby. 1824. John Creighton (2). 1825. Alexander Read. 1826. Richard Carmichael (2). 1827. James Wm. Cusack. 1828. Cusack Roney (2). 1829. William Auchinleck. 1830. Abraham Colles (2). 1831. R. M'Namara (primus). 1832. Samuel Wilmot (2). 1833. James Kcrin. 1834. John Kirby (2). 1835. Alexander Read (2). 1836. Francis White. x 1837. Arthur Jacob. 1862-3. 1838. William Henry Porter. 1863-4. 1839. Maurice Collis. 1864-5. 1840. Robert Adams. 1865-6. 1841. Thomas Rumley. 1866-7. 1842. William Tagert. 1867-8. 1843. James O'Beirne. 1868-9. 1844- 5. Sir P. Crampton, Bt.(3). 1869-70 1845- 6. Richd. Carmichael (3). 1846- 7. Samuel Wilmot (3). 1870-1. 1847- 8. James Wm. Ousack (2). 1871-2. 1848- 9. Robert Harrison. 1872-3. 1849- 50. Andrew Ellis. 1873-4. 1850- 1. Thos. Edward Beatty. 1874-5. 1851- 2. Leonard Trant. 1875-6. 1852- 3. Edward Hutton. 1876-7. 1853- 4. William Hargrave. 1877-8. 1854- 5. Charles Benson. 1878-9. 1855- 6. Sir P. Crampton, Bt.(4). 1879-80. 1856- 7. Robert C Williams. 1880-1. 1857- 8. Hans Irvine. 1881-2. 1858- 9. James W. Cusack (3). 1882-3. 1859- 60. Christopher Fleming. 1883-4. 1860- 1. Robert Adams (2). 1884-5. 1861- 2. William Jameson. 1885-6. Thos. Lewis Mackesy. William Colles. Arthur Jacob (2). Samuel George Wilmot. Richd. G. H. Butcher. Robert Adams (3). George Hornidge Porter. . Rawdon Macnamara (secundus). Albert Jasper Walsh. James Henry Wharton. Frederick Kirkpatrick. John Denham. Jolliff e Tufnell. Edward Hamilton. George Hugh Kidd. Robert M'Donnell. Philip C. Smyly. Edwd. D; Mapother. Alfred H. M'Clintock. Samuel Chaplin. John Kellock Barton. Wm. Ireland Wheeler. Edw. Hallaran Bennett. Sir Chas. A. Cameron. Up to 1844 the Presidents were elected in January, but since that time they have been elected on the first Monday in June. SAMUEL CROKER-KING, PRESIDENT IN 1784 AND 1785. S. Croker-King, the first President of the College, was born in Dublin on June 28,1728. His family originally belonged to Devon- shire, and were so long located there that a local distich records that " The Crokers, Crewys, and Coletons, When the Conqueror came were at home." The first of the family who came to Ireland was Sir John Croker, who accompanied William III. in the capacity of cup- bearer—an office which probably is the origin of the Crokers' crest being a goblet with two fleurs-de-lis. A Miss Jane King bequeathed to Surgeon Oroker-King her property on condition that he would assume her name in addition to his own; and by letters patent, obtained about 1761, his name was accordingly converted into Oroker-King, which his descendants still retain. Croker-King was apprenticed to Surgeon-General Nichols. His first appointment was in 1758 as Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital, of which he subsequently became visiting surgeon and a governor. He was Surgeon to the Hospital for Venereal Diseases, North King-street, to the Rotunda Hospital, and to the Revenue Depart- ment. His practice was chiefly amongst the upper classes, and his fee-book, which is extant, shows that his honorariums often came from such noble houses as those of Westmeath, Howth, Leitrim, Farnham, Charlemont, Tyrone, Enniskillen, &c. The late Surgeon J. W. Cusack, referring to Croker-King, said—" He lived by the nobility and great landed proprietors, whilst I live by the people ; " adding, " but I make more money than he did." A child from the country was placed in medical charge of Croker-King. The patient had been attended by a country prac- titioner, who, it was believed, had made a wrong diagnosis of his case. Croker-King soon found out the cause of the illness, and effected a speedy cure. It was believed that the child would have died had not the line of treatment at first adopted been altered. The patient in due time became the great Duke of Wellington. One Sunday, on returning from church, Croker-King found a plainly dressed man seated in the hall. To his intense surprise he found that he was a noble Duke, who at that time was Lord Lieutenant. The servant was soundly rated for his mistake. The Duke observed quietly, " I was not allowed into the dining-room, as I suppose the servant thought I would steal the plate." The following is Gilborne's poetical tribute to Crokcr-King's skill :_ " The fractur'd Skull, to .Samuel Croker-King, The broken Limb, Wounds, and Luxations bring ; There's no Disaster but he can set right, With Splints, Trepan, and Bandage not too tight." Croker-King married a beautiful woman, Miss Obre, of whose family mention will be made further on. They lived for many years in a large house in Jervis-street (then a fashionable locality), which some years ago was annexed to the " monster house" of Messrs. Todd, Burns & Co. He died in North Cumberland-street on the 12th January, 1817, and was interred in St. Mary's church- yard. His portrait is in the possession of his grandson, Dr. Charles Croker-King, a Fellow of the College, and the medical member of the Local Government Board. It is that of a handsome man, and, judging by his crimson velvet coat, lace ruffles, and powdered wig, a fashionable man, too. Croker-King described in the " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" (of which Society he was a member), Vol. IV., page 419 et seg., " an instrument for performing the operation of trepanning the skull with more ease, safety, and expedition than those now in general use." The paper is illustrated by two plates. JOHN WHITEWAY, PRESIDENT IN 1786. John Whiteway's mother, Martha, was a daughter of Adam Swift, uncle of Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral. She married, first, the Rev. Theophilus Harrison, Dean of Clon- macnoise; and, second, Mr. Whiteway. Her daughter, Mary Harrison, married a cousin of the Dean's, who by a curious coincidence bore the names of Deane Swift, the former being that of his grandmother. Another cousin of the Dean's was Surgeon Deane Swift, who had a large practice in Dublin in the middle of the last century. Mrs. Martha Whiteway was a woman of high culture and talent, and was the only one of his relations for whom the Dean appears to have entertained a warni affection, and to her he confided the care of his declining years. That she was a woman of spirit is evident from the following letter which she addressed to one of the executors of the Dean :— " Sir,—The indignation which the town have expressed at the manner of burying their patriot, is a proof his memory is dear as his fife was once so to them. I am told—and I wish my authority may not be tine—that Dr. Swift is to be carried out of his back door at one in the morning by four porters into the church, attended only by two clergymen. Will the circumstances of the respect be paid to them of giving each a scarf ? I know his desire was to be buried as privately as possible, but were the same persons to be executors to a duke and a man who had left but five pounds after him, would the words be construed in the same literal sense; and I appeal to yourself whether ever you knew a gentleman, whose corpse was not in clanger of being arrested for debt, treated in such a manner. An executed criminal, to whom the law does not allow Christian burial, could only be used thus by some slight acquaintance. Surely to hang the room Dr. Swift lies in with black, to give him a hearse and a few mourning coaches, would be judged a funeral sufficiently private for so great a man; and that he himself thought decency requisite at a funeral may be known by what he did for his honest, trusty servant, Alexander McGee. If this expense be thought too much to be taken from the noble charity he hath bequeathed, I make the offer of doing it, and desire it may be taken out of my legacy as the last respect I can pay to my great and worthy friend. "If this favour be denied I shall let whoever mentions this affair in my hearing, know the offer I have made. " I am, Sir, " Your most obedient and most humble Servant, "Martha Whitewat. "October 22, 1745, "At 10 in the morning." Swift bequeathed the bulk of his property for the establishment of the Hospital for the Insane, commonly known as Swift's Asylum, hut the proper designation of which is St. Patrick's Hospital. The Dean made a handsome provision for his cousin, Mrs. Whiteway, though she appears to have been in independent circumstances. He bequeathed £65 to her eldest son, Ffolliott, who was " bred to be an attorney," and in reference to her " youngest son " his will contains the following Item:—" I bequeath to Mr. John Whiteway, youngest son of the said Martha, who is to be brought up a surgeon, the sum of one hundred pounds, in order to qualify him for a surgeon, but under the direction of his mother, which said sum of one hundred pounds is to be paid to Mrs. Whiteway in behalf of her said son John, out of the arrears which shall be due to me from my Church livings (except those of the Deanery tithes, which are now let to the Rev. Doctor Wilson), as soon as the said arrears can be paid to my executors. I also leave the said John five pounds, to be laid out in buying such physical or chirurgical books as Doctor Grattan and Mr. Nicholls shall think fit for him." If we assume that Whiteway was eighteen years old, or there- abouts, at this date, his birth probably occurred in the year 1722. At the date of Swift's death, five years later, Whiteway was a surgeon, and took a part in the autopsy of his great kinsman. Being an anatomist, the actual opening of the body was entrusted to him. He did not, as Swift anticipated, find all the vital parts sound. The Dean seems to have anticipated that his body would after death be subjected to a close scrutiny; for in his " Verses on his own Death " he writes:—■ " The doctors, tender of their fame, Wisely on me lay all the blame. We must confess his case was nice ; But he would never take advice. Had he been ruled, for aught appears, He might have lived those twenty years ; For when we open'd him we found That all his vital parts were sound." Whiteway opened the skull; but all we now know of the condition of the brain thereby exposed is that it contained " much water." If Whiteway ever made such an observation, his knowledge of pathology must have been slight indeed; but the statement has come to us, second-hand, through the Rev. Dr. Patrick Delany. The Rev. Dr. Lyon states that the " sinus of his brain was loaded with water." That there was effusion of serum appears to be certain. The fact is, the notes of the post-mortem examination have not come down to us in an authentic form. The Surgeon-General, Nicholls, had many apprentices, and, as he appears to have directed Whiteway's studies, it is probable that he was the latter's master. St. Patrick's Hospital was opened in 1757. On the 7th November of that year Whiteway was appointed Surgeon to the Institution. For many years there was no physician in connection with the Hospital, but it had the services of an apothecary. Shortly before his appointment to St. Patrick's Hospital Whiteway had secured the position of Assistant-Surgeon to Dr. Steevens' Hospital, which is separated only by a wall from the former Institution. He soon afterwards was appointed Surgeon to the Hospital for Venereal Diseases, in North King-street, and to the King's Hospital, or Blue-coat School. He became Visiting Physician to Steevens' Hospital in 1762. Whiteway at first resided in Abbey-street, but during the latter and greater part of his professional career his residence was in Upper Stafford-street, and he died there on the 25th May, 1797, and was buried in St. Mary's churchyard. His practice was large, and he was con- sidered a skilful surgeon, and usually employed the flap operation in amputations. Grilborne says of him :— " Whiteway does many hospitals attend— Orphans a father, the distressed a friend, Soon find in him—heals all chirurgic ills, And with well-gotten coin his coffer fills." ROBERT BOWES, PRESIDENT IN 1787. P. Bowes was a member of an aristocratic family, well known in Ireland in the last century, but who have now disappeared from it. He commenced to practise in Oapel-street, Dublin, in 1761. About 1770 he migrated to No. 49 Jervis-street, which at the time was a fashionable medical quarter. For many years he was Surgeon to the Charitable Infirmary, Inns-quay. He was also Surgeon to Simpson's Hospital. Bowes was an original member of the Dublin Society of Surgeons, and he took an active part in procuring a charter for the surgeons. Gilborne says of him :— " The Fistula is cured by Robert Bowes, Unbounded Skill his cautious treatment shows ; Of surgery the progress he can trace Of Psean, source of the YEsculapian Race, Down to Great Hawkins, whom Britannia's King Is proved to shelter with propitious wing." We may infer from these lines that Bowes lectured on surgery, no doubt in the hospital on Inns-quay. He died in Henry-street on the 2nd April, 1803, and was interred in St. Mary's churchyard. Bowes died a widower and childless. He bequeathed a consider- able fortune to his relatives and friends, and made a bequest of £360 to the rector and churchwardens of St. Mary's parish for apprentice fees for the children of the parochial school (boys and girls). To his kinsman, Lieut.-Col. Bowes, he left his own and his wife's portraits, and " Lord Bowes' " portrait. I have not been able to find such a title in the Peerage, nor in Sir Bernard Burke's " Extinct Peerages," but in 1815 Lord Strathmore was created Baron Bowes, of the United Kingdom. In the last century there was an Irish Lord Chancellor Bowes. PHILIP WOODROFFE, PRESIDENT IN 1788. I have failed to learn anything relative to P. Woodroffe's parentage or early history. He was appointed Assistant-Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital in 1763, and became Resident Surgeon in 1765, an office which he retained until his death. On the 27th November, 1780, he was appointed Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. He had a residence, in 1769, in Crow-street; in 1774 he removed to Fownes'-street, and in 1784 he was located in St. Andrew-street. He was one of the original members of the Surgeons' Society, and was one of the persons to whom the first Charter was granted. In 1786 he succeeded W. Dease as Treasurer to the College, and retained the office for eight years. Woodroffe held several appointments, such as Surgeon to the Blue Coat School, the Foundling's Hospital, and the Hospital for Incurables, Lazar's-hill. Many eminent surgeons, notably Abraham Colles, were apprentices of Woodroffe. He died on 4th June, 1799, in St. Andrew-street, and was buried in St. Andrew's churchyard. Gilborne thus poetically discoursed of Woodroffe:— " Woodroffe redresses all cliirurgic WoeB, Amputated stumps he covers with Lambeaux, To make the maim'd live out their Time with ease : A Practice quite unknown in ancient days." WILLIAM DEASE, PRESIDENT IN 1789. William Dease's ancestors possessed considerable landed property which, owing to their adherence to the fortunes, or rather misfor- tunes, of the Stuarts, they lost. His father married Anne Johnson, and lived in retirement on a farm at Lisney, in the County of Cavan, where Dease was born, about 1752. He received his professional education in Dublin and Paris, and settled in the former city, where he soon attained to a good practice. At first he was mainly devoted to the obstetric art, but subsequently con- fined himself chiefly to surgery. He resided for many years on Usher's-quay; at an earlier date in Meath-street. He was Surgeon to the United Hospitals of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine. Dease was an original member of the Dublin Society of Surgeons. He contributed liberally towards the expenses incurred in procuring the College Charter. He was the most energetic of the Founders of the College, and was one of the first to lecture in it. His success as a teacher was so great that young men were attracted to him, and enrolled themselves as his apprentices or pupils in great numbers. As Professor of Surgery in the College, Dease became ex officio Surgeon to the Lock Hospital. In 1793 he was elected Surgeon to the Meath Hospital. About this time his professional income was considerable, and warranted him in taking a house in Sackville- street, which at that time was, perhaps, the most fashionable street in Dublin. In 1788 no fewer than twelve noblemen and fourteen members of Parliament resided in this street, which at that time extended only from Henry-street to Great Britain-street. Surgeon- Gen. Richardson, John Purcell, and Anthony O'Donnell, physicians, resided in Sackville-street towards the close of the last century. Dease married Eliza, daughter of Sir Richard Dowdall, of Port- lumney, in the County of Meath. Of his sad and untimely death, in June, 1798, several accounts are extant. One version is as follows:—Having mistaken an aneurysm for an abscess he opened it, whereupon a torrent of arterial blood gushed forth, and the patient speedily expired. Horrified at the occurrence, Dease retired to his study, and committed suicide by opening his femoral artery. The most skilful surgeons are liable to make mistakes. One of the greatest surgeons, Abraham Colles, once accidently caused the death of a patient in Steevens' Hospital by passing a bougie into the peritoneum. He said, turning to his class, " Gentlemen, it is no use mincing matters, I caused the patient's death." Few men have the candour and courage to make such an avowal. Another account of Dease's death is that it was caused by a sharp instrument accidently falling upon his thigh and dividing the femoral artery. Dr. Madden, in his "Lives of the United Irishmen," asserts that Dease being, like his colleague Lawless, involved in correspondence with the United Irishmen, a warrant was being issued for his arrest, on learning which he com- mitted suicide to avoid the disgrace of imprisonment and, perhaps, execution. It is strange that if Dease really terminated his own existence no coroner's inquest was held upon his remains. The Hibernian Magazine for June, 1798, refers to his death in the following terms :—" At his house, in Sackville-street, Surgeon Dease, justly and generally regretted, as well on account of his great professional skill as for his many private virtues." The same journal states that he was two days ill from a bilious attack, an affection to which he was liable for some years, and that in the act of vomiting he burst a blood-vessel, and immediately expired. It is probable that Dease's death was in some way accidental. There is no evidence to show that he was a " United Irishman." His relations were distinguished for their attachment to Royalty. His uncle, who was in the service of the Czar, Peter III., and had been ennobled by that Sovereign, lost his life in attempting to save his Imperial Master from the conspirators, who ultimately succeeded in deposing and murdering him. When Orloff and Panim made overtures to Dease, he replied, "I cannot discuss with you the character of the Czar; I have eaten his salt, I wear his livery, I will die in his defence." William Dease's elder brother and his mother's brother, Sir William Johnson, fought on the side of England during the American Revolution. Finally, the belief of his descendants is opposed to Dr. Madden's statement that Dease was a United Irishman. In 1812 the College of Surgeons entrusted to Mr. Edward Smyth the execution of a marble bust of Dease; it now occupies a place in the inner hall. A marble statue to his memory will soon be erected in the principal hall. (See page 264.) A list of Dease's writings has been given in Chapter II., page 40. His treatise on midwifery was in great repute towards the end of the last century. His most esteemed work was the " Treatise on Surgical Injuries to the Head." In it he pointed out that inflammation of the brain occasionally does not supervene until three or four weeks after the occurrence of the accident; and that even after the expiration of that time the patient is not safe. Sir Astley Cooper, in his surgical lectures, acknowledges the truth of Dease's observation. RALPH SMITH OBRE, PRESIDENT IN 1790. R. S. Obre was the second son of Edward Obre, of Clantilow, Loughgall, County of Armagh, who married Frances Smith, of Lisbum. It is not certain whether he was born at Clantilow or Lisburn, nor have I been able to ascertain the date of his birth. The earlier ancestors of Obre" were named Aubrey, which in some way became corrupted into the pseudo-Celtic form of O'Bre, or, as it has in later times been written, Obre. In 1612 William Stan- hoise obtained a grant of the lands of Clantilow, in the County of Armagh. His only daughter married Francis Obre, and their descendants became the owners of Clantilow, where they are at present represented by Mr. Ralph S. Obre. Obr6- served an apprenticeship to Croker-King, to whom his sister was married. He served for some time as an army surgeon on the Irish establishment, and then settled down to practise in Dublin, where he amassed a large fortune He never married, and bequeathed his property to his relatives, Henry Connor, one of the " Six Clerks," receiving the largest share. Obre" was appointed in 1779 Assistant-Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. He succeeded Woodroffe as Treasurer to the College, and discharged the duties of that office for a period of 27 years. He resigned on the 11th July, 1820, on the ground of ill-health. He was the last of the College treasurers, the duties of that office having, since his time, been discharged by a financial committee. For several years he was Secretary to the Infirmaries' Board. Obre died early in August, 1820, in his house in Granby-row, Rutland-square. He had been requested to sit for his bust, which the College desired to place in the hall, but his illness and death prevented the realisation of this proposal. He was of very small stature. Obre invented a double tracheotomy tube, which appeared to have been much used at one time. FRANCIS M'EVOY, PRESIDENT IN 1791, 1804, AND 1807. Francis M'Evoy was born at Dring, in the County of Longford, on the 17th July, 1751. His father, Edward M'Evoy, was a gentleman farmer, whose ancestors had lost their property in the times when Roman Catholics found it difficult to maintain their position as landed proprietors. It is believed that their property was given in trust to Lord Sunderland, but it never again came into the possession of the M'Evoys. Edward M'Evoy married Anne Darcy, of Corbetstown. M'Evoy received his primary education at a small school near Corbetstown, and his professional training partly in Dublin, but chiefly at Edinburgh University—at that time the best British School of Medicine. He settled in Dublin, and in the year 1775 was appointed Surgeon to the Charitable Infirmary, Inns-quay. Owing solely to his abilities, he soon acquired a very large practice, and realised a large fortune, with which he purchased landed pro- perty in the Counties of Longford and Westmeath. He married Anne Fetherston-Haugh, of Bracklyn Castle, Co. Westmeath. The principal appointments held by M'Evoy were the surgeoncies of the Charitable Infirmary and the Lock Hospital. He was mainly instrumental in having the former removed from Inns- quay to Jervis-street. A marble bust of M'Evoy was placed in that institution as a memorial of his services to it. M'Evoy lived for many years at No. 9 North Earl-street, and subsequently in Abbey-street, where he died on the 8th April, 1804. His grief at the untimely death of his only son Edward— a student in Trinity College—is believed to have hastened his end. He, his wife, and his son, are interred in the old churchyard at Killough, County Westmeath. M'Evoy was very liberal to his patients when they came from Longford, and he made it a point never to accept a fee from a clergyman of any denomination. According to the author of the " Metropolis" he was a choleric man. As to his great professional skill, even his rivals never questioned it. His florid face and strict discipline led a pupil of the Lock Hospital to play a practical joke upon him. Being a clever artist he executed a highly-coloured picture of M'Evoy in his own prescription-book, of which he managed to gain possession. When M'Evoy opened this book in the presence of the class, he saw in it his portrait, with the words Fieri Facias in large letters written beneath it. Mr. Edward M'Evoy, who some years ago represented the County of Meath in Parliament, is a nephew of Surgeon Francis M'Evoy. GEORGE STEWART, PRESIDENT IN 1792. G. Stewart was sixth in descent from the second Lord Ochiltree, who belonged to one of the many branches of the royal family of Stewart, or Stuart.* His father, Alexander, resided at Drum- asple, in the County of Tyrone, of which county he was High Sheriff in 1752. His mother was Jane, daughter of Benjamin Wallace, of Ramelton, County of Donegal; she was Alexander Stewart's second wife. G. Stewart was born in his father's house in 1752. I have not ascertained under whom he studied surgery. He began to practise in 11 Fownes'-street, Dublin, in 1773, and in the same year he was elected a surgeon to the Charitable Infirmary, Inns-quay, which subsequently was removed to Jervis- street. Soon after Stewart removed to South George's-street, * The French, not having the letter w in their proper alphabet, spelt Queen Mary- Stewart's name " Stuart." The change in the spelling of the name was imitated, but not generally, in Scotland. and at the date of the foundation of the College he resided in No. 32 Mary-street. He again changed his residence to No. 74 Stephen-street, and the latter portion of his life was spent in a fine mansion in Upper Merrion-street. Stewart being well connected, having agreeable manners and much surgical skill, soon acquired an extensive practice amongst the upper classes. In 1785 he was appointed State Surgeon, and on Richardson's death, in 1787, he succeeded that surgeon in the important position of Surgeon-General to the Forces. Stewart was twice married; firstly to Frances Anne, daughter of William Stewart, of Killymoon, County of Tyrone, who for some time represented that county in the Irish Parliament ; secondly to Elizabeth Mitchell, a Dublin lady. He died in his house, 19 Upper Merrion-street, on the 8th June, 1813. Stewart was remarkable for his humanity and kindly disposition. Referring to his surgical attention to Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Dr. Madden says that he was possessed of " great skill and goodness of heart." On the 21st June, 1813, the College of Surgeons, on the motion of A. Colles, resolved to help to perpetuate his memory by placing a marble bust of him in their principal hall. GEORGE RENNY, PRESIDENT IN 1793. G. Renny was born at Falkirk, Scotland, on the 18th August. 1 757. His father, a Writer to the Signet, was the Procurator- Fiscal, and subsequently Baillie, of that town. In the rebellion of ] 745 he was zealous in the Hanoverian cause, and supplied the army of General Cope with provisions and other necessaries. He died in 1774. G. Renny's mother was a Miss Jean Glasgow, of Ayrshire. In 1790 he married his cousin, Isabella Renny, of Newport-Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. Renny's medical education and degree were received in Edinburgh University; he entered the army as surgeon's mate in the 67th Regiment in 1775. In January, 1780, he was promoted to be surgeon in the 77th Regiment, which mutinied and was disbanded in 1783 in consequence of the Government deciding to send it to India, contrary to the express conditions under which the regiment was recruited. Immediately after this event Renny settled in Dublin on half-pay. On the 23rd November, 1783, he was appointed Assistant- Surgeon to the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham. On the 18th May his slender salary of £30 per annum was increased to £60, and at the same time he was promoted to the rank of surgeon. On the 23rd December, 1818, he succeeded Dr. Charles Quin as physician to the hospital (retaining his post as surgeon), with a salary of £80. In 1795 the Irish Army Board was established, and Renny became a member of it on the 1st June, retaining office until the loth of February, 1847, when he retired from it, receiving a pension of £420, which he enjoyed for only a few months. It was at Renny's suggestion that a Board was formed at Dublin Castle early in the century to investigate the causes of the epidemics which devastated the country at that time. When Sir Robert Peel founded the Lunatics' Asylum Board, one of the first persons whom he asked to serve upon it was the veteran surgeon and sanitarian at the Royal Hospital. Towards the close of 1797 Renny was appointed a Governor of the Foundlings' Hospital, and soon rendered to its unfortunate inmates a service, the importance of which it would be difficult to over-estimate. It would appear that the children suffered terribly from venereal disease, which Renny attributed to gross neglect on the part of the officials. During the seven years previous to 1797 no fewer than 600 children supposed to be affected with venereal disease were admitted, and all, save a solitary case, perished. When the children were brought to the institution Renny had them examined medically in an apartment at the hospital gate, and the diseased and sound children separated. The former were placed in an isolated ward, and subjected to skilful medical treatment. The result of this system was soon apparent, as in six months the pro- portion of children affected with venereal disease (including doubtful cases) was only 12*5 per cent., and during subsequent years the cases were only 1 in every 80 children. In consequence of these facts the hospital staff were dismissed, and the board reorganised. As a Governor of Cork-street Fever Hospital Renny was able to render good service to that institution, especially in its financia departments. Whilst proceeding from the Royal Hospital to Cork-street the want of water by the poor in the districts which he traversed attracted his attention. In conjunction with a few other benevolent men he succeeded in having 40 street fountains erected, and supplied with water from the Grand Canal. He was the principal member of a commission, appointed in 1829, to inquire into the condition of the House of Industry and its hospitals. The commission recommended improvements in the construction of the hospitals, which were carried out, but they were not so extensive or important as Renny desired they should be. Kenny's business capacity was so highly appreciated by the Government that he was nominated by Lord Hardwicke as one of a commission of seven appointed to inquire into the workings of the Dublin Paving Board, at that time under the chairmanship of Lord Blaquiere. The results of the inquiry were not creditable to the Board, and led to its dissolution. Another was formed on different lines, and lasted until it was amalgamated with the Reformed Corporation of Dublin. Dr. John M'Donnell has furnished me with the following anecdote of Renny:—" About fifty years ago I dined in company with him at the Under Secretary's Lodge in the Park, when Thomas Drummond (one of the best friends Ireland ever had) held that office. I sat at dinner next Dr. Renny, and found him very agreeable and full of anecdote. He turned the conversation on Lord Castlereagh, and said—' He was the best man of business I ever came across.' To which I replied, ' Well, sir, that is a curious observation of yours, for I can assure you that Lord Castlereagh, in conversation with my father, used those identical words in speaking of you.' " Renny rendered valuable services to the College, as it was mainly through his influence that the Government were persuaded to give liberal grants towards the expense of erecting the new buildings in St. Stephen's-green. A full length portrait of the Director- General, painted in 18 L0, is placed at the southern end of the College Board-room, and is said to be an excellent likeness of the original. It is a fitting memorial of one of the most useful of the many members who have shown a deep interest in the welfare of the College. Kenny was highly esteemed by the many Commanders of the Forces under whom he served. He was an intimate friend of the late Duke of Leinster, and paid his Grace a visit at Christmas for many years regularly. I believe the visits were discontinued by Renny falling out of his bed one morning and fracturing his leg severely—an accident which kept him from wandering for the rest of his life. He was, especially in his declining years, very eccentric- He consumed immense quantities of snuff, and had a partiality for large turf fires. He dined early; and afterwards invariably, " weather permitting," took a walk from his house to the gate of the Royal Hospital and back—this performance he repeated twice or thrice, but was never known to take a fourth turn. A kind of curfew bell tolls at the hospital from 7 45 to 8 o'clock; so soon as the last peal was given Renny went to bed. He rose early, and was always at his office, No. 5 Dame-street, at 10 15 a.m. He was, in his early days, very fond of fishing in the River Liffey. The author of the Metropolis, referring to this piscatorial inclination, says:— " But oh ! ye mates and 'prentices attend, If ye would prosper, hearken to a friend ; Should love of trouts allure our Chief Commander, Like Rossmore, down the Liffey's banks to wander, Like R , take your rod, and watch his motions, Great men are pleas'd with little men's devotions ; A well-ty'd fly attaches you his dangler, He hooks the fish, but you ensnare the angler; Places and profits tumble in your net, You but invent new places, and you get; And while your ash becomes an iron rod, And iEsculapians tremble at your nod, You sport, 'midst silken fops to leved flocking, Your thickset jiurry-bags and sky-blue stockings." Renny was a tall, broad-shouldered man; he always wore a blue, long-tailed coat furnished with brass buttons, and usually kept his hands clasped behind his back whilst walking. Another George Renny, a fellow-student with our Renny, also Y became an army surgeon. His work " On Syphilis " has been, in error, attributed to the Royal Hospital Renny. G. Renny died on the 11th November, 1848, and was interred in the cemetery of the Royal Hospital. A tablet in memory of him was placed in Christ Church Cathedral soon after his death. The College paid for the tablet, and the Dean and Chapter remitted the fees usually charged for placing memorials in the Cathedral. It is to be regretted that since the restoration of the Cathedral this tablet and other interesting monuments have been hidden away in the crypt. SOLOMON RICHARDS, PRESIDENT IN 1794, 1803, 1808, AND 1818. A Colonel Richards came to Ireland, from Westminster, as "Commissioner" under Cromwell, and settled in the County of Wexford, where he acquired an estate. One of his descendants was John Richards, of Solsborough, in the same county, whose son, Goddard, married Anne, daughter of the Ven. Nicholas Hewelson, Archdeacon of Leighlin. Their son, Solomon, was born in York-street, Dublin, about 1760. Having received an excellent classical education he was apprenticed to James Boy ton, of St. Andrew-street, an Assistant-Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. His apprenticeship having terminated in April, 1781, he proceeded to London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and studied his profession in those cities under the most eminent teachers of the day. He had been proposed by Boyton as an original member of the College of Surgeons before the Charter was obtained, but his absence from Dublin led to his being overlooked. On his return he was examined, and received the Letters Testimonial on the 17th February, 1785, his fees being remitted. On the 16th May, 1785, he was elected a member, and subsequently was four times selected as President, Crampton being the only other President who served four years in the Presidential Chair. Richards commenced his practice in South Great George's-street, but soon changed his residence to York-street, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1790 he succeeded Arthur Winton as Surgeon to the Meath Hospital, and retained that office until his death. His practice was large and lucrative, and he amassed so much money that he was enabled to purchase considerable landed properties in the Counties of Dublin and Wicklow. In 1812 he won a lottery prize of £10,000. Richards was very charitable, and his professional services were freely at the disposal of the poor. His manners were agreeable, and he was celebrated for his puns and bon mots. As a clinical lecturer he was much praised for the lucidity of his style and the elegance of his diction. As to his person, it was said of him that he was the fattest surgeon in the United Kingdom. Richards married Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Edward Groome. On the morning of the 6th November, 1819, she found him dead beside her; she survived him twenty-five years. Richards, like Crampton, acquired fame by performing trache- otomy in public. The author of the Metropolis refers to this performance as follows :— " Of old, more active, when by merit push'd Beyond his rivals, to the goal he rush'd. But not less worthy of the sweepstakes won He holds the distance, as he first begun. To Fortune's smiles, that glisten on so few, Oft times as much as to desert is due ; If Lords and Commons, when a shank of mutton Stuck in the throttle of some greedy glutton, Ne'er Baw thy dexterous knife the windpipe slit, And his tight gullet render back the bit ;* How long, midst garret-patients had you struggled E'er your lost skill to drawing-rooms was smuggled." GUSTAVUS HUME, PRESIDENT FROM JANUARY TO MAY, 1795. The Humes are of Scotch origin, but some of them have been settled in Ireland since the seventeenth century. The Humes of Dublin, Wicklow, and Cavan are descended from a common ancestor. Gustavus Hume was born in 1732. His father, Robert, " * This performance was enacted in the Parliament House before all the great men of the nation, and perhaps gave them the first hint of the operation which they shortly afterwards performed on the venerable old Mother of ub all, as an expedient to save her life by cutting her throat." son of Thomas Hume, of Humewood, Co. of Wicklow, was a direct ancestor of Mr. William Wentworth Fitzwilliam Hume-Dick, of same place. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Gustavus Hume, Lieutenant of the Queen's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gen- tlemen-at-Arms, is the great grandson of Surgeon Gustavus Hume. I have not discovered to whom Hume was apprenticed. He was elected Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital in 1758, and in that year resided in Longford-street. He appears to have had a good practice, and to have given special attention to the diseases of children. Being fond of prescribing oatmeal porridge to his patients, and recommending it generally as a good food, he received the soubriquet of " Stirabout Gusty." In the Metropolis Hume's peculiarity is thus referred to :— " H—me, twice as ancient as the College Charter, Scours Death with Stir-a-bout from ev'ry quarter." Hume was one of the first appointed members of the Board of Examiners for Surgeons to County Infirmaries. He declined to join the Society of Surgeons, but was named as a Censor in the first Charter of the College of Surgeons. In 1791 he succeeded Neill as State Surgeon. Hume was a great constructor of houses—Hume-street, Ely (formerly Hume) -place, and many houses in other streets were built for him. The fine bouse, No. 63 Dawson-street, which he built for his own use, and in which he died, is now occupied by one of his great grandsons. A splendid mansion which he erected in Merrion-square, east, is now divided into two houses—both large—in one of which Dr. Banks, Physician to the Queen, dwells. Hume must have been a great builder even before 1775, for in that year Gilborne writes:— " Gustavus Hume in Surgery excels, Yet Pride of Merit ne'er his Bosom swells ; He adds to Dublin every Year a Street, Where Citizens converse and friendly meet." Hume and the elder Adrien were the surgeons who examined the body of the Eev. William Jackson, as it lay in the dock at the King's Bench, Christ Church, on May-day, 1795. He had been convicted four days previously of high treason, and was called up for sentence, but managed to procure and swallow some poison, which took fatal effect in the presence of the Court. Hume served as President only from January to May. He resigned—probably on account of the law proceedings in the case of Drury, already referred to—and his Vice-President, Archer, was elected in his stead. The writings of Hume consist of treatises on the diseases of children, and on the angina pectoris, gout, and cowpox. He died on the 7th February, 1812, at 63 Dawson-street, leaving a large family of children and grandchildren. CLEMENT ARCHER, PRESIDENT FROM JUNE TO DECEMBER, 1795. A family named Archer flourished through many generations in the County of Wexford; but, owing to emigration, have now completely disappeared from that district. They claimed descent from one Simon De Bois, who shot so well at a match against King Henry V. that the latter decreed that he should henceforth be styled The Archer, and gave him a pension. Early in the last century one of them, named Henry, married a Miss Lettice Bunbury on the 17th May, 1741. They had a son, named Clement, who was born in the Co. of Wexford on the 21st December, 1748. He was educated as a surgeon, and on the 4th February, 1772, was examined by the County Infirmaries' Board, and " passed " for the Longford Infirmary. He settled in Dublin in 1774, and was an original member of the Surgeons' Society. In 1785 he, together with Surgeons Bolger, Lindsay, Costelloe, Hartigan, and Graydon, and Drs. Brereton, Percival, Dickson, Kennedy, Bell, and Boyton, founded the Dublin General Dispensary in the old Post Office yard, Temple-bar. Their treasurer was Sir William Newcomen, Bart., whose house in Castle-street is now the muni- cipal office and the seat of the sanitary department of the city. In 1797 Archer became Assistant-Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. He succeeded Whiteway to the surgeoncy of the Foundlings' Hospital. He was perhaps the first medical man in Ireland who practised medical electricity, and it would appear had a good knowledge of chemistry and physics. In 1789 he was elected the first Professor of Pharmacy in the College School, and was appointed State Surgeon in 1791. For many years he resided in St. Andrew-street, hut the closing years of his life were spent chiefly in Bath, and he died there in 1803. Archer's literary works have heen noticed at page 48- FRANCIS L'ESTRANGE, PRESIDENT IN 1796. F. L'Estrange was born about the year 1756 at Auburn (Boarstown), in the County of Westmeath. He was the youngest of the four sons of a country gentleman. The elder two died without issue ; the third, a lieutenant-colonel, succeeded to the property, and Francis was educated as a surgeon. He began to practise in Chatham-street about 1778, and was in 1779 appointed Assistant-Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, of which institution he subsequently became surgeon. On the 12th June, 1786, he was appointed Assistant-Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, and was for many years Surgeon to the Marine School. L'Estrange engaged in surgical and obstetrical practice. He acted as accoucheur at the birth of the poet, Thomas Moore, which event took place in Aungier-street on the 28th May, 1779. He married a Miss Spiels; their son, Francis, a Fellow of the College, attained to eminence as a dentist. He was made a Justice of the Peace (for Westmeath) at a time when surgeons rarely held such a position. L'Estrange died at the age of 80, on the 13th of August, 1836, in William-street, where he had resided for many years, and was interred in St. Ann's churchyard. WILLIAM HARTIGAN, PRESIDENT IN 1797. According to Hardiman,the historian of Galway, the O'Hartigans are an ancient Irish family, at one time possessed of a considerable territory in the County of Galway. They belonged to the Dal- cassian race. William Hartigan's father, Edward, was a member of the guild of barber-surgeons, and was made a freeman of the city in 1749. As he is said to have possessed a Scotch medical qualification also, it is probable that he had studied at Edinburgh. He resided for some years in Dame-street, and married a Miss Heron. They had a son, William, born about 1756, who was educated as a surgeon, and commenced to practise in Dublin about 1778. On the 17th August, 1780, he was elected a member of the Dublin Society of Surgeons, and on the incorporation of the surgeons, he was at their first meeting elected a member. In 1789 he was appointed a Professor of Anatomy in the College School, and held that position until 1798, when he succeeded Dease in the Chair of Surgery. His connection with the College School ceased in 1799, as he probably about this time assisted the Professor of Anatomy in Trinity College. In the " Dublin University Calendar " it is stated that he was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery in 1803, and in the " Dublin Directory " for 1804 his name appears as Professor of Anatomy to Trinity College. I have, however, lecture tickets in my possession dated November, 1804, stating that " the anatomical instruction of the School of Physic will be given by James Cleghorn, Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery, and William Hartigan, Lecturer of Anatomy." In 1802 he was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy in the School of Physic, and subsequently succeeded Cleghorn as Professor. In 1802 he received from the University the degree of M.D. Honoris Causa. The author of the Metropolis, chary of his praise, gives the following tribute to Hartigan's merit as a lecturer :— " The words of H—t—g—n convey his meaning, Precise and obvious, without mist or straining." Hartigan enjoyed a large practice. He appears to have held, towards the end of the century, some kind of medical appointment in the Lord Lieutenant's household, and was one of the surgeons who examined Lord Edward Fitzgerald's wounds in 1798. Having a good presence and agreeable manners, he secured a considerable amount of popularity in his circle. With his pupils he was a favourite; on two occasions those at the College of Surgeons pre- sented him with complimentary addresses. Hartigan was twice married: first, to Miss Barton, of Straffan, County of Kildare ; secondly, to Anne Elizabeth, daughter of John Pollock, of Newry. One of Hartigan's daughters became the wife of Sir Matthew Barrington, Bart., of Glenstall, Co. Limerick. His eldest son, Edward, born in 1790, was apprenticed to his father, but abandoned surgery and took Holy Orders. Edward's son is William Henry Hartigan, Barrister, Killiney. Hartigan was noted for his fondness for cats. He frequently, on his professional rounds of visits, brought a pair of kittens with him, ensconced in the deep coat-pockets worn early in the century. He died on the 15th December, 1812, from what was then called " ossification " of the heart, and was interred in St. Ann's Church. The house in which he so long resided (3 Kildare-street) was leased to his pupil, Surgeon Cusack, and was eventually sold for £3,760 to the Kildare-street Club, by whom it was pulled down. ROBERT MOORE PEILE, PRESIDENT IN 1798 AND 1816. R. M. Peile was one of the members elected at the first meeting of the College. He died on the 4th February, 1858, seventy-four years after his election, and, it is believed, in his ninety-third year. He was probably two or three years older, as he would have hardly been elected a member of the College at so early an age as nine- teen, and at a time, too, when every regular surgeon had served an apprenticeship of either five or seven years. He outlived by several years all the original members of the College. On the 8th April, 1809, Peile graduated M.D. of St. Andrew's University. On the 8th November, 1790, he was appointed as Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, and continued in office for more than half a century. He was Consulting Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. In 1795 he was appointed Surgeon to the Hospitals for the Forces serving in Ireland, in 1803 he was promoted to be Deputy-Inspector of same, and in 1847 lie retired with the rank of Inspector-General. Between him and Penny there always existed a strong friendship. His disposition was singularly gentle, and he was never known to betray anger or impatience. This trait of character he preserved till the last. Shortly before his death his friend and former pupil, Dr. Bigger, of Harcourt-street, was trying to induce him to swallow some wine- jelly. Peile said, in his usual gentle manner: " Now, my dear friend, will you be good enough to permit me to die." He smiled upon those around his bedside, and shortly afterwards expired. The author of the Metropolis * thought kindly of Peile when he penned the following lines :— " Ingratiating manners, feeling, mind, His hand as steady as his heart is kind; Thro' pathless darkness, dubious and untried, Like him the desp'rate gorget who can guide ? Or steal, with delicacy's touch, away The lens, whose cloud obscures the visual ray." Peile married Lucy Darby, a very handsome lady. His acquaint- ance with her arose from an accident. Whilst riding in the Phoenix Park she was thrown from her horse, and her nose was seriously injured; Peile was called to her assistance, cured her, and married her. Peile was a skilful surgeon. He will always be remembered as the inventor of a lithotome, which definitely limited and rendered more facile the incision. At one time " Peile's lithotome and staff " were to be found in every surgery; and although they are no longer employed, their principles are preserved in the newer forms of the instrument. Robert Smith stated that out of forty opera- tions for stone, which he knew to have been performed by Peile, only one case had a fatal result. In 1750 George Daunt, Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, invented a lithotome (as mentioned at page 41), which, on being laid before the Academy of Medicine, Paris, was approved of by that hody. According to the fashion of the day they voted their thanks to the inventor. Gilborne refers to Daunt in the following lines :— " Undaunted Daunt in Rank is foremost, His Operations nice our Annals fill; His well-contrived Discoveries of note Improve the Art and Mankind's good promote." * This work was published anonymously in Dublin ; its author, it has been said, was William Norcott, but I have strong reason to believe that it was the composition of Andrew Carmichael, solicitor, brother of the eminent surgeon. SIR HENRY JEBB, KNT., PRESIDENT IN 1800. Sir H. Jebb was born at Boyle, in the County of Roscommon. He was the son of Richard and Elizabeth Jeeb, of that town. His father, an apothecary, died in 1771, leaving two sons (Frederick and Henry) and two daughters (Mrs. Mary Willson and Mrs. Margaret Gibson). Frederick, the elder son, was a medical man, and became Master of the Rotunda Hospital in 1773. He is referred to at page 39. He was one of the most fashionable accoucheurs of the last century, and practised chiefly amongst the upper classes. Frederick and Henry changed the second " e " in their name into " b." At that time there was a Sir Richard Jebb, M.D., Physician to the King, enjoying a large practice in London. He left his fortune to an Irish Jebb, a young man who at that time was studying for the law. Probably the young Jeebs thought that Jebb (the name of the great London doctor) would sound better than Jeeb. Henry Jebb probably served an appren- ticeship to his father. He studied in the Rotunda Hospital whilst his brother was Master of that great maternity, and set up in practice as a surgeon and man-midwife at No. 22 North Anne- street, in 1777. He soon removed to William-street, at that time a fashionable place, where he rapidly attained to a large practice, chiefly obstetrical. For services of an obstetric nature, rendered in Dublin Castle, he received in 1782 the honour of knighthood from the Lord Lieutenant. Jebb was one of the original members of the Surgeons' Society, and was elected a member of the College at their first meeting. For many years he was a surgeon to Mercer's Hospital. He rivalled Surgeon Hume as a builder, having erected a large number of houses in North Frederick-street, winch he named after his son. Jebb was twice married. His second wife was Mary, daughter of David Kelly, of Terrygott, in the County of Mayo. He had three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Frederick, wa| apprenticed to his father, and although he did not take out the licence of the College he was for many years assistant-surgeon to Mercer's Hospital. He served in the Army Medical Department, and saw much service in the Peninsula and at Waterloo. He settled in Oporto, where he was killed by a fall from his horse. Henry joined his brother in Oporto, and he too died in that city. Neither brother was married. Ross Henry, the youngest son, was indentured in 1822 to A. Read, and studied in the College School. He died young. One of Jebb's daughters married John Hill Linde, of Annefield Lodge, County of Kildare, and the other became the wife of Dr. White, a County Dublin gentleman, whose son is now in medical practice at Caxton, Cambridgeshire. The latter part of J ebb's life was chiefly spent in a house in Graf ton-street. He died in 1811, at Dromartin House, which he had built, near Dundrum, County of Dublin, and was buried in the little churchyard at Glasnevin Village, County of Dublin. His brother Frederick, who had married Elizabeth Somerville, died in 1782. JAMES RIVERS, PRESIDENT IN 1801. My materials for a biographical notice of J. Rivers are scanty. His father was a distiller. He began to practise as surgeon and man-midwife in Dublin about 1778. He resided at first at 31 Church-street, but soon removed to 42 Arran-quay, and subse- quently to Queen-street. He was surgeon to Maynooth College and to St. Mark's Hospital and to the United Hospital of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine. On the 2nd October, 1800, he was appointed surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. Rivers married Honoria Colley, who resided near Swords, County of Dublin, and who claimed to be a distant relation of the Duke of Wellington. By the death of an elder brother, a distiller, he became possessed of a considerable fortune, and set up a handsome residence, Cremona, at Swords. He died childless in September, 1816, at Rathfarnham, where he had been for some time residing for a change of air. His wife survived till 1824. ABRAHAM COLLES, PRESIDENT IN 1802 AND 1830. A family named Colles were long established in Worcestershire, and some of their members represented Worcester in Parliament during the seventeenth century. A medical member of the family settled, early in the last century, at Kilkenny, and as he died rich he probably had a large practice; he was the ancestor of Abraham Colles. William Colles, Abraham Colles's father, was educated at the celebrated school kept by Abraham Shakleton, a Quaker, at Ballitore. In this seminary the famous Edmund Burke received his early training, and here he formed that intimacy with William Colles, which proved to be of life-long duration. Colles became the owner of extensive quarries of the well-known Kilkenny marble, and wrought the stone at his works at Millmount, near Kilkenny. At that time Dublin was supplied with water distributed through conduits formed of the hollowed-out trunks of trees. A proposal to substitute for those wooden tubes marble pipes from Colles's works was seriously entertained, but eventually was not accepted. Had it been adopted Colles would have made a fortune. He married Mary Anne Bates, of Carlow, a woman of superior intellect, and strongly imbued with religious principles. Abraham was her second son; he was born at Millmount on the 23rd July, 1773, and his birth was announced to his uncle as follows:— " To Richard Colles, Stephen's-green, Dublin. " 23rd July, 1773. " Dr. Brother,—My dear Mary, at 3 o'clock this morning, made me the joyfull father of a fine little thing—one of the light infantry." In subsequent letters he mentions that the child had been named Abraham; that he was " very small and very neat," and that his smallness and delicacy occasioned himself and Mrs. Colles much anxiety. Nevertheless the feeble infant became in due time a fairly tall, stout, strong man. When Abraham was four years old his father died. This great loss was largely compensated for by the ability of his surviving parent, and her devotion to her children. Colles was much attached to his mother, and his letters, especially those written in Edinburgh, were long and numerous. He seems to have delighted in telling her of his mode of life, of his adventures, and of his plans and prospects. Colles was first sent to the school of Mr. William Lindsay, whose terms were certainly " very moderate," as would appear from the following account, still extant, which he furnished to Mrs. Colles on the 28th January, 1783:— £ s. d. " To one quarter's boarding and schooling Master Abraham Colles, ending Dec. 6th, '82 3 8 3 Ditto, Master William Colles, ending Jan. 18,'83 3 8 3 Ditto, Master Richard Colles, ditto, - 3 8 3 To paper for Master Abraham - - 0 0 8 £10 5 5" Colles completed his primary education in the Kilkenny Endowed School, under the Rev. Dr. Elliotson, Ex-Sch. T.C.D. It is said that the perusal of a work on anatomy, which accidently came into his possession, led him to embrace the study of medicine. On the 4th September, 1790, he entered T.C.D., and on the 29th December located himself in College. On the 15th September, 1790, he was indentured to Philip Woodroffe for five years. He worked hard under his master at Steevens' and the Foundlings' Hospitals—in the latter having a good opportunity of becoming acquainted with the diseases of childhood; he also studied in the House of Industry Hospitals. He attended five courses of instruc- tion in anatomy, physiology, and surgery in the College School, under Dease, Hartigan, Halahan, and Lawless. On the 17th February, 1795, he graduated in arts in the University. On the 24th September, 1795, he "passed" for the Letters Testimonial of the College. Colles's appetite for professional pabulum was insatiable : he attended lectures given by Dr. Percival on chemistry, and by other University Professors on medical subjects, and in the autumn of 1795 he proceeded to Edinburgh. Here he remained during two sessions, and at a time when, probably, Edinburgh was unrivalled as a medical school. True to his instincts, Colles devoted himself to study, and went but little into society. A Mrs. Smellie, at Dorrell's Land, Nicolson's-street, his landlady, appears to have taken a great interest in the young Irish student. Noticing that he studied so hard she frequently paid him a visit, so that by diverting his attention from his books she might prevent him from " reading himself into a coffin." At this time the Irishmen studying medicine in Edinburgh exceeded in number those of any other nationality (see page 106); but Colles avoided making the acquaintance of his countrymen, on the ground that " all people make it a rule to fight and quarrel with their own countrymen rather than with any other." Of the midwifery students he speaks in contemptuous terms, and expresses his opinion that the obstetrical art was practised chiefly by " the scum and upper crust" of the profession. It could hardly be otherwise, seeing that at that time midwifery was held to be a degrading practice by the majority of the medical profession, and admission to the College of Physicians was denied to the obstetricians. Colles deplored the state of things which caused £20,000 a year to be expended by Irish students learning in Edinburgh sciences which they had no proper facilities for studying in their own country. He did much in subsequent years to make Dublin a not altogether unsuccessful rival to Edinburgh as a centre of medical and surgical education. During his absence from Dublin, Colles performed a remarkable journey. He walked from London to Edinburgh, a distance of 400 miles—each day he walked 50 miles. This performance is a proof of his robust condition. He says that he could not have performed such a journey had he not habituated himself to long walks on Sundays. On the 24th June, 1797, he graduated as Doctor of Medicine in Edinburgh, taking for his thesis the subject of " Venesection." During his residence in London, Colles made the acquaintance, which soon ripened into friendship, of Astley Cooper. Being an accomplished anatomist, he assisted in making the dissections from which the drawings illustrative of Cooper's work " On Hernia" were produced. In the winter of 1797 Colles settled in Dublin, and secured a residence in Chatham-street. In the following spring he became attached to the Dispensary for the Sick Poor in Meath- street, which had been established by some charitable persons, members of the Society of Friends. As a rule the young men belonging to the middle and upper classes concern themselves very little in reference to the condition of the poor. Practical philan- thropy is a product of life's experience even in the case of those whose natures are naturally kind and sympathetic. Colles, how- ever, at this early period of his life exhibited the greatest desire to minister to the wants of the very poor, and to mitigate the hard- ships to which they are subject. He became a " District Visitor," and was therefore able to help the poor, not only medically, but also by procuring for them food, fuel, and clothes. It was whilst engaged in this philanthropic work that he attracted the notice of several influential persons, amongst others Surgeon- General Stewart. This gentleman, himself possessed of a kindly and gentle nature, perceived that Colles was not only a humane young man, but that he was endowed with abilities of a high order, which his excellent education could not fail to turn to good account. Colles at this time was practising as a physician, but, acting on Stewart's advice, he resolved to devote himself to surgery. His first venture as a teacher was made in a backhouse in South King- street, where he gave demonstrations in anatomy and surgery to a few pupils. In 1799 he succeeded his old master, Woodroffe, as Resident Surgeon in Steevens' Hospital, and at once commenced the systematic teaching of anatomy and surgery in that institu- tion, continuing to do so until his appointment as Professor of Anatomy in the College. His salary was £60 a year, together with apartments and fuel. The position was an advantageous one, as it was certain to secure apprentices—rich prizes in those days— for him. In 1800, being then only twenty-three years old, two lads were indentured to him, and having paid on their account the usual fees charged by the College, he netted the sum of £227 10s. He was now on the road to fortune. The forebodings in which he had indulged as to his future, his notion of entering the Army Medical Department, his apprehensions of being condemned to the drudgery of a country dispensary practice—all vanished, like the mists of dawn under the influence of the solar beams—his morning of life had now, indeed, become bright and sunny. In 1798 Colles' professional income amounted to £8 10s. 7 id., in 1820 it rose to £6,128, and for many years it exceeded £5,000. On the 4th November, 1799, Colles was elected a Member of the College, on the 6th of January following he became an Assistant, and on the 5th January, 1801, a Censor. On the 4th January, 1802, being yet under twenty-nine years of age, he was elected President. In October, 1803, Colles was appointed Surgeon to Cork-street Fever Hospital, and subsequently became Consulting Surgeon to the Rotunda, City of Dubin, and Victoria Lying-in Hospitals, and to the Pitt-street Institution for Diseases of Children. He was officially connected with Steevens' Hospital for forty-two years. On the 30th August, 1841, his resignation as Surgeon to the Hospital was accepted regretfully by the Governors of that Institution. In 1803 Colles unsuccessfully contested with Hartigan the Chair of Anatomy in Trinity College. Believing that the election had not been fairly conducted, he sought by legal means to have it annulled, and was again defeated. On the 4th September, 1804, he was elected a Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery] to the College of Surgeons. His connection with the College School he retained until the 19th September, 1836, when by reason of ill-health, this tie of thirty-two years' duration was broken. It is characteristic of his conscientiousness that when he was elected Professor he resigned his position as Examiner, on the ground that the duties of the offices ought to be discharged by different persons. He was, however, persuaded ultimately to resume his place amongst the Examiners, and no one ever hinted that he favoured his own pupils more than other candidates. In 1807 Colles married Sophia, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Cope, Eector of Ahascragh, by whom he had a family of six sons and four daughters. He took the house No. 9 Stephen's-green, from which he subsequently removed to the larger one, No. 22, in which his son, Mr. William Colles, Surgeon to the Queen, now resides. Shortly after his resignation of the surgical professorship, he was pi'esented with the following address by the College:— " Sir,—In compliance with a unanimous resolution of the Members of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, in College assembled, we wait upon you to express their sincere regret that the pressure of your other professional avocations no longer permit you to discharge the duty of Professor of the Theory and Practice of Surgery in the School of the College. " We have also to assure you that it is the unanimous feeling of the College, that the exemplary and efficient manner in which you have filled this chair for thirty-two years, has been a principal cause of the success and consequent high character of the School of Surgery in this country. " It is gratifying to the members to understand that although they lose the advantage of your valuable services as a Professor in the School of the College, you will still continue to afford your disinterested assistance in promoting the general welfare of the institution, and sustaining the profession of surgery in public estimation. "Accept these expressions of our regret for your resignation, and allow us to express our sincere hope that you may long con- tinue to discharge your professional duties with as much advantage to the public as you have to the satisfaction of your professional brethren." A handsome piece of plate was presented to him by the College. His bust, sculptured by Kirk, and his portrait, painted by Martin Cregan, P.R.H.A., were placed in the College. The portrait was 11: raved by Lucas, and published by Hodges and Smith, Graf ton- street, Dublin, in 1850. Colles suffered from three organic diseases—namely, chronic bronchitis, weak and dilated heart, and emphysema of the lungs— all, no doubt, aggravated by his gouty constitution. In 1822 and 1823 he had severe attacks of gout. Stokes, who attended him, states that this combination of diseases is rarely met with in the z lower classes of society. During the two or three years hefore his resignation of his professorship, he suffered much from a bad cough, palpitations of the heart, and occasional attacks of diarrhoea. For the bronchitic attacks, Dr. John Crampton bled him about a dozen times, with, it is said, good results; but ultimately the bleedings were localised. After repeated and severe attacks, Mr. Colles, in August, 1842, seems to have come to the conclusion that his last days were near at hand, and he gave directions that a post mortem examination of his body should be made by his friend and former colleague, Robert Harrison. The letter in which he conveyed this wish is worthy of reproduction :— "Oct. 22, 1842. " My Dear Robert,—I think it may be of some benefit, not only to my own family but to society at large, to ascertain by exami- nation the exact seat and nature of my last disease. I am sure you will grant my request that you will see that this be carefully and early done. The parts to which I would direct particular atten- tion are the heart and the lungs, a small hernia immediately behind the umbilicus, and one swelling in the right hypochondrium. " From the similarity of the Rev. P. Roe's case with mine, I suspect that there is some connection between this swelling of the hypochondrium and the diseased state of the heart. " Yours truly, dear Robert, " A. Colles." Colles' end was, however, not so near as he believed it to be. His health improved somewhat for a while, and it was not till the 16th December, 1843, that he passed away, calmly, having up to the last retained full possession of his mental faculties. He saw patients in his house until shortly before his death. A post mortem examination of his remains revealed a diseased condition of the liver and lungs, but the heart, though enlarged and fatty, was free from valvular disease. There was, however, an extensive dilation of the vena cava. Colles' remains were interred in Mount Jerome Cemeteiy, and his funeral was attended by nearly every medical man in Dublin, and by troops of friends. In person he was slightly above the average height, and was moderately stout. His head was symmetrical and somewhat globular, and after early life he became bald. His forehead was broad and lofty, and his eyes were grey. His mouth indicated firmness and decision, but the general expres- sion of his face exhibited a mixture of shrewdness and benevolence. Shortly before his death he declined a baronetcy, partly, it is believed, because he considered that the proferred honour came too late. The author of the exceedingly clever but generally very scur- rilous letters which, over the signature of " Erinensis," * appeared in the earlier numbers of The Lancet, thus refers to Colles :— " Without many books, and paying less attention to their contents, he is still the laborious, shrewd, observing, matter-of-fact and practical surgeon. As an operator he has many equals and some superiors; but in advice, from long experience and a peculiar tact of discovering the hidden causes of disease, he has scarcely a rival."— The Lancet, Feb. 15, 1824. He engaged in a long controversy with Carmichael, in reference to syphilis, but on each side it was conducted in the most courteous and friendly manner. Sir Philip Crampton, in his last public address, thus pithily describes how a scientific controversy should be carried on:—"I can conceive no difference of opinion in a matter of science to exist between gentlemen which may not be expressed not only without offence but in such manner as to excite feelings of mutual respect and good will." The name of Colles will always be connected with the College School. W. Dease may, as Wright states, " be properly regarded as its founder," but Colics raised it to its zenith. It has been said that he " made " the School, but the statement is somewhat of an exaggeration, though the following figures prove that its classes iiu rcased considerably in number after his appointment. In 1799 the number of pupils and army and navy surgeons under Halahan and Dease was 60, in 1800 it rose to 105, and in the following year Through the courtesy of Dr. Wakley, proprietor of The Lancet, I have ascertained that the writer of these letters was an Irishman, Dr. Herris Greene, for eighteen years a member of the staff of The Lancet. sank to 83; in 1802 the number was 86, and in 1803 it was 94. After Colles' appointment the numbers were as follow :—In 1804, 104; 1805, 119; 1806, 117; 1807, 120; 1808, 185; and in 1809, 162. Colles was a zealous and painstaking teacher, and remarkably punctual in his attendance at the School. As a lecturer he did not possess the highly ornate or, as some would say, the florid style, of Kirby, but his language was lucid, his delivery calm, and he never was at a loss for the right word. He seldom referred to his notes, though he always had them at hand. His lectures were perhaps somewhat wanting in system. He would travel over a wide range of subjects, some of them remotely related to each other. He frequently indulged in puns and bon-mots, which of course " set his audience in a roar." These witticisms added to his popularity as a lecturer, which even without them would have been great. His hearers often reached nearly three hundred. At the close of his course, in 1824,' he printed and circulated gratuitously amongst his pupils, to whom he dedicated it, a treatise on Injuries to the Head. A reviewer in The Lancet for May 21, 1825, says of it:—" Though small and unpretending, it really contains as much useful information as will generally be found in more voluminous treatises on the same subject." Colles was an early riser; he visited his hospital at seven o'clock in the morning. Dr. Alexander Fry, late of Moate, told me the following anecdote :—" Dr. Fry, when a student, attended the lectures at both Trinity College and the College of Surgeons, those bodies at that time not mutually recognising the instruction given in their respective schools. He had so little time to learn practical anatomy, on account of having to attend two sets of lectures on the same subjects, that he induced the porter at the College School to lend him a key, by which he could gain early admission to the dissecting-room. Before six o'clock one morning he was startled to see Professor Colles walk into the room. " What are you doing here, sir ?" was the interrogatory. Mr. Fiy explained his position, whereupon the Professor said. " Well, you are in luck; I am going to make some dissections of the subjects on these tables, and you shall be my assistant." Colles's writings are important, though not voluminous. Some of his papers were collected and edited by his son, Mr. William Colles, and published in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Selections from his works, chiefly relative to the venereal disease and the use of mercury, comprise Volume XOII. of the Library of the New Sydenham Society, published in 1881. They are edited and annotated by one of the most distinguished Fellows of the College, Mr. Robert M'Donnell, than whom no one more competent to undertake suck a task could be found. Colles's Lectures on Surgery were edited by Simon M'Coy, and published in 1850. The earlier writings of Colles in the Dublin Hospital Reports established his reputation locally as a man of ability and originality. The publication of his Surgical Anatomy* and of further papers spread his fame to other lands. His accounts of different forms of tumours and his treatises on syphilis and the use of mercury were largely read by both British and Continental surgeons. He introduced the well-known cinnabar candles for mercurial fumiga- tions. He was the first to describe accurately glandular mammary tumours. His description of the fracture which bears his name and gives it a place in every surgical work, was published in 1814, in the tenth volume of the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. It consists, as is well known, of a fracture of the radius, about one and a half inches from its carpal extremity, and occurs generally when one falls upon the palm of the hand,, the arm being rigidly extended. Colles was the first to describe fully the nature of this injury and its diagnosis. This he did, too, without having had the advantage of making post mortem examina- tions of the parts. Since " Colles's fracture " was first described it has formed the subject of numerous papers by British and foreign surgeons; "yet," says Mr. Robert M'Donnell, "I venture to think, few more accurate accounts have been given of the symptoms and appearance by which the surgeon may recognise this fracture in the vicinity of the wrist-joint than that contained in Mr. Colles's paper." * A Treatise on Surgical Anatomy. Part the First. Dublin: 1811. 8vo. Pp. 219. Uolles ranks amongst the few anatomical discoverers which Ireland, indeed I might say the United Kingdom, has produced. He was the first to describe the following structures:—The tri- angular reflection ascending from the insertion of the external pillar of the external abdominal ring towards the linear alba, often called Colles's ligament of inguinal hernia ;* the secondary insertion of Hey's ligament into the pectineal portion of the fascia lata;| and the connections of the middle perineal fascia overlying the muscles of the perinseum and continuous around the border of the transverse perineal muscle with the base of the triangular ligament.}: ROBERT HAMILTON, PRESIDENT IN 1805. R. Hamilton was the son of a merchant in the north of Ireland, who amassed a fortune, and retired to Enniskillen to enjoy it. He had two sons, Johnston and Robert. The former went to the legal profession, the latter was educated as a surgeon. Both died un- married before their father. Robert was admitted as a licentiate of the College on the 9th February, 1791; and on the 22nd November of the same year was elected a member. In 1796 he was a staff surgeon on the Dublin Irish Army Establishment, but he did not remain long in the service. He was for many years one of the surgeons of St. Mark's Hospital. He appears to have had a mania for changing his residence. His name disappears from the College list in 1832; he, therefore, probably died in that year. GERARD MACKLIN, PRESIDENT IN 1806. G. Macklin was born about the year 1767. He was indentured for seven years on the 1st of August, 1784, to Surgeon R. Daniel, of 43 South King-street. On the 4th November, 1791, he was admitted a licentiate of the College, and was elected a member on the 22nd of the following month. In 1795 he was appointed Surgeon to Simpson's Hospital, and the following year became connected with Mercer's Hospital as Assistant-Surgeon, and subse- quently was promoted to be Surgeon. He was also Surgeon to the * Surgical Lectures. M'Coy's edition. 1850. P. 272. t Ibid. P. 302. t Surgical Anatomy. 1811. Dublin General Dispensary. On the 22nd October, 1806, he was appointed State Surgeon (page 106). He died on the 9th August, 1848, at Lake Park, County of Wicklow, at the age of eighty-one. Macklin had a large practice, and was considered to be an expert lithotomist. fie resided at first in York-street; but the greater part of his professional life was passed in York-street and Harcourt- place. The author of the Metropolis refers to him as follows:— " Young (Macklin) spurns the name of modern fool, Antique his Bhoes that round the instep close, Antique his galligaskins, bat, and hose, Himself antique, all day in chariot lolling, Unlike those younkers that have legs for strolling ; Yet kindliest manners grace his reputation, He seeks our love, and wins our estimation ; Report allows that he's no small lithotomist, And in opakest cataracts suffers not a mist. But vain his garb, his grave composure vain, Without a reverend Busby and a Cane.'" Macklin married a Miss Lloyd; they had a large family (three daughters and five or six sons), all of whom are now dead. His eldest son, a clergyman, long resided at Derby, and died in that town. RICHARD DEASE, PRESIDENT IN 1809. R. Dease was born in Dublin about the year 1774. His father was William Dease, the eminent surgeon (see page 313). He was educated in Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1794. Having been indentured to his father on the 1st September, 1790, he prosecuted his medical studies in the College School and the Meath Hospital. He also spent some time in the London hospitals and at Edinburgh University, in which he graduated M.D. On the 3rd September, 1795, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College; and in the same year succeeded Israel Read as Surgeon to the Meath Hospital. On the 12th September, and only nine days after passing as a licentiate, he was elected a member of the College, and on the death of his father he succeeded him in the Chairs of Anatomy and Surgery in the College School. Dease was a thoroughly educated man, an accomplished anatomist, and a very skilful surgeon. On Saturday, February 13th, 1819, Dease was lecturing to his class on the cervical nerves and brachial plexus. The subject was a woman who had been dead less than forty-eight hours, and who had died from a pulmonary affection. He appears to have had his skin very slightly abraded during the demonstration. The next morning he awoke early very ill, having violent shivering and a sick stomach. He soon developed the most severe symptoms of blood- poisoning, and died on the 21st February, in the house in Sackville- street which he had inherited from his father. Dease married (1814) Anna Maria, daughter of Matthew O'Reilly, of Thomastown, County of Meath. His only surviving child—a posthumous one—is Mathew O'Reilly-Dease, D.L., No. 30 St. James-square, London, and Dee Farm, County of Louth, and ex-M.P. for that county, whose liberality to the College has been more than once referred to in the foregoing pages. JOHN ARMSTRONG GARNETT, PRESIDENT IN 1810. J. A. Garnett was born at Thurles on the 24th June, 1767. He was son of John Garnett, B.A. and Ex-Sch. T.C.D., by his wife Hannah, ne'e Kenny. He was educated at the Tipperary Grammar School, of which his father had been master from 1735. He studied in the College School, and attended Dr. Percival's chemical lectures in Trinity College. He obtained the Letters Testimonial on the 23rd February, 1798. On the 4th August, 1800, he was elected a member, and shortly after was appointed surgeon to Swift's Hospital, and to the General Dispensary, 28 Temple-bar. At this time he resided in Kildare-street, had a good surgical practice, and was an expert chemist, as I gather from the contents of his note-book of experiments. On the 6th September, 1803, he was elected Professor of Surgical Pharmacy. In 1811 he was obliged to leave Ireland on account of delicate health. He was, when the annual election of professors arrived, re-elected—not at his own request, but on that of C. H. Todd, who proposed to act as his locum tenens in the event of his illness continuing. Next year he was assisted by Andrew Johnston, but he was obliged to resign his professorship in 1813. For eighteen years he continued to be an invalid. His death took place at Sandymount, in the County of Dublin, on the 16th January, 1831, from paralysis. He was interred in St. Anne's church. None of his children now survive. One of his daughters married the late Mr. R. Purefoy Colles, barrister, Librarian to the Eoyal Dublin Society. Mr. Colles' daughter has entrusted to me a diary which Garnett kept whilst attending upon Lord Edward Fitzgerald in prison, in June, 1798. As this diary has not been published, and as the event recorded in it was perhaps one of the most interesting in the life of Garnett, as well as in Irish history, I have availed myself of Miss Colles' permission to put it into print:— "Newgate, June 2nd, 1798.—I was introduced to Lord Edward Fitzgerald by Captain Stone at about half-past three o'clock this day. His countenance showed a great degree of wildness, mixed with that kind of expression that accompanies pain. He thanked Captain Stone for his attention to him, and expressed some sorrow at parting with him. I assured him that he should experience the utmost care from me in what regarded his health or his comfort, for which he thanked me, and added, that it was comfortable to him to think that he should have a medical person near him. This inter- view lasted but a few minutes. " I returned to his room in about half an hour. He then complained of some headache. He feared, he said, that some degree of fever was coming on him. His tongue was a little foul and his pulse frequent and fluttering; his wounds, he said, were not painful. I proposed leaving him alone, that he might try to compose himself to sleep, as I hoped it would be of use to him. He asked me if I was not to sleep in the next room to him. I answered that I was. He then asked me if I slept soundly, or was easily awoke. I answered that the least noise awoke me. Having left him, I set about pitching my bed and arranging matters in the room appointed for me. Whilst I was employed in this manner, one of the prisoners ran into my room to say that they were preparing for an execution at the front of the prison, and in few minutes after a second person ran in to make the same report. The first impression on my mind was that these people had come with the view off (sic) my attention from Lord Edward, and thus of affording an opportunity for some person on the watch to communicate with I'i'n; but the horror I have of being witness to an execution would alone have defeated such a design. I continued to arrange matters in my room. One of the windows of it looked into the porch leading from the outer to the inner gate of the prison. By looking obliquely through this window, the space in the front of the prison could be seen through the bars of the front gate. When these reports were made to me I looked out, and seeing nothing like the crowd that attends executions, I was the more strongly confirmed in my first suspicion. It was now nearly five o'clock. I ordered some dinner, and went into Lord Edward's room. I asked him how he was; he answered, ' Pretty well.' I asked him if his wounds were painful; he answered, ' No, that he was easy.' He then asked, ' Is not your name Garnett, sir ?' I answered it was; he added,' I hope, sir, I do not take you from more important occupations.' I answered that my most important occupation was the attendance on the sick, and that I trusted his Lordship would have no reason to complain of any want of care or vigilance. I mentioned that I had brought some books with me, and that I should be ready to read to him when- ever he was disposed to be amused in that way. He thanked me and said he would trouble me sometimes when I thought it would not be hurtful to him. While this conversation was passing, I heard the trampling of horses and a confused noise at the front of the prison. On looking out at one of the windows of Lord Edward's room I saw parties of several of the corps of yeomanry drawing up at the front of the prison; this at once removed the suspicion I had entertained, and I was satisfied that an execution was to take place. " The noise and the words of those without, which were heard distinctly enough to convey an idea of what was going forward, evidently agitated Lord E. The word croppy was frequently repeated, and ' D n all the croppies,' and ' I wish all the croppies were hanged,' and exclamations to that effect were frequently uttered. I drew up the windows to exclude the noise as much as possible, and I retired to my own room, lest he should inquire what the tumult proceeded from. On looking out at the window I saw that kind of expression on the countenances of the yeomen that were attending that showed they were listening to an address from the criminal, and I could hear a serjeanfc, leaning on his halbert, repeat after him that he ' died a bad soldier.' Almost immediately a sudden crash, made by the falling of the machine on which the criminal stood, and the expression of countenance of those in attendance, convinced me that he was launched into eternity. While I was reflecting on the novelty of my situation, and had my thoughts awfully called to a consideration of what had taken place during the short time that I had been within these walls (it was now twenty minutes after six), I was called by the man in attend- ance on Lord Edward with great hurry and eagerness. I found him in a state of excessive agitation; his tongue was thrust forward between his teeth, and his jaws were closed by the most rigid spasm. I forced his jaws asunder with some difficulty by means of a spatula covered with linen, and thus defended his tongue from any further wound than it had already suffered. After about half an hour's attendance the spasm subsided, and he spoke; he complained of the involuntary protrusion of his tongue and of a troublesome catching about his jaws; his wounds also, he said, were painful. By degrees, however, these symptoms subsided. The noise at the front of the prison now increased, and the words, ' Cut him down,' ' Cut him down,' were distinctly heard. Soon after I heard the words, ' Don't touch him,' ' D n you, don't touch him,' and a shot was fired. All this evidently agitated Lord Edward, and he immediately cried out, ' God look down upon those that suffer! God preserve me and have mercy on me and on those that act with me.' " The troops that attended the execution soon began to retire, and he became calm. It was now a quarter past six, and the nurse brought up some tarts for his dinner; he consented to eat them, and I retired to my room, where I made a hurried meal. Just as I had finished it, Mr. Gregg (the gaoler) came in. He informed me that the criminal who had been executed was a young man of the name of Clinch, an officer of the Kathcool Corps; that he had been found guilty of joining the rebels by a court-martial, and that he had acknowledged at the moment of his execution, in an address to the people, the justice of his sentence and the fairness of his trial; he also said that he (Clinch) had added, that the country he lived in had all been sworn by a priest. "I went into Lord E.'s room at about a quarter before seven o clock. He was very restless, but expressed a desire to get some sleep. I begged that he would compose himself, and I told him that I would sit by him; he thanked me, and seemed pleased at the offer. I sat by him for some time, but he soon became extremely restless, and insisted on permission to walk about. I remonstrated with him on the impropriety of such an attempt, and warned him of the ill consequences to his health that would follow ; to this he answered that he did not wish to live—that he was happy in the persuasion that he was dying for his country. When I urged the danger of his agitating himself, he answered that it was cruel in me to resist his dying when he chose it—that he would go to heaven—that God would receive him for having contributed to the freedom of his country—that he gloried in dying for his country, in rescuing it from his tyrants—that he had nothing to lament but his wife and children, but that his country would some time or another take care of them. He knew, he said, that he would not live to be a witness of the freedom he had contributed to, but that he would die happy as he would die in the cause of his country. He said that he felt the most firm persuasion of eternal salvation through the merits of our Saviour; he declared himself convinced of the truth of the Christian religion; that he believed all, and would believe more if it was necessary. " By degrees he became so violent that the man in attendance and I could not without difficulty confine him by force to the bed; no remonstrance could restrain him ; he roared most impetuously, and exerted a wonderful degree of strength even with his wounded arm. He called me a tyrant for not permitting him to die. I said everything I could think of to dissuade him from agitating himself. He cried out—4 Dear Ireland, I die for you ! My country, you will be free!' and then, ' D n you! why don't you let me die % I want to die. You are a tyrant! If I had a knife I would kill myself.' I here remarked—'My Lord, that would be a violation of the religion of which you profess yourself a believer.' He again repeated, or he rather answered me by saying, ' But I want to die; I want to go to the bosom of my Saviour.' His language now became most violent as well as his actions. He proceeded to the most outrageous execrations, and continued uninterruptedly exclaiming in the loudest voice, 4. . . . . .'* for upwards of twenty minutes. The entire of this paroxysm of mental agitation and madness lasted for an hour and a half. His loud vociferations assembled the people at the outside of the prison, and such of the prisoners are (sic) were at liberty to walk about assembled on the stairs leading to his room. Among these was Mr. Dowling, who was, more than any of the restj anxious to get admission into his (sic). He urged me to give hini * Seven words are omitted by the author. leave to have access to him for a moment, adding, that he was persuaded he could pacify him. To this I consented, with the hope, though without any well-founded expectation, that he would be able to accomplish it. One consideration, however, prompted me not to refuse him admission. The shrieks of Lord Edward had been heard by everyone in the street and in the prison. The agitation he was under, and the violence with which he was exert- ing his wounded limbs, could not fail to prove immediately or very soon fatal to him. Such an event might be ascribed to some unwarrantable violence offered to him, as it is unquestionable that there are too many persons every ready to invent, and thousands ready to give credit, to the most execrable calumnies. The best method of guarding against such a report I conceived to consist in admitting the most particular of his friends that was within reach to be witness to his real state. He saw him and spoke to him in my presence; but the same execrations, which had been uttered without interruption, of 'D n you! d n you!' was continued, and the same violent struggles made, nor had Mr. Dowling any more influence than those who were already with him. "The Surgeon-General, Dr. Lindsay, and Mr. Leake, arrived when this state of agitation began to subside from its greatest height; but while it was still considerable, Dr. Lindsay brought some fruit, which he told Lord Edward had been sent from Carton. The Surgeon-General went to Mr. Kinsley's to provide some means of securing Lord E. in the night, in case he should continue in the same state. On his return with Mr. Kinsley, Lord E. was calm ; he had exhausted his strength to a great degree; his wounds were dressed. Soon after his wounds were again dressed he became restless. He complained of want of sleep, and begged that I would do something to allay the catching about his jaws. I gave him a draught with 40 drops of laudanum ; he soon fell into a state of quietness, but showed no disposition to sleep. At about eleven o'clock Mr. Kinsley came with a bedstead and straps, &c, and he was removed with the mattress on which (sic) lay on the bedstead, on which a palliasse was previously placed; but, as he was then quiet, the straps were not used. " Half-past four.—Lord E. has continued quiet all night, but he has had no sleep. He drank plentifully of barley-water, and took wine and water once. He says that he feels himself better now, and that he thinks he is inclined to sleep. He spoke in the night of a Dr. Barber, whom he said he wished greatly to see, and he has just now desired that I would apply to Lord Castlereagh to write for him. " Half-past six.—He has had no sleep; his pulse became more frequent and his breathing very short; he says he is easy and free from pain. When I came into the room at this time, he said with great earnestness, ' Would to God I had one thirty thousand guineas this morning! they would make thirty thousand happy men.' I observed—' Your Lordship would distribute them generously.' He answered—' A guinea would do a great deal with a poor man f he added, with a momentary depression of countenance, ' and nothing can be done without money.' " Half-past seven. — His pulse flutters excessively, and his breathing grows very short; he has expressed a desire for some tea when I get my breakfast; the doors are not yet unlocked. " Nine o'clock.—He has had a little sleep, and his pulse is some- what more regular and firmer than it has been during the night. " Eleven o'clock.—This change in his pulse was of such short duration as scarcely to justify my having noted it; it is now rapid and irregular. (Mr. John Leeson called at about nine o'clock to inquire for Lord Edward. He came, he said, from Lord Henry Fitzgerald. I answered that he was very ill, and I thought there was reasonable hope of his recovery.) "While I sat by his bedside, he observed to me—'I have a brother Henry, that I doat on. I wish greatly to see him; but that, I suppose, cannot be allowed.' After a short pause, he said— ' I have a brother Leinster, for whom I have a high respect; he might depend on everything I did. I have a brother Robert also,' he added; 'he is in Sweden. He is a very worthy and a very respectable young man; but,' he added, ' it was he who wrote that foolish manifesto of the Swiss. Lord, how I laughed at it!' This he said with a most sarcastic expression of countenance. I thought it prudent not to enter into any conversation respecting his family lest it should agitate him or excite his wishes for an interview with his brother, Lord Henry, of whose being in Ireland he appeared to had have some intimation, or at least he strongly conjectured that he was. He requested that I would read a portion of the Bible to him. I asked what part he chose. He answered, the account of our Saviour's death. I read it from the Gospel of S. John, and he listened with the utmost attention. When I had finished reading I took his hand to feel his pnlse. He asked me how long I thought it would last. I answered that he was veiy ill, and that a resolute endeavour to compose his mind was most essential to him. He said that he was prepared for death, if the translation to a state of eternal happiness could be called death—that he confided in the mercy of God and the purity of his own intentions—that he had been zealous for the freedom of his country He seemed now to look back to the time of his violence and derangement last night, observing, that the heads of men in his situation were often unsettled. He said this with a look expressive of apology to me for the violence of his actions and of his language. He eat one or two mouthfuls of dry toast at about half-ten, and drank a very small quantity of tea, but evidently without relishing them. He eat a few strawberries and about a dozen cherries, observing, that they came from dear Carton (this observation clearly evinces his recollection of last night), and he eat them with a good appetite. " A volume of Shakespear lay in the room. I asked him if he admired his plays. He answered with vivacity, that he did greatly, and he asked me to read the speech on the immortality of the soul; but I believe that he had then in his view the speech in ' Cato'—' It must be so. Plato, thou reasonest well,' &c.; for he immediately asked me if I thought he could get Addison's ' Cato.' The volume of Shakespear contained some of the comedies. I read the titles of those it contained, and asked if he had any desire to have a part of any of them read to him. He answered that he could not now enter into them. I breakfasted in the room with him, and while I waited for the tea-kettle, he asked, with kindness, if I did not intend to eat something. " Twelve o'clock.—He continued perfectly composed till near twelve o'clock, at which time he became restless, and desired to get up. His wish was complied with, as his bed was in a disorderly state, and he required a change of linen. While he was sitting on the bedside, the Surgeon-General, Dr. Lindsay, Mr. Leake, and Mr. Gregg came in; his wounds were dressed and had a favourable appearance notwithstanding the agitation of last night. " One o'clock.—He has continued tranquil since, except that he once entreated permission to get up; but, by soothing persuasions, I prevailed on him to remain in bed. I requested him not to agitate himself by contending to get out of bed—that he had suffered greatly by his exertions last night. He answered that he would try to stay in bed, but that it was very cruel in one to confine him to it. I answered—' My Lord, you must be persuaded that your own health and safety are at stake, and that my only motive can be a desire to contribute to them.' On this he stretched out his hand to me, and said—' I give you a great deal of trouble, sir,' and he then expressed a desire to compose himself to sleep, and I left the room. "Two o'clock. —Lord Edward sent for me at half-past one o'clock. On my coming into the room and asking what I could do for him, he answered that he wished to talk to me about Ryan's wounds. I told him that I had not heard anything respecting him lately, as I imagined that it would shock him to hear of his death. He observed that he had given him three damned gashes in the belly; that he was sure his tripes must have been out. He said that he had fought like a devil with five of them—that if he could have got to a little window he would have escaped over the houses in disguise. He then expressed an earnest desire to see Dr. Barber; he said he could be heard of at Mr. Mercer's, in Gloucester-street; that he, Mr. Mercer, would send for him. Then* sentiments, he said (Lord E. and those of Dr. Barber), coincided so entirely that he wished greatly to have some conversation with him; he said he was the first United man in that country. He talked with enthusiasm of the Presbyterian meeting-houses being alternately crowded with persons of their own and the Popish congregation. He said it was a glorious sight, and that the children were brought up in these principles by Dr. Barber. " Half-past three.—His pulse is rapid, attended with convul- sive twitchings; he bites his lips, and his eyes roll incessantly, and his countenance is flushed to a high degree. I remarked to him that he seemed agitated, and he answered, ' I was only thinking.' He desired to see Captain Russell. " Five o'clock.—He is now pretty easy; he was greatly disturbed and very urgent to get out of bed, but by gentle persuasions I prevailed on him to relinquish the desire. I allowed him to sit on the bedside, warmly covered with the bed-clothes, for a few minutes, about half an hour ago, and he has been quiet since. In the course of my sitting by him I inquired what regiments Lis Lordship had been in; he answered, in the 54th and 19th. Had he been long in the army? he answered that he had served in the American war, and added, that he hoped God would forgive him. I mentioned that I had heard Major Brown, of the Engineers, talk with esteem and respect for him ; he replied that he knew him, and that he was a very worthy fellow. "Half-past four.—His pulse is small and very frequent; the spasmodic twitchings not so considerable; he eat about half a dozen heads of asparagus at four o'clock. "Twelve o'clock.—He continued tolerably quiet till eight o'clock, when his wounds were dressed; his breathing, however, became hourly more and more difficult, and his strength was evidently sinking rapidly. After his wound was dressed and he was settled in bed, he made one vigorous attempt to get up, and grew extremely restless. He raved on addressing the people; talked of principles, and being up; and at one time said—' If you had clone so, you must have gone to America.' He turned to me, as I sat at the head of his bed, and asked me if I was not too high to be heard from where I was. I answered, ' No.' He then said—' Well, that is a good thing. Can they hear you from where you are V I answered, ' They could.' He then said—' Well, then, stay up as you are there.' In this kind of state he continued till about a quarter after ten o'clock, when Lord Clare, accompanied by Lady Louisa Connolly and Lord Henry Fitzgerald and Dr. Lindsay, were admitted to him. The scene was a most affecting one, and such as I shall not attempt to describe. When Lady L. C. and his brother first went to his bedside he appeared not to know them. I went over and called his attention to them, mentioning who they were. He then called Lady L. C. his dear aunt, and embraced her and his brother most warmly, but his attention soon wandered from them. They continued with him for upwards of an hour; during a part of that time I was in the room, and during the remainder I was in the adjoining room with Lord Clare, who appeared greatly moved and unwilling to remain in the room. He raved, while they were with him, of battles between the insurgents m the North and some regiments of militia; he particularly named the Fermanagh militia, and talked of a battle at Armagh that lasted for two days. " After their departure his mind continued in the same deranged state, and he took no notice of their having been with him. " Half-past twelve.—Within this half hour his deglutition, which 2 A heretofore has been perfectly free, has been much impeded, and his dissolution is evidently approaching rapidly. " Two o'clock.—After a violent struggle, that commenced at a little after twelve o'clock, this ill-fated young man has just drawn his last breath. " J. Armstrong Garnett. "June 4, 1798." On the 13th August, 1798, Garnett was ordered to attend before the " Committee of the whole House " of Commons, to " whom it is referred to take into consideration a Bill for the Attainder of Edward Fitzgerald, commonly called Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Cornelius Grogan and Beauchamp< Bagenal Harvey, of High Treason." That Garnett was a medical celebrity in 1804 is evident from the following reference to him in the Metropolis:— " Would clear-brained C s add to penetration Some novel spirit of investigation, He'd vaunt of just success, while clumsy D e Should pluck a sprig from G—n—tt's happy grace." SIR PHILIP CRAMPTON, PRESIDENT IN 1811, 1820, 1844, AND 1855. Sir Philip Crampton was born in No. 16 William-street, Dublin, on the 7th June, 1777. His ancestor, John Crampton, came to Ireland from Nottinghamshire in the time of Charles II. His son, John, born in 1686, became Rector of Headford and Archdeacon of Tuam, and married the Hon. Miss Fiennes Twisleton, daughter of Lord Saye and Sele. The present possessor of that title (an archdeacon of the Established Church in England) is Frederick Twisleton Wykeham Fiennes. Sir Philip Crampton evidently named his son, the present baronet, John Fiennes Twisleton in honour of his " grand relations." Archdeacon Crampton had four sons and two daughters. His third son, John, was born on the 20th October, 1732, and was indentured to Surgeon George Daunt, and having turned his atten- tion to dentistry, which at that time was rarely practised by educated surgeons, he soon attained to a large practice, and realised a handsome fortune. He married Anne, daughter of James Verncr, of Churchill, County of Armagh, a member of one of the oldest of the aristocratic families of that county. Towards the latter part of his life he resided in a handsome house in Merrion-square. He died in August, 1792, leaving a goodly fortune to his eldest son, and £2,000 to each of his other two sons. One of them became a judge, another entered the Church, and was promoted to the Rectory of Mulcaher, in the County of Limerick, and the youngest, Philip, elected to be a surgeon. Philip Crampton was fond of music, and, when a lad, became intimate with Wolfe Tone, the United Irishman. It is said that whilst Crampton and Tone were playing a duet in the house of Mrs. Crampton, information was brought to Tone that his relations with the United Irishmen had just been discovered. On the 8th November, 1792, and when little more than fourteen years old, Crampton was indentured to Surgeon Solomon Pvichards, of York-street, and soon after commenced his professional studies in the College School, in Mercer-street, and in the Meath Hospital. In 1798 he was "passed" at the College for surgeon's mate, and soon after was attached to the army of Sir John Moore. He saw, however, very little of foreign service. He studied, in 1799, at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London, and graduated, in 1800, M.D. in Glasgow University. On the 25th September, 1798, he received the Letters Testimonial of the College, and three days later he was appointed a surgeon to the Meath Hospital, in succession to W. Dease. This position he retained until his death—a period of nearly sixty years. On the 11th of August, 1801, Crampton was elected a member of the College, and the high opinion entertained of his abilities by his colleagues is shown by his election, a few months later, to the membership of the Court of Assistants. At this time he was not twenty-five years old. On the 12th May, 1802, Crampton married Selina, third of the eight daughters of Patrick Hamilton Cannon, an officer of the 12th Dragoons. " Her face was her fortune." She died in consequence of a severe burn, which terribly disfigured her face, in 1804 he fitted up the rere buildings of his house, No. 24 Dawson-street, as a dissecting room and lecture-theatre. Here lie taught anatomy and surgery until 1813, thereby establishing the first of those private schools which afterwards became so numerous in Dublin (see Chapter on the Private Schools). In 1806 he was appointed a surgeon to the Westmoreland Lock Hospital, Townsend- street. Crampton's reputation as a surgeon was now steadily increasing. A circumstance which occurred in 1810 made him the subject of town talk for a considerable time, and it is said had an immediate effect upon his practice. A waiter in the Richmond Tavern, which was situated opposite to Crampton's house, was choking from the impaction of a piece of meat in his oesophagus. Crampton was sent for, promptly performed tracheotomy, and the man recovered. In 1811 Crampton was elected President of the College. In 1813 he was appointed to the important and lucrative position of Surgeon-General by the Lord Lieutenant (the Duke of Richmond). His practice, which at this time was considerable, was still further increased, and he now began to mix in the most fashionable circles of Dublin society. The following anecdote is told in reference to his first appearance at Dublin Castle in the handsome uniform of the Surgeon-General:—Some one having inquired as to his identity, a gentleman replied, " He is the Surgeon-General;" whereupon the witty Judge Norbury, who was present, exclaimed, " I suppose that is a general in the Lancers? Another version of this anecdote, in which King George IV. is made the inquirer as to Crampton's identity is, I am satisfied, erroneous. Crampton was a man of very striking appearance; he was tall, well proportioned, and fleshy; his features were large and well shaped, his forehead massive, and his hair abundant up to old age. He was very fond of rural sports, especially of hunting. The clever but often unjustly sarcastic writer, Erinensis, whose letters to the Lancet caused so much com- motion 60 years ago, gives the following description of the Surgeon- General:—"About six feet in height, slightly formed, elegantly proportioned, and elastic as corkwood; and if, instead of the gothic (abides by which his graceful figure was distorted, he had been habited in flowing robes of Lincoln green, he might doubtless have posed for the model of James Fitzjames. A blue coat with scarcely anything deserving the name of skirts, a pair of doe-skin breeches that did every justice to the ingenious maker, top boots, spurs of imposing longitude, and a whip, called a blazer in this country, completed the costume of this dandy Nimrod." Crampton had a country residence (St. Valerie's), situated in a small demesne near Bray. He loved this house, and spent much of his holiday time in it. When advanced in years, he was heard one day to boast that he had swam across Lough Bray, ridden into Dublin, and amputated a limb before breakfast. Crampton resided for about 45 years in the house No. 14 Merxion-square, which has the well-known pear tree on its front. Here he died on the 10th June, 1858, aged eighty-one years and three days. According to his wish, his body was encased in Roman cement, in presence of Messrs. F. Rynd, Josiah Smyly, and P. C. Smyly, and was interred in Mount Jerome cemetery. Crampton had two sons, one of whom died young, and four daughters. He was succeeded in his title by his son, already referred to, a distinguished diplomatist, who served as British Ambassador at the Courts of St. Petersburg and Madrid. He resides at Bray, is childless, and with him the baronetcy becomes extinct. Crampton attained to every honour which is usually bestowed upon eminent medical men. He was admitted to the Fellowship of the Royal Society, and to the ordinary or honorary membership of many British and foreign scientific associations. With the exception of S. Richards, he was the only member who was four times eiected President of the College. He was successively Surgeon-in-Ordinary in Ireland to George IV. and Queen Victoria; and in 1839 her Majesty created him a baronet. He was a member of the Senates of the Queen's and London Universities. He was President of the Zoological Society, of whom he was the principal founder, and for whom he was mainly instrumental in procuring the site of their beautiful gardens in the Phoenix Park. Crampton takes rank with the greatest surgeons which the United Kingdom has produced. He was sagacious in diagnosis, ready in resources, dexterous in the use of instruments, and sympathetic in his treatment of his patients. Surgeon Maurice H. Collis, in an Introductory Address delivered in the Meath Hospital, described his surgical skill as follows:—" Crampton's great forte lay in acute observation—a look, a touch, one or two pregnant questions, and the diagnosis was made, and the treatment determined upon. And with this rapidity of judgment—so captivating to the looker-on, and so fatal to those who, with less accurate eye and feebler powers of deduction, attempt to copy it—he seldom erred. To the last his hand was light and steady, his movements as an operator quietly graceful, devoid of ostentatious show, rapid, but not hurried, cool in every emergency, and prompt in every danger." In 1805 Crampton published an essay on Entropeon, or inversion of the eyelid, which excited considerable interest at the time. In 1813 he described, in the Annals of Philosophy, a muscle in the eyes of birds, arising from the inner surface of the bony hoop which surrounds the cornea, and terminating in a circular tendon connected with the circular lamina of the cornea. By means of this muscle the lens can be so adjusted—telescoped, so to speak—as to enable it to see objects at short or long distances, as required. This muscle has been termed musculus cramptonius in honour of its discoverer, who was also rewarded by being elected a F.R.S. [A. Macalister has, however, shown that the discovery, though . important, was not quite novel, Porterfield having, in 1757, made some reference to such a muscle.] He improved the operation for cleft palate, and his papers on various practical subjects, published in the Dublin Hospital Reports, the Dublin Medical Journal, and the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, are valuable. He was an excellent clinical teacher, and ably co-operated with Graves in introducing the bedside system of instruction to students. Crampton was the first to pei-form lithotrity in Dublin, having operated for stone by that method on the 7th March, 1834. Apropos to lithotrity, the following may prove interesting:— About 1800 a Colonel Martin proposed a method of crushing stone in the bladder, but the process was brought into operation with great success by Dr. Civiale, who is usually regarded as the inventor of lithotrity. The operation is, however, supposed to have been performed so early as the year 15 by Ammonius, of Alexandria. Dr. Olympias discovered, in 1857, that lithotrity was practised as early as the ninth century. " Chronography " was the title of one of the works of a Byzantine historian named Theophanes, and a biography of this author, written by a contemporary, is prefixed to the work. In this biography it is stated that Theophanes, find- ing the Emperor Leon the Armenian suffering from dysuria and chronic disease of the kidneys, introduced into his bladder, through the natural passage to that viscus, instruments by which he crushed and extracted stones, and gave ease to his imperial patient. Thus it would appear that Colonel Martin's and Dr. Civiale's supposed invention of lithotrity was anticipated certainly a thousand and probably eighteen hundred years ago. In Collins' " Lives and Actions of the Sidneys," a MS. preserved in the State Papers Office, Dublin, and to which Sir Philip Crampton directed attention in 1838, in an address to the College of Surgeons, it is shown that lithotrity was practised in Dublin 326 years ago. It is as follows:—" My Lord President (Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy in Ireland), being of the age of xxxvi yeares went into Ireland a hole man, not touched with the stone, and so remaned one yeare and a half or thereabought, and then, after long grief, avoided two stones, which were very big, such as few men have been known to have avoided. After this he took his journey to the north parts of Irelande and so continued void of pain or grief until his arrival in Englande, which was about 8 weeks after, and then at Chester felt the like grief as at first, and 60 continued in pain until Christmas Eve; at that time being searched with Surgeons he avoided one other stone broken by the Surgeon his instrument in divers pieces, for that it was so great that otherwise it could not be taken out, for all the pieces laid together might make the quantity of a nutmegge." Francis L'Estrange, a Dublin surgeon, improved the two-branch lithrotomy instrument invented by Weiss, by adapting a screw to the movable part of it, by means of which the calculus might, in most cases, be pulverised without the use of percussion. Crampton was a well-read man. and possessed an excellent know- ledge of the classics and history. He shone in conversation, and as a lecturer his style was clear and ornate. He gave a celebrated lecture on the history of medicine in 1838, at an evening meeting of the College of Surgeons, in presence of the Viceroy (Lord Normanby) and a distinguished company. Crampton's memory was done honour to by both his professional brethren and the general public. His bust in marble adorns the College of Surgeons. A bronze fountain, having a bust of Crampton' in the front of it, is placed in the open space at the junction of Great Brunswick-street and College-street. The inscription upon it is the composition of the late Earl of Carlisle, Lord Lieutenant, and is as follows:—"This fountain has been placed here—a type of health and usefulness—by the friends and admirers of Sir Philip Crampton, Bart., Surgeon-General to Her Majesty's Forces. It but feebly represents the sparkle of his genial fancy, the depth of his calm sagacity, the clearness of his spotless honour, the flow of his boundless benevolence." A marble statue of Crampton from the master chisel of Foley, placed in the College Hall, would have been a more suitable memorial of him than the inartistic structure in College-street. As the statue of William Dease will soon adorn the College Hall, let us hope that the statues of Colles, Crampton, and Carmichael will yet be placed beside it. JOHN CREIGHTON, PRESIDENT IN 1812 AND 1824. J. Creighton was born in 1768, at Athlone. His father possessed some landed property near that town, and had a residence in Dublin. He was a cadet of the noble house of Erne, the family name of which, originally Crichton, changed into Creighton in the last century, has, within the present one, reverted to its original orthography. lie married a daughter of Mr. Edward Low, of Lissay, County of Westmeath. Her sister married Mr. Vigors, of Burgage, Co. Carlow, at which residence some of John Creighton's earlier years were spent. He obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College on the 18th October, 1792, and became a member on the 24th November following. He served as surgeon to the Foundlings' Hospital for the period of 30 years. One of the earliest and most ardent of Jenner's disciples, he was the principal founder of the Cowpock Institution in Dublin, and ably advocated by papers and lectures the principles of vaccination. Between the 30th December, 1800, and the 15th July, 1801, he vaccinated nine children. The Surgeon-General, G. Stewart, attempted to inoculate those children with the virus of small-pox, but in every instance failed, and similar trials with ten children gave identical results. Seven years afterwards the nineteen children—all of whom, strange to relate, lived through a stage of life in which the rate of mortality is exceedingly high—were inoculated with small- pox matter, but resisted its infective power. John Abraham, Creighton's eldest son, was one of the nineteen children. He became a licentiate of the College in 1819, and succeeded his father as surgeon to the Foundlings' Hospital, and retained his connection with the institution until it was abolished. Richard H., another of Creighton's sons, was also one of the nineteen children (Saunders' News-Letter, February, 1839). It seems certain that Creighton first introduced the practice of vaccination into Ireland. He served, " without fee or reward," as Physician to the Cowpock Institution, established in 1800 at 26 Exchequer-street. Creighton had a large practice, and his patients were amongst the most fashionable classes. He attended the family of the great Duke of Wellington when, as Sir Arthur Wellesley, he was Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant. He was regarded as peculiarly skilful in the treatment of diseases incidental to infancy. On the 1st December, 1794, he succeeded Sir Henry Jebb as Professor of Midwifery in the College School. He was wont to commence his lectures with an exordium in highly ornate language, on women and their role in nature, styling them " the loveliest things of God's creation." John Creighton married Margaret St. Clair, whose family claimed direct descent from Strongbow. He died from paralysis, on the 11th August, 1827, at 4 Merrion-square, and was interred in St. Ann's church. Dr. Crichton, of Youghal, is grandson of the * resident, but he has changed the spelling of his name. RICHARD CARMICHAEL, PRESIDENT IN 1813, 1826, AND 1845. R. Carmichael was descended from an ancient Scottish family, one of whom, in the person of a cadet of the noble house of Hynd- ford, settled in Ireland about the middle of the seventeenth century. Andrew Carmichael, of Dungannon, died in 1758, and his death was announced in the newspapers of the day as follows: " Last week, at Dungannon, aged upwards of 90, Andrew Carmichael, of an ancient Scottish Family, a gentleman much esteemed for universal benevo- lence, probity, and skill. He maintained his judgment and memory to the last; and was remarkable for writing the smallest hand and reading the smallest print, without spectacles." A grandson of this Andrew Carmichael, was Hugh Carmichael, Solicitor, and Deputy Clerk of the Crown for Drogheda, and the Counties of Meath and Louth. He married Sarah, second daughter of Richard Rogers, of Balgeen, County of Meath. Richard, their fourth son, was born* on the 6th February, 1776, at Bishop-street, Dublin. He Avas indentured in 1794 to Robert Moore Peile, and his profes- sional education was completed in the College School, chiefly under the direction of Halahan and Dease, and in the House of Industry Hospitals. On the 15th September, 1795, being then only in his twentieth year, he " passed " at the College of Surgeons the examination quali- fying him to act as surgeon's mate to a regiment. He was shortly afterwards attached to the Wexford Militia, and served in that regiment until the reduction in the strength of the forces, which in 1802 resulted from the Peace of Amiens. He was for a long period quartered in Dungannon Fort. In 1803 he settled down to practise in Cumberland-street, Dublin, and in an almost unprece- dentedly short time rose to eminence in his profession. On the 16th May, 1803, he passed his examination for the licence of the College, and on the 7th November following he was elected member. In January, 1813, he was placed, at the early age of thirty-four, in * R. Carmichael had more than one " Rtrain " of blue blood in his veins. His great grandmother was the Hon. Letitia Moore, daughter of the second Earl of Drogheda. the presidential chair. In 1803 he was elected Surgeon to St. George's Hospital and Dispensary—an institution in which he began his study of cancer. On the 23rd of August, lol6, he was appointed a Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals—institu- tions which he raised greatly in public estimation by his teaching, and to which his admirable cliniques attracted large classes. In 1810 his appointment as a Surgeon to the Lock Hospital gave him ample opportunities of observing that disease with the history of the diagnosis and treatment of which Carmichael's name will be for ever associated. For many years his practice was large and lucrative. He resided in the splendid house, No. 24 Rutland-square, where he entertained his friends hospitablyand gracefully. Although he had so much professional work to absorb his time, he continued to devote himself to literary labours. His published papers exceed thirty. Carmichael, for a long period, gave himself but little leisure or pleasure; he was indeed a thorough worker, as every profes- sional man must be who aspires to reputation and to riches. It will not now suffice that he should, with Martial, thus describe his sole occupation, " Prandeo, poto, ludo, lego, cano, quiesco." About the year 1825 a change took place in Carmichael's religious opinions which induced him to sever his connection with the Protestant Episcopal Church, and to attach himself to the Unitarian Communion. It would appear that this step led to the rupture of some friendships of old standing; but this change of faith did not affect the high respect and admiration entertained towards him by his medical brethren at large, or by the general public. In 1827 he began to suffer from gouty sciatica and gall stones. He continued in a very delicate state for about two years, and at length was obliged to relinquish practice for a while and to seek for health renovation at the pleasant health resorts in the south of France. At the close of 1829 he returned to Dublin with mind and body restored to their normal state, and recommenced practice. In 1835 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of France, being the first Irishman upon whom that body—one of the most illustrious societies in the world—conferred such a distinction. Carmichael was an ardent medical reformer, and for ten years presided over the Medical Association of Ireland, the objects of which were the protection of the interests of the profession, and the reformation of the methods of educating and examining its members. Carmichael desired to see a separation of the prescribing from the compounding of medicines, and he advocated the complete education of the student, so as to qualify him to practise in any department of the healing art. The soundness of these views is shown by recent attempted medical legislation and by the actual and meditated combinations of licensing bodies to confer a complete qualification in medicine, surgery, and midwifery, which indeed should be the indispensable condition for registration as a medical practitioner. Carmichael contributed £500 to the funds of this Association; but the money not being required, was ultimately, at Carmichael's desire, transferred to the Medical Benevolent Associa- tion. This institution had always in him an active advocate and a liberal benefactor, and his last public act was to preside at one of its annual meetings. In his will this excellent Society was not forgotten, £4,500 being bequeathed to it. Carmichael's death took place under melancholy circumstances. He had a seaside residence at Sutton, near Howth. On the 8th June, 1849, he was riding from Dublin to this house, about half-past six o'clock in the evening. He appears to have been tempted to shorten the journey by crossing the strand between Clontarf and Sutton, the tide being at the time out, and in some way, which can never be known, he was drowned. It is probable that he kept too far from the shore and got into a channel which, even when the tide is fully out, is seven or eight feet in depth. His horse may have suddenly plunged into this channel and thrown its rider into the deep water. Carmichael was an excellent swimmer, but the fall may have stunned him. When, four days later, his body was recovered, no fractures of any portion of it were discovered. Carmichael's funeral was largely attended by the profession and the general public. The members of the medical corporations walked in the procession; and upon this occasion, and as a compli- ment to the memory of Carmichael, thrice President of his College, their President, Fellows, and Licentiates were given precedence over the physicians. His resting place is the new cemetery of St. George's parish. Dr. John M'Donnell, the pupil and the friend of Cannichael, at the time of his death, wrote the following truthful and eloquent words:— " His epitaph should resemble that of Boerhaave in sublime sim- plicity. The tablet that marks the spot in the cemetery of St. George's parish, where all of him that was not immortal rests, should bear an inscription like this:— " Salutif ero KlOHARDI CARMICHAEL genio sacrum. We were about to say that a brilliant light had been extinguished by the death of this great and good man. But it is not so. His bright example will long light congenial spirits in his profession to tread the path he trod, and encourage them to emulate the energy, the perseverance, the virtues, that made him an ornament to his profession, a credit to his country, an honour to human nature itself. " 'Tanto nomini nullum par eulogium.' " Even his death has " 'Mark'd him extraordinary; And all the courses of his life have shown He was not in the roll of common men.' " Carmichael was a handsome man. His figure was firm and erect. His face was, on the whole, a kindly one, though the firmly-set mouth indicated great strength of character and determination. His forehead was ample, his eyes large, and his nose aquiline. Carmichael married Jane, daughter of Walter Bourne, Clerk of the Crown of the Court of Queen's Bench. She was the grand- daughter of Andrew Carmichael, a cousin of Richard Carmichael, and father of Surgeon Hugh Carmichael. Richard Carmichael had no children. The liberality of Carmichael was too large and general to be concealed. He was most considerate when his professional services were sought for by those who could ill afford to pay adequately for them. On the other hand, he observed the strictest professional i etiquette, and was never known to oust a brother-professional man. He left this world respected by the public and honoured by his professional brethren—Non omnis morior, muUaque pars mei vitabit libitinarn. In 1846, on becoming President for the third time, he publicly announced his intention to give up practice as an ordinary visiting surgeon, and to confine himself to consultation cases, and to seeing patients in his own house. This step was taken altogether in the interests of his younger professional brethren, a large number of whom soon after acknowledged his generous consideration for them in a handsomely-worded address. A sincere admiration for Car- michael was not confined to his junior brethren, for, in 1841, 410 medical men, representing fully every department and branch of the profession, presented to him a testimonial consisting of a piece of plate, and an address. The latter expressed their high sense of the many services which he had rendered to the profession and to the cause of medical reform. Carmichael bequeathed £10,000 for the improvement of the Richmond Hospital School, in which, for a short time, he lectured on surgery and anatomy. His connection with this School, and with an earlier one established in 1816, will be described in the Chapter on the Private Schools. He left to the College of Surgeons £3,000, in trust, for the purpose of giving prizes every fourth year for the best two essays on medical education, submitted to competitive tests. The first prize is £200, and the second £100. Drs. Mapother, Isaac Ashe, Dale, Rivington, and Laffan, have won Carmichael Essay Prizes. There are not many anecdotes current in reference to Carmichael. It is said that he once attended Lord Norbury, who was threatened with a determination of blood to the head; he opened the temporal artery, and relieved the tension. Whilst engaged in the operation, Lord Norbury said : " Carmichael, I believe you were never called to the Bar." " No, my Lord, I never was,'' replied Carmichael. " Well, doctor," rejoined the witty judge, " I am sure I can safely say that you have cut a figure in the Templet The following anecdote illustrates Carmichael's generous disposi- tion. The late Mr. Robert Adams and Dr. John M'Donnell—who is still with us, old, but hale, and vigorously intellectual—were candidates for the surgeoncy in the House of Industry Hospitals, rendered vacant by the death of Ephraim M'Dowel. In order to prevent either (especially the latter) from being disappointed, and to secure for the Hospitals men whom he knew would be valuable acquisitions, he created a second vacancy by himself resigning. Carmichael, so early as 1806, and when only twenty-seven years old, published in Dublin a work entitled " An Essay upon the Effects of Carbonate of Iron upon Cancer; with an Enquiry into the Nature of that Disease." 8vo, pp. 113. A second edition of this work, enlarged to 495 pages, appeared in 1809. These works are his least meritorious, and his views as to the nature of cancer are not now shared in by nosologists. In 1810 he published in London " An Essay on the Nature of Scrofula," a small work of 111 pages. He contended in it that this disease resulted from disorders of the digestive organs. This work attracted considerable attention, and a German translation of it appeared in Leipzig in lblS. In 1814 he published in Dublin a quarto volume of 237 payes, with four plates, on " The Venereal Diseases which have been confounded with Syphilis, and the Symptoms which exclusively arise from that Poison." In 1818 there appeared in London his " Observations on the Symptoms and Specific Characteristics of Venereal Diseases, interspersed with Hints for the more effectual prosecution of the present Enquiry into the Use and Abuse of Mercury in their Treatment." 8vo, pp. 221. A second edition, consisting of 376 pages and five plates, appeared in 1825. In 1836 he published in Dublin "An Essay on the Origin and Nature of Tuberculous and Cancerous Diseases." 8vo, pp. 56. In 1842 a new edition of his " Clinical Lectures on Syphilis," reported by Dr. Samuel Gordon, was published in Dublin. Two pamphlets containing his introductory lectures on Anatomy and Surgery, at the Richmond Hospital School, were published in 1827. The most celebrated of Carmichacl's works are those relating to Syphilis. In 1786 John Hunter contended that all forms of venereal disease arose from a common cause, but that many maladies simulated the characteristics of syphilis. He instanced the case of a gentleman who inoculated himself with the matter of yaws, and suffered there- from all the symptoms usually described as the secondary of syphilis ; they were, however, unaffected by mercury. In Abernethy's work, published in 1804, it was contended that the only difference between syphilis and gonorrhoea was a clinical one—syphilis was curable by mercury, gonorrhoea was not. The theory of the unity of syphilitic poison was supported by Cazenave in Paris. Ricord combated it, and advanced many proofs to demonstrate that syphilis and gonorrhoea were in every respect distinct diseases. He converted the immense majority of the profession. His assertion, however, that secondary syphilis was non-effective was disproved by Wallace's experiments in Dublin. Carmichael did great service by proving that syphilis was curable without the aid of mercury. Clutterbuck made, indeed, a somewhat similar assertion iu a pamphlet published in 1799,and which seems to have attracted but little attention. " I have seen," says the author, " cases which induce me to believe that the venereal disease, in some of its stages, may get well without mercury or any other remedy." This is a weak statement—nearly every disease may disappear without being expelled by medicines. Some other writers have treated this subject, but it is admitted that Carmichael settled the matter. He adopted and expanded Ricord's views as to the plurality of syphilitic poisons. Carmichael said that his reputation would, like an Isle-of-Man penny, rest upon three legs—syphilis, scrofula, and cancer. Time has knocked away two of those legs, but the syphilis one is likely to last for ever. CUSACK KONEY, PRESIDENT IN 1814 AND 1828. Perhaps the most modern example of the adoption of the healing art as a hereditary profession in Ireland is afforded in the case of the Roney family. In 1752 Cusick Roney, of Meath-street, was one of the surgeons to St. Nicholas' Hospital, or the new Charitable Infirmary, Cole's-alley, off Meath-street. It was founded by him in conjunction with Doctors Patrick Kelly, John Taaffe, and Edward Jennings, and Surgeons Peter Brenan, Thomas Mercer, James Dillon, and Edward Walls. In the following year a large house was taken in Francis-street, and the hospital transferred to it. It was the first one established in that part of Dublin, in which at that time a dense population, largely composed of artisans, lived. They kept early hours in those days ; the dispensary attached to the hospital was opened at eight o'clock and closed at ten o'clock a.m. — dispensaries are now opened at the latter hour. St. Catherine's Hospital, which was soon afterwards established, was subsequently united with St. Nicholas', and in the year 1808 the United Hospital of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine was removed to Mark-street, and was re-named the Hospital of St. Mark and St. Ann. It was closed for some time, and subsequently re-opened as an Eye and Ear Hospital. Finally, on the extinction of Park-street Medical School in 1848, the hospital was removed to the school premises, and is now St. Mark's Hospital for Diseases of the Eye and Ear. Cusick Roney's son, Patrick Cusack, was born in the year 1753, and served an apprenticeship to his father in Meath-street. He appears to have converted the " i" in his second Christian name into "a," but he did not, as asserted by the satirical "turpentine " Brennan in the Milesian Magazine, omit an " o " from his patronymic, although the author of the Metropolis also stated that he did so, for he says:— " Och, Paddy R y, if you're titled so, For why—young C—u—k has renounced an 'o.'" The name may have originally been Rooney, but so far back as 1752 his father wrote it Roney. He was surgeon to Cork-street Fever Hospital for many years, and in 1782, on the death of Alexander Cunningham, he succeeded that surgeon in the Meath Hospital, and resigned'the office in favour of his son, Thomas Roney, in 1813. P. C. Roney married Bridget Forde. They had several children. He died in Meath-street on 4th December, 1822, and was buried in St. Catherine's churchyard. Their eldest son, Cusack, was born in Meath-street in 1782. He was indentured to his father on the 2nd November, 1795, and studied professionally in the College of Surgeons1 School. He became a Licentiate of the College on the 15th June, 1801, and was elected a member thereof on the 7th November, 1803. 2 B In 1802 Roney succeeded George O'Brien as Surgeon to the Meath Hospital, and retained that position until his death. He was also Surgeon to Kilmainham Prison. At first he resided in Dominick- street, and about 1824 changed his residence to York-street. He speculated largely in stocks, and lost heavily. This misfortune obliged him to leave Dublin, and he resided with one of his sons in London for several years. He returned to Dublin, and died of Asiatic cholera on the 26th August, 1849, at Mountpleasant-square, and was buried in St. Catherine's Churchyard, James's-street. Roney married a Charlotte Mallay, by whom he had three sons and one daughter. His eldest son, Cusack Patrick, was a Licentiate of the College of Surgeons, but he gave up the practice of surgery, became connected with the railway interests, and was knighted for his services in connection with the International Exhibition at Dublin in 1853. His second son attained to a good position as a barrister in Demerara, and the youngest became a colonel in the British army. All are dead. His daughter married Surgeon Dillon, long connected as a Demonstrator with the College School. Thus we see that four generations of the Roney's practised surgery. Charles Lever has immortalised Cusack Roney in his amusing novel, the " Confessions of Harry Lorrequer." Dr. Finucane, pre- tending to be suffering from hydrophobia, tells Lorrequer that he had bitten off Cusack Roney's thumb, whereupon the doctor is left to the exclusive possession of the interior of a mail coach, whilst Lorrequer passes a rainy night upon its summit. SAMUEL WILMOT, PRESIDENT IN 1815 AND 1832. S. Wilmot was born in June, 1772, at the large house, now the Convent of St. Clare, Harold's Cross, Dublin. His father, John Wilmot, a gentleman of independent means, was married to Ann, daughter of John Allam, of Moravia. Wilmot had an aversion to surgery, and insisted upon his son, who desired to study the healing art, confining himself to medicine. Wilmot entered T.C.D. in 1790. In 1813 he took the degrees of M.B. and M.D. After his father's death he turned his attention to surgery, and studied anatomy under Hartigan. On Nov. 24, 1801, he obtained the Letters Testi- monial of the College of Surgeons, and was elected a member on May 7, 1804. In 1802 he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the School of Trinity College, and acted as locum tenens for Professor Hartigan in 1811 and 1812. He was a candidate, in 1813, for the Chair of Anatomy and Chirurgery, but was, contrary to general expectation, defeated by Dr. James Macartney. Many were displeased with this election, believing that Macartney was an Englishman and a stranger. He was, however, a native of Armagh, and had received part of his professional education in Dublin. Professor Macalister, in an interesting presidential Address to the Sub-Section of Anatomy and Physiology of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland, says of him that—" He was an expert anatomist, a philo- sophical biologist far in advance of his period, with a mind and memory stored with knowledge, acquired, riot by any short cut of books, but by the toilsome, yet thorough, method of knife and forceps. His description of the anatomy of the vascular system of birds has, in many respects, not been surpassed, and his account of the anatomy of mammals may be read with more profit than many modern works. In his account of the brain of the chimpanzee, and its comparison with that of an idiot, as well as in others of his papers, there are glimpses of a morphology far beyond that of Cuvier, whose translated works Macartney edited; and his work on Inflammation* may be placed side by side with any pathological work of the period, while his researches on animal luminosity (in the ' Philosophical Transactions') form the basis of many of the subsequent researches on the subject." Macartney discovered the fibrous nature of the white matter of the brain, and the connection between the sub- cortical nerve-fibre and the gray cerebral matter. He gave the first satisfactory account of the process of rumination in the herbivora, and he discovered numerous glandular appendages in the digestive organs of mammals, especially of rodents. Under his super- vision there were translated, from the Latin, Adolphus Murray's "Description af the Human Arteries;" and, from the French, * This book was published in London in 1811. SAMUEL WILMOT.—JAMES MACARTNEY. Cuvier's " Lemons d'Anatomie Comparee." Both works are now very rare. It was, perhaps, well that Wilmot failed to obtain the College Professorship, for he might not have acquired the great reputation as a pure anatomist that he won as a surgeon, and Macartney* would have been lost to the Irish School of Medicine. S. Wilmot's first appointment was to the Meath Dispensary. In 1807 he was elected Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital—chiefly owing to James M'Evoy's influence, and he succeeded O'Brien as Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. Subsequently he held positions in connection with the Lock, Sir Patrick Dun's, and Cork-street Hospitals. Wilmot was fond of teaching. In 1813 he taught anatomy and * Macartney's memoir does not properly come within the scope of this work ; but, as he was the greatest anatomist and physiologist which Ireland has produced, I am induced to make an exception in his case. No doubt his biographer will some day appear, but, in the meantime, the following notes of his medical education may prove interesting :—He was indentured to Hartigan on the 10th February, 1793, and entered as a pupil in the College School in Mercer-street. He attended at the Lock Hospital, and at the Dublin General Dispensary, old Post-office yard, Temple Bar. In this institution he had ample opportunities of becoming acquainted with disease, as about 10,000 patients were treated annually in it, or were visited at their homes by its staff—a numerous one, including such men as Percival, Dickson, Bell, Kennedy, Boyton, Archer, Costelloe, Hartigan, &c. Macartney's early inclination towards anatomy is shown by the fact that he made neat preparations for the Museum of the College School. In 1796, Macartney, with the consent of Hartigan, went to London, and entered his name on the pupils' roll at the Medical School in Windmill-street. Here he had the advantage of being under such able teachers as Baillie (the author of the " Morbid Anatomy"), Cruickshank, Wilson, and Thomas. He occasionally attended at St. George's Hospital to listen to Sir E. Holmes' discourses, and the Borough Hospital, in which Clive and Cooper taught. Having spent more than a year in Guy's Hospital and School, he went to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where, after attending upon Abernethy's lectures, he became that eminent man's assistant. So insatiable was his thirst for professional knowledge that he attended the lectures of no fewer than twenty different teachers, whose instruction related to every department of medical science. On the 6th February, 1800, Macartney became a member of the London College of Surgeons, and commenced to practise as a surgeon and to lecture on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology in St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1813 he became Professor of Anatomy in T.C.D., and very soon placed the School of Physic in a better position than it had ever been before. After twenty years' service he retired, and, it is to be regretted, disposed of his museum to the University of Cambridge, from whom he received a degree Honoris Causd. He was a Honorary Fellow of the College of Physicians, and was proposed for the Honorary Membership of the College of Surgeons shortly before his death. It is to be regretted that the College were so tardy in their recognition of the great merit of Macartney, in whose success, as one of the College pupils, they ought to have felt proud. Macartney died on the 6th March, 1843, aged seventy-three years. surgery in a small school in connection with Jervis-street Hospital. In 1824 he, in connection with Cusack, Marsh, and others, founded Park-street Medical School, and in 1826 succeeded 0. PI. Todd as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the College of Surgeons. He resigned his professorship in 1848, and died on the 9th November of that year, aged seventy-five, in his house, 120 Stephen's-green, and was interred in Santry churchyard. Wilmot was a skilful surgeon, and enjoyed a large practice. He published very few papers, a circumstance which he regretted in after-life. He communicated two papers on Aneurysms to the Dublin Hospital Reports, Vol. II., 1818, and the Dublin Quarterly Journal, Vols. III. and V., 1847 and 1848. He cured femoral aneurysm by tying the external iliac artery. A course of lectures on strictures and diseases of the prostate, delivered in the College of Surgeons, was published, after his death, in the Medical Press, Vols. I. and II., 1839. Brennan, usually so sarcastic in referring to the medical profession, says of Wilmot:— " The last on my roll, A man first on merit and modesty's scroll." Wilmot married, in 1810, Mary, daughter of John Lyons, of Dublin, formerly of Westmeath. They left three sons and six daughters. One of the former, Samuel George, became President of the College in 1865. ANDREW JOHNSTON, PRESIDENT IN 1817. A. Johnston was descended from a branch of the Scottish house of Annandale, which settled in Ireland about 1621. His great- grandfather, a supporter of William III., fought at the siege of Derry, and was attainted by the Parliament of James II. in 1689. A. Johnston was the youngest son of William Johnston, architect, of Armagh, and his wife, Margaret, daughter of James Houston, and was born in 1770. He was educated at the Royal School, Armagh. Having been indentured on the 2nd July, 1791, to W. Hartigan, he entered upon his professional studies in the College School, then situated in Mercer-street. On the 3rd December, 1794, he passed the qualifying examination of the College of Surgeons. The date of his commission as surgeon " to His Majesty's 44th Regiment, from the 1st Battalion of the Essex Regiment," and signed by Sir Ralph Abercromby, was the 1st December, 1796. He served in the West Indies and also in Egypt under Sir Ralph Abercromby, and received the Turkish Medal. He retired from the army in 1803, and settled in Dublin, taking in that year the licence of the College, and being admitted to the membership on the 5th May, 1805. He was elected in 1813 Professor of Surgical Pharmacy, and afterwards (in 1819) Professor of Midwifery. For many years he was Treasurer to the College. Johnston married, 1st July, 1806, Sophia, only daughter of George Cheney, of Holywood, County Kildare, and St. Stephen's-green, Dublin. He died at Barn Hill, Dalkey, on the 28th August, 1833, aged sixty-two, and was interred in the burial ground of St. George's Parish, Dublin. His wife survived until 1868. Johnston's family consisted of seven sons and two daughters, of whom the third son, Dr. George Johnston, is well known in the Dublin medical world as having filled the important offices of Master of the Rotunda Lying-in Hospital and President of the King and Queen's College of Physicians. Andrew Johnston was brother of Francis Johnston (born in 1790), the celebrated architect, to whom Ireland is indebted for the handsome buildings of the Royal Hibernian Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture, which he built and presented to that body. Amongst the many persons who enjoyed the friendship and hospitality of Johnston was a well-known Major Popleton, an officer of the guard at St. Helena during the captivity of the Great Napoleon. He was in almost constant attendance on the illustrious prisoner up to his death, and his well-told anecdotes were of the most interesting nature. THOMAS HEWSON, PRESIDENT IN 1819. T. Hewson was born on the 27th September, 1783, at Ennismore, County of Kerry. His father was the Venerable Francis Hewson, Rector of Kilgobbin and Archdeacon of Aghadoe. His mother was Margaret, daughter of Launcelot Sandes, of Kilcavan, in the Queen's County, a descendant from Edward I. He was educated in Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1803. On the 1st May, 1800, he was indentured for five years to S. Richards, and received his professional education in the College School and the Meath Hospital. On the 1st November, 1805, he passed his examination at the College, but he was not elected a member until the 27th November, 1810. On the 7th January, 1811, he was elected a member of the Court of Assistants, and in 1819 succeeded A.Johnston as Professor of Surgical Pharmacy. In 1809 Hewson succeeded Bingham Wilson as surgeon to the Meath Hospital, and about this time he began to acquire a good practice. He was much esteemed as a skilful surgeon and an agreeable companion. He died (unmarried) in York-street, where he had long resided, in 1831. In 1824 Hewson published a treatise entitled " Observations on the History and Treatment of the Ophthalmia accompanying the Secondary Forms of Lues Venerea?' CHARLES HAWKES TODD, PRESIDENT IN 1821. C. H. Todd was born in Sligo, on the 2nd November, 1782. His father was a surgeon and apothecary. His mother was Alicia, daughter of John Hawkes, of the County of Roscommon, a relative of Oliver Goldsmith. Todd was educated in a Dublin school, but did not enter the University. On the 13th August, 1797, he was indentured to Henthorn. On June 28th, 1803, he "passed" his examination at the College, and was elected a member on the 6th May, 1805. On the 7th April, 1809, he was appointed Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. For several years he taught anatomy and surgery in a small medical school attached to these Hospitals, and which became extinct before the foundation (in 1826) of the Richmond Hospital, now the Carmichael, School. In 1819 he succeeded R. Dease as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the College. His connection with the College as Assistant Secretary has been referred to in Chapter VI. Todd contributed several papers to the Dublin Hospital Reports. He was the first to suggest the radical cure of aneurysm by com- pression. In the Dublin Hospital Reports for 1817, he points out the error committed by the great anatomist, Scarpa, in describing the crural hernia as being situated under the deeply-situated fascia of Poupart's ligament. In 1816 he performed Csesarean section on a woman named Elizabeth M'Lorey, at Loughbrickland; the mother died on the fourth day, but the child survived. Todd died on the 19th March, 1826, at No. 3 Kildare-street, where the Kildare-street Club now stands, and was buried in St. James's Church, in the city of Dublin. The College placed a bust of him in their principal hall, and a tablet to his memory was erected in St. Patrick's Cathedral by the medical students of Dublin. Todd married Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Bentley, of the East India Company's service. She died on the 12th January, 1862, aged seventy-six years. Their fifteen children attained to man and woman's estate. Nine were sons, six were daughters—all save one married. Four of his sons were medical men, three were clergymen, one was a barrister and one a solicitor. Two still sur- vive—the barrister and a clergyman. The eldest son, James Henthorn, was a Fellow of T.C.D., and distinguished for his erudition and antiquarian lore. His second son, Robert Bentley, a remarkable man, was born in 1809, and studied under his father at the College School and the Richmond Hospital. He went to London, where, at the early age of twenty-seven, he was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in King's College Hospital School. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1837. and became an M.D. of Oxford University in 1836. His works are of the highest order; the more important are as follows :—On Gout Rheumatic Fever, and Chronic Rheumatism of the Joints; on the Anatomy of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Ganglions; Lectures on Clinical Medicine, and on Convulsive Diseases, and on Delirium and Coma. In conjunction with Bowman he produced the Physio- logical Anatomy and Physiology of Man, and projected the famous Encyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, in which so many con- tributions from his old friends in Dublin appear. Todd died in London on the 28th January, 1860. It is to be regretted that so early in life he changed the scene of his labours from his native city; but we may, however, fairly claim him as a Dublin anatomist and physiologist, and feel proud that he is one of the few medical men to whose memory public statues have been erected. JAMES HENTHORN, PRESIDENT IN 1822. J. Henthorn was born in the year 1744. He was appointed Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, on the 7th December, 1773. His appointment was two months later than that of Deane Swift's, the first surgeon attached to these Hospitals. He was a member of the Dublin Society of Surgeons, and his name is in the first Charter granted to the College in 1784. There is every reason to believe that the real founders of the College were the elder Dease and Henthorn. He discharged the duties of Secretary to the College for the long period of nearly forty-nine years, and frequent mention of his name occurs in Chapters VI. and VII. Henthorn was Surgeon to the Lock Hospital. When he became a Governor of the House of Industry Hospitals he was mainly instrumental in inducing the Government to erect the Richmond, Hardwicke, and Fever Hospitals—institutions which have been of great service in the education of medical students, and the observations made in which have enriched the pages of British and Irish medical periodicals. He published some very good papers on the Treatment of Syphilis in the Dublin Hospital Reports for 1808-9. Henthorn was a most amiable man, an agreeable and interesting companion, and warm-hearted friend. He married Elizabeth Stanley, whose niece was Charles H. Todd's wife. They had no children. Henthorn died on the 28th December, 1832, in 122 Stephen's- green, in consequence of a fall whilst attempting to ascend the stairs without assistance. He was eighty-nine years old. His wife died on the 29th August, 1833, aged seventy-nine years. Both were interred in St. James's churchyard. A full-sized portrait of Henthorn, painted by Cregan, is placed beside a similar one of Benny's in the College meeting-room; they are the only full-sized portraits which the College possess. The following lines on Henthorn appeared in the Metropolis, 2nd edition, published in 1805:— " Those tantrums H—th—n takes no pride to ape, Ne'er in a rage, a hurry, or a scrape ; Quiet he crawls, between a sneak and waddle, Astern his knuckles and a-stoop his noddle. But howe'er listless, indolent, or lazy, He lost no time or place to make him easy ; Foremost in nice discriminating skill, When to withhold or minister the pill. His human kindness equal succour lends To those whom Heaven abandons or befriends." JOHN TIMOTHY KIRBY, PRESIDENT IN 1823. Whilst collecting materials for this history, I happened one day to meet Mr. John Baker, F.R.C.S., of Clare-street. "You were asking me," he said. " where any of the late Surgeon Kirby's rela tives could he found. Well, one of his sons, a retired army chap- lain, is now residing in Northumberland-road." I immediately wrote to the rev. gentleman requesting an interview, and by return of post received a polite answer that I could see him any morning from 10 till 11 o'clock. I went next morning, and he was good enough to hand me an autobiography of his father, written half a century ago, and which, he said, had only been seen by one or two members of his family. Two days later I was shocked to see in the newspapers the announcement of his death. Mr. Baker, when he saw it, thought that I had probably not called upon Mr. Kirby in time to obtain the required information, and was rather astonished when he heard of my success. I have decided to publish the auto- biography intact, as Mr. Kirby's name was long a prominent one in Dublin medical circles:— Autobiography. " My grandfather and father were both eminent physicians in the South of Ireland. My mother's father, who was from Lochaber, joined the Pretenders Army and suffered with them, being amongst the banished (see a memoir left by my mother). My father, who lived in Tallow and Lismore, died when I was seven years old, On his way from Bath, whither he had gone for his health. He died of consumption at a time when he considered himself well of a haemorrhage from the lungs. I hardly remember the event, being but seven years old, having been born in 1781. We expected him home that day, when his servant, who was with him at the time, arrived with the account of his death. His remains were brought to Cork, and thence, accompanied by all that was respectable in the country, conveyed to Ahern, where they were deposited. Crowds of the working classes, to whom he was always kind, also attended. "The executors to his will were Sir R. Musgrave, Bart.; L. Croker, Esq., father to J. W. Croker. This last gentleman's office being in London, he relinquished. " My father had no estate, but was an extensive leaseholder under the Duke of Devonshire, in common with my uncle William, who was Justice of the Peace for the Counties of Cork and Waterford, and held a lucrative sinecure in the Customs or Excise—I don't now recollect which. He commenced a suit in Chancery to possess himself of all the property. We were then put on a limited allow- ance, and I was sent to school to the Rev. Mr. Crawford, Lismore, where I remained till I was fifteen. I outlived all the boys but two—Mr. Parkes and Archdeacon Oldfield. Perhaps there may be others, though I don't know them. Mr. Crawford succeeded Mr. Jessop, who was a contemporary and an intimate of Dr. Johnson. He held his school in a very creditable manner; not so Crawford, who allowed to creep into his school everything calculated to debauch the mind. He was a drunkard, and used to walk in at our ordinary business, in a state of inebriety, singing caroling drinking songs in an undertone. He was one of the curates of the Cathedral. We never had morning or evening prayer. No prayerbook in the school composed of 35 boys. We were allowed to lie, to steal, and to commit every the most obscene abomination. We were washed once a week, only think how filthy, and then what a business; the same water, the same cloth—never called to prayer. Pro pudor ! I spent seven years at this school. I rejoiced when I left it, which I did in the summer of 1795. I now partook of country amuse- ments and neglected to advance myself by reading. I became military mad, and left the country in 1798 to throw myself upon my guardian and entreat a commission which he could procure from Lord Cornwallis, then Lord Lieutenant. Our law-suit was not yet decided. I rode to town, attended by the same servant who was with my father when he died. A passport was necessary and I had one, yet it did not procure me reception into Cahir, where I was obliged to sleep in the suburbs. This was the only interruption I met with, until I came to Naas. Hitherto I avoided the rebel passes. As I approached Maryborough, Sir Thomas Parsons asked Geary who I was. He knew my father. He rode up to me and advised me not to proceed, but to return with him, as we were in the highway to the rebel camp. Believing my servant to be a rebel, I relied on his judgment, and I made an apology in the best terms I could. We passed Rathangan, where the rebels were in force, and came to Kildare, where I was indebted to my old school- fellow, William O'Connor, a major in the North Cork Militia, for reception and accommodation for a night. Next day the public coaches, which had ceased to run for some time in consequence of the rebellion, began to run, and I was an inside passenger. We travelled about four miles an hour, and were guarded by six dragoons, whom we changed every six miles. The coach dined at Rathcoole. I was surprised at the other three inside passengers proposing to pay for me; I suppose they were surprised at my knight-errantry in undertaking such a journey, for I could not suppose such a practice to be common, and I know of no other reason for the favour they intended. " The coach stopped at the hotel called Macken's. I dined and dressed myself, and waited on my guardian, who was at the Parlia- ment House. When I had an interview, he was very angry; however, he was soon pacified, and this good-natured man gave a pass for the theatre for next night. I was, like all young people, astonished at first. The play was Inkle and Yarico. "In a few months I had a commission. I now for the first time began to reflect on the step I was taking, and resolved to return the commission to Sir R. M. I did so, and on the 4th November, '98, I was Mr. Halahan's apprentice. This was an eventful time. I was about sixteen years old or seventeen. I here met with a young lady, his niece, to whom in three years I was married. She was a Miss Rose; her father was paymaster of the 59th Regiment. " Now I entered T.C.D. as a Fellow-Commoner to save the half year, not that my means permitted me to do so. I was a pupil of Mr. Walker, who afterwards resigned his Fellowship. I was then transferred to Mr. Devonport, Professor of Natural Philosophy, who died a lunatic. The College books can tell how I distinguished myself. I was no medal man, having entered late in the year. Dr. Greene—I mean the Fellow—was anxious that I should read for a Fellowship, but I had no mind to do so. I took my degree when the natural time arrived, and then devoted myself to my profession. I took my diploma in 1805. My answering was distinguished. I now was candidate for the Armagh Hospital. I waited on the Primate—Stewart, I think. He kept me waiting a long time; I grew impatient, left him all my credentials, and retired, believing myself to be badly treated. I returned, entered Lying-in Hospital— Kelly, Master. I never took a certificate, disgusted at what I saw. . This gave me enough of midwifery. " I was next appointed Demonstrator in Anatomy by the Professors Colles and Dease. I served them well for two years. I was, in conjunction with Mr. Regan, afterwards settled in Kilkenny. I was now alone. I prepared dissections for lectures, attended dis- secting-room, and gave demonstrations. My services earned me the good opinion of the class, who presented me with a piece of plate worth 100 guineas. This offended the Professors.* I resigned, * The Professors appear to have thought that Kirby treated them badly, judging by the following correspondence :— "Dear Doctor,—On meeting Mr. Garnett yesterday I communicated to him that circumstances had occurred since I last saw him which compel me to retire from the Demonstratorship to which you had appointed me. I conceive it my duty to put you in possession of my reasons. At the period of my former resignation I entered into a partnership, regularly secured by a bond and mutual penalty of £1,000, to conduct a School of Anatomy, &c, for a certain period, and not to hold the Demonstratorship for any part of that time without the full approbation of my partner. With these conditions I in some measure acquainted Mr. G., at his waiting upon me to reconcile the existing differences, and declined giving any consent untill I had consulted the person with whom I am connected. He immediately gave me full liberty to return for the one year specified by Mr. Garnett, but, on farther conference with his friends, he recalls his indulgence, in opposition to every remonstrance on my part and that of my friend Leahy. These are the motives which oblige me to leave you. I resign with reluctance, and fear that you will be put to some temporary inconvenience. Though thus separated I am still sincerely yours, " John Kibby. " Cuffe-street, Sept. 15, 1809." Colles replied as follows to Kirby's letter :— " Sept. 17, 1809. " College, Stephen's-green. " Dear Sib,—I communicated to my colleague, Mr. Dease, your note of the 15th inst. We regret and are surprised that you should now feel yourself obliged to withdraw from that engagement with us, which you had entered into some weeks ago when Mr. Garnett waited on you for the purpose of reconciling the differences then existing between you and us. No doubt, we shall be put to some temporary inconvenience by having our arrangements for the season broken up at this late period. These, how- ever, we shall endeavour by suitable exertions to surmount." and now I thought of commencing a school on my own account. I gave my first lecture in a small house near Mercer's Hospital, to a class larger than they had at the College of Surgeons. This aroused envy. Mr. Todd, who was appointed in my place, spread many reports injurious to my character. He produced an unsteady feeling in my class. I fixed it upon him, called on him, and got his disavowal of all, with liberty to paste his name on the lecture door. He cut a poor figure in the . . . and was always my secret foe. " Mr. Colles proved also my bitter enemy, refusing me in con- sultation whenever and wherever he could, tn my great injury in my professional progress. He also showed himself my enemy in the College. I opened St. Peter's and St. Bridget's Hospital in Peter-street, the house which is now the Anglesey Hospital. I had in it twelve surgical beds, the number from which the celebrated Scarva worked out all that has illuminated the pages of surgery. Mr. C. did not think this enough. He proposed and carried the motion in the College that they would not recognise any hospital which did not contain twenty-four beds. I was the only speaker in opposition to such an ungenerous measure. I showed that I per- formed more operations in the year it had existed than were performed in all the hospitals in Dublin in the same period. They also made it necessary that there should be a Board of Governors as guarantee for the sound working of the hospital. This was easily done, and twelve were appointed with Lord Trimleston at their head. I extended the hospital, and added ten medical beds under the clinical direction of Dr. Leahy. This forced the College to a similar movement, and the late Dr. Stokes* was appointed. " The support of the hospital was dependent solely on my clinical lectures, which were largely attended, and my private funds, so that it may readily be conceived that I expended the principal part of the large income I derived from my anatomical and surgical class. " Seeing that I gained character, and was not thus to be put down within the College, a new scheme was contrived for my ruin. 1 always gave a summer course of lectures on anatomy and surgery, and I held dissections. This was so profitable that the sum it yielded paid the winter's expenses. Nothing dashed by their scheme, I commenced the summer course in two days, my auditors being my apprentices. However, when the pupils found I was in * This is an error. John Cheyne was first Professor of Medicine, but not on account of Kirby's action (see page 299).—C. A. C. earnest they flocked to me, and I soon numbered in my class forty five. " The Medical and Naval Boards of London received my tickets and certificates. I always sent them a private report, securing to the service a good, and efficient, and gentlemanlike set of men. About this period the certificates were copied in London, and sold at a high price. Twenty men got into the service by these fraudulent means. Suspicion became alive to the fraud, and their names and appointments were returned to me. Their names were taken at the Board. They were not cashiered, but they were never advanced in the service. " In some time I filled the office of Assistant and Censor according to the old Charter, as I rather think I was a good examiner. I became in my turn Vice-President and President, and was voted, as usual, the thanks of the College, and was chosen one amongst the seniors. "The opposition ceased, and for a time there-was peace in those days. " The College had by this time grown rich, and they began to deliberate on the way of laying out £6,000. I proposed an hospital, and wrote on the subject (see pamphlet). My motion in the College had no one to second it. " Impaired as my patrimony was by twenty-four years in Chancery, I sold it for £700, which I embarked in my anatomical school, Peter-street. " I was now to lose my excellent wife, who supported me by her counsel, and with whom I got £250 a year. She died, and her case deserves more than a passing notice. She left me nine children, and died in childbed of the sixteenth. ... In 1825 I had saved £2,000, and had my house in Harcourt-street, and my school in Peter-street, when I was deprived of her. " Prom 1810 to 1814 ray industry and labour were intense. I rose at five, at which hour I had a private pupil in my house, lectured him until seven, breakfasted, went to lecture to Peter-street classes till twelve, lectured at three, demonstrated at one, demonstrated at six, classes till ten. " I commenced my profession with a resolution to call as few consultations as possible. I always applied when danger existed, and allowed patients or their friends to determine. In this way I was as fortunate as others, and I enjoyed more peace of mind, having little to do with the cabals and jealousy of medical men." Kirby obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College on the 19th March, 1805, and the Membership on the 5th September, 1808. In 1805 he graduated B.A., and in 1832 LL.B. and LL.D. in the University. An account of his school in Peter-street, and a description of its owner, appear in Chapter XIX. He had a large medical practice as well as a surgical one. In 1819 his " Surgical Cases" appeared in the form of a book, brought out by Hodges and M'Arthur, College-green, and in 1850 his Lectures on Urinary Disease, edited by A. J. Walsh, were published in the Dublin Hospital Gazette. Kirby died on the 26th May, 1853, aged seventy-two years, at Newton House, Rathfarnham, and was interred in St. Kevin's graveyard, Dublin. In the same grave is interred another surgeon, John Timothy Kirby, son of the preceding Kirby, and a surgeon in the 74th Regiment. Pie died, aged twenty-eight years, on the 7th October, 1840. One of his sons is a Major-General. ALEXANDER READ, PRESIDENT IN 1825 AND 1835. A. Read was born in Downpatrick about the year 1786. His father was a wine merchant, and resided in Fleet-street. He was educated in Mr. Fay's school and in Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1807, and M.A. in 1827. On the 2nd July, 1802, he was indentured to Sir Henry Jebb, "passed" the College on the 11th October, 1808, and was elected a member on the 27th November, 1810. Read was Surgeon to Mercer's, the Blue Coat, and Simpson's Hospitals, and to the city prisons. He was esteemed a skilful surgeon, and he had a large purely medical practice. He had a taste for scientific studies, and for a while lectured on medical jurisprudence at the Park-street Medical School, and he was subsequently connected with the Richmond Hospital School. He married Miss Charlotte Long, a member of an old family well known in Dublin. Read died on the 18th July, 1870, at 71 Pembroke-road, aged eighty-four, and was interred in Finglas Churchyard, County of Dublin. JAMES WILLIAM CUSACK, PRESIDENT IN 1827, 1847, AND 1853. J. W. Cusack, son of Athanasius Cusack, was born 26th May, 1788, at his father's house, Laragh, near Maynooth. His mother was a daughter of Edward Rotheram, of Crossdrum, County of Meath. Having received a sound classical education, he was apprenticed, on the 6th December, 1806, to Obre, and commenced to study at the College School and Steevens' Hospital, and shortly afterwards was enrolled a student in T.C.D. His university career was a distinguished one. In 1807 he won a Scholarship and was awarded the Berkeley gold medal; in 1809 he graduated in arts, and in 1812 in medicine; taking, in 1840, the degree of M.D., and that of M.Chir. in 1859. On the 28th January, 18 L2, he received the Letters Testimonial of the College, having passed a brilliant exami- nation; and on the 7th February, 1814, he was elected a member. Having served for several years as Resident Surgeon in Steevens' Hospital, Cusack took, in 1825, a house in Cavendish-row, from which, in the following year he removed to No. 3 Kildare-street, where he resided until the house was sold to the Kildare-street Club, and was pulled down. Cusack's immediate predecessor in this house was Surgeon Todd. Few houses were for the third of a century better known than No. 3 Kildare-street. Cusack had a large practice, and an unusually great number of apprentices. When the latter attained to the number of 52 his pupils called him the Colonel of the 52nd. He was a hospitable man, particularly in the case of his former apprentices, to whom his house was always an open one. At one time 11 of the surgeons of County Infirmaries were past- apprentices of Cusack. Very few of his 78 apprentices survive. Dr. Tweedy, of Rutland-square, and Dr. Brunker, of Belgrave- square, formerly Surgeon to the Dundalk Infirmary, are, I think, the senior survivors. Cusack's practice was much increased by his successful treatment of a patient—a man of rank—who was wounded in the back by a bullet. When Cusack saw him he was dying from haemorrhage, which the surgeon stopped by instantly cutting down on and tying the carotid artery. 2 c Cusack's situations of honour and emoluments were numerous. He was one of the Surgeons-in-Ordinary to the Queen, and Regius Professor of Surgery, T.C.D. (1852). His connection with the College as an official has frequently been referred to in preceding chapters. He was one of the Founders of Park-street School. For many years he was surgeon, or visiting, or consulting surgeon to Steevens', Swift's, City of Dublin, Rotunda, and St. Mark's Hospitals. Cusack's reputation as a surgeon stood very high. He was most careful in his operations, and never resorted to one if it could be avoided. The night before he had to perform a critical operation he was wont to lie awake for hours thinking how he could best do it. The operation over, no surgeon was more careful or minute in the subsequent treatment of the patient. Cusack did not publish much—a circumstance to be regretted, as he had plenty of materials for his pen. Conjointly with Stokes, he proved that the mortality of Irish medical practitioners was double that of combatant officers during the years 1811 to 1814, when the country was at war. He contributed some papers to the journals. Cusack was twice married; first to Elizabeth Frances, daughter of Joseph Bernard, of Greenhills, King's County, by whom he had four sons and two daughters; and secondly, to Frances, daughter of the Rev. Stephen Radcliffe, and widow of Richard Rothwell, of Hurdlestown, County of Meath. Sir Ralph Smith Cusack, D.L., of Furry Park. Raheny, is one of his sons. Cusack died at his residence, No. 7 Merrion-square, North, on 25th September, 1861, and was interred in St. Thomas's Church- yard, Dublin. His portrait, in oil, executed by an English artist named Scott, in the employment of Mr. Cranfield, of Grafton-street, is in the College Board Room, and his bust, sculptured by Kirk, is placed in the College Central Hall. CHAPTER XV. THE PEESIDENTS OF THE COLLEGE UNDER THE SECOND CHARTER—1829-1844. CuSACK Eoney was President at the time of the granting of the New Charter, and he was named President in it; but, on the first Monday in January, 1829, he waa succeeded by W. Auchinleck. WILLIAM AUCHINLECK, PRESIDENT IN 1829. W. Auchinleck was born in Dublin on the 19th May, 1787. He was the fourth son of Hugh Auchinleck, solicitor, of Dublin and Strabane. The Auchinlecks are of Scotch extraction. One branch came from Ayrshire, and settled in the County of Fermanagh; another migrated to England, and changed their name to Affleck. Sir Robert Affleck, Bart., represents this branch. On the 6th August, 1802, Auchinleck was indentured to Macklin, and commenced his studies at the College of Surgeons and Mercer's Hospital. On the 23rd June, 1810, he became a licentiate, and on the 7th April a member of the College. He was appointed a Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, in which institution, about the year 1842, he successfully removed the inferior' maxillary bone, the patient making a good recovery; this was the first occasion upon which this operation was performed in Dublin. Auchinleck was Lecturer on Surgery in the Dublin School of Medicine. He died, suddenly, at his residence, 42 Lower Dominick-street, on the 27th December, 1848, and was interred in St. Michan's churchyard. Mr. Auchinleck married Margaret, daughter of James Stewart. None of his sons survive. Mr. Hugh A. Auchinleck, F.R.C.S., is his nephew. RAWDON MACNAMARA (primus) PRESIDENT IN 1831. R. Macnamara was born at Ayle, in the County of Clare. His father was Thady Macnamara, and his mother, Narcissa, was a daughter of Dr. Dillon, physician to Colonel Rawdon, who sub- sequently became Lord Moira. The strong friendship existing between Thady Macnamara and the Colonel caused the former to name his son Rawdon—a cognomen ever since retained in the family. R. Macnamara was indentured to Sir Philip Crampton, and on the 3rd November, 1806, he passed the examination in Classics at the College, and was registered as a pupil on the 4th December. He acquired nearly all his anatomical education in Crampton's School, and only attended one course of anatomical lectures in the College School, but he received, in the latter School, instruction in pharmacy and botany from Garnett and Wade, and also acquired some of his technical education in the School of Physic. On the 8th December, 1812, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was elected a member on the 6th February, 1815. For some time he acted as Demonstrator of Anatomy to Professor Macartney in Trinity College, Dublin. In 1819 hes ucceeded Solomon Richards as a Surgeon to the Meath Hospital. On the 15th June, 1826, he was elected Professor of Materia Medica (hitherto termed Surgical Pharmacy) to the College, and resigned the office on the 18th October, 1836, on the ground that his residence in Gralway interfered with the efficient discharge of his duties. He presented his valuable museum to the College. In 1818 he married Mary, eldest daughter of George Symmers, of Dangan Park, County of Gal way, a lineal descendant of the officer who carried the standard of Prince Charles Edward at the battle of Culloden. Mr. Symmers, an army officer, wrote an account of the sinking of the unfortunate " Royal George," of which he was an eye-witness. The most important of Macnamara's contributions is an article on foreign bodies in the trachea, published in the Dublin Hospital Reports, Vol. V., and which left but little for subsequent writers to describe. Macnamara died in York-street on the 2nd November, 1836. JAMES KERIN, PRESIDENT IN 1833. J. Kerin was born about the year 1779, in the County of Kerry. His father was a farmer, and his uncle, the Rev. John Kerin, was Rector of Killury, in the diocese of Ardfert. His mother was a relative of Sir Colman O'Loghlen, Bart. On the 24th June, 1806, Kerin was indentured to Peter Harkan, and studied in the College and Crampton's Schools. He obtained the licence of the College on the 2nd of March, 1813, and was elected a member on the 1st May, 1815. For many years he acted as surgeon to the General Post Office, and in 1836, on the institution of the Irish Constabulary, he was appointed surgeon to that force. He died from pneumonia, at the Constabulary Barracks, Phoenix Park, on the 17th March, 1848, aged 68, and was interred at Glasnevin Cemetery. Kerin was married to Miss Catherine Staunton; he left no children. Whilst President of the College Kerin was attacked by Asiatic cholera, and was attended by Marsh and Graves. His ca3e seemed hopeless, but Graves, who at that time was a believer in the efficacy of acetate of lead in the treatment of cholera, suggested this remedy, and, Marsh assenting, it was tried, with, as Graves believed, success. At all events, the patient recovered. [The formula for the pills was as follows:—fy. Acetatis plumbi, 3j; opii gr. j. M. fiat secun- dum artem massa, in pilul. xii dividenda.] FRANCIS WHITE, PRESIDENT IN 1836. F. "White was born in 1787 at Carrick-on-Suir. His father was Francis White, of Carrickbeg, County of Waterford, and his mother was Anne Lee. He was indentured to Abraham Colles on 17th March, 1807, and for some time was a resident pupil in Steevens' Hospital and a student in the College School. He became a Licentiate of the College on the 19th January, 1813, and was elected a Member on the 1st May, 1815. He established a Hospital for Diseases of the Eye on Lower Ormond quay, and subsequently added to it a small anatomical school. He gave useful evidence before the Warburton Committee. During the cholera epidemic of 1832 he was very active, and was for several years Secretary to the Board of Health, which met for many years in Dawson-street. In 1841 the important office of Inspector-General of Prisons was conferred upon him. When the Lord Chancellor (Sir Edward Sugden) undertook the revision of the laws relating to lunacy, he obtained valuable advice from White, who was subsequently first Inspector of Lunatic Asylums under the Act of 1845. He was a man of very agreeable manners, and was popular in society, On 3rd June, 1836, he entertained Lord Mulgrave, the Lord Lieu- tenant, at a collation in the College. He published a case of tracheotomy (in 1825), and one on rupture of the uterus, in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Mr. White married (first) Catherine Rogers and (second) Maria Kent. Two of his children survive—namely, Mr. Piers White, au eminent QC, and Anne, wife of the late Laurence Waldron, D.L., M.P. for County of Tipperary. He died in August, 1859, in conse- quence of an injury to the spine, the result of a railway accident at Dunkit, near Waterford, by which several persons were killed. ARTHUR JACOB, PRESIDENT IN 1837 AND 1864-5. Arthur Jacob was born on the 13th June, 1790, at Knockfin, near Maryborough, Queen's County. His father, John Jacob, Surgeon to the Queen's County Infirmary, enjoyed a very large practice in the midland counties; and his grandfather, Michael Jacob, was also a surgeon. The Jacobs were a family who in the 13th century held lands in Cambridgeshire. The first of them who settled in Ireland received a grant of land at Sigginstown, in the County of Wexford, in 1667, and his descendants (at first numerous) divided into two branches, the senior of which settled in the Queen's County. The English Jacobs having become extinct, Arthur Jacob became the senior representative of this old family. Surgeon John Jacob died at Maryborough on the 24th June, 1827. His wife, Grace, only child of Jerome Alley, of Donaghmore, Queen's County, survived until 1835, when she died in Dublin, and was interred in St. Mary's churchyard. Arthur Jacob, having received a sound preliminary education, was indentured on the 7th March, 1808, to his father, entered the College School in 1811, and became a pupil at Steevens' Hospital, under Colles. In 1813 he proceeded to Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. in the University of that city in 1814. In 1815 he attended the cliniques of Lawrence, Brodie, and Cooper, in London, and secured the friendship of those great surgeons. Returning to Dublin he was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the School of Trinity College, Dublin, and retained that position until 1824, when, together with Cusack and others, he founded the Park-street School. On November 20th, 1813, he became a Licentiate of the College, and on the 5th August, 1816, a Member; subsequently he attained to almost every offiee of importance in connexion with the College. In 1826 he was elected their Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. In 1852 he was one of the College Professors who founded the City of Dublin Hospital. In conjunction with Henry Maunsell he established, in 1838, the Dublin Medical Press. In 1869 he resigned his professorship and retired to Barrow-in- Furness, in Lancashire, where he died on the 21st September, 1874, aged 85. Arthur Jacob married Sarah, daughter of Coote Carroll, of Ballymote, County of Sligo. Their family consisted of five sons, all of whom lived to manhood, and one daughter, who died in infancy. One of his sons, Archibald Hamilton, is Secretary to the College Council. In the History of the College, given in the previous pages, Jacob's name frequently occurs. He was an uncompromising cham- pion for the College School. In the debates which occurred at the meetings of the College he always took a leading part, and was by no means " mealy-mouthed" in referring to those from Avhose opinions he differed. As a writer he was much given to drastic polemical articles, which frequently greatly irritated those against whom they were directed. He rarely indulged in even the mildest festivities, but devoted himself wholly to his professional and editorial work, and to original research. He remained up till long after midnight as a rule, nevertheless he was always punctually at work early in the day. He had an intense dislike to charlatanism and humbug of every kind. He took a deep interest in the success of his pupils, and he laboured hard to instruct them. One of his few- weaknesses was his notion that he alone of the Professors should always give the introductory lecture at the commencement of the session at the College School. In 1860 there was a strong desire to present Jacob with a testi- monial, but he decisively opposed the proposal. However, a very beautiful medal, in his honour, was struck. The obverse bears his bust, and the reverse the following words :—" Arthur Jacob, M.D., F.R.C.S.I, Prof, of Anat. and Phys. Roy. Coll. of Surgeons in Ireland, in commemoration of eminent services rendered to the profession in Ireland, 1860." Jacob's original work is of high value. In 1819 he published, in the Philosophical Transactions, his discovery of the delicately- constructed membrane now known as the bacillary layer of the retina. It was named, but not by its discoverer, Membrana Jacobi. He described, in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for 1836, the infra-orbital sinuses of deer, and the mouth and mammary gland of the cetacea. He was the first to give an account of the rodent ulcer, at one time termed Jacob's Ulcer. He invented the curved needle for cataract which bears his name. His work on " Inflammation of the Eyeball" is a classic on that subject. WILLIAM HENRY PORTER, PRESIDENT IN 1838. W. H. Porter, son of a country gentleman, was born on the 5th March, 1790, at Dublin. His mother was Susanna, daughter of Anthony Bacon, of Dublin. Having been educated at Porterstown School, Portarlington, he entered Trinity College; and having, in 1808, won a Scholarship, he graduated in arts in 1810—he did not, however, take out a medical degree until 1842, when he became M.D. In January, 1809, he was indentured to Crampton, and his professional studies were conducted in the College School and in the Meath Hospital. On the 13th September, 1814, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and on the 10th November, 1817, was elected a Member. In 1826 he became connected, as a teacher of anatomy and surgery, with the Park-street School, and in 1837 he was elected Professor of Surgery to the College of Surgeons. In 1819 he was appointed Surgeon to the Meath Hospital, and he was also Consulting Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital. Porter was an excellent anatomist and patho- logist. His description of the deep fascia in front of the trachea was by far the best up to that time. In 1826 he published, in Dublin, a work of 283 pages on the " Surgical Pathology of the Larynx and Trachea," which was reproduced in London the following year, and met with a good reception. In 1841 he produced a little work on the " Surgical Pathology of Aneurysm." He was a remark- ably bold but withal successful operator, and had a great reputation for the skill he exhibited in ligaturing the greater arteries, very few of which remained untied by him. One of his cases created a sensation at the time—it was that of a man suffering from disease of the innominata; on exposing the artery it was found to be atheromatous, and the ligature was not applied, but the irritation to which the vessel was subjected caused eventually consolidation to take place in it. Porter took great interest in his hospital. In 1822 he and his colleague, Maurice Collis, personally helped to remove the patients from the old Meath Hospital on the Coombe to the present building. The patients were wrapped in blankets, and carried in baskets made specially for the purpose. During their removal a violent storm arose, and Porter and Collis were very glad to shelter their heads from falling slates by covering the former with the empty baskets. This hospital was opened on the 2nd of March, 1753, on the Coombe. and was intended chiefly to afford medical assistance to the operative population in the " Liberties." It was removed to Skinner's-alley in 1757, to Meath-street in 1760, and to Earl-street (North) in 1766. In 1770 the erection of a new building on the Coombe was com- menced, and when it was completed the hospital was removed to it. In 1816 the site of the present hospital in the "Long-lane" was acquired at a cost of £1,126, and with the aid of a county present- ment of £4,788 the hospital was completed in 1822. The Coombe Hospital was subsequently converted into a Maternity. It was rebuilt and enlarged a few years ago, at the expense of the late Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, Bart. Since the foundation of the College MAURICE COLLIS, PRESIDENT IN 1839. of Surgeons, in 1784, 26 surgeons have been appointed to the Meath Hospital, of whom exactly one-half became Presidents of the College THE MEATH HOSPITAL A CENTURY AGO. Porter married Jane, daughter of Cuthbert Hornidge, of Russells- town, Blessington, County of Wicklow. For the greater portion of his professional career he resided at 21 Kildare-street, and here he was found dead in his bed on the 27th April, 1861. It was supposed that aneurysm of the thoracic aorta was the cause of the catastrophe. Porter's portrait and bust are in the College. MAURICE COLLIS, PRESIDENT IN 1839. M. Collis was born in 1791 at No. 20 York-street, Dublin. He was son of John Fitzgerald Collis, Deputy Master of the Rolls, and his mother was Margaret, daughter of John Day, of Cork, who claimed descent, through the Fitzmaurices of Kerry, from King Edward I. Collis, when only one year old, lost his father. His mother attended carefully to his education, which was chiefly con- ducted in Portarlington School. He entered T.C.D., and graduated B.A. in 1813. On the 1st November, 1810, he was apprenticed to Hewson, and became a pupil in the College School and the Meath Hospital. He " passed " at the College in 1815, and was elected a Member on the 4th May, 1818. In 1816 he was appointed Demonstrator in the College School, and in 1825 he succeeded Thomas Roney as Surgeon to the Meath Hospital—a ward in that institution is dedicated to his memory. In 1833 he took the degree of M.A. He married Frances Diana, daughter of Archdeacon Herbert. His death, caused by asthma, occurred in March, 1852, at 66 Lower Baggot-street. Collis was a very religious man, and obtained the sobriquet of " Collis the Good." He wrote very little; in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for 1834 he published two cases of popliteal aneurysm. ROBERT ADAMS, PRESIDENT IN 1840, 1860-1, AND 1867-8. R. Adams was born in Dublin about the year 1793. His father was a solicitor, and his mother was a Miss Filgate. On the 20th February, 1810, he was indentured to Hartigan, after whose death he was transferred to Surgeon-General Stewart, on New Year's Day, 1813. In 1814 he graduated B.A. in the University, but he did not take the M.B. degree until 1842. In that year he became a M.D., and in 1861 received the newly-instituted qualification of Master in Surgery. The greater part of Adams' anatomical studies was prosecuted in the College of Surgeons under Abraham Colles' directions. On the 18th June, 1816, he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and on the 2nd November, 1818, he was promoted to the Membership of the College. On the 29th December, 1838, Adams was appointed a surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. He was one of the founders of the Richmond Hospital Medical School, and for many years was a most successful teacher in that institution. He had, previous to his connection with the Richmond School, a dissecting place in Meck- lenburgh-street, in which for many years he taught anatomy to his apprentices and others. Adams' offices were numerous. He was Consulting-Surgeon to Sir P. Dun's and the Rotunda Hospital; Surgeon to the Queen; Regius Professor of Surgery, T.C.D.; Member of the Senate of the Queen's University; and a member of several British and foreign medical associations. Adams was a surgeon and anatomist of the first rank. An inspection of the pathological specimens which he has left in the Museum of the Richmond Hospital will well repay the surgical visitor. His treatise on " Chronic Rheumatic Arthritis"—a classic on that subject—reached a second edition, which is unusual except in the case of text-books. He contributed two articles on Abnormal Joints to "Todd's Cyclopaedia," and various papers on Diseases of the Heart and other Affections to the Dublin medical journals. No other anatomist has given so accurate an account of the relations of the common iliac arteries. Adams was a short, stout man, with a chubby face. He was fond of horses, and always had a good one to draw his well-known cabriolet. He was married, first to a Miss Lebas, a lady of French extraction, and secondly to Miss Montgomery. He died 16th January, 1875. THOMAS RUMLEY, PRESIDENT IN 1841. T. Rumley was born at Kingstown, County of Dublin, about the year 1793. His father held an appointment in the Revenue Department, and his mother's maiden name was Margaret Smith. He was educated at Dr. Millar's school, near Dublin. In April, 1811, he was indentured to Kirby, and studied in the College and Kirby's schools. On the 25th June, 1815, he "passed" at the College, and on the 9th November, 1818, he was elected a Member. He engaged in surgical and medical practice, but did not become attached to any hospital. Having long suffered severely from gout, he died at his residence, 37 York-street, in March, 1856, and was interred on the 30th of that month in Glasnevin Cemetery. Rumley was bred a Protestant; but he married a Catholic lady, Miss Maguire, and it would appear that before his death he con- formed to his wife's faith. In 1832 Rumley and A. Stokes were deputed to investigate a case of supposed cholera at Kingstown. Although neither of them had any previous experience of the disease, they pronounced the case to be one of Asiatic cholera. The inhabitants were annoyed that their town should be pronounced infected with cholera, and an infuriated mob attacked Stokes and Rumley, who narrowly escaped with their lives. Soon after this event cholera became epidemic in Ireland. The greatest comic actor Ireland has ever produced—namely, Tyrone Power—had an extraordinary regard for Rumley. It is believed that there were only two places in which he would dine in Dublin—one was the residence of the Viceroy, the other was Rumley's house. WILLIAM TAGERT, PRESIDENT IN 1842. W. Tagert was born in Dublin in 1793. His father was a merchant, and his mother was Catherine Dawson, of Nutgrove, Rathfarnham, County of Dublin. He received his primary educa- tion at Nutgrove School, Rathfarnham, at that time kept by a clergyman named Jones, whose son carried on the school until 1861, had a wooden leg, and insisted upon being called Phil, even by his pupils. Tagert was indentured to Jebb in December, 1808, and on Jebb's death in 1811 was transferred to Read. He became a Licentiate of the College on the 30th July, 1816, and a Member on the 1st November, 1819. He was Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, and Lecturer on Surgery in the original Ledwich School of Medicine, and he bequeathed his library to the latter institution. He died, after a long illness from paralysis, on the 14th October, 1861, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Tagert never married. He was of a retiring disposition, and did not seem to care much for practice. He was a good surgeon, and was liked as a lecturer. As an Examiner at the College, he was what is termed " stiff." His professional life was chiefly spent while residing in 20 French-street and 54 Camden-street. james o'beirne, president in 1843. J. O'Beirne was born in the year 1787. He was apprenticed on the 4th February, 1804, to Kichard Dease, for five years, and studied at the College School and at Edinburgh University. On the 26th June, 1810, he received the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was elected a Member on the 17di July, 1820. In 1818 lie graduated M.D. in Edinburgh. O'Beirne entered the army, served for several years in the Royal Artillery, received the war medal with eight clasps, and in 1815 retired from the service on half pay. He was the first person who held the honorary office of Surgeon Extraordinary to the King in Ireland. He was Surgeon to Jervis- street Hospital from 1819 to 1832, and on the 5th May, 1828, was appointed a Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, continuing in office until 1844. He was Consulting Surgeon to Maynooth Hospital. O'Beirne died at Bayswater, London, on the 16th June, 1862, and was so poor that the cost of his funeral was defrayed by the Roman Catholic bishop of the district. O'Beirne occupies a good position amongst the medical authors of Ireland. In 1828 he published in Dublin a treatise of 286 pages on " New Views on the Process of Defecation, and their Application to the Pathology and Treatment of Diseases of the Stomach." His " Description of the Anatomy of the Rectum," and his " Views of its Physiology," attracted much attention some years ago, and it is admitted that there is some originality in them. O'Ferrall claimed to have made at an earlier date the same observations, and had a discussion with O'Beirne on the question of priority. In 1833 O'Beirne published his " Analytical Corrections of Sir Charles Bell's ' Views of the Nerves of the Face.' " His other papers of importance were as follows: on "Tobacco in Tetanus," on "Mercury in Hip Disease and other White Swellings," on " Hydrocele of the Neck," on "Retinitis," on "Extirpation of the Lachrymal Gland," and on " Diagnosis between Hydrophthalmia and Tumours in the Orbit." The Paris Archives Generates, for November, 1838, contains a laudatory article on O'Beirne's works, referring particularly to his paper on " Taxis considered as a Means of avoiding Operations, and its Application to the different Stages of Strangulation." In this paper the importance of removing the contents—especially the gaseous ones—of the intestines, by the introduction of a gum-elastic tube, is pointed out. In the Lancet for 1843 will be found an interesting " Case of Strangulated Hernia successfully treated by the Exhausting Syringe attached to an O'Beirne's Rectal Tube," reported by Charles S. Webber, F.R.C.S. Eng. CHAPTER XVI. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE COLLEGE UNDER THE SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTERS, 1844-1885-6. James O'Beirne was President in 1843, and was named as first President under the Supplemental Charter. The date of election of the President was changed from January to June, and conse- quently O'Beirne remained in the chair during eighteen months. The President elected in June, 1844, was Crampton, who was followed by Carmichael, Wilmot, and Cusack. As all those Presi- dents served previously, the first one under the Supplemental Charter who had not passed the chair was Robert Harrison. ROBERT HARRISON, PRESIDENT IN" 1848-9. R. Harrison was born in Cumberland in 1796. His family belonged to the commercial class, and some business transactions which Harrison's father had in Ireland, were probably the cause of his sending his son to be educated in Dublin. The latter entered Trinity College, where he graduated in arts in 1814. In August, 1810, he was indentured to Colles, and commenced to study in the College School. In 1815 he obtained the diploma of the London College, and in the following year that of the Irish College, of which he was on the 9th June, 1818, elected a member. In 1817 he was appointed Demonstrator in the College School, and was elected Professor of Anatomy and Physiology on the 4th August, 1827. In 1824 he took the degree of M.B., and in 1837 that of M.D. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery in the School of Physic in 1837. He was for many years one of the Honorary Secretaries to the Royal Dublin Society, and took an active part in the management of that great institu- tion, especially distinguishing himself in debate when the policy of the Council was challenged. On the day before his death he was in his usual health; during the night he had an apoplectic seizure, and died at 11 o'clock on the following day, the 23rd April, 1858, at his residence, No. 1 Hume-street. His remains were interred at Mount Jerome Cemetery. Harrison married Anne, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Cope, Rector of Ahascragh, County of Galway, a sister of Abraham Colles' wife. Captain Harrison, who has held an appointment in Dublin Castle, is their son. In 1824 Harrison published in two volumes his " Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries," a work of sterling merit, and which at once stamped the author as an anatomist of the first order, and an original observer. In 1839 the fourth edition of this valuable work appeared in a single volume of 423 pages, and other editions have since been published. A translation by Harrison of Weitrbrecht's Syndesmologia was published in Dublin in 1829. The famous " Dublin Dissector" appeared that year under his name, an earlier edition having been published under the nom de plume of M.R.C.S.I. In 1835 the work reached a fifth edition, and maintained its place amongst the text-books almost down to the present time—for many years it was the favourite anatomical text-book in the American schools. Harrison published several papers in the medical journals. He was a fluent lecturer, and his forty years' teaching of anatomy contributed in no unimportant degree to maintain the high character of the Dublin School. ANDREW ELLIS, PRESIDENT IN 1849-50. A. Ellis was born in 1792, at Kilpool, in the County of Wicklow. He was the third son of William Ellis, a gentleman-farmer, by his wife, Mary Byrne, of Cronybyrne, in the County of Wicklow. On the 28th January, 1815, he was indentured to Thomas Rooney, of York-street. He was educated chiefly at the College School, and the Meath, and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals, but he attended some lectures at the University. In 1820 he "passed" at the College, and on the 12th July, 1827, was elected a member. In 1821 he was appointed Surgeon, vice Oliver Dease, to St. Mary's Hospital, Lower Ormond-quay; and in the same year he started, in conjunction with White, a medical school at the rere of the hospital, teaching anatomy there until 1827, when he joined Kirby in the Peter-street School. After the dissolution of Kirby's school in 1832, he established, in conjunction with Brenan, a new one in Peter-street, which lasted until 1841. In 1837 he was appointed Professor of Surgery to the Apothecaries' Hall, and on the extinction of their school in 1854, he became Professor of Surgery to the Catholic University. He was Surgeon to Jervis- street Hospital and Maynooth College, had a good private practice, and was an excellent anatomist. In 1828 he published a small treatise on the " Physiology and Pathology of the Organs of Motion," and in 1848 he brought out a work on " Clinical Surgery." His contributions to the medical press were numerous— one of them attracted some attention—namely, on " Wounds of the Abdomen and their Effects" (the Lancet, for 1832). He posed as a medical reformer, and in 1834 produced a pamphlet upon " Medical Reforms." Ellis was twice married. First, to a Miss Colclough; and secondly, in 1841, to a daughter of Mr. John O'Beirne. He died childless on the 6th May, 1867, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. THOMAS EDWARD BEATTY", PRESIDENT IN 1850-51. T. E. Beatty was born on the first day of the present century, at No. 28, now 29 Molesworth-street. His father was William C. Beatty, M.D., Dublin Univ., a practitioner in midwifery. His mother was the daughter of H. Betagh, a solicitor, who in 1787 resided in York-street. Beatty was apprenticed to C H. Todd, on the 29th October, 1814. He was educated partly in the College School, and partly in Edinburgh University, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1820. He graduated as B.A. in Dublin in 1818. In 1821 he became a Licentiate, and on the 3rd May, 1824, a Member of the College, to which he subsequently became successively Professor of 2 D Medical Jurisprudence and of Midwifery. On the 18th April, 1860, he hecame a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and on the 21st May following was elected an Honorary Fellow. He was for some time Lecturer on Midwifery in the Park-street School, and Lecturer on Medical Jnrisprudence in the Richmond Hospital School, and was one of the founders of the City of Dublin Hospital. In 1862 he resigned his Fellowship of the College on becoming a Fellow of the College of Physicians, and was the only man who was President of both Colleges. In 1864 he received the degree of M.D. honoris causa from the University. He contributed articles to the " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine," but the more important of his works are to be found in his large book entitled "Contributions to Midwifery," published in 1866. Beatty was a portly, handsome man, with a florid, clean- shaven face. His patients were chiefly among the higher classes, and he went much into society. His social qualities were of a high order. He possessed a sweet tenor voice, which was highly cultivated. He was very intimate with the late Sir William Wilde, as were also the Rev. Charles Tisdall, Chancellor of Christ Church, and Dr. Waller, the well-known litterateur. Drs. Beatty and Tisdall's vocal performances at Wilde's dinner parties are remembered with pleasure by many, including the writer of this history. Dr. Waller's songs, especially that of " The Glass," were favourites at those gatherings. Beatty married—first, Margaret, daughter of the late Judge Mayne, and, secondly, Maria Catherine Colburn, eldest daughter of the late Captain John Mayne—Captain Mayne and Judge Mayne were cousins. Beatty died at the house of his nephew, Dr. Guinness Beatty, 62 Lower Mount-street, on the 3rd May, 1872, from cellulitis, resulting from the extraction of one of his teeth. He was interred in St. Ann's churchyard, and his friends erected a tablet to his memory in St. Patrick's Cathedral. LEONARD TRANT, PRESIDENT IN 1851-2. L. Trant was born in 1798 at Castleknock, county of Dublin, where his father had a distillery. His mother was a Miss Fetherston. Having received a primary education at Blanchards- town School, he was, in November, 1818, apprenticed to Obre, at Stevens' Hospital, and entered as a pupil at the College. On the 28th September, 1825, he became a Licentiate, and on May 3rd, 1830, a Member of the College. During many years he was Surgeon to Cork-street Hospital. He invented a bistoury for hernia, but he wrote very little. He married a Miss Bucannon, but had no children. His residences were—first, Bachelors'-walk, next, North Great George's-street, and, lastly, 18 Upper Pem- broke-street, where he died on the 1st March, 1864, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. EDWARD HUTTON, PRESIDENT IN 1852-3. E. Hutton was born on the 21st July, 1797, at Summer-hill, Dublin. His father was minister of the Unitarian Church, in Strand-street; his mother was Mary Swanwich, of Wem, near Chester. He was educated at a school kept by his father, and also in Trinity College, and was indentured in April, 1814, to Mr. Peile, of York-street, who entered him as a pupil at the College School. In 1819 he became a Licentiate, and on the 1 st November, 1824, a Member of the College. He graduated B.A. in 1817, M.B. in 1822, and M.D. in 1842. On the 5th May, 1828, he was appointed a Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, and subsequently became Surgeon to Simpson's Hospital. He was married three times—first, to Anne Luccock, of Leeds ; secondly, to Maria Bruce, of Belfast; and, lastly, to Maria Greer, County of Tyrone. He died on November 24th, 1865, at 5 Merrion-square, South, Dublin, from enlargement of the spleen, and was buried at Mount Jerome Cemetery. Hutton lectured on Surgery for several years at the Richmond School, and was long a Member of the Court of Examiners of the College. He had a large practice, and was much esteemed as a surgeon. Of his contributions to periodical literature—which were few—his most important appeared in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for 1843.' It detailed a case of popliteal aneurysm, in which compression of the femoral artery was success- fully tried. This revival of the compression method attracted great attention at the time, and this subject was so frequently discussed at the Surgical Society that at length they were jocularly termed the Aneurysmal Society. The claim of the Dublin surgeons to have been the first to render the treatment of aneurysm by compression completely successful, is acknowledged by Mr. Erichsen and other eminent authors. WILLIAM HARGRAVE, PRESIDENT IN 1853-4. W. Hargrave was born in Cork in 1797. He was the fifth son of Abraham Hargrave, architect. His mother was the daughter of Mr. Harrison, of Chester, an eminent architect. He was educated at Mr. Adair's School, Fermoy, and at the early age of fourteen he entered Trinity College as a Fellow Commoner, under the Rev. Daniel Mooney. In 1815 he graduated as B.A., and in 1823 as M.A. and M.B. Amongst his class-mates and friends were Jones Quain, who subsequently became a distinguished medical man in London, and Mr. (afterwards Chief Baron) Pigott. He was indentured in November, 1813, to Sir Philip Crampton, and commenced his studies at the College School, in which he attended five courses of lectures on anatomy. He studied at the Meath, Rotunda, and occasionally at the Royal, Hospitals. On the 9th February, 1819, he "passed" at the College, and in the November following obtained the diploma of the Rotunda Hospital. He next made a tour in France and Italy, and during six months attended cliniques at the Paris hospitals. He spent the winter of 1821-22 in London, where he had the opportunity of witnessing the practice of St. Bartholomew and Guy's Hospitals. In 1822 he attended the medical lectures of Dr. Home, and the materia medica lectures of Dr. Duncan, at Edinburgh. In the winter of 1822-3 he was a pupil of Dupuytren, Recamier, and Blainville, in Paris, and on the 7th Februaiy, 1825, lie was elected a Member of the College. In 1825 Hargrave began a successful career as a private teacher of surgery and anatomy. He fitted up the stable at the rere of his house in 134 Stephen's-green, West, as a dissecting-room, and had a large class in it. He was the first private lecturer who gave a distinct course on surgery. In 1832 he established the Digges-street School. On the 14th December, 1837, he was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College, and on the 18th September, 1847, he was translated to the Chair of Surgery. He represented the College on the General Medical Council for several years, was one of the original staff of the City of Dublin Hospital, and in that institution he ligatured the left common iliac artery—it was the second operation of the kind in Ireland, and the first successful one. Hargrave's contributions to the medical journals exceed sixty. Most of them appear in the Dublin Medical Press. In the tenth volume of that journal he put forth some novel views on the anatomy and functions of Meckel's ganglion, derived from cases of paralysis of the portiae dura nerve. In 1831 he published, in Dublin, "A System of Operative Surgery," chiefly for the use of students. It is an octavo volume of 533 pages, and possesses a novel feature—namely, that it describes the relative anatomy of the parts which form the subject of operation. Mr. Erichsen, the eminent surgeon, once mentioned to me that he obtained more useful information from Hargrave's work than from any other single volume which he had read, and expressed surprise that a new edition of it had not been brought out. Hargrave married a daughter of Alexander Deane, architect, of Cork, and sister of Sir Thomas Deane, also an architect. One of Hargrave's two sons is a medical man. the other an engineer. One of his daughters is the wife of Alexander S. Deane, J.P., of Oldtown, County Dublin; the other (now deceased) married James Creed Meredith, LL.D., at present a Secretary to the Royal University. Hargrave died at 56 Upper Mount-street, Dublin, on the 24th March, 1874, aged seventy-nine. In person he was stout, about the medium height, and possessed remarkably thick and curly hair. He always addressed every male above the period of childhood as " Sir." CHARLES BENSON, PRESIDENT IN 1854-5. Mr. Benson, son of a land agent, was born in the County of Sligo in 1797. His earlier education was chiefly received in that town, in a school kept by Mr. W. C. Armstrong, and at an early age he proved his capacity for acquiring a knowledge of both classics and mathematics. In 1813 he was the only pupil in his school to whom a prize in Euclid was awarded, whilst at the same time he was the first of six prizemen in Greek, of nine in French, and the winner of prizes in arithmetic, map drawing, and geography. Having entered Trinity College, he won a Classics Scholarship in 1818, though in this year he was a hard-working medical student, and a resident pupil in the Richmond Hospital. On the 28th January, 1815, Charles Benson was indentured to Mr. C. H. Todd. He worked under that able teacher in the dissecting room near the Hardwicke Hospital, and also was entered as a pupil in the College School and the School of Physic. In 1821 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, who, on the 7th February, 1825, promoted him to their Membership. In 1819 he graduated B.A., in 1822 M.B., and in 1840 M.D. Having acted for several years as Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College School Benson was elected Professor of Medicine in 1836. For a long period he was Physician to the City of Dublin Hospital and was, with the exception of Dr. Apjohn, the last survivor of the founders of that institution. Benson for many years enjoyed a large practice, and was held in high esteem by a large circle of friends. On one occasion a handsome presentation of plate was made to him by the pupils of the College School. He took an active part in the foundation of the Medical Benevolent Fund Society and of several other charitable institutions, and his professional skill, his time, and his purse were not lightly taxed for the benefit of the poor. His manner was singularly mild and courteous. During the nine years preceding his death his sight utterly failed, but notwithanding this infirmity he continued to take the greatest interest in professional topics. He was often to be seen at my lectures on Public Health in the College of Surgeons. A short time before his death he composed a poem of considerable merit on the subject of sight. He died peaceably, and apparently pain- lessly, at his residence, No. 42 Fitzwilliam-square, on the 21st January, 1880, and was interred at Mount Jerome Cemetery. His portrait, painted by Mr. Stephen Catterson Smith, R.H.A., is placed in the Board-room of the College ; and another portrait of Benson is in Baggot-street Hospital, to which (as he was one of its principal founders and supporters) it was presented by a large number of his friends. Benson married Maria, daughter of the late Maunsell Andrews, J.P., of Rathenny, King's County. A biographical sketch of his son Arthur appears in the Chapter on the Lecturers in the Private Schools. His son, Dr. J. Hawtrey Benson, is Physician to the City of Dublin Hospital, and Medical Censor of the King and Queen's College of Physicians for the second time ; and Dr. Benson's daughters are among our best amateur painters, especially of landscapes. Benson contributed many papers to the journals. In 1840-2 his Lectures on the Diseases of the Digestive Organs were pub- lished in the Dublin Medical Press. He is the author of the articles "Axilla," " Bone," "Normal Anatomy," and "Diaphragm," in Todd's Cyclopcedia, and of " Auscultation," in Costellus Cyclo- pcedia of Practical Surgery. ROBERT CARLISLE WILLIAMS, PRESIDENT IN 1856-7. R. C. Williams was born in Baggot-street about the year 1808. His father was George Robert Williams, a barrister, and the descendant of a family who had come from England during the Commonwealth and settled in Tippei'ary. Williams was educated at Mr. White's school, in Dublin, and in T.C.D. He graduated B.A. in 1824, and M.B. and M.D. in 1845. On the 27th July, 1822, he was indentured to Abraham Colles for five years, the last three of which he spent as resident pupil in Steevens' Hospital. Having on the 14th August, 1827, "passed" at the College, he proceeded to Paris, where he remained for nine months. Here he received instruction from Baron Dupuytren at the Hotel Dieu, and he attended assiduously at the Ecole de Medicine. He next spent nearly a year in Vienna and other German towns, and returned to Dublin an accomplished medical man. In 1830 he was appointed by Mr. Colles Clinical Clerk to Steevens' Hospital, a situation which he held for a year. On May 3rd, 1830, he became a Member of the College. From 1832 to 1835 he was Lecturer on Chemistry in the Park-street School, and in 1836 was elected Professor of Materia Medica to the College. In 1844 he became a Member of the newly-consti- tuted Council of the College, and continued so until his death. He was the first representative elected to serve on the Medical Council in 1858. In 1837 he became one of the staff of the City of Dublin Hospital. He died at the Golden Cross Hotel, Charing- cross, London, on the 19th June, 1860, from acute disease of the liver, and was interred on the 23rd June in Mount Jerome Cemetery. On the day of his death he delivered a long and remarkably clever speech at the Medical Council, and after its conclusion he seemed to be much exhausted. Williams' contributions to the medical journals were very numerous, but his literary efforts were by no means confined to purely professional topics ; he established a reputation for himself as an able journalist with more than one editor. He was associated for several years with the late J. Sheridan Le Fanu in the manage- ment of the Warder newspaper, to which (in its palmy days) he used to contribute articles by the dozen, throwing them off with extraordinary facility—indeed, for a long time he was mainly instrumental in keeping the paper going. Le Fanu's feelings of gratitude towards him may be judged by the tone of an extract from a letter addressed by that eminent writer to Mrs. Williams immediately after she became a widow:—" I write in deep grief for the loss of my admirable and valued friend, who was with me in so many scenes of sickness and sorrow, my physician and friend. The sad news came upon me this morning with an indescribable shock; for I could not believe that even the gloomiest anticipations could have reasonably justified apprehensions of a result so melan- choly and immediate. A nobler, gentler, and more humane being does not live." In connection with Williams' literary career, thus brought to a close so unexpectedly, it may not be out of place to mention that the famous Maginn was a friend and associate of his earlier years, whilst Charles Lever remained his intimate friend through life, and used invariably to send him copies of his works. Lady Morgan made an attempt to patronise him as a young lion soon after he left College, but his sense of the ludicrous was too strong to permit of his enduring her aesthetic entertainments with patience. He was one of the most able men who have been connected with the management of the affairs of the College. Shortly after his death the Council placed his bust in marble in the College hall. Williams married Franceska Gabriella, daughter of Thomas Reid, by his wife Lucina, nSe Hardy. Their son, Richard Carlisle, occupies a high position in the Indian Civil Service. HANS IRVINE, PRESIDENT IN 1857-8. H. Irvine was a descendant of Dr. Christopher Irvine, Physician- General to the States of Scotland, whose son, Christopher, Physician to Charles II., settled in the County of Fermanagh, which he represented in Parliament. H. Irvine Avas born in the year 1803 at the Rectory, Kilbixy, County of Meath. His father, a clergy- man, was one of the twenty-six children of Colonel Irvine, of Castle Irvine, County of Fermanagh, and his mother, Elizabeth, was one of the thirty-six children of James Hamilton, of Sheep- hill, County of Dublin. Irvine graduated B.A. in Dublin University in 1826, and M.B. and M.A. in 1833. He was apprenticed to C. H. Todd on the 2nd December, 1823, and after his master's death, in 1826, he was transferred to R. Carmichael. He took out five Winter Courses of Anatomy in the College School. On the 30th March, 1830, he became a Licentiate of the College, and on the 1st May, 1837, was elected a Member thereof. He was well acquainted with Charles Lever, the novelist, both having studied anatomy together. Irvine commenced as a teacher, and, in conjunction with Malcolm H. Hillis, established an Anatomical School in Marlborough-street (see chapter on Private Schools). He subsequently attained to a good practice, and became one of the best known and most popular men in Dublin society, including the clubs. He was fond of hunting, and for half a century there was no more familiar sight than Hans Irvine, mounted on a good horse, riding in the after- noon through the streets. In his youth he was a very handsome man, and kept up much of his good appearance until he was near his grand climacteric. Having, owing to advancing years and increasing deafness, retired from practice, Irvine died from pneumonia at the University Club, Stephen's-green, Dublin, on the 4th March, 1882, aged 79. He never married. CHRISTOPHER FLEMING, PRESIDENT IN 1859-60. C. Fleming was born on July 14, 1800, at Boardstown, Mullingar, County of Westmeath. His father was a country gentleman, and a claimant of the Barony of Clane, still in abeyance. His mother was Catherine, daughter of B. Taylor, of Castle Pollard. He graduated in arts in the University in 1821, and proceeded to the M.D. degree in 1838. In 1818 he was apprenticed to R. Dease, and on the death of the latter he was, in 1819, transferred to Abraham Colles, and studied for five years in the College School. He was admitted as a Licentiate of the College on the 4th September, 1824, and was elected a Member on 6th November, 1826. On the 17th November, 1851, he was appointed Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. He was Surgeon to the Netterville Dispensary, and a Visiting Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. He lectured on surgery for several years at the Park-street School of Medicine, then became an Examiner in the College, and lastly, was elected a member of the Council. He was a Corresponding Member of the Surgical Society of Paris. Fleming contributed several papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and the Hospital Gazette. His " Clinical Obser- vations on Injuries and Diseases of the Urinary Organs," which appeared in the latter journal, form the basis of a work which he published* under the editorship of Mr. William Thomson, F.R C.S., and which was accorded a yery favourable reception. Fleming married the daughter of the Rev. Stephen Radcliff. Having retired from practice, he left his old residence, 6 Merrion- square, North, and lived for some time at Brookfield-terrace, Donnybrook, where he died on the 30th December, 1880, aged 81, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Of his seven children two survive—Lieut.-Col. Fleming, late 95th Regiment, and Mary C. Fleming. Fleming was bred a Roman Catholic, but like his contemporary, Rumley, he changed, I believe, his religion in his later years. He was a skilful surgeon and courteous gentleman. WILLIAM JAMESON, PRESIDENT IN 1861-2. W. Jameson was born at No. 68 Harcourt-street, Dublin, on the 19th November, 1802. He was the only son of William Jameson, of York-street, and Egremount, Cumberland, and Jane, sole heiress of William Lyster, and his wife Margaret Gunning (Viscountess Mayo, of Athleague and Castle Coote, County of Roscommon). He was educated at the Feinaiglian School (now Aldborough Barracks), and was apprenticed in December, 1821, to Surgeon W. Auchenleck. He became a Licentiate of the College in 1829, and a Member on the 6th May, 1833. In 1836 he graduated M. D. in Glasgow University. He was a Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, and was an Examiner at the College for many years, both in the ordinary court and in the midwifery one. He lectured on anatomy, physiology, surgery, and midwifery, in the Medical School, 27 Peter-street. A Master of the Coombe Hospital, he was a midwifery as well as surgical practitioner. Having long suffered from diabetes, he died from that disease at 68 Harcourt-street, on February 1st, 1875. Jameson married 2nd June, 1825, Lucy, youngest daughter of John Gordon Holmes, of Blackbush, Clontarf. Five of their * Clinical Records of Injuries and Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Organs. Dublin : Faunin & Co., 1877. 8vo, pp. 388. children survive—namely, William, a J.P.; John Lyster, a Surg.- General; Paul Lyster, in Holy Orders; and two daughters, one of whom is widow of Surgeon Maurice H. Collis. THOMAS LEWIS MACKESY, PRESIDENT IN 1862. T. L. Mackesy was born in 1790, at Waterford. His father was an apothecary, and his mother was a Miss Lewis. He was apprenticed to his father, and saw a good deal of practice at the Leper Hospital, in Waterford. Kirby, of Dublin, prepared him in twelve months for the office of assistant-surgeon in the army. He served for seven years in the artillery, and was present when the British were repulsed at Guadaloupe, where his speed as a runner saved him from captivity. He was in one of the ships which received the British troops after the Battle of Corunna. Having settled down to civil practice, he became a Member of the English College of Surgeons in 1809, was appointed Surgeon to the Leper and Fanning Hospitals in his native city, and acquired an extensive private practice. When in 1844 the College acquired their Supplemental Charter, they co-opted Mackesy as a Fellow. On the 6th June, 1864, his portrait in oils and a piece of plate was presented to him by a large number of his professional friends, in testimony of their " high sense of his distinguished and untiring efforts, while consulting the best interests of the public, to sustain and elevate a profession which he adorns." In 1863 the Univer- sity conferred upon him, honoris causa, the degree of M.D. He was the first provincial practitioner elected President of the College. Mackesy was married three times—first, to Miss Poulter; secondly, to Miss Vincent; and thirdly, to Miss Madden. He died on the 9th April, 1869, aged 79. Two of his grandsons— George and William Lewis—are in medical practice in Waterford. WILLIAM COLLES, PRESIDENT IN 1863-4. Mr. Colles was born on the 2nd July, 1809, at No. 13 St. Stephen's-green, Dublin. He is the son of Abraham Colles (see page 332). He received a primary education at the Feinaigjian School, and graduated in arts in the University in 1831, and in medicine in 1841. In 1865 he proceeded to the M.D. degree. On the 11th April, 1826, he was apprenticed to his father, and studied at the College School and Steevens' Hospital. On the 9th July, 1831, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was elected a Member on the 1st May, 1837. He spent some months in the hospitals of Vienna, Berlin, and Gottingen; and on the 11th February, 1834, he was, on the motion of Dr. John Crampton, seconded by Sir Philip Cramp ton, elected to be the House Surgeon of Steevens' Hospital; at the end of seven years—the term of office—he became one of its Visiting Surgeons, an office which he still holds. During the exis- tence of the school connected with this hospital, Mr. Colles was one of the lecturers on surgery in it. He is Consulting Surgeon to the Rotunda Hospital, Regius Professor of Surgery, and one of Her Majesty's Surgeons-in-Ordinary in Ireland. For many years he has filled the honorary offices of Secretary and Librarian to the College, and he takes the deepest interest in their affairs ; he may indeed be justly termed the Nestor of the College. Mr. Colles edited a series of valuable papers which his father left in MS., and published them in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. He has contributed several papers to the journals. In 1850 Mr. Colles married Pamella Hatchell, daughter of Cadwallader Waddy, County of Wexford—which at one time he represented in Parliament. Mr. Colles has one son and two daugh- ters, and he resides in the well-known house, 21 Stephen's-green, where his father died. SAMUEL GEORGE WILMOT, PRESIDENT IN 1865-6. S. Gr. Wilmot was born in No. 31 York-street, Dublin, on the 7th March, 1821, and is the son of Samuel Wilmot (see page 370). He was indentured to his father on the 19th December, 1837, and studied at the College School and Steevens' Hospital. On the 31st May, 1842, he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and was elected a Fellow on the 13th December, 1844. He matriculated in T.C.D. in 1837, but did not proceed to a degree m Dublin. On tbe 30tb July, 1846, be graduated in the Aberdeen University, and on the 12th May, 1860, he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and in 1849 he was appointed Visiting Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital, in which since 1843 he had been Resident Surgeon. He was joint Lecturer on Surgery with Tagert at the Original, now the Ledwich School, and subsequently lectured upon the same subject in the Richmond Hospital and Steevens' Hospital Schools. Dr. Wilmot, beside minor appointments, holds the office of Consulting Surgeon to the Coombe Hospital, but for some years past he has to a large extent withdrawn from the active practice of his profession. He married a daughter of the late eminent Surgeon J. W. Cusack, and has several children. Mr. Wilmot has contributed several papers to the medical journals. His book on " Stricture of the Urethra, &c," published in 1858, is of practical value. RICHARD GEORGE HEEBERT BUTCHER, PRESIDENT IN 1866-7. Mr. Butcher was born at Danesfort, Killarney, on the 19th April, 1819. His family are of English origin. His grandfather, Thomas Butcher, resided at Northampton ; and his father, Samuel, was born at Copple, in Bedfordshire, in 1770. He entered the Royal Navy in 1786, served with distinction in many parts of the world, and rose to the rank of Admiral; an account of his services may be seen in O'Beirne's " Naval History." He married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Townsend Herbert, M.P., of Carnane, in the County of Kerry, a gentleman of great ability, who held Ministerial office in the Irish Government in ante-union times. The eldest son of Admiral Butcher entered T.C.D., in which he rose to the position of Regius Professor of Divinity, and subsequently was appointed Bishop of Meath. Another son became a Captain in the Royal Navy; one rose to the rank of Major-General in the Army; a fourth became a Colonel in the Royal Marine Light Infantry ; and the original of this sketch decided to embrace surgery as his profession. He received a sound education in Hamblin's and Porter's School, South Mall, Cork, and began his studies in the Cork School of Medicine, under John Woodroffe. He spent two years there, and then came to Dublin, and prosecuted his anatomical studies in the School at 27 Peter-street. He finally spent some time in Guy's Hospital, London, where he had the advantage of listening to the cliniques of Sir Astley Cooper. Mr. Butcher took out the Licence of the London College of Surgeons in 1838, and that of the Dublin College on the 18th September, 1841; on the 10th May, 1844, he was co-opted a Fellow. Mr. Butcher was appointed a Demonstrator in the Dublin School of Medicine as soon as he was " qualified," and was shortly afterwards promoted to the position of Lecturer on Anatomy, lie was for many years Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, to which institu- tution he soon attracted large numbers of students. His ability as a surgeon was speedily recognised, and his practice began to increase rapidly. Early in his career, and for many subsequent years, Mr. Butcher excited the admiration of many generations of medical students by exhibitions of his muscular development. He was wont to roll up his shirt-sleeves before operating, and this process exposed to view biceps of much more than average pro- portions. Mr. Butcher served for a very long period as an Examiner in the College, and for several years he was Senior Member of the Court. The Rev. Professor Haughton, M.D., Medical Registrar of Trinity College, ever anxious to further the interests of that great institution, induced Mr. Butcher to accept the newly-created office of Lecturer on Operative Surgery. This new appointment caused him to sever his connection with the hospital in which his reputa- tion had been mainly established, and led to his joining the medical staff of Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. Professor Haughton once said at a festive gathering: " Since the day I entered Trinity College, I do not believe that a greater benefit was ever conferred on it than on the day on which I induced Mr. Butcher to under- take the teaching of operative surgery in its School of Medicine." The University showed their appreciation of his distinguished services to surgical science by conferring upon him, in 1863, the degree of M.D. honoris causa. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, and a member of several medical societies, home and foreign. Mr. Butcher's published writings are voluminous; they have chiefly appeared in the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, and some of the more important were subsequently published in a large volume. To the medical students of the United Kingdom, America, and other countries, he is most familiarly known as the inventor of a surgical saw, usually termed " Butcher's Saw" {Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1851). He has a well-deserved reputation as a skilful surgeon, sparing of blood, and anxious to conserve as much as possible the " precious porcelain " of man—in a word, he is a successful practitioner of "bloodless" and "preser- vative surgery." In 1879 Mr. Butcher fitted up a life-boat station on the shores of Tralee Bay, as a memorial of his father, Admiral Butcher, and of his brother, the late Bishop of Meath. The cost of the life-boat alone was £1,000. In 1885 Mr. Butcher, at my request, at once consented to present his valuable museum to the College of Surgeons, and his old friend, Mr. O'Reilly-Dease, has generously undertaken to construct, at his sole cost, a building for its reception. Mr. Butcher had intended to bequeath his museum to Mr. W. J. Wheeler; but that gentleman promptly approved of the proposal to place it in the College. Mr. Butcher married, in 1840, Julia, daughter of Evory Car- michael, M.D. SIR GEORGE HORNIDGR PORTER, PRESIDENT IN 1868-9. Sir Gr. H. Porter, son of W. H. Porter (see page 392), was born in his father's house, 15 Kildare-street, on the 24th November, 1822. He was educated at home and in Trinity College; on the 6th November, 1838, he was indentured for five years to Josiah Smyly. His medical and surgical education was conducted in the College and Trinity College Schools, and the Meath Hospital. On the 2nd November, 1844, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and on the 15th of the same month became a Fellow. His degrees in the University of Dublin bear the follow- ing dates :—B.A., 1845 ; MB, 1848 ; and M.D., 1865. In 1873 the University conferred upon him the degree of Master in Surgery, honoris causa. Sir George's appointments are very numerous ; but it will be sufficient to enumerate the following:—Surgeon to the Meath Hospital (1849), and to Simpson's Hospital (1866); Con- sulting Surgeon to the Coombe (1861), St. Mark's Ophthalmic (1876), and Steevens' (1881) Hospitals. In 1869 he was appointed Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland. He is a past President of the Pathological Society and of the Dublin Branch of the British Medical Association, and is a member of many medical societies of the United Kingdom. As to his non-profes- sional positions, it will suffice to state that he is a J.P. for the County of Wexford, and a Governor of the Bluecoat and Lock Hospitals and of the Wexford District Lunatic Asylum Sir George is a member of the Kildare-street Club, who are chary in electing professional men ; Dr. Banks and Dr. Little are the only other medical practitioners entitled to date their letters from the handsome club house in Kildare-street. In 1883 he received the honour of knighthood from her Majesty at Windsor, "to mark his high position amongst the surgeons of the United Kingdom." Sir George has published " Clinical Lectures on Surgery" in the Medical Press, and has contributed several papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Sir George is married to Julia, second daughter of the late Isaac Bond, of Flimby, Cumberland. His only child is William Henry, a captain in the 3rd battalion, Royal Irish Regiment. Sir George resides at 3 Merrion-square, North. He attends usually as a Grand Juror at the Wexford Assizes, and is the only surgeon practising in Dublin who serves on a County Grand Jury. 2 E R A WD ON MACNAMAEA (secundus), PEESIDENT IN 1869-70. R. Macnamara, second son of Rawdon Macnaniara, primus (see page 388), was born at 28 York-street, Dublin, on the 23rd February, 1822. He was educated at home, and matriculated in T.C.D., but did not proceed beyond the grade of Senior Sophister. He was indentured on the 15th March, 1838, to Sir Philip Crampton, and his professional studies were conducted in the College School. He spent five years in attendance at the Meath Hospital. On the 6th March, 1846, he obtained the diploma of the College, and " passed " for the Fellowship on the 8th December, 1852. He became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1859, and in 1870 the University conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.D. in recognition of his services in the cause of medical education and progress in Ireland. Mr. Macnamara, shortly after becoming qualified, was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Dublin School of Medicine, and subsequently lectured upon that subject in the Carmichael and Ledwich Schools. On the 3rd of August, 1860, he was elected Professor of Materia Medica to the College. When he became President, in 1869, he filled the three offices—President, Professor of Materia Medica, and Surgeon to the Meath Hospital—which his father had occupied. At present he represents the College on the General Medical Council, and in 1884 was nominated by that Council to be a Visitor to the Universities. In that year, too, the Apothecaries' Hall gave him honorary membership—a compliment conferred for the first time upon an Irishman, and only once upon an Englishman—Mr. Cooper. Mr. Macnamara is Surgeon to the Lock Hospital, and was formerly Medical Attendant at the Dublin General Dispensary. He has been an Examiner in the Queen's University, and in the University of Dublin. He is the editor, and has in great part become the author, of Neligan's " Medicines and their Uses," and has contributed numerous papers to the journals, and published several pamphlets, including one on " Epistaxis " and another on the " Treatment of Stricture by the Immediate Plan." In 1846 Mr. Macnamara married Sarah, only child of Patrick Blanchard, of Eagle Lodge, Brompton, London. One of his sons, a medical man, died in Trinidad, another is now engaged in medical practice in Demerara, and a third (Francis), a pupil in the College School, is likely to enter the army as a combatant officer. ALBERT JASPER WALSH, PRESIDENT IN 1870-1. A. J. Walsh was born in Dundrum Castle, County of Dublin, on the 15th April, 1815. His father, John Walsh, was a merchant, and his mother's maiden name was Sarah Hayes. He received his earlier education at the Feinaiglian School, and graduated B.A. in the University in 1837. On the 13th March, 1837, Walsh became a Licentiate, and on the 10th January, 1845, a Fellow of the College. In 1842 he took out the licence of the London College of Physicians. Whilst still a medical student, he formed the idea of establishing a hospital for the exclusive use of Protestants—an idea which ulti- mately led to the foundation of the Adelaide Hospital, Peter- street. He was the first surgeon to this hospital, and was con- nected with it until shortly before his death (caused by softening of the brain), which event took place on 24th July, 1880. He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Walsh resided for many years at 89 Harcourt-street. He contributed a paper on the " Use of Chloride of Barium in Scrofula and Dysentery" to the Medical Press, and one on "Erysipelas" to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and edited Kirby's Lectures on the Urinary Organs, which appeared in the former journal. Walsh married Charlotte Maria, eldest daughter and now only surviving child of Courtney Kenny Clarke, of Larch Hill, County of Dublin, and Dobbs, County of Galway, and has issue. JAMES HENRY WHARTON, PRESIDENT IN 1871-2. Mr. Wharton was born in 49, now 53, York-street. His father, G. Wharton, was a solicitor, and his mother was Jane Saddler. Having received a sound education at the Rev. Dr. Wall's School, Hume-street, he graduated B.A. in Dublin University in 1837, and in 1868 he took the degrees of M B. and M.A., Dubl. Univ. His first annus medicus was spent in the School, 27 Peter-street; subsequently he pursued his studies in the College School. On 20th December, 1839, he " passed " for the licence, and on the 3rd January, 1845, obtained the Fellowship of the College. On the 31st October, 1853, he took out the licence of the College of Physicians. He was formerly Surgeon to St. Peter's Dispensary and to the Adelaide Hospital, and at present he is Surgeon to the Hospital for Incurables and to Bloomfield Retreat. In 1858 he was elected to his present post of Surgeon to the Meath Hospital. In 1846 he was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Original, now the Ledwich School of Medicine, and in 1858 became a Lecturer on Surgery in that institution, which position he retained until 1880. He has for many years past served on the College Council, and is rarely absent from their meetings, or from those of their com- mittees. He has contributed several papers to the medical journals. Mr. Wharton was married to Elizabeth Letitia Brady, daughter of the late Sir William Brady, and niece of Lord Chancellor Sir Maziere Brady, Bart. She died in 1875, leaving three sons and four daughters. FREDERICK KIRKPATRICK, PRESIDENT IN 1872-3. Mr. Kirkpatrick was born on the 29th March, 1812, at York- street, Dublin. His father was a landed proprietor, whose property at Rathmoor, in the County of Wicklow, is now in possession of the Right Hon. Mr. Cogan, P.C. His mother, Mary Darley, was sister to the alderman (in the " old Corporation " of Dublin) so well known early in this century. Mr. Kirkpatrick was educated .at a school in Wexford and in Trinity College. On the 1st August, 1831, he was indentured to Surgeon Thomas E. Byrne, of Carlow, who, however, lived only for a few months after ; and on his death Mr. Kirkpatrick was transferred to Surgeon Samuel Wilmot, to whom he acted for some time as clinical clerk. He spent nearly five years in Steevens' Hospital. Mr. Kirkpatrick's qualifications bear the following dates:— L.E.C.S.L, 8th March, 1836 ; M.B., 1837 ; F.K.C.S.I., 1st March, 1844; and L. M., Dublin Lying-in-Hospital, 1841. He was for many years Medical Attendant at St. Mary's Dispensary and the Hospitals of the North Dublin Union. He contributed to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science papers on Epidemic Ophthalmia and Diseases of the Bones and Joints; and published a small pamphlet on the " Surgical Uses of Potassce cum Calce." Mr. Kirkpatrick's method of treatment of diseased joints by escharotics, has recently been employed by Mr. W. Stokes, V.P., R.C.S., who exhibited success- ful instances of its value at the meeting of the Surgical Section of the Academy of Medicine, 11th December, 1885. Mr. Kirkpatrick married Susan, daughter of George Ivie, of Waterford. JOHN DENHAM, PRESIDENT IN 1873-4. Mr. Denham was born on the 10th October, 1806, at Kille- shandra, where his father, the Rev. Joseph Denham, was a Presbyterian clergyman. His mother was Eliza, daughter of Mr. Crumley, a merchant in Clones. Having received a classical education in the Belfast Academical Institution, he was indentured to Ephraim M'Dowel on the 1st December, 1826, and commenced his studies in the College and Richmond Hospital Schools and House of Industry Hospitals. Having spent some time in Edin- burgh, he graduated in its University in 1831. On the 10th August, 1832, he "passed" at the College, but did not become a Fellow until the 6th November, 1863. On the 31st July, 1861, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians. Mr. Denham is an excellent anatomist, and taught anatomy in the Marlborough- street, Park-street, and Carmichael Schools. He was Master of the Rotunda Hospital, and for a protracted period enjoyed, and well deserved, a large practice, chiefly obstetrical, on retiring from which in 1885 he received a handsome testimonial from his medical and lay friends. Mr. Denham was married, first, to St. Clair, daughter of Major Knox, R. A. (a direct descendant from the celebrated Scotch divine, John Knox) ; and secondly, to Louisa, widow of Ebenezer Barclay, of Aberdeen, and daughter of the late Samuel Pourton, of Cranage, Cheshire. Dr. Denham has a son—Dr. John Knox Denham—in practice in Dublin, and his daughter is married to Mr. Swanzy (formerly Professor of Ophthalmology to the College). JOLLIFFE TUFNELL, PRESIDENT IN 1874-5. Mr. J. Tufnell was born at Lackham House, near Chippenham, Wilts, on the 23rd of May, 1819. He was a younger son of Colonel J. C. Tufnell and Ulianna, only daughter of the Very Rev. Dr. Powell, of Fowelscombe, Kent. After being educated at Dr. Radcliffe's, at Salisbury, and other large schools in England, he was apprenticed in 1836 to Mr. Samuel Luscombe, of Exeter, then Senior Surgeon to the Devon and Exeter Hospital, to which a Medical School was attached. Having studied there for three years Mr. Tufnell proceeded to London, and entered at St. George's Hospital, under Sir Benjamin Brodie and Mr. Caesar Hawkins. In May, 1841, Mr. Tufnell took the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and on the 11th of June he entered the Army as Assistant-Surgeon of the 44th Regiment, then serving in India. Upon reaching Calcutta he took medical charge of all the troops as they arrived from England, remaining for this purpose at Chinserah up to Christmas, until the last detachment had landed. To this delay Mr. Tufnell owed his life, for whilst proceeding up the country, en route to Cabul, the massacre of the 44th Regiment took place—one officer and seven men only remaining out of the entire corps. In October he returned to England with such of the recruits of the 44th as had not volunteered to remain in India. Shortly after his return he was sent to Dundalk, to join the 3rd Dragoon Guards, and served with this regiment at Dublin and Cork; but, having married Mrs. Ellen Fanning, daughter of Mr. Molony, of the County of Clare, he determined to leave the service and settle in private practice in Dublin. The Fellowship of the College had then just been thrown open to those who could produce satisfactory evidence as to their education, and who were willing to undergo two days' public examination. Mr. Tufnell underwent the ordeal and was successful, thus becoming the first Fellow of the Irish College of Surgeons by examination. A vacancy in the Army Medical Staff of Dublin having soon after occurred, Mr. Tufnell applied to be transferred from the 3rd Dragoon Guards to the Staff, which was granted, and shortly after he withdrew altogether from active service, accepting the Surgeoncy of the Dublin District Military Prison as a life appointment. In 1846 Mr. Tufnell fitted up a class-room and lectured on Military Hygiene in it, and subsequently in St. Vincent's and Baggot-street Hospitals, until his appointment as Professor of Military Surgery in the College. The war between Russia and Turkey having broken out in the spring of 1854, Mr. Tufnell now proceeded - to the East, in company with the late Dr. Richard M'Kenzie, Surgeon to the Edinburgh Infirmary, in order that they might avail themselves of the opportunities of studying the injuries inflicted in warfare upon a large scale. They spent three months in the Debrudcha and on the shores of the Danube, when Dr. M'Kenzie's health giving way, Mr. Tufnell accompanied him to Varna. He subse- quently went with a Scotch regiment to the Crimea, and after seeing some fighting on the Danube he returned to Dublin. Mr. Tufnell was for many years Examiner in Surgery in the College, and resigned that office on becoming a candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1873. Mr. Tufnell's name is associated with the treatment of aneurysm, both internal and external, and his writings upon this subject are of importance. He devised various surgical instruments—amongst which may be enumerated splints for talipes and fractures, tubular bougies for stricture of the rectum, and a bullet-extractor, which was almost exclusively employed during the Crimean War. Since the foregoine; was written Mr. Tufnell was stricken with fever of an obscure nature, to which he succumbed on the 27th of November, 1885, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was a very tall, large, and handsome man, and was a favourite amongst a large circle of friends. EDWARD HAMILTON, PRESIDENT IN 1875-6. E. Hamilton was born in Dublin on the 13th April, 1824. His father, William Cope Hamilton, was for many years medica. officer of the Milltown (County of Dublin) Dispensary, and during the cholera epidemic, in 1832, was medical attendant to the Cholera Hospital in Kevin-street. He was a constant attendant at the meetings of the Physico-Medical Society, at the College of Surgeons. At one of them he read a paper on Hippo, in which he described a peculiar complaint, termed " hippo coryza," then almost unrecognised, and from which he suffered acutely when exposed to the exhalations from the powdered root. He advocated, from a large experience of its effects, the use of ipecacuanha emetics in Asiatic cholera. Did the hippo eject the cholera bacilli ? Hamilton married (in 1813) Emily, daughter of John Robinson, Notary Public. Their youngest son, Edward, was educated at Portobello School, and, having entered Trinity College, he graduated in Arts in 1845, and in Medicine in 1846. He studied chiefly in the School of Physic and the Dublin School, but attended J. Aldridge's Chemical Lectures at the Park-street School, and Geoghegan's Lectures on Forensic Medicine at the College. His hospitals were Sir Patrick Dun's and Mercer's. On the 29th May, 184S, Mr. Hamilton obtained the Letters Testimonial, and " passed " for the Fellowship on the 16th October, 1852. In 1860 he proceeded to the degree of M.D. Mr. Hamilton, shortly after he became qualified, commenced to lecture on Medical Jurisprudence in the Dublin School, but soon turned his attention to Anatomy, and lectured on that subject until 1857, when the School was dissolved and one opened in connection with Steevens' Hospital. He became Resident Surgeon in this Institution and Lecturer on Anatomy in its School, and in due time he became a Visiting Surgeon to the Hospital. In 1884 he was elected Professor of Surgery to the College. He was President of .the Pathological Society, and of the Dublin Branch of the British Medical Association, and is new in the Presidential Chair of the Irish Medical Association, and was one of the surgeons to the Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Lieutenant. He has contributed many articles to the medical journals, more especially in reference to diseases of the rectum and anus, and has published a brochure entitled the " Army Medical Service as a Life Career." Mr. Hamilton married Eliza, daughter of the late Dr. John Glover, of Philipstown, and niece of the well-known Serjeant Glover, of the English Bar, and proprietor of the London Morning Chronicle, once a leading journal, but now extinct. Dr. Hamilton has four daughters and four sons—one of his sons is a pupil in the College School. GEORGE HUGH KIDD, PRESIDENT IN 1876-7. On a tomb in Dunluce Church, County of Antrim, the following inscription exists:—"Here lyeth the children of Walter Kyd, Merchant of Dunluce, Burgess of Irving. He made this stone tenth of March, anno domini, 1630." From this Walter Kyd, of Ayrshire, Mr. George H. Kidd is descended. His ancestors, who changed the spelling of their name to Kidd, settled about the end of the 17th century at Millmount, near Keady, where they intro- duced and until very recently carried on linen bleaching upon a large scale. One of them, Benjamin, married a Miss Hadden, of the County of Tyrone, and had five sons, of whom the eldest James, succeeded his father in his business at Millmount. He died 11th January, 1815, leaving four sons, the youngest of whom, Hugh, was father of George Hugh Kidd, the original of this notice. Archibald, son of Benjamin, became Rector of Jonesboro', and died in 1833, aged 79. His son, William Lodge, served with distinction in the navy, and became a Fellow of the College in 1844. His youngest son, Archibald, also a Fellow, died in January, 1886. G. H. Kidd was born in Armagh, on the 12th June, 1824. His mother (also of Scotch extraction) was Eliza, youngest daughter of Thomas M'Kinstry, of Keady. He was educated partly at home, and partly at the school kept by the Rev. John Bleckley at Monaghan, and that of Dr. Lyons at Newry. His professional studies were conducted at the College, Trinity College, Park- street, and Marlborough-street Schools, and were completed at Edinburgh University. He obtained the licence of the College on the 25th July, 1842, at the early age of eighteen years ; and on the 25th October, 1844, was co-opted a Fellow, but was not enrolled till 1849. In 1845 Mr. Kidd graduated M.D. in Edin- burgh University and obtained one of the " Graduation " medals of the year. At that time it was usual to give three medals for the best graduation theses of the year; but on the occasion that Mr. Kidd obtained his medal four were granted, Mr. Kidd's name being "first called." In the following year none of the theses were considered worthy of medals. Mr. Kidd's first appointment was as medical officer of Derrylin Dispensary district. He resigned it on the 24th September, 1844, before proceeding to Edinburgh, and his committee passed a very complimentary resolution—signed by Lord Erne as chairman— expressing their high sense of the care and ability with which Mr. Kidd had discharged his duties. In 1845 he became a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Park-street School, and subsequently lectured on Anatomy and Physiology in Peter-street School until its disso- lution in 1857. He has for many years acted as Obstetric Surgeon to the Coombe Hospital, and was Master of it from 1876 till 1883, seven years being the maximum period of mastership according to the terms of the charter of the hospital. He is Consulting Obstetric Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, and is an Honorary Fellow of the London and Edinburgh Obstetrical Societies, and corresponding member of several foreign societies. He has served the offices of President of the Obstetrical and Patho- logical Societies and of the Obstetric Section of the Irish Academy of Medicine. In 1883 the University of Dublin conferred on him the degree of Magister in Arte Obstetricid Honoris Causa, on which occasion honorarv degrees were also conferred on Earl Spencer, Lord Wolseley, and Professor Crawford. In 1884 he was selected to give the address on Obstetric Medicine at the meeting of the British Medical Association in Belfast. Of Mr. Kidd's contributions to medical literature (which are numerous) the majority are on obstetrical subjects. He was the first to apply nitric acid to the interior of the uterus. He was for many years proprietor and editor of the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science. Mr. Kidd married Frances Emily, daughter of the late William Eigby, of Dublin. She died in 1884. One of the most important events in the life of Mr. Kidd is his instrumentality in the foundation of the Stewart Institution for Idiotic and Imbecile Children. As this asylum is a monument of the liberality and philanthropy of members of the medical profession, this, perhaps, is as good a place as any to sketch its history. Mr. Kidd was led in 1864 to make an attempt to found an hospital for idiots, by the perusal of a pamphlet on the subject of " Institutions for the Training of the Feeble-Minded," written by Mr Cheyne Brady and Surgeon Wharton. On the back of the pamphlet there appeared a notice that it was intended to call a meeting to consider what steps should be taken to found one of these institutions in Ireland, and requesting all interested in the subject to communicate with Mr. Jonathan Pirn or Mr. Brady. Mr. Kidd called on Mr. Pirn, and asked to be allowed to join in the effort, but learned from him that a meeting had been held at which it was decided that the scheme was impracticable. Mr. Kidd, nevertheless, determined to try what could be done. He visited the asylums at Earlswood and Colchester in England, and at Larbert in Scotland. He wrote a sketch of what had been done at these institutions and elsewhere, and of the literature of the subject, which was published in the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science for February, 1865, and subsequently extended and printed for general circulation, under the title of " An Appeal on behalf of the Idiotic and Imbecile Children of Ireland." It was extensively circulated and well received. A public meeting was subsequently held at Charlemont House, Rutland-square, on 1st February, 1866—the Earl of Charlemont in the chair—which was largely attended, and resolutions approving of the project were passed. A committee was nominated—Lord Charlemont, chair- man, and Lord James Butler, vice-chairman—and a subscription list opened, when £941 was subscribed in the room—Dr. Stewart, F.R.C S.I., putting down his name for £50. Mr. Kidd next visited Belfast, and made arrrangements for a public meeting, which was held soon afterwards, and a Committee formed to assist that already organised in Dublin. Early in 1868 the subscriptions received amounted to £6,171, and a second public meeting was held in Charlemont House. At this meeting Dr. H. H. Stewart again attended, and now proposed to give the committee the asylum he had founded at Lucan for lunatics of the middle classes. This asylum, which had been open for ten years, had paid on an average an annual profit of £1,100. Stewart proposed to consign it in full working order, together with a sum of £5,000, on condition that the committee would keep it up for the benefit of middle-class lunatics, for whom there was no other provision in Ireland, so long as it proved a paying concern, the profits to be applied to the maintenance of the Institution for Idiots. This munificent proposition was accepted, and arrange- ments were entered into for opening the institution. Premises were taken in the Crescent, Lucan, which stood on the same plot of ground as Stewart's Asylum ; they were adapted to the purpose, and in July, 1869, the first pupils (twelve in number) were admitted. Up to this point Mr. Kidd, in addition to liberal pecuniary aid, undertook all the labour of organising the institution, conducting the correspondence and keeping the accounts, but now a paid secretary was appointed, and Mr. Kidd, relieved from those duties, continued to assist in the working of the institution. Stewart, too, took an active part in its management during his lifetime, giving it large donations, and at his death bequeathed it £2,000; and out of his residuary estate (which he left for various charitable and educational purposes) it received a further sum of £5,000— altogether the institution derived from him more than £12,000, besides the profit from his Asylum, amounting to about £1,000 a year. Finally the institution was removed to Palmerston, Chapelizod, where suitable buildings had been erected for its accommodation and that of Dr. Stewart's Asylum, on the site of the mansion formerly occupied by Lord Donoughmore, which,, together with a demesne of 40 acres, had been purchased for the purpose. In honour of its chief benefactor, it was named " The Stewart Institution for Idiotic and Imbecile Children and Asylum for Lunatic Patients." It now contains 70 idiotic and imbecile children, 240 having been admitted since it was opened in 1869 ; and there are 83 lunatic patients in the Asylum, 200 having been admitted since it was given over to the committee by Stewart, when there were 91 in the house. Dr. Frederick Pirn, Resident Physician, devotes his entire attention to its manage- ment. A sum of £46,287—supplied by voluntary contributions— has been expended on the erection of this institution, and it has a subscription list of more than £1,000 a year, which, together with a profit of nearly £1,000 a year, derived from Dr. Stewart's Asylum, is devoted to the maintenance and education of idiotic and imbecile children. The results obtained in the education and training of these children have been most encouraging; many of them have been made useful, self-supporting members of society. A large majority of them have had their intellects improved, their senses educated, their physical powers invigorated, and their con- sciences awakened, and have thereby been enabled to live in comparative happiness. They have received tender care, instead of being allowed to remain the down-trodden victims of the thoughtless, idle, or vicious children of the village-green. Families have, moreover, been relieved from the care and burden of helpless members, who occupied the entire time and attention of at least one healthy individual, which but too frequently their means could not afford. ROBERT M'DONNELL, PRESIDENT IN 1877-8. R. M'Donnell was born in Dublin on the 15th of March, 1828, and is the second son of Dr. John M'Donnell, of Upper Fitz- william-street, Dublin.* He was educated privately until his entrance to Trinity College, Dublin, in 1844. He was appren- ticed on the 1st November, 1845, to the late Surgeon Richard * Dr. John M'Donnell's lineage will be found in the Chapter on the School Professors. Carmichael, and after the death of the latter was transferred to the late Mr. Robert Moore Peile, and commenced his professional studies in the College and the Carmichael Schools. He graduated B.A. and M.B. in 1850, and obtained the Licence of the College on the 22nd February, 1851, becoming on the 24th August, 1853, a Fellow. Having become a qualified medical man, Mr. M'Donnell studied for some time in Edinburgh, Paris, and Vienna. In 1857 he proceeded to the degree of M.D. in the University of Dublin. During the Winter Session of 1856-7 he was a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Carmichael School of Medicine, and was subse- quently appointed Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology in that institution. Mr. M'Donnell is a Member of the Royal Irish Academy and of every important medical and scientific society in Dublin. He is a honorary or corresponding member of several British and foreign societies, and in 1865 he received that coveted distinction—the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. In 1864 he took ad eundum the degree of M.D. in the Queen's University in Ireland. In 1863 he became a Surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital, and three years later was elected a Surgeon to Dr. Steevens' Hospital, and Professor of Descriptive Anatomy in the Medical School connected with it. In 1857 he was appointed by Lord Carlisle to be Medical Superintendent at Mountjoy Government Prison, in the room of Surgeon Francis Ryncl, discharging the duties of that office for a period of ten years, and rendering important services in improving the hygienic condition of the prison. He was a member of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the Medical Acts, 1881-82, and of the Royal Commission on Prisons in Ireland, 1882-83, and of the Royal Commission on the Education and Employment of the Blind, 1885-6. He was twice elected by the Senate of the Dublin University a Member of the University Council, serving thereon for a period of eight years. He resigned the office of Examiner in the College of Surgeons, in order to become in 1876 a candidate for the Vice-Presidency; and was elected President of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland in 1885. Mr. M'Donnell occupies a foremost position amongst those medical men who by their investigations enlarge the boundaries of the domain of medicine. The following are only the more important of his numerous contributions to medicine and its allied sciences :— Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery; Lectures on the Physiology of the Nervous System; Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the Lepidosiren Annectens; On the Functions of the Liver (1865) ; On the Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy; On the Operation of Trephining the Spine in cases of Fracture. The greater number of his papers have appeared in The Dublin Hospital Gazette, Dr. Brown-Sequard's Journal de la Physiologic, " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," " Proceedings of the Royal Society," " Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London," and " Compts Rendus de VAcademie des Sciences." He is the editor of the volume of the works of Abraham Colles, F.R.C.S.I., published by the New Sydenham Society in 1881. Dr. M'Donnell's investigations into the renal circulation are thus referred to in Strieker's "Histology" (Vol. II., page 108, of Translations for New Sydenham Society) :—" The arteriolar recta? verse were discovered, independently of each other, by R. M'Donnell and Virchow." Mr. M'Donnell served during the war with Russia. He was stationed at the British Hospital at Smyrna, and in 1855 went as volunteer to the General Hospital in the Camp before Sebastopol, where he served as Civil Surgeon on the Medical Staff until the fall of Sebastopol. For his services he received the British medal and clasp and the Turkish medal. The following letter shows that he attracted the attention even of the non-medical officers :— [copy.] " General Hospital, Smyrna, " 4th January, 1856. " My dear Sir,—I cannot permit you to leave Smyrna without offering you my best thanks for the manner in which you have invariably performed your duties throughout your connection with the'Smyrna Hospital Staff, and I would at the same time express to you the high sense I entertain of your talents and ability as a professional man. For your voluntary services in the Crimea I consider you entitled to special thanks. You only left the field when compelled by severe illness. " Accept my best wishes for your future success, and believe me, " My dear Sir, " Very faithfully and sincerely yours, "John Meyer, M.D., "Medical Superintendent, British Hospital, Smyrna." Extract from a letter from Sir Henry Storks, Commandant, Smyrna:— "Dr. M'Donnell discharged his responsible duties with great zeal and intelligence, and I am glad to have the opportunity afforded me of expressing the sense I entertain of his humanity and kindness to the sick and wounded soldiers of the army, and of the devotion he at all times displayed for the public service. " Dr. M'Donnell volunteered his services wherever the Govern- ment might consider them useful. " H. E. Storks, "M. General." [extract.] " Dr. M'Donnell was one of the medical gentlemen who gave up the ease and comfort of the Civil Hospital at Smyrna, and volun- teered their services for the more laborious duties of the Military Hospitals in the Crimea. "The General Hospital in Camp, where Dr. M'Donnell was employed, contained about 300 wounded, and he had opportunities of witnessing surgical practice on an extended scale, which, I am quite sure from his assiduity, he must have improved to the utmost. We all regretted his departure, and the cause of it— severe fever. "John Hall, M.D. & F.R.C.S., Eng., " Inspector-General of Hospitals, and Principal Medical Officer of the " Army in Turkey. . " 29th December, 1856." Mr. M'Donnell married, first (in 1865), Mary M'Auley, daughter of Daniel Molloy, of Clonbela, in the King's County (who died in 1869); and, secondly, Susan Isabella Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Bolton M'Causland, of Fitzwilliam-square, and Drimbawn, County of Mayo. He has one son by his second marriage. PHILIP CRAMPTON SMYLY, PRESIDENT IN 1878-9. Mr. Smyly is the eldest son of the late eminent surgeon, Josiah Smyly, of Merrion-square, Dublin, who was born in Dublin in 1804, and was the second son of John Smyly, a King's Counsel in large practice in Dublin. The family came to Ireland in 1560 from Scotland, and have many branches in the North. Josiah Smyly was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Philip Crampton, on the 31st October, 1816. He obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College on the 23rd May, 1826, and in the same year took his degree of B.A. in the University of Dublin. Having studied for some time in Edinburgh and Paris, he was, on June 6th, 1828, elected a Member of the College, in which he subsequently became an Examiner. In 1831 he succeeded Thomas Hewson as Surgeon to the Meath Hospital—a position which he retained until his death, thirty-three years afterwards. He was Consulting Surgeon to several of the Dublin eleemosynary institutions. In 1863 he was elected Vice-President of the College, and had he lived half a year longer would have, as a matter of course, become President. He was one of my teachers at the Meath Hospital, and I shall always remember his kindly manners, his humane, sympa- thetic, and skilful treatment of those committed to his charge, and the great desire which he exhibited to instruct all who attended his cliniques. Mr. Smyly's contributions to medical literature include a valu- able paper on Lithotrity, in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, Vol. III.; one on Thoracentesis in Empyema, in Vol. XXVIII., and many others on various surgical subjects. He died during his year of office, from acute pneumonia, on the 19th of January, 1864, and was interred in the family vault at Mount Jerome, Harold's-cross, Dublin. Philip Crampton Smyly was born 17th June, 1838, at No. 8 Ely-place. He is the second child of Josiah Smyly and Ellen, third daughter of the late Matthew Franks, of Merrion-square, and of Jerpoint Hill, in the County of Kilkenny. He was educated at home by private tutors. In 1853 he was bound an apprentice 2 F to his granduncle, Sir Philip Crampton, Bart., and at his death became an apprentice to William Henry Porter, Professor of Surgery, and Surgeon to the Meath Hospital. He studied at the College and T.C.D. Schools, and at the Meath Hospital, and in the last-named he obtained the Senior Medical and the Stokes Stetho- scopic Prize—his father did not permit him to compete for any of the surgical prizes. He won the prize for Chemistry in the University School, and the Gold Medal of the Pathological Society. In 1859 he took a Moderatorship and Silver Medal in Experi- mental Physics and his degree in Arts, and in 1863 he proceeded to the degree of M.D. In 1860, having obtained the licence of the College of Physicians and the diploma of the Rotunda Hospital, Mr. Smyly went to Berlin, where he studied operative surgery under Langenbeck, and attended the cliniques of Graefe and other teachers. In the spring of 1861 he came home, obtained the licence of the College, and returned to Germany, spending several months in Vienna. In 1861 Mr. Smyly was elected Surgeon to the Meath Hospital, in succession to Professor William H. Porter, and on the 22nd August, 1863, he became a Fellow of the College. During Earl Spencer's first Viceroyalty in Ireland Mr. Smyly became his medical attendant, and was subsequently appointed Surgeon-in-Ordinary. He was reappointed by the Duke of Abei'- corn and the Duke of Marlborough. During Lord Cowper's Viceroyalty Mr. Smyly was his private medical attendant, and was reappointed by Lord Spencer when he became Viceroy a second time; and was also appointed by Lord Carnarvon, and by Lord Aberdeen (in February, 1886) to the same office. Shortly after his election as President Mr. Smyly gave a banquet in the College, at which the Duke of Marlborough (at the time Lord Lieutenant) and more than a hundred guests .were present. Among Mr. P. C. Smyly's contributions to medical literature are papers on the Treatment of Strychnine Poisoning with Tobacco, being the first Practical Application of Professor Haughton's Researches on Strychnine and Nicotine; on Ovariotomy; on Stricture of the Urethra; and a Course of Lectures on Diseases of the Throat, &c. In 1864 Mr. Smyly married the Hon. Nina Plunket, the fifth daughter of the Right Hon. John, third Baron Plunket, and sister of the present Archbishop of Dublin, and of the Right Hon. David Plunket, M.P. for the University of Dublin. He has three sons and four daughters. Mr. Smyly is very fond of the violin, and frequently plays with the distinguished President of the College of Physicians, Dr. Cruise, who performs on the violoncello. His younger brother, Dr. William Josiah Smyly, a Fellow and Examiner of the College of Physicians, and an Ex-Fellow, R.C.S.I., is engaged in obstetric practice. EDWARD DILLON MAPOTHER, PRESIDENT IN 1879-80. Mr. Mapother was born on the 14th October, 1835, at Fairview, near Dublin. His father, an officer of the Bank of Ireland, belonged to a leading family in the County of Roscommon, of English origin, but long resident in Ireland. His mother, Mary Lyons, was also a member of one of the principal families in the County of Roscommon. He received his professional education in the College and Carmichael Schools, the Queen's College, Galway, Jervis-street and the Richmond and allied Hospitals, and in 1857 he graduated M.D. (with First Honour and a Gold Medal) in the Queen's University. On April 21st, 1854, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and " passed " as a Fellow on the 30th August, 1862. Before he was quite nineteen years old he began to teach anatomy, and for many years, in conjunction with the late Mr. John Morgan, he conducted with great success large classes at the College of Surgeons. During the Crimean War his pupils obtained army medical appointments in great numbers. On the 30th May, 1864, he was elected to the Chair of Hygiene in the College, which had been vacant since Maunsell's resigna- tion in 1846. His lectures were open to the public, and were well attended. On the 21st February, 1867, he was elected Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, in succession to Professor Jacob, and holds that position at the present time. He has been a Surgeon to St. Vincent's Hospital since 1859, and for several years dis- charged with conspicuous ability the duties of Medical Officer of Health for Dublin, and was the first who held that post. He is a past-President of the Statistical Society. His published works are numerous, and include—"A Manual of Physiology" (of which a third edition has been edited by Mr. Knott), " Lectures on Public Health" (two editions), " The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools" (four editions), " Lectures on Skin Diseases," "Lisdoonvarna Springs" (three editions), &c. In 1868 he was awarded the Carmichael Prize of £200 for the best Essay on Medical Education. His most important contributions to surgical literature are—On Complete Pressure in Treating Aneurysm and On Topical Blood-letting: both appeared in the Dublin Medical Press for 1865 and 1876. Mr. Mapother was one of the Surgeons to Earls Cowper and Spencer, and is now Surgeon to Lord Aberdeen, Lords Lieutenant. He married, in 1870, Ellen, daughter of the late John Tobin, M.P., of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has issue one son and six daughters. ALFRED HENRY M'CLINTOCK, PRESIDENT IN 1880-1. A. H. M'Clintock was born at Dundalk on the 20th October, 1822. His father, Henry M'Clintock, served for some time as an officer in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, and subsequently held a minor civil appointment. He married Elizabeth Melesina, daughter of the Ven. George Fleury, Archdeacon of Waterf ord. His elder son is the celebrated Arctic explorer, Admiral Sir Francis Leopold M'Clintock. His second son, Alfred, received his primary education in Dundalk and his professional training in the College School and the Dublin and Paris hospitals. The following are the dates of his degrees and diplomas:—L.K.C S.I., 16th December, 1842; F.R.C.S., 11thOct., 1844; M.D., Glasgow, 1844; L.K. & Q.C.P.,5th August, 1851. The University of Edinburgh conferred upon him, in 1874, the honorary degree of LL.D., and that of Dublin the degree of Master in Obstetric Science (honoris causa)—a qualification instituted in 1867. M'Clintock became the Master of the Rotunda Hospital in 1854, and retained that office for the usual period of seven years. He served in the College Court of Midwifery Examiners for several years, and lectured upon obstetrical science at the Park-street Medical School. He was President of the Obstetric and Patho- logical Societies, Dublin, and of the Obstetrical Section of the International Medical Congress in 1880, in which year he was also one of the Queen's Representatives on the General Medical Council. He was an ordinary, corresponding, or honorary member of many British and foreign medical institutions, and in his special department he stood abreast with the most eminent obstetricians of his time. His contributions to the journals are voluminous. His " Clinical Memoirs on the Diseases of Women," published in 1863, and " Practical Observations on Midwifery," written in 1848, in conjunction with the late Dr. Hardy, are standard works. He is the editor of Smellies' work on " Midwifery " (2 vols.), published by the New Sydenham Society. M'Clintock's health was poorly during the greater portion of the year of his Presidency, and he tendered his resignation of the office, which, however, at the strongly expressed desire of the College Council, he withdrew. He died from cardiac disease on the 21st October, 1881, near Bray—where he had been sojourning in hope that the; country air and quietude would restore his health—and was interred in St. George's Cemetery, Drumcondra. M'Clintock was a man of strong but unobtrusive religious feeling, and possessed a kindly and generous nature. Like the working of a perfect machine, in silence, his unassuming philanthropy exercised itself quietly in many directions, unrecorded upon the " storied urn," but written in the hearts of those to whose diseases, bodily and mental, he had ministered. With gentle force his sympathetic remonstrance appealed successfully to the poor outcast of our cities, the young student drifting to moral wreck, and the sceptic of religion; and to his clear argument or cheery encouragement how many a once hesitating soul owes its present security! In his home M'Clintock's character appears in its happiest aspect. Ever depreciative of his own powers, his sense of love and duty to his family taught him to wield a sway whose mildness and dignity deserved the reverence accorded him by each of its devoted subjects. For them, his great affection and fully realised apprecia- tion of the responsibilities of husband and father, effected as much as he himself could wish, and set to others an example of the greatness and perfectness of that law of love which was his delight. From the great model Himself, M'Clintock endeavoured to form his conduct, the message of His peace he ever carried to the sick or the sorrowing ; and, when his skill availed not to rescue from death, its sorrows were lightened by the comfortable words of that religion in which, in his own great hour, he trusted unreservedly. On his 60th birthday he completed a life stained by no blemish, molested by no envy, possessing a repute whose purity was attempted by no detractor. I shall conclude this brief sketch of him by the appro- priate quotation of a motto often less truly applied to others— " Totus, teres, atque rotundus," and which cannot be more suitably availed of than in this con- nection. Dr. M'Clintock married Frances, third daughter of George Cuppaidge, of Gralway, who, together with two sons and three daughters, survive. SAMUEL CHAPLIN, PRESIDENT IN 1881-2. S. Chaplin is the son of the late Samuel Chaplin, of Woodview, Durrow, Queen's County. His mother was a daughter of the late John Porter, of Kilkenny. Mr. Chaplin was born in that city in November, 1826. He received his early education from the Rev. Thomas Moriarty and the Rev. William Stone, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to his uncle, Dr. Porter, of Carlow, Medical Officer of the Workhouse and Fever Hospital. In those institutions and in the County Infirmary and Fever Hospital Mr. Chaplin had abundant opportunities of becoming acquainted with disease requiring both surgical and medical treatment. After the expiration of his apprenticeship he studied in the College School, the City of Dublin Hospital (for two years), and the Meath Hospital. On the 2nd June, 1849, Mr Chaplin became a Licentiate of the College, and on the 27th June, 1854, "passed" at the College of Physicians. In 1848 he was Medical Attendant at the Carlos- Cholera Hospital (Carlow suffered terribly from that disease). The severe work and anxiety incidental to this appointment injured Mr. Chaplin so much, that in order to recruit his health he was obliged to go to America for some months. On his return he assisted his uncle in Carlow. In 1856 he was elected Surgeou to the Kildare Infirmary, on the nomination of the Marquis of Kildare and Marquis of Drogheda. On the 19th May, 1874, he became a Fellow of the College. In 1857 he married Anne Reeks, of Carlow. He is Surgeon to the .Kildare Hospital, established sixteen years ago, under the provisions of the Con- tagious Diseases Acts. He is a J.P. for the County of Kildare, and resides in the town of that name. JOHN KELLOCK BARTON, PRESIDENT IN 1882-3. Mr. Barton was born on the 25th November, 1829, at Stone House, County of Dublin. He is the son of the late John Barton, a Director of the Bank of Ireland, who served in the important office of Governor of that institution, and had been in the linen trade in its palmy days, and when the Dublin Linen Hall, now a military barracks, was tenanted by opulent merchants. He was a native of Hanley, in Staffordshire, and married Jane, daughter of J. Culley, of Newry, whose family had been settled there for several generations. They had nine sons and five daughters. The seventh son, John Kellock, was educated in the school of the late Rev. Daniel Flynn, Harcourt-street. He entered the Univer- sity, and graduated B.A. in 1852, taking a first place. His pro- fessional studies were pursued in the School of Trinity College, Dublin, the Carmichael School, and in the three well-known Hospitals in North Brunswick-street, in which he was a Resident for two years. On the 1st September, 1852, he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and on the 20th October, 1859, the Fellow- ship of the College. His Medical Degrees bear the following dates:—M.B., 1854; M.D., 1861. Before taking out any medical diploma he won the Gold Medal of the Pathological Society, in 1852, and was the first recipient of that honour. When duly qualified he was offered, through the late Dr. W. Stokes, an appointment as Assistant-Surgeon in the Army, which he accepted conditionally on being sent to the Crimea, then the seat of war. This condition being refused, he became a Demonstrator of Anatomy in Trinity College School. In 1861 the office of Univer- sity Anatomist—dormant for a century — was resuscitated, and Mr. Barton was installed in it. In 1864, when he became Lec- turer in Surgery in the Ledwich School, he resigned his connection with Trinity College School. He subsequently discharged the duties of a similar office in the Carmichael College of Medicine. In 1858 he was elected Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital, and is now Senior Surgeon to that institution, where he has served for more than a quarter of a century. He has contributed papers on Syphilis and on Excision of the Knee-joint to the journals. In 1868 his work " On the Pathology and Treatment of Syphilis " was published in London. Mr. Barton married Mary, daughter of Professor Apjohn, and has issue, three daughters and one son. WILLIAM IRELAND WHEELER, PRESIDENT IN 1883-4. The family of the Wheelers, originally English, have long been settled in Ireland, and for many generations the owners of landed property in the Counties of Kilkenny and Kildare. William I. Wheeler was born on the 28th of February, 1846, at Annes- borough House, County of Kildare. His father, George N. Wheeler, Esq., a landed proprietor, was descended from Joseph Wheeler, of Strancurty, County of Kilkenny, brother of Jonah Wheeler, consecrated in 1619 first Protestant Bishop of Ossory, from whom is descended the present Sir Charles Wheeler Cuffe, Bart. Mr. William I. Wheeler's mother was Williamza Florence, daughter of the late William Ireland. D.L., County of Kildare. Mr. Wheeler was educated by private tutors and at Dr. Fleury's school, in Dublin. He entered Trinity College in 1862, and at once commenced medical professional work in the College School and the School of Physic, and pursued his clinical studies in the City of Dublin and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals, winning by com- petition in the former hospital the Purser Studentship. In 186(3 he graduated B.A., and obtained the licences of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1870 he took the degrees of M.B., M.D., and Master of Surgery, in the University, and on the 10th March, 1874, he passed the Examination for the Fellowship of the College. Shortly after being qualified, Mr. Wheeler entered the Medical Department of the Army, and spent six months at Netley Military Hospital and Medical School, where he obtained the highest marks in Military Hygiene and other subjects; and having for a short time done duty at the Royal Hospital, he was selected for service with the expeditionary force to Abyssinia. For the manner in which he discharged his duties in this campaign he received, by letter, the thanks of the Director-General, Sir G. Logan; he also received the Abyssinian Medal. Having served in the Army for about three years he resigned his commission, and settled in Dublin. In 1871 he was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College School, and in the following year became a Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital. He soon acquired a reputation as a teacher, and his classes at the College rapidly increased in numbers. In his labours at the College Mr. Wheeler was associated with the late Dr. H. Loftie Stoney, also a most energetic and successful private teacher. The pressure upon his time, from a steadily increasing surgical practice, caused Mr. Wheeler to resign his appointment at the School. He then served for a short time as Examiner at the College, and afterwards was elected a member of the Council. Mr. Wheeler was President of the College during a remarkable year—namely, in 1884, when the College attained the hundredth year of their existence. Upon the centenary anniversary of the granting of the Charter, Mr. Wheeler entertained, at a banquet in the Examination Hall, the Lord Lieutenant (Earl Spencer) and a distinguished company, numbering 119 persons. In tbat year Edinburgh University celebrated its tercentenary anniversary; and Mr. Wheeler, who represented the College on that interesting occasion, was presented with a medal struck to commemorate the event. Mr. Wheeler has contributed numerous papers to the medical journals, the more important of which, probably, are as follows:— Amputation of Thigh in Elephantiasis Arabum; Disease existing for 18 years, and description of Pathology (Medical Press and Circular, 1874); a Case (first of the kind in Ireland) of Successful Pharyngotomy (Medical Press, 1874) ; Deformities of the Bladder and operations therefor, with experiments relating to the absorp- tion and excretion of Medicine by the Kidneys, and the influence of certain Drugs on the Bladder Mucus (Medical Press, 1878); Aneurysms Treated by Elastic Bandages (Medical Press, 1881) ; Tetanus Successfully Treated by Nerve-stretching (Medical Press, 1882); What Society has gained by the progress of Modern Sur- gery—an Address at the opening meeting of the Surgical Section of the Academy of Medicine; Experiments on Air in Hospital Ships (" Blue Book " relating to Abyssinia, 1866); Trephining in Tympanic and Mastoid Diseases. He devised special instruments for the treatment of hare-lip. In the Medical Press for 1873 he has described an apparatus for use in fractured patella. In 1869 Mr. Wheeler married Frances Victoria, daughter of the late Henry Shaw, of Waterloo-road (a member of a well known Dublin family, being the first cousin of the late Sir Eobert Shaw and the late Recorder of Dublin, the Right Honoui-able Sir Frederick Shaw, Bart.), and has issue five sons and two daughters. EDWARD HALLARAN BENNETT, PRESIDENT IN 1884-5. Mr. Bennett was born on the 9th April, 1837, at Charlotte- quay, Cork. He is the fifth son of the late Robert Bennett, Barrister, Recorder of Cork, and a near relative to the celebrated anatomist, Mr. Bennett, whose remarkable career has been described in Chapter VIII. Mr. E. H. Bennett's mother, Jane Hallaran, was a daughter of William Saunders Hallaran, M.D., of Cork, who,|-in 1810 and 1818, published two works relating to insanity, which secured for him a high reputation, not yet faded out. Mr. E. H. Bennett received his earlier education in Cork, at H am hi in's school, and subsequently at the school kept in Har- court-street by the late Rev. Daniel Flynn, and styled " the Academic Institute," from which he passed into the University, and graduated B.A., M.B., and M.Ch. in 1859. He received his technical education in the School of T.C.D., and the Meath, Steevens', Richmond, and Sir P. Dun's Hospitals. On the 17th August, 1863, he obtained the Fellowship of the College, without having previously " passed " as a Licentiate. He succeeded Mr Barton as University Anatomist in 1864, and in 1873 was, on the decease of Robert W. Smith, appointed to the Chair of Surgery in Trinity College. He is Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to St. Mark's Hospital, was President of the Pathological Society in 1880, and is now (1886) President of the Dublin Branch of the British Medical Association. Perhaps the most valuable of his contributions to medical literature is the paper on Colles' Fracture, read at the meeting of the British Medical Association in Cork in 1880. Professor Bennett is married to Frances, daughter of Conolly Norman, of Fahan, County of Donegal, and has two daughters. SIR CHARLES A. CAMERON, PRESIDENT IN 1885-6.* " Sir Charles Alexander Cameron inherits a splendid name, and has succeeded in adding lustre even to that borne by the famous Sir Ewen Dubh of Lochiel. His father was the great-grandson of John of Lochiel, and grandson of the amiable and unfortunate Archibald Cameron, who was beheaded on Tower Hill for the part he took in the Rising of 1745. * From the " History of the Camerons," pp. 415-16. By A. Mackenzie, F.S.S. Published by A. & W. Mackenzie, Inverness. " Captain Ewen Cameron, father of Sir Charles, was born in 1787, and died in 1844. His commission in the British army was secured for him through the influence of his near relative, Colonel John Cameron of Fassifern, who fell so gloriously at Quatre Bras, and he had the rank of Colonel in the Spanish army. During his campaigns, in which he served with the gallantry of his race, he was wounded eight times. He married Belinda, daughter of John Smith, County Cavan, Ireland, and of that union, on the 16th of July, 1830, was born, in Dublin, the subject of this notice. " Sir Charles Alexander Cameron was educated in Dublin, Guernsey, and Germany. He has devoted himself chiefly to the scientific branches of Medicine, and to Chemistry. He has almost from boyhood been a constant contributor to the newspaper, serial, and scientific press, as editor, essayist, and reviewer. He was, for several years, editor and part proprietor of the Agricultural Review and the Hospital Gazette. Some of his researches on the physiology and chemistry of plants are of great importance; as are also his researches on the physiological action of chlorine and of the bromates and iodates upon man. He has discovered several new chemical compounds. His works include—' The Chemistry of Agriculture,' ' The Stock-Feeder's Manual,' ' The Chemistry of Food,' ' Lectures on the Preservation of Health,' ' A Handy Book on Health,' 4 A Manual of Hygiene,' and ' Reports on Public Health.' He has edited the last four editions of ' Johnston's (now called Johnston and Cameron's) Agricultural Chemistry and Geology,' published by Blackwood, Edinburgh. He has translated a small volume of poems from the German, also published by Blackwood, and is now engaged on his opus magnum, ' The History of Medicine in Ireland.' " For many years he was Scientific Adviser to the Irish Govern- ment in criminal cases, but this office he resigned about four years ago. In 1867 he was a member of the Jury of the Paris Great International Exhibition. " Sir Charles Cameron is now President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ; Vice-President of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland; Professor of Chemistry (formerly of Anatomy) in the Royal Hibernian Academy of the Fine Arts ; Professor of Chemistry and Hygiene, R.C.S.I.; Chief Medical Officer of Health for Dublin ; Examiner in Cambridge and the Royal Universities. He was President of several Societies and is an honorary or ordinary member of many British and foreign learned bodies. Her Majesty, in 1885, conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, in recognition of his ' Scientific Researches, and his efforts to improve the state of Public Health in Ireland.' "In 1862 he married Lucie, daughter of the late John Macnamara, solicitor, Dublin, and cousin of W. G. Wills, the famous dramatic author. She was much beloved for her graces of mind and person. She died on 28th November, 1883, leaving issue—(1) Charles John, born in 1866, Lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. (2) Edwin Douglas, born in 1868. (3) Ernest Stuart, born in 1872. (4) Mervyn Wingfield, born in 1875. (5) Ewen Henry, born in 1882. (6) Lucie. (7) Helena Margaret." CHAPTER XVII. THE COLLEGE SCHOOL. One of the objects of the founders of the College was the establishment of a School of Surgery. Provision for the appoint- ment of a " Professor or Professors" was made in the by-laws enacted during the first year of their existence, and on the 15th August, 1785, it was decided to appoint Professors of Anatomy and Physiology, Surgery and Midwifery. The first application for a professorship—that of Midwifery—came from a member, Thomas Costello, and was dated 15th August, 1785, but does not appear to have been accepted. On the 30th November following, John Halahan, a skilful anatomist, proposed to lecture upon anatomy in a theatre to be fitted up by himself. His offer was accepted, and £20 voted towards defraying his expenses. He gave lectures on anatomy and physiology, and demonstrations on the operations in surgery, including bandaging. At the same time Mr. William Dease's offer to deliver lectures on surgery was accepted. At this time the College had no premises of their own, but we may regard the teaching by Halahan and Dease, under the authority of the College, as the beginning of their School, which, therefore, we may date from 1785. Towards the close of that year the College petitioned the House of Commons for pecuniary assistance to enable them to provide premises for the teaching of anatomy and surgery. The professors were at first allowed to charge a fee of two guineas to registered pupils and three guineas to other persons. After the Mercer-street premises had been procured, one guinea was deducted from the fee paid by each pupil, and was retained by the College, but in 1793 the professors of anatomy were allowed to retain the entire fee, as they undertook to supply subjects and to pay the superintendents of dissections, as the demonstrators of anatomy were then termed. On the 27th August, 1789, the College passed the following resolutions:— " 1st. That a convenient place he provided and fitted up before the 1st of October next, for the purpose of Anatomical Dissections. "2ndly. That the Court of Examiners, or the major part of them, be empowered to appoint, from the Court of Assistants, Members and Licentiates, six persons to be Demonstrators for one year. " 3rdly. That every Registered Pupil, on paying one guinea annually towards the support of the Institution, be entitled to attend the course. " 4thly. That the pupils be examined once or twice every year; as to their progress in anatomy, &c.; and that premiums be dis- tributed to the most deserving. The Examiners to be chosen from the Court of Assistants, or Members, by the Court of Examiners, or the major part of them. " 5thly. That the Court of Examiners be authorised and em- powered to superintend and cany into execution the foregoing plan, and to draw on the Treasurer for such sum as they may find necessary." On the 28th August, 1789, the College directed the Court of Examiners to prepare a scheme for establishing Schools of Surgery and Anatomy, and on the 13th October the following appoint- ments were made by the Court:— A 1T11 .. (William Hartigan, Anatomy and Physiology - — * _ _ „ , , ° J J &J {John Halahan. Surgery - William Dease. Midwifery ----- John Halahan. Surgical Pharmacy - Clement Archer. C Charles Bolger, Superintendents of Dissections - < Thomas Wright, William Lawless. Of the above Dease was President of the College; Hartigan, Halahan, Archer, and Bolger were Members; and Wright and Lawless were Licentiates. Dease, Kenny, and Henthorn were particularly active members in establishing the " Schools," as they were termed—i.e., the School of Anatomy and the School of Surgery. In the beginning of the session each Professor was required to submit to the Court of Examiners a detailed syllabus of his course of lectures; and on one occasion Clement Archer, who was wont to wander from his subject, was admonished to confine himself to surgical pharmacy. On receiving, in April, 1791, a grant of £1,000 from the Government towards improving the School premises, the College resolved to admit army surgeons and surgeons' mates free to the lectures. On the 23rd June, 1792, Walter Wade, Professor of Botany to the Royal Dublin Society was permitted to lecture on Botany in the School, which resolution may be regarded as the foundation of the Professorship of Botany. Wade lectured regularly in the School, and on the 12th June, 1804, he was formally, by direction of the College, elected Professor of Botany by the Court of Examiners. In 1793 Halahan's Professorship of Midwifery was transferred to Sir Henry Jebb—not, however, on the hygienic ground that anatomy and obstetrics should not be practised by the same person! Immediately after the foundation of the School, certificates of attendance upon the lectures were issued, and were submitted in due course at the examinations as evidence of educational training, though for a long period after this time apprenticeship alone entitled to examination. The fees for attendance at the lectures were—one guinea for registered pupils, and three guineas for non-registered students. In 1799-1800 there were 55 pupils and 5 navy and army surgeons and surgeons' mates studying in the College Schools. In 1800-1801 the numbers were :—Registered pupils (i.e., appren- tices), 38; "students," 42; army surgeons and surgeons' mates, 22; navy ditto, 3—Total, 105. The "students" were pupils intending to seek their qualifications from other licensing bodies, persons from England and the Colonies, unregistered apprentices, and perhaps students who intended qualifying in medicine. In this year the cost of procuring subjects amounted to £54 8s. 2d. In 1804 Abraham Colles became Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the School, and, in connection with Richard Dease, worked his departments with great energy. In the session 1809-10 the class numbered 162, of whom but few were navy or army surgeons. In 1810 the number rose to 185, and in the following year to 204. At this time the School became famous for its anatomical teaching. In 1810 the Professor of Midwifery was permitted to give independent certificates of attendance upon his lectures; previously the certificates issued referred to anatomy, surgery, and midwifery combined. On the 28th November, in the same year, 140 guineas were granted to the Professor of Surgical Pharmacy, who, from want of proper specimens, had been unable to deliver a full course. In 1810 the anatomical department was removed to the new buildings in Stephen's-green. The lectures on pharmacy and botany were delivered in Mercer-street for two years longer. In 1811 £2,000 were granted by Parliament for the purpose of enlarging and improving the anatomical theatre and the dissecting rooms. On the 23rd April, 1813, the following scale of fees were fixed by the College:—Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery, £4 4s.; Practical Anatomy, £6 6s.; Surgical Pharmacy, £1 Is.; Mid- wifery, £1 Is. The registered pupils were exempted from pay- ment of those fees. In this year a Chair of the Practice of Physic was instituted, and Dr. John Cheyne appointed Professor. In April, 1826, Dr. Whitley Stokes, Professor of Medicine, wrote to the College, stating that, owing to certain arrangements in other Schools, he had no class to lecture to during the previous winter. He requested that his son, William Stokes, might be associated with him in his lectures, in order that the pupils might have access to the Meath Hospital, in which his son was Physician. It is much to be regretted that the College refused their Professor's request. Had it been otherwise the College would have had the honour of having the name of one of Ireland's most illustrious 2 g physicians associated with them. Being refused admission to the College, Dr. Stokes connected himself with the Park-street School. On the 12th July, 1827, the College passed a set of by-laws for the government of the School. The Court of Examiners were to report annually upon the condition of the buildings and other property in charge of the Professors, and upon the manner in which the professorial duties were discharged. They were to regulate the School advertisements, receive lists of attendances at lectures, and to report upon any Professor whose conduct they might deem censurable. The power of regulating the fees was retained by the College at large. In 1828 Dr. Apjohn was elected Professor of Chemistry. A large room opposite the School Museum and a small room behind, both used for dissecting purposes, were converted into a lecture theatre and laboratory at a cost of £450. The theatre was soon found to be insufficient for the large class attracted by Apjohn, and in 1832 a new one, together with a preparation room, a laboratory, and a room for the Curator, were built at a cost of £900. The buildings were situated at the rere of the Examination Hall, on the north side of the College yard. The theatre accom- modated 200 persons, and was often filled. At this time the School at Trinity College was not flourishing, and there were no lectures on chemistry (with the exception of those at Park-street) delivered in the private schools, consequently nearly every medical student in Dublin attended Apjohn's lectures. In the session of 1831-3, 163 pupils, exclusive of navy and army surgeons, listened to the chemical lectures. The buildings which he deserted, on the south side of the yard and separated from York-street by a wall only, were subsequently used by Geoghegan, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. Professor Benson generally lectured in the old chemical theatre. In 1829 the College resolved to allow £20 a year to a laboratory porter. On the 24th August, 1831, an Anatomy Committee, represent- ing all the Medical Schools of Dublin, were constituted. They arranged to have the subjects for dissection in a depot for common use. In 1837 Professor Macnamara presented his Materia Medica Museum to the College. In 1837 the Professors of Chemistry, Materia Medica, Medicine, and Medical Jurisprudence, were permitted to charge three guineas for their Courses, except to pupils then registered. The fees were afterwards reduced to two guineas, and again, in 1862, raised to three guineas. After Mr. Harrison's resignation, in 1837, it was resolved that Mr. Jacob should still continue to be styled Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, and that two Professorships of Descriptive Anatomy should be created; the fee for the Course to be three guineas. In 1839 the Professor of Midwifery did not lecture, only one " paying pupil" having entered for his Course. At that time the private Medical Schools made no charge for midwifery lectures. On the 17th December, 1840, Dr. Apjohn was requested to deliver, every Spring, a Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy to the registered pupils. The sum of £100 was granted for the purchase of apparatus to illustrate the lectures, and a salary of £100 was voted to the Professor. No fee was charged for those lectures; they were continued until Dr. Apjohn's resignation in 1850. In 1841 a Professorship of Hygiene or Political Medicine was instituted, being the first of the kind in the United Kingdom. Forty-five years ago the subject of public health attracted but little attention, and the sanitary laws, few and imperfect, were rarely put into operation by the local authorities. At the present time the importance of public hygiene is fully recognised, and the administration of the statutes relating to sanitation affords employ- ment to a large number of medical men. Let us hope that in the future " preventive medicine " will be regarded as the most useful department of the physician's province, for to use the words of our greatest medical poet, Oliver Wendell Holmes— " To guard is better than to heal— The shield is nobler than the spear !" In 1851 the Government instituted a Regius Professorship of Military Surgery, and attached it to the College. In September the Secretary-at-War informed the Council that £150 would be allowed towards fitting up a museum and dissecting-room for the Professor. The building cost £191 15s., exclusive of furniture. Mr. Tufnell was appointed to the Professorship, and lectured until 1860, when his Chair was abolished as a result of the foundation of Netley Military School. At the request of the Secretary-at-War the Council agreed to maintain the dissecting- room for the use of army medical officers, but declined the Secre- tary's offer of an annual grant of £10 or £12 for this purpose. In 1863 black gowns were provided for the Professors. The Council decided that on and after August, 1864, certificates of attendance at lectures on botany would be required for examina- tion for Letters Testimonial. A School Committee of the Council were formed in 1873; in 1884 they were dissolved, but in the following year were re-consti- tuted, and are now supposed to supervise the School, and to meet occasionally with the Professors. In 1874 the Chemical Laboratory was improved and a small one for teaching purposes added to it. In 1881 the Lecture Theatre was converted into a laboratory for students, at a cost of £243 Is. 4d., and the lectures on chemistry have since that year been delivered in the smaller theatre built for Dr. Apjohn in 1828. In 1878 the Professor of Chemistry fitted up, at his own expense, a research laboratory in a room formerly occupied by the Curator, and situated in the block of buildings containing the laboratory. In 1880-81 twelve new compounds of selenium were formed in this laboratory by the Professors of Chemistry and Medical Juris- prudence, and described in the " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy " for 1882. In 1881 Mi*. John Morgan, Professor of Anatomy, died. It was thereupon decided that his successor should be required to devote his whole time to the duties of his office. It was also resolved that whenever the second Professorship of Anatomy became vacant it should be allowed to lapse, so that the whole emoluments derived from the anatomical teaching should go to only one Professor. By this arrangement it was hoped that a first-class anatomist would be secured for the School—a hope realised by the acceptance of the Professorship of Anatomy by Mr. D. J. Cunningham, of Edinburgh University. In 1882 great improvements were made in the School. A histological laboratory was built over the dissecting room, the floor of the latter being lowered. The old School Museum was converted into a " bone room;" the lecture theatre was improved ; two rooms for the Professors of Anatomy and Physiology were provided, as was also a large, airy, well-lighted apartment for the preparation of subjects. Mr. Henderson, the College architect, designed, in conjunction with the Professor, these alterations and additions to the School buildings. The expense of effecting these improvements (including interest on an overdraft upon the Bank of Ireland) up to 1883 amounted to £3,421 18s. lOd. The Pro- fessors undertook to pay the College 4^ per cent, interest on the sum expended, but in December, 1885, this impost upon the Professors was removed. The proposal to expend a large sum of money for exclusively School purposes excited dissatisfaction amongst a considerable number of Fellows. (See page 244.) The improvement of the School was warmly taken up by Mr. G. H. Kidd, who devoted much time to the subject. In the session 1885-6 the School was opened to women—one only, Miss Agnes Shannon, entered. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Anatomy and Physiology. 1. John Halahan, 16th November, 1785; retired in 1794; re- elected in 1799 ; resigned in 1804. 2. William Hartigan, 30th October, 1789 ; resigned in 1799. 3. William Lawless, 1st September, 1794; expelled in 1798. 4. Richard Dease, September, 1798; died in 1819. 5. Abraham Colles, 4th September, 1804; resigned in 1827, but retained Chair of Surgery. 6. Charles Hawkes Todd, 13th March, 1819; died in 1826. 7. Samuel Wilmot, 18th April, 1826; resigned in 1827, but retained Chair of Surgery. 8. Arthur Jacob, 9. Robert Harrison, | 4th August, 1827 resigned in 1868. transferred to T.C. School, 1837. 10. Edward Dillon Mapother, 21st February, 1868. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Surgery. 1. William Dease, 16th November, 1785; died in 1798. 2. William Hartigan, September, 1798 ; resigned in 1799 3. John Halahan. ) „ ( resigned in 1804. September, 1799; «. ?. 1ai0 4. Richard Dease, j ' ( died in 1819. 5. Abraham Colles, 4th September, 1804; resigned in 1836. 6. Charles Hawkes Todd, 13th March, 1819; died in 1826. 7. Samuel Wilmot, 18th April, 1826 ; resigned in 1836. 8. William Henry Porter, 24th October, 1836; died in 1847. 9. William Hargrave, 18th September, ] 847; resigned in 1872. 10. John Hatch Power, 14th June, 1861; died in 1863. 11. James Stannus Hughes, 25th June, 1863; died in 1884. 12. William Stokes, 24th December, 1872. 13. Edward Hamilton, 24th July, 1884. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Midwifery. 1. John Halahan, 13th October, 1789; resigned in 1793. 2. Sir Henry Jebb, 26th September, 1793; resigned in 1794. 3. John Creighton, 1st December, 1794; resigned in 1819. 4. Andrew Johnston, 15th June, 1819; resigned in 1823. 5. Charles Johnson, June, 1823; resigned in 1835. 6. Henry W. Maunsell, 26th February, 1835 ; resigned in 1841. 7. Thomas Edwd. Beatty, 23rd January, 1842 ; resigned in 1857. 8. James H. Sawyer, 5th October, 1857; resigned in 1874. 9. John Cronyn, 14th January, 1875; died in 1877. 10. William Roe, 2nd August, 1877. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Materia Medica, formerly termed Surgical Pharmacy. 1. Clement Archer, 13th October, 1789 ; died in 1803. Clement Archer and J. A. Garnett (assistant), September, 1799. 2 John Armstrong Garnett, 6th September, 1803 ; resigned in 1813. J. A. Garnett and A. Johnston (assistant), 17th September, 1812. 3. Andrew Johnston, 14th September, 1813; transferred to Midwifery Chair in 1819. 4. Thomas Hewson, 15th June, 1819; resigned in 1826. 5. Rawdon Macnamara (primus), 15th June, 1826 ; resigned in 1836. 6. Robert Carlisle Williams, 1st September, 1836 ; died in 1860. 7. Rawdon Macnamara (secundus), 3rd August, 1860. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Botany. 1. Walter Wade, 23rd January, 1792 ; died in 1825. Vacancy unfilled until 1842. 2. O'Bryen Bellingham, 15th June, 1842 ; resigned in 1850. 3. Arthur Mitchell, 7th May, 1850; resigned in 1867. 4. Humphrey Minchin, 21st March, 1867. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Medicine. 1. John Cheyne, 15th June, 1813; resigned in 1819. 2. Whitley Stokes, 15th June, 1819; resigned in 1828. 3. Sir Henry Marsh, 4th August, 1828; resigned in 1832. 4. John Timothy Kirby, 28th July, 1832; resigned in 1836. 5. Charles Benson, 1 7th M h 1836 \ res^=nec^ m 1872. 6. Richard J. Evanson,) ' ( resigned in 1843. 7. James Little, 13th December, 1872; resigned in 1883. 8. Arthur Wynne Foot, 2nd June, 1883. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Chemistry. 1. James Apjohn, 16th June, 1828; transferred to Trinity College, Dublin, 1850. 2. William Barker, 5th August, 1850; died in 1873. 3. James Emerson Reynolds, 24th October, 1873; transferred to Trinity College, Dublin, 1875. 4. Charles Alexander Cameron, 18th March, 1875. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Medical Jurisprudence. 1. John Thomas Adrien, 23rd July, 1829 ; died in 1830. 2. Thomas Edward Beatty, 29th Nov., 1830; resigned in 1835. 3. Thomas Grace Geoghegan, 9th July, 1835; died in 1879. 4. Edmond William Davy, 17th February, 1870. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Descriptive Anatomy. 1. John Hart, 14th December, 1837; resigned in 1853. 2. William Hargrave, 14th December, 1837; transferred to Chair of Surgery in 1847. 3. John M'Donnell, 23rd October, 1847; resigned in 1851. 4. John Hatch Power, 15th December, 1851; transferred to Chair of Surgery in 1861. 5. Philip Bevan, 30th October, 1853; died in 1882. 6. John Morgan, 2nd August, 1861; died in 1876. 7. William Thornley Stoker, 27th April, 1876. 8. Daniel John Cunningham, 26th January, 1882; transferred to Trinity College, Dublin, in 1883. 9. Alexander Frazer, 4th November, 1883. Dates of Appointments of Professors of Hygiene, or Political Medicine. 1. Henry Maunsell, 13th December, 1841; resigned 22nd May 1846. Interregnum until 1864. 2. Edward Dillon Mapother, 30th May, 1864; transferred to Chair of Anatomy and Physiology in 1868. 3. Charles Alexander Cameron, 9th April, 1868. Date of Appointment of Regius Professor of Military Surgery. Edward Jolliffe Tufnell, 1851-60. (Professorship abolished). Date of Appointment of Professor of Logic. John Murray, 13th May, 1852; resigned 14th April, 1862. (Professorship in abeyance.) Dates of Appointments of Professors of Ophthalmology. 1. Henry Wilson, 4th July, 1872 ; died in 1877. 2. Henry Rosborough Swanzy, 2nd August, 1877; resigned on becoming Examiner in 1881. 3. Archibald Hamilton Jacob, 8th May, 1881. Date of Appointment of Professor of Dental Surgery. Theodore Stack, 3rd January, 1884. Number of Pupils attending at the Courses of Lectures on Anatomy delivered in the College School during the years 1799 to 1884 inclusive :— Year No. Year No. Year No. 1799 60 1828 282 1857 127 1800 105 1829 291 1858 170 1801 183 1830 273 1859 183 JL KJ U 1802 86 1831 270 1860 220 1803 94 1832 252 1861 189 1804 104 JL V/^X 1833 277 1 Sfi 1805 119 1834 264 1863 162 1806 117 1835 244 1864 115 1807 120 1836 223 1865 168 1808 185 1837 218 1866 171 1809 192 1838 197 1867 161 1810 185 1839 214 1868 148 1811 204 1840 130 1869 157 1812 188 1841 146 1870 137 1813 165 1842 141 1871 153 1814 141 1843 137 1872 160 1815 173 1844 105 1873 116 1816 155 1845 1874 186 1817 137 1846 1875 192 1818 150 1847 1876 198 1819 160 1848 1877 189 1820 155 1849 104 1878 178 1821 184 1850 105 1879 170 1822 207 1851 120 1880 183 1823 243 1852 118 1881 140 1824 275 1853 116 1882 132 1825 265 1854 126 1883 120 1826 224 1855 129 1884 111 1827 254 1856 122 CHAPTER XVIII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE COLLEGE PROFESSORS. Up to the present sixty-five Professors have been elected, all of whom, except Dr. Murray, Professor of Logic, were medical men. Fifty-two of the Professors rank as Members or Fellows, of whom twenty-four have served in the office of President, and one is now President—biographical sketches of the latter appear in Chapters XIV., XV., and XVI. Arthur Jacob served longest as Professor, namely, forty-one years; Charles Benson was thirty-six years in office; W. Hargrave and T. G. Geoghegan, thirty-five years each ; and Abraham Colles and Walter Wade, thirty-four years each. These are the only Professors whose tenure of office exceeded thirty years. JOHN THOMAS ADRIEN, PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL JURIS- PRUDENCE, 1829-30. The Adriens are descended from a French Huguenot family, who settled in Ireland after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In process of time they became Roman Catholics—probably as a result of intermarriage. In the last century one of them, William Adrien, was a tallow-chandler, residing at No. 42 Thomas-street. He had a son named John, born in 1760, who was educated in Paris as a medical man, and graduated in that city as M.D. in 1781. He set up in practice in Meath-street, and devoted himself chiefly to surgery and midwifery. In 1798, when Lord Edward Fitzgerald was mortally wounded by Major Sirr, the first surgeon who attended him was Adrien, who happened to be in a house— no doubt his father's—close by to that in which Lord Edward had been concealed. John Adrien gradually removed his abode east- wards, as his practice became more extensive. Having lived in Great Ship-street, Eustace-street, and Fleet-street, he finally took the splendid house, No. 20 Dawson-street, which had been the town residence of Lord Northlands, and is now the house of the Royal Irish Academy. It is said that he had rooms set apart for the use of his country patients, so that to some extent his house was a private hospital. He died in 1827. Dr. Adrien married Mrs. Derrick, a widow. His eldest son, John Thomas, was born in Eustace-street, on the 17th May, 1798. He was educated in Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1818. He studied in the College School, and obtained the Letters Testi- monial of the College on the 18th October, 1821, and in 1824 was elected a member. He married, in 1817, at the early age of nine- teen, Bridget, daughter of Thomas Archdeacon, a Dublin merchant. They had two daughters and a son. One of the former died aged sixteen; the other married, in 1841, Francis Norman, Solicitor, of Dublin. She died in 1883, leaving a large family. His son, John Joseph, born in 1830, became an army surgeon. He married Eliza, daughter of Michael Griffin, County of Galway, and died at Malta in 1854, leaving two children. A son of John Adrien still survives in the person of Dr. William Adrien, born about 1807. John T. Adrien was elected in 1829 first Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the College. He died on the 5th October, 1830, from cancer of the tongue, and was interred in St. Ann's churchyard. It is said that the disease was contracted from a burn which he received whilst engaged in some blowpipe experi- ments in the College School. Adrien's mother was a Protestant, and he was entered as a Protestant in T.C.D.; but it is certain that he died a Roman Catholic. JAMES APJOHN, PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, L828-50. Dr. Apjohn is the son of the late Thomas Apjohn and of his wife Mary, nee Behan. He was born on the 1st September, 1796, at his father's residence and property, Sunville, parish of Granard, in the County of Limerick, and was educated in Tipperary Grammar School, where he spent four years. In 1814 he entered Trinity College under the tutorship of the Rev. Dr. "Wall— subsequently Vice-Provost—and won a scholarship in 1815. His medical education was conducted chiefly in T.C.D. In 1817 he graduated as B.A., and in 1821 took the degree of M.B., proceeding to that of M.D. in 1837. On the 7th September, 1829, he became a licentiate, and in 1831 a Fellow of the College of Physicians. In 1850 he vacated his Fellowship on being elected Professor of Chemistry in Trinity College, and was immediately afterwards elected an Honorary Fellow. Dr. Apjohn made his dSbut as a lecturer on science in the Cork Institution in 1824. Towards the close of that year he joined with Cusack and others in establishing the Park-street School, and lectured upon chemistry in that institution until 1828, when he was elected Professor of Chemistry to the Royal College of Surgeons, where he attracted, as already stated, a large class. In 1841 he was appointed Lecturer on Applied Chemistry in Trinity College, and in 1850, on the death of Dr. F. Barker, he succeeded to the Chair of Chemistry, with which, five years later, the Professorship of Mineralogy was amalgamated. In 1832 he joined with others in founding the City of Dublin Hospital, and acted for some time as Physician to that institution. Dr. Apjohn occupies a high position amongst the scientists of these countries. As a lecturer his style was extremely lucid, and his experiments were well devised and successful. In 1837 the Royal Irish Academy awarded him the Cunningham Medal, for his papers on a new method of investigating the specific heats of gaseous bodies. In foreign countries he is best known by his formula for the determination of the dew-point, which, though not absolutely perfect, corresponds best with the observations made with hygrometers. His papers on Chemistry, Electricity, and Mineralogy, published in the Records of the Royal Society and the Royal Irish Academy, and in various scientific journals, are numerous and important. He is a F.R.S., and a member, honorary or ordinary, of many scientific societies. Dr. Apjohn is married to Anne, daughter of the late Richard White, of Kilmoylan, and has issue. His son Richard, Lecturer on Chemistry at Cambridge, died young; one of his daughters is married to Mr. Barton, Past President of the College. WILLIAM BARKER, PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, 1850-73. W. Barker's father, Francis Barker, was an eminent physician and chemist, who for forty years filled the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Dublin. In the last century and the early part of the present one, the cultivation of chemical science and the practice of medicine were frequently associated in the same person. Steevens, Hutcheson, Thornton, M'Bride, and Percival were engaged in medical practice, but all of them, save M'Bride, taught chemistry, and he made it the subject of original investi- gation. Francis Barker was a highly educated physician. He graduated in medicine in Edinburgh in 1795. In 1793 he took the B.A. Degree, and in 1810 the M.D. Degree of Dublin Univer- sity. He became a Licentiate, in 1805, and a Fellow, in 1813, of the College of Physicians, and for many years was Secretary to the Board of Health, and a Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital. In 1828 he published a translation of, and observations on, the Dublin Pharmacpoeia, and he was author of several valuable Eeports of the Cork-street Hospital, and one (in 1831) on the " Prevention of Spasmodic Cholera." In conjunction with John Cheyne he produced, in 1821, a work on " Typhus Fever Epidemics" (see Cheyne). Barker died Oct. 8th, 1859, aged eighty-six years. William Barker was bom in Dublin on the 6th January, 1810. His mother, Emma, was a daughter of the Rev. Arthur Conolly, Vicar of Donard, in the County of Wicklow. Barker was educated in Arts and Medicine in Trinity College, and in 1832 took the Degree of B.A., in 1835 that of M.B., and in 1842 proceeded to the M.D. Degree. On the 20th of July, 1840, he was admitted a Licentiate, and on the 14th April, 1845, a Fellow of the College of Physicians—of which, in 1854, he became Vice-President—but he never practised as a physician. In 1836 he began to lecture on Chemistry in the Richmond School, and in 1850 succeeded Dr. Apjohn in the Chemical Chair at the College of Surgeons. He lectured on Natural Philosophy at the Royal Dublin Society until the Royal College of Science was established, when he was trans- ferred to that institution. In 1838 he married Miss Houghton, of Dublin. He died from disease of the liver at his house, 21 Hatch-street, in September, 1873. Barker did not write much. He was a highly accomplished musician and a very amiable man, and thousands of people remember his popular lectures. His son, Arthur Edward James, a Fellow of the College, is Assistant- Professor of Clinical Surgery, University College, London, and translator of Frey's " Manual of Histology and Histo-Chemistry." o'bryen bellingham, professor of botany, 1842-50. O'B. Bellingham was a son of Sir Alan Bellingham, second Baronet, and his wife, Eliza, daughter of the Rev. Edward Wallis, of Boothby Hall, Lincolnshire. He was born at his father's resi- dence, at Castlebellingham, on the 12th December, 1805. His family is one of the most ancient in the United Kingdom, and can trace their lineage from the period of the Conquest. Having been educated at the Feinaiglian School, he was apprenticed to James Duggan in August, 1822, and entered in that year the College School. In 1828 he " passed " for the Licence, and on the 6th May, 1833, was elected to the Membership of the College. He spent two sessions at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1830. He was for several years a member of the Pharmacy Court of Examiners of the College, and their Professor of Botany during the period 1842-50. In the latter year he became a Surgical Examiner. He was Librarian of the College and Secretary to the Surgical Society. Although a Protestant, he was appointed Surgeon to St. Vincent's Hospital, on the recommen- dation of Dr. Murray, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. He died on 11th October, 1857. Bellingham was a singularly mild man, courteous in his inter- course with all classes. By his patients he was beloved on account of his sympathetic and tender treatment of their troubles. His face indicated his gentle birth and his high intellectual powers. He was fond of natural history, and was a mainstay of the Dublin Natural History Society, which met for many years in Sackville- street, and died in Brunswick-street about twenty-six years ago. Bellingham s papers are valuable, but his reputation rests upon his Treatises on the " Cure of Aneurysm by Compression," and on " Diseases of the Heart." The first was published in 1847, and, as it deals with the history of the subject it is a most interesting and valuable work, especially in this city, with which the cure of aneurysm by compression will always be associated. In his work on Heart Disease, which abounds with original observations, he points out the symptoms which characterise deposits in the arch of the aorta. A bust of Bellingham, executed by Mr. Kirk, adorns the College Hall. PHILIP BEVAN, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 1853-82. P. Bevan was born in Dublin in 1808. His father, a vicar- choral of Christ Church Cathedral, married Mary, daughter of Philip Beere, of Dublin. In September, 1825, Bevan was appren- ticed to Alexander Read, and his professional education was con- ducted in the College, T.C.D., the Richmond Hospital, and the " Dublin" Schools. In 1830 he graduated in Arts, taking the Degree of M.B. in 1833, and of M.D. in 1845. He " passed" at the College on the 27th August, 1831, and on the 7th August, 1837, he was elected a Member. Shortly after Hargrave formed his school in Digges-street, Bevan was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomy in it, and in the course of a few years became a lecturer on that subject. He continued in connection with this school after its amalgamation with the school in 27 Peter-street, until 1853, when he was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College, in succession to Mr. Hart. He retained his professorship until his death, which took place (from liver disease), on the 6th December, 1881, at Pembroke-road, Co. Dublin. He was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Bevan was for some years Surgeon to St. Peter's Hospital, and for a longer period to Mercer's Hospital. He served on the College Council for several years. A highly accomplished anatomist, and a thoroughly educated man, yet he wrote but little. Of his contributions to medical literature that on "A New Apparatus for Fracture of the Femur" {Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1852) he considered his best. He was a remark- ably polite man, but of a somewhat retiring disposition. He was married to Anna Maria, daughter of Sir Robert Hogan, of Pembroke- road, Dublin. The death of his only son preyed upon Bevan's mind, and I have no doubt hastened his death. He left five daughters. JOHN CHEYNE, PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, 1813-19. J. Cheyne, born on the 2nd February, 1777, at Leith, near Edinburgh, was the fourth of the six children of Dr. John Cheyne and Margaret Edmonston. He was educated in Edinburgh University, and graduated M.D. in 1795, and in the same year passed the qualifying examination for surgeons' mate at the Surgeons' Hall. He entered the army, and was sent to Ireland— where he saw some active service, and was present at the Battle of Vinegar Hill, in the County of Wexford. In 1799 he returned to Scotland, and took charge of the Leith Ordnance Hospital, and began to assist his father. He spent nine years in this way, fully using his opportunities for studying pathology. He formed an acquaintance with Mr. (afterwards Sir Charles) Bell, from whom he received valuable instructions in the art of performing dis- sections of the human subject. Owing to some accounts which he received as to the state of the medical profession in Dublin, Cheyne resolved to revisit that city, and arrived there in March, 1809. He states that he found the medical profession respected; chiefly, no doubt, owing to the eminent physicians who had flourished in Dublin during the previous half century. Dr. Smith, remarkable for his munificence; Sir Nathaniel Barry, whom Mr. G rattan characterised as the most accomplished gentleman he had ever known; Dr. Plunkett, the witty and learned brother of the Lord Chancellor, and many others could be named amongst the accomplished medical men of those days. Cheyne states that he found the Dublin physicians mostly belonging to Cullen's School, relying chiefly upon sympto- mology, and paying but little attention to pathology. Much of the purely medical practice was passing into the hands of the surgeons. Cheyne settled in Dublin towards the end of 1809. On the 5th October, 1811, he was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians, and was elected a Fellow on the 18th October, 1824. From the 9th November, 1810, until the 4th May, 1811, Cheyne received in fees the sum of three guineas. In the latter year he was appointed Physician to the Meath Hospital in succession to Gr. F. Todderick. On the 15th June, 1813, he was elected Pro- fessor of Medicine to the College of Surgeons. His lectures, which were chiefly on military surgery and medicine, were largely attended by navy and army surgeons and surgeons' mates, as well as by the registered pupils of the College. Cheyne, it is believed, was the first physician of good standing in Dublin who regularly met apothecaries in medical consultations. In 1812 his fees rose to £472. On the 27th October, 1815, he was appointed Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals, whereupon he resigned his post in the Meath Hospital, but he did not resign his professorship in the College until 1819. In 1816 he realised £1,710 from his practice. In conjunction with Percival, he established a school of clinical medicine and a museum of morbid anatomy, in connection with the House of Industry Hos- pitals. In 1817-18 a fever epidemic raged in Dublin, and the House of Industry became converted into a vast hospital for typhus fever cases; about 700 were treated by Cheyne and his colleagues. In 1820 he was appointed Physician-General. At page 103 et seq., a notice of the physicians-general will be found. The office was always considered by medical men as one of great dignity, and its emoluments were considerable. In the Whimsical Miscellany (of which three volumes are preserved in Trinity College Library), the following lines, probably written by Dean Swift, occur:— " As for the motives most men doubt, Why those two doctors did fall out; Some say it was ambition, And that the one did undermine The other's credit with design, To be the State's Physitian." From 1820 to 1830 Cheyne's income averaged £5,000. Had he paid visits to patients in the country—which he declined to do— 2 H his income would have probably reached £6,000. In 1825 his health began to fail, and in 1831 he retired to Sherrington, in Buckinghamshire, where he died on the 31st January, 1836. Cheyne used his pen freely. Up to the year 1809 he published in Edinburgh three works relating to diseases of children. In these books he laid great stress upon the importance of making pathological observations. In Dublin this important means of advancing medical knowledge had been much neglected, little having been published on morbid anatomy from Clossy's time. In 1809 Cheyne's work on the " Pathology of the Membrane of the Trachea and Bronchia " appeared in London in the form of a volume of 204 pages and 8 plates. In 1812 he published in London a work entitled " Cases of Apoplexy and Lethargy, with Observations of Comatose Diseases," 8vo, 224 pages and 5 plates. In 1815 there was published in Dublin a second edition of his " Essay on Dropsy of the Brain," 8vo, 75 pages. In his Report on the Hardwicke Fever Hospital for 1818 he gives an interesting account of the epidemic of typhus fever which raged in Dublin in 1817-18. An account of this epidemic also appears in the Dublin Hospital Reports, Vol. II., as does one of an epidemic of dysentery in Vol. III. In 1819 an enlarged edition (168 pages) of his work on hydrocephalus acutus appeared in Dublin. In 1821 Cheyne and William Barker published their " Account of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Fever lately Epidemical in Ireland." The work, which was brought out in Dublin in two octavo volumes of 500 and 387 pages each, contains numerous com- munications with physicians, and various official documents relating to this epidemic of (typhus) fever, which will always afford valuable information to the systematic writers on fever. In 1831 he presented to the Lord Lieutenant a Report on the Prevention of Spasmodic Cholera. His last work was the following, published after his death, " Essays on Partial Derangement of the Mind in Supposed Connection with Religion." Dublin : W. Curry, Jun., & Co., 1843. Cheyne married Sarah, daughter of the Rev. George Macartney, Vicar of Antrim. Like his father, he had sixteen children—nine sons and seven daughters. One of the latter, Selina, married the Right Rev. Charles Graves, present Lord Bishop of Limerick. JOHN CRONYN, PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY, 1875-77. Mr. Cronyn was born in November, 1826, at Callan, in the County of Kilkenny. His father, a physician, married Miss Burt- chael. He received his earlier education at home, and his pro- fessional at the College and Cecilia-street Schools. He obtained the Letters Testimonial on the 24th August, 1847, and the Fellow- ship on the 31st March, 1865. On the 1st May, 1860, he took out the Licence of the College of Physicians. Shortly after becoming qualified he secured the Dispensary of Errill, which is now incor- porated with that of Rathdowney, in the Queen's County. He next became medical attendant at Maryborough Dispensary. In 1854 he was elected medical officer of Gowran Dispensary and Fever Hospital, and eight years later came to Dublin, and remained as Assistant-Physician to the Rotunda Hospital until 1865. He was a member of the Midwifery Court of Examiners of the College. In 1865 he took the house 31 Molesworth-street, in which he spent the remainder of his life, and died from gouty pneumonia and heart disease on the 22nd of June, 1877, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Mr. Cronyn married Caroline E., daughter of John Benn, of Dromore House, Newport, County of Tipperary. One of his sons is a Licentiate of the College, practising in Dublin. Mr. Cronyn published, in the Dublin Journal of Medicine, a few papers in relation to Midwifery, the branch of the profession which he chiefly practised. DANIEL JOHN CUNNINGHAM, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 1882-3. Dr. Cunningham was born at Crieff, Perthshire, on the 15th April, 1850. His father, a clergyman of the Established Church of Scotland, married Miss Susan Porteous Murray. Having spent some years of study in Morrison's Academy, Crieff, Dr. Cunningham entered the University of Edinburgh, where, in 1874, he graduated with first-class honours. In 1876 he proceeded to the Degree of M.D., and, having taken for his inaugural thesis the subject of the Cetacea, was awarded for it a gold medal. Having taught anatomy as a Demonstrator in his University for ten years, he was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College on the 26th January, 1882, and on the translation of Dr. Macalister* from Dublin to Cam- bridge, in 1883, he succeeded him as Professor of Anatomy in Trinity College, Dublin. He is an Examiner in Anatomy in the Universities of London and Edinburgh, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of the latter city. In 1882 he became a Fellow of the Irish College of Surgeons, stipendis condonatus, on account of his important investigations in comparative anatomy, and on the 17th December, 1885, he received the Degree of M.D., honoris causa, from the University of Dublin. Dr. Cunningham has contributed several papers to the journals, and has published a " Manual of Practical Anatomy." His most valuable and original work is that described in his Report on the Anatomy of the Marsupial Animals brought home in H. M. Exploration Ship, the " Challenger." Dr. Cunningham married Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Andrew Browne, a clergyman of the Scotch Church. He has two sons and one daughter. EDMUND WM. DAVY, PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE SINCE 1870. Dr. Davy was born on the 2nd July, 1826, at the Royal Cork Institution. He is the eldest son of the late Professor Edmund Davy, F.R.S., who was born at Penzance, in Cornwall, in the year 1785, and in 1804 was appointed Assistant in the Laboratory of the Royal Institution—an office previously filled by his first cousin * Dr. Macalister studied in the College of Surgeons' School, and served the office of Demonstrator. His departure from Dublin is a loss to our scientific community which we could ill afford. His original researches in comparative anatomy are of the highest value, and he is regarded as one of the greatest authorities on muscular anomalies. His talents are versatile, as shown by his numerous contributions to the science of Egyptology. At an early age he received the high distinction of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Sir Humphry Davy, and who was at that time the Professor. At that time the Royal Institution was the centre of attraction to all the chemists in Europe—from it emanated those brilliant dis- coveries which revolutionised the science of chemistry; and it was Mr. Davy's privilege to have been the assistant to the discoverer of the safety lamp, and of the metals of the alkalies and alkaline earths, and whose scientific revelations have left a lasting impress upon tha physical sciences. In 1813 Mr. Davy was elected to the Professor- ship of Chemistry in the Cork Royal Institution, and in 1826 he became Professor of Chemistry to the Royal Dublin Society, which office he retained up to the time of his decease in 1857. Mr. Davy was a successful worker in the field of chemical science, as is testified by the various contributions to that science which he pub- lished in the " Transactions of the Royal Society of London," and in other scientific periodicals. He married Phillis Emma, the only daughter of the late David Barry, of Dundulerick, Co. Cork, by whom he had several children, two of whom became medical men. Edmund W. Davy, his eldest son, received his preliminary education at the Rev. Mr. Flynn's School, Dublin, from which he entered T.C.D., and took the following degrees of the Dublin University— viz., of A.B. in 1848, of M.B. in 1849, of M.D. in 1872, and of A.M. in 1873. In 1850 he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry to the Carmichael School, and he has held different other professional appointments. He was Assistant to his father in the Royal Dublin Society, and after his decease was elected his successor. On the establishment of the Royal College of Science in Dublin, in 1867, he was transferred to it as its Professor of Agriculture, and held that office till its abolition in 1877. On the decease of the late Pro- fessor Geoghegan he was, on the 17th February, 1870, appointed to the Chair of Medical Jurisprudence in the School of this College, a post he still continues to hold. He was Examiner in Medical Jurisprudence in the Queen's University, and is at present an Examiner in Medical Jurisprudence to the Royal University and in Chemistry to the Board of Intermediate Education. Dr. Davy has published numerous chemical papers in the " Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy," the " Philosophical Magazine," " Chemical News," and other scientific journals. He was the first to effect the complete decomposition of urea by the action of the hypochlorites, for estimation of that substance— a method, modified by other chemists, now in general use. He has described several new salts, particularly of the alkaloids, and chemical tests for strychnine, carbolic and nitrous acids, alcohol, arsenic, &c. Dr. Davy married Maria Margaret, youngest daughter of the late Captain Maurice Hewson, R.N., of the County Kerry, a distin- guished naval officer; his family consists of two sons and four daughters. RICHARD TOWNSON EV ANSON, PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, 1836-43. R. T. Evanson was born in the year 1800. His father was an army surgeon, and his mother was a Miss MacMahon, of the County of Clare, whose sister married Dr. O'Brien, and was mother of the well-known George O'Brien, Surgeon to the Clare Infirmary. Evanson was indentured to Philip Crampton in March, 1821, and attended the various courses of instruction in the College School and the cliniques at the Meath Hospital. In December, 1827, he obtained the Licence of the College, and on the 3rd May, 1830, he became a Member thereof. In 1832 he graduated M.D. at Glasgow University. His practice in Dublin was not large, though he was a very skilful physician, and made a special study of the diseases peculiar to infancy. Conjointly with Henry Maunsell he wrote a valuable work on " The Management and Diseases of Children," which is not yet obsolete. In 1830 he was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica at the Park-street School, and held that office until 1836, when he became with Dr. Charles Benson co-Professor of Medicine to the College. In 1843 he resigned his professorship, and went to England, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1859 he obtained the Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians, London. In 1868 he wrote a poem of some merit, entitled " Nature and Art, or Reminiscences of the last International Exhibition." He died at Torquay, Devonshh'e—where he had long resided—on the 26th October, 1871, aged seventy-two. Evanson made three ventures in the field of matrimony. First, he married a daughter of Admiral Fortescue ; secondly, he married the widow of Lord William Montague, son of the Duke of Man- chester; and his last wife was also a widow—namely, Mrs. Johnston, of Torquay. ARTHUR WYNNE FOOT, PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE SINCE 1883. Dr. Foot was born in Dublin on the 22nd January, 1838. He is the son of the late Lundy Edward Foot, Barrister, and Lilias, daughter of Nathaniel Caldwell, of Fitzwilliam-square. The Foots are descended from a member of the family of the Foots long settled at Footscray, in Kent, who came over to Ireland with William III. The name Lundy, so common amongst the Foots, is derived from a Miss Lundy, an heiress residing at Ringsend, who about 1733 married Jeffrey Foot, gentleman, of College-street, DubUn. Dr. Foot was educated at the Rev. J. A. Wall's school, PortarHngton, and was apprenticed to Maurice H. Collis. He graduated in Arts and Medicine in Dublin University in 18ii2, and took the degree of M D. in 1865, and the diploma in State Medicine in 1871. In 1862 he became a Licentiate of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1866 was elected a Fellow of the former. In 1871 he succeeded Dr. Hudson as Physician to the Meath Hospital. He received a silver medal from the Pathological Society for an essay on diseases of the testis, and subsequently became President of that Association. From 1863 to 1871 he was a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Trinity College, School. Sub- sequently he was appointed Lecturer on Medicine in the Ledwich, and finally succeeded Dr. Little in the Chair of Medicine in the College, School. Dr. Foot's contributions to the medical journals are voluminous, and many of them exhibit great erudition on the part of tbeir author. Amongst the more interesting of his papers are those on Chromidrosis in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for 1866 and 1869, and on Bromidrosis and Xanthelasma in the volumes of that Journal for 1866 and 1876. Dr. Foot is married to the eldest daughter of Edward Hunt, County of Kilkenny. ALEXANDER FRASER, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY SINCE 1883. A. Fraser was born on the 30th April, 1853, at Lossiemouth, near Elgin, Morayshire. His father, James Fraser (a contractor, chiefly for the construction of harbours), married Elizabeth, daughter of William Anderson, of Forres, Morayshire. At an early age he was sent to the General Assembly's School, Elgin, and subsequently received tutorial instruction from the Rev. Mr. Wright, George-street, Edinburgh. Having travelled in 1868-70 throughout the United States, he entered Glasgow University in 1870, and studied in Arts up to 1874, when he entered the Medical School of the University, and graduated, in 1878, with First-class Honours in Medicine. Having acted for some time as one of Professor Allen Thomson's Assistants, he was appointed, in 1878, Demonstrator of Anatomy in Owens College, Manchester. In 1882-83 he studied anatomy and embryology under Professor His of Leipsig, and Professor Kolliker of Wiirzburg, and visited various German, Austrian, and French Universities. In 1883 he was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College. Prof. Fraser's paper on the Development of the Ossicula Auditus appears in the " Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society " for 1882. A summary of his Researches on the Development of the Embryo in the Higher Mammalia has been published in the " Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society for 1882." He is now (1886) issuing an Atlas of Human Anatomy; Part I.—Brain and Organs of Sense. THOMAS GRACE GEOGHEGAN, PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL JURIS- PRUDENCE, 1835-70. T. G. Geoghegan was born in Dublin on the 20th January, 1807. His father was a silk manufacturer, at a time when that business was a flourishing one in Dublin. His mother was Sarah Moore. He was educated chiefly at the school in Hume- street, near Ely-place, kept by his elder brother, the Rev. E. Geoghegan, who, he often said, exhibited a most unpleasant impartiality towards his relative in the use of the cane. On the 30th November, 1824, he was indentured to Thomas Hewson, and entered upon his professional studies in the College School and the Meath Hospital. In 1830 he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and was elected a Member of the College on the 1st May, 1832. He graduated M.D. at Glasgow, and on the 9th July, 1835, he succeeded Beatty in the Chair of Medical Jurisprudence in the College. His first medical appointment was to the Sick Poor Institution, Meath-street, and he subsequently became Physician to the Mendicity Institution and the Adelaide Hospital, and at the time of his death was Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital and the Hospital for Incurables. In the little laboratory which Apjohn deserted when the larger one was built for him, Geoghegan carried on his toxicological work for nearly thirty-five years. Many interesting cases in toxicology and forensic medicine came under his notice, and some of them are recorded in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Medical Gazette, and the Medical Press. In Taylor's works on Toxicology, &c, his name is frequently mentioned. He died suddenly from heart disease, on Christmas morning, 1869, at his residence, 4 Upper Merrion-street, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Dr. Geoghegan married Frances Anne Purser, a member of a well-known Dublin family. He left a family. JOHN HAL AH AN, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, SURGERY, AND MIDWIFERY, 1785-1804. J. Halahan was born in 1753, in the County of Cork, where his father was a country gentleman. He seems to have devoted himself early in life to the study of anatomy; and long before the foundation of the College School, or indeed of the College, he taught anatomy in Dublin with great success. He was Surgeon to the Foundlings' Hospital and to the Dublin General Dispensary, Temple-bar. Gilborne, writing in 1775, says of him :— " John Halahan our just esteem deserves ; His curious Art dead bodies long preserves Entire and sound, like monuments of brass, Embalm'd ^Egyptian Mummies they surpass— Surpass the Labours of the famous Ruysch,* He does Injections to Perfection push." * The poet refers to Frederick Ruysch, a celebrated Dutch anatomist, and author of " Opera Omnia Anatomico-Medico-Chirurgica." 4 vols. Published at Amsterdam in 1717 and succeeding years. He was not a Member of the Dublin Society of Surgeons, but he was one of the original Members of the College, their first Professor of Midwifery, and one of their first Anatomical Profes- sors. He was also Professor of Anatomy to the Hibernian Society of Artists, who bear much the same relation to the Royal Hibernian Academy of the Fine Arts that the Dublin Society of Surgeons do to the College of Surgeons. In 1814 the Society presented Halahan with a piece of plate and the following Address:— " To John Halahan, Esquire, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Honorary Member of the Hibernian Society of Artists, and Professor of Anatomy to said Society. " Sir,—We the Members of the Hibernian Society of Artists, impressed with a due sense of your indefatigable zeal for the promotion of the Fine Arts, and the many obligations we owe to you for the luminous and satisfactory anatomical instructions you have so cheerfully imparted, beg leave to return you our most warm and heartfelt thanks. " We anticipate with pleasure the further progress we shall make in that highly useful study through the fuller and more practical Course you have so kindly promised at some future period, and we cannot conclude without entreating your acceptance of a small Piece of Plate as a testimony of our gratitude and esteem (though a very inadequate one indeed) for the solid obliga- tions you have conferred on us by your learned and interesting illustrations of the Animal System. " Signed by order, " Chas. Robertson, Sec." The piece of plate referred to in the above Address consists of a large cup, cut out of the solid block, with the inscription on one side—" Presented by the Hibernian Society of Artists to John Halahan, Esq., 1814," and on the other side are three raised figures, representing Science revealing Nature to Art. The Society also presented him with his full-sized Portrait, representing him as lecturing to the Members, with the index finger of the right hand pointing to a skull in his left hand. I hope this portrait may some time be presented to the College. That Halahan was a man with whom it was not easy to find fault is proved by his having been made the subject of panegyric by Brennen, who was much more disposed to blame than praise. In his Hibernian Magazine he says :— " H. was Halahan, one of the obsolete school, Who worked all his questions by truth's golden rule, And always was sure to produce a right answer, Surer than the most science-struck necromancer." Halahan married Maria, daughter of Samuel Handy, of Brackat Castle, County of Meath. He died at 11 York-street in 1813, and was interred in St. Paul's Churchyard, Dublin. Halahan left a family of seven sons and five daughters, all of whom attained to a good old age ; the youngest still surviving, in full possession of his intellectual faculties, though now in his eighty-seventh year—the Rev. Hickman Halahan, for upwards of fifty-two years curate and incumbent of St. Nicholas-Without and St. Luke's. It is remarkable that a son of Surgeon Halahan's, who was in practice when Gilborne wrote of him 111 years ago, should be now living. His eldest son was a surgeon in the Royal Artillery; his second became Inspector-General of Hospitals; the third and fourth were lieutenants in the army; the fifth was a commander in the Royal navy ; and the sixth was long engaged in medical practice in Dublin. One of Halahan's sons, Richard, won in 1847 the Triennial Prize (£300), offered by Sir Astley Cooper, for the best essay on the " Uses and Structures of the Supra-renal Capsules." JOHN HART, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 1837-1853. J. Hart, son of Thomas Hart, of Dublin, was born in that city about 1797. He was apprenticed to J. Halahan on the 20th Nov., 1813, 'and was entered as a pupil in the College School. On the 30th August, 1819, he became a Licentiate, and on the 4th February, 1822, a Member of the College, graduating as M.D. in Glasgow in 1833. On the opening of the Park-street School, in 1825, Hart acted as a demonstrator, and soon afterwards became Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology. In 1837 he was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College of Surgeons. He made a special study of comparative anatomy, and so enthusiastic was he in the acquisition of this branch of knowledge—then comparatively new—that he went to Paris to listen to the lectures of Cuvier, and attended a course of lectures on comparative anatomy given by Richard Owen in the London College of Surgeons in 1847. Hart's health beginning to fail in 1853, he was obliged to resign his professorship, a pension being granted to him. In 1867 he became an inmate of the Maison de SantS; at that time he was almost perfectly blind, and was paralytic. He died on the 30th June, 1872, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He never married. Hart wrote, in 1825, a monograph on the " Anatomy of the Irish Fossil Deer," which reached a second edition in 1830. He published in the Dublin Philosophical Journal, November, 1825, a paper on Paralysis, and in the same journal, for February, 1826, he gave a description of human bones found in the well- known Dunmore Cave. He accounted, in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal for April, 1826, for the cause of the recurrent course of the inferior laryngeal nerves, and contributed eight articles to Todd's " Cyclopaedia." JAMES STANNUS HUGHES, PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, 1863-1884. J. S. Hughes, born at 100 Capel-street, Dublin, on the 20th July, 1812, was a son of James Hughes, solicitor, by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Trevor Morton, solicitor, of Golden-lane. He was educated at the school kept by Finn and Macshehan—a seminary well-known early in the century. He was indentured to A. Colles in March, 1830, and studied in the College School and in Steevens' and Jervis-stx*eet Hospitals. In 1838 he " passed " at the College, and was elected a member on the 13th December, 1844. He graduated M.D. in the Queen's University in 1864. Dr. Hughes was surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital and the Con- valescent Home, and was a lecturer in the Ledwich School. He was many years surgeon to the Lord Lieutenant's household (see page 106), and was for a long period Secretary to the College Council. He published in 1860 a treatise on Diseases of the Prostate Gland, and contributed several papers to the medical journals. Hughes was fond of society, and his agreeable and bland manners acquired for him many friends. He married Margaret, daughter of Walter Blake, of Meelick, County of Gralway. He had no children, and was for a long time a widower. He died suddenly at No. 1 Merrion-square, on the 1st of June, 1884, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. The late Judge Hughes was Dr. Hughes' brother. ARCHIBALD HAMILTON JACOB, PROFESSOR OF OPHTHALMOLOGY SINCE 1882. A. H. Jacob is the fourth son of the late Arthur Jacob (see page 390), and was born in his father's house, 23 Ely-place, on the 13th May, 1837. His earlier education was conducted, first, at Dundrum, secondly (during three years), at St. Peter's School, York. In 1854 he entered T.C.D. as a pensioner, and, during his undergraduate course, obtained honours in Experimental Physics and various professional prizes. In 1858 he graduated B.A., and in 1862 M.D. His medical education was conducted in the College, and Trinity College Schools, and in the City of Dublin Hospital—studying the diseases of the eye and ear under his father, to whom he acted as Assistant. In 1859 he obtained the. Letters Testimonial of the College, and "passed" for the Fellowship on the 12th August, 1863. In 1866 Mr. Jacob succeeded his father as Ophthalmic Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital, and about the same time was elected a Member of Council. In 1870 he resigned his connection with the City of Dublin Hospital, and two years later opened the Dublin Eye and Ear Infirmary," and acted as its Surgeon until 1875. In 1882 he was elected Professor of Ophthalmology. He had previously considerable knowledge of the School, having for several years assisted his father as Prosector and Assistant in the preparation of his lectures on anatomy— comparative and human— and physiology. In 1883 he was appointed Surgeon Oculist to the Lord Lieutenant, and at present is Ophthalmic Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. In June, 1884, lie was unani- mously elected Secretary to the Council. Mr. Jacoh takes a prominent part in medical literature and politics, and since 1860 has edited and managed the Medical Press and Circular. In 1872 he established the " Irish Medical Direc- tory," following the lead of Mr. Croly, of Rathfarnham, who in 1843 brought out a similar publication, of which a second edition appeared in 1846. It was the earliest of the Medical Directories of the United Kingdom. The numerous contributions of Mr. Jacob to the special departments in which he practises have mostly appeared in his own journal. Mr. Jacob married, in 1862, Florence Elizabeth, the second and only surviving daughter of Francis M'Clean, of 10 Stephen's- green, by his wife Elizabeth, ne'e Anderson. They have ten children—five boys and five girls. CHARLES JOHNSON, PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY, 1823-35. C. Johnson, was born in Wexford in 1794, and was a posthumous child. His father, a man of good position and some means, belonged to a Kerry family, and was married to Miss Charlotte Smyth, of Sligo. Their son Charles, having received a sound preliminary education was apprenticed on the 8th September, 1810, to Ebenezer Jacob, and commenced to learn his profession in the Wexford Infirmary. Jacob dying in 1813, Johnson was transferred to Hewson, and he was registered as a pupil in the College on the 8th October, 1812, and received his anatomical instruction in the College School, and his medical education in the Meath Hospital. On the 31st January, 1815, Johnson " passed " for the Licence at the College. In those days it was usual for the Treasurer to meet at the Bank the candidate for the diploma, to instruct him as to the lodgment of the fee, and Johnson had arranged to meet Andrew Johnston, the Treasurer, for this purpose. On the appointed day he was sent by Hewson to visit a patient in Mercer-street, and whilst paying his visit he looked at his watch, and found that it wanted but five minutes of the time at which he was to meet the Treasurer. Telling the patient that he would return shortly, he hurried to the Bank, transacted his business, and was returning to the patient's house, when he learned that it had fallen a few minutes after he had left it, and that the unfortunate patient was killed— if Johnson had not been a punctual man he would have met the same fate. On the 3rd Angust, 1818, Johnsou was elected a Member of the College, and owing to defective sight in one eye, he decided that the branch of the medical art which that infirmity would least interfere with was the obstetrical—in those days the uterine specu- lum was unknown. He accordingly obtained the office of assistant to Labatt, Master of the Rotunda Hospital, and subsequently (in 1840) became himself Master of the great Maternity. Having served three years in the Rotunda he set up in practice in South Anne-street, and soon gained a large clientele. In 1828 he succeeded Andrew Johnston in the Chair of Midwifery of the College, and retained it until 1834, when the pressure of his large practice obliged him to resign it. He was now living in Merrion- square, and his practice was chiefly amongst the upper classes. He made a special study of the diseases of children, and to him and Sir Henry Marsh the establishment (in 1822) of the Pitt-street Hospital for Children is due. In 1829 he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and in 1841 was elected an Honorary Fellow of that College. Johnson published only two papers—one on Whooping-Cough, in the Encyclopaedia of Practical Medicine; the other, on Two Cases of Extirpation of the Inverted Uterus, appears in the third volume of the Dublin Hospital Reports. The latter paper excited considerable interest, very few cases of excision of the uterus having previously been recorded. Johnson was the first Dublin accoucheur who abandoned the white cravat, and substituted therefor a black silk necktie. Ring- land was the last who retained the "white choker," believed not many years ago to be an essential part of the obstetrician's costume. Hair powder and Hessian boots were in vogue amongst medical men longer than amongst the other professions, and, with the exception of clergymen, they were the latest to abandon white neckerchiefs. Johnson married Letitia Lucretia, daughter of James Johnston, solicitor, son of Francis Johnston, of Corkeeran, County of Monaghan; two of his sons are medical men, but they have long been absent from this country. He died of apoplexy at Clifton House, Monkstown, 19th June, 1866, aged seventy-three, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. WILLIAM LAWLESS, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 1794-1798. W. Lawless was born about the year 1764, and it is said that he was a distant relation of Lord Cloncurry. On the 12th March, 1781, he was indentured for 5 years to Michael Keogh, of Meath-street. He obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College on the 11th June, 1788. On the 9th March, 1790, he was elected a Member, and set up in practice in Meath-street. He was one of the superintendents of dissections appointed when the College School was, in 1789, established in Mercer-street. On the 1st September, 1794, he was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. He became a United Irishman, and in 1798, having received private information that a warrant was out for his appre- hension, he made his escape from Dublin. On the 4th February, 1799, he was expelled from the College. Lawless entered the French Army, in which he achieved great distinction. His career has been briefly described in Dr. Madden's "Lives of United Irishmen." He lost a leg at the Battle of Dresden. When Walcheren was captured by the British, he wrapped the colours of his regiment round his body and plunged into the waves, and, amidst a shower of bullets, swam to a boat and escaped. He attained the rank of Marechal de Camp, and died in Paris on the 24th December, 1825. JAMES LITTLE, PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, 1872-83. Dr. Little was born in Newry on the 21st January, 1837. He is the son of the late Archibald Little, by his wife, Mary, nie Coulter, of Carnmeen. He was educated, first at the Academy, Cookstown, and afterwards at the Royal School, Armagh. He then became an Apprentice of the late Dr. John Colvan, Physician to the Armagh Fever Hospital, and a pupil of Dr. Alexander Robinson, Surgeon to the County Infirmary. He became a student in the College School in November, 1853, and attended the cliniques at the City of Dublin Hospital, and also those at the Richmond and Whitworth Hospitals. Intending to graduate in the University of Edinburgh he took out two courses of lectures each year in the School of Physic, as required of Dublin students by the regulations of the Edinburgh University. Having become a Licentiate of the College of Surgeons on the 29th June, 1856, he returned for six months to Armagh, where Dr. Robinson allowed him to take the responsible charge of the Infirmary, and where, through the kindness of Dr. Cuming, he was also permitted regu- larly to attend the Lunatic Asylum. In the spring of 1857 he went to India, in the service of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Packet Company, and remained on their Calcutta Station until the summer of 1860. On his return he went to Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1861, taking the prize in Psychological Medicine, at that time given by the Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland. Dr. Little then spent two years in private practice in Lurgan, and subsequently a year on the Continent. At the termination of this he settled in Dublin, where, after an interval of about a year, he was elected one of the Physicians to the Adelaide Hospital. A little later he became Lecturer on Practice of Medicine in the Ledwich School of Medicine, and this office he held until appointed, on the 3rd December, 1872, to the Professorship of Practice of Medicine in the School of Surgery ; the latter position he resigned in 1883. On the 11th April, 1865, he was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, of which he was elected a Fellow on the 18th of October, 1867. 2 i Dr. Little held the offices—first, of Registrar, and subsequently, for four years, of Examiner in Medicine and in Clinical Medicine, to the College of Physicians, and he was for some years editor of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. He is Consulting Physi- cian to the Rotunda, St. Mark's, and the Children's Hospitals. Dr. Little has contributed several papers to the journals, and is the author of a work entitled "First Steps in Clinical Study," which has attained to a third edition; it is designed for the use of students. His practice is a very large one; probably no Dublin physician—not even John Cheyne—had a greater. Of his skill and kindness the author of this work and members of his family are grateful witnesses. Dr. Little married Anna, daughter of the late Robert Murdoch, of Leeson-street, an eminent solicitor, and has issue two sons and one daughter. JOHN M'DONNELL, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 1847-51. Dr. M'Donnell's family are of Scottish extraction, but they have been settled for nearly three centuries in Ireland—a period of time more than sufficient, according to Mr. Froude, to thoroughly Hibernicise them. The M'Donnells, or M'Donalds, are a Highland clan which at, one time possessed considerable power in Scotland, and produced warriors of great prowess. The founder of Dr. M'Donnell's family was Ian Vohr of Isla and Cantyre, who about 1390 married Marjory Byssett of Glenarm, in the County of Antrim, sole heiress of a Norman Baron (a follower of Richard II.), who acquired a large estate in Ireland. Scottish historians assert that Richard II. was not murdered, but that he escaped to Scotland, where he lived for 18 years in Stirling, and that he was recognised by an Irish lady named Byssett. Ian Vohr's great grand- son was Sir Alaster Maccolla M'Donnell, a Major-General, and one of the most celebrated and successful of the lieutenants of the great Marquis of Montrose. His valour, and that of the men of his brigade, contributed materially to win the six battles which Montrose fought in 1644-5. After the splendid victory of Kilsyth M'Donnell was knighted upon the field by the Marquis. In the Irish campaign in 1646 and 1647, he equally distinguished himself, and whilst opposing Lord Inchiquin was slain at the Battle of Nock-na-noss, in the County of Cork, and was buried in the tomb of the O'Callaghans, in Clonmeed Churchyard, Kanturk. He was of gigantic stature, and being left-handed, received the soubriquet of " Kitto"; though, according to one author, it was Alaster's father, not himself, who possessed that peculiarity. He is referred to in one of Milton's sonnets. Dr. James M'Donnell, Dr. John M'Donnell's father, was fourth in descent from Sir Alaster. He graduated in Medicine in Edin- burgh University in 1784, practised for many years in Belfast, and was mainly instrumental in establishing the Fever and General Hospitals of that City. He published, in the "Transactions of the British Association " (Dublin meeting) for 1835, an excellent paper on " The Differential Pulse, or the Variation of the Heart's Rate by Posture," which had formed the subject of his inaugural Thesis at Edinburgh University 50 years previously ! Dr. Evory Kennedy gives the following account of his interview with Dr. James M'Donnell:— " Never shall I forget the interview which I lately had with Dr. M'Donnell, in Belfast. This gentleman is, no doubt, well known to most of my audience. He is a man far advanced in life, and has latterly suffei'ed much from ill-health, but exhibits all the spirit, the enthusiasm, and the enei'getic mind of youth. His case is a rare exception to the relations observed to hold between corporal decay and the loss of mental powers. The inroads of time, under which his bodily strength has yielded, so as to leave his frame enfeebled and exhausted, appear to have acted upon his mental qualities in rendering them more vivid and acute."—Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1844. James M'Donnell married Eliza Clarke, and their son, John, the original of this sketch, was born in Belfast on the 11th February, 1796. He received his earlier education in the Belfast Academy, and in due time entered Trinity College; in 1818 he graduated B.A. On the 23rd November, 1813, he was apprenticed to Richard Carmichael. and studied in the University and College Schools and in the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1821 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and soon after proceeded to Edinburgh, where he spent two years. He next studied in London for one year, and lastly devoted two more years to professional study in Paris. In 1825 he graduated M.D. in Edinburgh, and in the following year settled in Dublin. On the 7th May, 1827, he was elected a member of the College. Thus it will be seen that Dr. M'Donnell devoted 13 years of his life to professional study before he commenced to practice. He is now the Senior Fellow of the College of Surgeons, and in his ninety- first year; but he looks twenty years younger. Dr. M'Donnell commenced in 1826 to teach anatomy in the Richmond School, which had been founded that year. Three years later he became, through the influence of his master, R. Carmichael, a lecturer upon anatomy and physiology, and a proprietor of the school. On the death of Mr. E. M'Dowell, in 1835, Carmichael endeavoured to get Dr. M'Donnell appointed to the vacant sur- geoncy at the Richmond Hospital, but, failing in the attempt, resigned his own position as surgeon to the institution in favour of Dr. M'Donnell, whom there is reason to believe was his favourite pupil. By his will he constituted him one of his executors and trustees, and bequeathed to him the sum of £5,000. Dr. M'Donnell was elected, but did not serve, as Professor of Surgery in the Belfast Royal Academical Institution. He was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College on the 23rd October, 1847, and resigned the office in 1851 on becoming the Medica Member of the Poor Law Commission. When the Local Govern- ment Board was instituted in 1872, and the Poor Law Commission merged into it, Dr. M'Donnell became the Medical Member, and held the office until 1876, when he resigned. Dr. M'Donnell married Charity, daughter of the Rev. Robert Dobbs, of Belfast. Their son, Robert, is referred to at page 429; another of his sons (Randall) is an eminent engineer. Dr. M'Donnell contributed the article on Fractures to the " Cyclopaedia of Practical Surgery." He was the first in Ireland to employ ether as an anaesthetic agent. In the held of general literature he has worked off and on for many years. He published a " History of the Irish Rebellion in 1641," including an account of the heroic actions of the Irish Brigade in Montrose's army. In 1855, and when near the completion of his eighty-ninth year, he published a brochure to vindicate the character of his ancestor, Sir Alaster M'Donnell, from the charge of cruelty which had been made against him. Dr. M'Donnell's elder brother, Alexander, was a very distin- guished man. He was for half a century in the public service in Ireland, and during forty-seven years discharged the onerous duties of Resident Commissioner of National Education. He was created a Privy Councillor in 1846, and received the honour of a baronetcy in 1872. His statue, executed by Thomas Farrell, R.H. A., is placed in the grounds opposite the Model Schools, Marlborough-street— the scene of his valuable labours. SIR HENRY MARSH, BART., PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, 1828-32. A family named Marsh were long located in Gloucestershire, and one of them, Francis, married a sister of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, grandfather of Anne, wife of James II. Francis Marsh's grand- son, the Rev. Francis Marsh, born in 1627, settled in Ireland, and became Archbishop of Dublin; his palace is now the barrack of the mounted police in Kevin-street. Narcissus Marsh, his immediate successor (they were not relatives), founded the library adjoining this palace, generally termed " Marsh's Library," but the proper name of which is the " Public Library of the City of Dublin." It contains a large number of books, and is rich in ecclesiastical literature ; but it is not much frequented, as modern books are not added to its collections. Archbishop Marsh married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Jeremy Taylor,* Chaplain to Charles I. ; they had a large family, one of whom, Jeremy, became Dean of Kilmore. The Dean's son, also Jeremy, was Rector of Athenry, and married Jane, daughter of Patrick French, of Monivea; their son, Robert, took Holy Orders, was appointed Rector of Killinane, County of Galway, and married * Taylor, the son of a Cambridge Barber-Surgeon, became Bishop of Down and Connor. He was one of the greatest divines and learned men which England has produced, and has been styled the Modern Chrysoctom. Sophia, daughter of the Rev. William Wolseley, Rector of Tullycorbet, County of Monaghan, whose mother was a daughter of Sir Thomas Molyneux, the first Irish medical baronet. Sir Henry Marsh, son of this Rev. Robert Marsh, was born at Lough- rea in 1790. He was educated at home, and apparently was intended for agricultural pursuits; but, owing to the intervention of a Fellow of Trinity College, he entered that institution. He graduated B.A., in 1812, after a distinguished undergraduate career. His father was anxious that he should take Holy Orders ; but young Marsh had become affected with the doctrines of the " Walkerites"—who at that time had a great following amongst the students of Trinity College—and could not conscientiously join the ministry of the Established Church. The " Walkerites" wex*e so called after their founder, the Rev. John Walker, B.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, and an author of some repute. In 1804 this gentleman resolved to vacate his Fellowship on the ground that the religious opinions and practices of those with whom he was associated in the College were unscriptural. Amongst other opinions he held that all Christians should practise the advice given by St. Paul, to " salute one another with an holy kiss," and he set up a chapel in Stafford- street, where his congregation" became rapidly large. They soon, however, divided upon the subject of kissing, some contending that kissing in public assemblies was not a necessary observance, and ultimately two sub-sects were formed, which the College wags named the " osculists " and the " anti-osculists." Walker was not permitted to resign his preferments, but was expelled from bis College—an illiberal act subsequently, but tardily, atoned for by a pension of £600 a year, granted by the Board of Trinity College. Marsh, it is said, in after-years abandoned the " Walkerite " doctrines; but they certainly prevented him from taking Holy Orders. He now turned his attention to surgery, with the view of entering the army, and received some instruction in Kirby's School in Peter-street. Having given up this military notion, he was, on the 9th March, 1813, indentured to his relative, Philip Crampton, and entered as a pupil in the College School and in the Meath Hospital. He studied in those places until 1818 ; in that vear lie received, whilst dissecting in the College School, a wound in the forefinger of his right hand, which resulted in the loss of the greater part of that member, and led to his abandonment of surgery. He shortly afterwards graduated in medicine in Dublin University,* and spent the greater part of 1819 and 1820 on the Continent, chiefly in the Hospital La Chariti, Paris. In 1820 Marsh commenced to practise in Dublin, and in a short time was appointed Assistant-Physician to Steevens' Hospital. In 1824 he was one of the founders of the Park-street School, and lectured there on Medicine until 1828, when he was elected Pro- fessor of Medicine to the College. His practice now was becoming large, and in 1832 the pressure upon his time was so great that in order to relieve it he resigned his Professorship. In 1837 Marsh was appointed Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland, and in 1839 was created a Baronet. In 1840 Marsh was appointed Physician to Steevens' Hospital, an institution to which his valuable courses of clinical lectures attracted large numbers of students. He was also Consulting Physician to the City of Dublin, St. Vincent's, and the Rotunda Hospitals. In conjunction with Charles Johnson he founded the Pitt-street Hospital for Diseases of Children, and for several years Marsh, Johnson, and Dr. Cuming (who is still in practice at Armagh) gave in it courses of lectures on the diseases peculiar to childhood. Marsh often referred to his connection with the College, freely acknowledging his great indebtedness to the Professors of their School, under whom he studied for nearly five years. He was, however, also identified with the sister College of Physicians. On the 31st August, 1818, they granted him their Licence to practise Medicine, elected him a Fellow—rather tardily—on the 29th October, 1839, and during the years 1841, 1842, 1845, and 184(5, placed him in their Presidential Chair. After Marsh's death a large number of noblemen and gentlemen, including many mem- bers of his profession, commissioned Mr. J. H. Foley, R.A., to * In Todd's List of Graduates of Dublin University this event is not recorded ; it nevertheless occurred. execute his statue, and on the 9th November, 18(56, it was unveiled at the College of Physicians. The cost of the statue was £800. Marsh died suddenly at his residence, Merrion-square, on the 1st December, 1860, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was married, first, to a widow, Mrs. Arthur, daughter of Thomas Crowe, of the County of Clare; and, secondly, to the widow of Thomas Kemmis, of Shane, in the Queen's County, and daughter of the Rev. Robert Selby. He had only one child (by his first wife), who became a Colonel in the British Army, and is now dead, the baronetcy having with him become extinct. Dr. R. Townson Evanson, one of Marsh's successors in the Chair of Medicine at the College, composed a long poem on Sir Henry Marsh, shortly after his death, from which I cull a single verse :— " Thy noble nature, highly gifted mind, Thy energetic intellect were given In search of Truth, to benefit thy kind, And do on earth as much the will of Heaven As may by man be done, despite the leaven Of mortal mould that with the soul doth blend. So ever have the highest natures thriven In faith and hope to work out some good end, Worthy the Christian man, philosopher, and friend." Sir Henry Marsh was a most amiable and kind-hearted man, and a great favourite in Dublin society. It is to be regretted that he did not write more freely, as his materials must have been ample. His earliest papers were sent to the Dublin Hospital Reports, and comprised " Cases of Jaundice, with Dissections," " Diabetes," " The Original Latent Period of Fever," and " Effects of Vapour Baths upon Spasm of the Glottis." In the Dublin Journal of Medical Science he published papers on " Acute Inflammation confined to the Epiglottis," on " Strumous Peritonitis, with Effusion," " On Regurgitation of the Contents of the Stomach without Nausea," on " Chlorosis," &c. He produced an essay on the " Emanation of Light from the Living Subject," and he gave an original account of a peculiar inflammation of the glottis in childhood- At the time of his death he had nearly completed a work on " Traumatic Affections of the Stomach," and on " Disturbances of the Brain which give rise to Somnambulism." HENRY MAUNSELL, PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY, 1835-41, AND OF HYGIENE, 1841-46. H. Maunsell was born in Dublin on the 3rd February, 1806, and was the eldest of the eight children of Thomas Maunsell and Anne Murray, his wife. His father for many years was General Manager to the Grand Canal Company, and lived at what is still known as James's-street Harbour. Here Maunsell passed his boyhood, going as a day pupil to a school in St. Stephen's-green, at that time kept by a Dr. Philips, a member of the Walkerite sect, to which his father belonged. His family history, so far as it was known to him, is given in an entry in his Diary, under date 1831:— " During the week I stayed in town I contrived to get my uncle, William Maunsell, upon the subject of our former family posses- sions in Limerick. Talking upon this matter always had a charm for me, although the conversation is necessarily very unprofitable, and I ever felt in dread of ridicule whenever I wished to enter upon it; but his account is very circumstantial, and he says he received it from his uncle, Edward Maunsell, who at one time attempted to set up a claim to the property, and that he saw some of the title deeds in possession of his aunt, Jenny Maunsell. The claim, he asserts, only failed from its falling under the provisions of the Statute of Limitations. His story is that during the war between James II. and William III. his great grandfather, Thomas Maunsell, being a Protestant, was obliged to fly from Limerick, and for security deposited some important papers relative to his estate in the hands of a lady who was supposed to be neutral, and was permitted by both parties to remain in the country. The name of the lands, or of the baronies in which they were situated, he states to be ' Upper and Lower Ossory' (probably some mis- take). Thomas's sister was married to a person of the name of Harold, in the Co. Cavan, and there he went for safety, and ultimately married in that county. After the Revolution the estate passed into other hands, and the papers necessary for reclaiming them were fraudulently withheld, either by the lady to whom he entrusted them, or by some other person into whose hands they had fallen, and my ancestor, Thomas, not being apparently a man of action, the possession lapsed quietly from him. He, however, begat sons and daughters, the eldest of whom, Anthony, played his part in the same way. Anthony's eldest son was Henry Maunsell, who had three children—Judith, Thomas, and William. Thomas, the eldest son, was the only one of these who married, and I am his first-born, and consequently the eldest lineal male descendant from Thomas, who fled from the County Limerick—Vanitas vanitatum vanitas." In October, 1821, Maunsell was apprenticed to Charles Johnson. He has left but few notes of his student life; but, from the numerous references made at a later period to the companions of his boyhood, it would appear that during that period he displayed the same facility which remained with him to his last years of making close and warm friends. Charles Lever, the novelist, was one of the companions of his early youth, as he was the friend and fellow-worker of his manhood. Both followed medicine to desert it in after-life—the one for the profession of journalism, at which fame is slowly won and quickly lost; the other for the more enduring and more lucrative pursuit of novel-writing. In June, 1827, Maunsell became a Licentiate of the College, and was elected a Member thereof on the 7th May, 1832. In February he was appointed to the Dispensary of Letterkenny, in the County of Donegal, which position he held until the summer of 1831, having in the meantime (March, 1831) graduated M.D. in the University of Glasgow. In the same year he was elected Lecturer on Midwifery at Park-street School (having paid Samuel Cusack 100 guineas for the post), and Assistant Accoucheur to the Wellesley Lying-in Institution. In 1832 he was appointed Assistant-Physician to the Magdalen Asylum. In September, 1834, he published " The Dublin Practice of Midwifery," which subsequently passed through various editions. On 26th February, 1835, he was elected Professor of Midwifery. In 1836, in conjunc- tion with Dr. Evanson, he published " A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children," which went through numerous editions, two in America and one in Germany. In January, 1839, he started, in conjunction with Dr. Jacob, the Dublin Medical Press, a weekly journal devoted to medical, surgical, and sanitary topics. He delivered an address on " Political Medicine " in 1839, and was sub- sequently elected Professor of " Hygiene, or Political Medicine." In 1844 he was elected Secretary to the Council of the College, and was the first in that office, which he held until 1860; in that year he purchased the Dublin Evening Mail from Mr. Thomas Sheehan. From this time, until his death in 1879, he devoted him- self almost exclusively to his new profession, having for many years prior to his abandonment of his medical practice regularly contri- buted to the Dublin and London press, including the Times and the Spectator. He was a Member of the Corporation of Dublin in the years 1843 and 1844, and in the latter year moved that an address should be presented to the Queen to hold a Parliament in Dublin every three years—a proposal which created no small stir, coming from one who was a staunch Conservative. In 1849 he edited the " Personal Recollections of the Life and Times of Valentine Lord Cloncurry." Maunsell married first, on the 3rd January, 1832, Mary, daughter of Charles Colhoun of Letterkenny, and Anne Ellison, his wife, who died in 1835, having left one daughter who survives; and secondly, on the 31st August, 1837, Caroline, daughter of Lieutenant Stevenson, of the Royal Marines, and Caroline Poole, of Hennet House, Leominster, Herefordshire, who survived him. By his second marriage he had three sons and six daughters, all of whom, save one son and three daughters, pre-deceased him. His surviving son is devoted to literature, and is the editor of a news- paper published in Derby. Maunsell died at Greystones on the 27th September, 1879, and was buried in Stillorgan Churchyard. HUMPHREY MINCHIN, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY SINCE 1867. H. Minchin was born on the 25th February, 1816, at Longford. His father was the Rev. Charles Henry Minchin, Curate of Temple- michael, and Prebendary of Kilgobinet, who married Prudentia, daughter of the late Daniel Kinahan, member of the well-known firm at Carlisle Building, D'Olier-street. Dr. Minchin was educated, first at the school of the eccentric Lovell Edgeworth, and next at the school in Great Denmark-street, Dublin, kept by the Eev. W. Jones, A.M., T.C.D. Having entered T.C.D. in 1832, he graduated in Arts in 1839, and in Medicine in 1840. He studied in the College of Surgeons School and in Trinity College, and obtained the Letters Testimonial on the 17th November, 1838, and the Fellowship on the 22nd November, 1844. He lectured on medical jurisprudence and on materia medica in private schools, and for some time was Physician to the Castlerea Dispensary. He is now surgeon to the city prisons and to the North Dublin Union Workhouse. Perhaps the most valuable of his papers is that on Craniology, published in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for 1856. He is a musician of considerable merit, and has published, under the signature of H. M., 50 double chants, arranged in short score (William M'Gee, Nassau-street, Dublin, 1875). He also composed several cathedral services and anthems, as well as some quartets and songs. Dr. Minchin married Jane, daughter of Owen Young, J.P., Harristown, County of Roscommon. His son, Richard George, is a medical man. ARTHUR MITCHELL, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, 1850-67. I regret that I have been obliged to go to press with this history without being able to collect materials for a sufficiently detailed biographical sketch of Arthur Mitchell. A. Mitchell, the son of an officer in the army, was born "in camp" in 1804. His first qualification was obtained from the Apothecaries' Hall, where he passed his apprenticeship examination on the 1st March, 1822, and as a Licentiate on the 2nd June, 1829; and he began his professional career by preparing young men for the examinations at the Hall. In 1838 he was appointed lecturer on botany at the Richmond Hospital School, and in 1842 he was elected co-professor of botany to the Apothecaries' Hall, becoming (after Litton's death), sole possessor of the office. In 1850 he was elected Professor of Botany to the College. In 1840 he obtained the degree of M.D. from the University of Erlangen, and on the 6th November, 1844, he became Licentiate of the College of Physicians. In 1862 he obtained the Fellowship of the College, without having previously been a licentiate. For many years Mitchell was well known as a "grinder" in chemistry, materia medica, and botany, and he had large classes in his house, No. 118 Stephen's-green; he never practised as a physician nor held any medical appointment. He edited O'Bryen Bellingham's treatise on " Materia Medica." Having resigned his professorship, he retired to Churchtown, County of Dublin, and died there on the 19th January, 1867, from congestion of the brain, having previously shown symptoms of softening of that organ. He married a Miss Bambrick. His only child, Captain and honorary Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Bambrick Mitchell, retired from the 2nd Regiment of Infantry in 1879, and has commuted his pension. I could not learn his address from the War Office, nor were the officers of his regiment able to inform me on that point. Had I been able to communicate with him, the foregoing sketch of his father would have been less incomplete. JOHN MORGAN, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 1861-76. J. Morgan was born on the 21st December, 1829, in Temple- street, Dublin. His father was the Rev. Thomas Morgan, a Baptist clergyman, son of the Rev. Thomas Morgan, of Hamsterly, Durham, and of his wife, Mary Garner. Thomas Morgan, after his marriage, turned his attention to secular affairs, and obtained an appointment in the Bank of Ireland. Having, like other officials, been required to take the oath of allegiance, he resigned his office rather than do so, not because he was in any sense disloyal, but simply because he objected "on principle" to all kinds of oaths. Mrs. Morgan was the sister of Arthur Jacob, M.D., and inherited no mean share of the ability of the Jacob family. Her husband being no longer the bread-winner of the family, she at once took his place, started a ladies' school, which proved a success, educationally and finan- cially. She had three sons and three daughters, all of whom were carefully educated. John Morgan, her second son, was educated partly at home, partly in a school at Mullingar. At the early age of thirteen he entered Trinity College, but he did not take out any degrees until 1859, in which year he became B.A. and M.A., and in 1871 he took the degree of M.D. Morgan was professionally educated in the College School at a time when his uncle, Arthur Jacob, was supreme in that department. On the 1st November, 1850, Morgan became a licentiate of the College, and at once became a demonstrator, and in partnership with Mr. Malcomson, a " grinder." Subsequently, in conjunc- tion with E. D. Mapother, a very large class was attracted, and during the Crimean War no inconsiderable fraction of the recruits to the army and navy medical departments were sent out of the class rooms of Morgan and Mapother. On the 2nd August, 1861, he was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College, of which he had become a Fellow on the 8th April, 1857. He subsequently served in the Council, and became Surgeon to Mercer's and the Lock Hospitals. A very fluent speaker, his lectures at the College School and at the College of Science—in which for a brief period he lectured on comparative anatomy—were very popular. Morgan was the author of a work on the " Nature and Treatment of the Affections Produced by Contagious Diseases," and of several articles in the medical journals. He married on the 10th January, 1856, Marianne, third daughter of Anthony John Dopping, D.L., of Colmolyn, County of Meath, and niece of Sir Edward Grogan, Bart., formerly M.P. for Dublin. Mr. Morgan died from typhoid fever on the 4th March, 1876, at his residence, 23 Stephen's-green, North, and was interred at Mount Jerome Cemetery. His widow and one son survive. JOHN HATCH POWER, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY, 1851-63. The name of the first Power who came to England is traceable on the roll at Battle Abbey. His sons fought in the Crusades, and were decorated with the Cross. One of them finally settled in Oxfordshire. About two hundred years ago one of the Oxford Powers was presented with the living of Kells, in the County of Meath, by the Marquis of Headford. This Rev. John Power was a literary man. His grandson, John Power, married Eliza Anne Hatch; and their only son, John Power, removed to Dublin, where he married Sarah Maurice. Their second son, John Hatch Power, was born on November 24th, 1806. He shared with his elder brother (now Rev. Francis A. Power, M.A., T.C.D., Vicar of Bevington. Liverpool) the instructions of some of the best masters. When very young he showed an aptitude for surgery, and, after receiving some instruction from Jacob, of Maryborough, at nineteen years of age was apprenticed to Robert Adams, from whose masterly hand he readily learned the art of his profession, and who also proved a safe pioneer and faithful friend. On the 7th of May, 1831, Power received the Licence of the College, and soon afterwards became Demonstrator in the Rich- mond School. About this time he was married .to Rebecca Eliza, only surviving daughter of Thomas Groves. In 1838, he graduated M.D. in Glasgow University. About this time, when passing through a street in Dublin, he saw a man rush out of a house, apparently suffocating; a piece of unmasticated meat had stuck fast in his throat. The young surgeon said :—" I saw it was all over if I did not act instantly; so 1 looked to God for help, snatched out my knife, and extracted the lump; sewing up the wound, and moderating the bleeding as well as I could." The man recovered. This was a repetition of Crampton's and Richards' feat. In 1835 he obtained a share in the Richmond Hospital School, and in 1847 was appointed Surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital. On December 20th, 1844, he became Fellow of the College; in 1847 he was elected a member of Council, was appointed Professor of Anatomy in 1851, and in 1861 succeeded Porter in the Chair of Surgery. He was Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital. Power was a good lecturer, and was popular with his pupils, to many of whom he rendered good services when they had com- menced professional life. He died from typhus fever on the 14th May, 1863, and was interred in the tomb of the Groves family, in the graveyard of St. Patrick's Cathedral. His widow died in 1885, and their two daughters survive. The bust of Power, in the College, is from Mr. T. Farrell's studio, and was presented by a " Committee of Subscribers." Power's work on the " Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries" received an excellent reception amongst surgeons and anatomists. It reached three editions, and was adopted in the United States Army Medical Department as a guide for surgeons in the field and hospital. Power contributed several papers of merit on surgery and human and comparative anatomy to the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science and the Hospital Gazette. Perhaps his best paper was " On the Structure of the Optic Nerve in Relation to Reversed Retinal Vision." JAMES EMERSON REYNOLDS, PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, 1873-75. James Emerson Reynolds was born on the 8th of January, 1842, at Booterstown, in the County of Dublin, where his father was for many years a medical practitioner. James Reynolds, senior, a well-known literary man, wrote under the nom de plume of " E. L. A. Berwick," and was the author of several novels, two of which—" Eveleen " (3 vols. Smith, Elder & Co., London), and " The Queen's Dwarf" (Routledge, London)—attained much popu- larity. He wrote a number of plays—"A Lesson for Wives," "The Florentines," &c.—which were performed with success in Dublin and London—and he was also much engaged in reviewing for magazines and in editorial work for various Dublin journals. He married Marian Campbell, eldest daughter of George Hudson, of Birkenhead, who was a member of the Lonsdale family. Mrs. Reynolds, on her mother's side, was senior female representative of the Campbells of Ottar, and was named after her grandaunt, Lady Marian Campbell. They had two sons, both educated for the medical profession. James Emerson, the elder, received most of his professional education in the College School, and was for a short time in the Ledwich School. He early developed a tuste for chemistry and mineralogy, and pursued his studies in these subjects under many difficulties, but with steady progress. At his father's death in 1865 he continued the practice of medicine, and with such success that he soon found it necessary to decide between a career as a medical man or a scientific chemist. His choice was determined by his appointment, in 1867, to the office of Keeper of the Minerals in the Royal Dublin Society, in succession to Mr. R. H. Scott, F.R.S., who had just succeeded Admiral Fitzroy, in the Meteo- rological Office, London. In 1868 Dr. Reynolds was appointed Analyst to the Royal Dublin Society; in 1871 Professor of Analy- tical Chemistry, R.D.S.; and in 1873 he succeeded W. Barker in the Chair of Chemistry in the College of Surgeons. In 1875 he was elected to the Chair of Chemistry in Trinity College, in succes- sion to Dr. Apjohn. Dr. Reynolds is an honorary M.D. of Dublin University, a member of the Dublin and Edinburgh Colleges of Physicians, and of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons. In 1880 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was a Vice-President of the Chemical Society of London from 1881 to 1884, and of the Institute of Chemistry from 1881 to 1884, and was elected Examiner in Chemistry to the University of London in 1883. Dr. Reynolds's original scientific work is considerable, and is of a high order of merit. Perhaps his most important discovery is that of sulphurea, made in 1870, and which has produced from himself and other chemists about fifty original papers, relating to the pre- paration and derivatives of this compound. Another discovery— that of a new group of colloid bodies, resulting from the union of mercury with the fatty ketones—has been of late much utilised by German chemists, for the recognition and separation of acetone. His text-book of "Experimental Chemistry" (Longmans, London)— the first edition of which was published in 1880—has not only attained to a large circulation in the British Islands, but is the standard adopted by the Canadian Education Department, and has been translated into German by Dr. Siebert, and published by Winter, of Leipzig. Dr. Reynolds married in 1875 Janet Elizabeth, only child of the late Rev. John Finlayson, Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, and Prebendary of St. Michael's, Dublin, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Fraser, of Edinburgh. Their family consist of one son and one daughter. 2 K WILLIAM ROE, PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY SINCE 1877. Dr. Roe was born on the 7th March, 1841, at No. 35 (now 57) South Richmond-street, Dublin. He is the son of the late William Roe, solicitor, of Dublin, and Carroll ton, County of Gal way, and his wife, Arabella, daughter of the late Thomas Mahon, of Ballinafad, County of Roscommon, who was cousin to Maurice, first Lord Hartland. Having received a preliminary education at Hollymount Academy, Rathmines, Dr. Roe was entered as a pupil in the College School, in which, and in Queen's College, Galway, and the Meath Hospital, Dublin, his medical education was completed. He gra- duated M.D. in the Queen's University in 1863, and in the same year obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, of which in 1866 he obtained the Fellowship. In 1877 he succeeded the late Mr. Cronyn as Professor of Midwifery in the College School. He was for 17 years intimately connected with the Coombe Lying-in Hospital, and during Dr. Kidd's Mastership acted as Deputy Master. He was appointed the first Master to the Lying-in Hospital founded in 1885 in Holies-street, and which was named the National Lying- in Hospital. Dr. Roe has contributed numerous papers to the medical journals, including Memoirs on Endocervitis, Pelvic Cellu- litis, Trismus Neonatorum, and Sterility, its Cause and Cure, &c. Dr. Roe marrried, 21st July, 1870, Ellen, daughter of the late Francis Boake Carter, of Shanganagh Castle, County of Dublin, and has issue two sons and two daughters. JAMES HEWITT SAWYER, PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY, 1857-74. J. H. Sawyer was born in Dublin on the 20th January, 1812. His father was a cadet of an ancient Yorkshire family of good position. His mother, Hester Hewitt, re-married after the early death of Mr. Sawyer, and, it is alleged, rather neglected the children of her first husband. Sawyer was left an orphan at the age of three months, and had many a hard struggle in the battle for existence, and his success in after-life seems due altogether to his own intelligence and industry. Sawyer was educated partly at a school kept by Mr. Dunroche, in Aungier-street, partly at Mr. White's school in South Frederick- street. In 1829 he was apprenticed to Surgeon Willett, of South Frederick-street. He appears to have chiefly studied in the Sick Poor Institution, in which he spent five years, and in which, before he had obtained a diploma, he was appointed Assistant to the Physicians. On the 27th August, 1837, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and in 1847 the M.D. of Aberdeen University. He was for several years, first a Demonstrator, and next, a Lecturer on Anatomy, in the Original School, Peter-street. Having been for some time connected with the Cecilia-street School, he was elected on the 5th October, 1857, Professor of Midwifery to the College. He was for many years, and up to his death, joint master, along with the late Dr. Ringland, of the Coombe Hospital. He was a good lecturer, but wrote very little. His obstetrical practice was considerable. Sawyer was twice married—first, to an English lady, and secondly, to the younger daughter of the late William Hamilton Roe, of Dublin, by whom he had issue. His health failing, he resigned his professorship in 1874, and died on April 12th, 1875, at Albert Lodge, Stillorgan-road. The immediate cause of his death was erysipelas of the head and face. His remains were interred in Mount Jerome Cemeteiy. RICHD. THEODORE STACK, PROFESSOR OF DENTISTRY SINCE 1883. R. T. Stack was born in Dublin on the 12th day of February, 1849. He is the son of George Hall Stack, of Mullaghmore, Omagh, by his wife Mary, daughter of the late Sir Richard Orpen, of North Great George's-street, Dublin. He was educated at Raphoe Royal School, and having entered T.C.D. graduated B.A. in 1870, M.B. in 1873, M.D. in 1874, and M.Ch. in 1875. In 1875 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and became a Fellow in 1878. In 1873 he passed at the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, and in 1877 took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the department of dentistry, at Harvard University, United States. Mr. Stack has devoted a large amount of time to the study of his profession both generally, and especially as regards dental surgery. In 1873 he won the University travelling medical scholarship, and soon after went to Germany and the United States, in which latter country he remained from 1875 till 1877. He then settled in practice as a dentist, and he is now Professor of Dental Surgery in the College, Surgeon to the Dental Hospital in York-street, and Dental Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital. In 1873 he won the gold medal of the Pathological Society for his essay on the " Pathology and Diagnosis of Abdominal Tumours in the Male." He has contributed several papers to the journals. Mr. Stack is married to Charlotte Anne, daughter of the late Henry Thompson, F.R.C.S.I., of Tyrone Infirmary. He has two sons and three daughters. WILLIAM THORNLEY STOKER, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 1876. W. T. Stoker was born in Marino Crescent, Clontarf, on the 6th March, 1845. He is the son of the late Abraham Stoker, who occupied for more than half a century a position in the Chief Secretary's office, Dublin Castle. His mother was Charlotte Matilda Blake, daughter of Captain Thornley. He was educated at the Grammar School, Wymondham, Norfolk, and his professional in- struction was received in the College, the Queen's College, Galway, and St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin. In 1867 he obtained the Licence of the College, and became a Fellow thereof upon the 11th November, 1873. In 1866 he graduated M.D. in the Queen's University, and in 1872 he obtained the diploma of the College of Physicians. Mr. Stoker is Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospital and Visiting Surgeon to St. Patrick's Hospital for the Insane; he was formerly Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital. He is Honorary Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Hibernian Academy, and is Inspector for Ireland under the Act relating to Vivisection. He has contributed numerous papers on surgical subjects to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Medical Press and Circular, and "Transactions of Academy of Medicine in Ireland." His eldest brother, Mr. Brain Stoker, a man of literary tastes, is secretary to Mr. Irving, the dramatist; and his brother Richard, a medical man was with the Turks during the Siege of Plevna, and served in the last Afghan and Zulu campaigns. George, now Surgeon to the Throat Hospital in Golden-square, London, served with the Turks through the Bulgarian and Russian campaigns, and in the Zulu War as Assistant-Commissioner to the Stafford House. THE THREE STOKES'S. Whitley Stokes was for many years Professor of Medicine to the College, and his grandson, William Stokes, is now Professor of Surgery in its School. Whitley Stokes was, in 1826, desirous that his son William should be associated with him in the professor- ship, in order that his pupils might have the entrde to the Meath Hospital, to which institution William Stokes had just been appointed physician vice his father. It is to be for ever regretted that the College refused to allow the younger Stokes to lecture in conjunction with his father; had they acted otherwise, yet another great name would be associated with the teaching faculty of the College. William Stokes soon after became a lecturer in the Park- street School. It will be convenient to notice his career in connec- tion with the biographies of his father and son, rather than in the Chapter on the Private Schools, to which it properly pertains. WHITLEY STOKES, PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, 1819-28. Whitley Stokes was born in Waterford in 1763. His father, the Rev. Gabriel Stokes, an ex-F.T.C.D., was Chancellor of the Cathedral of Waterford, and master of an endowed school; and his grandfather, Gabriel, was Deputy-Surveyor of Ireland. Having received a good education in his father's school at Waterford, he entered Trinity College, and obtaining, in 1781, a scholar- ship, graduated B.A. in 1783. His thirst for knowledge of every kind was very great, and he devoted so much of his time to close study that his health suffered severely. He resolved to compete for a Fellowship, but when, in 1788, the clay of trial arrived, he was so weak and emaciated that it became necessary to carry him into the Examination Hall. His courage, however, proved equal to the occasion, and after a severe competition he won the Fellowship. In the following year he proceeded to the degree of M. A. Having studied medicine in both Dublin and Edinburgh, he graduated in Dublin both as M.B. and M.D. in 1793, and he also took in that year a medical degree in Edinburgh. Stokes became a member of the Society of United Irishmen at a time when their proceedings were of a constitutional character, but he retired from active participation in their operations about 1792, at which period they began to assume a revolutionary aspect. It was, however, a matter of notoriety that his sympathies were with the national party, and accordingly he was cited to appear before Lord Clare and the other " Visitors " of Trinity College, in April, 1798. Although there was not the slightest proof of Stokes' complicity with the doings of the United Irishmen from the time that they had become a secret organisation, he was suspended from his Fellowship for a period of one year. His suspension was not for the commission of seditious acts, but for his sympathy with the principles advocated by Grattan, Curran, and other Irish patriots. Although he early withdrew from the Society of the United Irish- men, he seems to have retained their esteem, for even one of the most revolutionary of them—Wolfe Tone—wrote of Stokes that he was "the very best man I have ever known." Stokes's moral nature was pure and exalted. His conscientious- ness was extreme, and he was gentle, kind, unselfish, and generous. " Erinensis," the bitter satirist upon medical men, wiped the venom from his pen when he wrote of him; and another lampooner of his professional brethren, Dr. Brennan, though he reflects upon Stokes's costume, extols his charity in the following lines :— " If asked for his coat, he gave with it his waistcoat, Tho' no Plunket-street* man would give much for his vest-coat." He was a most agreeable companion, always ready to communi- cate the information of which he had such stores at hand, and it is said that the evenings spent in his society were most enjoyable. He was a fluent and earnest lecturer. He was a pious man, and there is reason to believe that his " Reply " to Paine's " Age of * Plunket-street was, for the better part of a century, an emporium of "second- hand" clothes. Its old and insanitary houses have recently been pulled down by the Corporation, and their sites let to the Dublin Artisans' Dwellings Company. Reason," largely counteracted the effects which that book had produced upon the minds of the students of the University, as well as of many others. Stokes was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians, 20th November, 1795, and was elected an Honorary Fellow, 15th January, 1816. On the 10th June, 1805, he was co-opted a Senior Fellow of Trinity College ; but having, from scruples of a religious nature,*resigned his Fellowship, he was, in 1816, appointed Lecturer on Natural History to the College. He devoted himself enthu- siastically to the duties of his lectureship, teaching mineralogy and geology as well as botany and zoology, and, indeed, accepting the most comprehensive definition of the province of natural history. He proved the igneous origin of the granites, and was the first to suggest the planetary nature of aerolites, or shooting stars—a theory now universally accepted. Under his direction the minerals in Trinity College Museum were arranged; and a plan, which he submitted for a herbarium, was in great part adopted by the founders of the beautiful gardens at Glasnevin—the idea of establishing the Dublin Zoological Gardens originated in his mind. His love of nature was indeed profound: he ardently investigated it, but soon realised how little is known of its mysteries—he must have felt how truthful are the words of Goethe, that— " Die unbe greiflich hohen Werke, Sind herrlich wie am ersten Tag." On the 15th June, 1819, Stokes succeeded Cheyne as Professor of Medicine to the College of Surgeons, and retained that office up to 1828. On 30th November, 1830, he succeeded Edward Hill as Regius Professor of Physic in Trinity College—Hill having held that office for forty-nine years. On the 14th December, 1818, he was elected Physician to the Meath Hospital—a position which he vacated in favour of his son in 1826. Although Stokes devoted so large a portion of his time to purely scientific investigations, yet he was not unmindful of his functions as a physician. He appears to have had but little private practice, * He had become a " Walkerite" (see page 486). but he was ever ready to minister to the wants of the sick poor. He worked hard during two great epidemics of typhus fever; and, in a treatise on " Contagion," he strongly advocated the isolation of the sick, the purification of their dwellings and clothing, and the establishment of district hospitals. Stokes's treatise on Respiration is referred to at page 48. In 1814 he caused to be printed at his own expense an Englisb-Irish Dictionary, and two years later he published a pamphlet in which he combated the theories of Dr. Malthus on population, which at that time excited great attention. He wooed the Muses, and not unsuccessfully. Of painting and music he was an excellent judge, and his poetical compositions, though few, fairly entitle him to a high place amongst the group of minor poets. The following lines on the shamrock were written on the occasion of the entry of George IV. into Dublin in 1821, Stokes being then in his fifty- eighth year; they are, perhaps, the most inferior of his composi- tions, but they show his patriotic spirit:— " Fair plant! beloved with rooted truth, And watered by my tears, The bitter trial of my youth, The solace of my years. " Lov'd, honor'd, plant, too long oppressed, Beneath the foot of pride ; At length unfold thy beaming breast, And cast the dust aside. " Belov'd ! revive—your king appears, To wipe your tears away ; The sorrows of a thousand years Are vanishing to-day. " His aged head thy grateful breast Shall soothe to safe repose ; Free from the thorns that still infest The Thistle and the Rose." Stokes married in 1797, Mary Anne, daughter of John Picknoll, J.P., of Loughgall, a gentleman of landed property in the north of Ireland. She died in 1842, and her husband passed away on the 13th April, 1845, at the age of eighty-two, and was interred in a family tomb which he had caused to be built at Taney Church, Dundrum, County of Dublin. WILLIAM STOKES. W. Stokes, son of Whitley Stokes, was born in Dublin, in July, 1804. He was educated at home, under the direction of John Walker, an ex-Fellow of Trinity College, and an excellent scholar and teacher. It, seems odd that he was neither sent to a school nor to the University with which his father was so long connected. He, however, enjoyed to a greater extent than most sons do the society of an accomplished father, in whose laboratory many of his early days were in great part spent. This companionship with a man such as Whitley Stokes exercised an abiding influence for good upon William Stokes, and to some extent compensated for his want of the many advantages incidental to a school and university training. In the year 1822 Stokes's name was entered for the anatomical course in the School of the College of Surgeons. He soon after went for a short time to Glasgow University, and in 1823 entered himself as a pupil of William Alison, in the University of Edin- burgh. Under this celebrated man—of whom Stokes always spoke with reverence and admiration—he had the opportunity of seeing disease in its protean aspects. In 1825 he took the Degree of M.D. in Edinburgh University, but before his graduation he had written a little work on the stethoscope—then a new instrument— for which he received £70—a large sum, when the youth of the author and the size of the work are considered. In 1825 he settled in Dublin, and shortly afterwards his father resigned the office of Physician to the Meath Hospital, in order that his son might be attached to that institution. He was then only twenty-two years of age, but he had already acquired a reputation as a skilful physician—partly on account of the work which he had published, partly because rumours of his distin- guished student career had reached Dublin. He commenced at once to give clinical lectures, which proved very attractive, and soon added to the number of the hospital class. In the following winter a severe epidemic of typhus fever set in, and lasted until 1828. Stokes's attention to the fever-stricken patients was unre- mitting. Not only was the hospital—which at one time had 300 patients in it—the scene of his labours, but he also visited the cases in the poorest parts of the city, and frequently superintended their removal to hospital. In 1828 he published a brochure entitled " Two Lectures on the Application of the Stethoscope ;" and in the same year he was mar- ried to Mary, daughter of James Black, an eminent merchant, of Glasgow. He had made the acquaintance of this lady during his sojourn in Scotland, and his union with her contributed much to the happiness of his long life. In 1837 Stokes published a "Treatise on the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Diseases of the Chest"—a work which imme- diately raised him to the highest rank as an original observer. Gerhard von dem Busche, of Bremen, who translated, in 1838, this work into German, said of it in his preface:— " Since the publication of Laennec's great work, which formed an epoch in medical history, many valuable treatises have appeared in France and England on the same subject, but none of them can bear comparison with that which has lately emanated from the pen of Dr. William Stokes of Dublin." Before the appearance of this work Stokes had written many valuable articles in the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, some of the most remarkable of which were—Clinical Observations on the Use of Opium in Large Doses (1832), On Pericarditis (1833), and On the Pathology of Aneurysmns (1834). Stokes's practice now became very large, and honours began to pour in upon him. On the 28th October, 1839, he was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians, and in 1849 was advanced to the Presidency of that College. In the same year he was made an honorary M.D. of Dublin University, and the honorary mem- berships of many British and foreign medical societies and scientific institutions were tendered to him, including those of the Royal Medical Societies of Berlin, Leipzig, and Ghent, of the Imperial College of Vienna, and of the National Institute of Philadelphia. In 1842 he succeeded his father as Regius Professor of Physic, having for several years previously been Lecturer on Medicine in the Park-street School. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1865 the Honorary Degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by Oxford University, and in 1874 he received that of LL.D. from Cambridge University—a degree which had also been bestowed on him in 1865 by his Alma Mater, at Edinburgh. In 1875 the German Emperor decorated him with the Prussian Order of Merit. The Royal Irish Academy elected him their President in 1874. He was appointed Physician in Ordinary to the Queen, and was for many years a member of the Medical Council. It is strange that a man who was so highly honoured by those most competent to discern his merits, and who for so many years admittedly occupied a place amongst the greatest physicians of Europe, was never offered one of those titles of honour conferred by the Sovereign upon so many of Stokes's medical contemporaries. In 1854 Stokes produced another masterpiece—his treatise on Diseases of the Heart and Aorta. He seems to have believed that this work was of more value than his treatise on Diseases of the Chest. It strongly illuminated the subject of the diseases of the muscular structures of the heart, of its constitutional defects, and of its fatty degeneration. In it is contained his celebrated description of the case of Abraham Colles, his " venerated friend and teacher," copied from the pages of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Eighty-five of its pages are devoted to an account of the condition of the heart in typhus fever. We have in it too, a minute description of the " Cheyne-Stokes' respiration," which Stokes has shown is symptomatic of certain conditions of the heart. In 1854 he published, in the Medical Times and Gazette, Lectures on Fever, which, with some additions, were in 1874 published in a volume edited by Dr. John "William Moore, and dedicated to his warm friend, Dr. (now Sir Henry W.), Acland. In them he adheres to his old opinion—that typhus and typhoid fevers have a common origin, though for clinical purposes they are to be regarded as distinct. In addition to these works Stokes wrote several minor ones. In 1832, '33, and '34, his lectures on medicine—delivered at the Meath Hospital and in the Park-street School—attracted much attention. They were published in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of the London Medical and Surgical Journal, and were subse- quently published in one volume, edited by Dr. Bell, in Philadelphia, and for many years formed a text-book in the American schools of medicine. In 1863 he edited Graves' " Studies in Physiology and Medicine," and he wrote many of the articles in the Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine. Stokes resembled his father in his love of nature. He was an admirer of the higher forms of dramatic art; and as an instance of the versatility of his genius, it may be mentioned that he wrote an admirable review of Kugler's "Handbook of Painting." He was thoroughly acquainted with the history of his country, and rivalled Wilde in the extent of his antiquarian lore. He wrote the life of his life-long friend, George Petrie, the eminent Irish archaeologist, painter, and musician. Stokes had a high opinion of the value of hygiene, and his last lecture was one upon that subject. It was mainly on his represen- tation that the University of Dublin instituted their diploma in State Medicine. In 1876, owing to failing health, Stokes was obliged to relinquish all the professional positions which he held. He spent the rest of his life chiefly in his charming residence, Carigbreac, on the Hill of Howth. Here he peacefully passed away on the 6th January, 1878, and his remains were interred in the old churchyard beside the ruins of St. Fintan's Chapel, where six years before the loving and beloved partner of his life was laid at rest. The College of Physicians contains a noble statue of Stokes sculptured by one of Ireland's most gifted sons, John Henry Foley, R.A. WILLIAM STOKES, PROFESSOR OF SURGERY SINCE 1872. W. Stokes, son of Dr. William Stokes above mentioned, was born at 50 York-street, Dublin, on 10th March, 1839. He was educated at the Royal School, Armagh, and Trinity College, Dublin, and received his professional training in the School of Physic, the Carmichael School, and the Meath and Richmond Hospitals. After he had received his medical qualifications, he spent two years in study in Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and Prague. In 1861 he was awarded the gold medal of the Pathological Society. His degrees, &c, are as follow:—JB.A., 1859; M.B., M.D., and M.Chir., 1863; L.R.C.S.I, 1862; F.R.C.S.I., 1874. Having settled in practice in Clare-street, he was, in 1864, elected Surgeon to the Meath Hospital in succession to Josiah Smyly ; but in 1868 he resigned his connec- tion with that institution consequent upon being appointed Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals. He was for some time Lecturer on Surgery in the Carmichael School, and in 1872 was elected to the Professorship of Surgery in the College, of which he has for several years been a Councillor. He has been an Examiner in Surgery in the Queen's University, and has filled the Presidential chair of the Pathological Society, and of the Irish Graduates' Associa- tion. Of many British and foreign medical societies he is a member, ordinary, corresponding, or honorary, and he has filled various offices in connection with several of them. Mr. Stokes has contributed 70 papers on various surgical subjects to the medical journals and the transactions of societies, and the subject matter of several of them are quoted in such well-known works as " Erichsen's Treatise on Surgery," &c. He described, in the " Transactions of the Surgical Society for 1877," a double-threaded screw-extension splint; and Modification of Gritti's Method of Amputating the Thigh, devised by Mr. Stokes, is described in the recent surgical treatises of Erichsen, Gross, &c. It is as follows:—The bone is sawn off above the condyles from a half to three-fourths of an inch beyond the superior edges of the cartilage of incrustation, sufficiently low to prevent exposure of the medullary canal. The anterior flap is oval, and two-thirds longer than the posterior flap. The patella denuded of cartilage is placed in exact apposition to the extremity of the femur, and the bones are sutured, thus preserving the attachment of the four-headed extensor muscle. Professor Stokes delivered the address on Surgery at the British Medical Association (Jubilee) meeting, at Worcester in 1882, and achieved a remarkable success. The Lancet refers to it in the following terms:— " The event of greatest interest to the surgeons assembled at Worcester was, undeniably, Professor Stokes's address. The occa- sion—the Jubilee of the Association—the honoured name inherited, and the high reputation borne by the orator, demanded a contribu- tion to surgical literature of more than passing value. In substance, in form, and in delivery the address was fully equal to all expecta- tions and hopes, and to his character as a skilful and wise surgeon Professor Stokes has now added the reputation of an orator worthy of his country." The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal is as laudatory as the Lancet. It says:— " There was an unmixed expression of admiration and delight at the address on Surgery, in the delivery of which Professor Stokes proved a medical orator scarcely, if at all, second to Sir James Paget." Other medical journals referred in equally eulogistic terms to this address. Mr. Stokes was elected Vice-President of the College for the year 1885-6. He is married to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late Rev. John Lewis Moore, D.D., Vice-Provost of Trinity College. He resides in No. 5 Merrion-square—the house which his father occupied for many years, and his family consist of one son and one daughter. HENRY R. SWANZY, PROFESSOR OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 1877-81. H. R. Swanzy was born in Dublin on the 6th November, 1844. He is the son of the late John Swanzy, solicitor, by his wife Frances Margaret, daughter of Francis Mills, of Mountjoy-square, Dublin. Mr. Swanzy was educated at Dr. Benson's School, Rath- mines, and in T.C.D., and graduated B.A. in 1864, and M.B. in 1865. In 1866 he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and on the 21st October, 1873, the Fellowship of the College. His medical education was conducted in T.C.D., and in Berlin and Vienna. In the former city he acted for two years as Assistant to Professor Von Grraefe. He served as a volunteer surgeon on the Prussian side during the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Having been four years abroad, Mr. Swanzy settled in practice in Dublin as an oculist and aurist. He succeeded Wilson in the chair of Ophthalmic Surgery, and resigned that office on becoming Examiner in that subject to the College. Having served for two years at the Council, he is now Examiner in Ophthalmic Surgery to the College, Surgeon to the National Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital. In addition to several contribu- tions to the journals, he published, in 1884, " A Handbook on Diseases of the Eye, and their Treatment." London : H. K. Lewis. 1885, 8vo, pp. 437. Mr. Swanzy is married to Mary Knox, daughter of John Denham, Past President of the College, and has issue three daughters. WALTER WADE, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, 1792-25. I have not been able to learn anything concerning the parentage or boyhood of Walter Wade. He began to practise about 1776 as a surgeon and man midwife, in No. 13 Bolton-street. He soon after abandoned surgery, and turned his attention to medicine and botany, and obtained an M.D. from, I believe, a Scotch university. In 1779 he was residing in 19 Aungier-street. On the 23rd April, 1787, he was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and was elected an Honorary Fellow on the 21st January, 1811. In 1792 he was permitted to deliver lectures on botany in the School of the College. In 1787 he was elected Professor of Botany and Agriculture to the Royal Dublin Society, and Superintendent of the Society's Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. His salary was fixed at £300 per annum. The Society offered the following liberal prizes in connection with his first course of lectures:—For the best answering in the subject of botany, £50 and a gold medal (a second prize consisted of £30 and a gold medal, and a third prize of £20). Prizes of equal value to the foregoing were offered for the best, second-best, and third-best answering in an examination as to the cultivation of the most suitable vegetables for the use of animals. A special prize of £20 was also offered for the best answering as to the most superior kind of hay-grasses. Wade's lectures were rather dry, and he was far inferior as a lecturer to his contemporary and successor, Litton. He was, however, a good botanist, and he received the distinction of Fellowship of the Royal Society. He was an active member of the " Experimental Society of Dublin for promoting Natural Knowledge," which was instituted in 1777, and lasted for a few years. Their house was in " Spring Gardens," Dame-street, where they met every Wednes- day at 6 o'clock, p.m—in those days dinner-hours were early. Wade's botanical works are referred to at page 49. He died in 1825 in Dorset-street. His wife, Mary Wade, survived until 1831, when she died in consequence of a burn, and was interred, by per- mission of the Society, in the Quaker's burial-ground, Cork-street. She was ninety-seven years old. Wade left no children. HENRY WILSON, PROFESSOR OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 1872 TO 1877. H. Wilson was born in Dublin, in 1838. He studied at the College School, at the Baggot-street and St. Mark's Hospitals, and at Bonn, Heidelberg, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris. He took out the licence of the College in 1858, and passed for the Fellowship on the 3rd February, 1865. He acted for several years as Assistant to Sir W. Wilde, and succeeded him as Surgeon to St. Mark s Hospital, to which he was House Surgeon up to 1868. He served on the College, and was an Examiner in Ophthalmic Surgery in the University. He was Ophthalmic Surgeon to Steevens' Hospital, and Surgeon to the City of Dublin Militia Artillery. He died from pleuro-pneumonia, at his residence, Baggot-street, on the 16th June, 1877, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. In his will he left the reversionary interest of £5,000 to St. Mark's Hospital. Wilson contributed several papers to the journals. In many a Dublin circle he was highly esteemed for his social qualities. CHAPTER XIX. THE UNCHARTERED, OR PRIVATE, SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. Before the foundation of the College School there were no regular schools of surgery, with large staffs of lecturers, such as we now have ; there were, however, professional anatomists, who gave instruction in their art to persons other than their apprentices. The following advertisement, taken from the Dublin Weekly Journal for the 19th of October, 1728, shows that there were Cramptons and Kirbys early in the last century :— " A Course of Anatomy in all its branches (viz.) Osteology, Myology, Angiology, Neurology, Adenology, and Enterology, will be given by James Brenan, M.D., At his House on Arren-key, the 18 November, 1728, at Twelve of the Clock, and will be con- tinued every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, untill the Whole is completed, the Operative part by Peter Brenan, Surgeon. " N.B.—The Charge of this Course is two Pistoles.* And if any Students in Physic or Chirurgyry be desirous to read Anatomy and Dissect they may be Instructed and Accommodated at the same place, on reasonable terms." From this advertisement (one of many inserted for Dr. Brenan) we leara that, 158 years ago, there was exactly such a school as Kirby established in 1809—namely, a dissecting-room, lecture- room, lecturer, and demonstrator. Peter Brenan was one of the medical men who in 1728 founded the Charitable Infirmary, Cook- street, from which the present Jervis-street Hospital is, so to speak, directly descended. CRAMPTON S SCHOOL, 1804-1813. The first private school of anatomy opened in the present century was that established in 1804 by Mr., afterwards Sir Philip, Crampton. He fitted up in the stable and coachhouse in rere of his dwelling, No. 42 Dawson-street, a dissecting-room and small lecture theatre, in which he commenced, on the 8th * The value of a Pistole in 1728 was 17s. Id. 2 L October, 1804, a systematic course of lectures on anatomy, phy- siology, and surgery. At this time he was Surgeon to the Meath Hospital, and many of the pupils of that institution attended at his school. Cramp ton's first demonstrator of anatomy was James Towell, who obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College on the 6th August, 1805. In 1816 he went to India, and remained there for several years. He returned to Dublin, where he died about 1836. Towell's successor was Peter Harkan, who " passed" at the College on the 4th February, 1806. He was a most successful " resurrectionist," and invariably headed the parties of pupils who sought in the graveyards subjects for Crampton's demonstrations. On one occa- sion, whilst exploring in Bully's Acre, a party of "watchers of the dead" made a rush at him and his companions. Harkan got all his assistants over the cemetery wall, but whilst crossing over himself bis legs were captured by the watchers. His pupils seizing him by the opposite extremity of his body, partially pulled him from his captors, who succeeded in drawing him back; these operations were repeated several times before Harkan's escape was effected. The see-saw movement to which he was subjected on the crest of the wall injured him so severely that it is believed he never quite recovered from its effects, and he died a young man in 1814. His brother, Patrick Harkan, Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital, survived until 1866, and died, aged 82. Peter Harkan was not, it would appear, a universal favourite amongst the members of the College, as he was rejected for the membership. Crampton closed his school at the termination of the session 1812-13, having then become Surgeon-General. The last survivor of his class was the late Dr. William Madden, several times Governor of the Apothecaries' Hall, and who died in October, 1866, aged 81. JERVIS-STREET HOSPITAL SCHOOL, 1808-1833. About 1808 an attempt was made to utilise the charitable infir- mary, Jervis-street, as a teaching institution. Systematic courses of lectures on medicine and surgery were instituted, and a medical library provided for the use of the students. I have not been able to ascertain the exact date at which dissections were commenced, out in 1813 there was a dissecting room in a lane at the rere of the hospital; and in that year regular courses of lectures on anatomy, physiology, and surgery were delivered by Samuel Wilmot, and on clinical surgery by S. Wilmot and Richard Dease, whilst Dr. W. Brooke lectured on the theory and practice of medicine. The dissections were conducted under Wilmot's superintendence. In 1817 and 1818 W. Wallace gave anatomical instruction in this school, and organised an "army class." Shortly after this year the anatomical teaching began to die out, but clinical lectures were delivered for many years subsequently, and certificates of attendance upon them were received as evidence of medical educa- tion. In 1832 Drs. D. J. Corrigan and P. Hunt advertised their courses of medical lectures in the Jervis-street " Hospital School." The fee for them—two guineas—also entitled the pupil to attend the practice of the hospital. The Jervis-street school lasted from 1808 until 1833; but during the greater part of this time it was imperfect in some of the departments of a medical school, even for those days. kirby's school, 1809-1832. In 1809 John Timothy Kirby and Alexander Read started a private medical school at the rere of a house in Stephen-street, close to Mercer's Hospital. Part of the front house was occupied by a laundress whose signboard bore the words " Mangling done here," and the wags of the day said that the signboard did duty for Kirby and Read as well as for the laundress. The first course of lectures in this school commenced on the 23rd October, 1809, and terminated on the 23rd March, 1810, and it was followed by a course which began on the 25th April and ended on the 25th September, 1810. It would seem that Kirby and Read found such an amount of lecture-work as this unneces- sary, for they soon conformed to the practice at the College and Trinity College Schools. At this time Kirby resided at 13 Cuffe- street, and Read was Resident Surgeon in Mercer's Hospital. Their school, which was named the " Theatre of Anatomy," was removed to No. 28 Peter-street in 1810 and termed the " Theatre of Anatomy and School of Surgery." Read retired from it about 1812; Surgeon Madden was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Kirby became sole proprietor of the school. Michael Daniel was appointed Demonstrator in 1814. He was born at Millburn, Drumcondra, County of Dublin, about 1792. His mother's name was a remarkable one—namely, Susanna Louise Soubremont; she belonged to a Huguenot family.. Daniel was bound to Surgeon Daniel, of Armagh, and on his death was transferred to G. Macklin. He was unfortunate in his examina- tions, having been rejected by both the Court of Censors and the Court of Assistants; but he was successful on the 11th October, 1812, in obtaining the Letters Testimonial. He married Mary Anne Rose, whose sister was the wife of J. T. Kirby. Daniel died at Clifton, Bristol, in 1837. During the latter part of his connection with the school—which terminated about 1826—he lectured upon anatomy. When the army medical authorities required candidates for surgeoncies to produce evidence of hospital attendance, Kirby set up a small hospital, which he dedicated to St. Peter and St. Bridget. The fees of the pupils were devoted to the expenses of the hospital. The Peter-street school and this hospital enabled Kirby to give complete sets of medical certificates (see page 296), winch were received by the navy and army medical departments, and by the London and Edinburgh Colleges of Surgeons. An accomplished and skilful physician for Kirby's hospital was secured in the person of James John Leahy. Tins gentleman, who was born about the year 1780, was educated in Trinity College, where he won a scholarship. In 1800 he graduated in arts, and in 1804 in medicine; and he was also an M.D. of Edinburgh University. In 1805 he became a licentiate of the College of Physicians, was elected a Fellow on the 2nd November, 1807, and served the office of President in 1826, in which year he was appointed Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the School of Physic. He died from Asiatic cholera at Sligo in 1832. Leahy was a good " all round" man, and worked hard in the school. At 10 30 o'clock a.m. daily he discoursed on chemistry and pharmacy, and at 3 o'clock p.m. he lectured on medicine. St. Peter and St. Bridget's Hospital was opened for the reception of patients on the 2nd August, 1811—Robert Hamilton (see page 342) consenting to act as Consulting Surgeon. The certificates of attendances in it were not, however, received by the College until 1831. In 1823 Mr. M'Creight was Demonstrator, and in 1825 he was succeeded by John Towell. In 1827 Owen Connolly was Demon- strator. In 1828 Andrew Ellis was associated with Kirby under the title of "Professor," the "Demonstrators" being John Edward Brenan and Thomas Bunbury Young. In 1830 Surgeon West was added to the staff of demonstrators. He max-ried a sister of Kirby. In 1832 Kirby was elected Professor of Medicine to the College, which event terminated the existence of his school. The museum was presented to the College, and the house deprived of its furni- ture and fittings. It remained untenanted until 1836, when it was re-opened under the name of the " Original School of Medicine," by Gr. T. Hayden. The classes at Kirby's School were always large, and he, un- doubtedly, was a most successful teacher. During his lectures he was fond of illustrating the nature of gunshot wounds, and the methods of military surgery, by firing a pistol at a dead body placed upright against the wall. The .body was so arranged that, on receiving the bullet, it fell to the ground, and was then examined in the same way that a live subject would be on the battle-field— the wound was probed, and the bullet extracted, &c, &c. This pistol-shooting performance was always carried on in a most dramatic manner. Kirby was also accustomed to give demonstrations on animals rapidly killed in the presence of the class, but his experi- ments were never cruel, and were chiefly exhibitions of the gastric liquids, &c. He was fond of wearing fine clothes, and always lectured attired in breeches and silk stockings, frequently walking up and down during the progress of his lecture—the style of which was always highly ornate. His carriage and horses—which were very stylish—were the objects of great admiration to his pupils. MEDICAL SCHOOL, HOUSE OP INDUSTRY HOSPITALS, 1812-182(3. Cheyne was a teacher as well as a physician in the House of Industry Hospitals, and he laid the foundation of the museum which is now contained in the Richmond Surgical Hospital. About 1812 a regular School of Medicine was set up in a building in the yard of the Hardwieke Fever Hospital, adjoining the lunatics' wards. The house consisted of two stories—the lower one was a dissecting-room, the upper a theatre. The dissecting-room afforded accommodation for twenty-five students. At first it was termed the "School of Medicine, Hardwicke Hospital," but about 181(3 its title was changed to that of " The Anatomical Theatre of the Richmond Hospital." Hugh Ferguson and Edward Percival gave clinical lectures here in 1812 and subsequent years, and Charles H. Todd gave lectures upon morbid anatomy, and taught practical anatomy and physiology in the dissecting-room up to 1819. Todd and Richard Carmichael lectured on anatomy, physiology, and surgery, and Ephraim MacDowel was the Demonstrator of Anatomy and Secretary to the School. In 1819 Todd was elected Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery to the College, but the School was carried on by Carmichael, Edward Hutton, and Joseph M. O'Farrell until 1826. During a great epidemic of typhus fever, a very large number of the bodies of persons who had died from that disease in the Hardwicke Fever Hospital, were dissected in this School. It was remarked at the time that none of the students who dissects 1 the bodies contracted the disease, except those who were attending in the fever wards. This was considered a strong proof that the contagion of typhus fever was not conveyed through the media of dead bodies. Though the School became extinct in 1826, it might fairly be claimed that the present Carmichael College of Medicine is a con- tinuation of this old Richmond Hospital School. THE THEATRE OF ANATOMY (SUBSEQUENTLY THE ANATOMICO- MEDICAL SCHOOL), MOORE-STREET, 1820-37. In 1820 William Wallace ceased to teach anatomy at the Jervis- street Hospital School, and set up one on his own account at the rere of his Hospital for Skin Diseases, No. 20 Moore-street. His Demonstrator was John Hart, who subsequently became Professor of Anatomy to the College. Twelve pupils from the School of Art of the Royal Dublin Society, attended Wallace's lectures on anatomy in Moore-street during two or three sessions, and were admitted free. In 1826 Dr. John O'Brien delivered a course of lectures on medicine in this School, of which he published a synopsis. During the latter years of Wallace's life—which terminated in 1837—his School was merely a dissecting-room for his own apprentices. After his death the Moore-street premises passed into the posses- sion of a butcher, and they are now the fish emporium of Messrs. Hanlon, Brothers. THE SCHOOL OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY (SUBSEQUENTLY TERMED THE THEATRE OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND SURGERY), LOWER ORMOND-QUAY, 1821-27. On the 14th June, 1819, St. Mary's Hospital and Dublin Eye Infirmary was established at No. 36 Lower Ormond-quay, a house situated west of the Wellington ("Metal") Bridge, where now some newly-built houses stand. Its founder was Francis White (see page 389), with whom was associated Oliver Dease. The latter died in 1821, and was succeeded by Andrew Ellis (see page 400). At his suggestion an anatomical school was added to the Hospital, and a building suitable for the purpose was obtained at the rere of the Hospital. In it White and Ellis taught anatomy, physiology, and surgery in the winter, whilst in the spring the former lectured on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eye. In 1827 Hugh R. Carmichael was associated with White as Lecturer on Diseases, &c, of the Eye. In this year this Ellis joined Kirby at Peter-street, and this event terminated the exist- ence of the Ormond-quay School. White subsequently became President of the College. THE FIRST " SCHOOL OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY," ECCLES- STREET, 1822-26. Ephraim MacDowel taught anatomy to his pupils in a dissecting- room fitted up in the stable of his house, 63 (now 66) Eccles-street, and at the same time Robert Adams instructed his apprentices in a back house in Mecklenburgh-street. Adams' dissecting-house having been wrecked and burned by a mob, in 1822 he joined with MacDowel in founding a medical school at the rere of the house of the latter. Subsequently the stable and coach-house belonging to Surgeon O'Bryen Bellingham's house (which was next door to MacDowel's), were obtained, which enabled a commodious dis- secting-room, a lecture-theatre, a museum, and other apartments to be formed. Adams and MacDowel were assisted in the dissecting- room by J. W. Martley, L.R.C.S., and the medical lectures were delivered by Dr. William Isaac Morgan, of 31 Blessington-street. In 1826 Adams, MacDowel, and others, founded the second Richmond Hospital School, and the School at Eccles-street was for a while discontinued. PARK-STREET SCHOOL, 1824-1849. This School was founded by James W. Cusack, Samuel Wilmot, Robert J. Graves, Henry Marsh, James Apjohn, Samuel Cusack, and Arthur Jacob. It is said that J. W. Cusack suggested that the buildings for it should be erected in the style of a Methodist meeting-house, because, as he thought the School would not last long, the buildings might be the more easily disposed of for religious purposes. About 1824 Park-street was the abode of persons leading unvirtuous lives, and when in later years it was purified from its moral filth, its name was changed to Lincoln- place, wi.ich it still retains. The School premises consisted of a large lerl.ne theatre, a smaller one for chemical lectures, a dis- secting-room, a museum, and some small apartments. The prin- cipal proprietors were the Cusacks, Wilmot, and Jacob. In December, 1824, dissections were commenced in the School, and in January, 1825, the teaching staff were as follows:— Anatomy and Physiology.—Arthur Jacob. Surgery.—J. W. Cusack and S. Wilmot. Practice of Medicine.—Dr. (afterwards Sir Henry) Marsh. Institutes of Medicine and Toxicology.—Robert James Graves. Chemistry.—James Apjohn. Midwifery.—Samuel Cusack. Demonstrators of Anatomy.—Benjamin Alcock and George Anderson Greene. Curator.—Thomas H. Wilkins. Dr. Apjohn is the sole survivor of those teachers, whilst Mr. Wilkins only passed away in 1885. Park-street School was opened under the name of the "Medico- Chirurgical School," but it was subsequently styled the " School of Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery." It was a prosperous insti- tution, and many of the greatest names in Irish medical annals are connected with it. Although a rival of the College School an excellent feeling prevailed between the teachers of the two Schools, and it was often said that Park-street was a kind of " chapel-of-ease " to the College School. The great majority of the College Professors appointed during the years 1825-1847 had been teachers in Park-street School, which seems to have been a nursery for College Professors. In 1849 the principal proprietor of the School, Hugh Carlisle, was appointed Professor of Anatomy to the newly-established Queen's College, Belfast, which event caused the School to be closed. Its excellent museum (chiefly the handiwork of J. Houston) was sold to the Queen's College, Belfast, for £250. The following were the Teachers in this School:— Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery.—James W. Cusack, Samuel Wilmot, and Arthur Jacob, 1824; William H. Porter and John Hart, 1826 ; John Houston, 1837. Anatomy and Physiology.—Hugh Carlisle, 1838; John Denham, 1841. Surgery.—Christopher Fleming, 1841; John Hamilton, 1845. Medicine.—Dr. (afterwards Sir) Henry Marsh, 1825; William Stokes, 1828; James Foulis Duncan, 1842. Institutes of Medicine and Pathology.—Robert James Graves, 1824. Chemistry.—James Apjohn, 1824; Francis E. Dwyer, 1829; Robert Carlisle Williams, 1832; William Gregory, 1836; William Colles, 1838; John Aldridge, 1841; Edward Stephen Clarke, 1846; Maxwell Simpson, 1847. Midwifery.—Samuel Cusack, 1824; Henry Maunsell, 1831 ; Thomas Edward Beatty, 1835 ; James Isdell, 1842 ; Alfred Henry M'Clintock, 1847. Materia Medica.—Jonathan Osborne, 1825 ; Richard Townson Evanson, 1830; John M'Dowall, 1837; John Thomas Banks, 1840; Richard Eades, 1842 ; William V. Drury, 1844; Alexander Fry, 1846; William Edward Steele, 1848. Medical Jurisprudence.—Robert James Graves, 1824; John Adrien, 1828 ; Thomas Geoghegan, 1829 ; Alexander Read, 183(i; Gabriel Stokes, 1837; Henry Forde, 1841 ; William Frazer, 1848. Botany.—William Corbet, 1831. Sir William Wilde gave some lectures on diseases of the eye and ear (1842-5), and John Hill (who became Poor Law Inspector) lectured for two or three sessions on skin diseases. Those courses of lectures were not, however, required by any of the licensing bodies. In 1825 and 1826 Graves gave a course of lectures on Animal Chemistry and Toxicology, which excited considerable interest at the time. Those attending the lectures wei-e permitted to make experiments in relation to them in the School laboratory, under Graves's directions. The Anatomical Demonstrators in the School included Messrs. B. Alcock, G. A. Greene, T. H. Wilkins, Gabriel Stokes, John Hill, Ebenezer Goodall, Robert M'Donnell (who emigrated to America), James H. Sawyer, G. H. Kidd, J, L. Riggs, E. Gannon, Robert Murney, Francis Battersby, William Brown, and J. O'Leary. the school of anatomy, medicine, and surgery, richmond hospital (noav termed the carmichael college of medicine), established 1826. THE RICHMOND HOSPITAL SCHOOL, CHANNEL-ROW. This School was established in an old, large house in Channel- row, opposite the Richmond Surgical HospitaL Dissections were commenced in the winter of 1826-7. On the 8th January, 1827, Richard Carmichael began a course of lectures on Surgery, and on the 8th of October following he gave the first of a course of lectures on Anatomy and Physiology. In 1827 the institution was styled the Richmond Hospital School of Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery. The Lecturers on Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery were^R. Carmichael, Alexander Read, Ephraim MacDowel, and Robert Adams; Dr. William Cuming lectured on Medicine and Michael Donovan gave instructions in Chemistry, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy. The Anatomical Demonstrators were John M'Don- nell and Valentine Flood. Carmichael retired in 1829. In 1848 the sum of £10,000 was bequeathed by Richard Car- michael for the improvement of this School and the endowment of prizes, but the money was not available until 1864. In the latter year a new building was erected in North Brunswick-street, at a cost of £6,000. The foundation stone was laid by the Lord Lieutenant on the 30th March, 1864. The buildings were of an ornamental character, and were well fitted up with the appliances necessary for the teaching of anatomy, chemistry, materia medica, &c. In honour of its generous benefactor the School was, in 1849, named "the Carmichael." In 1879 the proprietors abandoned this building for another which they have built in Aungier-street, at the corner of Whitefriars-street, at a cost of £8,800. In 1884 the Brunswick-street building was sold to the Board of Guardians of the North Dublin Union for £2,500, and it is now converted into a dispensary. The Aungier-street building is termed the " Carmichael College of Medicine," and it is under the presidency of Dr. Samuel Gordon. Since the removal of the School from North Brunswick-street the number of its pupils has largely increased, being at present over 200. Lecturers in the Carmichael School. Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery. — Richard Carmichael, Ephraim MacDowel, Alexander Read, Robert Adams, 1826. Anatomy and Physiology.—John M'Donnell, 1828; Valentine Flood, 1831; Robert Smith, 1836; John Hatch Power, 1837; Robert C. Mayne, 1837; Benjamin George MacDowel, 1845; Anthony Beaufort Brabazon, 1849; John King Maconcky, 1851; Robert Cryan, 1853; Robert M'Donnell, 1853; Henry Curran, 1857 ; Francis R. Cruise, 1858-59 ; Wensley Bond Jennings, 1860; Malcolm H.Hilles, 1861; Edward Stamer O'Grady, 1862; Anthony H. Corley, 1866; John Mallet Purser, 1869; Robert C. Mayne, 1869; Gerald Yeo, 1872; George Foy, 1874; Christoper Gunn, 1874; John Henry Loftie Stoney, 1878; Francis T. Heuston, 1881. Physiology.—Reuben J. Harvey, 1872; J. Alfred Scott, 1882. Surgery.—Edward Hutton, 1831; Robert Adams, 1836; Robert W. Smith, 1838; John Hatch Power, 1844 ; John Hamilton, 1849; Samuel George Wilmot, 1852; Maurice H. Collis, 1859; Robert M'Donnell, 1860; Christopher Fleming, 1860; William Stokes, jun., 1864; William Thomson, 1873; Anthony Hagarty Corley, 1874; John Kellock Barton, 1878. Medicine.—Thomas Cuming, 1826; George Greene, 1831; John Thomas Banks, 1842; Dr. (subsequently Sir) Dominic John Corrigan,* 1846; Robert C. Mayne, 1853; Francis R. Cruise, 1864; Samuel Gordon, 1866; John William Moore, 1875. Materia Medica.—Michael Donovan, 1827; George A. Cullen, 1835 (his lectures were not recognised by R.C.SL); O'Bryen Bellingham, 1839; Richard Eades,f 1842; Rawdon Macnamara, 1848; William Frazer, 1859; George Duffey, 1876. Midwifery.—Evory Kennedy, 1831; Fleetwood Churchill. 1834; John Denham, 1850; Wensley Bond Jennings, 1862; Arthur Vernon Macan, 1878 ; William C. Neville, 1885. Chemistry.—Michael Donovan, 1827; William Barker, 1837; Edmund W. Davy, 1850; John Campbell, 1870; Charles R. C. Tichborne, 1873; Ninian Falkiner, 1884. Medical Jurisprudence.—Thomas Edward Beatty, 1828; Robert W. Smith, 1835; Richard Lorenzo Nunn, 1836; Charles O'Reilly, 1848 ; Hugh Auchinleck, 1875. Botany Arthur Mitchell, 1838; William Edward Steele,^ 1842; William Frazer, 1851; John Edward Kinahan, 1859; J. G. Hildige, 1860; John Campbell, 1862; Robert C. Blakely, 1870; William R. M'Nab, 1879; E. MacDowel Cosgrave, 1885. Ophthalmology.—Charles Fitzgerald, 1875. Pathology and Institutes of Medicine.—Stewart Woodhouse, 1878; Wallace Beatty, 1884. THE SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND SURGERY, BISHOP-STREET, 1827-1836. In 1827 there was a lying-in hospital (the Anglesey) in No. 50 Bishop-street, in connection with which a medical school was estab- lished by Charles Davis and George Thomas Hayden. They gave courses of lectures on anatomy, physiology, surgery, materia medica, * Drs. Banks and Corrigan were co-lecturers until 1850. t Eades lectured for a while in both Park-street and the Richmond Schools. \ Steele resigned in 1848, and his successor was not appointed till 1851. chemistry, botany, and toxicology. The dissections were conducted under Hayden's directions. The students preparing for medical degrees were subjected to preliminary examinations in Latin. Simon M'Coy commenced in 1828 to lecture on anatomy and physiology in this school. It was recognised by all the sui'gical Colleges, by the Universities of Aberdeen and St. Andrew's, and by the Navy and Army Medical Departments. In 1836 it ceased to exist, in consequence of Hayden setting up a school in Kirby's old house in Peter-street. It seems to have been more of a big grinding class establishment than of an ana- tomical school. The midwifery classes were, however, very large. SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, MARLBOROUGH-STREET, 1831-1840. In 1831 Hans Inane and Malcolm H. Hillis established a school in No. 66 Marlborough-street. In 1833 Mr. Hillis went to London, where he succeeded his eminent countryman, Dr. Todd, in the Westminster Hospital School. Many years after- wards he taught anatomy for a time at the Carmichael School. He has retired from professional pursuits, and now chiefly resides in London. He was succeeded in Marlborough-street by George Ribton, who lectured on both surgery and anatomy. A course of lectures was delivered in 1837 to three pupils by Edward Murphy. This gentleman—a member of the College— was possessed of considerable ability. He went to London, where he became Professor of Midwifery in the University College. His " Manual of Midwifery " had a large circulation, and was considered one of the best books of its kind. He was unfortunate in his latter days, and died in poverty. Thomas R. Mitchell and J. Isdell subsequently lectured on midwifery in this school, and to somewhat large classes. John Denham lectured on anatomy and Christopher Fleming on surgery during the closing years of the school. William P. Cuming, Robert Little, and Hamilton J. Gibson were Demon- strators. In 1831-2 the number of dissecting pupils was 24; in 1832-3 it rose to 46, and ultimately attained to a maximum of 50 ; in its last session—that of 1839-40—the number sank to 25. THE DUBLIN SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY, 1832-57. Mr. William Hargrave commenced, in 1825, to teach anatomy and surgery in the back premises of his house, No. 123 Stephen's- green, and in 1832 founded a regular School of Medicine at No. 15 Digges'-street. A lecture theatre, dissecting-room, and other offices were fitted up, and a staff of lecturers provided. The College had a list of the latter submitted to them in October, 1832, but considered the number insufficient, and delayed their recognition of the School until a full staff of lecturers was secured. The School commenced operations under favourable auspices, and for many years its classes were fairly well-attended. In the Session 1833-4, the attendances at the different classes were as follows :—Anatomy and physiology, 57 ; dissections, 40; surgery, 57; medicine, 37; materia medica, 6-; midwifery, 10; medical jurisprudence, 11. The anatomical lectures were delivered by Hargrave, those on surgery by William Auchinleck, and those on medicine by George B. Watson, whilst P. Hunt lectured on materia medica, Fleetwood Churchill on midwifery, and Charles O'Reilly on medical jurisprudence. A Lecturer on Chemistry was appointed, but his lectures were refused recognition because he had not a medical or surgical qualification. In the following year the materia medica class increased, but the other classes did not vary much, nor did they in 1834-5. In the Session 1835-6 the ana- tomical class fell to 30 (there were 36 pupils dissecting), and the surgery to 24, whilst the number of pupils attending the medical lectures rose to 58. The lecturer was Dominic J. Corrigan, then rising into high professional and popular repute. Plis lectures attracted students from all the other Schools of Dublin, as will be seen from the following statement of the attendances at the classes in the Session 1836-7:—Anatomy, 37; surgery, 27 ; materia medica, 12 ; medical jurisprudence, 10 ; medicine, 62. In the other Schools the anatomical and surgical classes were attended two or three times more numerously than the medical. In December, 1837, Hargrave was elected Professor of Anatomy to the College; and immediately on this event the number of pupils in the Dublin School declined rapidly. In the Session 1837-8, only 14 attended the anatomical and surgical lectures; Corrigan's class still continued large, numbering 54. P. Bevan, a Demon- strator, succeeded Hargrave, and the School went on until after the close of the Session, 1840-41, and was then combined with the School, 27 Peter-street, and the Digges-street premises were abandoned. The combined Schools were continued under the name of the Dublin School of Medicine, and with the exception of Christopher John Madden, who became a Demonstrator of Anatomy in it, was worked by the teachers of the Digges-street School. About 1847 the dispensary in the front part of 27 Peter-street was abolished, and the space thereby gained added to the School; a small laboratory was at the same time formed, and a lecturer on chemistry was appointed in 1848. In 1846 the School sustained a heavy blow by the resignation of Corrigan, who went over to the Richmond Hospital School; and it also suffered a great loss when P. Bevan left it in 1853 for the College School. After this date its management fell into the hands of Mr. Edward Hamilton, who became its sole proprietor. In 1857 he was appointed Resident Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy in Steevens' Hospital and Medical College, whereupon the Dublin School came to an end after an existence of exactly a quarter of a century. Lecturers in the Dublin School of Medicine, 1832-57. Anatomy and Physiology.—William Hargrave, 1832; Philip Bevan, 1837; Edward Alexander Stoker, 1848; James Hewitt Sawyer, 1849; Edward Hamilton, 1851; George Hugh Kidd, 1856. Surgery.—William Auchinleck, 1832; John Woodroffe, 1841; Philip Bevan, 1849; Maurice H. Colles, 1853. Medicine.—George B. Watson, 1832; Dominic J. Corrigan, 1833; John Moore Neligan, 1846. Materia Medica.—Percival Hunt, 1832; John Gason, 1837; Benjamin Roche, 1838; John Moore Neligan, 1841; Rawdon Macnamara, 1846; William Edward Steele, 1849; William Moore, 1856. Midwifery.—Fleetwood Churchill, 1832; Robert Law Nixon, 1835 till 1844; M. J. M'Cormick, 1841; Thomas R. Mitchell, 1842; John Ringland, 1851. Botany and Natural History.—John Aldridge,* 1834; Thomas R. Mitchell,! 1841; Thomas Antisell, 1844; Christopher Askin, 1846. Chemistry.—William Colles,^ 1837 ; Richard Austin, 1848; William Sullivan, 1849; John Barker, 1851; Charles Alexander Cameron, 1856. Medical Jurisprudence.—Charles O'Reilly, 1834; Edward Hamil- ton, 1846; Humphrey Minchin, 1851; Robert Persse White, 1856. The following were Anatomical Demonstrators:—W. Jameson, J. J. Scallan, Christopher J. Madden, Richard G. H. Butcher, Robert L'Estrange, William Henry Tomlinson, and Humphrey Minchin. THE THEATRE OF ANATOMY AND SCHOOL OF SURGERY, 27 PETER-STREET, 1832-1841. As already stated, Andrew Ellis was Lecturer on Anatomy, and John Edward Brenan a Demonstrator, in the Peter-street School When, in 1832, Kirby was elected a College Professor, Ellis desired to carry on the School, but Kirby refused to give him his house, probably because his museum, &c, were contained in it. He, however, disposed of his interest in the anatomical class for a sum of money paid to him by his ex-colleague, Ellis. The latter then took the house No. 27 Peter-street, which was next door to Kirby's School, and fitted it up as a School of Medicine, under the name of the " Theatre of Anatomy and School of Surgery," which was the title of Kirby's School from the year 1810. * He only gave one course of lectures to eleven pupils. t He lectured for one season only, and was then appointed Lecturer on Midwifery. No successor was appointed until 1844. J He resigned in 1838 ; no chemical lectures were given from 1337-8 till 1848-9. 2 M In November, 1832, the School commenced work with the fol- lowing staff of teachers:— Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology.—John Edward Brenan. Surgery.—Andrew Ellis. Medicine.—George Alexander Kennedy. Materia Medica.—Francis William (subsequently Sir F. W.) Smith. Botany.—Edward Murta. Demonstrators.—Benjamin Guinness Darley and Christopher John Madden. Curator of the Museum.—George Baker. The attendances at the classes during the session 1833-4, when the school was in full working order, were as follows:—Anatomy, 87; dissections, 75; surgery, 83; medicine, 12; materia medica, 12. The lectures on botany failed. In 1834-5 there was no lecturer on medicine, Kennedy having resigned (his successor, Dr. Nolan, was not appointed until 1835)—there were no lectures, in fact, upon any subject save anatomy and surgery, the attendances at which were 72 and 71 respectively. In 1835-6 the anatomical pupils numbered 95, and the surgical 95, whilst only 12 listened to the medical lectures—Corrigan's dis- courses at Digges-street school attracting the Peter-street pupils from their own school, for at this time it was usual for students to attend the instruction given at more than one school. The majority of the pupils who dissected at the private schools attended the chemical and materia medica lectures delivered at the College. In 1836 Mr. Hayden reopened Kirby's old house next door, under the title of the " Original School of Medicine," and dated its foundation from 1810. This procedure annoyed the proprietors of the school in No. 27, who believed that they had a just claim to be considered Kirby's successors; and they published the following advertisement in the newspapers (including the Dublin Evening Post for the 9th October, 1836) :— " The proprietors beg to state that they have no connexion with a school announced as the ' Original School of Anatomy, Surgery, &c, revived.' It is true that Mr. Ellis and Dr. Brenan, in con- junction with Mr. Kirby (the original founder of the institution), conducted the school in the house now in possession of Mr. Hayden, from 1827 to 1832; but, on Mr. Kirby retiring from Peter-street in 1832, Mr. Ellis and Dr. Brenan, assisted by other recognised lecturers, carried on the school since that period in the present building, whilst the old house has remained unoccupied up to the present time." In 1836-7 the staff was increased. Dr. Michael William Hanlon was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica, and 17 pupils were enrolled in his class. George Baker began to lecture on Medical Jui'isprudence to 12 students, and Richard Hugh Carmichael and Robert F. Power, Masters of the Coombe Hospital, were appointed Lecturers on Midwifery; their class numbered 49. In 1837-8 the position of the school was precarious. There were no anatomical classes formed. There was the large number of 42 pupils in the midwifery class, whilst 22 pupils attended the materia medica, and 13 the medical, lectures. The extinction of the anatomical class was due to the following cause:—In 1836 Brenan went to India, and his place was taken by Benjamin Alcock, an able anatomist. In 1837 he and Ellis left Peter-street, and became Professors in the newly-founded School of the Apothecaries' Hall. In 1838 Christopher John Madden attempted to revive the school. He obtained the co-operation of Simon M'Coy, a man of much ability, and possessing an excellent knowledge of anatomy. He was of small size, and received the soubriquet of the " Minute Anatomist." Ellis' place was supplied by Charles Davis. George Cullen, a Licentiate of the London College of Surgeons, and an apothecary, succeeded Mr. Hanlon as Lecturer on Materia Medica; but as he kept an apothecary's shop in Suffolk-street his lectures were not recognised by the College. William Jameson, who sub- sequently became President of the College, succeeded Power in 1840, and in 1839 Christopher Askin was appointed Lecturer on Botany. The school, however, did not get on well. In 1839-40 only 12 students attended the anatomical class, and no lectures on other subjects were delivered. In 1840-41 the school was moribund, and in 1841 its premises were disposed of to the pro- pi'ietors of the Digges-street school. From 1840 this combina- tion of the schools had been contemplated, and in that year Charles O'Reilly, Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence in Digges-street, obtained permission from the College to lecture in the Peter-street school also; he gave three lectures weekly in each. It is now forty-five years since the dissolution of the Theatre of Anatomy and School of Surgery, yet two of its teachers survive. Dr. Benjamin Guinness Darley, of Kingstown, was a demonstrator in 1832. He has now retired from practice, but he often presides at the meetings of the Council of the Medical Benevolent Association.* Dr. M. W. Hanlon is still in practice in Portarlington. The following were Demonstrators of Anatomy in the " Theatre of Anatomy and School of Surgery :"—Messrs. Joseph H. Corbett, Darley, Myles, Keane, Mahony, Slevin, Leeson, and Magee—the last was a member of the London College of Surgeons. THE SECOND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, ECCLES-STREET, 1833. In 1833 the building at the rere of M'Dowel's House, Eccles- street was re-opened as a medical school. The staff consisted of the following lecturers:— Anatomy and Physiology.—Simon M'Coy. Surgery.—Charles Davis. Medicine.—William Stoker. Materia Medica.—O'Bryen Bellingham. Midwifery —Bryan Shanahan. Anatomical Demonstrator.—Edward Alexander Stoker. The attendances at the various courses of lectures were as fol- lows:—Anatomy, 28; surgery, 26 ; medicine, 23; materia medica, 22. The College refused to recognise Mr. Shanahan as a lecturer. This school lasted only one session, but the Mark-street School may be regarded as the direct successor to the Eccles-street School. * Since the above was written, Dr. Darley died rather suddenly (on the 16th March, 1886). SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY, MARK-STREET, 1834. This school was started by S. M'Coy, Charles Davis, O'B. Bellingham, B. Shanahan, and Richard Kelly. B. Shanahan was still refused recognition by the College, on the ground that they were not satisfied as to the sufficiency of his obstetrical education and means of teaching midwifery. He had set up a small maternity in Townsend-street, and subsequently established another in South Cumberland-street; both have long since ceased to exist. His qualifications of L.F.P. & S. Glasgow, and L.A.H., were probably the real reasons for his non-recognition. He subsequently set up as a general practitioner in 147 Great Brunswick-street, under the title of Bryan R. K. Shanavan, Count de Kavanagh, and died in that street a few years ago. Mr. Kelly did not deliver any lectures, having left for America before the time to give them had arrived. On his return to Ireland he settled in Drogheda. His son is Mr. John Bellew Kelly, of that town, and a Fellow of the College. The attendances at the classes in this school were as follows:— Anatomy, 28; surgery, 26; materia medica, 13. The school was closed in 1835. THE LEDWTCH, FORMERLY THE "ORIGINAL" SCHOOL, PETER- STREET, ESTABLISHED 1836. In 1836 George T. Hayden got possession of J. T. Kirby's house in Peter-street, which had been untenanted from 1832, and re-opened it as a school of medicine. There was already a school of medicine in the same street (see page 529), and to discriminate his school from the other one Hayden named it the " Original." The claim which he made to be Kirby's successor has already been referred to. Hayden brought a small class with him to his new premises, and undoubtedly increased it by taking Kirby's house, for the twenty- two years' teaching of the latter in Peter-street had given that place a great and abiding reputation as a centre of anatomical knowledge. The school next door lost in that year an able teacher, J. E. Brenan, and in the following one Ellis, its chief prop; and the structure, if I may use a metaphor, became a totter- ing ruin, which was not repaired until 1841. Hayden started with a good staff and with a fair attendance at the different courses of lectures. The entries for dissections were 88; for anatomy and physiology, 83; for surgery, 75; for materia medica, 41; for botany, 45 ; and for midwifery, 50. In the session 1837-8 the dissecting class rose to 102, and the attendances on two new courses of lectures were as follows:—Chemistry, 37; medical jurisprudence, 9. It was not until the session 1838-9 that a lecturer on medicine was appointed. From 1837-8 until 1846 no lectures on chemistry were given in the school. Up to 1856 the school buildings were very inferior. In that year a combined laboratory and lecture theatre was built at the rere of the buildings, but in a damp and sunken situation. About 1863 the laboratory was converted into a museum, and a small combined lecture room and laboratory, with a chemical apparatus-room were provided in the front house, which previously had been the Anglesey Lying-in Hospital; at the same time a new dissecting- room and lecture theatre were constructed. About 1872 the small chemical lecture room was added to the laboratory, and a door was made in the wall which separated the latter from the lecture theatre, which ever since has been used for the chemical as well as all the other lectures. Quite recently the chemical laboratory has been enlarged and improved, and a histological laboratory has just been completed. In 1841 the classes at the school fell off somewhat in numbers, owing, no doubt, to the removal of the " Dublin School" from Digges-street to No. 27 Peter-street. In 1849 Messrs. Thomas Peter Mason and Thomas H. Ledwich became Lecturers on Anatomy, and infused new life into the school, which since that time has had a most successful career, and has achieved a special reputation for its anatomical teaching. Many well-known medical men were wholly or partially educated in this .school. Dr. Arthur Hill Hassall, the eminent English food analyst, and author of various works, studied here in 1836. Unlike the College professors the teachers in the private schools often combine the functions of the lecturer with those of the private teacher or "grinder." In 1868 the name of the school was, at the request of the pupils, changed to its present designation, in memory of the late Thomas H. Ledwich. In 1877 the Board of Trinity College refused to recognise any longer the certificates issued from this school. The refusal was apparently due to the fact that one of the chief proprietors of the school had improperly issued to a pupil a certificate of attendance at Mercer's Hospital. In May the Council of the College unani- mously adopted a resolution disapproving of the punishment of one institution for the fault committed by another, and the Trinity College authorities subsequently resolved to recognise the Ledwich School. Lecturers in the Ledwich, formerly the Original, School of Medicine. Anatomy and Physiology.—George Thomas Hayden, 1837; Joseph H. Corbett, 1846; Thomas Peter Mason, and Thomas Hawkworth Ledwich,* 1849; Edward Ledwich, 1850; Kevin Izod O'Doherty, 1856; Alexander Glanville, 1860; William H. O'Leary, 1868; Montgomery Albert Ward, 1876; Thomas Mason, 1880; Edward L'Estrange Ledwich, 1881. Surgery.—Thomas George Hayden,t and William Tagert, 1837; Samuel George Wilmot, 1850$; James H. Wharton, 1859; James Stannus Hughes, 1861; John Kellock Barton, 1869 ; James E. Kelly, 1878; Frederick Alcock Nixon, 1881; William Stoker, 1881. Medicine.—Jonathan Osborne,§ 1838; Richard Strong Sargent, 1840; Cathcart Lees, 1847 ; William Moore, 1861; James Little and Henry Eames, 1868; Arthur Wynne Foot, 1873; Charles Frederick Knight and Joseph Michael Redmond, 1883. Materia Medica.—O'Bryen Bellingham, 1836; Richard Eades, 1838; Ralph Nash M'Dermott, 1842; William Clarke, 1847; James * Died in 1858. + Lectured on Operative Surgery. X Resigned in 1852 as co-lecturer with Tagert. § Andrew Gogarty was appointed early in 1838, but did not give any lectures. Henry Wharton, 1848; Kawdon Macnamara, 1859; Humphrey Minchin, 1861; Benjamin Francis M'Dowell, 1867; Richard Dancer Purefoy, 1879. Midwifery.—Richard Stanley Ireland,* 1836; John Ringland, 1857 ; Samuel Robert Mason, 1876. Botany.—Arthur Mitchell, 1836 ; Walter Raleigh Baxter, 1838; Thomas Antisell, 1843; Christopher Asken, 1857; Daniel Toler Maunsell, 1866; William Ramsay M'Nab, 1876; Charles Henry Robinson, 1880. Medical Jurisprudence.—Thomas Brady, 1837; Thomas R. Mitchell, 1838; Robert Travers, 1844. Chemistry.—William Bevan,f 1837; William Antisell, 1846; Maxwell Simpson, 1848; Charles Alexander Cameron, 1857; William Handsell Griffiths, 1874; Edwin Lapper, 1877. Ophthalmology.—Richard Rainsford, 1879; Arthur Benson, 1880; John B. Storey, 1882. THE SCHOOL OE MEDICINE OF THE APOTHECAEIES' HALL, 1837-54. In 1791 the Apothecaries, one year incorporated, established themselves in premises in Mary-street. They appointed as chemist William Higgins, a native of Sligo and a distinguished graduate of Oxford University, under whose directions a laboratory was fitted up. His salary of £200 a year, with allowance of " coal and candles," were not sufficient inducements to keep him in the Hall, as after less than three years' service he accepted the office of Chemist to the Royal Dublin Society, on a smaller salary. His * In 1838 Dr. Jacob Meade Swift was associated with Dr. Ireland, but gave no lectures in the School ; neither did Dr. Alexander Tyler nor Dr. Ogle, who were joined with Ireland in 1843 and 1849 respectively, give him much more than nominal assist- ance to the regular lectures. They were associated with Ireland simply because they were obstetricians to the Anglesey Lying-in Hospital. The latter was closed about 1858, and the buildings added to the School. + William Bevan, M.D., Dub. Univ., lectured only one session. He was not a regularly educated chemist, but he knew pharmacy well, and was for many years a member of the Pharmacy Court of the College. He was Surgeon to St. Peter's Dis- pensary, and subsequently Medical Attendant at Ballygarvan Dispensary, County of Cork. name is honourably associated with the discovery of the atomic constitution of matter. The laboratory soon became an educational department of the Hall. In 1818 George Kiernan (Governor in 1819) was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy, and commenced to lecture on these subjects in the laboratory. In 1820 Michael Donovan was appointed Professor of Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Materia Medica. He was a licentiate apothecary, but throughout his career was opposed to the claim made by his profession to be medical practitioners. In 1829 he published a very able pamphlet on the " State of Pharmacy in Ireland " (35 pages), and in the same year started a periodical entitled Annals oj Pharmacy and, Materia Medica, which, though well deserving of support, had but a brief existence, only one volume of 452 pages having been published. Donovan was an excellent physicist and chemist. So far back as 1816 he wrote a work on Galvanism, which attracted much attention at the time. It was published in Dublin, and comprised 390 pages. He was also the author of a work on Chemistry, in Dr. Lardner's celebrated series of scientific works, and of one, in two volumes, on Domestic Economy; the solution which bears his name is almost as well known as " Fowler's Solution." Donovan was an excellent classical scholar, and his articles in the Dublin Medical Press are examples of the best style of scientific literature. He was secretary and treasurer to the Kirwanian Society, instituted in 1812 for the cultivation of chemistry, mineralogy, and other branches of natural history. Its President was the Honourable George Knox, of Eccles-street— the first chemist who claimed to have isolated the mysterious element, fluorine. In 1827 Dr. Patrick Clinton was appointed Professor of Medical Botany. He had for a short time previously been a teacher of chemistry, materia medica, pharmacy, and botany, in the Dublin General Dispensary. He was born about 1798, and graduated B.A. in Dublin University in 1819, and M.B. in 1822. On the '22nd November, 1826, he became a Licentiate, and on the 19th October, 1829, a Fellow of the College of Physicians. He devoted himself altogether to teaching, and was in manner grave and reserved. His wife was the daughter of Dr. Duggan, of Harcourt- street, a musician and composer, of considerable reputation. Clinton translated Richard's Elemens de Botanique. He died in 1851. In 1832 a theatre, capable of affording accommodation for 150 pupils, was constructed in the laboratory, and Dr. J. C. Ferguson was appointed Professor of Medicine, Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert) Kane, Professor of Chemistry, and Dr. Edward Stratten, a well- known teacher, Professor of Materia Medica. After this proceeding the College refused to recognise any of the lectures delivered in the School of Pharmacy, on the ground that the Apothecaries' Hall were incompetent to found a medical professorship. In 1836 a number of apothecaries—chiefly members of the Court of Directors of the Hall—formed a company for the purpose of establishing a complete medical school. They secured the site of the ruined Theatre Royal, Crow-street, facing Cecilia-street, and where two hundred years previously Apothecary Wetherel had his laboratory and "Physick Garden." The school buildings were completed in 1837, and comprised a large lecture-theatre, a slightly smaller one for chemical lectures, a dissecting-room, and three rooms for laboratory purposes—together with a few other apart- ments. The new School was regarded with jaundiced eyes by the College, who refused to recognise it on the grounds already stated. At this time there was a strong antagonism between the College and Hall, which led to the former instituting the pharmacy diploma referred to at page 189, and to the resolution not to recognise the lectures given in any school by an apothecary keeping open shop. The College continued to receive certificates which had been issued for lectures on chemistry, pharmacy, and botany, before November, 1832, by Professors to the Hall; and on November, 1842, all the hostile resolutions against the School of the Hall and the apothe- caries delivering lectures ceased. The School had for many years a fair amount of success, the number of pupils enrolled in its classes sometimes closely approaching 100. It suffered by Alcock's departure to Cork, tbough he was succeeded by an able teacher, Corbett. In 1849 its anatomical class numbered only 40, in 1850 it rose to 44, in the following year it sank to 38, and in the last Session of the School (1853-4), it was 40. Corbett having been appointed Professor of Anatomy to the Queen's College, Cork, the School proprietors—who were then chiefly the Professors—closed it, and sold the premises to the Catholic University. Lecturers in the School of Medicine of the Apothecaries Hall, Cecilia-street. Anatomy and Physiology.—Benjamin Alcock, 1837 ; ' Joseph Henry Corbett, 1849. Surgery.—Andrew Ellis, 1837. Medicine.—John Creery Ferguson, 1837; Henry Oliver Curran, 1846; Samuel Gordon, 1847 ; Thomas Aicken, 1850. Materia Medica.—Percival Hunt, 1837; Charles Henry Leet, 1848; Kichard Austin, 1853. Chemistry.—(Sir) Robert John Kane, 1837; John Aldridge, 1846. Botany.—Samuel Litton, 1837; Arthur Mitchell* 1841. Midwifery.—William O'Brien Adams, 1837; Robert Duffield Speedy, 1842; (Sir) Edward Burrowes Sinclair, 1853. Medical Jurisprudence.—Charles Henry Leet, 1837; Theobald Andrew Purcell, Barrister, 1845; Valentine Duke, 1848. THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OP THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, ESTABLISHED 1855. The proprietors of the Cecilia-street Medical School having, as stated above, disposed of their buildings to the Catholic University in 1854, they were repaired, improved, and re-opened for their original purpose—as a medical school—in 1855. It commenced with a class of 36 dissecting pupils, which in 1858-9 rose to 69, and in 1861-2 to 104—a number which it has about averaged since that date. The school-buildings, especially the chemical and physics' departments, are commodious, and supplied liberally with apparatus, and the museum contains many interesting objects. * Litton and Mitchell were colleagues until the death of the former in 1847. Professors in the School of Medicine of the Catholic University. Anatomy and Physiology.—Thomas Hayden, 1855; Robert Cryan, 1865; Christopher John Nixon, 1881; Charles Philip Coppinger, 1883. Surgery.—Andrew Ellis, 1855; Henry J. Tyrrell, 1867; Patrick Joseph Hayes, 1879. Ophthalmology.—Charles Philip Coppinger, 1881; Denis Daniel Redmond, 1883. Medicine.—Robert Dyer Lyons, 1855. Institutes of Medicine.—Christopher John Nixon, 1878. Medical Jurisprudence.—Stephen Myles MacSwiney, 1855. Materia Medica.—Robert M'Dermott, 1855; Francis Boxwell Quinlan, 1859. Chemistry.—"William K. Sullivan, 1855; John Campbell, 1873. Midwifery.—John Augustus Byrne, 1859. Botany.—George Sigerson, 1865. DR. STEEVENS' HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE, 1857-1880. This School was established in 1857, owing to a recommendation of a Commission on the Grants to the Dublin Hospitals. It was believed by the Commission that a portion of the annual grant given to the Hospital might be usefully expended in the main- tenance of a school of medicine, which would have the advantage of being attached to an extensive hospital. £2,000 was borrowed from the Board of Works, and used in building the School, which consisted of a lecture theatre, dissecting-room, museum, a chemical laboratory, so arranged as to be also used as a lecture-room, and a few smaller rooms for offices, &c. This School, which had an average class of 80 pupils attending both School and Hospital, lasted until 1880. The cause of its dissolution was as follows:—The death of Dr. Bookey, Physician to the Hospital and a teacher in the anatomical department in the School, caused a vacancy. The medical officers considered that the person best qualified to succeed him in both capacities was the late Dr. Warren, and they accord- ingly recommended him to the Board of Governors. The Board did not appoint him, but elected to close the School instead. Lecturers in Dr. Steevens' Hospital Medical College. Anatomy and Physiology.—Samuel Athanasius Cusack, 1857; Edward Hamilton, 1861; Robert M'Donnell, 1867. Descriptive Anatomy.—Edward Hamilton, 1857; Glascott Richard Symes, 1861; Robert Lafayette Swan, 1869; Richard Bookey, 1875. Surgery.—William Oolles, 1857; Samuel George Wilmot, 1857. Medicine.—Henry Freke, 1857; William Malachy Burke, 1857; Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw, 1878; Richard Atkinson Hayes, 1879. Materia Medica.—Samuel Gordon, 1858; Thomas Wrigley Grim- shaw, 1862; Robert Johnston, 1878; Matthew Fox, 1880. Midwifery.—Samuel Little Hardy, 1857; James Isdell, 1867. Institutes of Medicine.—Richard Bookey, 1874. Chemistry.—John Aldridge,* 1857; Charles Alexander Cameron, 1858; Chichester A. Bell, 1874; Michael M'Hugh, 1877. Ophthalmic Surgery.—Edward Perceval Wright, 1868; John Mallet Purser, 1869; Henry Rosborough Swanzy, 1876. Medical Jurisprudence.—Edward Cooper Willes,| 1858; Edward Haughton, 1859; James Ferrier Pollock, 1860; Henry Colpoys Tweedy, 1875. Botany.—Percival Wright, 1858; Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw, 1864; Chichester A. Bell, 1869; Frederick William Warren, 1875; Matthew Fox, 1877; Henry Pentland, 1880. INCOMPLETE MEDICAL SCHOOLS. In 1794 some benevolent non-medical persons combined with several equally benevolent medical men to establish the Sick Poor Institution, 25 Meath-stree.t Not only were the poor of that densely-populated place provided with medical advice and with medicine gratuitously, but the " necessaries of life " were generously * Mr. Warren, a distinguished University (but not medical) man, first appointed, broke down on his first essay at lecturing, and at once resigned. + This gentleman, a graduate of Cambridge, was induced to come over to Dublin by Mr. Samuel Cusack, but he returned to England after giving a single course of lectures. supplied to those who were destitute. Many eminent physicians and surgeons gave their services gratuitously in connection with this institution, which lasted as a dispensary until the modern dispensaries were founded under the provisions of the Poor Law, and is still in existence as an institution for providing the sick poor with nourishment. In connection with this dispensary there was formed, in 1832, "The School of Practical Medicine and Surgery," in which the following courses of lectures were given:— On Fever, by Dr. George A. Kennedy; on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Column, by Dr. David Aston; on Diseases of the Abdominal Viscera, by Dr. Gordon Jackson; on Diseases of the Lungs and Heart, by Dr. Samuel Hanna; on Diseases of the Skin, Bones, and Muscles, by Dr. Christopher Asken; and on Surgery, by Mr. James Willett. There were no systematic dissections carried on, but frequent post mortem examinations for pathological instruction were performed. This medical school did not long survive, but some of its lecturers subsequently became attached to the ordinary medical schools. In 1815 A. Calonne, M.D., 82 South Great George's-street, began to teach to classes medicine, surgery, pharmaceutical chemistry, materia medica, pharmacy, botany, and toxicology. He had graduated in medicine in both Paris and Edinburgh. He was the prototype of the Dublin grinders, and appears to have been a man of wonderfully varied attainments. In 1823 his class-rooms were in 133 Capel-street; subsequently he resided for many years in 81 Middle Abbey-street, and died there in 1833. In 1832 the surgeons of Mercer's Hospital advertised that they had arranged to give instruction to pupils in anatomy and surgical pathology. Surgeon Leonard Trant took out a licence under the Anatomy Act to conduct dissections in an outhouse near Cork-street Fever Hospital. The Dublin General Dispensary was instituted in 1782, and for many years was located in Temple-court, Temple-bar. Many of our best-known physicians and surgeons attended in it—for example, Brereton, Percival, Dickson, Boyton, Brooke, Leahy, Barlow, Hartigan, Archer, Halahan, Bell, Richards, and many others. In this institution Dr. Patrick Clinton commenced in 1826 to lecture on Chemistry, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy, and his certificates were recognised by the College. Lectures on Medicine and Surgery were delivered in it; and about 1841 William Moss, L.R.C.S.I., began to give demonstrations on Anatomy and Physi- ology in this institution. Mr. Moss's son, Mr. Richard Jackson Moss, is the talented analyst and Registrar of the Royal Dublin Society. Half a century ago Edward Stratten's class-rooms in William- street were largely attended by pupils studying materia medica, pharmacy, and botany, and his certificates were for several years accepted by the College, as were also those issued in similar subjects by Patrick Clinton and Arthur Mitchell. For several years C. Loughlin, the apothecary at the Lock Hospital, gave lectures on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, which were recognised by the College and the Apothecaries' Hall. CHAPTER XX. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE LECTURERS IN THE PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. WILLIAM O'BRIEN ADAMS. Dr. Adams was born in Dublin on the 24th December, 1801. His father, Allen Adams, was Examiner to Stuart Bang, Master in the Court of Chancery; his mother was Jane King. He was educated in Trinity College, and graduated in arts in 1826, and in medicine in 1828. In 1858 he proceeded to the M.A. degree. On the lltb October, 1828, he "passed" at the College of Physicians, of which, on the 16th April, 1832, he was elected a Fellow. His large practice was chiefly obstetrical. During the greater part of his professional career he resided at 22 Adelaide-street, Kingstown. He was for several years Professor of Midwifery to the Apothe- caries' Hall School of Medicine. He married first, in 1835, Jane, daughter of Capt. Richard Adams; and secondly, in 1845, Elizabeth, daughter of John Berry, of Cloneen, King's County, and cousin to the Earl of Charleville. Dr. Adams died from congestion of the lungs, on 1st December, 1879, and was interred in Dean's Grange cemetery. By his first wife he had one child—now the wife of the Rev. Benjamin William Adams, D.D., Rector of Santry, and the author of an interesting antiquarian work on that parish; by his second wife he had four sons. THOMAS AICKEN. T. Aicken was born in the County of Meath. His father was a landowner, and his mother was Mary Patten. He studied at the College School and the House of Industry Hospitals, and sub- sequently at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, and took in 1842 the degree of M.D. in the University of the latter city. In 1839 he became a Licentiate, and in 1844 a Fellow of the College. He contributed papers on Gout, the Use of Nitrate of Silver in Diarrhoea, and on Calomel in Constipation, in the Dublin Medical Press. He lectured on Medicine in the Dublin School and the School of the Apothecaries' Hall. He married Agnes Casement. Dr. Aicken is Superintendent of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, Auckland, New Zealand. BENJAMIN ALCOCK. B. Alcock was born in May, 1801, at Kilkenny. His father, a physician, married Deborah Prim. Having received his primary education in Kilkenny College, he entered T.C.D., where he took a Scholarship in 1819, and graduated B.A. in 1821. In 1827 he proceeded to the degree of M.B. On the 3rd July, 1819, he was indentured to Abraham Colles,and under that great master he became an accomplished anatomist. On the 28th June, 1825, he became a Licentiate of the College, and was elected a Member on the 3rd November, 1837. He lectured on Anatomy in the Dublin School, Peter-street. Alcock was Professor of Anatomy in the School of the Apothe caries' Hall, and on the foundation of the Queen's Colleges was appointed to the Chair of Anatomy in Cork. In 1855 he was obliged to resign his Fellowship, in consequence of having become involved in a dispute in reference to the supply of subjects for dissection. He considered that he was badly treated by the authorities, and published a pamphlet upon the subject of his grievances. In 1859, being then unmarried, he went to America, and has not since been heard of. Alcock wrote the articles on the Iliac and Femoral Arteries, and on the Fourth and Fifth Pairs of Nerves, in Todd's " Cyclopaedia." His Observations on the Non- Ganglionic Portion of the Fifth Pair of Nerves were original; they were confirmed and extended by Guyot and Casales, and reported to the Academy of Medicine, Paris, in 1839. JOHN ALDRIDGE, 1842. J. Aldridge was born in Duke-street, Dublin (where his father, John Aldridge, an Englishman, had a piano manufactory), on the 10th Oct., 1810. His mother was Anne, daughter of James Clarke, a gentleman-farmer in the County of Meath In 1832 he took out 2 N the licence of the Apothecaries' Hall, and in 1842 the M.D. of Glasgow University. He was Demonstrator in Chemistry to Sir R. Kane for two years. He lectured on Natural History in Digges- etreet, and afterwards on Chemistry in Park-street, Cecilia-street, and Steevens' Hospital Schools. In 1848 he became head of the chemical department of Messrs. Bewley & Evans' (now Hamilton, Long, & Co.'s) establishment, in Sackville-street, and retained that position till 1867, from which time he remained in bad health until his death, from heart disease, in Simpson's Hospital, on the 26th December, 1872. Aldridge possessed considerable ability, but was wanting in energy and system. His lectures on the Urine, delivered in Park-street School in 1846, attracted considerable attention; they were sub- sequently published. He contributed a paper of some merit on the " Functions of the Pollen," to Hookers Journal of Botany, 1841-2. He discovered grape sugar to be a constant constituent of eggs. The earlier numbers of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science contain several of his papers on chemistry and pharmacy, and for several years he edited the Dublin Hospital Gazette. In company with the late Dr. O'Ferrall he visited the German Spas, and published in a small book an account of his excursion. It does not contain much useful information, but it is a readable production. Dr. Aldridge married Georgina, daughter of Andrew Sexton, solicitor, of Limerick. His widow and two daughters survive. THOMAS ANTISELL. T. Antisell was born in Dublin on January 16, 1817. His father, Christopher Antisell, was a barrister, and married Margaret Daly, of Ferbane, in the King's County. T. Antisell was educated at Mr. Joseph White's School, Dublin, and studied professionally at the School of the Apothecaries' Hall. He " passed " at the London College of Surgeons November 22, 1839, and at the Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, in 1841. He lectured on Botany in the Dublin School of Medicine, Peter-street, and subsequently on Chemistry in the Original School. In 1848, having become a " Young Irelander," he was obliged to leave Dublin. He proceeded to CHRISTOPHER ASKEN. New York, where, for some time, he practised as a physician. From 1854 to 1856 he acted as United States Geologist in Cali- fornia and Arizona. He then became Chemical Examiner to the Patents Office. During the Civil War he served in several medical capacities. From 1866 to 1871 he acted as Chief Chemist to the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1871 he was sent by his Government to Japan as one of a Commission to develop the resources of that empire, in which he spent nearly five years. He is at present a Professor in the Georgetown Medical College, Washington. Dr. Antisell was married, first, in 1841, to Eliza A. Nowlan, of Dublin, and secondly, in 1854, to Marian S. Forsyth, of Detroit. Dr. Antisell published in Dublin, in 1846, " The Outlines of Irish Geology," and in 1847 "A Manual of Agricultural Chemistry," and in the latter year a " Report on the Sanitary Improvement of Dublin." He is the author of " The Home Cyclo- pasdea of Arts and Manufactures " (New York, 1852), and of several other works, including an important report on the " Cultivation of Cinchona in America." CHRISTOPHER ASKEN. C. Asken was born in 1804, at Pimlico, in the " Liberties " of Dublin, where his father owned a cloth manufactory. His mother was Ann Moran. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, and graduated in arts and medicine in the latter institution in 1831. In the following year he was appointed Physician to the Cholera Hospital, in Great Brunswick-street, and subsequently became one of the Physicians to the Sick Poor Dis- pensary, Meath-street. For many years he was Medical Officer of No. 1 South City Dispensary District. He lectured on Botany in the "Dublin" and "Original" Schools of Medicine, and was Treasurer to the Association of Graduates in Medicine of Dublin University. He was an amiable man, of retiring disposition. Pos- sessing a good knowledge of the French, Spanish, and Italian languages, he contributed several literary articles to the Dublin University and other magazines. He married Matilda, daughter of John Segrave, J.P., County Dublin. Asken, a childless widower, died from heart disease on the 17th November, 1867, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. RICHARD AUSTIN. R. Austin was born on the 9th July, 1814, in Molesworth-street, Dublin. His father, a merchant, married Jane Salt. Dr. Austin was educated in Maryborough School, and studied professionally in the Peter-street School, and School of Medicine, Cecilia-street. He passed the Apothecaries' Hall in 1837, and the London College of Surgeons in 1841. Shortly afterwards he passed the M.D. examination at Glasgow, but did not apply for his degree until 1858. He lectured on Chemistry in the Dublin School, and in the Cecilia-street School on Materia Medica. He did not practise medicine, but was engaged in the sale of drugs, and in making analyses for medical purposes in his premises in Wexford-street. He has now retired from business in broken health. Dr. Austin married Margaret, daughter of the late Dr. Owen, of the 22nd Regiment, and has issue two daughters. HUGH ALEXANDER AUCHINLECK. Mr. Auchinleck was born at Lasereevaghan, Strabane, on the 10th of June, 1849. His father, a solicitor—a brother of Surgeon Auchinleck, President of the College in 1829—was married to Margaret Burgoyne. Mr. Auchinleck was educated at Mr. F. A. Potterton's school, Newry; and studied professionally in the Car- michael School of Medicine, and in the Jervis-street and Coombe Hospitals. In 1873 he " passed " at the Apothecaries' Hall, and in the following year obtained the licences of the Edinburgh College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1879 he became a Licentiate of the College, and a Fellow in 1881. Since 1875 he has filled the post of Lecturer on Forensic Medicine in the Carmichael School. Mr. Auchinleck is married to Rhoda Elizabeth, daughter of Robert James Johnston, of Liscreevaghan, near Strabane, County of Tyrone, and has issue two daughters. GEORGE BAKER. G. Baker, the son of a builder, was born in Dublin about 1808 He was indentured to Michael Daniel in October, 1825, and on his death was transferred to John T. Kirby, in 1827. He studied in Peter-street School and also in Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. In 1836 he obtained the licence of the College, and soon after was appointed a lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence in the school, 27 Peter-street. He had but a small practice. He married, in 1849, Charlotte, youngest daughter of George Fawcett. Baker died in 1854, from softening of the brain. He had no children; and his widow married the late Rev. John C. Walker, Rector of Ballinasloe. JOHN THOMAS BANKS. A branch of the family of Banks migrated from England some time in the seventeenth century, and settled at Ardee, in the county of Louth. Lieutenant Henry Banks, who resided near Ennis, in the county of Clare, had a son, Percival, who embraced the pi'ofession of medicine. His son Percival—the youngest of twenty-four children — following in the footsteps of his father, adopted medicine. He was a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and, having studied in France, graduated in medicine in the University of Paris. Dr. Percival Banks served for some time in the Medical Department of the Army, and was afterwards surgeon to the Clare Infirmary. His eldest son, Percival, was called to the English Bar. His second son, John, who selected the profession of his father and grandfather, was born in London on the 14th of October, 1816. Dr. John Thomas Banks is the son of Percival Banks; his mother, Mary Ramsay, belonged to a family of Scotch origin. Having received his early training at the Erasmus Smith School of Ennis, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated B.A. and M.B. in 1837, and M.D. in 1843. On the 15th September, 1841, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and a Fellow on the 28th October, 1844. He served the office of President in 1869-70. On the 2nd December, 1843, he was appointed Physician to the Government, or House of Industry, Hospitals; and on the retirement of the late Sir Dominic Corrigan he became sole Lecturer on Medicine in the Richmond Hospital School, having previously been Oorrigan's colleague. In 1849 he succeeded J. C. Ferguson as King's Professor of Practice of Medicine in the School of Physic, Trinity College, and Physician to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. Dr. Banks has been President of the Pathological Society, Member of the Senate of the Queen's University, and its Represen- tative on the General Medical Council. The degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa, was conferred on him by the Queen's Univer- sity. He is a Senator of the Royal University of Ireland, and represents the Senate on the General Medical Council. He is Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland; Regius Professor of Physic in the University of Dublin; Consulting Physician to Sir Patrick Dun's, the City of Dublin, and the Coombe Hospitals, the Richmond Asylum, and the National Eye and Ear Infirmary; and a member of the principal medical societies of the United Kingdom. He was the first President of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland. When retiring from office his successor, Dr. Robert M'Donnell, said of him that there "was not one who had done more to maintain the high social position of the profession in Dublin." Dr. Banks is author of numerous contributions to practical medi- cine, clinical reports, and observations on medical cases, published in the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science and Medici Gazette, and in the " Proceedings of the Pathological Society." Dr. Banks is married to Alice, youngest daughter of Captain Wood-Wright, 18th Royal Irish, of Golagh, county of Monaghan, and has an only child, married to the Honourable Willoughby Burrell, only son of Lord Gwydyr. In 1883 Dr. Banks was offered knighthood by Her Majesty in "recognition of the high position which he occupied in his pro- fession," but he did not accept of the honour. WILLIAM RALEIGH BAXTER. Dr. Baxter lectured on botany in the original school. In 1834 he took out the licence of the Apothecaries' Hall. In 1840 he "passed" at the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, and graduated M.D. in King's College, Aberdeen, in 1843. In 1861 he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians. Most of his professional career was spent in England. During the Crimean War he served partly in the Osmanli Horse Artillery, and partly as a volunteer surgeon in the French army. He wrote a treatise on Abnormal Sounds of the Heart and a small Handbook of Chemistry. For some years he edited the Medical Recorder. Baxter died at Ems- worth, Hampshire, on the 16th October, 1875. WALLACE BEATTY. W. Beatty was born on the 13th November, 1853, at Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father, James Beatty, was an engineer, and for twenty years was employed by Messrs. Peto, Brassey, and Betts, *n connection with their great undertakings, and he was the Engineer to the Balaklava Railway during the Crimean War. He married Sarah Jane, daughter of the Rev. Henry Anthony Burke, Kilmarron Rectory, county of Monaghan, a member of an ancient Galway family. Mr. Beatty died in 1856 from the results of an accident received in the Crimea. His son Wallace received his earlier education in Dungannon Royal School, and in 1872 entered Trinity College, securing second place. His undergraduate career was remarkable for the number and value of the prizes which lie won, including, amongst others, a Royal Scholarship in 1872, a Classical Scholarship in 1875, and a Medical Scholarship in 1877. His professional education was conducted in the School of Physic, and the Adelaide, Rotunda, and St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital. In 1876 he graduated B.A., in 1879 M.B., and B. Chir. In 1885 he obtained the licence of the College of Physicians and the membership in 1886. He was House Surgeon to St. Mark's Hospital, Medical Officer to the Dublin Throat and Ear Hospital, and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Cannichael College, in CHICHESTEK ALEXANDER BELL. which he is at present Lecturer on Pathology and Extra-Lecturer on Medicine. He is also Senior Assistant-Physician to the Adelaide Hospital. He has read several papers before the Academy of Medicine, including one giving an account of a Rare Form of Skin Disease resembling Urticaria, and another on the Pathology of Lead Poisoning. Dr. Beatty is unmarried. CHICHESTER ALEXANDER BELL. Dr. Bell, a son of David Bell, formerly of Dublin, now in Canada, was born in Dublin March 16, 1848. His primary education was conducted in Mr. D. C. Bell's Academy, Kildare-place.' He entered Trinity College, where he graduated in arts in 1867, and in medicine two years later. The greater part of his medical education was received in Steevens' Hospital and the Medical School attached thereto, the rest was imparted to him in the. School of T.C.D. In 1868 he obtained the diploma of the College of Surgeons. He early showed a predilection for science, and worked for some time as a pupil of Professor Apjohn in T.C D, and in the Museum of Irish Industry, now the Royal College of Science, and in Berlin University under Hoffmann. In 1867 he attained to the position of Senior Moderator in Experimental and Natural Sciences, the other Moderator of the year being the present distinguished Pro- fessor of Materia Medica in the University, Dr. Walter G. Smith. In " passing " his examination Dr. Bell was " First of the Firsts " in Experimental Physics. He was appointed Lecturer on Botany and, subsequently, on Chemistry, in Steevens' Hospital School. Dr. Bell has devoted himself to scientific pursuits. In 1876 he became First Principal Assistant in the Laboratory of University College, London, a position which ill health led him to resign. He has been for several years in Canada and the United States, and resides at present at Washington, where he is engaged in original investigations in Electricity, in conjunction with his dis- tinguished relative, Mr. Bell, so well known in connection with the telephone and other inventions. He has produced several new derivatives from pyrrol (pyrroline), and has described a method of forming normal ferric iodate. In conjunction with Dr. Lapper he contributed a paper on Saccharic Acid to the " Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy," and has done other ox-iginal chemical work. ARTHUR HENRY BENSON. A. Benson was born in Dublin on the 26th November, 1852 (for lineage see page 406). He was educated at the Rev. Charles Benson's School, Rathmines, and received his medical instruction in the Schools of the College and of Trinity College, and in the City of Dublin Hospital. He studied for some time in London and Vienna. He was the recipient of many prizes and honours during his studentship, including the Purser Resident Studentship in the City of Dublin Hospital. The following are the dates of his degrees and diplomas:—L.R.CS.L, 1874; Fellow, 1881; M.B., 1876. He has served as Lecturer on Ophthalmic Surgery in the Ledwich School, as Resident and Assistant-Surgeon in St. Mark's Hospital, Surgeon to the Dublin Throat and Ear Hospital, and is now Examiner in his department to the College. He has published numerous papers in the Ophthalmic Review, the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and British Medical Journal. His papers on Jequirity, Inflammation, and Diphtherial Paralysis of the Ocular Muscles are very interesting. Dr. Benson is one of the " most travelled" Members of the Dublin Faculty, having visited most parts of the world. He is unmarried. RICHARD BOOKEY. R. Bookey was born near Shillelagh, County of Wicklow, in 1846. His father is Dr. John Whelan Bookey, who belongs to a family long established in the County of Wicklow. R. Bookey was educated in Steevens' Hospital and its Medical School. He graduated M.B. in Dublin University in 1868. In 1867 he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and the Fellowship on the 21st October, 1873. He was a Demonstrator of Anatomy and, sub- sequently, Lecturer on the Institutes of Medicine in Steevens' Hospital School, and became Physician to the Hospital. He died from phthisis on the 7th January, 1880, at 28 York-street. Dr. JBookey was well known in medical circles as an excellent micro- scopist. He spent a large sum of money in the purchase of microscopical apparatus. ANTHONY BEAUFORT BRABAZON. A. B. Brabazon was born on 1st August, 1821, at Clonard, County of Meath. His father was the Rector of Painstown, in that County, and his mother was a daughter of the Rev. R. Heyland, Rector of Coleraine. He married Eleanor, daughter of Walter Bourne, Clerk of the Crown for the County of Antrim, and niece of Richard Carmichael, the eminent surgeon. Having been educated at Holywell School, Delgany, and at Oakhill, Isle of Man, Mr. Brabazon matriculated in Dublin University, but did not proceed to a degree. He was apprenticed to Philip Brabazon in 1839, and transferred to Robert Smith in 1841, and studied in Trinity College School and in the Medical School and Hospitals in North Brunswick-street, and obtained the licence of the College on the 13th October, 1846, and the M.D. degree of Aberdeen University in 1856. From 1847 to 1851 he lectured on Anatomy and Physiology in the Richmond Hospital School. He was Demonstrator of Anatomy in Trinity College School in 1851-55. He served as a Civil Surgeon in the Hospitals in the East during the Crimean War, and as Assistant-Surgeon to the Lancashire Militia 1858-61. In 1876 he was elected Medical Officer of Health for Bath, and has resided in that city since that year. Dr. Brabazon was a successful teacher, and it is said that he " passed " 130 of his pupils at Dublin and London Colleges, and had no rejections. He has contributed several papers to the journals. THOMAS BRADY. Dr. Brady was born at Carrickmacross, in the year 1801. He was educated in T.C.D. He took the Degree of M.B. in the Uni- versity of Dublin in 1828, and the Licence of the King and Queen's College of Physicians, 17th November, 1829. He was elected a Fellow on the 21st May, 1832. He lectured on Medical Juris- prudence in the Original School of Medicine, and when the College of Physicians instituted, in 1839, a Chair of Medical Jurisprudence, Dr. Brady was elected the first Professor. In 1838 he was elected one of the Censors of the College, and held that office until 1844. He was again elected Censor in 1849, 1852, 1853, and 1854. In 1853, during the presidency of Dr. Evory Kennedy, he was appointed Vice-President of the College. Dr. Brady held the appointment of Medical Attendant to the Newgate and Smithfield Convict Prisons, and to the Lusk Prison; he was also for many years Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital. He published a translation of Fournet's " Recherches cliniques sur L'Auscultation," and contributed numerous papers to the medical journals. He was a member of a talented family, and a man of various accomplishments. During his undergraduate course he distinguished himself as a classical scholar. He was brother of the late James Charles Brady, Barrister-at-Law—who had attained a very high position at the Bar at the time of his premature decease— and also of the late Sir Francis Brady, Chief Justice of Newfound- land. In religion a Roman Catholic and in politics a Liberal, he was steadfast in his principles, but moderate in their expression. Indisposed to all excess himself, he disliked it in others. He married, in 1839, Anna Maria, daughter of Major Brian Molloy, of Millicent, County of Kildare. Mr. Brady, Assistant Commissioner of Intermediate Education, is his son. Dr. Brady died from bronchitis, on the 16th March, 1864, aged sixty-four years, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemet ery. WILLIAM BROOKE. W. Brooke was born in 1769 at Granard, where his father, the Rev. William Brooke, was Rector. His mother was Elizabeth Young. In 1791 he graduated in Arts in Dublin University, and proceeded to Edinburgh, as was then the fashion, to complete his medical education. Having procured the degree of M.D., he returned to Dublin, and on the 27th May, 1793, he received the Licence of the College of Physicians, of which he became a Fellow on the 24th October, 1824, and President on the 20th February, 1826. In 1824 he received, honoris causa, the degree of M.D. from Dublin University. He married Angel, daughter of Captain Edward Perry, and niece and co-heiress of Colonel Richard Graham, County of Monaghan. He resided for many years in North Cumberland-street, which, until about fifty years ago, was a favourite locality with the higher grades of professional men. In this street he died in 1829, and was interred in the graveyard of St. Thomas' Church. Brooke enjoyed a very large practice, and was held in much esteem by both his profession and the public, on account of his agreeable manners, his kindness of heart, and gene- rosity. His portrait is to be seen in the College of Physicians. Brooke lectured in connection with the Jervis-street Hospital School. The late Master Brooke was one of his sons, and Mr. W. Graham Brooke, barrister, is a grandson. HENRY ST. JOHN BROOKS. H. St. J. Brooks was born on 26th February, 1855, at Windsor. He is the son of Henry Brooks, gentleman-farmer, by his Avife Ellen, daughter of Charles Frederick Green. Mr. H. Brooks resided for twenty years in Natal, and is the author of a history and description of that colony, published by W. Reeve & Co., London, 1876. He is now resident in Madeira. Dr. Brooks having been educated privately, entered T.C.D., and became a pupil in the School of Physic and the City of Dublin Hospital. Having passed through a distinguished undergraduate career, he graduated B.A. in 1881; M.B. and M. Chir. in 1882. He is a First Senior Moderator and Gold Medallist in Natural Science, and won, in 1879, a Medical Scholarship. He formerly lectured on Zoology and Botany in the Carmichael School, but is now a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the School of Physic, and has made anatomy his profession. He has published in the " Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society " a monograph on the Osteology and Anthrology of the Haddock, and in the " Proceedings of the Academy of Medicine" has described Some Abnornalitics of Blood-Vessels. Dr. Brooks married, in 1879, Marion, daughter of Aubrey Ohren, of Dublin. WILLIAM MALACHI BURKE. W. M. Burke was the son of a barrister, who, together with his wife, Anna Maria, only daughter of John Blake, of Neirfield, belonged to old Gal way families. He was born at Ballydugan, in that county, on the 4th August, 1819. He received his medical education in St. George's Hospital, London, and its School, and in 1842 "passed" at the London College of Surgeons. On the 19th June, 1847, he became a Licentiate, and on the 19th October, 1863, a Fellow, of the College of Physicians. He was subsequently elected a physician to Steevens' Hospital, and for many years was one of the Physicians to the Lord Lieutenant. Having acted for some time as medical superintendent at the General Registration Office, he succeeded Mr. Donnelly as Registrar-General. He married Harriet, only daughter of the late Rev. Hugh Hamilton, of Benmore, County of Fermanagh. He died childless on the 13th of August, 1879, from pleuro-pneumonia, at his residence in St. Stephen's-green, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Mr. Burke was a very amiable man, and was much liked in the large social circle in which he moved. JOHN AUGUSTUS BYRNE. Dr. John A. Byrne was born in 22 Wellington-quay, Dublin, on the 9th April, 1827. His father was a wholesale hat manufacturer, in the days when hat-making, ribbon-weaving, and other industries were thriving in Dublin. He employed a large number of workmen. His mother was Anne, daughter of W. Griffith, leather merchant, of Back-lane, High-street, and Nicholas-street. Having received his preliminary education at Mr. Walsh's school in Bolton-street, Mr. O'Grady's in D'Olier-street, and from private tutors, Dr. Byrne entered Trinity College, and graduated B.A. and M.B. in 1848. His professional education was conducted in the School of Physic, Dublin University, in Park-street School of Medicine, and Sir P. D un's, Steevens', the House of Industry, and several "special" hospitals. In 1847 he " passed" at the College; in 1858 he became Assistant Master to the Rotunda Lying-in Hospital, under the Mastership of Dr. M'Clintock; taking, in 1864, the diploma of the College of Physicians. Dr. Byrne is Professor of Midwifery in the Catholic University Medical School, and Gynaecological Surgeon to St. Vincent's Hospital. He is a past President of the Dublin Obstetrical Society, Physician to the Grand Canal-street Dispensary, and Honorary Fellow of the San Francisco Obstetrical Society. He has contributed a very large number of papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and to the Medical Press. Dr. Byrne is married to Kate, daughter of the late John Quin, of Aubrey House, Shangannagh. His family consists of one son and three daughters. JOHN CAMPBELL. Dr. Campbell was born in Dublin on the 19th July, 1834. His father, a clerk in Dublin Castle, married Maria Campbell. Dr. Campbell was educated at the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, and in Trinity College, in which he graduated in Arts and Medicine in 1859, having in 1853 taken a Sizarship, and in 1855 a non- foundation Scholarship. In 1868 he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and in 1882 a Fellow of the Royal University, which conferred on him the honorary degree of M.D. in 1885. Dr. Campbell wrote the Prize Essay of the Pathological Society in 1857—subject, " Pathology and Diagnosis of Diseases of the Rectum"—and in 1885 published his " Elements of Hygiene." He lectured for several years on Botany and Chemistry in the Carmichael School, and succeeded Dr. W. K. Sullivan as Professor of Chemistry in the Catholic University. Dr. Campbell married Maria, daughter of Jerome Morrissy, of Navan, and has no issue. HUGH RICHARD CARMICHAEL. H. R. Carmichael was born in Dublin, probably about February, 1790, as he was baptised on the 7th March of that year in St. Bridget's Church. He was the son of Andrew Carmichael, Clerk of the Crown for Leinster, and Jane Moore, his wife. Hugh was indentured to Richard Carmichael (who was his cousin and godfather, and was married to his niece) on the 25th October, 1805, and studied in the College School. In 1811 he graduated in Arts in Dublin University. The Letters Testimonial of the College were obtained on the 23rd July, 1812, and on the 7th February, 1820, the College elected him a Member. In 1832 he took the degree of M.A. He was first Master of, and subsequently Consultant to, the Coombe Hospital, and for some time lectured upon Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children in the Theatre of Anatomy and School of Surgery, 27 Peter-street. Carmichael commenced his professional career as an army surgeon. After several years' service he retired, and resided for some time in France, and married a native of that country. Their eldest daughter married an eminent man of letters—Sydney Lemon Blanchard; another daughter married Charles Aspinall, a barrister, and son of the late Recorder of Liverpool. Having settled in Dublin he attained to a fair practice, and gave much of his time gratuitously in ministering to the sick poor, and his practical bene- volence caused him to be highly esteemed amongst the humbler classes. In 1829 he wrote a little book of 71 pages on the " Remedial Uses of Turpentine, especially in Diseases of the Eye"—upon which latter subject he gave some lectures in the Ormond-quay Medical School. In the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science for 1840 he published a paper on the Position of the Placenta. Carmichael was tall and of commanding presence; his face was handsome and grave. He died on the 6th August, 1872, at his residence, 22 Lower Pembroke-street, and was interred in the burial-ground of St. Patrick's Cathedral. HUGH CARLILE. Dr. Carlile was born in 1796, at Newry. His family, originally Scotch, settled in Ireland early in the seventeenth century. When very young he was sent to Dr. Andrew O'Beirne's school at Carrickfergus, and from thence in 1812 passed into the University. He took the degree of B.A. in 1817, M B. in 1837, and M.A. and M.D. in 1849. In 1818 he was apprenticed to Macartney, and attended the courses of instruction in the School of Physic. He seems, however, to have altered his intentions to embrace the profession of medicine, for in 1819 his indentures were by mutual consent cancelled. He now commenced to read for a Fellowship, but, his health failing, he was obliged to abandon his studies. In 1830 he resumed his medical studies, and in 1832, although having no medical degree or diploma, he showed such an extensive know- ledge of anatomy that Macartney appointed him a demonstrator In 1837 he became a proprietor of, and lecturer on anatomy in, the Park-street School of Medicine; and in 1849 he and the museum of the school were transferred to the Queen's College, Belfast. He continued in his Professorship of Anatomy and Physiology in the College until his death, which took place in 1860. In his latter years he spelled his name Carlisle. His con- tributions to medical science were as follows:—1. On the Motions and Sounds of the Heart in Man and other Animals. 2. The Report of the Dublin Committee appointed by the British Associa- tion to Investigate the Physiology of the Movements of the Heart. 3. The Second Report of the same Committee. The experiments upon which these reports were founded were made principally by him in presence of the Committee. 4. An Essay upon the Physi- ology of Certain Parts of the Nervous System in Man. The first three papers are published in the " Transactions of the British Association," and the fourth in the " British and Quarterly Medical Review." 5. On the Structure and Homologies of the Sacrum in Man and other Animals. 6. Observations on the Forms and Mechanism of the External Ear in Man and some of the lower animals. Papers 5 and 6 are published in the " Transactions of the British Association." FLEETWOOD CHURCHILL. F. Churchill was born in Nottingham, on February 21, 1808. His father was engaged in business pursuits. His mother was Hannah Page. Pie had four brothers—all of whom engaged in commerce—and five sisters. Having received a good education in his native town, he was indentured to Surgeon William Forbes, of Camberwell, London. He studied professionally in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Paris, and in 1831 took the Edinburgh M.D. degree. Ou the 15th February, 1832, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, a Fellow on the 27th October, 1851, and President in 1867 and 1868. He was Professor of Midwifery in the School of Physic from 1856 to 1864, having previously lectured in the private schools. Dr. Churchill was in extensive obstetric practice. His works on " Diseases of Women and Children" are held in high repute; that published in 1838 has passed through several editions, and has been translated into French. In 1840 he produced an excellent treatise on " Diseases of Pregnancy and Childbirth," which in 1841 was followed by his "Researches in Operative Midwifery," and in 1842 by his treatise " On Midwifery," which attained to a large circulation. In 1849 one of his best-known works was published—namely, " The Diseases of Children." It was translated into several foreign languages, including, it is said, Chinese. Dr. Churchill contributed several articles to the Edinburgh and Dublin journals of medicine. He was President of the Pathological Society and a honorary member of many British and foreign societies. Having retired from practice, he died on the 31st January, 1879, at the Rectory, Ardtree (the residence of his son-in-law), County of Tyrone, and was buried in Ardtree churchyard. Dr. Churchill was married in 1832 to Janet Rebecca Ferrier. His son, Fleetwood Churchill, a midwifery practitioner, died suddenly in Dublin, in 1884. His second son is an army surgeon. WILLIAM COLLES. W. Colles was born on the 27th October, 1811, at Riversview, near Kilkenny, where his father—a brother of Abraham Colles— had marble works. His mother was Anne Harper. Having spent several years at Kilkenny College he came to Dublin, and on the 11th April, 1826, was indentured to his uncle, A. Colles, under whose directions he pursued his studies in the College School. He subsequently paid a visit of some months' duration to the Paris hospitals. On the 10th December, 1834, he obtained the licence of the College, having taken in 1829 the degree of B.A. of Dublin University. He lectured on Chemistry during one session in the 2 o Digges-street School, and during the years 1839-1842 in the Park-street School. After this he entered the Bengal Medical Service, and was stationed for some years at Pubna. On his return to Europe he resided for some time at Bath, and lastly in Dublin, and died at Ontario-terrace on the 23rd January, 1872, from obstruction of the bowels. Beside papers of minor importance, he contributed to the Lancet for 1864 one on the use of nitrate of silver in leprosy, and another to the Medical Press for 1864, describing a new artery forceps. Colles married, first, Mary Francoise Gal Miche, and, secondly, Anna Maria Dowling. A daughter by his first marriage survives. MAURICE HENRY COLLIS. M. H. Collis was the son of the Rev. Robert Fitzgerald Collis, and of his wife, Maria, nee' Bourke. He claimed descent from Edward I. (see page 394). Having received a sound preliminary education at Dungannon School he entered the University, in which he took the following degrees:—B.A. in 1847, M.B. in 1848, and M.D. in 1867. He was apprenticed to his uncle, Surgeon Collis, and attended at the College and Trinity College Schools and the Meath Hospital. On the 14th May, 1847, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and " passed" for the Fellowship on the 7th May, 1850. After obtaining his licence at the College he proceeded to Paris to complete his studies, and was in that city during the Revolution of 1848. He returned to Dublin, and became an Anatomical Demonstrator in the College School. In 1851 he was elected a Surgeon to the Meath Hospital, and in 1853 he became Lecturer on Surgery in the Dublin School of Medicine, Peter-street; he also lectured upon that subject in the Carmichael School. He served on the Council and on the Court of Examiners of the College. He contributed numerous papers—especially on Cancer, Cleft Palate, and Treatment of Anthrax by Pressure—to the journals. In 1867 he successfully removed an enormous ossified enchondroma from the left side of the face of the late well-known Mr. Battersby. The patient was at that time fifty years old, and ANTHONY HAGARTY CORLEY. the tumour was the product of twenty years' growth. Collis, whilst excising an upper jaw for malignant disease, received a slight wound iu his hand from a spicula of the diseased bone. The injury developed pyaemic poisoning, of which he died seven days after- wards, on the 28th March, 1869, at his residence, 25 Lower Baggot- street. His premature death caused general regret amongst his professional brethren, by whom he was much esteemed, and by a large section of the public. His remains were accompanied to their last resting-place, at Mount Jerome, by an immense concourse of citizens. Collis married, in 1852, Sarah Marcella Lyster, daughter of William Jameson (see page 411), and left three sons and four daughters. ANTHONY HAGARTY CORLEY. A. H. Corley is the son of the late Hugh Corley, of the Court of Probate, and of his wife, Frances, daughter of the late Matthew Hagarty, of Dublin. He was born on the 16th of March, 1840, in Dublin. Having received a tutorial and private school education, Dr. Corley's professional training was conducted in the Ledwich School of Medicine, the Queen's College, Galway, and Mercer's and the Adelaide Hospitals. During his student career he obtained numerous prizes—all first-class. He became a Licentiate of the College in 1861, and graduated M.D. in the Queen's University in 1863, with First Honours and Gold Medal. On the 31st March, 1865, he obtained the Fellowship of the College. He lectured for some years on Anatomy in the Carmichael College of Medicine, and in 1872 he was appointed to the Lecturership on Surgery, which he now holds. In 1867 he was elected one of the Surgeons to Jervis- street-Hospital, and resigned that position on becoming Surgeon, in 1865, to the House of Industry Hospitals. From 1874 to 1877 he held the office of Examiner in Surgery to the Queen's Univer- sity, and in 1882 that University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa. When the Royal University was founded he was appointed Examiner in Surgery, and subsequently was made a Fellow, and in 1885 received from the Universitv the honorary degree of Master in Surgery. Having served on the Council of the College of Surgeons for several years, Dr. Corley was elected, in 1884, Vice-President. He has contributed several articles to medical literature. In 1870 Dr. Corley married Eleanor, daughter of Edward Purdon, then Lord Mayor of Dublin, and has three sons and four daughters. SIR DOMINIC JOHN CORRIGAN. Sir Dominic J. Corrigan was born in Dublin on the 1st Decem- ber, 1802. He was the son of John Corrigan, a trader, who for many years carried on business in Thomas-street. His mother, Celia O'Connor, was a native of Dublin. Young Corrigan received his earlier education in St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, which at that time admitted lay students. Here he acquired an excellent knowlege of the classics as well as a sound general education.. The medical attendant of the College, Dr. O'Kelly, perceived young Corrigan's natural abilities, and conceived a liking for him, and at his suggestion Corrigan determined to embrace medicine as his pro- fession, O'Kelly giving him some instruction in clinical medicine and surgery. Having returned to Dublin he continued for a while his medical studies, and attended the practice at Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital and the Sick Poor Dispensary, Meath-street. He next pro- ceeded to Edinburgh and completed his studies in the University of that city, in which he graduated M.D. in 1825. On his return to Dublin he set up in medical practice, and became attached to the Meath-street Dispensary, which position he did not long retain, as he soon was appointed Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital and to the Charitable Infirmary, Jervis-street. In the latter Institution his clinical lectures attracted a large class. In 1834 he joined Hargrave's School, Digges-street, as Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine, and continued to hold that post until 1845. His success as a lecturer was unequivocal, and he attracted many students from the other medical schools. George A. Kennedy, in the Peter-street School, lectured, in 1833-4, to a class of 12, whilst Corrigan's class numbered 37; in the Peter-street School in that session the pupils attending the surgical lectures numbered 87, or 4 in excess of the number at the Digges-street School. In 1835-6 Corrigan's class rose to 58, whilst the surgical class numbered only 24, and the anatomical 36. On the other hand, in the adjacent school in Peter-street the number of pupils attending the anatomical lectures were 95, the medical class counting only 12. On the death of Dr. John Crampton in 1840 he was appointed Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals, and here he carried out a most successful course of clinical instruction for many years. In 1843 Corrigan obtained the diploma of the London College of Surgeons, and in 1849 the University of Dublin conferred upon him the degree of M.D. honoris causa. In 1845 Corrigan joined the Richmond Hospital School, and— part of the time in conjunction with Dr. Banks—lectured there until 1850, when he retired from the school, resigning ten years later his connection with the House of Industry Hospitals. He had now been for many years in the front rank of his profession, and his practice was very large. In 1836 he had purchased the house No. 4 Merrion-square, West, where Surgeon Ormsby now resides, and for a quarter of a century few houses were better known in Dublin. Later on he purchased Inniscorrig, a residence at Dalkey, the grounds of which were bounded by a rocky sea coast. Here he had an aquarium, from which liberal contributions to the Dublin Zoolo- gical Gardens were regularly sent. In this charming residence he entertained his friends, and many distinguished medical men visiting Dublin were hospitably received in it. Corrigan became, somewhat late in his career, connected with the College of Physicians. Having been black-balled when first pro- posed for the Honorary Fellowship of the College (in consequence of the " Board of Health," of which he was an active member, offering what was considered inadequate remuneration to physicians sent to the country to attend " Famine Fever" cases), he was elected to that position in 1854. On the 27th July, 1855, he obtained the Licence of the College, and was elected a Fellow on the 27th October, 1857. The College soon atoned for the "black-balling," for Corrigan had the unprecedented honour of being elected Presi- dent five years in succession—namely, 1859 to 1863. His statue, sculptured by Foley, was erected in the College of Physicians during his lifetime, and an excellent portrait of him, painted by Catterson Smith, P.R.H.A., embellishes the College hall. A great many other honours were conferred upon Corrigan. He was one of the first Senators, and subsequently became Vice- Chancellor, of the Queen's University; and he was a member of the General Medical Council from the time of its foundation in 1857 until his death. He was President of the Pathological and Zoological Societies; a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medicine, Paris; and Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland. In 1866 he was created a baronet, not only in consideration of his high position in the medical profession and his unwearying services on the Board of Health during the year of the Famine Fever, but also for those rendered to national education in his capacity as a Commissioner of Education. In 1868 Sir Dominic unsuccessfully contested Dublin in the Liberal interest, but was returned subse- quently and sat in Parliament until 1874. Sir Dominic Corrigan suffered for several years from gout, and for some time before his death he found walking difficult and painful. He died on February 1st, 1880, after an attack of paralysis, and was interred in the vaults of Westland-row Church. He was a man of good stature, and in his prime had a powerf ul physique. His face, though not handsome, was expressive of great intelligence and force of character. He was a fluent speaker, and in debate was not given to soft words in replying to his opponents. He had many friends and admirers, and his sympathies were widespread. He took a great interest in the Zoological Gardens and their live contents. He constantly, during his Parliamentary career, left London on Friday night, and, reaching Westland-row about eight o'clock on Saturday morning, would go direct to the Gardens, and join in the pleasant breakfast which the Council and their guests have on the last morning in the week. Sir Dominic was married to Joanna Mary, daughter of the late John Woodlock, of Dublin. He had two sons and three daughters. His widow and one daughter (Mary, wife of Sir Richard Martin, Bart., D.L.) survive. His sons and a grandson are dead, and the baronetcy has become extinct. Five only of the medical men practising in Ireland have been created baronets—namely, Sir Thomas Molyneux, Sir Edward Barry, Sir Philip Crampton, Sir Henry Marsh, and Sir Dominic Corrigan. With the exception of Molyneux and Crampton all the male descendants of those baronets have died out. The Rev. Sir J. C. Molyneux resides permanently in England; and on the death of the present Sir John Crampton, Sir Philip Crampton's title will become extinct. A feeling exists amongst the Irish medical pro- fession that two or three of their representative members ought to be offered baronetcies, several English medical practitioners having recently been promoted to those dignities. In July, 1883, a large deputation of medical men waited upon the Lord Lieutenant (Earl Spencer) to express those views, but they received an unsatis- factory answer. In reference to Dr. Banks' refusal of knighthood offered to him at this time, Punch, of July 28, 1883, contains the following telegrams !:— "nolo kquescopari. " To Doctor Banks— ' Wilt join the ranks Of Knights V " From Banks— 'Declined with thanks.' " Translation.—' I will not be made a knight.' This is canine-lcal, and not canonical, Latin." Sir Dominic Corrigan's original contributions to medical science are numerous and important In April, 1832, he published in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal a paper which alone would give his name an enduring place in the annals of medicine. It was entitled, On the Permanent Patency of the Mouth of the Aorta; or, Inadequacy of the Aortic Valves. The facts set forth in this classical paper were discovered as the result of numerous patho- logical observations—for Corrigan, like Cheyne, regarded morbid anatomy as of more importance than symptomology, though the latter had its value noted too. The more important features of the disease consist, as first shown by Corrigan, in the insufficiency of the valves at the mouth of the aorta, in consequence of which the blood, propelled into the mouth, regurgitates into the ventricle. The extraordinary nature of the pulse in this disease was fully described. It is visible in the arteries of the head, neck, and arms, altering, with each beat of the heart, its position. The full pulse, when followed by almost complete collapse, has received the desig- nation of the " water-hammer pulse." These and other peculiarities of pulsation were noticed by Corrigan, and he had previously, in the Lancet for 1829, corrected Laennec's erroneous theory of the cause of the bruit de souffle, which accompanies the sounds of the heart. The pulse in Permanent Patency of the Valves of the Aorta is often called " Corrigan's pulse." The papers on Fever, which have issued from his pen, are rich in original observations. CHARLES COPPINGER. C. Coppinger, son of Joseph William Coppinger, M.A., Dublin Univ., was born in Dublin on the 11th of August, 1846. His mother was Agnes M., daughter of J. W. Cooke, J.P., Borrisoleigh. His family, ancient and numerous, are chiefly located in the City and County of Cork. A history of the Coppingers has recently been published by Walter A. Coppinger, a copy of which is in the National Library, Leinster House. Dr. Coppinger's brother was Surgeon in the "Alert," the Arctic exploring vessel, and in 1884 published an interesting volume, " The Cruise of the Alert." Dr. Coppinger was educated at Clongowes Wood, Trinity College, and the Catholic University. He was awarded a Gold Medal and other prizes, but took no degree in Arts. In 1869 he " passed " at the College of Surgeons, and became a Fellow in 1881. In 1871 he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and in 1881 the Membership of the same College. In 1885 he received the degrees of M.D. and Master in Surgery, honoris causa, from the Royal University. He is one of the Surgeons to the Mater Misericordiai Hospital, and is Professor of Physiology in the Catholic University School, and a Fellow and Examiner in the Royal University. He has published several papers, including one in the Lancet on a New Method of Freezing Microscopical Sections, and several in the " Transactions of the Academy of Medicine." WILLIAM CORBET. W. Corbet was born in Dublin on the 14th September, 1793. His father was a literary man, and the owner of the Dublin news- paper termed the Patriot, now long extinct. Corbet graduated in Arts in the University in 1815, and in Medicine in 1832. In September, 1811, he was apprenticed to John Adrien. In 1822 he was elected a Member of the College. He lectured on Botany in the Park-street School, and for many years was the Medical Superintendent of the Central Lunatic Asylum, Dundrum, County of Dublin. He was married to Anne Costigan. Dr. Corbet died childless on the 22nd June, 1872, aged seventy- eight years. JOSEPH HENRY CORBETT. J. H. Corbett was born in Cork, in November, 1813. His father, William Corbett, of " The Hill," Kinsale, married a Miss Flemyng. Corbett was indentured to John Woodroffe, of Cork, on the 7th November, 1829, and studied under that able teacher for some years. In ] 833 he came to Dublin, and entered the College School. In the following year he went to Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. in 1835. On the 20th September, 1836, he obtained the Letters Testimonial. He was appointed Demonstrator in that year in the School, 27 Peter-street, and in the same year left with Alcock for the School in Cecilia-street. After some time he became Co- Professor of Anatomy with Alcock, and he succeeded the latter in 1854 as Professor of Anatomy in the Queen's College, Cork— an event which led to the extinction of the School of the Apothe- caries' Hall. He was an ad eunclem M.D. of, and an Examiner in Anatomy and Physiology in, the Queen's University. In 1875 paralytic symptoms presenting themselves, Corbett resigned his professorship and removed to Dublin. His health did not improve, but he lingered on until the 6th March, 1878, when he died at No. 8 Lansdovvne-road, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. His wife, Catherine Frances, daughter of the late Joseph Doyle, of Blessington-street, survives. Corbett was a thorough anatomist, and a very good lecturer. He was the first to give a minute account of the deep fascia cover- ing the brachial artery. A work of real merit is his " Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy of the Veins and Nerves." Dublin: Fannin & Co. 1852. Pp. 352. Many of his observations recorded in this volume are original. He contributed several papers to the journals. EPHRAIM MACDOWEL COSGRAVE. Dr. Cosgrave was born 17th July, 1853, at No. 20 Belvedere- place, Dublin. He is the son of William Alexander Cosgrave, Clerk of the Peace for the County of Longford, and his wife Anna Maria, daughter of Surgeon Ephraim MacDowel. Having received a preliminary education in Kingstown School, he entered Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1875. His professional education was conducted in Trinity College, and the House of Industry and Rotunda Hospitals. He is a M.D. of Dublin University, and a Licentiate of the Dublin College of Surgeons and Member K.Q.C.P.I. He is Physician to Simpson's and the Whitworth (Drumcondra) Hospitals. He had a distinguished undergraduate career, and received the degrees of B.Chir. and M.Chir. stipendiis condonatis. He has published in Dublin, in 1885, " The Student's Botany," and several papers chiefly relating to hygiene in the journals. He is Lecturer on Zoology and Botany in the Carmichael School. Dr. Cosgrave married Anna, daughter of Rev. William Crofts Bullen, of Ballythomas, Mallow, County of Cork. t FRANCIS RICHARD CRUISE. Dr. Cruise was born on 3rd December, 1834, in Dublin. His father, Francis Cruise, was a solicitor, and belonged to a family of Danish extraction, settled in the county of Meath from the time of Strongbow, with whom the first of them came to Ireland. During the "penal days" the extensive lands which they had acquired passed away from them, with the exception of a small portion, and now form part of the estates of Lord Darnley and Mr. Bligh. Dr. Cruise's mother, Eleanor Mary Brittain, was a member of a Cheshire family. Having received his earlier education, partly at Clongowes Wood College, partly at Belvedere House, Great Denmark-street, Dublin, he entered Trinity College, and in 1857 graduated in Arts and in the following year in Medicine, taking, in 1861, the degree of M.D. His medical education was con- ducted in Trinity College and the Carmichael Schools and in the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1860 he became a Member of the London College of Surgeons. In 1859 he received the Licence of the College of Physicians, and on the 7th October, 1864, was elected a Fellow of the College, of which he is now the President. He lectured on Anatomy in the Carmichael School. In early life he worked industriously at surgery, but subsequently relinquished it for pure medicine, and is now Consulting Physician to the Mater Misericordia? Hospital. Dr. Cruise has written various papers on medical subjects, including one on the Endoscope, and a joint Report, with the late Dr. Hayden, on the Cholera Epidemic of 1866. Dr. Cruise has by no means forgotten his classics, and has brought out translations of some of the little-known works of Thomas a Kempis. He is also a distinguished musical amateur, and has mastered one of the most difficult but most perfect of instruments, the violoncello, for which he has written some pieces. He is one of the founders of the Instrumental Musical Club, which has done much to popularise classical chamber music in Dublin. Dr. Cruise learned rifle shooting in the back woods of America, and at the reunions of the Medical Club at Bohernabreena his performances are the admiration of the beholder. The distance from which he can shatter the neck of a champagne bottle without breaking its body is surprising, especially when it is considered ihat the shooting at Bohernabreena commences after the champagne bottles have been emptied! I know of no pleasanter or more healthful of the few recreations which the Dublin medical men permit themselves to enjoy than the social and unceremonious gatherings at the Dublin Mountains. Dr. Cruise married Mary F., daughter of James Power, Esq., of Hazelbrook, and has issue eight sons and three daughters. ROBERT CRYAN. R. Cryan was born at Boyle, in the county of Roscommon, in 1826. He studied his profession in the Carmichael School and the adjacent hospitals, and in the University of Glasgow. On the 26th July, 1847, he " passed " at the College, and on the 12th March, 1849, at the College of Physicians. In 1873 he was elected a Fellow of the latter College. He was Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology at the Carmichael School, and became Professor of the same subjects in the School of the Catholic University and a Physi- cian in St. Vincent's Hospital. He married Miss Eleanor Whitty, of Wexford. On the 17th February, 1881, he died from bronchitis at his house in Rutland-square, and his remains were entered in Glasnevin Cemetery. He contributed a few papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and the Medical Press. THOMAS CUMING. Dr. Cuming was born in Armagh on the 19th March, 1798. His father was a Presbyterian clergyman, and his mother was Eliza Black. Having spent seven years in the Royal School, Armagh— which at that time was under the mastership of an excellent classical scholar, the Rev. Thomas Caperdale—he studied medicine at Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dublin, London, and Paris. Having, in 1819, obtained an M.D. degree in Edinburgh, he came to Dublin, where he studied for three years as Clinical Clerk to Cheyne at the House of Industry Hospitals. At that lime the instruction at these hospitals was of the very highest class—it came from such men as Carmichael, Cheyne, John Crampton, Ferguson, Litton, Peile, and Todd. On the 21st June, 1820, he became a Licentiate, and on the 10th January, 1854, a Fellow, of the College of Physicians. In the latter year he received, honoris causa, the degree of M.D. from Dublin University. When the Richmond Hospital Medical School was established in 1826 he was the first Lecturer on the Practice of Physic in that institution. In 1826 he was appointed Physician to the Wellesley Fever Hospital, long since extinct; and for some years he was Assistant Physician and Lecturer to the Pitt-street Institution for the Dis- eases of Children. In 1829 he removed to Armagh, where he became Physician to the District Lunatic Asylum, and continues to discharge the duties of that office. He contributed papers on Diseased Heart and Cancrum Oris to Vols. III. and IV. of the Dublin Hospital Reports, and on Pneumonia in Children in Vol. V. of the " Transactions of the College of Physicians," and has pub- lished other papers and reports. Dr. Cuming married, in 1826, Miss Mary Black (now deceased), and has issue two sons and two daughters; the latter are deceased. With the exception of Dr. Grattan, Dr. Cuming is now the senior of the Licentiates of the College of Physicians. HENRY CURRAN. H. Curran was born in Bridge-street, Downpatrick, on the 6th March, 1829. He was second son of Waring Curran, of Down- patrick, and his wife Ann Adair Curran, neS Pilson, a cousin of Lord Waveney. Having received a sound primary education at the district diocesan school, under the Rev. Joseph Cooper, he studied professionally in the Carmichael School and the adjacent hospitals. On the 27th June, 1855, he "passed" at the College, and in 1869 he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians. Curran was a man of gentle, kindly, but retiring disposition. He was a thorough anatomist and accomplished physician. He was much beloved by his large class at the Carmichael School, one of whom is Dr. Cruise, the President of the College of Physicians. Curran was for some years medical officer of the Queen-street Dispensary, and at the time of his death he was Physician to the Mater Misericordia? Hospital, Eccles-street, Dublin. He died from heart disease, in Blessington-street, Dublin, on the 25th July, 1872. JOHN OLIVER CURRAN. J. 0. Curran was born at Trooperfield, near Lisburn, on 30th April, 1819. He studied in Trinity College, the Meath Hospital, Glasgow University, and Paris. In 1843 he graduated in medicine SAMUEL CUSACK. in Dublin University, and in August, 1846, became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians. Shortly after he became qualified he taught anatomy privately, but subsequently turned his attention to medical practice, and succeeded Ferguson as Professor of Medicine to the Apothecaries' Hall School. He was a very amiable man, and was greatly liked by all who knew him. He had a great repugnance to animal food, of which, from childhood, he had ceased to partake. He died on 28th September, 1847, at Willbrook, from typhus fever, contracted whilst nursing M. Henri G. De Musny, French Medical Commissioner, who, whilst investigating the etiology of typhus fever, was struck down with that terrible disease. Curran was a good writer, and contributed (chiefly as a reviewer) to both the medical and purely literary journals. SAMUEL CUSACK. S. Cusack was the fifth and youngest son of Athanasius Cusack (see page 385), and was born in his father's house on the 22nd November, 1800. He was indentured to his brother, J. W. Cusack, on the 29th June, 1818, and studied professionally in the College and Trinity College Schools. In 1821 he took the B.A., and in 1825 the M.B. degree of the University. He had the advantage of his brother's assistance whilst studying disease in Steevens' Hospital, to which institution he subsequently became obstetric surgeon. On the 2nd October he " passed " at the College, and was elected a member on the 23rd December, 1826. He lectured for many years on Midwifery in the Park-street School, and his practice was chiefly obstetrical. Cusack married Sarah, daughter of Johnston Stoney, of Oakley Park, King's County. She was aunt to the eminent physicist and mathematician, Dr. George J. Stoney, F.R.S. Cusack, soon after he became qualified, was appointed medical officer of Coolock Dispensary, and after four years' service he resigned and came to Dublin. The latter part of his life was spent at Ashgrove, County of Tipperary, where he died on the 26th March, 1853, after an illness of eight years' duration. SAMUEL ATHANASIUS CUSACK. S. A. Cusack, only son of the preceding S. Cusack, was born in Dublin in 1830. He was educated in the College School and Steevens' Hospital. He was appointed assistant-surgeon to the 47th Regiment in 1854, and was present at the battles of Alma and Balaklava and the siege of Sebastopol. His bravery was referred to in despatches. After the Crimean war he retired from the service, and was appointed a surgeon to Steevens' Hospital and one of the lecturers in the school which, in 1857, had been attached to the hospital. In 1852 he " passed" at the London College of Surgeons, and in 1856 obtained the Fellowship of the Irish College. Cusack married Georgina, daughter of the Rev. James T. Holmes, of Exeter. He and his family emigrated to New Zealand, where he was soon appointed consulting surgeon to the Nelson Hospital. He died in 1865. CHARLES DAVIS. C. Davis, born in Dublin about 1799, was the son of Robert Davis, solicitor, by his wife Elizabeth, nee White, of Dublin. C. Davis was fourth in descent from John Davis, of Castlegarden, County of Kilkenny, a cousin of the first Lord Mulgrave. Davis was indentured to R. Moore Peile on the 3rd December, 1816, and studied professionally in the College School, and subsequently in Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1825. He became a Licentiate of the College in 1822, and on the 1st November, 1824, was elected a Member. He lectured on Surgery in the School, 27 Peter-street, in the second Eccles-street School, and in Mark-street School. In the Dublin Hospital Reports for 1827 he published the particulars of a case of Pulsation in the Veins. Being an enthu- siastic votary of Terpsichore he received the soubriquet of "Dancing Davis." He married Mary Eastwood {ixee' Forster), widow of a clergyman; they had no children. Davis died on the 17th Sept., 1866, at 33 York-street. WILLIAM VALLANCY DRURY. W. V. Drury was born at Sandymount, Dublin, in 1821. His father was a captain in the army. His mother was Elizabeth Hart. He studied in Dublin, and graduated in Edinburgh in 1842, and in the year 1844 became Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Park- street School. In 1847 he went to Darlington, where he practised for some time, but his health failing, he proceeded to London in 1849, and for many years lived in Harley-street. For some years past he has resided at Bournemouth. Dr. Drury was attached to the London Homoeopathic Hospital, and was President of the British Homoeopathic Congress held at Edinburgh in 1882, and of the British Homoeopathic Society for 1882-84. He published lectures on eruptive fevers in 1877. Dr. Drury was married, first, to Isabella Maria, daughter of Anthony Toomey; secondly to Mary Eliza, daughter of Thomas Williams; and thirdly to Evelyn, daughter of Edward Young. GEORGE FREDERICK DUFFEY. Dr. Duffey was born at 5 Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin, on the 20th June, 1843. His father was a barrister, and his mother's maiden name was Mary Christie. He was educated in Kingstown School and Trinity College, and graduated in Arts in 1863 and in Medicine and Surgery in 1864. He took a Medical Scholarship and Senior Medical Exhibition. In 1871 he became a Licentiate, in 1873 a Fellow, and in 1884 Vice-President of the College of Physicians. Having entered the army in 1864, Dr. Duffey served as Assistant-Surgeon in the 1st Battalion of the 24th Regiment at home and on the Mediterranean stations until 1871, when he resigned his commission and settled in Dublin. In 1876 he became a Physician to Mercer's Hospital and Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Carmichael School. In 1882 he resigned his position at Mercer's Hospital on being elected Physician to the City of Dublin Hospital. He has served as Examiner in Materia Medica in the late Queen's University and in the Institutes of Medicine in Dublin University. He is the editor, and in great part author, of H. Griffith's Materia Medica (1879), and is the author of " Suggestions for a Plan of taking Notes of Medical Cases." In 1873 he originated and edited the Irish Hospital Gazette, which lasted only until 1875. Dr. Duffey is married to Agnes, daughter of the late John Cameron, of Dublin, proprietor of the General Advertiser, and sister of Charles Cameron, M.D., M.P. for Glasgow, and has issue two sons and three daughters. VALENTINE DUKE. V. Duke was born on the 15th January, 1812, at Balbriggan, County of Dublin. His father was for many years Surgeon to the County of Dublin Militia. His mother was Anne Pace. Having received his early education at Glanmire School, Cork, he was apprenticed to Houston on the 11th November, 1828, and studied at the College and Park-street Schools, Mercer's and JBaggot-street Hospitals, and in Edinburgh. On September 6th, 1834, he became a Licentiate, and on January 3rd, 1845, a Fellow, of the College. He was a Licentiate of the College of Physicians (1860) and of the Rotunda Hospital (1837). He was the author of a Prize Essay on the " Cerebral Affections occurring most commonly in Infancy" (Fannin, Dublin, 1849), and on " Physiological Remarks upon the Causes of Consumption." Duke married Maria, daughter of Robert Rawson, of Glassealy, Ballitore, County of Kildare. He died from paralysis on January 22nd, 1873, at Idrone-terrace, Blackrock, County of Dublin, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. JAMES FOULIS DUNCAN. Exactly eighty years ago, James Duncan, a young Scotch medical man, came from his native city of Edinburgh, on a visit to his countryman, Sir James Foulis, Bart., who had settled at Boyne Hill, in the County of Meath. Duncan was anxious to enter the Royal Navy, but Sir James recommended him to settle in Dublin, and he introduced him to the " fashionable and influen- tial" circles in which he moved. Under strong pressure Duncan abandoned his maritime intentions, and took up his abode in Dublin, 2 p where in 1810 he married the second daughter of Nugent Booker, of St. Doulough's, County of Dublin, and had the misfortune to lose her in 1815. In the same year he became a proprietor of Farnham House, Finglas, the well-known private asylum for the insane, which about two years before had been established by Alexander Jackson, State Physician, and the Rev. James Horner. In 1816 he became Resident Physician in the asylum, and about 1823 the sole proprietor thereof. Dr. Duncan was one of the best known medical men in Ireland for more than half a century. He was a good hunting man, excelled in athletic exercises, and was a great tra- veller, having visited even such remote places as Syria and Algiers. He died in March, 1868, aged 82. His son, James Foulis, was born, in 1812, in Dublin, and was educated at home and at a school kept by Rev. T. P. Huddart. He entered T.C.D., and having obtained several honours, graduated in 1833 in Arts, and in 1837 in Medicine. In the latter year he entered the College of Physicians as Licentiate, the Fellowship following in 1841, and Presidency in 1873-75. He was Physician to the North Dublin Union Work- house, 1840-46; to Sir P. Dun's Hospital, 1846-58; to Simpson's Hospital, 1847-82; and to the Adelaide Hospital from its founda- tion until about 1866. He founded the Maison de Sante in Char- lemont-street, and from 1868 until 1875 owned Farnham House. He was President of the Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain in 1875. He lectured on Medicine in the Park-street School, and has published several works, lectures, &c, chiefly relating to insanity. Dr. Duncan is married to Emily, fourth daughter of the late William Hayes, County of Down, and sister of the late Judge Hayes. RICHARD EADES. R. Eades, the son of a wine merchant, was born in Dublin in 1809. He was educated in Trinity College, and was for some time a pupil of Orfila at Paris. He was not a Licentiate of the College, but under the provisions of the Supplemental Charter he was co-opted a Fellow on the 4th October, 1844. In 1832 lie took the degree of A.B., and in 1836 of M.B., in the University. He lectured on Materia Medica in the Richmond Hospital and Park- street Schools, and was one of the most popular teachers of his day. His life was an eventful one. Having made several long voyages, and undergone the hardships and perils of a shipwreck, he settled finally in Melbourne, where he became a lecturer in the University of that city, and an employee in the Government Analytical Laboratory. In 1859-60 he was, with the general appro- bation of the citizens, Mayor of Melbourne, for which city he acted for many years as Medical Officer of Health. He died in 1867. HENRY EAMES. H. Eames was the youngest son of the Rev. William Eames, Rector of Tyrrellspass, County of Westmeath, and was born in that place in 1841. His mother was Charlotte, daughter of C. Leslie, of Woodley, Dundrum, County of Dublin. He was educated by his father, a man of great learning and piety, and was also for a short time in Dungannon School. He spent nearly two years in Rouen, where he acquired a good knowledge of French. He now prepared to compete for the Indian Civil Service; but, though he secured a high place, he failed to " pass," being unable to "make up" some subjects, his health having for a while unfitted him for study. Soon after he entered Trinity College, where he took prizes in Arabic, in classics, and in modern languages, winning a medical scholarship in the second year of his undergraduate course. He graduated B.A. in 1864, xMB. in 1867, and M.D. in 1870. In 1867 he "passed" at the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. Soon after becoming qualified, he was appointed Physician to Mercer's Hospital, and co-Lecturer on Medicine in the Ledwich School. He was the principal promoter of the movement which resulted in the "Hospital Sunday" institution. He was getting into a good medical practice when he contracted typhus fever, from which he died on the 24th March, 1873, at his residence, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Dr. Eames contributed several papers on Leucocythema and other subjects to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and other journals. At the time of his death he was Secretary to the Medical Society of JOHN CHEERY FERGUSON. the College of Physicians. He was most popular with the members, as, indeed, he was with all who knew him, on account of his kind and genial manner. He married Jane Catherine, youngest daughter of the late Daniel Carr, of Sunbury, Middlesex, and had issue. JOHN CREERY FERGUSON. Dr. Ferguson was born at Tandragee on the 22nd August, 1802. He was the son of Dr. Thomas Ferguson, a native of the County of Armagh, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Creery, Rector of Tandragee. Dr. Thomas Ferguson practised at first at Tandragee, and subsequently in Dublin, where he died from cholera during the epidemic of that disease in 1832. His son, John C, was educated at the Feinaiglian Institution, from which he obtained a gold medal for taking first place on entering Trinity College in 1818. His medical studies were conducted in the School of Physic, in Edinburgh, and in Paris. He graduated in Arts in Dublin University in 1823, and in Medicine in 1827; in 1833 he became a Master of Arts. On the 9th June, 1827, he obtained the Licence, and on the 12th November, 1829, the Fellowship of the College of Physicians. Dr. Ferguson practised for many years in Dublin, and was Phy- sician to Simpson's Hospital, and Physician Extraordinary, and afterwards in Ordinary, to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. He was Professor of Medicine to the Apothecaries' Hall from 1837 to 1846. In 1832 he was sent by the Government to Ennis to take charge of a cholera hospital, and in the typhus epidemic which followed the famine of 1847 he had charge of a temporary fever hospital. In 1846 he was elected King's Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the School of Physic, and four years later was appointed by the Lord Lieutenant Professor of Medicine to Queen's College, Belfast, and he retained that post until his death. He was an Examiner in the Queen's University, and President of the Ulster Medical Society. He died on the 24th June, 1865, and was interred at Balmolist, where a handsome monument to his memory was erected by his professional brethren. Ferguson was a very popular man, owing to his genial disposition and social qualities. He married, first, Jane Clarke, a Dublin lady, and, secondly, his cousin, Miss Tate, an English lady, whose father had married a Miss Creery. His family consisted of 11 children, of whom 10 survived him. CHARLES EDWARD FITZGERALD. C. E. Fitzgerald was born in Dublin on the 9th of February, 1843. He is the second and only surviving son of Francis Alexander Fitzgerald, for several years a Baron of the Court of Exchequer, by his wife, Janet, daughter of Major Burton. The branch of the Fitzgeralds to which Dr. Fitzgerald belongs is that of which the Knight of Glynn is the head. Dr. Fitzgerald was educated in Trinity College and the School of Physic. He graduated in Arts in 1864, and in Medicine and Surgery in 1868, proceeding in 1878 to the degree of M.D. In 1868 he went to Paris, and studied ophthalmology for a short time under Dr. Xavier Galezowski. He then returned to Dublin, and commenced practice as an ophthalmic and aural surgeon. For a considerable time he had charge of the ophthalmic cases in the South Dublin Union Workhouse, and he acted in the capacity of Assistant-Surgeon to the National Eye and Ear Infirmary, and was subsequently appointed Surgeon to that institution. Since 1875 he has been connected with the Carmichaei College of Medicine as Lecturer on Ophthalmic Surgery. In 1873 he was appointed Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals—which position he resigned in 1883—and received the appointment of Surgeon Oculist-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland in 1876. He has held the post of Examiner in Ophthalmology in the University of Dublin. He has contributed several papers in his department to the journals. Dr. Fitzgerald married, in 1869, Isabel, daughter of Peter Roe Clarke, of Dublin. She died in 1877, leaving four children, all boys. HENRY FORDE. H. Forde, the son of a landed proprietor, was born about 1815, in Dublin. His mother was Marion Hayes. He was educated in Trinity College and received his professional instruction in the School of Physic and Edinburgh University. In 1834 he graduated B.A. and in 1839 M.B., "passing" at the College of Physicians on the 15th July, 1841. He was Physician to the South Eastern Dispensary and Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence in Park- street School. For many years he enjoyed a good practice, but, his health failing, he retired from professional pursuits to Shan- ganagh, County of Dublin. His death, caused by chronic bronchitis and abdominal tumour, occurred at 56 Harcourt-street on the 19th August, 1869, and he was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Dr. Forde contributed several articles to the medical journals. He married Janet Frazer, a lady of Scottish extraction. MATTHEW FOX. M. Fox, born in Dublin on the 26th October, 1857, was the son of James Fox, a trader residing in Dublin, by his wife Margaret, neS Lecken. He received his education in the Carlow Lay College and his professional instruction in Trinity College and Steevens' Hospital Schools and Steevens' Hospital. In the hospital he was Clinical Registrar and Midwifery Assistant from 1873 to 1875. In 1875 he obtained the diploma of the College, and in the following year that of the College of Physicians. He was a Demonstrator of Anatomy and afterwards Lecturer on Botany and on Materia Medica in Steevens' Hospital School. He died at No. 11 Blackhall-street on Christmas Day, 1881, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. GEORGE MAHOOD FOY. Mr. Foy was born on December 22nd, 1847, at Cootehill, County of Cavan. His father, John Foy, a merchant, married Jane, daughter of Michael Murphy, J.P., agent to the third Earl of Bellamont, noted for his violent opposition to the Union, and his marriage with Lord Edward Fizgerald's sister—whom, however, he deserted by eloping with Miss Thompson, a celebrated London beauty. Mr. Foy was educated in Belfast, and received his pro- fessional training in various Dublin Medical Schools and Hospitals In 1873 he obtained the licence of the Apothecaries' Hall, and in the following year became a Licentiate and a Fellow .of the College. He is Examiner in Anatomy to the Apothecaries' Hall. For some time he lectured on Medical Jurisprudence at the Carmichael School, and subsequently became Lecturer on Anatomy in the same institution. Mr. Foy published an interesting brochure on Phar- macy, chiefly from a historical point of view, and he has contributed several articles to the journals. VALENTINE FLOOD. V. Flood was born in Dublin about 1800. His father, Henry Flood, barrister, resided for many years at 23 Arran-quay. Flood entered Trinity College and had in that institution a distinguished career. In 1819 he won a scholarship, and in 1820 graduated B.A., taking the degrees of M.A. and M.B. in 1823, and that of M.D. in 1830. He was indentured to R. Dease on the 17 th November, 1818, and entered upon his studies in the College School. On Dease's death, in 1819, he was transferred to R. Carmichael. In 1825 he "passed" at the College, and was elected a Member on the 7th May, 1827. In 1828 he was demonstrating anatomy in the Richmond Hospital School, in which later on he became a lecturer. For some time he was a most successful teacher, but unfortunately for himself he got into a medical prac- tice amongst the poor, which led him to neglect his classes. He was a kind-hearted man, and his duties as a dispensary physician brought him into contact with scenes of misery which seem to have greatly affected his mind. He left Dublin, and for some years lectured on Anatomy in the Hunterian School of Medicine, London. His health and spirits becoming even more depressed than they were in Dublin, he resigned his position and returned to Dublin in 1846. In 1847 he was appointed by the Board of Trade to take charge of the Fever Hospital at Tubrid, in the County of Tipperary, where, showing his usual devotion to his medical duties, he soon contracted typhus fever, from which he died on the 18 th October, 1847. The clergy of both the leading denominations and other persons in the district erected a tomb to his memory. Flood was one of the most accomplished anatomists which Ireland has produced. The anatomy of man has been studied so carefully and so extensively that the discovery of a structure hitherto undescribed is now a rare occurrence. To Flood belongs the honour of having discovered an internal ligament in the shoulder, analogous to the ligamentum teres in the hip. This superior of the intracapsular gleno-humeral ligaments was described in the Lancet for 1829. Flood's published works are as follow:—The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. 1828. 8vo, pp. 314. The Anatomy and Surgery of Femoral and Inguinal Hernia, with 8 Plates, drawn by William Lover.* London: Sherwood & Co. Folio, pp. 13. The Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries and Descriptive Anatomy of the Heart, &c. 12mo. London: Highley. Dublin: Fannin & Co. 1839. WILLIAM FRAZER. W. Frazer was born in Dublin on the 28th August, 1824. His father, William, a Dublin merchant, was descended from a Scottish family who had, in the last century, settled in Ireland. His mother was Mary, daughter of John Findlay, a native of Scotland. Mr. Frazer received his professional education in the House of Industry Hospitals and in the College and Richmond Hospital Schools. In 1847 he "passed" at the College, and was equally successful at the College of Physicians on the 14th August, 1848. On the 1st of June, 1872, he became a Fellow of the College, of which he is now an Examiner. For several years he lectured on Materia Medica in the Carmichael School, previously to which he had lectured on Forensic Medicine in Park-street School. Mr. Frazer has devoted much time to the study of archaeology, and his writings have enriched the volumes issued by the Royal Irish Academy and Royal Dublin Society. His collection of autographs is one of the most interesting in the United Kingdom, * The well-known popular lecturer on chemistry, &c, in the Dublin Schools, and step-brother to the poet and novelist, Samuel Lover. ALEXANDER FRY.—SAMUEL GORDON. and his " curios " are always at the disposal of the College when- ever they have a conversazione. Nor has he neglected purely professional literature, having contributed largely to the medical journals, besides writing a work on Skin Diseases and a treatise on Materia Medica, which reached a second edition. Mr. Frazer married Mary Anne, daughter of Richard Watson, of Edwardstown, County of Dublin. There are surviving of their children, William and Kenneth, medical men; Robert Watson, of the Indian Civil Service; and three daughters. ALEXANDER FRY. A. Fry was born on the 26th January, 1808, at Ballinamore, County of Longford. He was educated at various schools, including that at Edgeworthstown, founded and presided over by Lovel Edgeworth, and which was then a celebrated academy. He was apprenticed to Henry Gardiner, M.D., Ed., and L.A.H. In 1831 Mr. Fry entered both the Royal College of Surgeons and Trinity College Schools, and attended during four sessions those insti- tutions, as well as Mercer's, the Meath, and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals. In 1834 he obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, and on the 9th August, 1845, the diploma of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. He subsequently became a Lecturer on Materia Medica and Thera- peutics in the School of Medicine, Park-street, Dublin. He was also attached to the Kilmainham Fever Hospital and the Church- street Dispensary. In 1849 Mr. Fry gave an account of the recent typhus fever epidemic in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. He returned to Dublin after a prolonged residence at Moate, County of Westmeath, and established a private lunatic asylum at Mount Alton, Templeogue, County of Dublin. SAMUEL GORDON. Dr. Gordon is the fourth son of the late Samuel Gordon, of Spring Gardens, Clonmel, County of Waterford, by his wife Jane, daughter of Mr. Keily, of Strancally Castle, County of Waterford. Mr. Gordon was descended from a Scotch family, but his immediate ancestors were born in Ireland. Dr. Gordon was born in his father's house on the 19th January, 1816, and at an unusually early age was sent to the Endowed School of his native town, which at that time was under the mastership of the Rev. Dr. Bell, a teacher and school administrator of remarkable ability, and who was specially noted for the judgment and success which he displayed in the selection of the assistant-masters. They included such men as W. C. Taylor, the editor of several historical works; Prendeville, the translator of Livy; Edwards, the author of " Junius' Logic," and many others equally distinguished. Amongst Dr. Gordon's schoolfellows there were the present Protestant Bishop of Cashel, the Rev. Hewitt Poole, F.T.C.D., Archdeacon Lee, Mr. Tankerville Chamberlain, and others who subsequently became prominent members of society. Dr. Gordon entered Trinity College at an unusually early age. On the 29th October, 1835, he was apprenticed to Mr. Belton, a Fellow of the College, and took up his abode in that gentleman's house, North Frederick-street. The apprenticeship was, however, little more than nominal, as Mr. Richard Carmichael treated him as if he were his own apprentice, and the greater part of Dr. Gordon's five years' apprenticeship was spent in the Richmond and Whitworth Hospitals. Appointed nominally as Clinical Clerk to the late Dr. Crampton, he had in reality the charge of nearly all the patients in the Whitworth and Hardwicke Hospitals. Dr. Corrigan succeeded Dr. John Crampton in 1840. Up to this time Dr. Greene did any real clinical work which was accom- plished in the medical department of the House of Industry Hospitals. Corrigan soon infused new life into the Institution, and his cliniques were largely attended. They induced Dr. Gordon to prolong his residence in the Hospital, and for a year longer he acted as Corrigan's Clinical Clerk, noting his cases, and assisting him in his numerous pathological examinations, thereby gaining a large amount of valuable practical knowledge and the friendship of a truly great physician. In 1843 Dr. Gordon obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was co-opted a Fellow on the 7th January, 1845. He graduated BA. in 1837, M.A. in 1840, M.B. in 1844, and M.D. stipendiis condonatis in 1877. On the retirement of Litton in 1847, Dr. Gordon was appointed to succeed him as Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals. Dr. Gordon, a favourite pupil of Richard Carmichael, noted all his cases for his Clinical Lectures on Syphilis, and while still a pupil edited the last edition of Carmichael's work on Syphilis. He could thus hardly avoid becoming a surgeon, and in former days he practised the surgical art as skilfully as he now exercises that of the pure physician. On one occasion he saved a man's life by promptly performing the operation of tracheotomy, and successfully treated a case of paralysis consequent on fracture of the spine, by the eleva- tion and partial removal of the displaced vertebra. Having, how- ever, resolved to devote himself exclusively to medicine, he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians on the 1st May, 1860, was elected a Fellow on the 6th October, and in 1880, 1881, and 1882, filled the Presidential Chair of the College ; with the excep- tions of Hugh Ferguson, G. A. Kennedy, and Sir D. J. Corrigan, no one previously had been thrice in succession elected President. Dr. Gordon, as already shown, was connected as Lecturer with the Cecilia-street, Steevens' Hospital, and Carmichael Schools, and is now President of the Carmichael College of Medicine. He was locum tenens for Dr. William Stokes, Regius Professor of Medicine, during the last illness of that eminent man. He was President of the Pathological Society, and is now Physician to the King's Hospital, Consulting Physician to the Coombe Hospital, &c. Dr. Gordon was for many years editor of the Dublin Hospital Gazette, and contributed numerous valuable articles to that journal, which became extinct in 1860. He also is the author of several papers published in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, of which, per- haps, his most important are those on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Pneumonia by Large and Repeated Doses of Quinine, and on Fevers and their Complications. Dr. Gordon married Sophia Louisa, daughter of the late Thomas Montgomery, Captain in the Royal Navy, and has issue one son (Dr. Samuel Thomas Gordon, Surgeon to the Constabulary Depot, Phoenix Park), and nine daughters. ROBERT JAMES GRAVES. R. J. Graves was descended from Colonel Graves, who com- manded a regiment of cavalry in Cromwell's army, and, having settled in Ireland, acquired considerable landed property in the County of Limerick. Dr. Graves' father, Richard, son of the Vicar of Kilflnane, County of Limerick, was a man of conspicuous ability. He had a distinguished undergraduate career in Trinity College, taking a scholarship in 1782, and winning numerous prizes. He took Holy Orders and became a Fellow of T.C.D. in 1796, and subsequently was appointed Dean of Ardagh. His literary works (of which 27 have been collected and published in four volumes) are of a high order of merit, and he acquired great celebrity for his lectures on the " Pentateuch." He married Eliza, daughter of James Drought, D.D., Professor of Divinity, T.C.D., and a member of an ancient family in the King's County. Their son, Robert James, was born on the 27th March, 1797, in Dublin. He was educated, first, by the Rev. Ralph Wilde (who in 1782 had won a scholarship in Trinity College) ; and, secondly, by Mr Levey, a well-known teacher. Having entered Trinity College, he passed through an undergraduate course, in which he almost rivalled his father. At his entrance he took first place, and in all his subsequent examinations save two he won the first premium. On taking his Fellow Commoner's degree he received the gold medal for having entered for every examination open to him, and obtaining a valde in omnibus. In 1815 he graduated in Arts, becoming an M.B. in 1818, and a M.D. in 1841. Having decided upon medicine as his profession, he studied in every department of it with the utmost ardour, not confining himself to the School of Physic, but working also in the College School. He early recognised the importance of morbid anatomy to the pathologist, and never neglected the opportunities for extending his knowledge of disease which post mortem examination offered. The years 1818,1819, and 1820, were spent by Graves studying in foreign universities. During two years he was a pupil of Professors Stromeyer and Blumenbach, of Gottingen, and of Hufeland and Behrend, of Berlin. In Copen- hagen he studied under the eminent Professor Cohlston. During his sojourn on the Continent he met with many adventures* On one occasion he was confined for ten days in a dungeon in an Austrian prison, on a charge of being a spy. His assertion that he was an Englishman was disregarded on the ground that only a German could speak such excellent English as he did! Whilst travelling in Italy he formed a friendship with the great artist Turner; Graves himself possessed considerable artistic skill, and many admirable sketches from nature which he made are extant. Having spent a few months in Edinburgh, Graves settled in Dublin in 1821, and was in the same year appointed a physician to the Meath Hospital, and at once commenced that system of clinical— i.e, bedside—teaching which was destined ere long to render him- self and his hospital famous throughout medical circles, even far beyond the boundaries of the British Isles. In 1824 Graves joined, with others, in establishing the Park- street School, and was its first lecturer on medical jurisprudence. * The late Dr. Stokes recounts the following one :—" He had embarked at Genoa, in a brig bound for Sicily. The captain and crew were Sicilians, and there were no passengers on board but himself and a poor Spaniard, who became his companion and messmate. Soon after quitting the land, they encountered a terrific gale from the north-east, with which the ill-found, ill-manned, and badly-commanded vessel, soon showed herself unable to contend. The sails were blown away or torn, the vessel was leaking, the pumps choked, and the crew in despair gave up the attempt to work the ship. At this juncture Graves was lying on a couch in the cabin, suffering under a painful malady, when his fellow-passenger entered, and in terror announced to him that the crew were about to forsake the vessel ; that they were then in the very act of getting out the boat, and that he had heard them say that the two passengers were to be left to their fate. Springing from his couch, Graves flung on his cloak, and, looking through the cabin, found a heavy axe lying on the floor. This he seized, and concealing it under his cloak he gained the deck, and found that the captain and crew had nearly succeeded in getting the boat free from its lashings. He addressed the captain, declaring his opinion that the boat could not five in such a sea, and that the attempt to launch it was madness. He was answered by an execration, and told that it was a matter with which he had nothing to do, for that he and his companion should remain behind. 'Then,' exclaimed he, 'if that be the case, let us all be drowned together—it is a pity to part good company.' As he spoke, he struck the sides of the boat with his axe, and destroyed it irreparably. The captain drew his dagger, and would have rushed upon him, but quailed before the cook erect, and armed man. Graves then virtually took command of the ship. He had the suckers of the pumps withdrawn, and furnished by cutting from his own boots the leather necessary to repair the valves, the crew returned to their duties, the leak was gained, and the vessel saved." He also lectured in it upon "Animal Chemistry," a department of the science at that time in its infancy. He was so thoroughly practical as a teacher, that not content with merely lecturing upon toxicology and animal chemistry, he made the following announce- ment in his syllabus:—" In order to give the students an opportunity of becoming practically acquainted with this part of the subject, they will be allowed to perform all the experiments themselves, under the direction of Doctor Graves." Graves now began to acquire a good practice, which, however, never was as large as Cheyne's; and it is remarkable that it decreased somewhat during the latter part of his life, not because he was becoming too old (for he died in the prime of life), but for some reasons difficult to understand. One of the greatest physicians, not alone of Ireland, but of Europe—many practitioners who never put forth an original idea have had larger clienteles—still Graves had many patients, and for some time his practice was undoubtedly very large. On the 27th November, 1820, Graves obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, was elected a Fellow on the 7th April, 1823, and in 1843 and 1844 filled the Presidential Chair of the College. In 1827 Graves was appointed Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the School of Physic—an office which he held until 1848. In that year he withdrew from professional work, and two years later resigned his position in the Meath Hospital, but remained until his death Consulting Physician to the Adelaide and the Coombe Hospitals, and Peter's Parish Dispensary. He was one of the principal founders of the Pathological Society, and their first President, retaining the Presidency for many years. This Society was the first of the kind in the United Kingdom. In 1849 Graves was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His bust in marble, executed by his countryman, John Hogan, was presented to the College of Physicians by his wife; and his statue, sculptured by Bruce Joy, adorns one of the College halls. Bruce Joy is the son of Dr. William Hunt Joy, an Irishman and a Fellow of the College of Physician?, but long retired from practice. Dr. Graves married Anna, daughter of the Rev. "William Grogan, of Slaney Park, Rector of Baltinglass. They had two sons and four daughters; one of the former, the Rev. Richard Drought Graves, is dead; the other, late Lieutenant-Colonel in the 82nd Regiment, is a Deputy-Lieutenant of the King's County. After a protracted illness, endured with remarkable patience, Graves died from disease of the liver, on the 28th March, 1853, aged 56, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Graves was tall and somewhat thin; his complexion was dark, his nose aquiline, and he had large and lustrous eyes. His face indicated great intellectual power. As a lecturer there were few his equal—in clearness of style, copiousness of illustration, or interest of subject matter. He was warm in his friendships, and he was not given to "cutting" those of his friends or acquaintances who had dropped out of his own social circles, because of their slender pecuniary resources—he always gave a cordial welcome to an old college or school chum. In the limited space which, in such a work as this, can only be given to even a great man, it is impossible to give more than a brief and imperfect notice of Graves labours. His first paper, recording his experience of an epidemic of typhus fever in Galway, appears in the "Transactions" of the Association of the King and Queen's College of Physicians, Vol. IV., 1824. Shortly afterwards he began a series of articles for the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, in which he epitomised the papers in relation to medicine and its allied sciences, published in the German journals. In these Transactions he subsequently published several papers on liver disease, yellow fever, influence of posture on the pulse, &c. In 1832 he became a founder and co-editor of the Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science, a quarterly periodical from which is descended the present monthly Dublin Journal of Medical Science. In this journal the greater number of Graves' papers appeared. Several of his most interesting lectures delivered in the School of Physic were reported in the London Medical and Surgical Journal, 1832-1834. In 1837-8 he contributed to the Medical Gazelle a remarkable series of articles on inflammation and the motive powers which cause and regulate the circulation, in which he refuted Marshall Hall's theory of inflammation. According to this physiologist the stagnation of blood in the capillaries, arising from the adhesion of its corpuscles to the internal surface of these vessels, and consequent narrowing of their channels, is the immediate cause of inflammation. In a lecture delivered in December, 1827, and published shortly afterwards, and again, with additions, in 1834, Graves advanced a new theory of the functions of the lymphatics, maintaining that they were the veins of the white tissue, and not, as hitherto believed, mere absorbent vessels for eliminating effete matter from the system. Professor Carus of Dresden, and Dr. Treviranus of Bremen, subse- quently published facts confirmatory of this theory. Graves was the first to perceive that anomalous peripheric im- pressions may react upon any section of the medulla, and cause at a distance aberration of movement or of sensibility. The aetiology of what he has named reflex paralysis he investigated with a remark- able degree of success. In the third and fourth volumes of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science he gave an elaborate account of Asiatic Cholera from the time it became epidemic in India in 17b0 up to its advent in these countries in 1831-2. His faith in the efficacy of acetate of lead in the treatment of this disease has been referred to at page 389. Graves' original physiological work entitles him to a high position amongst scientific discoverers; but independently of it he ranks as one of the greatest physicians of this century, or indeed of any century. With the treatment of fever his name will always be associated. He supplied his patients liberally with food and stimulants, and pressed them to take nourishment when they had no desire for it. " You are not," he said, " to permit your patient to encounter the terrible consequences of starvation because he does not ask for nutriment." It is said of Graves that one da , whilst visiting the convalescent ward, he remarked the healthy and plump appearance of some of them who had recovered from typhus fever. Turning to his class he said, " This is all the effect of our good feeding;" adding, " When I am gone you may be at a loss for an epitaph, for let me give you one in three words—He fed fever." In 1843 Graves'" Clinical Lectures on the Practice of Medicine" appeared, and were received with general acclamation in the most widely-spread medical circles. In 1848 a second edition of them was published under the editorship of the late Dr. J. Moore Neligan, and was reprinted in 1864; a still more recent edition forms two of the volumes issued in 1885 by the New Sydenham Society. This great work was, in 1862, translated into French by Dr. Jaccoud, and in the preface Professor Trousseau, one of France's greatest physicians, makes the following amongst other laudatory observations:— " For many years I have spoken of Graves in my Clinical Lec- tures ; I recommend the perusal of his work; I entreat those of my pupils who understand English to consider it as their breviary; I say and repeat that, of all the practical works published in our time, I am acquainted with none more useful, more intellectual; and I have always regretted that the Clinical Lectures of the great Dublin practitioner had not been translated into our language. " As Clinical Professor in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, I have incessantly read and re-read the work of Graves; I have become inspired with it in my teaching; I have endeavoured to imitate it in the book I have myself published on the CUnique of the Hotel-Dieu; and even now, although I know almost by heart all that the Dublin Professor has written, I cannot refrain from perusing a book which never leaves my study. " Graves is an erudite physician; while so rich in himself, he borrows perpetually from the works of his contemporaries, and at every page brings under tribute the labours of German and French physicians. Although a clinical observer, he loves the accessory sciences; we see him frequently having recourse to physiology, in the domain of which he loves to wander; to chemistry, with which he is acquainted, which he estimates at its true value, and to which he accords a legitimate place. He often reminds me of the greatest clinical teacher of our day, Pierre Bretonneau, an able physiologist, a distinguished chemist, a learned botanist, an eminent naturalist, who incessantly, in his lectures and conversation at the Hospital of Tours, found in all those accessory sciences, with which he was so conversant, those useful ideas and ingenious views which he subse- quently applied with unusual felicity to the study of our art." 2 Q Graves' lectures have been also translated into German and Italian, and they form one of the volumes of the American Medical Library. A late reviewer of the " Clinical Lectures" says truly that " we do not quote him so much now as formerly, because his work forms part of the foundations of a great superstructure, and is, as it were, hidden under ground." GEORGE ANDERSON* GREENE. G. A. Greene was born in 1780 in 13 York-street, Dublin. He was the fourth son of Sir Jonah Greene, Recorder of Dublin. His mother, Marianne Hitchcock, was an English lady. In 1817 he was apprenticed to Thomas Hewson, and entered as a pupil in the College School and the Meath Hospital. In 1823 he became a Licentiate of the College and a B.A. of the University. He was one of the first appointed Demonstrators of Anatomy in the Park-street School, and was much liked as a teacher. In 1828 he lost his right hand by an accidental gunshot wound, and was consequently obliged to relinquish his anatomical and surgical pursuits, and to turn his attention to medicine. In 1829 he became an M.B., and in 1841 an M.D. On the 13th March, 1830, he took out the Licence of the College of Physicians, of which, on the 14th October, 1832, he was elected a Fellow, and in the same year was appointed Lecturer on Medicine in the Rich- mond Hospital School and a Physician to the Talbot Dispensary. In 1841 he succeeded Lendrick as King's Professor of Practice of Medicine in the School of Physic, and on the 10th March, 1842, was appointed a Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals. He died from typhus fever on the 2nd April, 1846, at Fitzwilliam- square west, and was interred at Mount Jerome Cemetery. Greene's contributions to medical science are all to be found in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, first series. The more important are his papers on the Diagnosis of Aneurysmal and Intra-thoracic Tumours (edited by S. Gordon after his death), and his paper on Empyema, which contains original matter. Dr. Greene married, in 1833, Alice, daughter of Thomas Wilson, of York. * He did not use his second Christian name. WILLIAM GREGORY. Dr. Gregory, born on the 26th December, 1803, at Edinburgh, was a son of the celebrated James Gregory, Professor of Medicine in Edinburgh University. Dr. Gregory, having graduated M.D. in the University of his city, proceeded to Germany to study chemistry, and soon became a favourite pupil of Liebig, several of whose works he translated into English, and was himself the author of several works on Chemistry. He lectured at the Park-street School and subsequently at Anderson's University, Glasgow, and King's College, Aberdeen. He finally became (in 1843) Professor of Chemistry in Edinburgh University. He died on the 24th April, 1853, after a long illness. THOMAS WRIGLEY GRIMSHAW. ' Dr. T. W. Grimshaw was born at Whitehouse, in the County of Antrim, near Belfast, on the 16th November, 1839. His great-grandfather* migrated from Lancashire to the County of Antrim, settled at Greencastle, and founded the calico-printing industry in Ireland. He was one of the (if not the) first cotton spinners by machinery in Ireland. His grandson, Wrigley Grimshaw, married his cousin, Alicia Grimshaw, and their son is Thomas W. Grimshaw. Mr. Grimshaw, his father, was an eminent dentist, and was Dental Surgeon to Steevens' and St. Mark's Hospitals and the Pitt-street Institution for Diseases of Children. He was a Fellow of the College, and for many years resided at 13 Molesworth-street. Dr. Grimshaw received his early training at Bryce's Academy, Newry, in Carrickfergus School, the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, and the School of Dr. M. Hare in Stephen's-green. He graduated in Arts in Dublin in 1860, proceeding to the M.B. and M.Chir. degrees in the following year, and to that of M.D. in 1867. He is a diplomate in State Medicine of Trinity College, Dublin, and a Fellow of the * An account of the Grimshaws from the 13th century is given in Whittaker's " History of Whaley " and in " Lancashire "Worthies." College of Physicians (1869), of which, in 1867, he became a Licen- tiate. In 1862 he obtained the diploma of the College of Surgeons. His technical education was conducted in the School of Physic and in Steevens' and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals. He was the last apprentice taken by the late Professor Harrison. He won a moderatorship in Experimental and Natural Science, and various honours in Chemistry, Botany, &c, in Trinity College, Dublin. Dr. Grimshaw was a Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital, Visiting Physician to the Coombe Lying-in Hospital and the Dublin Orthopaedic Hospital. He was for several years a Physician to Steevens' Hospital, and held in succession the Lectureships on Botany, Materia Medica, and Medicine in the school formerly attached to that hospital. On retirement from practice he became Honorary Consulting Physician to both Steevens' and Cork-street Hospitals. He has published numerous papers and pamphlets on Fevers, Zymotic Diseases, and various other medical and sanitary subjects, official Reports on Births, Marriages, and Deaths, Agri- cultural, Emigration, Banking, Criminal and Judicial Statistics, and on the Irish Census, 1881, and is one of the four authors of the " Manual of Public Health for Ireland." In conjunction with Dr. J. W. Moore, he published a remarkable paper on a zymotic form of pneumonia, which they termed " pythogenic pneumonia." Dr. Grimshaw succeeded Dr. Burke as Registrar-General for Ireland, and has effected considerable improvements in the Reports issued from his department. He married, in 1865, Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. T. F. Thomas, of Newport, Isle of Wight, and has issue nine sons and three daughters. CHRISTOPHER GUNN. Dr. Gunn was born at 13 Westland-row, Dublin, on 4th April, 1850. He is the sixth son of the late Michael Gunn (a descendant of one of those Scotch planters who became " more Irish than the Irish themselves)," by his wife Ellen, daughter of the late Patrick Edwards, of Wexford. Having received a preliminary education in the French College, Blackrock, and St. Laurence O'Toole's Seminary, Usher's-quay, Dublin, he studied professionally for three years in the Queen's College and at the North and South Infirmaries, Cork. On his return to Dublin, Dr. Gunn was elected resident pupil in Jervis-street Hospital, and at the end of the session obtained the Mayne Scholarship, the Senior Carraichael Prize, and the Oph- thalmic Surgery Prize at the Carmichael School of Medicine. Graduating M.D. and M.Ch., Q.U.I., in 1874, he was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Catholic University Medical School, Cecilia-street, and in the year following became Lecturer on Anatomy in the Carmichael School. This position he held until 1878, when he was forced to resign it through ill-health, caused by a post mortem wound received in the dead-house of the Rotunda Hospital. Proceeding to the Cape Colony, he served as civil surgeon in the Zulu campaign (for which he received a medal with clasp), and subsequently as Surgeon to the Northern Border Police. He returned to Dublin in 1881, and was appointed Surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital in 1883. He obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians in 1877, and the Membership in 1882, as well as the M.A.O. of the Koyal University in 1885. Dr. Gunn married, in 1882, the only surviving daughter of John Burke—a member of the Dublin Corporation—and has one child—a daughter. His brother, Michael Gunn, is well known in dramatic and musical circles as the owner of the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, and of a large concert hall, which is now (1886) in course of erection on the site of the Theatre Royal, burned down some years ago. JOHN HAMILTON. J. Hamilton, the son of an Irish country gentleman, was born in London in 1812. He was indentured to Philip Crampton on the 1st July, and studied in the College School, the Meath Hospital, and Edinburgh University. In 1843 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was co-opted a Fellow on the 16th February, 1844. Two years later he was appointed Lecturer on Surgery in the Park-street School, and he subsequently lectured upon the same subject in the Carmichael School. In January, 1844, he was appointed Surgeon to the House of Industry Hos- pitals. Having served the office of President of the Pathological Society, he was elected Vice-President of the College in 1875, and, had his life heen extended for a few months, he would, as a matter of course, have been elected President. He had a large surgical practice, and was a member of several British and foreign Medical Societies. He was held in high estimation as a skilful surgeon, and in social life was distinguished for his hospitalities and the elegance of his entertainments. He married, first, Georgina, daughter of Henry Roe, and, secondly, Rebecca, daughter of F. Perry. He had no children. He died from cancer of the rectum on the 2nd November, 1875, at 14 Merrion-square, Dublin, and was interred in Enniskerry churchyard. Hamilton was the author of a valuable essay on Syphilitic Sarcocele, and of many excellent papers in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science^ the Irish Hospital Gazette, and the Medical Press. MICHAEL WILLIAM HANLON. Dr. Hanlon was born at Mountmellick on the 3rd of November, 1810. He is the son of Captain William Hanlon, by his wife Mary, daughter of John Grange, of Portarlington. Having received a preliminary education at " Galway College " school, he entered Trinity College in 1826, graduated in Arts in 1831, in Medicine in 1835, and in the University in 1845. On the 13th April, 1835, he was indentured to Surgeon John Dunlevie. He studied anatomy in the Park-street School, and attended lectures on materia medica and medicine at that institution; but his tastes seem to have had a chemical bias, as he was present at three courses of lectures in the College School, besides being a private pupil of Dr. Apjohn. He also studied in the School of Physic. In 1835 he took the degree of M.B. in T.C.D., in 1845 obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and lectured in the Medical School, 27 Peter-street, from 1826 to 1838. He has for many years practised at Portarlington, where he now resides. He married Letitia, daughter of Major Le Grand, of Canterbury (she died in 1885), and has issue the Rev. William Hanlon, A.M. Dr. Hanlon contributed to " Graves' Clinical Medicine" an account of a case of convulsions causing jaundice. SAMUEL HANNA. Dr. Hanna was born in Newry in 1799. He was educated in Trinity College—winning a Scholarship in 1819—and graduated B.A. in 1821, and M B. in 1825. On the 31st February, 1833, he was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and was elected a Fellow thereof on the 25th May, 1835. He was Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital and to St. James's-gate (Guinness's) Brewery. He married a daughter of the late William Henry Fortescue, of Dublin ; they had no children. Dr. Hanna died from gastritis on the 22nd October, 1867, and was buried in Llanfaes churchyard, Wales. SAMUEL LITTLE HARDY. Dr. Hardy was the son of Charles Hardy, of Coalisland, County of Tyrone, a major in the militia of that county. His mother was Mary, daughter of Samuel Little, of Stewartstown House, in the same county, a landed proprietor. He was born at Stewartstown on the 3rd October, 1815. Having been educated by a private tutor he was apprenticed to E. G. MacDowel on the 12th June, 1833, and studied at the Richmond Hospital, the College, Trinity College, and Marlborough-street Schools. On the death of MacDowel he was transferred to Hutton. In 1839 he " passed " at the College, and on the 26th April, 1844, was admitted to the Fellowship. In 1840 he graduated M.D. at Glasgow, and in 1852 took out the Licence of the College of Physicians. He was for many years a student and Assistant-Physician in the Rotunda Hospital. He lectured on Midwifery in the Cecilia-street and Steevens' Hospital Schools, and was Physician-Accoucheur to that Hospital, and Physician to Pitt-street Hospital. For some years he was a member of the Midwifery Court of the College, and filled the office of President of the Obstetrical Society. He was, with M'Clintock, joint-author of " Practical Observations on Midwifery," and he contributed several papers to the journals. In 1846 Dr. Hardy married Jemima Mary, only daughter of William Fetherston H. Montgomery, of Merrion (who survived hiui), and had issue one son and one daughter. He lived in Molesworth- street until 1861, when he purchased the house formerly occupied by Sir Henry Marsh. He died from aneurysm on 29th October, 1868, just after he had been elected, but not formally received, as a Fellow of the College of Physicians. REUBEN JOSHUA HARVEY. R. J. Harvey, only child of Dr. Joshua Harvey, of Cork, by his wife. Elizabeth Todd, was born in Cork on the 17th of April, 1845. He was educated at York School and Trinity College, Dublin, and studied professionally in the School of Physic, as well as at Wiirzburg and Vienna. His undergraduate career was highly distinguished. In 1865 he won a non-foundation Scholarship in Trinity College, and at his Degree Examination in 1866 a Senior Moderatorship (in Mathematics). In the same year he graduated B.A., and four years later he took the degrees of M.B. and M.Ch., proceeding to that of M.D. in 1873. He won by competition a Medical Scholarship. Harvey held several appointments. He was Lecturer on Physiology in the Carmicbael College of Medicine, Assistant Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals, Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital and to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. Harvey was an excellent anatomist and physiologist. He was for some time a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the School of Physic, and he subsequently became an Examiner upon that subject in the University. His admirable method of teaching physiology and histology attracted many pupils to the Carmichael College, and served to raise the reputation of that institution. He did not live long enough to have written much, but his few contributions to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science gave promise of a brilliant future. He died from typhus fever at 7 Upper Merrion-street, Dublin, on the 28th December, 1881, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Harvey married Mary, daughter of the late William Hogg, an eminent merchant of Dublin. He left three children—two sons and one daughter, and a fourth and posthumous child, a daughter, was born shortly after his death. In 1882 a number of Harvey's friends and others subscribed a sum of nearly £300, the interest derived from which amount is triermially awarded to the author of the best essay upon a subject selected by the candidates themselves, evidencing original research in animal physiology. The competition for this " Reuben Harvey Memorial Prize" is open to students of the Dublin Schools of Medicine, and to graduates and licentiates under three years' standing of the Irish Licensing Bodies. The Presidents of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons appoint the judges of the essays and announce the result. The first award of the Prize was made in July, 1885. The subject of the essay was," The Changes occurring in the Skin in some forms of Disease," and its author was Mr. Henry T. Bewley, M.B., a distinguished student of the University of Dublin and of the School of Physic. The next award will take place in July, 1888. GEORGE THOMAS HAYDEN. G. T. Hayden was born about the year 1798 at Ballingarry, County of Tipperary, where his father, Thomas Hayden, possessed a small property. His mother, a Miss Langley, belonged to an old family of the County of Tipperary. His brother became Archdeacon of Derry. He was indentured to Duggan in February, 1819, and became a registered pupil of the College, and attended five Courses of Anatomy in the School. He obtained the licence of the College in 1826. At a rather late age he entered T.C.D., and graduated B.A. in 1834, and M.B. in 1840. The circumstances under which he resigned the Fellowship of the College, and his connection with the Bishop-street and Original Schools of Medicine are detailed at pages 216 and 533. In 1830 Hayden, in conjunction with C. F. Staunton, translated the first part of Velpeau's " Regional Anatomy." He wrote " The Wear and Tear of Human Life," "A Guide to the Medical Profession," and several papers in the journals. He died at 82 Harcourt-street, from disease of the lungs, on the 29th July, 1857, aged 59 years, and was interred in St. Michan's graveyard, Dublin. THOMAS HAYDEN. T. Hayden was born at Parsonshill, County of Tipperary, in August, 1823. His father—who owned this place, as well as some fee-simple property in Kilkenny—married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Crean, of Bushy Park, Tipperary. Hayden and all his family were Protestants; but his wife was a Eoman Catholic, and she brought up all their children in her own faith. The Haydens were a family possessed of much ability. A first cousin of Dr. Hayden's father was appointed Admiral-in-Chief, and another a Captain, in the Brazilian navy; a daughter of the latter married Colonel Wellesley, a near relative of the Duke of Wellington. Dr. Hayden's first cousin was the George T. Hayden described in the preceding paragraph. Hayden received a sound education at Tramore College, and his professional studies were carried out at the Original School, Peter-street, and the Meath Hospital. On the 10th September, 1850, he received his surgical Licence from the College, and "passed" for the Fellowship on the 27th October, 1852. On the 4th January, 1860, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, of which he was elected a Fellow (resigning, of course, his Fellowship of the College) in 1867, and appointed Vice- President in 1875. So soon as he had become a surgeon, Hayden began to teach Anatomy in the Original School, and before long was appointed Surgeon to the Anglesea Lying-in Hospital, Peter-street (now extinct). He subsequently became Professor of Anatomy to the Catholic University. On the foundation of the Mater Misericordiae Hospital he was appointed one of its Physicians, and remained so until his death. He was a Senator of the Royal University, a Vice- President of the Royal Irish Academy, and a member of many medical societies. He contributed to the Atlantis—a high-class magazine established by Dr. Newman whilst Rector of the Catholic Univer- sity in Dublin—a paper on the Yellow Spot of Sommering. His papers to the medical journals chiefly related to Anatomy, Physi- ology, and Pathology. He published a very large volume on " Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta." Hayden was so remarkably courteous, and his demeanour was always so calm, that he received the soubriquet of the " Gentle Thomas." He married Marianne, daughter of Patrick Ryan, of Rathfanna, Thurles, a landed proprietor. He had one son and one daughter; the latter recently won a Modern Literature Scholarship of the Royal University—it is worth £50 a year, tenable for three years. Hayden died on the 30th October, 1881, from pneumonia, at 18 Merrion-square, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. PATRICK JOSEPH HATES. Mr. Hayes was born on October 2nd, 1838, at Waterford, where his father, Thomas Hayes, was a ship-owner and merchant. His mother was Maria, daughter of Ignatius Fleming. He received his earlier education at Dr. Quinn's School, and studied professionally in the Carmichael School and the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1859 he took out the diploma of the College, in the following year became a Licentiate of the Edinburgh College of Physicians, and was elected a Fellow of the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, in 1879. In 1884 he was nominated a Fellow of the Royal University, and during the ensuing year received the degrees M.D. and M.Ch., honoris causa. He is Professor of Surgery in the Catholic University School, Surgeon to the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to St. Michael's Hospital, Kingstown. He has contributed several articles to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and other medical serials, and to his advocacy may be attributed the successful revival of excision of the knee-joint in this city. Mr. Hayes is married to Eliza, daughter of Thomas P. Hayes, by his wife Emily, neS Hyland, and has issue four sons and four daughters. RICHARD ATKINSON HATES. Dr. Hayes was born in Dublin on the 9th of April, 1850, and is the son of Henry Hayes, by his wife Caroline, daughter of Richard Atkinson. Having received his earlier education in the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, and privately, he entered T.C.D. in 1867, and graduated in Arts in 1870. He at first studied mechanical engineering both in the workshop and in the School of Engineering, T.C.D., but subsequently adopted medicine as his profession. His medical education was conducted in the School of Physic, T.C.D., and Steevens' Hospital; he also spent some time in attending cliniques in the London hospitals. He graduated M.B. and M.D. in 1878, and obtained the Fellowship of the College in 1879. In the following year he was appointed Physician to Dr. Steevens' Hospital, and lectured on the Practice of Medicine in the School then attached to that Hospital. Dr. Hayes also holds the position of Physician for Diseases of the Throat to the National Eye and Ear Infirmary, and is an Examiner in Medicine to the College. He has been a Member of Council of the Medical Section of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland since its formation, and is Honorary Secretary to the Dublin Hospitals Committee. Dr. Hayes has published papers on Laryngological subjects in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and has made some interesting observations on Antiseptics in the Treatment of Empyema, which were published in the " Transactions of the Academy of Medicine," Vol. I. He has also given much attention to the application of photography to the microscope. For many years past he has been a member of the principal musical societies of Dublin, taking a special interest and an active part in the work of the " Strollers' " Club—so widely and favourably known for its success in promoting the highest class of male voice Part Singing. Dr. Hayes is married to Isabel, daughter of Charles Earith. FRANCIS THOMAS HEUSTON. Dr. Heuston is the son of Robert Heuston, of County Tipperary, gentleman, and of his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Ezekiel Tydd. He was born at Tipperary on the 22nd January, 1857, and was educated privately by the Rev. John Holmes, of the Manse, Tipperary, and subsequently at Tipperary Grammar School and Rathmines School. He became an apprentice of the late Dr. Stoney in November, 1874, and studied in the College School. From July to November of that year he acted as my pupil-assistant in the College laboratory, and in 1875 became resident pupil in the City of Dublin Hospital. During his student career he gained numerous prizes and other honours. He passed a session in the Queen's College, Galway. He "passed" the College in 1877, and obtained the degrees of M.D. and M. Ch. in the Queen's University in the following year. In 1883, being under twenty-seven years, he passed for the Fellowship. Since 1878 Dr. Heuston has been connected with the Carmichael College of Medicine, is Lecturer on Anatomy and Registrar in that Institution, and is also Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital. He devotes himself chiefly to the educational branch of his profession, and has successfully prepared a large number of candidates for the Army and Navy Medical Departments. He is unmarried. PERCIVAL HUNT. P. Hunt was born on the 29th May, 1802, at Clermont, County of Wicklow. He was the son of John Hunt, a country gentleman. He entered T.C.D. in 1810, obtaining second place, and graduated B.A. in 1823, and M.B. and M.A. in 1831. His technical educa- tion was conducted in Trinity College and Parke-street School; in the latter he became a private pupil of Apjohn's. He also spent some time with the well-known apothecary, John Moore. He pro- ceeded to London, where he attended the lectures of Sir C. Bell, Guthrie, and Forbes, and became a dresser in the Middlesex Hos- pital. Having visited the hospitals in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, he returned to Dublin. On the 29th August, 1826, he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and was elected a Fellow on the 8th June, 1829. He was Physician to Jervis-street Hospital, and lectured on Materia Medica in the Dublin School of Medicine, and subsequently in the School of the Apothecaries' Hall. In 1841 he was appointed Physician to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. He was highly esteemed as a lucid and painstaking lecturer, and possessed a most extensive knowledge of the Pharmacopoeia, but he wrote little. He died on the 4th March, 1848. RICHARD STANLEY IRELAND. R. S. Ireland was born at Lowpark, County of Roscommon, about 1790. His father was a solicitor, and his mother was Susannah Stanley. He was indentured to Surgeon Charles Simpson, of the Roscommon Infirmary. His first diploma was that of the London College of Surgeons, of which he subsequently became a Fellow. In 1844 he was co-opted by the Irish College. In 1814 he graduated M.D. at St. Andrew's University, and on the 10th October, 1818, he took out the Licence of the College of Physicians, of which, in 1860, he was elected an Honorary Fellow. He lectured on Mid- wifery in the" Original School," and had a large obstetrical practice. Of the few papers which he wrote, the most important appeared in the " Transactions of the College of Physicians." He married Fanny, daughter of Lady Phayre. Dr. Ireland died on the 13th March, 1876, at his residence, 12 Stephen's-green. His widow, two sons, and one daughter survive. JAMES ISDELL. Dr. Isdell, son of a gentleman farmer owning property in the Queen's County, was born at Mountmellick on 10th October, 1800. His mother was Anne, eldest daughter of James Creaghe, of Cahirbane, in the County of Clare. He was educated in Portar- lington School, and passed some years in Canada. On the 10th November, 1832, he was, though of mature age, indentured to J. W. Cusack, and received his medical education in the College and Parke-street School, and Glasgow University. On the 23rd June, 1838, he became a Licentiate, and on 3rd January, 1845, a Fellow of the College. In 1839 he took the M.D. of Glasgow University. From 1839 to 1842 he was Assistant in the Rotunda Hospital. He was many years an Examiner in Midwifery in the College, lectured on Midwifery in the Park-street and Steevens' Hospital Schools, and was Physician-Accoucheur to Steevens' Hospital. He acted for several years as Medical Attendant of Gorey Workhouse Fever Hospital. He contributed, in 1874, an Account of some Cases in Midwifery Practice to the Irish Hospital Gazette. Dr. Isdell married Louisa Caroline, fourth daughter of Admiral Sir Lawrence William Halsted, G.O.B. He died on the 30th November, 1882, in Dublin, from acute peritonitis, contracted by exposure to cold and fatigue, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. His widow, four sons, and three daughters survive. WENSLEY BOND JENNINGS. W. B. Jennings was born on the 12th July, 1822, at Roscarberry, County of Cork. He is the son of the Rev. William Jennings, Rector of Ballymacelligot, County of Kerry, by his wife Rebecca, daughter of the Very Rev. Wensley Bond, Dean of Ross, and Rector of Sligo, and of the Union of Clough, in the County of Wexford. Dr. Jennings was educated in Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1845. He studied at the Carmichael School, and " passed " at the College on the 24th February, 1848, and at the College of Physicians on the 18th March, 1851; the latter Corpora- tion electing him a Fellow on the 6th February, 1861. He was for some years Medical Officer of the Clones Dispensary. He has contributed papers on obstetrical subjects to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for 1846. Dr. Jennings married Catherine Mary, daughter of Joseph Walker, of Preston and Oakhill, Lancashire, and has issue three sons and three daughters. SIR ROBERT JOHN KANE. Sir R. J. Kane was born in Dublin on the 24th September, 1810. His father, John Kane, was the owner of the well-known chemical works on the banks of the Liffey. His mother was Ellen Troy, of whose family the eminent Dr. Troy, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, was a member. Sir Robert studied in the College and Trinity College Schools, and in the Meath Hospital, where, in 1828 and 1829, he acted as clinical clerk to Dr. William Stokes. His tastes lay in the domains of chemistry and pharmacy, and about 1828 he took out the licence of the Apothecaries' Hall, of which, however, he never made any use. He spent the summer half of 1830 in attending lectures and visiting hospitals in Paris. In 1831 he became Professor of Chemistry to the Apothecaries' Hall, and in 1834 Professor of Natural Philosophy to the Royal Dublin Society. The summer half of 1836 was spent in Germany, working with Liebig and Mitscherlich, and the same portion of 1840 was passed in Dumas' laboratory at Paris. During these years Sir Robert devoted much of his time to original investigations in chemistry, and acquired a very great reputation, which he still enjoys. In 1842 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and three years later was chosen as the head of the newly-established Museum of Irish Industry—now the Royal College of Science, Stephen's-green. In 1846 he was appointed President of the Queen's College, Cork, whereupon he resigned his professorships. Sir Robert graduated B.A. in the University in 1835, and in 1868 received the degrees of LL.B. and LL.D. On the 6th May, 1835 he became a licentiate, and on the 30th October, 1843 a Fellow of the College of Physicians. He is a past President of the Royal Irish Academy, and is a member of many learned bodies at home and abroad. He has received from some of them the highest distinctions which it is in their power to grant—as for example the medal of the Royal Society in 1840, for his paper on the " Colouring Matters of Lichens," and the Cunningham medal of the Royal Irish Academy for researches on " Ammonia Compounds." Whilst a student in the Meath Hospital ha won (in 1829) a gold medal for his prize essay " On the State of the Fluids in Typhus Fever." This essay created a sensation, as it was a defence and revival of the humoral pathology. For many years " Kane's Elements of Chemistry " was a favourite text-book. It was reproduced in the United States under the editorship of the celebrated Professor Draper. Sir Robert Kane also wrote the " Elements of Pharmacy," Dublin : 1831, 8vo, pp. 349. His "Industrial Resources of Ireland" is now a classical work. In recognition of his scientific and industrial writings he received knighthood in 1846 from the Lord Lieutenant (Lord Heytesbury). Sir Robert is a Commissioner of National Education, and a Justice of the Peace. He married Catherine, daughter of the late Henry Baily, of Newbury, Berkshire, whose brother, Francis, was a Vice-President of the Royal Society (she died in March, 1886). Sir Robert has issue two sons. EVORY KENNEDY. Dr. Kennedy was born on the 28th November, 1806, at Carn- donagh, County of Donegal. His father—the late Rev. John Pitt Kennedy, Rector of Donagh, in the Barony of Innishowen, County of Londonderry—married Mary Carey, of White Castle. He was a direct descendant from Horace Kennedy, High Sheriff of London- derry during the siege of that city by the army of James II. Dr. Kennedy received a classical education at the Diocesan School, Londonderry, and spent three years in studying disease in the County Infirmary. He next came to Dublin, and attended the instruction given in the College and Trinity College Schools, and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. He spent the session of 1826-7 in Edin- burgh, and graduated M.D. there in 1827. Having visited various medical institutions in London and Paris, he settled in Dublin in 1828, and soon attained to a large practice, chiefly as an obstetrician. He made a special study of the use of the stethoscope in his special department, and published, in 1834, a valuable monograph on " Obstetric Auscultation; or, Means of Detecting Life or Death of the Foetus before Birth." In 1828 he was appointed Lecturer on Midwifery in the recently-established Richmond Hospital School in Channel-row; and, in 1833, at a comparatively early age, he was elected Master of the Rotunda Hospital. Dr. Kennedy was anxious to obtain the Licence of the College of Surgeons, and had prepared himself for the examination for that diploma; but Dr. Evory, his guardian, prevented him, on the ground that he should be either a surgeon or physician, but not both. The modern idea is that every practitioner should have a medical, a surgical, and an obstetrical diploma. Dr. Kennedy's valuable contributions to medical literature are chiefly to be seen in the Dublin Hospital Reports and Dublin Journal of Medical Science. His paper on Puerperal Fever in Hospitals, read at a meeting of the Medical Society of the College of Physicians (and subsequently published in pamphlet form), was followed by a very prolonged debate. He considered that there would be less fever if the lying-in hospitals were of very small size. 2 R In 1839 the University of Dublin conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.D., and in that year he was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians, of which he had been a Licentiate since 18th September, 1828. In 1853 and 1854 he was President of this College, and served also in the office of President of the Obstetrical Society. He was a D.L. for the County of Dublin. Dr. Kennedy married, in 1835, Alicia, daughter of the Eev. Richard Hamilton, of Culdaff, County of Donegal. She died in 1867. Four of his daughters are married—one to Sir George Young, Bart.; one to the Very Rev. H. H. Dickinson, Dean of the Chapel Royal, Vicar of St. Ann's, Dublin; one to James H. Tuke, Bancroft, Hitchen; and the fourth to George White, Por- chester Gate, London. Dr. Kennedy died from gout, at No. 20 Queensberry-place, London, S.W., on 23rd April, 1886, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He had ceased to practice for many years. GEORGE ALEXANDER KENNEDY. G. A. Kennedy was born in the East Indies in 1794. He was the eldest son of James Thomas Kennedy, a retired merchant, who settled in Dublin in 1800. Having " passed" through Trinity College, and obtained, in 1812, the degree of B.A., he studied medicine in Dublin and Edinburgh, and on the 24th November, 1824, obtained the licence of the College of Physicians. In 1832 he took the degrees of M. A. and M.D. The College of Physicians elected him a Fellow on the 15th January, 1827, and he served as President during the years 1838, 1839, and 1840—a presidential period only equalled in Drs. Ferguson and Gordon's cases and exceeded in Corrigan's. On the 13th April, 1846, he became an Honorary Fellow, having, ipso facto, ceased to be a Fellow on becoming College Professor in the School of Physic. He was for many years their Registrar, and whilst in that office he made a complete index of the Proceedings of the College from their foundation. This laborious work was highly appreciated, and led to his being made the recipient of a handsome testimonial. Kennedy was Physician to the Sick Poor Dispensary, Meath- street, and to the Fever Hospital, and he lectured on Medicine in the former institution and also in the school, 27 Peter-street. He wrote some Medical Reports on the Fever Hospital, which contain valuable information. He died, unmarried, on the 4th March, 1865, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. JOHN ROBERT KINAHAN. J. R. Kinahan was born at Roebuck, in the County of Dublin, on the 15th March, 1828. He was the second son of Daniel Kinahan, Barrister-at-Law, M.A., a Moderator and a Classical Gold Medallist, T.C.D., and a member of the old and well- known Kinahan family of Dublin. Dr. Kinahan's mother was Louisa Anne Stuart, daughter of John Robert Millar, B.L. Having received a preliminary education in the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, he entered Trinity College and graduated in Arts and Medicine. His medical studies were conducted in the School of Physic, Sir P. Dun's, the House of Industry, and other Hospitals. He won in his student's career numerous prizes. In 1858 he took the degree of M.D. He had at an early age devoted himself to natural history pursuits. His first paper on Gasterosteus Leiurns, the smooth-tailed stickleback, and the fishes of the river Dodder, was read before the Dublin Natural History Society. Kinahan's views of the habits of the gasterosteus, and of its mode of nidification, have been generally accepted, and his paper on the subject has been reproduced in the third edition of Yarrell's " British Fishes." In 1854 he visited Australia, Peru, and other countries in order to extend his knowledge of natural history. He suffered so much from fevers and agues during his travels as to permanently injure his constitution. In 1856 he resumed work in Dublin. He was Professor of Zoology in the Museum of Irish Industry, now the Royal College of Science, and lectured in the Steevens' Hospital Medical College. He was a member of several important societies, including the Royal Irish Academy and the Linnaean Society. A hard worker and a most acute observer, his discoveries of new species of marine Crustacea, espe- cially those of Australia and Ireland, were very numerous, and placed him in the first rank of naturalists. His paper on the British Species of Crangonidse and Galathea, published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, is interesting, as are also his other papers on the same kind of animals, including that on the Causes of the Present Decay of the Dublin Lobster Fisheries. Palaeontologists are indebted to him for his investiga- tions amongst the lower Cambrian rocks of Dublin and Wicklow, in which he especially discovered a new genus of fossils—Histioderma. Kinahan died on the 2nd February, 1863, unmarried, and at the early age of thirty-four. He will long be remembered as a truthful, genial, and instructive companion by those with whom he was familiar, and by scientists in his department as a highly-cultured naturalist, who had enlarged the boundaries of the domain of science. CHARLES FREDERICK KNIGHT. C. F. Knight was born on the 15th August, 1853, at Camber- well, London. He is the son of William John Knight, LL.D., of Camberwell, and the Laurels, Bath, by his wife, Bithia, daughter of John Benjamin Gulliford, of Salisbury-street, Strand, London. He was educated at Beaumont College, County of Cork, and studied his profession in the Queen's College, Cork, in the Ledwich School, and at several of the Dublin Hospitals. He graduated M.D. in the Queen's University in 1877, and in 1880 took the degree of M.Ch. He is a Lecturer in the Ledwich School, and has contributed papers to the medical journals. Dr. Knight takes an active part in the politics of his University. EDWIN LAPPER. E. Lapper was born in London on the 3rd February. 1844. He is the son of the late Richard Lapper, of Overton, Hampshire, and of his wife, Charlotte Lee, of Gloucester. He received his general education in the City of London School, and studied Chemistry and the collateral branches of that science in the Royal College of Chemistry, and the School of Mines, London. On completing his scientific studies he was appointed Chief Assistant to Mr. Tuson, Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Veterinary College, London, where he remained until 1870. In that year he was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society, and came to Dublin as my principal assistant, and was associated with me for seven years, during part of which period he was Chief Demonstrator of Chemistry in the College School. In 1877 he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry in the Ledwich School of Medicine. Having studied Medicine in the Ledwich School and Mercer's and the Coombe Hospitals, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1876. Dr. Lapper's private classes in Chemistry, Materia Medica, and Botany, are largely attended, as he is a most successful teacher in these departments of medical science. Since my resignation of the office of analyst in criminal cases, Dr. Lapper has constantly been employed as an expert by the Government. He has contributed a paper on Antiseptics, Thera- peutically Considered, to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1876, and, conjointly with C. A. Bell, M.B., on Distillation Products of Ammonium and Ethyl-Ammonium Saccharates, to the "Proceedings of the Eoyal Irish Academy," 1878. Dr. Lapper is married to Caroline, youngest daughter of the late James Fitz- gerald, solicitor, and has issue a son and daughter. THE BROTHERS LEDWICH. THOMAS HAWKESWORTH LEDWICH. The Rev. Edward Ledwich, son of John Ledwich, a merchant of Dublin, was born in that city in 1738, and graduated in the University of Dublin in 1760. He took Holy Orders, and was instituted into the Vicarage of Aghaboe in 1772. In 1797 he resigned his living, and took up his residence in Dublin, and died in York-street, 8th August, 1823. He occupies a distinguished position amongst the writers of Ireland, especially in the depart- ments of Archaeology. His " Antiquities of Ireland "—a standard work for many years—is now not so highly estimated; but the value of his archaeological researches is acknowledged. His son, who practised as a solicitor at Waterford, married Catherine Eleanor Hawkesworth. Ledwich's business appears to have been occasionally transacted in South Wales. His son, Thomas Hawkesworth, was born in Pembroke, in that district, in 1823. He was apprenticed to Mr. Mackesey of Waterford, and studied at the Original School of Medicine. In 1844 he was admitted a Licentiate of the College, of which, on the 3rd January in the following year, he became a Fellow. As soon as he was " qualified," he began to demonstrate on Anatomy in the Original School, and in 1847 became a Lecturer in it, and, after a time, he and his brother and Dr. Mason were its principal proprietors. In 1858 Ledwich succeeded Crampton as a surgeon to the Meath Hospital. He was an exceedingly clear and fluent lecturer, and possessed a thorough knowledge of the subjects which he pro- fessed to teach. He was of studious habits, and although he rose early he sat up very late. He suffered much from asthma and cardiac affections, and during the latter portion of his short life frequently spent the whole night in his chair, alternately dosing and reading—his large microscope always being placed in a con- venient position, and ready for use. In conjunction with his brother he brought out, in 1853, the well-known "Ledwich's Anatomy," a work which is still a favourite in the Dublin Schools, and has run through several editions. He contributed several papers to the medical journals. Ledwich married Isabella, daughter of the late Robert Murray, whose management of the Provincial Bank helped to raise that institution to its present prosperous condition. Ledwich died on the 29th September, 1858, at his residence in York-street, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. At a meeting of the students of the " Original School," held shortly after this sad event, they unanimously requested the proprietors to change the name of the school to the "Ledwich," a request which was complied with. EDWAKD LEDWICH. E. Ledwich, elder brother of the preceding, was born at Pem- broke in 1817. He was educated in the diocesan school of that town, and was intended for the church. He, however, did not proceed to the completion of his theological studies, but commenced by farming operations. In 1845 lie entered himself as a student in the Original School, and on the 28th April, 1848, passed for the Letters Testimonial of the College, becoming a Fellow on the 13th October, 1852. In conjunction -with his brother Thomas and Dr. Mason he energetically worked the Original School, and greatly augmented the number of its pupils. Few persons connected with medical teaching in Dublin have been more successful as a "grinder" than the late Edward Ledwich. He soon became connected with Mercer's Hospital, but he did not acquire much reputation as a clinical teacher, and appears to have had an aversion to performing the major operations in surgery. He was for many years a member of the College Council. For a year or so Ledwich's health was failing, his liver became seriously diseased, and he was losing flesh, notwithstanding which he applied himself closely to his work, and almost " died in harness" on the 18th February, 1879, at his town residence, No. 7 Harcourt-street, and was buried at Mount Jerome. In appearance he was a contrast to his brother, the former being burly, robust, and florid, with a " gentleman- farmer's " style of face, ruddy and healthy for many a year, whilst Thomas Ledwich was slight and pale, and his face was " sicklied o'er by the pale cast of thought." Their names will long be remembered as worthies of the Dublin School of Anatomy. EDWARD L'ESTRANGE LEDWICH. E. L. Ledwich was born in the County of Dublin on the 21st June, 1855. He is the son of William, grandson of the Rev. Dr. Ledwich (see page 613), and of Elizabeth, granddaughter of Francis L'Estrange, President of the College in 1796. He was educated in Hume-street School, and studied professionally in the Ledwich School and Mercer's Hospital, and also for sometime in the London hospitals. In December, 1878, he became a Licentiate of the College, and in November, 1881, he passed at the College of Physicians. In 1879 he was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomv in the Ledwich School, and in the year following rose to the rank of Lecturer upon that subject. He is the author of the " Surgical and Descriptive Anatomy of the Inguinal and Femoral Regions considered in Relation to Hernia." CATHCART LEES. A Scotchman, John Lees, settled in Ireland towards the end of the last century, and became Secretary-at-War during the time of the Irish Parliament. He was possessed of considerable abilities, and for his services in Ireland and elsewhere was created a Baronet in 1804. He married Mary, daughter of Robert Cathcart, of Ayrshire. His second son, John Cathcart, was born in 1777, and ■was called to the Bar. In Debrett's " Baronetage " he is erroneously described as a physician. For many years he was the Receiver to the Public Offices, Dublin Police Establishment. He married in 1800, Mary, daughter of Mr., afterwards Sir Robert Shaw, Bart., of Bushy Park, County of Dublin. Mr. J. C. Lees died in 1858, leaving several children. His son, Cathcart, was born in 1811. On the 1st November, 1830, he was indentured to the late Surgeon Rawdon Macnamara, and prosecuted his technical studies in the College, and Trinity College Schools, and the Meath Hospital. He became also a student in Trinity College, and graduated B.A. in 1832, and M.B. in 1837. On the 23rd December of that year he " passed " at the College. Having abandoned his intention of practising surgery, he obtained, on the 22nd January, 1842, the Licence of the College of Physicians—and the Fellowship on the 22nd October, 1845; and in 1843 he was elected Physician to the Meath Hospital. In 1847 he Avas appointed Lecturer on Medicine in the Original School. He was Physician to the Hospital for Children in Pitt-street. He contributed several articles to the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, and a report of his interesting course of lectures on Diseases of the Stomach appeared in the Dublin Hospital Gazette. Lees married Elinor, daughter of Isaac Matthew D'Olier, of Booterstown, County of Dublin. He died from heart disease on the 16th December, 1861, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. His wife died on the 28th April, 1883. Three of their sons and two of their daughters survive. CHARLES HENRY LEET. The Leets of Dublin trace their origin from the " Leets," alias the " Leetes," of Eversden, in Cambridgeshire. The Irish branch came to Ireland with Oliver Cromwell about the year 1648; among his retainers there were many from Cambridge, for which county he was the representative in the English Parliament, and with numerous other followers came the Leets, who, after the wars were over, settled down, some in Dublin and others in Ulster. According to elaborate Records supplied by Joseph Leete, ex-Knight of the French Legion of Honour, Norwood Park, Sydenham, the English and Irish branches of the Leets have the same origin. Charles Henry Leet was born in Dublin on the 2nd February, 1802, and is the third son of Ambrose Leet, of St. Stephen's-green, President of the Inland Department of the General Post Office, and author of the work, " The Noted Places of the Nobility and Gentry in Ireland." His son Charles received his general education under tutors in Trinity College. One of them was the eminent Samuel O'Sullivan, and the other, his own brother, Edward, a Scholar, T.C.D., and Incumbent of St. Patrick's Church, Dalkey. Dr. Leet commenced his medical career in 1818 by being inden- tured for a five years' apprenticeship to Mr. William MacAuley, Resident Apothecary at the Royal Hospital, and soon became an Assistant in the Infirmary of the Institution, under the superin- tendence and instructions of its medical officers. Having attended at the necessary lectures and hospital, he obtained the Licence of the Apothecaries' Hall in 1825. He commenced as a general practitioner in Dublin in 1827, and shortly afterwards married Jane, daughter of John Ussher, M.D., Fitzwilliam-street. Of this marriage three sons survive—Ambrose Wellesley, D.D., and Charles Henry and Edward Wilberforce, medical men. In 1834 he graduated M.D. and M.Ch. in Glasgow University. Dr. Leet became a Member of the Council of the Hall in 1827, was made a Member of the Court of Directors and Examiners in 1835, and Governor in 1840 and 1857. In 1837 lie was elected to the Chair of Medical Jurisprudence in the Apothe- caries' Hall School of Medicine. On the 1st of August, 1840, the Apothecaries' Hall presented him with a testimonial in the form of silver plate. On the passing of the Medical Act, 1858, Dr. Leet was chosen as the representative of the Apothecaries' Hall in the General Medical Council, on which occasion he was presented with a congratulatory address from the Association of General Medical Practitioners in Ireland, accompanied with a time-piece and an embossed casket containing sovereigns. On resigning this appoint- ment in 1881, after holding it for twenty-three years, his colleagues (the Governor and Court of Directors and Examiners of the Apothecaries' Hall) presented him with an address expressive of their regret at his resignation of the office. His portrait is placed in the Board-room of the Hall, " in commemoration of his long and faithful services in behalf of the Corporation and of the Profession in Ireland." Dr. Leet is medical officer to the Asylum, Leeson Park. SAMUEL LITTON. S. Litton was born in Lancashire in 1781. His father, an ardent lover of literature, and distinguished for his religious, moral, and intellectual attributes, wrote a pamphlet against the Socinian doctrines, which at the time excited great interest; and he also composed a " Grammatical Instructor," which long continued to be a popular school book. He married Ehoda Makom, daughter of an eminent barrister, by whom he acquired a large fortune. Having embarked in extensive mercantile transactions, he suffered heavy losses, which reduced him to comparative poverty. Samuel Litton lost his mother when he was three years old. He was educated at a school in Liverpool, and whilst a lad attracted the attention of the Rev. Dr. Magee, F.T.C.D. (afterwards Arch- bishop of Dublin), who recommended his father to send him to Trinity College. This advice was accepted, and in 1795, being then 14 years old, he matriculated in Trinity College. After one of his vacations, spent as usual with his family, he had to return to College before a certain day in order to compete for a prize and gold medal. He first sent his luggage on board the packet (the Viceroy), but when he arrived at the pier, he saw the vessel sailing down the Mersey—he had made a mistake as to the time fixed for its departure. The Viceroy never reached its destination—no trace of it was ever after seen ! Litton crossed the Channel in another vessel, reached the College Examination Hall just as the porter was closing the door, and won the prize and gold medal. His undergraduate career was highly distinguished, and amongst other honours he obtained a scholarship in 1798. He graduated B.A. in 1800 and M.A. in 1804. He intended reading for a Fellowship, and was anxious to take Holy Orders; but he abandoned both notions in consequence of becoming for a while a " Walkerite" (see page 486). Litton now resolved to study medicine, and for that purpose proceeded to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1806. On his return to Dublin he studied various sciences, more especially botany. About 1810 a number of gentlemen having raised by debentures £15,000, established the "Royal Institution" in Sackville-street, upon the model of the London Royal Institution. Litton was appointed its Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, and delivered several courses of lectures before large audiences. In 1815 Litton was elected Librarian of the Royal Dublin Society, in 1825 he succeeded Walter Wade as their Pro- fessor of Botany, and on the foundation of the School of Medicine of the Apothecaries' Hall, in 1837, became its Professor of Botany. On the 19th March, 1826, he was appointed Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals. On the 8th April, 1811, he obtained the licence of the College of Physicians, by whom, on the 28th October, 1833, he was elected an Honorary Fellow. Dr. Litton's lectures at Glasnevin are still remembered by many of his hearers. They did much to render the Botanic Gardens a place of popular resort. Litton never married. He died from angina pectoris on the 4th June, 1847, and was interred in St. Thomas's Churchyard, Dublin. ROBERT SPENCER DYER LYONS. Dr. Lyons was born in Cork on the 13th August, 1826. His father, Sir William Lyons, was a merchant of that city, of which he was twice Mayor and High Sheriff. His mother was Harriet, daughter of Spencer Dyer, of Garus, Kinsale. Having received his earlier education at Hamblin and Porter's Grammar School, Cork, he entered Trinity College and graduated B.A. and M.B. in 1848. His medical education was conducted in the School of Physic, and in the Meath and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals. On the 7th June, 1849, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and on the 23rd November, 1859, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, of which latter body he was elected, on the 6th March, 1861, a Fellow. Dr. Lyons, early in his professional career, recognised the value of the microscope as an aid to pathology; he was the first in Dublin to give lectures on histology and the use of the micro- scope in the study of normal and pathological histology. Before he had attained the age of 30 years he was appointed Pathologist- in-Chief to the army serving in the Crimea. For his reports, and for the valuable services which he rendered to the sick and wounded in the trenches before Sebastopol, he received the thanks of the authorities, both at the seat of war and at home. He rendered assistance—fully acknowledged—to the French who were wounded at the Battle of the Tchernaya. Dr. Lyons was awarded the Crimean and Turkish medals and the clasp for Sebastopol. In 1859 Dr. Lyons investigated the causes of the insanitary state of Lisbon (in which at the time yellow fever raged), and submitted to King Pedro V. suggestions for their removal, which were approved of. That they were considered to be of more than local value, is evident from the fact that they were printed in the form of a British Parliamentary Blue Book. Upon this occasion Dr. Lyons received the cross and insignia of the Ancient Portuguese Order of Christ. He served on the Commission appointed, in 1870, to inquire into the treatment of the Irish political prisoners in English gaols. Dr. Lyons served in Parliament as member for Dublin from 1880 until 1883; but he does not sit in the present Parliament—that elected in December, 1885. His efforts whilst in Parliament to induce the Government and the public to " reafforest" Ireland are well known. In addition to the official reports already mentioned, and several contributions to the journals, Dr. Lyons wrote a « Handbook of Hospital Practice" (1869), and in 1870 a " Treatise on Fever." Dr. Lyons was con- nected with the Ledwich School, and is now Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the Medical School of the Catholic Uni- versity, and a Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals, North Brunswick-street. Dr. Lyons married, in 1856, Marie, daughter of the late Hight Hon. David Richard Pigot, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland. ROBERT M'DERMOTT. R. M'Dermott was born in Dublin in 1829, and was the son of a barrister. Having studied for some years at Clongowes Wood College, he entered the University, graduating as B.A. and B.M. in 1854, and as M.D. in 1858. An excellent scholar, he won a classical moderatorship and the Berkeley Gold Medal in Greek during his undergraduate course. He was Professor of Materia Medica in the Catholic University School from its foundation until his death, which took place in November, 1859, in Rutland-square. He was married to Eleanor Cruise, sister of Dr. Cruise, P.C.P. RALPH NASH MACDERMOTT. R. N. MacDermott, son of William MacDermott, of Bunratty, County of Clare, and of Elizabeth, daughter of Ralph Nash, of Cahirconlish, was born at Bunratty in 1812. He studied in Dublin; in 1832 he obtained the Licence of the Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin; that of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng., in 1838; and the diploma of the College of Physicians, Dublin, in 1869. He was Lecturer on Materia Medica, 1842-6, in the Original School, and for some years was Inspector of the Chemical Laboratory of the Apothecaries' Hall. He was for many years in practice at Athboy and Kells, in the County of Meath. He published in the Dublin Medical Press papers on Salts of Mercury, Quinine, and Arsenic. He married, first, Frances, daughter of Thomas Headen, of Dublin, and, secondly, Janetta G., daughter of Frederick Stork, of Ballina. His children living are—W. R. MacDermott, M.B., Poyntzpass; Ralph Jean MacDermott, M.B., Petworth, Sussex; and Ada, wife of James Atkin, M.D., Oldcastle. Dr. MacDermott now resides at Eastbourne. JOHN M'DOWALL. J. M'Dowall was born at Lisburn about 1800. His father, John M'Dowall, was a merchant of that town, and his mother was Mary, daughter of Cornelius Carleton, also a native of Lisburn. He was educated partly in a school in his native town, and partly at Dr. O'Byrne's School, Enniskillen. He entered Trinity College, and studied professionally in the College and Trinity College Schools. In June, 1823, he was apprenticed to James W. Cusack. In 1824 he graduated B.A., in 1827 M.B., and in 1837 M.D. In 1828 he became a Licentiate, and in 1834 a Member of the College. He was a Lecturer of Materia Medica in the Park-street School. His hernia truss was at one time much in use, and he introduced an improved form of the stethoscope—at that time a novel instrument. He married Eleanor, daughter of J. Hayes, of Alcester, and widow of John Whitla, 14th Dragoons. After practising for sixteen years in Dublin, M'Dowall died from heart disease on the 30th April, 1841, at Kingstown, aged forty-one years. His widow, now in her ninetieth year, resides at Lisburn. EPHRAIM MAC DOWEL.* E. MacDowel was born on the 24th June, 1798, at No. 63 (now 66) Eccles-street, Dublin. His father, the Rev. Dr. MacDowel, was a Presbyterian clergyman, and his mother was Frances Carroll. He was bound to C. H. Todd on the 23rd November, 1812, and studied in the House of Industry Hospitals, the College School, and a small medical school situated close to the Hardwicke Fever Hospital. He obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College on the 29th April, 1817, and the Membership in 1822. MacDowel early began to teach anatomy and surgery, and set up a small anatomical school at the rere of his house in Eccles street, which continued to exist until the establishment of the Richmond Hospital School, of which MacDowel was a founder. On the 4th April, * The name was frequently written M'Dowel. 1826, he was appointed a Surgeon to the House of Industry- Hospitals. MacDowel had a great reputation as an anatomist and teacher; he was also a skilful surgeon. His cousin, another Ephraim MacDowel, an American of Irish extraction, first proposed, or at least performed, the operation of ovariotomy. The following anecdotes testify to Mac Dowel's generosity:—A pupil named Mullen was apprenticed to him, a fee of 200 guineas being agreed upon; 50 guineas were "paid down," and a bill for the balance was accepted. Within a few months the pupil died, and MacDowel brought the bill to the lad's father and cast it into the fire. He was sent for to see a gentleman in the county of Meath. He put up his horses at Ashbourne, visited the patient, and received his fee of £105. On returning to Ashbourne he learned that the patient was far from being a rich man, whereupon he wrote a cheque for £52 10s., sealed it up, and having driven back to the patient's house, left it there. MacDowel married Margaret, daughter of the Rev. J. Horner, D.D., a Governor of the House of Industry Hospitals, and Minister of Mary's Abbey Presbyterian Church. MacDowel died from typhus fever on the 7th December, 1835, at the early age of thirty-seven. His remains were interred in one of the vaults of the ancient church of St. Michan, and a marble tablet was erected to his memory in St. George's Church by his apprentices and pupils. He left one son and three daughters. Several interesting papers were contributed by MacDowel to the Dublin Hospital Reports. BENJAMIN GEORGE MAC DOWEL. B. G. MacDowel, son of the above-described Ephraim MacDowel, was born on the 27th June, 1821, at No. 23 Lower Dorset-street, the residence of his grandfather, the Rev. Dr. Horner. He was educated in Trinity College, the Richmond School, and the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1841 he graduated B.A., and on the 13th July in the same year became a Licentiate of the College. On the 3rd January, 1845, he obtained the Fellowship, under the provisions of the Supplemental Charter. In 1858 he graduated M.B. and M.D., and in 1859 M.Chir. In 1845 he became a Licentiate of the London College of Physicians, and of the Dublin College in 1880—becoming a Member in 1881. Ephraim MacDowel's first cousin, Mr. Carroll, was a rich man, and, intending to leave his property to MacDowel—who was con- siderably his junior—had prepared a will to that effect, but was prevented from signing it by a fatal attack of paralysis, and his property passed into possession of Chief Justice Doherty, who had married Carroll's sister. When Benjamin G. MacDowel had become a professional man, the Chief Justice was anxious to render him a service, and through his influence the Lord Lieutenant decided to give him an appointment. MacDowel was accordingly in due course informed that he was nominated to a lucrative ecclesiastical position! On discovering the mistake, the Lord Lieutenant, on the 13th April, 1846, appointed him Physician to the House of Industry Hospitals, the situation having just become vacant. JEn passant it may be stated that the physicians to these hospitals have salaries, whilst the surgeons are unpaid. MacDowel soon rose into the first rank of his profession. He practised both surgery and physic, but gradually became almost a pure physician. It is amongst the members of a man's profession that the truest estimate of his abilities is formed. Of MacDowel's diagnostic skill and success in treatment his professional brethren entertained the most favourable opinion. His manners were pecu- liarly agreeable, and he was a general favourite amongst all classes. The only thing that ever was said to his disparagement was that he was not very punctual in keeping his appointments. MacDowel held several important positions. For many years he was a teacher in the Richmond School. In 1858 he succeeded Harrison as Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery in Trinity College, and held that office during three septennial periods (for the office becomes vacant every seventh year). In 1870 he resigned, and was succeeded by A. Macalister. During these twenty-one years he was ex-officio Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. In 1881 he succeeded Hudson as Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland. He was a Medical Fellow and Examiner of the Royal University, and a Member of the Academic Council of Dublin Uni- versity. For many years he served on the Council of the College, and at the time of his decease was a Member of the Court of Examiners. MacDowel contributed numerous valuable papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and the Irish Hospital Gazette. His researches on Cardiac Diseases are acknowledged to be original and important, and several of the articles in " Todd's Cyclopaedia " are from his pen. MacDowel married Maria Hartwell, by whom he had issue two sons and four daughters. He died from bronchitis, on the 15th September, 1885, at No. 5 Haddington-terrace, Kingstown, county Dublin (his usual residence was No. 83 Merrion-square, South), and was interred in the family vault beneath St. Michan's Church, Dublin. Dr. E. C. MacDowel, of Sligo, is the late Dr. MacDowel's only surviving son (a younger son, a Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, was slain on the fatal field of Isandlawnha, during the Zulu war). His widow and four daughters survive. The following anecdote was related by Dr. Croslee, relative to MacDowel, whilst suffering from fever:—"Day and night the course of the malady was anxiously watched by his friend. As the period approached at which a crisis might be expected, the wildest delirium and symptoms of the most alarming nature occurred. Reason was completely unseated, and even the face of the anxious attendant was unrecognised. At last, in the dead of night, a ray of light seemed to brighten the darkness. The weary and restless patient, whose eye had not closed and whose form had not rested for hours, addressed his friend Gordon by name, and asked him what he was doing there at that hour of the night—bade him put out the light and come to bed. Delighted at even a momentary return of reason, and anxious in every way to tranquilise the excitement of the delirium, Gordon extinguished the light, and leant over the bed of the sufferer. This, however, did not satisfy the wary patient. Into bed, alongside of him, his friend must get—and, consequently, Gordon * lay down beside him. Next morning the crisis was past, * Dr. Samuel Gordon, one of MacDowel's most intimate friends. 2 s the fever had gone, and what turned out to be a favourable conva- lescence was established. Thus was spared to the anxious attendant an ever-warm and grateful friend, to Irish Medicine one of its brightest ornaments, and to society one of its most esteemed and highly-gifted members." BENJAMIN FRANCIS M'DOWELL. B. F. M'Dowell, son of Robert M'Dowell, of Carlow, and his wife Jane, daughter of Benjamin Hodges, of the Castle, Wexford, was born in Carlow, on July 7th, 1840. The greater portion of M'Dowell's medical education was acquired in the Ledwich School and City of Dublin Hospital In 1861 he became a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Hall, and shortly afterwards was appointed Resident-Apothecary at the Lock Hospital. He entered himself as a student of arts and medicine in Trinity College, and although his time was much occupied in discharging the duties of his office, he passed his M.B. examination in 1867, talcing a first place. In the same year he took out the Licences of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1874 became an M.D. On the 21st May, 1872, he passed for the Fellowship of the College. He lectured for many years on Materia Medica at the Ledwich School, and was most successful in " grinding " his pupils in that and allied subjects. He was Surgeon to Mercer's and the Lock Hospitals. He published several papers in the Medical Press. Dr. M'Dowell was married in 1870 to Emma Fielding, second daughter of the Rev. John Grant, formerly Rector of Stillorgan. He died from disease of the liver at his residence in York-street, on the 8th February, 1879, and was buried at Dunleckny, County of Carlow. His widow, three sons, and one daughter still survive. JOHN KING MACONCHY. J. K. Maconchy was born at Donaghmede, Raheny, County of Dublin, on the 14th day of December, 1824. He is the son of the Rev. William Maconchy, Rector of Coolock, by his wife Annalette, daughter of Stewart King, Master of Chancery, Donaghmede, Raheny. Having received a sound education at the Royal School, Duno-annon, and Rev. Mr. Homan's school, he entered the Uni- versity, and graduated B.A. in 1846, and M.B. in 1849. His professional education was conducted in T.C.D. and the Richmond Hospital Schools, and in the House of Industry, Jervis-street, and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals. In the latter he was for nine months sole clinical clerk, and served six months in that capacity to Rohert Adams at the Richmond Hospital—altogether he was in office twenty-eight months during his hospital career. In 1849 he "passed" at the London College of Surgeons, and obtained the Fellowship of the Irish College on the 12th January, 1852. He was first a Demonstrator, and subsequently a Lecturer on Anatomy, in the Richmond Hospital School. In 1858 he was elected Surgeon to the County Down Infirmary. In 1869 he became a Visiting Physician to the District Lunatic Asylum, Downpatrick, and is now in medical charge of the County of Down Prison. He has contri- buted several Reports on Surgery to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Dr. Maconchy is married to a daughter of the late Rev. D. W. Preston, Rector of Killinkere. MICHAEL M'HTJGH. Dr. M'Hugh, born in Dublin on the 22nd October, 1855, is the son of Arthur M'Hugh, Auditor, Local Government Board, by his wife Anna Frances. He receive! his earlier education in the School of the Catholic University, and, having entered Trinity College, graduated in Arts in 1880, and in medicine in 1882. Dr. M'Hugh at first devoted himself to the physical sciences, and studied chemistry under Professor Hof mann in Berlin University, and various sciences in the Royal College of Science of Ireland. Later on he turned his attention to medicine, which he studied in the Medical Schools of Trinity College and Steevens' Hospital, and in Sir Patrick Dun's and St. Vincent's Hospitals. In 1880 he won a Senior Moderatorship in modern literature; in 1882 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and in 1884 became an M.A. He lectured on Chemistry in Steevens' Hospital School, and at present holds the following positions—Examiner in Medical Jurisprudence in the Royal Uni- versity, Assistant-Physician to St. Vincent's Hospital, and Demon- strator of Anatomy in the Carmichael College. STEPHEN MTLES MAC SWINEY. Dr. MacSwiney was born at Killarney on the 27th June, 1821. He is the son of the late Myles D. MacSwiney, a small landed proprietor, by his wife Norah, daughter of the late Thomas John O'Reardon. Both parents belonged to old Kerry families. Dr. MacSwiney was educated in the " College," Killarney, and, having spent two years apprenticed to a local medical practitioner, he came to Dublin, and prosecuted his medical studies in the school of the Apothecaries' Hall, Cecilia-street, and St. Vincent's Hospital. His first appointment was as Resident Medical Officer in that hospital, where he soon won the friendship of M. J. O'Ferrall, which subsequently proved serviceable to him. He next became Physician, Medical Secretary, and Treasurer to the General Dis- pensary, which position he resigned on being appointed Physician to Jervis-street Hospital. Since 1843 his degrees and diplomas bear the following dates:—M.R.C.S., Eng., 1844; M.D., St. Andrew's, 1847; Licentiate of the College of Physicians, 11th August, 1854 ; Fellow, 1877. He has contributed many papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Irish Hospital Gazette, the Medical Press, &c, one of the most interesting of which is an account of syphilitic phthisis, which appeared in the first- named journal. Dr. MacSwiney is married to Lucie, daughter of the late Henry J. Lyons, Solicitor, M.A., Univ. Dubl., of Dublin, and has issue four sons and seven daughters. ROBERT BLAKE M'VITTIE. R. B. M'Vittie was born at Waterloo-road, Dublin, on the 28th of June, 1853. He is the son of Robert B. M'Vittie, Secretary of Steevens' Hospital, by his wife Isabella, daughter of Archibald Brown, of Charlestown, County Dublin. Having been educated at the Wesleyan College, Stephen's-green, he prosecuted his studies in Steevens' Hospital and Medical College and in the Queen's College, Galway ; and obtained the Cusack Medal in Steevens' Hospital. He lias graduated M.D. in the Queen's University, and holds the Licences of the Dublin Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. He was a Demonstrator of Anatomy in Steevens' Hospital School, and is now a Lecturer in the Carmichael College, and is largely engaged in medical teaching. He is unmarried. SAMUEL ROBERTS MASON. Samuel R. Mason was born in York-street, Dublin, on the 5th day of November, 1852. He is the eldest son of Dr. T. P. Mason (see below). He received his earlier education at the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, and graduated in Arts in the University of Dublin in 1873, and in Medicine in 1874. He received the Licence of the College in 1873, and the Fellowship in 1879, and is now a member of the Midwifery Court of Examiners. He received his medical education in the Ledwich and T.C.D. Schools and in Mercer's Hospital. He was elected Master of the Coombe Lying- in Hospital, in succession to Dr. Kidd, in December, 1883, and was appointed, in 1877, Lecturer on Midwifery and on the Diseases peculiar to Women and Children to the Ledwich School of Medicine, Peter-street. In 1882 he married Mary Elizabeth, eldest daughter of J. Shine, Esq., of Ballymacrease, County of Limerick, and had issue one son (deceased). THOMAS PETER MASON. Dr. Mason is descended from an Englishman, an officer in the army of William III., who settled at Forth, in the County of Wexford. One of his descendants joined the Society of Friends, and the great-grandson of this person, Peter Mason, married Mary Schwartz, a lady of German extraction; and their son, Thomas P. Mason, was born in Dublin on the 10th of March, 1817. Dr. Mason received his education in the Original, now the Ledwich, School, in which, in 1842, he became a Demonstrator of Anatomy. On the 5th November in that year he became a Licentiate of the College, and passed for the Fellowship on the 8th December, 1852. In 1846 he graduated M.B. in the London University. He was at one time Assistant Master of the Coombe Lying-in Hospital. He is a Physician to Mercer's Hospital, and was for some time Physician to Cork-street Hospital. As a Lecturer on Anatomy and a principal proprietor of the Ledwich School of Medicine for more than forty years, Dr. Mason has become identified with medical teaching in Dublin, and is well known to hundreds, indeed to thousands, of medical men scattered over the world. In 1851 Dr. Mason married Eliza Roberts, the daughter of an eminent Dublin contractor (she is deceased), and he has three sons—all practising Medicine—and one daughter. DANIEL TOLER MAUNSELL. D. T. Maunsell was born on the 24th May, 1835, in Limerick. He was the son of the Rev. Thomas Maunsell, of Ballywilliam, by his wife, Alice, daughter of Mr. Maunsell, of Ballybrood, county of Limerick. Having been privately educated he entered Trinity College, and graduated in Arts in 1857, and in Medicine in 1859. He studied professionally in the College and Trinity College Schools. In 1859 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College. Having been for some time a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Carmichael School, he, in 1866, succeeded Asken as Lecturer on Botany in the Ledwich School, and was temporary Lecturer on Materia Medica in that school in 1859. He was a medical officer of one of the South City Dispensaries, and exhibited a great interest in the questions relating to the status of the Poor Law medical officer. He wrote a sketch of the history of the Poor Laws and a paper on the Irish Poor Law Medical System, and several other articles on medical polemics. Having been for some months in a declining state of health, he died from debility on the 8th of August, 1875, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Maunsell married Mary Eliza, daughter of Edward Lake Hinds, of Westmoreland, Barbadoes. His three sons and three daughters survive. ROBERT CRAWFORD MATNE. R. C. Mayne was born on the 11th March, 1811, at Allenstown, county of Meath. He was the son of Robert Mayne, whose father, Captain Robert Mayne, married a daughter and co-heiress of William Waller, of Allenstown. Dr. Mayne's mother was Sarah, daughter of the Rev. Charles Crawford, Vicar of St. Mary's, Drogheda. Mayne was educated in the Drogheda Grammar School, and having received some medical instruction from Dr. Pentland, in the Drogheda Infirmary, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1827. He was apprenticed on the 28th November, 1830, to Thomas E. Beatty—who at that time was a Professor in the College School—and commenced his studies under such able teachers as Jacob, Harrison, Colles, Wilmot, Marsh, and Apjohn. On the 8th March, 1836, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and on the 13th December, 1844, became a Fellow. In 1832, he graduated B.A., and in 1838 M.B. Mayne began to teach Anatomy in the Richmond School in 1836. He soon acquired a great reputation as a lecturer, and appears to have caused an increase in the number of pupils attending at that institution. From an early period Mayne appears to have inclined more to medi- cine than surgery. In 1832 he was actively employed combating cholera in the Infirmary of the town of his adoption. He was for two years Clinical Clerk in the Medical Department of the House of Industry Hospitals. He was an anatomist of the first order, as attested by the numerous memorials of his handiwork preserved in the museum of the Richmond Hospital. In 1845 he was appointed Physician to the South Dublin Union Workhouse, in which he found a wide field for clinical studies. In 1859 he was elected Physician to the Adelaide Hospital. On the 11th August, 1854, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and on the 14th April, 1856, was elected a Fellow, resigning, consequent thereon, his Fellowship of the Surgeon's College. In 1853, after seventeen years' experience as an anatomical teacher, Mayne began to lecture on Medicine at the Richmond School, and continued to do so until his death. Mayne died from typhus fever on the 7th April, 1864, at 13 Upper Gloucester-street, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. At the time of his premature decease he had attained to a large practice, and enjoyed the esteem and respect of a large circle of friends. Although he undoubtedly deserves to be ranked amongst the greatest physicians which Ireland has produced, no one ever made less parade of his talents. Mayne's papers, read before the Pathological Society, and his contributions to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, are of the highest practical value. His account of the Epidemic of Cerebro- spinal Meningitis in Ireland, in 1846, will always be worth reading. His description of Dysentery, especially of its sequela, is admitted to be a most valuable, and in many respects, original paper. His observations on Pericarditis, in Vol. VII. of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, were translated into French and German; in them he pointed out that epigastric tenderness is symptomatic of pericarditis — an observation now acknowledged to be of great diagnostic use when physical signs are absent or obscure. He published a remarkable paper on Open Foramen Ovale. Like so many Dublin medical men, he made a special study of aneurysms. His paper on Varicose Aneurysms, in Vol. XIV. of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, is copiously illustrated by coloured drawings. In the artistic department of his work he received the assistance of the well-known Mr. Connolly. The articles on the "Optic Nerve" and the " Perina3um," in "Todd's Cyclopaedia," were contributed by him. Mayne married Susan, daughter of Robert Kellett, of Waterstown, Moynalty, near Kells, High Sheriff of County Cavan. Dr. Charles Mayne, of Ballybrack, is his son, and the late Pelham Mayne, Solicitor to the College, was his brother. Mayne's eldest son, Robert St. John, of Rutland-Square, Dublin, was Surgeon to the Meath Hospital and County of Dublin Infirmary, and lost his life in the discharge of his duties through a virulent attack of smallpox in the epidemic of 1870-71. Of Dr. Mayne's eight children only three are now alive. THOMAS ROBINSON MITCHELL. Dr. Mitchell was born at Leicester on the 12th April, 1815. His father was the Vicar of St. Mary's, in that town, and Chaplain to H.E.H. the Duke of York. His mother was Penelope Fancourt. He was educated at the Grammar School of his native town and in the Merchant Tailors' School, London. He was first sent to a surgeon at Loughborough, and from him came to Dublin, where he received, in the College School, the necessary education to " pass" him for the Letters Testimonial, which he received on the 30th May, 1838 (he had taken the Licence of the London Apothecaries in 1836). In 1841 he became a L.A.H. of Dublin, but retired from that position in 1844 on being co-opted, on the 16th February, a Fellow of the College. In 1846 his medical qualifications attained their crescendo in the shape of a M.D. degree from the University of St. Andrew's. For some years he was Master of the South-Eastern Lying-in Hospital. In 1840 he lectured on Materia Medica at the Marlborough-street School; in 1841 he was appointed Lecturer on Botany and Natural History in the Dublin School, and from 1842 to 1851 he lectured on Midwifery in the latter institu- tion. In 1852 he removed to Liverpool, and from thence to Thetford, of which he became Coroner, and in which he held various other offices. He had a large general practice, but in the latter part of his life he acquired a great reputation as a skilful surgeon—in fact, Nihil tetigit quod non ornavit. He married (1) Lydia Vincent and (2) Hester Potterton. The Rev. St. John F. Mitchell, British Chaplain at Rotterdam and Utrecht, is his son. He died from heart disease on the 15th November, 1874, at Pentney Vicarage, Norfolk. Beside a Manual of Botany (1838) and a Treatise on the Use of the Speculum (1850), he contributed several papers to the Lancet and Medical Press. JOHN WILLIAM MOORE. Dr. Moore was born on the 23rd of October, 1845, at 7 South Anne-street, Dublin. He is the elder son of the late William Daniel Moore, M.D. Univ. Dubl. et Cantab., a physician of high literary reputation, and a linguist of whom it was said—" Medico irlandese assai conosciuto per le sue numerose traduzioni delle opere mediche europee. Egli conosceva il francese, il tedesco, lo spagnuolo, lo svedese, l'olandese—era insomnia un altro cardinal Mezzofanti, un vero poliglotto."* Dr. W. D. Moore married, in 1844, Catherine Mary Monsarrat, or Montserrat, as the name is now more usually and correctly spelled. His first-born and elder son, John William, was educated generally in the Dublin High School, 76 Stephen's- green, South (Principal, Matthias Hare, LL.D.), and in the Univer- sity of Dublin, where he took a Scholarship in Classics in 1865, and professionally in the School of Physic in Ireland, and at the Meath and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals. The following are the dates of his degrees and diplomas:—B.A. Univ. Dubl., 1865; M.B. and M.Ch., 1868; M.D. (stip. cond.), 1871; Diplomate in State Medicine of Trinity College, Dublin, 1871; L.K.Q.C.P. and L.M., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P., 1873. On the 8th of April, 1875, Dr. Moore succeeded Dr. Stokes as Physician to the Meath Hospital. He was until recently Senior Physician to the Cork-street Fever Hospital, Dublin. He has been Lecturer on Practice of Medicine in the Carmichael College, Dublin, since February, 1875. He is Registrar of the King and Queen's College of Physicians, of which he was Vice-President in 1881-82. Since 1873 he has been Acting Editor of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, to which he has contributed several original papers of interest. He has, like his father, a knowledge of several lan- guages, including Swedish and Norwegian, and has translated several medical papers from the Scandinavian journals. For many years he has been an Honorary Fellow of the Swedish Society of Physicians. He is an expert in Meteorology, and a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, and represents in Dublin the Meteoro- logical Department of the Royal Society. He is one of the four co-authors of the " Manual of Public Health for Ireland, 1875," and has contributed numerous papers to the journals, of which the more important are—" Mean Temperature in Relation to Disease" (Dublin * Annuario delle Scienze Mediche. Anno II. 1871. Milano : Dott. Francesco Vallardi, 1872. Page 348. Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 48), and " Pythogenic Pneu- monia"—conjointly with Dr. Grimshaw—(Ibid., Vol. 59). He is the editor of Stokes' work on " Fever." Dr. Moore married, first, Ellie, only daughter of the late John Ridley, M.D., of Moore Hall, Tullamore, King's County; and, secondly, Louisa Emma, daughter of the late Edmund J. Armstrong, J.P., D.L., 44 Lower Leeson-street, Dublin, and County of Clare. He has three sons and two daughters. WILLIAM MOORE. Dr. Moore was horn on the 13th November, 1827, at Moore Lodge, Ballymoney, County of Antrim. He is the eldest son of the late Alexander Moore, of Rosnashane, by his wife May, daughter of the Rev. B. Mitchell. The Moores came to Ireland from the north of England in the time of James I. One of them, Roger Moore, did successful battle against the French when they landed at Carrickfergus. They were originally Quakers, but became attached to the Established Church towards the end of the last century. The elder members have always been Grand Jurors of the County of Antrim, and for more than a century have, with one exception, dis- charged the office of High Sheriff. Dr. Moore was educated by the Rev. Stephen Gvvynn, Rector of Port Stewart, and subsequently became a student in T.C.D. He graduated in Arts in 1848, and in Medicine in 1850, taking the degree of M.D. in 1860. On the 6th July, 1850, he "passed" at the College. In 1855 he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, of which he was elected a Fellow on the 31st October, 1859, and President on St. Luke's Day in 1882. He was connected with the Dublin and the Ledwich Schools, and subsequently discharged for many years the duties of King's Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the School of Physic. He succeeded the late B. G. MacDowel as Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen. He is a Past President of the Pathological Society. He was Physician for many years to Mercer's Hospital and the Pitt- street Hospital for Diseases of Children. On becoming connected with the School of Physic he became ex-offucio Physician to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. He is a J.P. for the County of Antrim. Dr. Moore's writings are voluminous, and have appeared chiefly in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Dublin and the Irish Hospital Gazettes, and the Medical Press and Circular. Several brochures have also issued from his pen. He has given great atten- tion to the subject of fever. Dr. Moore married, in 1863, Sidney Mary, daughter of Abraham Fuller, of Woodfield, King's County, and has six sons. WILLIAM ISAAC MORGAN. W. Morgan was the fourth son of Robert Morgan, of Dublin, and was born there on the 22nd February, 1791. He entered Trinity College in November, 1809, and graduated B.A. in 1814, M.A. in 1834, M.D. (Edin.) 1815, and Fellow of King and Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland, 1827. He died at Liverpool, 16th May, 1860, and was buried there. He married first, Diana, daughter of Edmund Grange, of Cheltenham, by whom he had issue one son, who died in infancy; and secondly, Maria, daughter of Jacob Geoghegan, of Dublin (she died 1st April, 1869), by whom he left surviving issue. TUE WHITWORTH HOSPITAL, DRUMCONDRA. r. Morgan was for many years Physician to the Whitworth Fever Hospital and the General Dispensary. He was fond of the natural sciences, and was a Corresponding Member of the National Institute of America. He was the author of some works of a religious character, contributed several articles to the journals, and published, in 1825, a Report on the Whitworth Fever Hospital— an institution in which he took great interest. This hospital has been often confounded with one of the House of Industry Hospitals, also named the Whitworth. The Whitworth Hospital at Drumcondra (with which Mr. William Elliott, F.R.C.S , has been long asso- ciated) does not now receive infectious cases. J. MOORE NELIGAN. Dr. Neligan was born in 1815, at Clonmel. His father was a physician in that town, and died whilst his son was very young. His mother was Marcella, daughter of William Hayes, of the County of Limerick. Neligan was educated for his profession in Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1836, being then but twenty-one years of age. He returned to Clonmel and there practised for a few months, then removed to Cork, and finally, in 1840, settled in Dublin. He was soon appointed Physician to Jervis-street Hospital, and, in 1841, began to lecture on Materia Medica in the Dublin School, Peter-street. In 1853 he received the honorary degree of M.D. of Dublin University, on the 26th of January, 1846, he obtained the diploma of the College of Physicians, and on the 31st October, 1853, was elected a Fellow. He was an Honorary Member of the Society of Physicians of Sweden, and of several other societies. Neligan is best known by his work entitled—" Medicines: their Uses and Modes of Administration"—which, under the able editor- ship of Mr. Rawdon Macnamara, continues to be a popular work, and has reached a seventh edition. He wrote a treatise on Diseases of the Scalp, and one on Diseases of the Skin, and edited Grave's " Clinical Lectures," second edition. His " Atlas of Skin Diseases " was a meritorious production. He was for some years editor of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Neligan married, in 1839, Kate, daughter of Rev. and the Hon. Mrs. Gumbleton, of Curraglass House, County Waterford. He died childless on the 24th July, 1863. CHRISTOPHER JOHN NIXON. Dr. Nixon, born in Dublin on the 30th June, 1849, is the son of Christopher William Nixon, Railway Carrier and Agent, by his wife, Mary Frances, daughter of John Joseph Hackett, Black Hill, County of Kildare. He was educated at Terenure College and T.C.D., and received his medical instruction in the School of the Catholic University and in the Mater Misericordise and House of Industry Hospitals. He graduated M.B. in 1878, and has also taken the degree of LL.D. In 1868 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and in the year following " passed" at the College of Physicians, of which he became a Fellow in 1877. He is a Senior Physician to the Mater Misericordias Hospital; Visiting Physician to the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum, Dundrum ; Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the School of the Catholic University; and a Fellow, M.D. honoris causa, and Examiner in Anatomy of the Royal University. He was Physician to Earl Cowper when Lord Lieutenant. He was appointed a Commissioner to investigate into an outbreak of fever in the West of Ireland, and he has contributed several papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and other publications. Dr. Nixon is married to Mary Agnes, daughter of Dominick Blake, Carrowkeele, County of Mayo, and has issue, two sons and three daughters. FREDERICK ALCOCK NIXON. F. A. Nixon was born in Enniskillen, on the 23rd September, 1850. His father, Frederick Trimnel Nixon, was son of Mont- gomery Nixon, M.D., J.P., of Lakeview, County of Fermanagh, and his mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Adam Nixon, of Graan, County of Fermanagh, Clerk of the Peace for same county. His grandfathers, Montgomery and Adam Nixon, were sons of Alexander Nixon, of Nixon Hall, County of Fermanagh, who married Miss Mary Montgomery, of Bessmouut Park, County of Monaghan. He was educated at Eaplioe Eoyal School, and received his profes- sional instruction in the Ledwich School of Medicine and Mercer's Hospital. He is a Fellow of the Eoyal College of Surgeons and for some time served on their Council. He is also a Member of the College of Physicians, Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital, and Lectm-er on Surgery in the Ledwich School of Medicine. Mr. Nixon served as Surgeon in the Eoyal Navy, having obtained first place in the open competition for Navy Surgeoncies, at the examinations held in August, 1871, at London, and at Netley, in February, 1872. He resigned his commission in 1874. He has contributed several papers to the Medical Journals, among others being one on " Suc- cessful Excision of the Entire Scapula, with Tumour weighing four pounds," and " Eemoval of Large Osseous Tumour of the Upper Jaw without External Wound." Mr. Nixon is married to Elizabeth Mary, eldest daughter of John Griffin, Stockbroker, of Dublin. ROBERT LAW DRELINCOURT NIXON. E. L. D. Nixon, born in Kent in 1801, was son of Captain George Eccles Nixon, 25th Eegiment (King's Own Borderers), by his wife Abigail, nee Clements. He entered T.C.D. and graduated B.A. in 1823, M.A. and M.B. in 1837, and M.D. in 1851. In August, 1818, he was indentured for five years to Thomas Eumley, and entered as a pupil in the College School. He subsequently attended Lectures in the School of Physic. In 1828 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was elected a member on the 7th February, 1842. For 25 years he was Surgeon to St. George's Dispensary, and he was also Medical Attendant at No. 1 North Dublin Dispensary. From 1835 to 1849 he lectured on Midwifery in the Dublin School of Medicine, and was for several years an Examiner in Midwifery at the College. He contributed some articles to the journals. Nixon died from diabetes on the 15th March, 1853, in Grenville-street, and was interred in old St. George's churchyard, Lower Temple-street, Dublin. He married Emma Fielding Leet, sister of Dr. Leet (see page 617), who, together with five sons and two daughters, survived him. RICHARD LORENZO NUNN. R. L. Nunn was born in Dawson-street, Dublin, in August, 1802. His father was Joshua Nunn, Solicitor and Law Agent to the University. His education was conducted in the Rev. W. White's School in South Frederick-street, and in Trinity College," Dublin. On November 17th, 1820, he was indentured to Charles H. Todd. He took the degree of B.A. in 1824, and of M.A. in 1833. He studied in the College and Richmond Schools, and in the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1828 he "passed" at the College, and in the same year became a Demonstrator in the Richmond School, and took charge of its Museum, which he subsequently improved and extended. On the 4th May, 1835, he was elected a Member of the College, and in the following year he was appointed Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence in the Richmond School. During nine years he worked hard as Medical Officer of the South Eastern Dispensary District. It was his custom to see every morning, at his own house, poor but respectable people whose pride, perhaps, prevented them from attending at the dispensary. Although suffering from severe influenza which lowered his vital powers, he continued in attendance upon his fever-stricken patients during the fatal year of 1847 ; he was stricken with typhus fever and succumbed to it on the 16th December, 1847. Nunn was a man who deservedly stood high in the estimation of his professional brethren. He was a most accomplished musician and composer. JOHN o'brien. J. O'Brien was born in 1786. He graduated M.B. in Dublin University in 1808, having, in 1805, secured a Scholarship. On the 1st October, 1812, he became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, was elected a Fellow on the 14th April, 1817, and became President in 1824. When a young man, he served for one year as Assistant-Surgeon in the army. He settled in Dublin in 1810, but never got into a good practice. His tastes were literary. He wrote an erudite work on " The Acute and Chronic Dysentery of Ireland" (Dublin: 1822, 8vo, pp. 99), and his Reports on Cork- street Fever Hospital, from 1814 to 1837, contain valuable informa- tion for the epidemiologist. He was Librarian to the College of Physicians for many years, and lectured on Medicine in the Moore- street School. He resided in Ardee-street (now a purlieu), in the Liberties, and died there in December, 1845, aged sixty-four. KEVIN IZOD O'DOHERTY. Mr. O'Doherty was born on the 7th September, 1823, in Glou- cester-street, Dublin. His father, William Izod, a solicitor, married Anne, daughter of James M'Evoy, who built Leinster-street and Lincoln-place. The O'Dohertys were for centuries a sept in the peninsula of Ennisowen. The grandfather of Mr. O'Doherty, Kevin Izod O'Doherty, was a brewer in Watling-street at the beginning of the century. Mr. O'Doherty was educated chiefly by the late Rev. Dr. Cahill, and partly at Dr. Wall's School, Hume- street. In 1842 he was apprenticed to Michael Donovan, the eminent chemist and pharmaceutist, and prosecuted his professional studies in the College and Ledwich Schools, and in the Meath and St. Vincent's Hospitals. For two years he was resident pupil in St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital. In 1848, having finished his curriculum, and being on the point of presenting himself for exami- nation at the College of Surgeons, he became compromised in the political agitations of that year, and in conjunction with nine other students—several of whom subsequently attained to great professional distinction—started a journal for the advocacy of Irish independence. Being the registered proprietor of this journal, he was held respon- sible for the revolutionary character of the articles which appeared in it; he was prosecuted, convicted, and exiled for a period of ten years. Six years of this banishment he spent in Tasmania, acting during part of the time as Resident Medical Officer of St. Mary's Hospital. After this he was permitted to reside in any place save Ireland; but this restriction was removed eighteen months later. Having studied for two years in Paris, he obtained the Fellowship of the College on the 11th June, 1857, and shortly afterwards was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy in the Ledwich School, and Surgeon to St. Vincent's Hospital. In 1859 he 2 T l emigrated with his family to Queensland, Australia, in which he soon realised a large and lucrative practice. In 1866 he was nomi- nated a Life Member of the Legislative Assembly, and subsequently became a Member of the Legislative Council. In 1884 he was appointed the President of the Queensland Medical Society, just established. In 1885 he returned to Ireland, having been succeeded in his practice by his eldest son, a Licentiate of the College. On the 31st August the Corporation of Dublin conferred upon him the honorary freedom of the city, and in November, 1885, he was elected M.P. for North Meath as a " Nationalist." JOSEPH MICHAEL O'FERRALL. J. M. O'Ferrall was born about the year 1790 in Exchequer- street, Dublin. His mother belonged to a highly respectable family, and possessed considerable personal attractions, but having become a Roman Catholic, her relatives turned her adrift, and she married a humble but honest and kind-hearted man. They had two sons and a daughter. The former were, it is believed, educated at Mr. Samuel Whyte's well-known school in Grafton- street. In their early days the family were greatly assisted by the clergymen of the Carmelite Church of St. Teresa. O'Ferrall was for several years a clerk in the Blackpits distillery; and although his salary was small, he contrived to contribute towards the maintenance of his brother and sister, and to save money. It was, probably, at this time, and under peculiar circumstances, that O'Ferrall acquired those extremely economical—I will not term them parsimonious- habits, which clung to him for the rest of his life. In 1815 he bound himself to James Rivers, and on his death was transferred to Carmichael. His studies were conducted at the College School and the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1821 he became a Licentiate, and on the 4th August, 1823, a member of the College. About this time he lectured on Anatomy in the old Richmond School, in the yard of the Hardwicke Fever Hospital (see page 518). His name appears in the Registry of pupils at the College as Farrell, and that name is upon his diplomas, but he changed the orthography several times, Ferrall and Ferrill being adopted and discarded, and O'Ferrall becoming the ultimate cognomen. Dr. Mapother says that the pronunciation of his name which gave him greatest satisfaction, as expressive of universal superiority, was " Over-all." In 1827 O'Ferrall became Surgeon to the Maison de SantS. In 1834, when the Hospital of St. Vincent de Paul was opened in St. Stephen's-green by the Sisters of Charity, he was appointed Surgeon, and, until Bellingham joined him in 1835, the only one attached to that large institution. In 1840 his mother died, an event which caused him profound sorrow. He was most affectionate in his family relations. By his aid his younger brother, Simon Ansley, studied for the English Bar, of which he became an ornament; he was the author of the work on "Parliamentary Law relating to the House of Commons," published in London in 1837. Miss O'Ferrall kept house for her brother, and travelled about with him. His most intimate friend was Dr. John Aldridge (see page 545). Early in life his sight began to fail, and for many years he was almost blind. His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, and, so long as he could read, he spent many hours daily in that occupation, and during the latter years of his life some young man usually read to him. O'Ferrall died on the 23rd December, 1868, at his residence, 15 Merrion-square, North, of sclerosis of the spinal cord, and was interred in the vaults of St. Teresa's Church, Clarendon-street, Dublin. O'Ferrall was an excellent pathologist, and had an extraordinary degree of skill in the diagnosis of tumours. He was a voluminous writer; Dr. Mapother says that he produced about 109 papers. In the Dublin Journal of Medical Science for July, 1841, he states that anatomists are in error in placing the globe of the eye in contact with the fat and muscle of the orbit, and that a fibrous tunic invests and insulates the eyeball. This tunica vaginalis oculi presents a smooth surface to the eye, facilitating its movements, and, by its density and tension, protecting the orb from the pressure of its muscles during their action. The openings in the tunic perforin the office of pulleys, directing the force exerted by the muscles, securing the motions of rotation, and opposing those of retraction. At this time O'Ferrall was unaware that the structure which he had discovered had a short time previously been described by M. Tenon. O'Ferrall's description, however, and especially in regard to the pathology of the parts, gives information which is not mentioned by Tenon. His suggestion of enucleation instead of the extirpation of the eyeball for disease was, prior to Bonnet's proposal, to the same effect, though the operation is generally termed after Bonnet. O'Ferrall made some observations which led him to dispute with O'Beirne the priority of the discovery of certain valves in the rectum. He made an excellent suggestion that tumours should be elevated before being removed, in order to allow blood and serum to gravitate from them. In the London Medical Record for 1841 he showed that morbus coxje may be simulated by periostitis of the femur, and by cancer of the femur and ilium. EDWARD STAMER o'GRADY. Mr. O'Grady was born on the 23rd November, 1838, in Baggot- street, Dublin. He is the son of the late Edward Stamer O'Grady, 4th Dragoon Guards, by his wife, Wilhelmina, daughter of the late Richard A. Rose, of Ahabeg, County of Limerick. He received his earlier education in the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, and Dr. Wall's School, Hume-street. Having entered Trinity College, he graduated in Arts, in Medicine, and in Surgery, in 1859. He studied in the School of Physic, and on completing his curriculum he spent a considerable time in visiting and studying in the Hospitals and Medical Schools of Paris, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and other cities. During his attendance at the City of Dublin Hospital, Upper Baggot-street, he won a Purser Studentship. In 1861 he obtained the Letters Testimonial, and in 1863 the Fellowship, of the College; becoming in 1861 a Licentiate, and in 1883 a Member, of the College of Physicians. He was a Lecturer on Anatomy in the Carmichael School, and at present is Senior Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital and Senior Examiner in the Surgical and Dental Courts of Examiners of the College. He has contributed largely to the pages of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Medical Press, and the Irish Hospital Gazette. Mr. O'Grady is married to Minnie, eldest daughter of the late John Bishop, of Galbally, County of Limerick, and has issue three sons and two daughters (one of the latter died in April, 1886). WILLIAM HAGERTY O'LEARY. W. H. O'Leary was born on the 18th June, 1836, at Dublin. His father, Thomas J. Leary, was connected with the building trade and with a slate quarry in the Vale of Avoca, which he and others tried to work profitably; his wife, Maria Henrietta Stuart was the daughter of William Stuart Hagerty of London, a descen- dant from an Ii-ish family settled in England for two centuries. W. H. O'Leary was the only surviving son of his parents, and he prefixed an " O" to his patronymic. He was educated in a small private school in Peter-street. When about seventeen years old he attended the lectures and laboratory of the Dublin Chemical Society, and to this circumstance he attributed his entry to the medical pro- fession. He studied in the Ledwich, Catholic University, and Gal way, College Medical Schools, winning several prizes, including a gold medal and an exhibition. In 1862 he became a Licentiate, and in 1871 a Fellow, of the College, of which, at the time of his death, he was an Examiner. He was a Lecturer on Anatomy in the Ledwich School and a Surgeon to St. Vincent's Hospital. At the trial of Kelly, for the murder of Constable Talbot, Mr. O'Leary gave evidence for the defence, in which he stated that the probing for the bullet which had penetrated the deceased might, instead of the wound itself, have caused his death. This trial brought Mr. O'Leary's name prominently before the public. In 1874 he was returned on Home Rule principles as Member of Parliament for Drogheda. Although politically opposed to the late Lord Beacons- field, he admired him very much, and was flattered at some attentions which that statesman paid him. At a banquet given by Mr. Smyly, when President of the College, to the Lord Lieutenant and a large number of guests, Mr. O'Leary, in responding to the toast of the House of Commons, passed an eulogium upon Lord Beaconsfield, whom he pronounced to be the greatest statesman since Pitt's time. Mr. O'Leary died in London (whilst attending his Parliamentary duties) from congestion of the lungs, on the 15th February, 1880. His remains were interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. Mr. O'Leary spoke very eloquently, though somewhat floridly. In stature he was very short; three Irish members were, in his time, the shortest, tallest, and stoutest members in the House—namely, W. O'Leary, Mr. O'Sullivan (Co. Limerick), and Major O'Gorman. O'Leary married Rosina Rogers, daughter of a Professor of Music in Dublin. He left nine children. JONATHAN OSBORNE. J. Osborne was born at Cullenswood House, county of Dublin, in 1794. He was the son of William Osborne, who married a Miss Binns. Osborne was educated in Trinity College. He graduated B.A. in 1815, M.B. in 1818, and M.D. in 1837. On the 3rd May, 1819, he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, was elected a Fellow by that body on the 19th May, 1823, and served as President in 1834 and 1835, on which occa- sion the College presented to him a magnificent gold snuff-box. He served for some years as Physician to the General Dispensary and Sir P. Dun's Hospital, and subsequently as Physician to Mercer's Hospital. He lectured on Medicine at the Original School in 1839, and in the following year was appointed Professor of Materia Meclica in the School of Physic, which office he retained till his death. Osborne, who was chiefly distinguished for his extensive knowledge of the Classics, possessed the rare accomplishment of being able to speak Latin fluently. In Vol. XXV. of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science he has given us an interesting account of the plague at Athens, as described by Thucydides, and which Osborne con- cludes was a species of sea scurvy. He published several works, all of small size—namely, " Sketch of the Physiology, &c, of the Urine" (London, 1820), "Synoptical View of Diet, &c." (Dublin, 1826), " On Dropsies" (London, 1835, 8vo, pp. 60. Second Edition, 1837), " Synopsis of a Course of Medical Studies " (Dublin, 1836, pp. 40). » The Annals of Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital for 1830" (Dublin, 1831, 12mo, pp. 71) were published anonymously, but it is known that Osborne was the author. He also contributed several articles to the journals. Osborne married, first, Charlotte, daughter of Robert Egan, of the county of Roscommon; and, secondly, Catherine Sophia, daughter of Thomas Gerrard, of Liscarton Castle, county of Meath. Osborne died from bronchitis, on the 22nd January, 1864, at Clermont, Blackrock, county of Dublin, aged seventy-one, and was interred in a vault beneath the old church of St. Michan, Dublin His coffin is placed upright, in accordance with the expressed wish of the deceased. In the " Transactions of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland for 1883," I have given an account of experiments made by me in the vaults of this church, the antiseptic properties of which are well known. Human bodies seem to dessicate rather than to decompose in these vaults. JAMES FERRIER POLLOCK. Dr. Pollock was born at Everton, Liverpool, on the 23rd February, 1832. His father, John Pollock, of Renfrewshire, was at one time Liverpool agent of the Peninsular and Oriental and the Trans- atlantic Steam Packet Companies. His mother was the daughter of Matthew Read, of Prospect House, County of Kildare. Dr. Pollock is descended by the female side from the celebrated Minister of Louis XIV., Colbert, Marquis of Seignelai, who was descended from a Scotchman. Having entered T.C.D., Dr. Pollock graduated B.A. and M.B. in 1857, and M.D. in 1886. His professional educa- tion was received in the College School and Steevens' Hospital. In 1854 he became a Licentiate, and in 1874 a Fellow of the College. Having, since 1862, been a Licentiate, and since 1880 a Member of the College of Physicians, he was, in 1885, elected a Fellow of that body, thereby vacating his Fellowship of the College. He is Physician to the Blackrock Dispensary and to the Meath Industrial School, and lectured for fifteen years on Medical Jurisprudence at Steevens' Hospital School. Dr. Pollock is married to Honoria, daughter of James Freeman Hughes, The Grove, Stillorgan, County of Dublin. THEOBALD ANDREW PURCELL. Mr. Purcell was born in Dublin on the 12th January, 1818. His father, a solicitor, married Milian Gibbons. Mr. Purcell was educated at Eev. Dr. Wall's School, Hume-street, and the Academic Institute, Harcourt-street, and graduated B.A. in 1839 in Dublin University, proceeding to the M.A. degree in 1866. He practised for many years at the Bar, is a Q.C., and is the County Court Judge for Limerick since 1874. He has published a work on the " Principles and Practice, &c, in Criminal Cases." He married Anna, daughter of the late John P. Morris, of Skrene, County of Meath. Four of his sons went to the medical profession. Thomas, the eldest, was formerly in the Royal Navy, and is now in practice in Dublin. The second eldest, Surgeon-Major Theobald Andrew Purcell, served for several years under the Japanese Government, and died in Japan in 1877. He was in the 10th Regiment, which was stationed in Yokohama about 1867-8. An epidemic of small- pox broke out, and his exertions during the outbreak attracted the notice of the Japanese Government, and when the 10th were ordered home it applied through Sir Harry Parkes, the British Minister in Japan, to the British Government, to permit Surgeon-Major Purcell to enter its service. Permission was granted, and he con- tinued in it for nearly ten years—up to his death. He lies in the cemetery at Yokohama, and the Japanese Government erected a handsome granite monument over his grave in commemoration of his services. Mr. Purcell's third son, Surgeon-Major Geoffrey Purcell, died in the service a few years ago, and the fourth, Herbert, is in large practice in Brisbane, Queensland. Mr. Purcell was, at an early period of his career, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence to the Apothecaries' Hall, at their School of Medicine, Cecilia street. RICHARD DANCER PUREFOY. R. D. Purefoy was born in Tipperary on the 8th August, 1847. He is the fourth son of the late T. Purefoy, of Lucan, by his wife Alia Maria, daughter of Thomas Dancer, of Hilton, Co. Tipperary. His education was conducted at Bective College, Rutland-square, and Raphoe Royal School. He entered Trinity College, and passed through a distinguished undergraduate course, winning a Moderator- ship in Natural Sciences and Musical Exhibition. His professional studies were pursued in the School of Physic and Sir Patrick Dun's and Meath Hospitals. He served for two years as House Surgeon in St. Mark's Hospital, and acted as Assistant to the Master for three years in the Rotunda Hospital, and for a similar period in the Coombe Hospital. Dr. Purefoy graduated in Medicine in 1872. In 1871 he took out the " Licence" in Surgery of the University, and also the Licence in Medicine. At present Dr. Purefoy is Obstetric Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital, and Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Ledwich School of Medicine. He has contributed several papers to the medical journals. Dr. Purefoy is not married. FRANCIS JOHN BOXWELL QUINLAN. Dr. Quinlan was born in Mountjoy-square, Dublin, on the 9th of May, 1834. His father was the late John Quinlan, proprietor of the Dublin Evening Post, a Dublin newspaper of Liberal principles. This journal was the oldest in Ireland, having been started in 1732, and continuing up to 1871. Mr. Quinlan, however, had retired from it with a competent fortune many years before its discon- tinuance. He married, in 1833, Wilhelmina, daughter of the late Samuel Boxwell, of Linziestown House, in the County of Wexford, and grand-daughter of the late John Boxwell, J.P., of Lingstown Castle. Dr. Quinlan's primary education was conducted by the Jesuits in Belvidere College; and subsequently in the Kingstown School, under the Rev. Dr. Slacpoole. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in October, 1851, obtaining third place, and gained Honors in Classics and in Logics, as well as a Classical Sizarship—the only distinction of profit that was then open to members of his creed. He graduated as B.A. and M.B. in 1857, and as M.D. in 1862; and is a Member of the Senate of the University of Dublin. He received his medical education in the College, Trinity College, and the Catholic University School; and in the Richmond, Whitworth, and Hardwicke Hospitals. On the 2nd May, 1856, he became a Licentiate of the College, and on the 2nd November, 1859, a Licen- tiate of the King and Queen's College of Physicians; he was elected a Fellow of the latter in 1879; and has since filled the offices of Censor and of Examiner. Dr. Quinlan is a Member of the Royal Irish Academy, of the Royal Dublin Society, and of the various medical societies of Dublin. He is Senior Physician to St. Vincent's Hospital; Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, and Thera- peutics, in the Catholic University Medical College; he is Examiner in the same in the Royal University—and has filled a similar office in the iate Queen's University. Dr. Quinlan is well known as a medical writer. He has revived the use of the mullein plant as a remedy for pulmonary consumption, and on this subject he read a memoir before the International Medical Congress at Copenhagen, in 1884. He also delivered an address in the French language before the International Pharmaceutical Congress at Brussels, in 1885, " On the necessity of an International Pharmacopoeia accord- ing to the point of view of the medical profession." He married, in 1867, Maude Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Doctor Sir William Carroll, J.P., who twice served the office of Lord Mayor of Dublin. DENIS DANIEL REDMOND. D. D. Redmond is the son of the late Denis Redmond, of Belmont Lodge, Sandford, county of Dublin, by his wife, Bridget Emily, daughter of the late Patrick Gorman, of Dublin. Having received a classical education at Belvidere and Clongowes Colleges, he entered upon his scientific and medical studies in the Royal College of Science, the Catholic University School, and St. Vincents and City of Dublin Hospitals. He subsequently studied at the General Hospital and the Polyclinic, Vienna, and the Hotel Dieu, Paris. In 1878 he became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons. At present he is Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. Vincent's Hospital, Assistant-Surgeon to the National Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Lecturer on Ophthalmic Surgery in the Catholic University School of Medicine. JOSEPH MICHAEL REDMOND.—GEORGE RIBTON. JOSEPH MICHAEL REDMOND. J. M. Redmond, son of the late Denis Redmond, of Sandford, Dublin, by his wife, Bridget E. Gorman, daughter of the late Patrick Gorman, of Dublin. He received his preliminary education at the College of St. Francis Xavier, Dublin, and studied profes- sionally in the Catholic University and the Carmichael Schools, and in Jervis-street, Baggot-street, the Meath, and the Mater Misericordise Hospitals (he was a Resident in the last-named). He also studied at the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat and Chest, London. In the year 1876 he obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, the Licence of the College of Physicians in 1878, the Membership in 1881, and the Fellowship in 1884. At present he is Physician to the Mater Misericordise Hospital, having been appointed Assistant-Physician in 1879 and Physician in 1881. In 1879 he was appointed Assistant-Physician, and in 1885 Physician, to Cork-street Fever Hospital. Having from 1877 been Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Catholic University School of Medicine, he was in 1883 appointed Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine and Pathology in the Ledwich School of Medicine. Since 1884 he has been Pathologist to the Coombe Hospital and Guinness Dispensary. Dr. Redmond is unmarried. GEORGE RIBTON. In 1747 John Ribton, a Dublin merchant, was elected Lord Mayor of Dublin, and in 1759 he was created a baronet. His eldest son, and successor to the title, married a Miss Sheppy; their elder son was the late Sir John Ribton, of Bray, and their younger son was George Ribton, who was born at Landscape, County of Dublin, in September, 1796. He studied anatomy in the College and the first Richmond Hospital School, and Surgery and Medicine in the House of Industry Hospitals. He obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College in 1823, and for several years lectured on Anatomy at the Marlborough-street School. His practice, never very large, declined considerably before his death, which event took place at his residence, No. 5 Upper Temple-street, on the 17th March, 1872. Ribton married Juliana, niece of Admiral Drury. One of his sons, Herbert Panmure, married Adelaide, daughter of John Hill Linde, of Eyrefield, County of Kildare. He was a medical man, and practised for some years at Naples. Having removed to Alexandria, he was killed by the Arabs during the conflagration of that city in 1882. His portrait appears in the Graphic for 19th July, 1882. JOHN RINGLAND. J. Eingland was born in Dublin on the 21st May, 1816. He was the son of Arthur Hill Ringland, a Commissariat Officer, who married Miss Gelston, of Dublin. Their son, John, was educated at the school kept by the Rev. J. P. Huddert, and having entered Trinity College in 1834, he commenced his medical studies in the year following, graduating B.A. and M.B. in 1839. On the 12th June, 1841, he passed at the College of Physicians, of which, on the 20th May, 1850, he became a Fellow. THE COOAIBE HOSPITAL IN 1886. In 1841 he was appointed a Master of the Coombe Hospital, and, on the death of Dr. Sawyer, became sole Master, retaining the office until his death. He was mainly instrumental in obtaining a charter for the Institution (one of the provisions of which enacted that the Master could hold office only for seven years), and he took great interest in the rebuilding of the Hospital, which was completed about the time of his death. The present Coombe Hospital was built and furnished at the sole expense of the late Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, Bart., and his son, the present Lord Ardilaun. The engraving shows the new and handsome structure which has replaced the old and much smaller Hospital, in which so many medical students learned the obstetric art. Dr. Ringland was a lecturer on Midwifery in the Dublin School from 1851 to 1857, and in the Ledwich School from the latter year until that of his death. He had a large practice, and his kindly nature and unremitting care of his patients endeared him to his large clientele. He published several papers in the medical journals, and printed his interesting Presidental Address to the Obstetrical Society, under the title of Annals of Midwifery in Ireland. Ringland married, first, Mary Anne, eldest daughter of Maurice Cross, Secretary to the Commissioners of National Education, and secondly, Sydney Mai-ia, daughter of Colonel Swettenham, and relict of William Andrews, an alderman of the Corporation of Dublin. By his first marriage he had two sons and three daughters ; one of his sons, a medical student, died from typhus fever, and the other—Arthur Hill— is in medical practice. The eldest of his daughters is the wife of Charles M. MacDonald, D.I.R I.C.; the others are unmarried. Dr. Ringland died from a pleural abscess, after more than a years illness, on the 7th July, 1876, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. CHARLES HENRY ROBINSON. Mr. Robinson was born in Dublin, on the 19th January, 1839. He is the son of William Robinson, late Comptroller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Dublin, who, curiously enough, married the daughter of another William Robinson. Charles Robinson received his education chiefly at the Rev. Robert Boyle's School, Lower Leeson-street, Dublin, and his professional training in the College and Ledwich Schools, and the Adelaide and several special hospitals. He is a Licentiate of the College since 1861, and a Fellow since 1873. In 1862 he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and the Membership shortly after that qualification was instituted. From 1872 to 1881 he lectured on Anatomy at the Ledwich School, in which he is now Lecturer on Botany and Zoology. For some time Mr. Robinson served as a Surgeon in the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Packet Company's service. As Dublin Correspondent of the Lancet he keeps that journal posted up in reference to Irish medical aflfairs. His contributions to the medical journals are numerous, and his name appears in Ziemssen's " Cyclopaedia of Medicine." Mr. Robinson is married to Louise M., eldest daughter of the late John Berry, of Chesterfield, Parsons- town, and has issue one son and three daughters. BENJAMIN ROCHE. Dr. Roche was born at Fonthill, in the County of Carlow, in 1809. His father was a Cornet in the 7th Dragoon Guards, and his mother's maiden name was Tempe Bagot. In February, 1827, he was indentured to Drought B. Tarleton. Having received a private education he entered T.C.D., and studied in the Medical School of that Institution, in the College School, and at Paris. In 1831 he graduated B.A., and in 1836 he took the degrees of M.A. and M.B. He was a Licentiate of the College, and became a Fellow in 1844. He lectured for a short time on Materia Medica in the Digges'-street School ; but the greater part of his professional life was passed in discharging the duties of Medical Attendant at the Bagnalstown Fever Hospital and Dispensary, and the Leighlin Bridge Dispensary, in the County of Carlow. He married Elizabeth Noble. Dr. Roche died 19th January, 1851, at Bagnalstown, and was buried at Ballyknockan, Leighlin. RICHARD STRONG SARGENT. Dr. Sargent was bom in Dublin on the 25th February, 1805. His father, Henry Sargent, descended from a Huguenot family, -was a merchant—and his mother was Beresford, daughter of Richard Strong, of Fasaroe, near Bray, County of Wicklow. Having received an excellent classical education, Richard S. Sargent entered Trinity College, and graduated in Arts in 1829, and in Medicine in 1832. His medical education was conducted in the School of Physic and the Richmond Hospital School—of which he was one of the first pupils—and the House of Industry Hospitals. In 1833 he set up in practice in London, obtaining the membership of the College of Surgeons of that city, and an ad .eundem degree from Cambridge University. He next proceeded to the West Indies, where, how- ever, he made but a short stay, and finally settled down in practice in his native city. In 1840 he was appointed Lecturer on Medicine in the Original School, Peter-street. On the 13th November, 1838, he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and was elected a Fellow on the 11th April, 1842. When the Medical Section of the British Association was constituted at the Dublin meeting in 1835, Sargent was appointed Secretary, an office which he retained for several years. He was Physician to the Whitworth Hospital and the Female Penitentiary. Whilst in charge of about 100 cases of typhus fever at the sheds of the North Dublin Union he con- tracted that disease, and died therefrom on the 27th January, 1848. His remains were interred in the French Protestant burial-ground, Merrion-row, St. Stephen's-green. Sargent's writings are interesting, especially his learned paper on the " Condition of the Medical Sciences in Egypt" under the different dynasties. Sargent married, in 1836, Jane Eliza, daughter of William Johnstone, of Synnott-place, Dublin; their children—six sons and one daughter—survived him. JOHN ALFRED SCOTT. J. A. Scott was born in Dublin on the 2nd October, 1854. He is the son of the late Samuel Joseph Scott, of Terenure, County of Dublin, by his wife, Letitia Anne, daughter of William Hutchinson, of Mountrath, Queen's County. Having been educated at New- town School, Waterford, he studied professionally in the Ledwich and Carmichael Schools, and Mercer's and the Adelaide Hospitals. On the 22nd December, 1881, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and on the 10th of February, 1882, he " passed" at the College of Physicians. On the 1st May, 1886, he obtained the Fellowship of the College, and thi-ee days later was elected an Examiner in Physiology, the subject, as well as Histology, he lectures upon at the Carmichael College of Medicine. He has contributed a paper on the pneumogastric nerve to the " Transactions of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland," and has read several papers before the Photographic Society of Ireland. Mr. Scott is unmarried. MAXWELL SIMPSON. Dr. Simpson was born in Armagh in 1815. His father, who belonged to a family which had long been settled in the County of Armagh, married a Miss Browne. Having received a preliminary education at Dr. Henderson's School, Newry, he entered T.C.D., went through the Arts' course, and attended some medical lectures, but left the University as a B.A. only, and for several years suspended his medical studies. He resided for some time in London, and having acquired a taste for chemistry, studied that science with great industry. In 1847 he was offered the Lec- tureship on Chemistry in the Park-street School, and as at that time and for many subsequent years the lecturers in the schools—even those upon chemistry and botany—were required to possess medical qualifications, Simpson rsumed his medical studies, and took the degree of M.B. in 1847. In 1849 the Park-street School was closed, and Dr. Simpson succeeded Mr. Antisell at the Original School, and lectured there until 1851. In that year he went to Germany, and carried out original investigations, under Kolbe, in Marburg and Bunsen, in Heidelberg. He lectured in the original school from 1854 till 1856, but in 1857 he severed his connection with the. school, and returned to the Continent, where he remained until 1860. During two years of this period he worked in Professor Wurtz's laboratory at Paris. In that year he took a house in Dublin, and established therein a small laboratory, in which he subsequently made several interesting investigations. Part of 1867 he spent in Paris, requiring for the work which he was then engaged in brighter sunshine than is usually to be had in SIR EDWARD BURROWES SINCLAIR, KNT. Dublin. In 1862 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1864 he received from his Alma Mater the honorary degree of M.D., and in 1878 that of LL.D. Having acted as an Examiner for various institutions, Dr. Simpson was, in 1872, appointed Professor of Chemistry in Queen's College, Cork. He was a Senator of the late Queen's University, and he is a Fellow of its successor, the Royal University. In 1878 he was President of the Chemical Section of the British Association. Dr. Simpson's chemical researches are of the highest order in originality and importance, and entitle his name to be bracketed with those of the greatest chemists of the day. His papers appeared chiefly in the highest class of publications, such as the " Philosophical Transactions" and the "Proceedings" of the Royal Society, Comptes Ren dm, Annalen der Chimie, Journal of the Chemical Society, &c. His announcements of the discoveries of the artificial formation of succinic and pyrotartaric acids, and on the synthesis of tribasic acids, were read with great interest by the chemical world. Dr. Simpson is married to Mary, third daughter of the late Samuel Martin, of Loughrue, County of Down, and has issue. SIR EDWARD BURROWES SINCLAIR, KNT. Sir E. B. Sinclair, born in Dublin, 7th October, 1824, was the son of the Rev. Richard Hartley Sinclair, Vicar of Cashel, in the County of Longford, by Eliza, daughter of the late Colonel Burrowes, and grand-niece of the celebrated Peter Burrowes. His family is descended from Sinclair, or St. Clair of Hoslin, creation 1200; thev bear on their shield the arms of Hoslin, Caithness, and Orkneys, and it was said of them that, in their migration from Scotland to Ireland, they exchanged " Saint " for " Sin." Sinclair entered the University of Dublin in 1842. He graduated in Arts in 1847 and in Medicine in 1861. He was apprenticed to Harrison on the 30th May, 1842, and acted as his Prosector for five years. In 1847 he took out the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He became a Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland on the 21st October, 1856, having been a Licentiate from the 13th February, 1852, and was in 1867 elected 2 u King's Professor of Midwifery in the School of Physic. Early in life he served as Assistant-Surgeon in H. M. " Royal Scots," but after a few years' service he left the army, and became Assistant- Physician in the Rotunda Lying-in Hospital. In 1869, with the sanction and co-operation of H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, of the then head of the Army Medical Department, and of the Board of Governors of Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, he established a School of Army Midwives in connection with Sir P. Dun's Maternity, which he founded. He trained nearly five hundred wives of soldiers and non-commissioned officers, before death closed his laborious and useful career. Sir Edward received, in 1880, Knighthood from her Majesty, in recognition of his services to the army. He was Secre- tary to the Vaccine Department of the Local Government Board. ]n conjunction with Dr. George Johnson, he published a work on Midwifery, in which 13,748 cases are classified and described, and contributed papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, including one on " Induction of Premature Labour by the Water- Douche, and on a new Instrument for applying it." He published an account of " Nsegele's Deformity of the Pelvis," which he was the first observer to diagnose during life. He died from paralysis on the 24th March, 1882, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Sir Edward married Louisa, daughter of the late John MacMunn, M.D., Dublin, and had issue. SIR FRANCIS WILLIAM SMITH, KNT. Sir. F. W. Smith was born in Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin, in 1809. He was the son of Joshua Smith, barrister, by his wife, Maria, youngest daughter of Sir Parker Steele, Bart., of Merrion- square, Dublin. Sir F. W. Smith's family had been settled in Ireland since the Commonwealth. On the 11th April, 1822, he was apprenticed to Abraham Colles, and he studied in the College School during five years, and was a pupil at Steevens' Hospital. He graduated in the University as B.A. in 1828, and as M.A. and M.B. in 1831. On the 13th April, 1831, he obtained the Licence, and on the 15th August, 1835, the Membership of the College. In 1833 Smith was appointed Lecturer on Medicine in the School of Medicine, 27 Peter-street. In 1836 he went abroad for some time, and whilst at Florence made the acquaintance of Lord Mulgrave (afterwards created Marquis of Normanby), who was struck with Smith's performances in some amateur theatricals. When Smith returned to Dublin he settled down to practice, and took the house 25 Baggot-street. Lord Normanby, who was appointed Viceroy in 1835, made Smith his physician, and soon afterwards conferred knighthood upon him. In 1839, after the departure of the Marquis from Dublin, Sir Francis removed to Paris, where he soon attained to a good practice amongst the British residents and visitors. He died on the 16th December, 1840, from scarlet fever, after an illness of three days' duration, in the Rue Royale. His wife (ned Sophia Hackett) survived for many years. In 1835 Sir Francis published in Dublin a pamphlet on " A Peculiar Disease of the Caecum." Whilst a student in Steevens' Hospital, Smith fought a duel with Mr. P. M. Cullinan, a fellow-student. About 1828 Mr. Chenevix* came to Dublin for the purpose of giving demonstrations in mes- merism. He visited Steevens' Hospital for this purpose and Mr. J. W. Cusack directed Mr. Cullinan, his apprentice, to select from amongst the pupils some eligible subjects for the demonstrations. This being done, about eight students—including the late Charles Lever, the novelist, who at that time was a resident pupil in the hospital—assembled in Mr. Cullinan's room to witness the perform- ance. Mr. Chenevix requested that the number of spectators should be reduced to two, in order to maintain that quietness which was an essential element in the success of his performances. Mr. Cullinan requested the withdrawal of those whose attendance at a lecture about to be delivered was not necessary, in order that those who were required to attend it should first have the opportunity of witnessing the performance. Mr. Smith refused to leave, and an unpleasant altercation having ensued, Mr. Cullinan requested Mr. Smith to go out into the corridor with him. Mr. Cullinan, under the * Mr. Richard Chenevix, a distinguished Irish chemist, and a dramatic writer of great ability. influence of strong emotion, became very pale, which being noticed by Mr. Smith, he exclaimed loudly—" How pale the cowardly fellow is." Mr. Cullinan thereupon struck him with his open hand upon his face, saying—" That is the only answer I can give to your observation." In a few minutes the hospital porter brought Mr. Cullinan a note from Mr. Smith, challenging him to a hostile meet- ing. Lever was successively solicited by both belligerents to act as a second, but declined. At this time Mr. Cullinan was a Scholar of T.C.D., and as the statutes of the College provided for the expulsion of students who fought duels, he was anxious to keep the Board of T.C.D. in ignorance of the intended rencontre. Meeting Mr. Smith on his way to lecture, he stopped him and requested him not to mention the proposed duel in such a way that the Board might obtain cognizance of it, whereupon Mr. Smith said that he was a very impertinent fellow to address him. Next morning at six o'clock the " affair" came off in the Phoenix Park, Capt. Cruik- shank acting as " second" to Mr. Smith, and Capt. Beatty officiating in a similar capacity for Mr. Cullinan. Shots were exchanged, but neither " principal " was struck. Mr. Smith's second said that he was satisfied, but Captain Beatty said that he was not, as his principal had been insulted by Mr. Smith after that gentleman had delivered his challenge. Ultimately hostilities terminated on Mr. Smith expressing regret for having insulted Mr. Cullinan, and apologising for his conduct. One of the actors in this scene entered upon his rest forty-six years ago, the other survives in the person of P. Maxwell Cullinan, M.B., F.R.C.S.I., J.P., of Ennis ROBERT WILLIAM SMITH. R. W. Smith was born in Dublin on the 12th October, 1807. His father was an Englishman, and his mother was Isabella Allman, a member of a talented family, one of whom—George Johnston Allman, LL.D.—is Professor of Mathematics in Queen's College, Galway. Smith was left fatherless at an early age, but the loss was largely compensated for by the intelligence and vigour of his surviving parent. She took the greatest pains in having him thoroughly educated, as also his brother, Sidney, who afterwards .attained to eminence as a divine. Smith, having entered T.C.D., graduated B.A. in 1828, M. A. in 1832, M.D. in 1842, and M. Chir. in 1859. He was apprenticed to R. Carmichael, and studied pro- fessionally in the College, Trinity College, and Richmond Hospital Schools, and in the House of Industry Hospitals. On the 28th October, 1832, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and on the 11th October, 1844, was co-opted a Fellow. His first appointment was as Surgeon to the Talbot Dispensary; subse- quently he became Surgeon to the Lunatic Asylum, Island Bridge, to the House of Industry Hospitals on the 31st of January, 1838, and (on his connection with the School of Physic) to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. He was for many years a teacher—first of Medical Jurisprudence and next of Surgery—at the Richmond Hospital School. In 1849 he was appointed the first Professor of Surgery in the School of Physic, the Chairs of Surgery and Anatomy having before that date been always held by the same person. Smith was one of the most distinguished anatomists and surgeons which Ireland has produced, and as a teacher he has rarely been equalled, and probably has never been surpassed. His original work is extensive and of the highest interest. In 1847 Hodges and Smith, of Dublin, brought out his " Treatise on Fractures in the Vicinity of the Joints, and on Certain Forms of Accidents and Congenital Dislocations." This work—which comprised 314 pages, and contained 200 excellent illustrations—at once estab- lished the reputation of Smith as an original investigator of the first order. It was followed, in 1849, by his folio " Treatise on the Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neuroma," a work comprising 30 pages of text and 15 plates, executed in the best style of art, and the largest work of the kind produced in Dublin. His contributions to the medical journals were numerous. The more important of them, perhaps, were those on the Patho- logical Anatomy of the Heart and Great Vessels {Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1836), on Congenital Luxations of the Shoulder {Ibid, 1839), the Injuries of the Lower End of the Humerus {Ibid., 1850), and Chronic Rheumatic Arthritis of the Shoulder {Ibid., 1853). His anatomical knowledge is shown by his numerous accurate accounts of the parts the diseases of which he has described. He was the first to give an extended description of the reflections of the capsule of the hip, which had previously been only slightly referred to by Weitbrecht. The museum of the Richmond Hospital contains many valuable preparations— mute, yet eloquent, witnesses of Smith's skill. The principal founder of the Pathological Society, Smith was their Secretary up to the time of his death. Most, if not all, of his papers were read before the Society. He was a member— ordinary, corresponding, or honorary—of many medical societies at home and abroad. He was a constant attendant at the meetings of the British Medical Association, and was one of the most eloquent speakers in the debates before that body. So enthusiastic was he as a teacher that he latterly almost completely abandoned practice, in order that he might devote more time to study, and to the instruction of his classes. He was an accomplished linguist, and kept himself thoroughly posted up in the medical literature of France and Germany. Smith married Janet Black, sister of Dr. William Stokes' wife. Having been ill for some months with disease of the liver, followed by ascitis, he succumbed to his infirmities on the 28th October, 1873. He was Vice-President of the College at the time of his death. His portrait is placed in the College board-room; and his bust, in marble, presented by the members of the Pathological Society, adorns the inner hall. ROBERT DUFFIELD SPEEDY. R. D. Speedy was born in 1810, at Gibraltar, where his father, a Captain in the Army, was stationed at the time. On the 6th December, 1825, he was indentured to the late R. M. Peile, and studied at the Richmond Hospital and the Medical School attached to that Hospital. In 1832 he obtained the Licentiateship of the College, and was co-opted a Fellow on the 5th March, 1844. He had a large practice, chiefly obstetrical. He was Master of the Western Lying-in Hospital, on Arran-quay, and Physician to one of the North City Dispensaries. He was Professor of Midwifery to the Apothecaries' Hall, and Honorary Medical Attendant to the Masonic Female Orphan School for many years. He married Frances Ormsby, eldest daughter of the late Charles Ormsby, by whom he had issue ten children, the only survivor being Albert O. Speedy, who is a member of the profession, and practises in Dublin. R. D. Speedy died of typhus fever, at 16 Gardiner's-place, on the 12th November, 1864, aged fifty-four. The illness was contracted in the discharge of his duty. He was interred at St. George's burial ground. WILLIAM EDWARD STEELE. William Steele, of Rathbride, County of Kildare, where he was born on the 17th January, 1717, emigrated to America, and resided there for twenty years. He adhered to the royal cause during the Revolution, and having, as a result, lost his property, he returned to Ireland and received a small pension from the Government. This gentleman claimed descent from an ancient Cheshire family, of whom several members were highly distin- guished. One of them was Lord Chancellor of Ireland under the Commonwealth, whose grandson was Sir Thomas Steele, the celebrated essayist and dramatist. William Henry Steele, son of William Steele, was born at Ballyrange, New Jersey, and he died at Rathmines, Dublin, 24th August, 1837. He had a situation in the Custom House. He married Sarah, daughter of Edward Jones, of Kimmage, County of Dublin. She died in 1859, in her eighty- sixth year. Their only child, W. E. Steele, was born at Belfast, on the 4th June, 1816. He was educated at a school in Rathmines, and, having entered Trinity College, graduated B.A. in 1836, M B. in 1837, and M.D. in 1856. In 1840 he became a Licentiate, and in 1848 a Fellow, of the College of Physicians. Shortly after commencing practice, the illness and death of his wife caused him to reside for nearly four years in a country place, and on return- ing to Dublin in 1852, he was appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Royal Dublin Society, and Registrar in 1860, and retained the latter office until the establishment of the Science and Art Department, of which he became Director. He was for many years Medical Regis- trar for Ireland. Dr. Steele lectured on Botany in the Richmond School, and on Materia Medica in the Dublin School, Peter-street, and wrote a little book on " Field Botany." Dr. Steele married, first, in 1839, Frances, third daughter of the Rev. John Toler, County of Meath (she died in 1847); and, secondly, in 1854, Susan, youngest daughter of Dr. Garret Wellesley Parkinson, of Ennis, who together with three sons and two daughters survive. One of the latter is married to Sir Robert Ball, F.R.S., Astronomer Royal for Ireland. Dr. Steele died from paralysis on the 6th May, 1883, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. WILLIAM, EDWARD ALEXANDER, AND WILLIAM STOKER. William Stoker, eldest son of William Stoker, of Ballyroan, Queen's County, born October, 1773, graduated M.D. University of Edinburgh, became a Licentiate of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in June, 1800, and was elected an Honorary Fellow in October, 1828. On the foundation of Cork-street Fever Hospital in 1803 he was selected one of the first physicians, and held office till 1834. His yearly medical reports of that institution afford a fund of information from which modern epidemiologists have freely drawn. His " Report on the Epidemic Fevers of Ireland" was presented to Parliament in 1835. Among his writings his treatise on " Fever" (1807)—in which he strongly opposed the " starvation treatment"—" Pathological Observations on Con- tinued Fever, Ague, Tic Doloreux, Measles, Small-pox, and Dropsy" (1829), and " Medical Reform" (1836), merit prominent notice. The Honorary Freedom of the city was conferred on Dr. Stoker when George IV. visited this country in 1821. He held the Chair of Medicine in the Eccles-street School, and some of his lectures have been published. He married Sophia, daughter of Robert Graves, and died at Clonskeagh, County of Dublin, in 1848, and was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral burial ground. EDWARD ALEXANDER STOKER. E. A. Stoker, second son of the above, was born in 21 York- street on the 12th December, 1810. He was educated at the Rev. Mr. Wright's school, Great Denmark-street, and having entered T.C.D., graduated B.A. in 1829. On the 30th October, 1824, he was apprenticed to Mr. (afterwards Sir Philip) Crampton, and in the following month began his studies in the College School and the Meath Hospital. On the 18th November, 1830, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was co-opted a Fellow on the 16th February, 1844. Mr. Stoker commenced to teach anatomy in the Dublin School, and was subsequently connected with the second Eccles-street, Original, Mark-street, and Carmichael Schools. As an anatomist he has worthily upheld the honour of the Dublin School, but though many of his original observations are current in the School he has never been induced to publish any of them. Having been for twenty-five years an Examiner in Anatomy and Surgery to the College, he resigned that position in March, 1886. Mr. Stoker married Henrietta, daughter of the late Captain John Wisdom, Ballinvollo, County Wicklow. His five surviving sons have all adopted the medical profession. WILLIAM STOKER. W. Stoker, eldest son of above, born in January, 1843, graduated in Arts in the University, Dublin, and studied professionally in the Trinity College School and the Richmond and adjacent Hospitals. On the 18th November, 1873, he obtained the Fellow- ship of the College. He became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1873, and a Member in 1880, on the establishment of that grade by the College. He is Surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital and, like his grandfather, Physician to Cork-street Fever Hospital. He was for some years Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College School, and holds the Chair of Surgery in the Ledwich School since 1881. He acted as Examiner in Forensic Medicine in the late Queen's University, and since 1882 has had a seat at the Council of the College. Mr. Stoker married Jane Martin, daughter of the late Robert Ross Todd, Clerk of the Crown, County of Down, and has issue. GABRIEL STOKES. G. Stokes was born in Dublin on the 8th April, 1806. He was a son of Whitley Stokes (see page 501). He was indentured to Sir Philip Crampton on the 17th July, 1827, and studied in the College School, and seems to have acquired a knowledge of Chemistry— probably from his father—as for a short time he was Chemist to the Apothecaries' Hall. On the 7th September, 1832, he "passed" at the College, and on the 6th August, 1837, was promoted to the Membership. In March, 1834, he passed an examination for M.D. at Glasgow University. Stokes was a Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence, in Park-street School, and a Surgeon to the General Dispensary. In 1841 he went to West- meath as Medical Officer of the Knockdrin Dispensary, which, after some time, was changed into the Mullingar Dispensary. He was also Surgeon to Wilson's Hospital, Multifarnham, near Mullingar, from 1841 till his death. In 1875 he was appointed Visiting Surgeon to the District Lunatic Asylum. He was Honorary Surgeon to the County Infirmary. He was the author of the article on the Ninth Pair of Nerves in Todd's Cyclopcedia, and contributed several articles to the journals. He retired from dispensary practice for four years, and, to the credit of the guardians, Stokes was allowed three-fourths of his salary and emoluments. He died at Mullingar on April 8th, 1881, and was interred in All Saints' Churchyard, Mullingar. Stokes married on the 18th April, 1839, Catherine Susan, daughter of Captain Campbell, of Otter, Argyleshire. His wife and three daughters survive. JOHN HENRY LOFTIE STONEY. J. H. L. Stoney was born on the 6th March, 1840, at Mount- pleasant, Guildford, County Down. His father was a country gentleman, and his mother was Elizabeth Loftie. He was educated at Dr. Rudkin's School, Dublin, and studied for his profession at the College School, Queen's College, Gal way, and Baggot-street Hospital. He showed such an aptitude for anatomy, that, before he became qualified, he was appointed an Assistant Student Demonstrator in the College School. In 1861 he graduated M.D. in the Queen's University, and in the same year obtained the Licence of the College, of which he became a Fellow on the 26th August, 1867. He was for many years a most successful " grinder," and he had a remarkable facility for imparting information to his pupils. When the Carmichael School was removed to Aungier- street, Stouey severed his connection with the College School, and became a Lecturer on Anatomy in the former School. He was for many years Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital. He died from congestion of the lungs and haemoptysis, after an illness of four days, on the 26th August, 1883, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Stoney's leisure hours were largely devoted to his pigeons and poultry, of which he had large collections, some of which were annually shown at various exhibi- tions in Ireland and across the Channel, and usually were awarded prizes. He was successful in his breeding of carrier-pigeons. He was greatly liked amongst a large circle of friends on account of his cheery manner and kindly disposition. Stoney married his cousin, Lucy Hester, daughter of the Rev. Robert Charles Loftie, who, together with one son and two daughters, survive. JOHN BENJAMIN STORY. Mr. Story was born on the 31st August, 1850, at Aghabog, County of Monaghan. His father is the Rev. William Story, of Corick, Clogher, County of Tyrone, and his mother is Sara, daughter of J. Black, of Sligo. Having received a classical education in Winchester School, he pursued his Arts and Medical courses in Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1872, M.B. and B.Chir. (stip. cond.) in 1876, and M.Chir. in 1880. During his undergraduate course he won the Wray Prize, in 1872, and in the same year became First Senior Moderator in Logic and Ethics. Mr. Story studied for a winter session at Zurich, under Professor Horner, and for a summer session at Vienna, under Professors Arlt and Jaeger. In 1880 he passed for the Fellowship of the College without first having taken out the Letters Testimonial, and was elected a Member of Council in December, 1885. He is now Lecturer on Ophthalmic Surgery in the Ledwich School of Medicine, and Surgeon to St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital. He has contributed several papers on ophthalmological subjects to the journals, and at present he is co-editor of the Ophthalmic Review. Mr. Story is unmarried. ROBERT LAFAYETTE SWAN. R. L. Swan was born at Durrow, Queen's County, on the 27th April, 1843. He is the son of John Wright Swan and of Diana, daughter of Reginald Phillips, of Phillipsgate, County of Kilkenny. Mr. Swan's grandfather, John Wright Swan, came to Ireland from Bournemouth, as did also J. W. Swan's elder brother, the Rev. Bellingham Swan, whilom Curate to the Rev. Jonathan Swift, subsequently the celebrated Dean of St. Patrick's. Having re- ceived a classical education at Kilkenny College and Tipperary Grammar School, Mr. Swan prosecuted his medical studies at Dr. Steevens' Hospital and Medical College. In June, 1863, he ob- tained the Licence of the College, and in May, 1864, was admitted a Licentiate of the King and Queen's College of Physicians. In 1868 he obtained the Fellowship of the College. He is the Founder of the Dublin Orthopaedic Hospital, originally situated at Usher's Island, and subsequently removed to Great Brunswick-street. Mr. Swan is a Member of the Court of Examiners of the College, and has contributed several papers, chiefly relating to Orthopaedic Surgery and the development of the mechanism of surgical appli- ances, to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Medical Press, and the " Transactions of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland." GLASCOTT RICHARD SYMES. G. R. Symes was born in Jervis-street, Dublin, on the 15th November, 1836. His father, Dr. Glascott Symes, a much- respected Fellow of the College and a Licentiate of it since 1833, is still in active practice at Kingstown, County of Dublin. His mother was Barbara M'Nally. Having received an excellent pre- liminary education at Portora School, he entered Trinity College, where his career was a distinguished one. In 1857 he won a Junior Moderatorship in Experimental and Natural Science, and in 1858 graduated in Arts. His medical training was received in the College and Trinity College Schools, and Steevens' Hospital. In the Session 1857-8 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Patho- logical Society for an Essay on Disease of the Breast. In 1858 he became a Licentiate of the College, and in 1860 obtained the diploma of the College of Physicians. He was for a time Resident Surgeon in Steevens' Hospital, and Lecturer on Anatomy in its Medical School. In 1863 he was appointed Visiting Surgeon to this hospital. Symes invented an ingenious little instrument for opening tonsillitic abscess, and contributed several papers and reviews to the journals. He died from rheumatic fever, at 7 Hume- street, on October 10th, 1866, at the early age of 29, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Dr. Symes married, in 1860, Bessie, daughter of Joseph Symes, of Hillbrook, County Wicklow, by whom he had three children—all boys—two of whom survive. Mrs. Symes, who re-married, is now deceased. WILLIAM THOMSON, EXAMINER IN SURGERY. Mr. Thomson was born in Downpatrick on the 29th of June, 1843. He is the youngest and only surviving son of the late William Thomson, of Lanark, Scotland, by his wife, Margaret Patterson, daughter of the late Thomas Patterson, of Monklands, Lanarkshire. He was educated privately, and entered Queen's College, Galway, where he was a scholar and the winner of nume- rous prizes, graduating B.A. in the Queen's University, Ireland, in 1867, and M.D. and M.Ch. in 1872. In the latter year he was appointed House Surgeon to the Richmond Hospital, and Demon- strator of Anatomy in the Carmichael School of Medicine. In 1873 he was elected Visiting Surgeon to his hospital, and Lecturer on Anatomy in the Carmichael School. In the following year he became a Fellow of the College, and in 1875 was elected an Examiner in Anatomy and Surgery, and has continued to act in that capacity since that time, but, under the new scheme, now examines in Surgery only. He is Secretary to the Court of Examiners. In 1879 lie was appointed Examiner in Surgery in the Queen's University, and in 1881 received the degree of M.A., honoris causa, from that University. He was elected a Represen- tative of Convocation in the Senate of the Royal University in 1886. Mr. Thomson has heen an active contributor to the literature of the profession. As an undergraduate, he obtained the University Prize for an essay on " The Outbreak of Yellow Fever at Buenos Ayres." In 1877 he published, as editor, Fleming's "Injuries and Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs;" in 1881, also as editor, the third edition of Power's " Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries;" and in 1882 a comprehensive monograph on " Ligature of the Innominate Artery." He has also published many papers, of which the most notable are on Tracheotomy in Croup; Pistol-shot Wound of the Cerebellum ; Ovariotomy ; Dupuytren's Fracture ; Comminuted fracture of the Head of the Tibia; and Compound Refracture of the Patella. He is General Secretary of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland, and Editor of its " Transactions;" and is Treasurer of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund in Ireland. Mr. Thomson is married to Margaret Dalrymple, second daughter of the late Abraham Stoker, of Dublin, and has issue a son and a daughter. CHARLES ROBERT C. TICHBORNE. Dr. Tichborne, born in Birmingham 15th August, 1839, is the son of William Lloyd Tichborne, wine merchant, by his wife, Mary E., neS Clarke, and is a descendant from Sir Robert Tichborne, whose name appears on the warrant for the execution of Charles I. He was educated in Birmingham, and apprenticed for six years in an extensive chemical manufactory. He next spent some time in the College of Chemistry, London, under Professor Hoffman, and, whilst in that institution, was appointed Chemist to the Apothe- caries' Hall, an appointment which he still retains. He has been, since 1872, Lecturer on Chemistry in the Carmichael School. From 1878 until 1884 he was President of the Irish Pharmaceutical Society. In 1874 he was appointed Gas Examiner for Dublin, under the Board of Trade. He holds the degrees of LL.D. and Doctor of Pharmacy from respectable American institutions, and he is a member of many learned bodies. Dr. Tichborne's scien- tific contributions are very numerous. He detected lithium in the well-known Schwalheim water, and he discovered colophonic hydrate amongst the products of the distillation of resin. He read, in 1872, at a meeting of the Medical Society of the College of Physicians, a very interesting paper on Disinfectants in connection with Small-pox. The work on "Mineral Waters" which, in con- junction with Dr. Prosser James, he brought out lately, is a most useful one, as it contains an account of all the best-known mineral waters. In 1861 Dr. Tichborne married Sarah E., daughter of James "Wilkinson, M.Pv.C.S. Eng., of Blackrock, County of Dublin, and has issue six daughters. ROBERT TRAVERS. Dr. Travers, born in Dublin, on the 24th June, 1807, is the only surviving son of the late William T. E. Travers, of Eccles- street, Dublin, and Tranquilla House, Rathmines, County of Dublin, who married, in 1805, Mary Parker. His ancestors were the owners of considerable landed property, but it had passed out of the pos- session of the family before Dr. Travers' birth. Robert Travers was not sent to a public school, and the education which he received at home was desultory and scanty. He entered the University ill-prepared to compete for the rich prizes of Trinity College with the specially trained youths from the great schools, nevertheless he won a Moderatorship at his B.A. examination in 1832. In 1835 he took his Master's degree, together with a Theological Testi- monium. Dr. Travers had intended to enter the Church, but he abandoned that idea, and studied medicine and the cognate sciences '"n the College and Trinity College Schools, and the Meath and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospitals. He graduated in Medicine in 1835, and thirty-nine years later took the higher grade of M.D. On the 18th September, 1841, he became a Licentiate, and on the 29th October, 1849, a Fellow, of the College of Physicians. In 1844 he was nominated Lecturer on MedicalJurisprudence in the Original School, and in 1864 he was elected to the Professorship on that subject in the School of Physic, and retains both offices. He was Physician to the Sick-poor Institution during the period 1847-51, and in 1848 was appointed Medical Attendant to the South Dublin Cholera Hospital. Dr. Travers has been for many years Assistant Librarian to the Library founded by Archbishop Marsh, and con- tained in the large building situated close to St. Patrick's Cathedral. His acquaintance with what are termed black letter books is very extensive—indeed Dr. Travers is considered to be one of the best read men in this country. His caligraphy, almost microscopic, yet as neat and plain as print, is executed with astonishing rapidity. He has published a pamphlet on "Personal Identity" and a Synopsis of Lectures on Forensic Medicine. Dr. Travers is married to Anne, third daughter of the late John Plunkett, merchant, of Dublin, and has issue. Dr. Travers pays but scant attention to his costume, but beneath his plain, unvarnished exterior, we may say, in the language of the poet— " —Ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpOre." HENRY COLPOYS TWEEDY. H. C. Tweedy was born in Dublin, on the 3rd April, 1847, at No. 30 Summer Hill, Dublin. His father, Dr. Henry Tweedy, of Rutland-square, is one of the Fathers of the Profession, having " passed" at the College of Surgeons, London, in 1836. He married, in 1843, Elizabeth, daughter of Lieutenant-General Owen, who for thirty years was Quarter-Master-General in the Dublin Military District. H. C. Tweedy was educated at Bective College and Trinity College, Dublin. His medical education was conducted in the School of Physic and Sir P. Dun's and Steevens' Hospitals. He also studied for some time in London and Vienna. He won numerous Collegiate and medical distinctions—First Honours in Classics and Moderatorship in Experimental and Natural Sciences in Trinity College, Dublin. He graduated B.A. in 1869 ; M.B. in 1871; M.D. in 1874; Diplomate in State Medicine, 1874; L.R.C.S.I., 1872 ; Fellow in 1873 ; and M.C.P. in 1884. He is Physician to Steevens' Hospital, and formerly lectured on Medical Jurisprudence in its School, and is now Examiner in Arts, Royal College of Surgeons. He has contributed several papers to the journals, chiefly upon medico-legal subjects. Dr. Tweedy was married, in 1882, to Alice Maud, only daughter of Thomas James Meredith, Captain, 90th Light Infantry, of Cloonamahon, Collooney, County of Sligo, and has issue one daughter. Dr. Tweedy's great- grandfather, Mr. Thomas Tweedy, is the High Sheriff referred to in page 132. HENEY JOHN TYEEELL. H. J. Tyrrell was born in January, 1833. He was the son of Thomas Tyrrell, of Rathangan, County of Kildare, by his wife, Maria, daughter of John Watson, of Dublin. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College, and studied professionally at the Original School of Medicine, where he won Dr. Maxwell Simpson's Gold Medal in Chemistry. On the 3rd May, 1855, he became a Licentiate of the College, and attained to the Fellowship in 1863. On the 17th August, 1859, he obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians. He was Surgeon, first, to Jervis-street Hospital, and, secondly, to the Mater Misericordia? Hospital, and was Pro- fessor of Surgery in the Catholic University School. He pub- lished several papers in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, the Medical Press, and the Medical Times and Gazette. In the Medical Press he described cases of Traumatic Tetanus, cured by local application of tobacco. Tyrrell married, in 1872, Maria, daughter of Daniel Corbett, M.R.C.S. Eng., the well-known dentist in Clare-street. He died on the 31st December, 1879, and was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. He left two daughters. WILLIAM WALLACE. W. Wallace, son of a solicitor, was born in 1791, at Down- patrick. He was indentured in February, 1808, to Charles 2 x Bowden, upon whose death he was transferred, on the 8th Novem- ber, 1810, to C. H. Todd, and commenced to study in the College School. He obtained his diploma on the 13th June, 1813, and was elected a Member on the 6th November, 1815. He was appointed a Surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital, where he taught not only surgery but anatomy (see page 518). In 1817 Wallace married a daughter of Sir Jonas Greene, Recorder of Dublin— she was a very handsome woman. In 1818 he opened, at his own expense, at No. 20 Moore-street, a Hospital for Skin Diseases— the first of the kind in the United Kingdom. Wallace devoted himself to the study of skin diseases and of syphilitic affections, and the results of his researches are sufficiently important to give him a good place in the annals of medicine. He was the first to prove by experiments, performed upon healthy persons, that secondary syphilis is contagious (the Lancet, 1835). Although these experiments were indefensible, as their nature had not been communicated beforehand to the subjects of them, yet their results were of high scientific value, the contagious nature of secondary syphilis having been denied by such eminent authorities as Hunter and Ricord. To Wallace is due the introduction of iodide of potassium in secondary syphilitic affections—a remedy still in great repute, especially in syphilitic disease of the bones and tubercular erup- tions of the skin. Wallace made the physiology of the skin and the diseases of that structure the objects of special study. He kept a negro in his house for the purpose of making observations upon his skin. Drawings to illustrate the structure of the skin and the diseases affecting it were made under his direction by his two daughters— both at the time very young. The elder died in her seventeenth year from scarlet fever. A large portfolio of coloured drawings representing syphilitic diseases, now contained in the College Library, purchased after Wallace's death from his widow, are deserving of study. The following works were written by Wallace:—"Essays respect- ing the Changes which the Human Skeleton undergoes at Different Periods of Life, &c." (Dublin, 1819)—a reprint of a paper which was published in the previous year in the " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy." " Observations on Sulphurous Fumiga- tions as a powerful remedy in Rheumatism and Diseases of the Skin" (Dublin, 1820, 8vo, pp. 92). "Researches respecting the Medical Powers of Chlorine Gas, particularly in Diseases of the Liver, &c." (London, 1822, 8vo, pp. 144) ; a second edition appeared in 1824. " A Physical Enquiry respecting the action of Moxa, &c." (Dublin, 1827, 8vo, pp. 148). "A Treatise on the Venereal Disease and its Varieties" (London, 1833, 8vo, pp. 388). " An Account of the Apparatus for the Treatment of Diseases of the Skin, &c." (Dublin, 1825, 4to, pp. 44, with 14 plates). Wallace was vehement in his denunciations of what he termed the abuses in the College, and at the meetings of the members he proved himself an excellent debater. His most intimate friend was Charles Orpen, a Fellow of the College, who subsequently became a missionary clergyman to South Africa, where he died about 1857 (see his Life, by Lefanu). Whenever Wallace was assailed, Orpen, if present, was sure to do battle for him. Wallace died from typhus fever on Friday, the 8th December, 1837, after an illness of short duration; on the previous Saturday he had attended to his duties at Jervis-street Hospital. MONTGOMERY ALBERT WARD. M. A. Ward was born on the 10th of October, 1839, in Dublin. His father, Espine Ward, was Chief of the late Note-Ledger Office in the Bank of Ireland. His mother was Sophia, daughter of Montgomery Nixon, M.D., of Lake View, Enniskillen. Dr. Ward was educated in the Schools of the late Rev. Daniel Flynn, the late Rev. Dr. Fleury, and in Trinity College, Dublin. He received his professional training in the School of Physic, the Ledwich School, and in Mercer's Hospital. In 1863 he obtained a Medical Scholarship in Trinity College. In 1864 he graduated B.A.; in 1865, M.B.; and in 1866, M. Chir.; in the summer of 1866 he " passed" at the College of Surgeons, and obtained the Fellowship on the 10th March, 1874. Dr. Ward is a Lecturer in the Ledwich School, and Medical Attendant at the Maison de Santi. He was for seven years Assistant-Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital, and is now Surgeon to Mercer's Hospital. He has contributed several papers to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and the Medical Press, and is the author of " Outlines of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy," 1874. Dr. Ward is married to Frances Elizabeth, daughter of the late Major Henry Kean, 25th and 87th Regiments, late of Ormeau-road, Belfast, and Corbally, County of Down, and has issue one daughter living. FREDERICK WILLIAM WARREN. F. W. Warren was born in Dublin on the 15th May, 1851. He was a son of the late Samuel Warren, merchant, of Dame- street, Dublin, who for many years was a Member of the Cor- poration, and his mother was Sarah Anne, daughter of the Rev. James Lilly, of Derby, a Moravian clergyman. He received his earlier education at Dr. Benson's School, Rathmines, and, having entered Trinity College, graduated in Arts and Medicine in 1879. His medical education was conducted in the School of Physic and in Steevens' Hospital and its Medical College. He won in the latter the " Cusack Medal" in 1870 and in 1871, taking the first prize for Clinical Surgery in 1870. He obtained the diploma of the College in 1871, and in the following year that of the College of Physicians. In 1877 he became a Fellow of the Col- lege, and in 1879 an M.B. of Dublin University. For some years he demonstrated on Anatomy in the School of Steevens' Hospital, and subsequently became Curator of the Museum, and Lecturer on Anatomy in the School, and Resident-Surgeon to the Hospital. His connection with the extinction of the school is referred to at page 540. On leaving Steevens' School he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the School of Surgery, a position which he retained until his death, and the duties of which he discharged most admirably. An excellent teacher, his pri- vate classes were numerously attended. He was elected in 1883 Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital. He contributed a few papers to the Lancet and the Irish Hospital Gazette. He died from SIR WILLIAM ROBERT WILLS WILDE. typhoid fever on the 11th October, 1885, at 32 Harcourt-street, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Warren married Lizzie, eldest daughter of Francis Thomas, of Merrion, who together with her son and daughter survive. SIR WILLIAM ROBERT WILLS WILDE. Sir W. Wilde was born in 1815, at Castlereagh, County of Roscommon, where his father war. a medical practitioner. Pie was educated at the Endowed Schools of Banagher and Elphin, and on the 23rd December, 1837, he was indentured to Abraham Colles. His professional education was conducted in the College and Park- street Schools and Steevens' Hospital. On the 18th March, 1837, he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the College, and was elected a Fellow on the 8th March, 1844. Immediately after receiving his Licence from the College, he accepted the medical charge of an invalid, with whom he took a voyage in a yacht, concerning which he made his dibut as a litterateur* In 1841 he commenced to practice as an oculist and aurist, and soon acquired a great reputation for his skill in those branches of surgery. In 1844 he re-opened the old hospital of St. Mark's as an ophthalmic dispensary, and, within a few months, converted it into a hospital, which, in' 1848, was removed to the premises in Park-street, which had up to that year been occupied by the Medical School, so often referred to in these pages. Wilde contributed liberally towards the expense of the hospital, and in it his services were for many years freely at the service of the poor. For several years he lectured on ophthalmic and aural surgery in Park-street School. For many years Wilde edited the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and his articles in it contributed substantially towards raising that journal to a high position amongst the medical periodi- cals of the day. His treatise entitled " Practical Observations on Aural Surgery" was published in London in 1853. He will, how- ever, be longer remembered as an antiquarian and a topographer than as an oculist. There are no more pleasant books to read than his * "A Voyage to Madeira and Teneriffe, along the Coast of the Mediterranean." 2 vols. handbooks on "The Boyne and Blackwater" (1849) and " Lough Corrib " (1849). He purchased a small property near that lake, and built a house upon it, in which he spent most of his short vacations. He knew the country thoroughly; and I remember well seeing him in 1861, superintending the excavation of an ancient rath near Cong, in which he expected to discover some relics of a by- gone age. He worked as hard as any of the labourers, wielding a pickaxe in a highly skilful manner. He was much disappointed at the result of that exploration. When the British Medical Asso- ciation met in Dublin in 1869 he conducted a large party to the Boyne, and showed them some remarkable caverns, of great extent, containing tombs. In 1857 he conducted a party of the British Association to the Arran Islands, off the coast of Galway. Undoubtedly Wilde's most important work was in connection with the Irish Census. His historical account of disease in Ireland is a laborious production, and will always remain a monu- ment of his industry and research. On the completion of the Reports on the Census for 1861 he received Knighthood from the Earl of Carlisle, then Lord Lieutenant—" Not so much," said Lord Carlisle, " in recognition of your high professional standing, which is European, and has been recognised by many countries in Europe, but to mark my sense of the service you have rendered to Statistical Science, especially in connection with the Irish Census." Wilde published, in 1849, an interesting account, chiefly from a psychological point of view, of the closing years of Dean Swift. His last work was a most interesting account of Gabriel Beranger, a Dutch artist, of Huguenot parents, who resided in Dublin from 1771 till his death, in 1817. His views of public buildings in Dublin are valuable, because some of them now no longer exist, Beranger's pictures may be seen in the National Library. Wilde received many honours and compliments. He was a honorary member of several Societies ; and he received, in 1873, from the Royal Irish Academy, the Cunningham Gold Medal, the most valuable gift at their disposal. From the King of Sweden and Norway—in honour of whom he named one of his sons Oscar— he received the Order of the Polar Star. In 1853 he was appointed Surgeon Oculist to the Queen in Ireland. In 1863 he received from the University the degree of M.D., honoris causa. In 1851 Wilde married Jane Francesca Elgee, a lady possessed of no inconsiderable share of the Promethean fire, and who, under the nom de plume of " Speranza," has published many poetical pieces of acknowledged merit. Mr. Oscar Wilde, the well-known aesthete, and Mr. William Wilde, B.L. (who for some time was a member of the North-west Circuit, but is now a litterateur), are sons of Sir William Wilde. Few names are more widely known than that of Mr. Oscar Wilde. Sir William Wilde died at No. 1 Merrion-square, Dublin, on the 19th April, 1876, aged 61 years, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. STEWART WOODHOUSE. S. Woodhouse was bora on the 25th February, 1846, at Belsize, Lisburn. His father, a retired manager of a bank, married Margaret Cochrane. Having been educated at the Royal School, Dungannon, he entered the University of Dublin, in which he took the following degrees :—M.B., 1872; M.D., 1874; Diplomate in State Medicine, 1875. In 1874 he " passed " for the Fellowship of the College, and in 1880 obtained the Licence of the College of Physicians, and subsequently their Membership. He was for some time an Examiner in General Education in the College and a Lec- turer on Pathology in the Carmichael School; and he is now one of the Medical Inspectors of the Local Government Board, and resides in Belfast. He has contributed several articles to the journals, and had been an occasional writer in the newspaper press. Dr. Woodhouse is married to Charlotte, fourth daughter of the late Isaac Corry, D.L., of Newry, and has issue one son and one daughter. JOHN WOODROFFE. J. Woodroffe was born in Jervis-street, Dublin, in 1785. His father, a merchant, married Catherine Litton. It is said that he was a B.A. of Dublin University, but his name does not appear in Dr. Todd's List of Graduates. On the 2nd February, 1798, he was bound to Henthorn for five years, and studied in the College School. On December 28th, 1803, he passed the qualifying examination for Assistant-Surgeon, and obtained the Letters Testimonial on the 21st March, 1810, in which year he graduated M.D. at the University of St. Andrew's. He did not become a Member of the College until the 1st November, 1841. Shortly after becoming qualified Woodroffe settled in Cork, where he soon got into a good practice. He established a Medical School, which lasted for many years. The senior survivor of his apprentices is Henry Croly, F.R.C.S., of Rathfarnham, whose indentures bear date 3rd September, 1825. Dr. Croly rendered an important service to Irish medical men by producing in 1843 and 1846 " The Medical Directory for Ireland "—the prototype of Churchill's " Medical Directory." At page 151 the charge of malpraxis, in a case of lithotomy, made against Woodroffe, has been briefly referred to. The charge was originated by a man named Read, who, it would appear, was supported by Dr. William Bullen, a Trustee of the South Infirmary. A long discussion ensued, in which the names of Sir E. Home, P. Crampton, Kirby, Liston, and Lawrence were introduced—all those distin- guished surgeons having been consulted in reference to the case. The Trustees of the Hospital and the College of Surgeons exonerated Woodroffe completely. Mr. Henry Bennett, an attorney residing in Cork, wrote the following verses in reference to this discussion:— " Why ? for a furious paper war Those heroes of the knife prepare, With trumpeter and herald ; 'Twould better far their wisdom suit To leave the subject in dispute To Shanahan and Fitzgerald* And if these two cannot agree, And further reference there must be, For which we would all be sorry, What better umpire could be found On Stone than Dr. Quarry ?" f * Stonecutters. + Eev. John Quarry, LL.D. Woodroffe gave very interesting lectures on Anatomy in the Cork School of Art, and it is said that Foley and other eminent Irish artists were greatly benefited by them. In 1841 Woodroffe removed to Dublin, and took the house No. 7 Ely-place. He was appointed Surgeon to Jervis-street Hospital, and a Lecturer in the Dublin School of Medicine. He died from Potts' gangrene, on the 13th March, 1859, in the house, 15 Pem- broke-road, in which the author of this History resides, and in the room in which he now records the last event in Woodroffe's history. Woodroffe married Sarah Walsh. Several of his children, including Charles H. Woodroffe, Q.C., survive. EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT. E. P. Wright was born in Dublin, on 25th December, 1834, and is the son of the late Edward Wright, LL.D. (son of Joseph Wright, Duncairn, Belfast), Barrister-at-Law, North East Circuit, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of Joseph Wright, of Beech Hill, County of Dublin. Having received a sound preliminary educa- tion, he studied in Trinity College, Dublin, and in Paris, Vienna, and Berlin. In 1857 he graduated in first class as B. A., and in the following year took the degree of M.B. in Dublin University. In 1859 he became a M.A., and in 1862 proceeded to the degree of M.D. He is also an ad euendem M.A. of Oxford. In 1859 he became a Licentiate of the King and Queen's College of Physi- cians, and on the 29th August, 1862, he " passed" the Fellowship examination at the Royal College of Surgeons. Dr. Wright was for some time a Deputy Government Officer in the Seychelles Isles, near the Mauritius, and was in charge of the Leper establishment at He Curieuse. Since 1866 he has devoted himself much more particularly to scientific and literary pursuits. He lectured on Botany, and subsequently on Ophthalmology, in Steevens' Hospital Medical College, and is now Professor of Botany in Trinity College. Dr. Wright has contributed a great many papers and reports to various journals, and to the Transactions of societies—they relate chiefly to botany and zoology. In 1883 the Eoyal Irish Academy presented to him the Cunningham Gold Medal for his biological researches. He is a Fellow of the Linnasan Society, a Member— ordinary or honorary—of a great many scientific institutions at home and abroad, a Member of the Council of the University of Dublin, and a Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy. He has been connected with several industrial enterprises, and he holds the Commission of the Peace. Dr. Wright is married to Emily Char- lotte, second daughter of the late Lieut.-Col. Ponsonby Shaw. GERALD FRANCIS YEO. Dr. Yeo was born on 19th January, 1845, at Dublin. He is the son of Henry Yeo, Clerk of the Rules, Court of Exchequer, by his wife Jane, daughter of the late Captain Ferns, and grand-daughter of Sir John Ferns, Knt. He was educated at the Royal School, Dungannon, and in Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated as B.A., B.M., and M. Chir., in 1867. He then studied a year in each of the great schools of Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. In 1871 he took the degree of M.D., and the diploma of State Medicine. In 1872 he obtained the Letters Testimonial of the Dublin College, and in 1878 he became a Fellow of the College of Surgeons of England. He commenced teaching as Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Trinity College School. For some years he lectured on Physiology at the Carmichael School. To this subject Dr. Yeo has devoted great attention, and made a special study of it in Leipzig and Berlin. Having been appointed Professor of Physiology in the King's College, he settled in London, and subsequently was appointed Assistant-Surgeon in King's College Hospital; but resigned his connection with that institution. He held the post of Examiner in Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons and the University of London. Dr. Yeo received the Gold Medal of the Dublin Pathological Society for an essay on the Pathology of the Kidneys. He prepared for the Royal Agricultural Society of England a Report on the Pathology of Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia. In the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society for 1884, there is a paper, written conjointly by him and Dr. Ferrier, on the Localisation of Control Function. He has contributed various papers to the journals, and in 1884 produced a " Manual of Physiology." Dr. Yeo married, in 1873, Charlotte, daughter of Isaac Kitchin, of Rockferry, Cheshire; she died in 1884, without issue. ADDENDA TO CHAPTERS XVIII. AND XIX. william lawless (see page 480). William Lawless married Mary, daughter of Hampden Evans, of Portrane, County of Dublin. She died on the 23rd April, 1855. Several of General Lawless's descendants reside in Ireland. ARTHUR BAMBRICK MITCHELL (see page 492). A. B. Mitchell was born at Castletown, Queen's County, in 1804, and was the fifth son of William Mitchell, by his wife Grace, daughter of Arthur Bambrick, of Graigue, County of Carlow. A. B. Mitchell married a Miss Mulloy. His only son, Captain and Honorary Lieut.-Col. Arthur Mulloy Mitchell, R.M., died in Cork, January, 1886. Dr. Mitchell is interred in Ballyroan burial-ground, Queen's County. JAMES AND PETER BRENAN. Dr. James Brenan, referred to at page 513, was born in 1685, and died in 1738. By his will he directed that his body should be interred in the family burying-place in the Parish of New St. Michan's, in the suburbs of the city. He bequeathed his anatomical specimens to his brother, Peter Brenan, Chirurgeon, who was born on the 30th July, 1705, old style, and died in February, 1767. P. Brenan bequeathed his surgical instruments, books, and anato- mical specimens to Michael Keogh, a member of the Dublin Society of Surgeons, and one of the first members of the College. Probably some of these specimens are in the College Museum. CHAPTER XXL THE UNIVERSITY AND PROVINCIAL MEDICAL SCHOOLS. In concluding this History I have thought it desirable to give a brief account of the University and Provincial Schools, in order that the reader may become acquainted with the complete educa- tional resources of the Irish School of Medicine. I do not intend to give biographical sketches of the teachers, connected with those Schools; many of whom, however, having been Presidents or Professors of the College of Surgeons or teachers in the private schools, have been mentioned in connection with those institutions. THE SCHOOL OF PHYSIC. An account of the origin of the School of Physic will be found at pages 91 to 100 inclusive. As at present constituted, it consists of the amalgamated medical schools of Trinity College and the College of Physicians, with the addition of several new Professorships. The College of Physicians elect the Professors of the Practice of Medicine, the Institutes of Medicine, Midwifery, Materia Medica, and Medical Jurisprudence; the remaining Professors are elected by the Board of Trinity College, who claim to be the sole managers of the School. The following list of the Professors of the School of Physic is taken from the University Calendar for 1886; but it is probable that some of the dates given in it are not quite accurate, and I would suggest a revision of the interesting record. I notice that one name is altogether omitted—namely, that of John James Leahy, who was Professor of the Practice of Medicine from 1829 until 1832. The "Shaw" mentioned as second University Anatomist, was Vesey Shaw, an army Surgeon on the Irish Establishment. Regius Professors of Physic.—John Temple, 1618 ; — Beere, 1620-1 ; John Stearne, 1662; John Margetson, 1670; Ealph Howard, 1674; Kichard Stephens, 1710; *Thomas Molyneux, 1717; Richard Helsham, 1733; Henry Cope, 1738; Francis Foreside, 1742-3; Bryan Eobinson, 1745; fEdward Barry, 1754 ; William Clement, 1761; Edward HiU, 1781; Whitley Stokes, 1830; William Stokes, 1845; Alfred Hudson, 1878; John Thomas Banks, 1880. Regius Professors of Surgery.—James William Cusack, 1852; Robert Adams, 1861; William Colles, 1875. Professors of Anatomy and Surgery.—Dr. Hoyle, 1711; Dr. Robinson, 1716; Dr. Hoyle, 1717; Thomas Madden, 1730; Francis Foreside, 1734; Robert Robinson, 1741; George Cleg- horn, 1761; James Cleghorn, 1790; William Hartigan, 1803; J. Macartney, 1813; Robert Harrison, 1837 ; Benjamin G. M'Dowel, 1858; Alexander Macalister, 1879 ; Daniel John Cunningham, 1883. University Anatomists.—Surgeon Green, 1716; Mr. Shaw,—; Mr. Whittingham, 1743; Mr. George Cleghorn, 1753 ; John K. Barton, 1861; Edward H. Bennett, 1864; Thomas Evelyn Little, 1873. Professors of Chemistry.—Dr. Griffith, 1711; Dr. Smith, sen., 1717 ; William Steevens, 1732; Francis Hutchinson, 1760; James Span, 1767; James Thornton, 1773; Robert Perceval, 1783; Francis Barker, 1809; James Apjohn, 1850; J. Emerson Reynolds, 1875. Professors of Botany.—Dr. Nicholson, 1711; Dr. Chemys, 1732 ; William Clements, 1733; James Span, 1763 ; Edward Hill, 1773; Robert Scott, 1800; William Allman, 1809; George James Allman, 1844; William Henry Harvey, 1856 ; Alexander Dickson, 1866 ; E. Perceval Wright, 1869. Professors of Surgery.—Robert W. Smith, 1849 ; Edward H. Bennett, 1873. Lecturers in, and Professors of, Zoology.—Robert Harrison, * Created a Baronet in 1730. t Created a Baronet in 1775. 1857 ; E. Perceval Wright, 1858; Alexander Macalister, 1869; Henry W. Mackintosh, 1879. Professors of Comparative Anatomy. — Alexander Macalister, 1872; Henry W. Mackintosh, 1884. Kings Professors of Practice of Medicine.—Robert Griffith, 1717; James Grattan, 1719; Henry Quin, 1749; Edward Brereton, 1786; Stephen Dickson, 1792 ; Whitley Stokes, 1798 ; Martin Tuomy, 1812; Charles R. A. Lendrick, 1832; George Greene, 1841; John Creery Ferguson, 1846; John Thomas Banks, 1849 ; William Moore, 1869 ; John Magee Finny, 1882. King's Professor of Surgery and Midwifery. — Sir Nathanial Barry, 1749. King's Professors of Midwifery.—William F. Montgomery, 1827; Fleetwood Churchill, 1856; Sir Edward Burrowes Sinclair, 1867 ; John Rutherford Kirkpatrick, 1882. King's Professors of Materia Medica and Pharmacy.—Constan- tine Barbor, 1749 ; Edmund Cullen, 1786; John Crampton, 1804; Jonathan Osborne, 1840; Aquilla Smith, 1864; Walter G. Smith, 1881. King's Professors of Institutes of Medicine.—Stephen Dickson, 1786 ; John William Boyton, 1812 ; William Stack, 1826 ; Robert James Graves, 1827; Robert Law, 1841; John Mallet Purser, 1874. Professors of Medical Jurisprudence. — Thomas Brady, 1839; Robert Travers, 1864. Before the constitution of the Chair of Midwifery in 1827, Lectures on Midwifery were delivered regularly in the School of Physic. Thomas M'Keever, M.D. (Edin. 1817), and Hon. Fellow of the College of Physician, lectured on that subject for several years in this School. The School buildings have been for several years past steadily improved and enlarged, and at present they can compare favour- ably with any similar structures in any part of Europe. The great progress which the School of Physic has made within the last quarter of a century is mainly due to the efforts of Dr. Haughton, who for many years acted as its Medical Registrar. My friend, the Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D., S.F.T.C.D., has kindly furnished me with the following statement showing the number of Medical Students on the Roll of Trinity College:— Number of Students studying Medicine in the School of Physic in Ireland during the following years :— Year No. Year No. Year No. 1800 X Uvu 22 1828 305 1856 146 1801 39 1829 295 1857 139 1802 60 1830 290 1858 127 1803 59 1831 230 1859 137 1804 58 1832 262 1860 157 1805 X <JVt/ 58 1833 229 1861 168 1806 61 1834 221 1862 161 1807 70 1835 126 1863 148 1808 59 1836 94 1864 170 1809 X Uu \j 70 1837 91 1865 209 1810 76 1838 81 1866 255 1811 ion 96 1867 X \J v 1 300 1812 X\J L iJ 120 J. — \J 1868 X \J\J\J 323 1813 135 1869 297 1814 160 1870 302 1815 165 (From 1838 until 187L 281 1816 192 1850 the rolls 1872 256 1817 189 are missing.) 1873 256 1818 238 1874 240 1819 274 1875 242 1820 303 1876 259 1821 279 1877 280 1822 244 1850 1878 288 1823 222 1851 1879 281 1824 251 1852 1880 275 1825 260 1853 172 1881 294 1826 283 1854 145 1882 317 1827 284 1855 154 1883 352 THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS OF THE QUEEN'S COLLEGES. In 1849 there were established medical schools in the recently- constituted Queen's Colleges in Belfast, Cork, and Galway. Parliament provided grants for their maintenance and for the salaries of their Professors. They were all connected with the Queen's University, and every candidate for a medical degree in the latter was obliged to study during at least one annus medicus in one of the Queen's Colleges. Since the replacement of the Queen's, by the Royal, University this condition has ceased to exist, and probably the medical schools of these Colleges have thereby suffered serious injury. QUEEN'S COLLEGE, BELFAST. Dates of Appointments of Professors in the Medical Faculty. Anatomy and Physiology (including Histology).—Hugh Carlisle, 1849 ; died in 1860. Peter Redfern, 1860. Medicine.—John Creery Ferguson, 1849 ; died in 1865. James Cuming, 1865. Surgery.—Alexander Gordon, 1849. Materia Medica.—Horatio Stewart, 1849 ; died in 1857. James Seaton Reid, 1857. Midwifery.—William Burden, 1849 ; resigned in 1867. Robert F. Dill, 1868. Medical Jurisprudence (Lectureship').—John F. Hodges, 1849. Chemistry Thomas Andrews, resigned in 1879. Edmund Albert Letts, 1879. Natural History.—Sir Wyville Thomson, 1854; resigned in 1870. Robert O. Cunningham. Number of Medical Students attending in Queen's College, Belfast, since its Foundation. "Sear No. Year No. Year No. 1849 55 1862 122 1875 226 1850 55 1863 143 1876 268 1851 64 1864 151 1877 281 1852 62 1865 159 1878 324 1853 66 1866 174 1879 327 1854 75 1867 181 1880 332 1855 81 1868 174 1881 364 1856 61 1869 167 1882 300 1857 67 1870 184 1883 264 1858 79 1871 187 1884 245 1859 95 1872 188 1885 240 1860 116 1873 205 1861 129 1874 220 queen's college, cork. Dates of the Appointment of the Professors in the Faculty of Medicine since the opening of the College in 1849. Anatomy and Physiology.—Benjamin Alcock, 1849 ; resigned in 1854. Joseph Henry Corbett, 1854; resigned in 1875. John James Charles, 1875. Medicine.—Denis C. O'Connor, 1849. Surgery.—Denis Bullen, 1849; ceased to be Professor in 1864. William K. Tanner, 1864; resigned in 1880. Stephen O'Sullivan, 1880. Midwifery.—Joshua Harvey, 1849; resigned in 1878. Henry Macnaughton Jones, 1878; resigned in 1883. Henry Corby, 1883. Materia Medica.—Alexander Fleming, 1849; resigned in 1857. Purcell Gr. O'Leary, 1857; resigned in 1875. Matthias O'Keeffe, 1875; died in 1884. Charles Yelverton Pearson, 1884. The following Chairs in Queen's College, Cork, are classed in the Faculty of Arts, but the lectures delivered by the Professors occupying them are, or have been formerly, attended also by students in the Faculty of Medicine:— Chemistry.—John Blyth, 1849 ; died in 1871. Maxwell Simp- son, 1871. Natural History.—Rev. W. Hincks, 1849; resigned in 1853. Wyville Thompson, 1853; resigned in 1854. William Smith, 1854; died in 1857. Joseph Reay Greene, 1858 ; resigned in 1877. A. Leith Adams, 1878 ; died in 1882. Marcus M. Hartog, 1882. Lecturers appointed by the Council. Medical Jurisprudence.—The Professors of English Law and Chemistry up to 1870. The Professors of English Law and Materia Medica up to 1883; subsequently the Professors of Materia Medica. Psychological Medicine.—James A. Eames, 1881. 2 Y Number of Students in the Faculty of Medicine since the Opening of the College. Year No. Year No. Year No. 1849 20 1861 120 1873 170 1850 50 1862 122 1874 174 1851 53 1863 134 1875 176 1852 55 1864 151 1876 152 1853 54 1865 128 1877 171 1854 66 1866 132 1878 160 1855 63 1867 150 1879 176 1856 62 1868 156 1880 230 1857 58 1869 173 1881 279 1858 68 1870 167 1882 261 1859 85 1871 173 1883 225 1860 106 1872 174 1884 201 queen's college, galway. Dates of the Appointment of the Professors in the Medical School since the Foundation of the College. Botany and Zoology*—Alexander G. Melville, August, 1849; resigned in 1882. William King, August, 1849; resigned in 1883. Richard J. Anderson, 16th November, 1883. Experimental Physics.—Morgan W. Crofton, August, 1849 ; resigned in 1852. George Johnston Stoney, 1853; resigned in 1857. Arthur Hill Curtis, 19th August, 1857; resigned in 1880; Joseph Larmor, 8th March, 1880. Chemistry.—Edward Ronalds, August, 1849; resigned in 1856. Thomas H. Rowney, 1856. Anatomy and Physiology, and Practical Anatomy.—Charle Croker King, August, 1849; resigned in 1883. John Cleland, August, 1863; resigned in 1877. Joseph P. Pye, November, 1877. Surgery.—James V. Bi-owne, August, 1849. Medicine.—Nicholas Colahan, August, 1849; resigned in 1879 Jobn Isaac Lynham, November, 1879. * Dr. Croker King was appointed Professor of Mineralogy and Geology in 1849, and in 1882 succeeded to the Chair of Botany and Zoology. SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, CORK. Midwifery Richard Doherty, August, 1849 ; died in 1876. Eichard J. Kinkead, November, 1876. Materia Medica.—Simon M'Coy, August, 1849; died in 1873. Joseph P. Pye, August, 1873; resigned in 1877—appointed to Chair of Physiology. Nicholas W. Colahan, February, 1878. Medical Jurisprudence Lecturers.—Simon M'Coy, 1849 ; died in 1873. Joseph P. Pye, 1873; resigned in 1877. Richard J. Kinkead, 1877. Thomas H. Rowney, 1880. Number of Medical Students attending in each year since the Opening of the College. Year No. Year No. Year No. 1849 10 1862 75 1875 99 1850 9 1863 66 1876 107 1851 8 1864 66 1877 114 1852 15 1865 56 1878 98 1853 18 1866 54 1879 101 1854 13 1867 59 1880 120 1855 22 1868 71 1881 122 1856 35 1869 65 1882 70 1857 39 1870 60 1883 41 1858 47 1871 78 1884 40 1859 52 1872 74 1885 34 1860 71 1873 85 1861 68 1874 85 SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, CORK. In 1812 John Woodroffe (see page 679) established a Dissecting Room in Cove-street, Cork. In 1828, the examinations for the Letters Testimonial of the College being no longer limited to apprentices, Certificates of Attendances at Lectures came at once into great demand. The Dissecting Room was converted into a School, in Warren's-place, and in 1828 the following were its staff:— Anatomy and Physiology.—John Woodroffe, M.D. Surgery.—Edward Richard Townsend, M.D. Edin., L.R.C.S.I. Medicine.—Charles Yelverton Haines, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S.L. Materia Medica.—Henry B. Evanson, M.D. Dubl. Botany.—Thomas Taylor, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S.L. MEDICAL SCHOOLS, CORK. SCHOOL OF ANATOMY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY, WARREN'S- PLACE. The Court of Examiners of the College having had an in- spection of the School premises made, refused recognition of it; but, in 1836, they resolved to receive Certificates issued from a well-appointed School—arranged by Mr. Wherland, whose son had a principal share in conducting the school, as teacher of Anatomy and Physiology. The School had all necessary appli- ances, provided at Mr. Wherland's expense. About ninety pupils attended this School, in which the following gentlemen lectured:— Denis C. O'Connor, M.B. Dub. Univ., L.R.C.S.I.; George Read M'Mullen, M.D. Glasg., M.R.C.S.I.; Daniel Knight Lloyd, M.B. Dub., on Medicine; Daniel Sweeny, M.B. Dub. Univ., M.R.C.S.L., on Chemistry; James Richard Wherland, M.D. Glasg., L.R.C-S.I., on Anatomy and Physiology; John Popham, M.B. Dub., M.R.C.S.L., on Midwifery; Dr. Neligan, L.R.C.S.I., and George Atkins Rountree, M.R.C.S.L., on Materia Medica and Medical Botany; Thomas G. Gregg, M.D. Glasg., M.R.C.S.L., on Forensic Medicine. Dr. O'Connor has, since those days, attained to a large practice and eminent position in his profession; he was President of the British Medical Association at the Meeting in Cork. Dr. Taylor was an eminent botanist, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. The Cork School of Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery was closed in 1844. THE "RECOGNISED SCHOOL OF MEDICINE," CORK. A Medical School was established in 1828 on the South Mall, Cork, by Henry Augustus Caesar. Its certificates were received by the College at an earlier date than were those issued from "Woodroffe's School, hence Caesar termed his institution the " Cork Recognised School." After the extinction of Woodroffe's School, Caisar's was termed the Cork School of Medicine. It continued in existence after the establishment of the Medical School of the Queen's College, and was not closed until 1858. There lectured in this School the following gentlemen :— Anatomy and Physiology.—H. A. Caesar, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S.L Physiology and Pathology.—John Popham, M.B. Surgery.—Christopher Aldworth Bull, M.B. Dubl., L.R.C.S.I.; William Kearns Tanner, M.D. Glasgow, L.R.C.S.I. Medicine William Beamish, M.D. Edin., L.R.C.S. Ed.; Joshua R. Harvey, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S.L.; Charles Yelverton Haines, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S.L. Materia Medica.—William Lambert Meredith, M.R.C. S.L., L. A.; George Atkins Roantree, M.R.C.S.L. Midwifery Eugene Finn, M.B. Dubl.; Timothy Curtin, M.D. Edin.; William Christopher Townsend, M.R.C.S.L.; William J. Cummins, M.D. Medical Jurisprudence.—John Francis M'Evers, M.R.C.S.L. Botany.—Thomas Power, M.D. Edin. Chemistry and Pharmacy.—William Christopher Townsend, M.R.C.S.L. Chemistry Daniel Sweeny, M.B. Dubl., M.R.C.S.L.; William Cuthbert Nash, BA. Dubl., M.D. St. Andrew's. Natural History and Comparative Anatomy.—Thomas Crofts Shinkwin, M.B. Aberdeen, M.R.C.S.L. THE MEDICAL SCHOOL, ROYAL BELFAST ACADEMICAL INSTITUTION. Anatomy was taught for some years in a building in connection with the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. In 1835 a regular School was formed with the following staff of Professors:— Anatomy and Physiology.—James L. Drummond, M.D. Edin. Surgery.—Thomas Ferrar, M.D. Midwifery.— Robert Little, M.B. Dubl., L.R.C.S.I. Materia Medica.—James Drummond Marshall, M.D. Edin. L.R.C.S. Ed. Chemistry.—Thomas Andrews, M.D. Edin. Botany.—William Martin. Ferrar, was soon replaced by Robert Coffey, M.D. Glasg., L.R.C.S. Ed., and the teaching staff was completed by the addition of Henry MacCormac, M.D., L.R.C.S. Ed. Dr. MacCormac, who graduated in Edinburgh in 1824, and whose works are so well known, is the only survivor of the above lecturers. About 1840 William Burden, M.D. Glasg., succeeded Little in the Midwifery Chair, and William Mateer, M.D., was appointed Professor of Botany vice Martin. In 1845 Alexander Gordon, M.D. Edin., L.R.C.S. Ed., was appointed Demonstrator and, subsequently, Professor of Anatomy. 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S o o bo u J. o o s o o M 3 02 . © oo oo O ° •4H y °-S o c? t». o o n, o O *»H "Ell P3«5rq <iH H •H « 5 Oh f . H O > &" 0.2 a Bog J=irC| £ PhOm APPENDIX B. THE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE COLLEGE, 1885-6. President.—Sir Charlks Alexander Cameron. Vice-President.—William Stokes. Secretary of the College.—William Colles. Council.—William Colles, Rawdon Macnamara, Sir George Hornidge Porter, James Henry Wharton, William Armstrong Elliott, Edward Hamilton, Philip Crampton Smyly, Robert M'Donnell, George Hugh Kidd, John Kellock Barton, Samuel Chaplin, William Ireland Wheeler, Anthony Hagarty Corley, Edward Hallaran Bennett, William Stoker, William Carte, Henry Fitzgibbon, Austin Meldon, John Benjamin Story. Representative on the General Medical Council of Education and Regis- tration.—Rawdon Macnamara. Librarian.—William Colles. Secretary to the Council.—Archibald Hamilton Jacob. Curator to the Museum.—Alexander B. M'Kee. Law Agent.—Archibald Robinson. Architects.—Thomas Newenham Deane & Son. Accountant.—Edward Thomas Kennedy, LL.D. Registrar.—John Brennen. Assistant-Librarian.—George Francis Blake. Bankers.—The Bank of Ireland. EXAMINERS. LETTERS testimonial and fellowship. Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy.—John Barton, Lambert Hepenstal Ormsby, Edward Alexander Stoker, Robert Lafayette Swan. Surgery and Surgical Pathology.—Charles Bent Ball, Henry Gray Croly, Edward Stamer O'Grady, William Thomson. Physiology and Histology.—Ph. Abraham, Edward Dillon Mapother. Medicine and Therapeutics.—Michael Austin Boyd, Richard Atkinson Hayes. Physics, Chemistry, and Medical Jurisprudence.—Joseph Dallas Pratt Samuel Henry Webb. Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Botany.—William Frazer, Humphrey Minchin. Midwifery.—John Joseph Cranny, Samuel R. Mason. Ophthalmology.—Arthur Henry Benson, Henry Rosborough Swanzy. Diploma in Midwifery.—Henry Croly, Samuel Roberts Mason, William Roe. Licence in Dentistry.—Arthur W. Baker, Daniel Corbett, junior, Henry Gray Croly, Robert Hazleton, Edward Stamer O'Grady, Henry Gregg Sherlock. General Education.—Frank C. Davys, Robert Morton, Henry John Colpoys Tweedy. SCHOOL OF SURGERY—PROFESSORS, &c. Anatomy and Physiology.—Edward Dillon Mapother, M.D., F.R.C.S. Practical and Descriptive Anatomy.—William Thornley Stoker, M.D., F.R.C.S.; Alexander Fraser, M.B. Surgery, Theory and Practice.—William Stokes, M.D., F.R.C.S.; Edward Hamilton, M.D. Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Arthur W. Foot, M.D., F.C.P. Ophthalmic and Aural Surgery.—Archibald H. Jacob, M.D., F.R.C.S. Chemistry.—Sir Charles A. Cameron, M.D., P.R.C.S. Materia Medica.—Rawdon Macnamara, M.D., F.R.C.S. Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children.—William Roe, M.D., F.R.C.S. Medical Jurisprudence.—Edmund W. Davy, M.D. Botany.—Humphrey Minchin, M.B., F.R.C.S. Hygiene, or Political Medicine.—Sir Charles A. Cameron, M.D., P.R.C.S. Dentistry.—Richard Theodore Stack, M.D., F.RC.S. Demonstrators of Anatomy.—John F. Knott, L.C.P., F.R C.S.; George B. White, M.B., F.R.C.S. ; John H. Scott, M.B., B.Ch. ; D. Edgar Flinn, L.C.P., F.R.C.S.; George B. Elliott, L.R.C.S.; F. A. G. Davis, M.B., L.R.C.S.; Richard B. Leeper, L.R.C.S. Demonstrators in Chemistry.—Francis Heron, B.A., F.I.C. ; Paul Albert Piel, L.C.P., L.R.C.S.; John Macallan, F.I.C. From the Irish Times of 28th May, 1886. ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. INTERESTING CEREMONIES. Yesterday afternoon, at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Stephen's-green, six honorary fellowships were conferred, a new Museum was opened, and a statue to Mr. W. Dease, one of the founders of the College, was unveiled in the presence of their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess of Aberdeen, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, and a large and distinguished gathering. The recipients of the fellowships were—Professor Huxley, Professor Pasteur, Sir James Paget, Sir Joseph Lister, Sir Thomas Spencer Wells, and Mr. John Marshall, F.R.S., but only one of these gentlemen was able to be present—Sir James Paget. The Lord Lieutenant and the Countess of Aberdeen, who were accom- panied by Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, and Mr. John Morley, Chief Secretary for Ireland, arrived at half-past three o'clock, and were received in the hall by the President of the College, Sir Charles Cameron; the Vice-President, Dr. Stokes; the Members of the Council; the following Professors—W. T. Stoker, M.D.; Alexander Fraser, M.B.; E. D. Mapother, M.D.; Edward Hamilton; A. Wynne Foot, M.D.; William Roe, M.D.; Edmund Davy ; Humphrey Minchin; and also by the Lord Chancellor, Chief Baron Palles, Chief Justice Morris, Professor Drummond, the Master of the Rolls, Sir Robert Hamilton, Colonel Turner, and Sir George Paget. The following Fellows of the College were present:— Drs. H. Burke, G. W. Doyle, G. Symes, James Martin, E. H. Tobin, H. J. Tweedy, A. H. Benson, D. E. Flinn, J. Slevin, E. C. Nicholson, F. T. Porter, T. M. Wills, James S. Curtis, C. Coppinger, Daniel Molony, R. D. Purefoy, James Molony, W. D. Hemphill, John A. Baker, E. G. Brunker, R. Browne, P. C. Baxter, J. W. Williams, R. V. Fletcher, T. S. Whistler, George Ellis, G. B. White, M. A. Ward, F. Kirkpatrick, R. H. Moore, Charles Kilkelly, M. F. Moore, S. Clarendon, Peter Thomond, Kendal Franks, F. Heuston, J. Palmer, David Jacob, F. Odevine, John Denham, Jeremiah O'Donovan, Charles H. Robinson, S. Wilmot, P. A. M'Denuott, D. J. Cunningham, Abraham Kidd, Francis Battersby, G. Morrogh, S. Houghton, H. J. K. Gogarty, H. Broomfield, H. Auchinleck F. A. Nixon. The following were also among those present:— President College of Physicians, Dr. Cruise ; Governor Apothecaries' Hall, Dr. Montgomery ; Mr. Gray, M.P.; Sir W. Carroll, Colonel Dease, Mr. Posnett, Colonel Caulfeild, Sir J. Ball Greene, Right Hon. Sir Patrick Keenan, Sir Ralph Cusack; Vice-Provost Trinity College, Sir A. Hart; Dr. Banks, Dr. Usher, Dr. William Moore, Judge Purcell, Mr. M'Clean; the Registrar-General, Dr. Grimshaw ; Dr. M'Cabe, Inspector Prisons Board; Dr. Thompson, Medical Officer Dublin District; Sir George Owens, Mr. Fitzpatrick, Mr. Beveridge, Town Clerk; Canon Jellett, Dr. J. W. Moore, Dr. Heard, Mr. Farrell, Dr. Meredith, Dr. Quinlan, Messrs. Blyth, Mr. A. Robinson, Dr. Duffey, Mr. Macnamara, Mr. Deane, R.H.A.; Colonel Croker King, Professor Mir Aulad Ali, Dr. J. Kennedy, Lieutenant Cameron, Alderman Moyers, the French Consul, Mr. Gernon. Amongst those invited, but unable to attend, were:— The Lord Mayor, Archbishop Plunket, Archbishop Walsh, Duke of Leinster, Duke of Abercorn, Professor Stokes (of Cambridge), Director-General, A.M.D.; Rev. A. C. Plunket, Lord justice Fitzgibbon, Mr. O'Reilly Dease; President Queen's College, Galway; Sir D. O'Sullivan, Dr.Fitzgerald, Principal Medical Officer Hamond, H. Robinson, C. B.; Sir Thomas Jones, Lord Emly, Chief Justice May, Lord Justice Barry, Lord Ardilaun, Right Hon. Hugh Holmes, M.P.; the Provost, President of Queen's College, Cork, W. K. Sullivan ; President of Queen's College, Belfast, Rev. J. Leslie Porter; Rector Catholic University, Rev. G. Molloy; Mr. Harrington, M.P.; Mr. Murphy, M.P.; Dr. John Kells Ingram, Dr. Valentine Ball, Dr. Dunne, Royal Irish University; Professor Hull, Geological Survey; Sir Richard Martin, Sir Francis Brady, Commissioner Harrel, Sir Bernard Burke; the Curator of the Botanic Gardens, F. W. Moore; Mr. Sandes, Captain Porter, Mr. A. D. Kennedy, Mr. E. Kennedy. A procession having been formed, the grand staircase was ascended, and the boardroom was entered in the following order:— Two Attendants as Ushers. The Professors of the College in order of seniority as Professors. The Examiners of the College in order of their seniority as Fellows of the College. The Members of the Council, in order of their seniority as such. The Honorary Fellow, Sir James Paget, Bart. The Mace. The President, Sir Charles A. Cameron, in attendance on His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, and attended by the Secretary of the Council, Dr. Jacob. The Vice-President, Mr. Stokes, in attendance on the Countess of Aberdeen. Tha Secretary of the College, Mr. Colles, accompanying the Prince of Saxe-Weimar. The Senior Member of the Council, Mr. Macnamara, accompanying the Princess of Saxe-Weimar. The Ladies and Gentlemen in attendance on their Excellencies and the Prince and Princess of Saxe-Weimar. The Registrar, Curator of the College Museums, and Assistant Librarian. Two Attendants. On the entrance of their Excellencies, which was announced by bugle- call, the company, which had already assembled in the board-room, rose and remained standing until Lord and Lady Aberdeen had taken their seats on the dais. The President (Sir Charles Cameron) said—May it please your Excellencies and Serene Highnesses, my Lords, ladies and gentlemen—My first duty is to thank most heartily, on behalf of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, the distinguished company who honour us by their presence on this occasion. I venture to think that the circumstances under which we meet to-day are unparalleled in the career of our College. We assemble to do honour to the illustrious dead and the illustrious living; to place upon the memorial of an illustrious Irishman and a truly great surgeon of the last century, wreaths of cypress and immortelles, and to grace with a mural crown the brow of one of the most eminent surgeons of the present age. My College must feel proud to-day in being able to attract to its halis the first personage in the realm, the representative of our most gracious Sovereign, and so many ornaments of society—official, professional, and social. Permit me then to explain to this distinguished company, in the briefest terms, the circumstances which have preceded, and are germane to this meeting of my College. Last year a large-hearted Irish gentleman, Mr. O'Reilly Dease, formerly and for many years a member of Parliament, undertook to defray the expense of erecting in the College a statue to his grandfather, Surgeon Dease, one of our principal founders. Subse- quently Mr. Butcher, an eminent Past-President of the College, complied with my request that he would present to the College with which, as an examiner, he was so long and honourably connected, his unrivalled collection of pathological casts. He complied with my request, and Mr. Dease gave us another substantial proof of the interest which he takes in our College by proposing to build at his sole cost a handsome hall to contain his friend Mr. Butcher's Museum. He also presented to us an admirable portrait of Mr. Butcher, painted by Mr. Catterson Smith. When a date had been fixed for the completion of these generous proposals the College considered in what way the events might be most appropriately celebrated. They came to the conclusion that your Excellencies and Serene Highnesses' presence would contribute largely to the eclat of the event, and they resolved also to render the occasion more memorable by offering their Honorary Fellowships to some of our most distinguished surgeons and men of science. Six names were speedily and unanimously selected, and public opinion has fully ratified the choice. I would speak first of Pasteur, the illustrious citizen of a great nation, the children of which have enlarged in every direction the boundaries of the domain of science. To read of his work and his discoveries is to peruse a chapter in the romance of science. A belief in an unseen world interpenetrating the tangible and visible one, and peopled by spirits, is coeval with the history of man, but modern science has shown us that there is really a world unseen to ordinary ken of man, in which there are myriads of organisms—inhabitants of air and earth and water—existing in the bodies of animals and infesting those of plants. This microcosm is potent for good as well as for evil. Mere specks as they are upon the confines of animated nature, they play great parts for good or for evil in the economy of creation. (Applause.) Many of the most beneficent and indispensable processes in the three kingdoms of nature result from their direct action; whilst, on the other hand, they are the causes, or materies morbi of many of the most serious maladies to which animals and plants are liable. Pasteur has lately devoted himself exclusively to the study of the organisms that produce disease, and he has identified clearly those that cause the complaint termed " chicken " or " fowl " cholera, and the affection which has almost annihilated the silk- worm in France. Professing himself a disciple of the illustrious Jenner, he has sought for prophylactic agents against diseases other than small- pox, and claims that he has succeeded in the case of anthrax fever in cattle, and hydrophobia in man. The great originality in his discoveries is that which proves that by cultivating virulent organisms in broth and other liquids their descendants, after a few generations, become less toxic, or altogether innocuous. By inoculating healthy animals with the nearly harmless organisms a mild attack of disease is produced, which serves as a protection against the more serious affection, just as an attack of vaccinia lessens the chance of catching smallpox, or mitigates the rancour of that loathsome malady if contracted. The evidence in favour of Pasteur's views is accumulating rapidly, and I cannot, being myself a cultivator of chemistry, but feel proud that Pasteur, who never professed to be more than a chemist, has proved how vast are the benefits which pure science can confer upon the healing art. To Sir Joseph Lister belongs the merit of having applied to practice the modern doctrines of disease and fermentation germs. Perceiving the importance of Pasteur's and Schwann's views as to the cause of putre- faction, he came to the conclusion that recovery from wounds and surgical operations would be rendered more likely by the exclusion of aerial organisms from contact with surfaces unprotected by skin. The results of this antiseptic system have in the practice of many of our ablest surgeons given satisfactory results and the addition of a word— Listerism—to our language. Quite apart from his successful advocacy of what I may term absolutely clean surgery, Sir Joseph Lister is one of the most profound physiologists and skilled surgeons in these countries, and well deserves the many honours which he has received. I regret that his unavoidable absence in the West Indies prevents us from having the pleasure of giving him a welcome here to-day. Of Professor Huxley I need say but little, as his fame, trumpet-tongued, resounds throughout the world as that of the greatest living biologist in these countries and one of the greatest of any country or age. We feel proud that he was educated purely as a surgeon, and commenced his brilliant career in that capacity. In enrolling amongst our honorary Fellows one who sheds so much light on the mysterious processes of life, and who has but just vacated the chair of Newton, we feel that we have added another great name to the fame-roll of our College. I deeply deplore that owing to the death last week of Lady Wells we are deprived of the pleasure of Sir Spencer Wells's presence here to-day. He had intended to be with us and revisit the scene of his student life, for in Dublin no inconsiderable portion of his professional education was obtained, and I am proud in being able to announce that his name is recorded in the list of pupils in the school of this College. A genial, large-hearted man, much loved by his wide circle of friends, we sympathise deeply with him in his present tribulation. With him the romance of life has now passed away ; but we trust that he has still before him many years of professional distinction and of domestic happiness with his children. Sir Spencer Wells is widely known as an original observer and a most able surgical operator. With one formidable operation his name is associated, and he performs it in a way which has almost reduced to nullity the frightful mortality which previously characterised it. Mr. Marshall is distinguished for many qualities, personal and pro- fessional. He has done sound physiological work, and has published many valuable papers on that subject and on anatomy and surgery. His " Manual of Anatomy for Artists " is a most valuable work. Overflowing with native wit, Nature must have intended him for an Irishman. (Laughter.) We expected him here to-day, but a sudden attack of bronchitis has deprived us of a contemplated pleasure. And now I come to the last but by no means the least of the six honorary Fellows. I have purposely kept for a crescendo to my feeble address the mention of Sir James Paget's name—(applause)—knowing fully that however badly I might commence this address, I could not fail to end it well by having for my peroration the well-merited praise of so distinguished a man. (Applause). Gentlemen, no English surgeon will feel offended with me when I say if there is one name more than others with which we associate English surgery that name is James Paget. (Loud applause). It is known far beyond the boundaries of these islands, and wherever the art of surgery is cultivated. A profound physiologist, possessing the most minute knowledge of the precious porcelain of man, a most skilful operator, can we wonder that he has risen to the loftiest position in his profession ! Sir James, having that modesty which is almost always associated with greatness and nobility of character, would, I know, rather that words of praise were not sounded in his ears, but there are occasions when modesty of that kind must be put aside, and this is one of them. We feel that in enrolling Sir James amongst us, we are doing honour to ourselves, and I trust that he may long live to enjoy all the distinctions which his great ability and professional skill have won for him. I would say more in his praise were it not that my distinguished friend, the President of the Academy of Medicine, has undertaken a further eulogy of him later in the day. I know that this announcement will not interfere with the comfort or digestion of Sir James at our approaching dinner—(laughter)—because he has the tongue of a ready speaker and may with truth be termed the Demosthenes of our profession. (Loud applause). The President then presented the diploma of Fellowship to Sir James Paget, and in doing so expressed a hope that he would long live to enjoy the honour. Sir Charles Cameron having formally introduced him to his Excellency, called for cheers for Sir James Paget, which were warmly given. Sir James Paget, who was received with loud applause, said he felt profoundly grateful for the honour which had been conferred on him. It was an honour which he more highly prized than any other honour he had elsewhere received. There were many reasons why he should treasure it, and amongst them was the fact that he had been judged worthy of it by those who were not only his brethren in the wide sense of the term, but who were also his fellow-countrymen, and who had formed their opinion, not only of the work which he had done, but also of his bearing in the profession. The good that surgery did was not confined to its alleviation of suffering, it formed a band of gentlemen who were true citizens, and men of mercy and wide charity. It was a great advantage of the profession that its members, though rivals, were free from all hostility of feeling, and the colleges in England and Ireland, while in active competition, were always friends. (Applause). Another reason why he so highly prized the honour which had been conferred upon him was that in receiving it his name had been classed with so many eminent men. He regretted that of all the recipients of the honours that day conferred he was the only one able to be present to return thanks. There was no one but would have better expressed his thanks, and prominent among them was M. Pasteur. (Applause). The President said that among their friends from across the Channel present there that day was Sir George Paget, K.C.B., elder brother of Sir James Paget. He called for a cheer for Sir George Paget. (Cheers). Sir George Paget, who was cordially greeted, briefly spoke, thanking the gathering for the manner in which they had received him. Mr. Stokes, Vice-President of the College, addressing his Excellency, said, on behalf of the President and Council of the College, he had the honour of asking his Excellency's acceptance of a copy of the History of the College, which had been written by their President, Sir Charles Cameron—(applause)—who, in the midst of many great and rigorous duties connected with the Presidency of the College—with a professorship connected with it—and with his connection with the municipality of Dublin, had still found time to publish that book, which they hoped would meet with the success which had attended his previous literary achievements; and he felt confident that it would bring honour and credit not only to the author, but to the College over which he presided. (Applause). It would be a source of satisfaction and of gratification to him (the speaker), as it would be to the Council, to remember hereafter that the first copy of that book was offered to and accepted by his Excel- lency, who, accompanied by her Excellency, had that day offered so great an honour to the College. (Applause). It was a proof—if such were wanting—of the kindly sympathy and good-will which had been so largely evidenced towards all the Dublin institutions which had been 2 z visited by their Excellencies. (Applause). In the book, too, would be found the aims and objects of the founders of the College, and of the maintainers of its reputation, and much matter of high historical interest, not only connected with their profession, but with the country, which would now see the light for the first time. Sir Charles Cameron, in pro- ducing that work, had exhibited that rare ability and magnificent power in sifting evidence which was so necessary to the historian. (Applause). Mr. Macnamara, representative of the College on the General Medical Council, proposed a vote of thanks to their Excellencies for honouring the Council by attending. He said long before they had left England their reputation had been wafted across the Channel, and after their arrival in Ireland a very few days elapsed before they commenced to make a tour of inspection of the hospitals of the city, and he, having had the honour of conducting them through the Meath Hospital, had heard the cheering words which they spoke to each patient there. He had much pleasure in proposing :— " That the warmest thanks of the President, Vice-President, Members of the Council, and Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons are eminently due, and are hereby gratefully tendered, to their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess of Aberdeen for so graciously honouring the College by their attendance on an occasion so interesting as the present, when honour is done to one of our great ones of the past and distinctions conferred on some of our living celebrities—a faithful History of the College from its foundation to the present period is published, and a Museum is opened specially dedicated to the recep- tion of an important collection, the sole work of a distinguished surgeon still in our ranks." (Applause). Sir George Porter, Surgeon to the Queen, seconded the resolution, and said he must echo the thanks of the members of the Council for the great honour which had been done them by a visit from their Excellencies. He was quite sure that it would always be a very bright memory to look back upon, and it would always be a source of pleasure to the members of the College. (Applause.) The resolution was carried with acclamation. The Lord Lieutenant, who on rising was received with loud applause, said—Mr. President, your Serene Highnesses, ladies and gentlemen, the exceedingly cordial manner in which this vote of thanks has been proposed and received deserves and obtains our most hearty thanks. There is at any rate one word—one expression—in the resolution to which I can without scruple assent, and that is the reference to the exceedingly interesting character of the present occasion. Sir Charles Cameron, in his opening address, alluded to the circumstances that will necessarily render this gathering memorable, but indeed, Mr. President, it occurs to me that no assembly of this College of Surgeons could be otherwise than highly important and deeply interesting. It is well known that this College is of very great antiquity, and not only so, but its high character and great attainments and usefulness have been maintained at a remarkably high standard during the centuries of its existence. I suppose it would not be very difficult to discover some of the causes of the vast share which this College has had in the amelioration of the sufferings of mankind. For one thing we all know, that owing to the circumstances and resources of Ireland, there have not been so many openings as there are in other parts of the United Kingdom for young men of ability and energy to distinguish themselves in the various branches of trade and commerce. Perhaps owing to that circumstance there has been a splendid supply to the learned professions in Dublin. I believe—I speak also of the sister-science, for the two are so closely associated—I believe there are at present in the surgical and medical branches of this city 1,000 students qualifying themselves for future practice. (Applause.) That fact alone shows the great share that Ireland has contributed to the welfare of the human race by the supply which it has furnished in this direction for the whole world. (Applause.) I may say that is obvious, but I sometimes wonder if it is fully realised by some of our friends and the general public across the Channel. Owinz to that Channel which has so many influences, I do not know if the general public in England—I daresay they are fully alive to it in Scotland—fully realise the importance of the College and its institutions. At any rate a great contribution to knowledge on the subject will be found in the splendid work which I have had the honour of receiving, and if there were no other circumstance to impress the occasion on the memory it would to my mind render it a most memorable one. (Applause.) Any who can use their influence to extend recognition and honour to the College are, indeed, honouring themselves, and I think the publication of this work will be of public benefit. (Applause.) No one can glance at its pages without warmly endorsing the remarks made by the Vice-President when he spoke of the energy and self-denial which must have been exercised before such a work could be produced by one holding the high position of Sir Charles Cameron. We shall look forward with pleasure to making a practical acquaintance with this beautiful and valuable work. I take this opportunity to con- gratulate him on its accomplishment. (Applause.) We have been reminded that speeches are to a considerable extent the order of the day, and as there are more to follow at a later hour I am sure I will be consulting the feelings of this assembly by abstaining from dwelling longer on these topics, and I will conclude by again expressing the warm thanks of Lady Aberdeen and myself for the hearty greeting we have received. It would have been a source of real regret to us if we had been deprived of the pleasure of being present here to-day. (Loud applause.) Dr. Robert M'Donnell moved, and Dr. Wharton seconded, a vote of thanks to their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar. The resolution was passed by acclamation. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar briefly replied. The procession having re-formed, the company proceeded to the entrance hall of the College, where the statue of Mr. Dease was placed. There— Sir Charles Cameron, addressing their Excellencies, said the statue was cut out of a beautiful specimen of Italian marble by one of the most famous of Irish artists—Mr. Farrell. Mr. Dease, who died in the year 1798, was one of the most distinguished surgeons in the past century, and his reputation extended far beyond his native island. Her Excellency having withdrawn the veil from the statue, which is a beautiful specimen of the art of sculpture— His Excellency expressed the pleasure which it gave the Countess of Aberdeen to perform the pleasing duty of unveiling the statue. He con- gratulated the College of Surgeons upon the splendid memorial which they possessed of one who so well deserved the honour that had been paid to his memory. (Applause.) The President asked his Excellency to declare the Butcher Museum open. The Lord Lieutenant, having formally declared the Museum open, loud cheers were given for the Countess of Aberdeen. The Viceregal party then left, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar taking their departure a few minutes later. SIR CHARLES CAMERON'S BANQUET. In the evening the banquet given by Sir Charles A. Cameron, President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, took place. The occasion was that of the unveiling of the statue of Surgeon Dease and the opening of the Butcher Museum by the Lord Lieutenant. The occasion was a most brilliant and interesting one. The Patho- logical Museum, in which the banquet took place, was profusely, yet elegantly decorated. At either end of the chamber were inscriptions of welcome to the distinguished medical scientists who were amongst Sir Charles Cameron's chief guests. Around the wall heraldic flags and shields were artistically arranged, and the grouping of the bannerets around the gasaliers was extremely effective. The lighting was brilliant and the dinner tables exquisitely ornamented. The galleries were thronged by an assemblage of ladies. Amongst the guests were the Lord Lieutenant and Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimaj, who brought with them a brilliant staff of officers and aides-de-camp. Sir Charles Cameron presided. At his right sat his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, his Grace the Duke of Abercorn, Sir George Paget, K.C.B.; Sir George Porter, and Lord Justice Fitzgibbon. At his left were—the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, M.P.; General his Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Professor Stokes, Vice- President, R.C.S.; Lord Justice Barry, and Sir James Paget, Bart. The following were the guests:— Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Lieutenant; His Grace the Duke of Abercorn, Governor of Apothecaries' HalL Lord Ardilaun, Mr. Baker, F.R.C.S. ; Sir Robert Ball, F.R.S.; Mr. C. Ball, F.R.C.S.; Mr. V. Ball, F.R.S., Director of the National Museum ; Dr. Banks, Lord Justice Barry, B.C.; Mr. J. K. Barton, F.R.C.S.; Mr. J. Barton, F.R.C.S. ; Professor Bennett, F.R.C.S., President Irish Branch British Medical Association ; Mr. Benson, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Bentham, Mr. Beveridge, Town Clerk; Mr. Blake, Assistant Librarian; Mr. James Blyth, Mr. H. A. Blyth, Mr. Boyd, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. Brennen, Registrar; Mr. M. Brooks, D.L.; Mr. Brown, F.R.C.S.; Dr. Hamilton Burke, L.G.B.; Lieutenant Charles J. Cameron, Mr. Cantrell, Dr. Sir W. Carroll; Professor Carroll, Mr. Carte, F.R.C.S.; Rev. Dr. Carmichael, Colonel Caulfeild, Mr. Chaplin, F.R.C.S.; Professor Colles, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Corley, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Cranny, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Croker-King, F.R.C.S., Medical Commissioner, L.G.B.; Mr. H. G. Croly, F.R.C.S.; Mr. H. Croly, F.R.C.S.; Dr. Cruise, President College of Physicians; Professor Cunningham, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. Curtis, F.R.C.S.; Baron De Cussy, Colonel Davoren, Mr. Davys, F.R.C.S. ; Prof. Davy, M.D.; Mr. Deane, R.H.A.; Mr. A. S. Deane, Captain the Hon. M. F. Deane, Colonel Dease, Hon. Dr. De Montmorency, Captain Dawson Douglas, A.D.C.; Prof. Henry Drummond, Mr. Duffy, R.H.A.; Dr. Duffey, Mr. Elliott, F.R.C.S.; Mr. W. E. Ellis, LL.B.; Mr. E. W. Eyre, Mr. T. Farrell, R.H.A.; Dr. Fitzgerald, Oculist to the Queen; Lord Justice Fitzgibbon, P.O.; Mr. Fitzgibbon, F.R.C.S.; Dr. W. J. Fitzpatrick, Mr. Flinn, F.R.C.S.; Professor Foot, M.D. ; Mr. Franks, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Frazer, F.R.C.S.; Professor Frazer, M.B.; Rev. Dr. Fuller, Rev. J. Galbraith, S.F.T.C.D. ; Rev. B. Gibson, Mr. J. F. Goodman, Master of ^he Crown Office; Mr. Graham, Representative of The Graphic; Mr. E. D. Gray, M.P.; Mr. Gregg, Mr. W. S. Gregg, Sir John B. Greene, C.B.; Dr. Gordon, Mr. Hamilton, F.R.C.P., President I.M.A.; Sir Robert Hamilton, K.C.B., Under-Secretary for Ireland; Mr. H. A. Hamilton, Dr. Harley, Professor Hartley, F.R.S. ; Mr. Hayes, F.R.C.S.; Rev. James Healy, Mr. Heuston, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Jonathan Hogg, Professor Hull, F.R.S., Director Geological Survey; Mr. Jacob, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Jephson, Sir Thomas Jones, P.R.H.A. ; Sir "William Kaye, Right Hon. Sir P. Keenan, K.C.M.G., P.C.; Mr. A. D. Kennedy, Mr. Kidd, FJR.C.S.; Mr. Knott, F.R.C.S.; Captain the Hon. C. Lambton, Dr. Lapper, Mr. Harman Lawrenson, Dr. James Little, Dr. Long, T.C.; Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, M.P.; Mr. Macallen, F.l.C. ; Dr. M'Cabe, Medical Inspector Prisons Board ; Mr. Vokes Mackey, Mr. R. Macnamara, F.R.C.S. ; Lieutenant Macnamara, Dr. C. C. Macnamara, Prof. Mapother, F.R.C.S.; Dr. MacSwiney, Mr. Manifold, Mr. Martin, Mr. S. Mason, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. R. M'Donnell, F.R.C.S., President Academy of Medicine; Alderman Meagher, Mr. Meldon, F.R.C.S.; Dr. Meredith, Sec. R.U.; Mr. Minchin, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. M'Kee, Curator ; Dr. Moore, Physician to the Queen ; Dr. J. W. Moore, Mr. Fletcher Moore, Right Hon. John Morley, P.C, M.P., Chief Secretary; Mr. Morton, F.R.C.S.; Alderman Moyers, LL.D. ; Mr. Mullen, Dr. Murphy, Dr. Nedley, Dr. Neville, Dr. Nixon, F.R.C.S. ; Dr. Nolan, Mr. O'Brien, V.P., Prisons Board ; Dr. O'Donoghue, Mr. O'Grady, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. Ormsby, F.R.C.S.; Sir G. Owens, Sir G. Paget, K.C.B., Regius Prof, of Medicine, Cambridge University, M.D.; Sir James Paget, Bart., Hon. F.R.C.S.; Dr. Patton, Dr. Piel, Sir G. Porter, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Queen; Mr. Posnett, Mr. Pratt, F.R.C.S.; the Provost of Trinity College, Judge Purcell, Dr. Purcell, Dr. Quinlan, the Registrar- General, Mr. H. Robinson, C.B., V.P. Local Government Board; Surgeon Robinson, Scots' Guards ; Mr. C. Robinson, F.R.C.S.; Mr. A. Robinson, CoUege Solicitor ; Prof. Roe, F.R.C.S.; General his Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Mr. J. A. Scott, Mr. Shekleton, Q.C.; Mr. Sherlock, F.R.C.S.; Mr. S. Catterson Smith, R.H.A. ; Mr. Smyly, F.R.C.S.; Rev. Dr. Stack, S.F.T.C.D. ; Prof. Stoker, F.R.C.S.; Mr.E.A. Stoker, F.R.C.S. ; Prof. Stokes, V.P., R;C.S.; Rev. Dr. Stubbs, S.F.T.C.D. ; Mr. Sutcliffe, Mr. Story, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Swan, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Swanzy, F.R.C.S.; Mr. A. Thompson, Mr. Thomson, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. Trevelyan, Rev. J. W. Tristram, Colonel Turner, Mr. Tweedy, F.B.C.S. ; Dr. Wade, T.C.; Mr. Webb, F.R.C.S.; Mr. Wheeler, F.R.C.S.; Mr. White, F.R.C.S.; Prof. Wright, F.R.C.S. ; Mr. A. H. Wyatt, Mr. Young. The dinner was capitally served by Mr. R. H. Murphy. The following was the menu :— MENU. Soup—Turtle, Spring—East India Sherry. Fish—Salmon, Sauce Tartar ; Eed Mullet, Sauce Italien—Hock, Rudesheimer. Entrees—Plovers' Eggs in aspic, Sweetbreads and Truffles—Champagne, Ruinart Pere et Fils. Releve"es—Spring Chicken and Tongue, Saddle of Mutton, Westphalian Ham— Sherry, Amontillado. Second Service—Ducklings and Peas, Mayonnaise of Lobster. Entremets—Maraschino Jelly, Biscuits Glace", Parmesan Biscuits. Dessert—-Cream and Water Ices—Claret, Chateau la Rose, 1874 ; Brandy and Curacoa, Old Port, Old Madeira. After dessert, The " Non Nobis" was sung in splendid style by members of the company. The President, who, on rising, was received with applause, said— Your Excellency, your Serene Highness, my lords and gentlemen—The first toast I have the honour to propose is that of " Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen." (Applause.) Her Majesty has been a good wife, a devoted mother, a wise and constitutional Sovereign. May she long reign over the hearts of her subjects. I give you—"The Health of Her Majesty the Queen." (Applause.) The toast was drunk with enthusiasm. Air—" God save the Queen." The President again arose and proposed " His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales and other members of the Royal Family." They were all aware of the cordial feeling which the Prince of Wales entertained for Ireland and for Irishmen. Some of the members of His Royal Highness's household were of their own nationality, and were amongst them there that evening. Irishmen entertained the strongest feeling of regard towards the Prince, and it was unnecessary to say how much they held in respect and esteem His Royal Highness's amiable consort, the Princess of Wales. (Applause.) They all wished that Royal visits to this country should take place more frequently than in the past—and certainly members of the Royal Family had always been received here with a right loyal welcome. He would give them the health of those illustrious personages, and ask the company to drink it with all the honours. (Applause.) * The President said the toast he was now about to propose was one which he was quite sure would receive an enthusiastic welcome. It was the health of the representative of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, who had in an especial manner honoured them by his presence there that evening. (Applause). He had the pleasure last year of spending a little while in Scotland, and he should always remember as one of the red letter days of his life the day he passed at the hospitable hall of the Earl of Aberdeen. He was one of a party who were on that occasion entertained with princely hospitality at Haddo Hall; and when that large party were leaving, their expressions of admiration for the noble Earl were not only equalled but excelled by their expressions of admira- tion for his amiable Countess. (Applause). There was an old saying that if they wanted to know a man they should go and live with him. From this experience of the noble Earl, when he first heard of his appointment as Lord Lieutenant, it occurred to him that a certain person, whom he would not mention, knew very well what he was about in making the appointment. There was no better way of winning the hearts of the Irish people than by asking the Earl and Countess of Aberdeen to represent her Majesty in this country. He knew that they would at once win the hearts of the Irish people—(hear, hear)—and that had been the case in a very short space of time indeed. They had come there actuated with the best desires to promote the happiness of the Irish people. This College would always remember with gratitude the kindness of his Excellency in coming to that entertainment, and he would ask them to give the toast a very cordial and enthusiastic reception, wishing long life and prosperity, and much happiness, to the noble Earl who represented Her Majesty in this country. (Applause). The toast was drunk with enthusiasm. The Lord Lieutenant, in responding, said :—Mr. President, my Lord Mayor, your Serene Highness, Ladies, and Gentlemen, I wish I could find words adequately to express my appreciation of the extreme cordiality * This report and His Excellency's response are taken from the Freeman's Journal. and kindness with which the President has been good enough to propose, and you have received, this toast—my health. On such an occasion the first feeling of a speaker, if he happen not to be an Irishman, is one of regret, not unmixed with envy, at not possessing the national characteristic of ready eloquence. But, although I have not been long enough in Ireland to acquire that valuable gift, yet I have been long enough to learn some- thing about Ireland and the Irish. It does not, indeed, require a long residence in this country to discover that the people of this land are not only very quick-witted, but very warm-hearted, and, which is a better characteristic, are always ready to extend a ready appreciation to any honest endeavour to deserve their good-will. This characteristic is not a mere matter for exchange of compliments, but is a characteristic of importance to those who have any position of authority or influence, and one which statesmen would do well to observe and depend on. Mr. President, you have been so kind as to allude to various circumstances of a personal character, which impose on me the necessity of responding to the toast in a fuller way than merely as the occupant of the high and honourable position of representative of her Majesty. You recalled a subject always pleasant to me—my own home, where I had the pleasure of entertaining you and a great many of your colleagues on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association last autumn. I hope that in Scotland we are not forgetful to entertain strangers, especially distin- guished strangers, a number of whom were received on that occasion. There are many topics which I might allude to in connection with this distinguished College of Surgeons, but I think that at this entertainment, and particularly after the interesting speeches which we had this after- noon an opportunity of listening to, it is not necessary for me to dilate on the claims to public gratitude which most here are familiar with as belonging to this College of Surgeons. I propose, before I sit down, to perform a duty less difficult and not less pleasant than that which I have discharged, and that is to ask your permission to be the mouthpiece of this large assembly in expressing our feelings towards our distinguished host who has entertained us at this magnificent banquet. (Applause). I feel it to be a congenial as well as an honourable task to be permitted to propose this toast, because I think I can claim to be, to a certain extent at least, a fellow-countryman of Sir Charles Cameron, as he is in no small degree of Scottish blood. We can both claim that ancestors of ours suffered martyrdom, or at least execution, in consequence of their devotion to their political principles. A great-grandfather of Sir Charles Cameron was beheaded in the last century, and I had an ancestor on each side of politics who were also beheaded, so that I ought to be impartial. [His Excellency then referred to the attainments of the Scotch in science and also to their devotion to theology.] A most remarkable instance of the combination of these two sciences occurred in a remote part of Seotland, where a worthy person had suffered a slight shock of paralysis. There was no doctor near, but the minister of the parish visited the house, and happening to have an old galvanic battery, brought it with him, and very properly combining the two sciences together, administered a shock which had somewhat of the desired effect. Next morning a neighbour called to inquire how the patient was, and his wife replied, " He is no vera weel, but he will maybe soon be better, because the minister has given him a shock with the Calvanistic battery." (Laughter). I feel that it is not necessary to add further words in proposing this toast, for I am sure that it will come home to the heart of everyone present. We desire to acknowledge in the most cordial manner our appreciation of his excellent and kind hospitality on this most interesting occasion. (Loud applause.) The toast having been duly honoured, The President responded, and said he thanked his Excellency from the bottom of his heart. He felt most grateful, indeed, to all his dis- tinguished friends for the way in which they had responded to the toast. He felt that the gratitude was due altogether from him to the distinguished noblemen and gentlemen of every rank, social and professional, who had honoured him by partaking of his hospitality on that occasion. He felt almost like his ancestor to whom his Excellency had referred—that he was in danger of losing his head. (Applause and laughter). He thanked his Excellency most cordially for the kind way in which he had proposed this toast and his friends for the way in which they had received it, as well as for the support they had given him during the whole course of his professional life. (Applause). The President next proposed "The Navy, Army, and Auxiliary Forces." He said that Irishmen were fond of fighting. Some fought for the mere love of glory, some because it was their duty to fight, while Irishmen fought simply for the fun of the thing. In proportion to the population of these countries Irishmen contributed more men to the army than any other part of the United Kingdom. From statistics furnished by Mr. Herbert when he was Secretary-at-War, it appeared that forty-seven per cent, of the army consisted of Irishmen, and he (the President) thought that seventy per cent, of the officers were represented by Irish- men. This College was not so largely interested in the combatant portion of the army as it was in the medical men attached to it in the medical departments. They had ever taken an interest in the fortunes of those who served as medical men in the army and navy. From 1785 to 1815 the College had furnished 1,000 surgeons to those services, and had qualified in proportion more medical officers for the army and navy than were contributed by the sister corporations, and they sent out their men well instructed in botany, chemistry, and anatomy. Although their licence was only for surgery, they turned out men qualified to practise in every department of the healing art. They were non-combatants, yet at times they were ready to fight, and they all knew that at Rorke's Drift they were represented by a hero, Surgeon-Major Reynolds. (Applause). The mortality in times of war was, in fact, greater amongst medical officers than amongst combative officers. Young medical officers were to be seen in the van of the battle with their revolver in one hand and their surgical instruments in the other—the revolver to protect themselves, the in- struments of their profession to dress the wounds whether of friend or foe. (Applause.) He (the President) would associate with this toast the name of his Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, whom he would ask to respond as well on behalf of the navy as for the army. For, although Prince Edward was not an officer of the navy, he (the President) was sure that his Serene Highness, like many an old general of former times, could fight as well on sea as on land. (Applause.) He was aware that there were amongst the company some members of the anti-Postprandial Oration Association, and, therefore, he should keep his oratory within limits. He would associate with the toast which he had the honour of proposing, the name of his Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar. (Applause.) The Prince was an illustrious member of a reigning family—of a sovereign house, and he had that evening honoured them with his presence. The Prince was a direct descendant of the great Duke Bernard, who fought in the terrible and bloody Thirty Years' War; but yet more, he was the grandson of the Duke Carl Auguste, the friend and protector of Goethe and Schiller. (Loud applause.) He would ask them to drink the health of his Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar. (Applause.) The toast was drunk amid applause. His Serene Highness Prince Edward, who was cordially received, said he would act on the suggestion of the President, and, having regard to the number of toasts on the list, would not trespass on the time of the company by making any lengthened speech. The President—I withdraw the suggestion. (Laughter.) Prince Edward—Well, then, the honourable task having been con- fided to me of returning thanks for the navy, army, and auxiliary forces combined, I feel that on an occasion like the present where so much remains to be said, there is only due from me a short allusion to the tie that so cordially exists between the medical profession and those who serve their country by sea and land. (Applause.). It is my privilege to be able from personal experience to bear testimony to the many benefits which one profession has reaped from its close association with the other; and I feel proud in this assembly to be called on to-night to return, as I most heartily do, my thanks for the way in which the toast to the army, navy, and auxiliary forces has been received. (Loud applause.) The President proposed " The Houses of Parliament." They were honoured with the presence of a leading member of the Upper House— the Duke of Abercorn. (Loud and prolonged applause.) They were honoured also by the presence of a member of the Lower House, who, he was sure, would receive from them a cordial welome—he alluded to Mr. Gray. (Applause.) The Duke of Abercorn, although of Scotch origin, was ipsis Hibernis Hiberniores. He was a thorough Irishman, and took a deep interest from his point of view in Irish affairs and Irish interests. As to Mr. Gray, they knew how earnest he was in his efforts to improve the public health of the city and country. (Hear.) This College was perfectly neutral as to politics. At times when political considerations were paramount in other corporations, this corporation stood perfectly neutral. It elevated to the highest places in its power men of different politics, and the only order it acknowledged was the nobility of merit. (Applause.) The toast was duly honoured. The Duke op Abercorn, who was very cordially received, returned thanks for the House of Lords. He wished that some more experienced member of that House were present to respond to the toast, because, as they were aware, he was but a novice in that august assembly, and he was sure they would sympathise with him in the diffidence he felt at having for the first time to return thanks for the House of Lords in the City of Dublin, owing to the absence of one whose position he endea- voured to fill. There were those who are sometimes disposed to cavil and find fault with the House of Lords, and to compare them unfavour- ably with the House of Commons, but on looking at their positions with regard to this toast he could not help feeling that on this occasion he occupied a somewhat superior position to Mr. Gray—and for this reason, that he was able by the rules of the Upper House to speak for the ladies in the gallery—(laughter)—while Mr. Gray by the rules of the House of Commons was obliged to confine his remarks to those who sat around him. (Hear.) It was well known that the powers of debate of the House of Lords, although they might be found fault with by some, are by no means inferior to those of the House of Commons. (Hear.) In some ways perhaps they might be somewhat superior. To what might they attribute that ? Not only to the hereditary element which permeated the Upper Chamber, but also to the additions which from time to time are made to the Upper House—additions of the highest intellect of the land— men who had spent so many years in the service of their country, in the House of Commons, or in filling high positions connected with the State. Moreover, there were also added from time to time men well known and distinguished in the field of literary pursuits. In that assembly they would find two eminent Irishmen who had recently been added to it— Lord Fitzgerald and Lord Wolseley. (Applause.) But there was one section of the community which was not represented in the House of Lords, and that was the medical profession. He believed it would add to the respect in which that assembly was now held, and conduce very much to the fuller discussion of subjects on which medical men were peculiarly entitled to speak, if two or three life peerages connected with the medical profession were added to the Upper House. (Applause.) Mr. Gray, M.P., who was received with applause, responded for the House of Commons. With regard to the Duke of Abercorn's observations, he could not but think that if it was intended to arrive at any accurate or definite conclusion on any subject on which the medical profession could afford any assistance, a single representative of the profession would be quite sufficient—(laughter)—because he was quite convinced that if there was more than one the possibility of arriving at any definite conclusion on any subject would be a matter of time. (Laughter.) With regard to the House of Commons many members of that House had come to the conclusion, rightly or wrongly, that its efficiency would be increased if this particular class of members with which he was more particularly- identified ceased to be entitled, even at a festive assembly such as this, to speak in the name of the House of Commons. (Hear, and laughter.) That question was, however, unsettled, and while apparently there was a large section of the House of Commons which felt this difficulty with him, still his friends and he were of a very self-sacrificing disposition, and they were quite prepared even to sacrifice the efficiency of the House to their sense of public duty. (Hear, and laughter.) There was cer- tainly one matter in which this corporation was indebted to the House of Commons, and that was its frequent attempts to carry out what was called the reform of the medical profession. (Hear, hear.) Mr. Stokes, Vice-President of the College, said—Mr. President, I have been requested to propose the toast of the municipality of this city. It is a toast which I think merits, and which I trust, will receive at your hands kindly consideration. It has been said and there is, I think, a strong element of truth in the statement, that no man is worth much who has not got enemies, and, if that be true of individuals it may, I think, be equally true of institutions, for certainly as long as I remember anything the Corporation of this city has ever had hostile critics and detractors; but in taking into consideration an ancient institution like this we should be guided by a principle once urged on me years ago by a celebrated artist who told me, when looking at a picture, not to allow my mind to fix itself on the weak points of that picture, but to find out and profit by what was genuine, and true, and good, and I think that if that principle be applied in taking into account the good work done by the Corporation we shall find that it is deserving of high consideration. (Applause.) We have an efficient and proper supply of water which for purity and abundance is unsurpassed by any water-supply in the Empire. (Applause.) I should also allude to the great drainage works now almost completed— to the widening and augmentation of the bridges over our river, to the erection of artizans' dwellings, to the opening of health spaces in the most congested parts of the city, to the construction of an abattoir and of baths, and although those baths may not be equal to the baths of ancient Rome, they are certainly creditable to the City of Dublin. (Applause.) The atmosphere of the city has, on account of these works, been improved. I should also mention that much has been done in the paving of the streets. Some mention was made to-day about the re-naming of the streets. I have been always hostile to the removal of ancient landmarks, but I shall say this, that the name proposed to be given to our noblest thoroughfare is a name which no Irishman can ever speak of without a thrill of pride and pleasure. He was a man who was a true patriot— who ever gloried in the golden link of the Crown. (Applause.) Now those great municipal improvements to which I have alluded are special links in our profession, for they contribute largely to the health and well- being of the community—that which has been properly called the supremo, lex. (Applause.) So large a part in those great improvements has been taken by our esteemed and respected chairman, that I cannot say too much of the services which he has rendered to the city of Dublin— (applause)—in connection with these great works. He has brought to bear all that technical knowledge and thoroughness which characterise everything that he has undertaken. (Applause.) Associated with this toast is the name of an eminent gentleman who now occupies the Civic Chair—the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor—(applause)—one in whom we recognise great scholastic, literary, and oratorical attainments, and who by his tact, by his geniality, and by his courtesy, has won a deservedly high popularity—one who in all his actions, political as well as municipal, has never had any selfish ulterior aim, but has always acted from an honest belief that what he did was best for the prosperity, happiness, and the fair fame of his country. (Applause.) The toast was drunk with much cordiality. The Lord Mayor, in responding, recognised in strong terms the services rendered to the city by Sir Charles Cameron in connection with the works referred to by Mr. Stokes. The President next proposed "The Donors of the College—Mr. O'Reilly Dease, D.L., and Mr. Butcher, past President R.C.S." The toast was cordially received. Surgeon Wheeler said—May it please your Excellency, your Serene Highness, Mr. President, my Lords and Gentlemen—It was not until a very short time ago that I was aware that I would be asked to speak to this toast, and honoured by being requested to respond for Mr. Butcher. It affords me very great pleasure to do so, and also regret. Pleasure, for it is always agreeable to me to speak the praises of one who has merited and is deserving of praise, but especially pleasurable how intimately associated professionally as I have been with Mr. Butcher for many years past; regret, on account of Mr. Butcher's absence, who could have responded much more efficiently and adequately. Plutarch says, some- where— " It is easy to praise Athens before a company of Athenians ;" thus it will .not be so difficult for me to speak the praises of Mr. Butcher to the audience now present, the majority having the advantage of knowing him personally, and to those who have not this advantage of knowing him by reputation ; but how shall I speak, or with what words shall I recount his labours and accomplishments in surgery, and how he has not only obtained for himself the highest position amongst the surgeons of the world, but by his exertions the Irish School of Surgery continued to hold the status it attained in the time of Colles and Cusack. Does not the Museum declared open to-day afford ample proof of what I have stated ? and nowhere as far as I know is there any similar Museum the outcome of individual labour. The works of his hands have been given a permanent place in this College to serve as a guide and example, and to show that true fame is to be obtained only by honest industry, patient research, and untiring devotion to the cultivation of professional know- ledge. Nor is it only practical work we can record of Mr. Butcher—his writings also show him to be well versed in the literature of our profes- sion, which brings to my mind a passage from Pliny, who says:—" I count those happy to whom by the gift of the gods it has been given to do something worth recording, or to record something worth reading, but most happy of all, those to whom both gifts have been given." This quotation, indeed, is especially applicable to Mr. Butcher. I have to thank you on his behalf. Dr. Robert M'Donnell, F.R.S., President of the Academy of Medicine, proposed " The newly-elected Honorary Fellows," to whose distinguished career he made reference. The toast was drunk amid applause. Sir James Paget, in responding, said he was deeply thankful for the honour which had been paid him. The memory of this day would never leave him. (Applause.) But he should not merely speak for himself. They must be proud of a College which, like this College of Surgeons, had maintained a constant contact with every science, whether manifestly useful or not, so long as its pursuit held out the hope in the future of doing something to promote the common good. There was in Dublin a constant supply of good water, and this blessing was augmented by the addition of a constant supply of good wine ; and, for his part, he would be able to-morrow, he hoped, to look back upon his share in the proceedings of this night without the slightest remorse. (Laughter and applause.) ::::::::::: :::::: : : : : : s : H Z 1 X C z b DC o m I cq 3 - - O D o - JSFIO '"O'J '-Ssiiok nqof -uoh ;q3sH -aCTS jo pj^Jip3 aoTiuj -H"S"H puauao ^Jgmail pjoi sip £)U3uaox3 s;h unv[i])iv pioq uoh iqSiy III! I f 1 i 1 11 i , , 1 il |!n !'! 1 j }'| ft HI I I i i I ! i ! i SI f. 1 I r I II 111 * i n ! ? 1 I 1 I < "■' f « III j j.:sf1 " 1 j 1 i J «i ■Mil! II 1 si I d III l i s Mil. f J M }■<. -3. { i Mil" M I i 31 f 11M1 f ill i s a' si a' a' a' sf £ si .si si a a si a I a } I 1 I S I I S- I i | 3 j| i|| • 1 I = a - 9 S I 1 J * I III IMnniMiin s f inn;iiS4i i j * 11 H|UI : : : : : ' ' : : : : : : : : ' ri:: '34'-j: :| :::::::: ipj :::: : : : : : : : : : :::: : : : : : J : : : ■£ : : : ::::::: : 5 : : : i: 1 's f t;"§ itl'" jffllifir = : : £ ■■■■■■■■■■■■ A\- ■■■■■■■■■■ ■ gpj ::::::: :! lillii : : : : : : : : : : : : a i '-^ '• ..pon 6 Baron De Cussy, the French Consul in Dublin, also replied. Mr. Macnamara, College representative on the Medical Council, pro- posed—" The Medical Licensing Bodies." Sir George Paget, K.C.B., responded, particularly with reference to Cambridge University, which had a great interest, in common with the Irish College of Surgeons, in the promotion of sanitary science. He quite agreed with what the Duke of Abercorn had said as to the advisability of having experts in that science represented in the House of Lords. Sir Charles Cameron had left Cambridge very much his debtor on several occasions, and he (Sir George) had a right to feel himself in any company of Irishmen amongst friends, when he remembered that when he first became a Fellow of his College—and it was not a large College—no less than seven of its Fellows were Irishmen. The Provost of Trinity College also responded, and said he hoped that the association of these bodies in one toast might be taken as symbolical of union in the future. The President of the College of Physicians and the Governor of the Apothecaries' Hall having followed the Provost, Sir George Porter proposed "The Sculptor of the Dease Statue," and Mr. Farrell, R.H.A., responded. The Company then separated. The decoration of the splendid and well-ventilated apartment, in which the sumptuous banquet was held, was artistically designed, and the effect was most pleasing. The lighting was soft and particulai-ly effective, and the arrangement of colour such as to add much to the warmth and charm of the scene. The details were in all respects admirably managed, the guests being seated according to a map of the tables containing their names, and so preventing any confusion or delay. On the back of this chart were the words of the part-songs, which were sung with great precision and melody by the most distinguished of our musical men. The menu card denoted the banquet as given by Sir Charles A. Cameron on the occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Surgeon Dease, and the opening of the Butcher Museum by his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, and of the conferring Honorary Fellowships on M. Pasteur, Sir James Paget, Sir Spencer Wells, Sir Joseph Lister, Mr. Huxley, and Mr. Marshall. The card, which was ornamental in character, had, on the 3 A pages of its triple-fold, representations of the Pole Gate, Guildhall of Dublin Surgeons, sixteenth century ; also the Royal College of Surgeons as it existed in 1810, and again, an engraving of the College as now architecturally complete. On the gallery, over the centre table, an illuminated " A " welcomed the Lord Lieutenant, and above it, on a hand- some red ground in white raised letters, excellently and correctly formed, were the words " Cead mille Failte—Welcome Sir James Paget and Sir Spencer "Wells." At the further end the same device of welcome for other guests was exhibited. The special menu card prepared for his Excellency was presented in a handsome trifold-satin embroidered casket containing a mirror, each page inside being beautifully needleworked in silk of several colours, and showing the Aberdeen coronet and crest, and on the other sides a circlet of thistle, shamrocks, and heaths—a perfect piece of art-handiwork of its kind, executed personally by Mrs. George Posnett, and presented by that accomplished lady in honour of the chief guest. It was much and deservedly admired for unique industry and taste. The toasts, which were numerous, were got through rapidly, and of the speaking, which was most interesting, we have given full reports. INDEX. [Note.—The figures in large type—thus, 286—refer to the page at which a biographical notice is given.] Abercorn, Duke of, 237, 238, 434, 716 Abercromby, Sir Ralph, 374 Aberdeen, Countess of, 708 Aberdeen, Earl of, 434. 436, 699, 712 Abemethy, John, London, 151, 368 Abraham, Phineas S., 286, 697 Abuses of present state of physic, surgery, and pharmacy, by Philanthropos, 49 Academy of Medicine, 176, 246 Royal Irish, Library, vii., 2 Accountant of College, 222, 241, 697 Acid, carbonic, see " Air Fixed " Acland, Sir Henry W., 507 Acts of Parliament, see Statutes Adair, Mr., school of, 404 Robert, London, 126 Adams, A. Leith, 689 Allen, 544 Captain Eichard, 544 Rev. Benjamin W., 544 Robert, 34, 160, 162, 172, 227, 306, 367, 395, 495, 520, 523, 524, 685 Thomas, 92 "William O'Brien, 539, 544 Address to Edinburgh University, 252 King George IV., 152 Lord Carnarvon, 265 Lord Lieutenant, 218 Marquis Wellesley, 186 of first president, 124 Prince and Princess of Wales, 228, 255 Admission to trade guilds, 81 Adrien, John, 124, 324, 458, 569 John Joseph, 459 John T., 159,175, 456, 458, 522 William, 458 William, Dr., 459 Advertisements, professional, 170 Affleck, Sir Robert. 387 Aglio's Antiquities of Mexico, 271 Aicken, Thomas, 539, 544 "Air, Fixed,"Dobson and Falconer on, 45 M'Bride on, 36 Albert Hall, the, 227 Albinus, 97 Alcock, Benjamin, 160,176, 521, 522,531, 538, 539, 545, 689 Aldridge, John, 522,529,539,541,545,643 Alexandrian Surgeons, B.C., 52 Aliments, essay on, John Arbuthnot's, 23 Alison, Lizzie Smythe, 272 Rev. James Smythe, 272 William, 505 Allam, Anne, 370 John, 370 Allen's, Charles, works, 12 Alley, Grace, 390 Jerome, 390 Allman, George James, 685 George Johnston, 660 Isabella, 660 William, 685 Ammianus, Graeco-Egyptian surgeon, 52 Ammonius, 359 Amputation, work on, S. O'Halloran, 30 Anaesthetic agent first employed in Ire- land, 484 Anatomical drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, 107 purchased for library, 267, 270 plates presented to library, 270 Anatomist, State, 107 Anatomy Act, 178,185 Committee of House of Commons on, 185 Committee of College, 450 Inspector of, 186 lectures on, to barber surgeons, 94 study of, in Dublin, 93, 95,171 178 Anderson, Elizabeth, 472, 478 James E., 107 Richard J., 690 William, 472 Andouille', 43 Andrews, diseases in the army, 37 Andrews, Maria, 407 Maunsell, 407 Sydney Maria, 653 Thomas, 688. 693 William (Alderman), 653 Anglesey, Marquis of, 159 Anglicanus, Gilbert, 289 Anguilbert, Dr. Theobald, Mensa Philo- sophica, 5 Anguysshe, King, 2 Animal ^Economy, Bryan Robinson's, 17 Animi Medela, &c, Stearne's, 8 Anne, Queen, 82, 291, 292 Anne, wife of James II., 485 Antiquities, Irish, vindication of, John K'Eogh, 25 Antiquities of Ireland, Eev. Edward Led- wich on, 613 Antisell, Christopher, 54(3 Thomas, 529, 536, 546 William, 536 Aphorisme de Felicitate, Stearne's, 8 Apjohn, James, 176, 406, 440, 450, 451, 455, 459, 461, 462, 473, 497, 520, 521, 522, 685 Mary, 440 Eichard, 460 Thomas, 459 Apothecaries, the Dublin, 25, 70, 92,187, 190, 216, 218 consultations with, 465 in Scotland, 59 incorporated (1745), 88 social rank of, 15 state, 107 supervised by College of Physicians, 93 Apothecaries Hall of Ireland, 88,134,177, 234, 238, 536, 696, 721 Apprentices to guild, 81 to surgeons, 77, 81, 109, 143, 149, 150, 166 admission to guilds of those not, 153, 170 education' of, 95 examination of, 87 Apprenticeship, the system of, 15, 152 abolished, 146 fees, 126 Arbuthnot, John, on aliments, 23 Archbold, Patrick, 72 Eichard, 72 Eobert, 72 Stephen, jun., 72 Archdeacon, Bridget, 459 Thomas, 459 Archer, Clement, 48, 106, 111, 123, 138, 139, 300, 305, 325, 447, 448, 455, 543 Henry, 325 Architect of College, 145, 154, 238, 246 Ardilaun, Lord, 652 Arderne, John of, 271, 289 Arms of Dublin Barber Surgeons, 65. Armstrong, G. C, 34 Alexander, 234 Edmund J., 635 Launcelot, 160 Louisa Emma, 635 Eobert Young, 109 W. C, 406 Army, diseases in the, Andrews, 37 early English surgeons in, 289 Medical Board, Irish, 104, 300 Army Medical Department, connection of College with, 288 surgeons in the, 81, 85, 238, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296, 302, 448 Arthur, Mrs., 488 Ashburnham MSS., 3 Ashe, Edward, 300 Isaac, 229, 366 St. George, on hermaphrodism, 9 Asken, Christopher, 529, 531, 536, 542, 547 Assistants in College, 48 Assistant-Secretary appointed, 141 office of, abolished, 193 {see also Secretary's Assistant). Asthma, treatise on, Michael Eyan, 46 Aston, David, 542 Asylums, first inspector of lunatic, 390 Atkins, James, 622 John, 102 Atkinson, Caroline, 603 Eichard, 603 A tlantis, The (magazine), 602 Atmosphere, Silv. O'Halloran's MS. work on the, 31 Attendance at lectures, statistics of, Dublin schools, 695, 696 Auchinleck, Hugh, 387 Hugh Alex., 387, 525, 548 William, 160, 162, 211, 305, 387, 411, 527, 528, 548 Aughnacloy, Kennedy on sulphurous water at, 44 Austin, Eichard, 529, 539, 548 Author, first Irish medical, 5 Aylesbury, Sir Thomas, 485 Bacon, Anthony, 392 Susanna, 392 Bagot, Tempe", 654 Bailey, Catherine, 608 Henry, 608 Baker, Arthur W., 698 Dr. Fordyce, New York, 8 George, 530, 531, 549 John A., 34, 378 Baldwin, Charles, 81 Ball, Charles Bent, 697 Laurence, 115 Sir Pobert, 664 Ballingall, Sir G., 192 Ballyspillan, Kilkenny, water and air of, Burgess and Taaffe, 16 Bambrick, Miss, 493 Banks, J. T., 34, 129, 324, 417,522, 525, 649, 565, 567, 685, 686 Lieut. Henry, 549 Percival, 109, 129, 549 Samuel, 300 Banon, Mr., 284 Banquet, list of guests at, 699, 700 Mr. Smyly's, 434 Mr. Wheeler's, 442 Sir C. A. Cameron's, 709 Barber, Dr., 350, 352 royal office of, 55 Barbers and surgeons of London, 56 separation of, 57, 82 Barber-chirurgeons' company, 93 Place of meeting in Dublin, 69, 87 Barbers, Dublin, incorporated, 60 London company of, 55 Barbers' pole, sign of, 56 Barber-surgeons, 52, 54, 55, 56, 113 in Cork, 90 in Limerick, 90 London Company, 58, 95 Barbor, Constantine, 686 Barby, Stephen, 60 Barclay, Ebenezer, 422 Louisa, 422 Barker, Arthur E. J., 462 Elizabeth, 285 Frances Kate, 285 Francis, 460, 461, 685 George, 283 John, 283, 284, 285, 528 William, 455, 461, 466, 497, 525 Barlo-w, Edward, 160 Mr., 149, 543 Robert, 159 Barnewall, Christopher, Lord Chief Justice, 60 Barnewell, Robert, 72 Barnwell, Sir John, 72 Baronet, first medical, 11 Baronets, medical, 567 Barrington, Sir Matthew, 328 Barry, David, 469 Philis Emma, 469 Sir Edward, 19, 104, 567, 685 Sir Nathaniel, 19, 104,464, 686 Barton, John, 439, 697 John Kellock, 247, 306, 439, 461, 525, 535, 685, 697 Miss, 328 Surgeon, 697 Bates, Mary Anne, 332 Bath, Patrick, 72 Bath, use of, in tedious labour, 5 Bathing, cold, essay on, a Physician, 46 Bathing, sea, Thomas Reid, 49 Battersby. Francis, 331, 522 Baxter, William Raleigh, 536, 551 Beaconsfield, Earl of, 645 Beamish, William, 693 Beatty, Captain, 660 Guinness, 402 James, 551 Beatty, John, 33 Thomas E., 34, 159, 175, 211, 220, 306, 401, 454, 456, 522, 525, 631 Wallace, 525, 551 William C, 401 Beaumont, Henry, 222, 241 Beauvais, Philip de, 288 Becket's chirurgical tracts, 50 Beere, Mary, 463 Philip, 463, 684 Behan, Mary, 459 Behrend, Professor, Berlin, 588 Belfast, Queen's College— medical school at, 687, 688 medical students at, 688 medical school at Royal Acade- mical Institution, 508 Royal Academ. Institution, 484 Bell, Benjamin, Edinburgh, 126 C. B., 129 Chichester Alexander, 541, 543, 552, 613 David, 552 D. C, academy of, 552 Eleanor, 47 Rev. Dr.. School of, 586 Robert, 47 Sir Charles, 3?5, 464 Sir Thomas, 47 Thomas, 47, 508 Bellamont, Earl of, 582 Bellew, Robert, 72 Bellingham, O'Bryen, 34, 221, 270, 271, 287, 455, 462, 493, 520, 525, 532, 533, 535 Sir Alan, 462 Bellon, Dr. P., Irish Spa, 12 Bellost on Mercury, 50 Belton, Mr., 586 Thomas, 160 Benn, Caroline E., 469 John, 469 Bennett's case, 173 Bennett, Edward Hallaran, 306, 442, 685. 697 Henry, 680 James R, 173, 443 Robert, 442 Benson, Arthur Henry, 407, 536, 553, 698 Charles, 159, 176,211, 232,237, 306, 406, 450, 455, 458, 470 J. Hawtrey, 407 Rev. Charles, School of, 510,553 Bentley, Colonel, 376 Elizabeth, 376 Berdmore, Thomas, on teeth and gums, 35 Bergin, Mr., 227 Bergman's physical and chemical essays, Edm. Cullen, 45 Berkley, Bishop, Siris, 26 Bernard, Elizabeth Frances, 386 Joseph, 386 Berry, Eliza, 544 John, 544, 654 Louisa M., 654 Sir Edward, see Barry, Sir Edward Betagh, H„ 401 Bevan, Philip, 285, 456, 463, 528 William, 159, 536 Bewley, Hemy T., 601 Samuel, 142 Bibliography, Irish medical, 5, 14 Bigger, H., 300 Samuel L. L., 329 Bill, medical acts amendment, 234,247,252 medical charities, 191 Binns, Miss, 646 Biographies of lecturers in private schools, 544 of presidents of College, 306 of professors of College, 458 Birch, John, 128 Birde, John, 62 Bishop, John, 645 Minnie, 645 Bishops issuing licenses to practise, 53,101 Black, Eliza, 572 James, 506 Janet, 662 John, 295, 667 Mary, 506, 573 Sara, 667 Blackley, Travers R., 160 Blacklin, James, 115 Blainville, Paris, 405 Blake, Anna Maria, 557 Dominick, 638 George Prancis, 268, 273, 697 John, 557 Margaret, 477 Martin Kirwan, 273 Mary Agnes, 638 Robert, 49, 106 Walter, 477 Blakely, Robert C, 525 Blanchard, Patrick, 419 Sarah, 419 Bleckley, Rev. John, 425 Bligh, Mr., estates of, 571 Blood, circulation of, Charles Allen, 12 Blood-letting, practice of, 21 Blutnenbach, Professor, Gottingen, 588 Blyth, John, 689 Board, county infirmaries, 108, 110 examining, first in Ireland, 107 Boate, Arnold, 7, 103,105 Gerard, 7 Bodies exported for dissection, 183 Body-snatching in Dublin, 95, 96, 180 Boerhaave's aphorisms, 99 pupils, 19, 21 Bohernabrena, St. Anne's Monastery, 34, 571 Bolger, Charles, 111, 115, 123, 325, 447 Bolley, Robert, 55 Bologna, medical school at, 53 Bolton, Abraham, 124 Bond, Isaac, 417 Julia, 417 Very Rev. Wensley, 607 Bones, nerves, &c, Alex. Monro, 40 Bonham, Dr., 100 Booker, Nugent, 578 Bookey, Captain, loan of £10,000 to Col- lege, 224 John Whelan, 553 Richard, 540, 541, 553 Books, medical, published in Ireland, 5 Botaniwe Dorsthenii presented to library, 269 Botany, professorship founded, 193, 448 Boulton, Richard, on the plague, 16 Bourke, Maria, 562 Bourne, Daniel, 115 Eleanor, 554 Jane, 365 Walter, 365, 554 Bowden, Charles, 674 Bowes, Lieut.-Col., 312 Lord-Chancellor, 312 Robert, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 305, 311 Bowman, William, 229, 376 Boxwell, John, 649 Samuel, 649 Wilhelmina, 649 Boyd, Michael Austin, 697 Boyle, Hon. Robert, 11 Rev. Robert's school, 653 Boyton, James, 111, 118, 123, 219, 322, 325, 543 John William, 686 Brabazon, Arthur Beaufort, 524, 554 Philip, 554 Bradford, Rev. Dr., 95 Brady, Cheyne, 427 Daniel F., 186 Elizabeth Letitia, 420 James Charles, 555 John, 233, 235 Sir Francis, 555 Sir Maziere, 420 Sir William, 420 Thomas, 536, 554, 686 T. J. Bellingham, 555 Brain, dropsy of, works on, Wm, Patter- son, 49; Charles H. Quin, 46 Bramble's court, 136 Brehon Laws as to medical men, 4 Brenan, James, 513, 6S3 John Edward, 369, 373, 517, 529. 530, 531, 533 Brenan, Peter, 401, 513, 683 Brennan's, Dr., poems, 502 Brennen, iEneas, 270 John, 222, 270, 475, 697 Brereton, Edward, 325, 543, 686 Brian Boru, King, 288 Edward, 60 Brinkley, Matthew, 217 British Association, 188, 240 Brittain, Eleanor Mary, 571 Brocke, Peter von Adrian, 6 Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 172, 192, 391, 422 Bromfeild, Wm., inoculation, 35 Brooke, Rev. William, 555 Right Hon. William, 556 William Graham, 556 William, 515, 543, 555 Brooke's Practice of Medicine, 51 Brooks, Henry, 556 Henry St. John, 556 Brown, Archibald, 628 Isabella, 628 WilHam, 522 Browne, Elizabeth, 468 James V., 690 John, 60 Miss, 656 Rev. Andrew, 468 Brace, Maria, 403 Brunker, Edward J., 248, 254, 385 Bryce's academy, Newry, 595 Bucannon, Miss, 403 Buchan's Domestic Medicine, 39 Buildings, college, 133, 141, 143, 154, 238 medical, T.C.D., 98 Bulkeley, R., venous and arterial blood, 9 Bull, Christopher Aldworth, 693 Bullen, Anna, 570 Denis, 689 Rev. William Crofts, 570 William, 680 "Bully's acre," 140, 148, 180 Bunbury, Miss Lettice, 325 Burden, William, 688, 694 Burges, John, water and air of Ballyspillan, Kilkenny, 16 Burgoyne, Margaret, 548 Burke, Augustus, 245 Edmund, 332 John, 597 Rev. Henry Anthony, 551 Sarab Jane, 551 Thomas H, 245 William Malachi, 541, 557, 596 " Burke," new verb, origin of, 182, 183 Burnett, Sir William, 216 Burrell, Hon. Willoughby, 550 Burrowes, Colonel, 657 Eliza, 657 Peter, 657 Burtchael, Miss, 467 Barton, Janet, 581 Burton, Major, 581 Busche, Gerhard von dem, 506 Busts, 1S8, 221, 223, 225, 226, 227, 242, 244. 279, 315, 318, 337, 376, 386, 394, 463, 495, 590, 662 Butcher Life Boat, 416 Museum, 246, 416, 701, 708 Admiral Samuel, 414, 416 Richard, G. H., 172, 264, 306, 414, 529, 701, 719 Butler, Lord James, 427 By-laws, educational, 170, 178 first code of, 124 power of Council to make, 215 Byrne, George, 72 John Augustus, 540, 557 Mary, 400 Patrick, bookseller, 133 Thomas E., 420 Byssett, Marjory, 482 Cadogan, W., works of, 39. 44 Coesar, Henry Augustus, 692, 693 Cahill, Rev. Dr., school of, 641 Caldwell, Rev. Mr., 33 Lilias, 471 Nathaniel, 471 Calonne, A., 542 Cameron, Agnes, 577 Archibald, 443 Capt. Ewen, 444 Charles (M.P.), 577 Charles J ohn, 445 Colonel John, 444 Edwin Douglas, 445 . Ernest Stuart, 445 Ewen Henry, 445 Helena Margaret, 445 John, 577 Lucie, 445 Mervyn Wingfield, 445 Sir Charles A., 254, 266, 30R, 443, 456, 529, 536, 541,613, 697, 698, 699 Campaign, Walcheren, 47 Campbell, Captain, 666 Catherine Susan, 666 chirurgeon-general, 103 John, 525, 540, 558 Lady Marion, 496 Maria, 558 Canning, Right Hon. Mr., 173 Cannon, Patrick Hamilton, 355 Selina, 355 Canterbury degree, 53 Cantwell, Andrew, 37 Caperdale, Rev. Thomas, 572 Caps, Fellow-Commoners for Council, Examiners and Professors, 231 Carbonic acid, essay on, MacBride, 36 Carey, Mary, 609 Carhampton, Earl of, 131, 132 Carleton, Cornelius, 622 Mary, 622 Carlisle, Earl of, 360, 430 Hugh, 172, 521, 522, 559, 688 Carmichael, Andrew, 329, 362, 365, 558 bequests, 221, 229, 366, 523 Evory, 416 Hugh, 362, 365 Hugh Richard, 160, 365, 519,558 Julia, 416 Richard, 143, 160, 172, 211, 215,221,229,277,305,306, 339, 360, 362, 366, 399, 430, 483, 484, 518, 523, 524, 554, 558, 586, 661 Carnarvon, Earl of, 265, 425, 434 Carolan, Mr., architect, 154 Carr, DanieL 580 Jane Catherine, 580 Carroll, Coote, 391 Frances, 622 Mary Josephine, 282 Mr., 624 Maude Elizabeth, 650 Sarah, 391 Sir William, 650 Thomas F., 282 Carte, Alexander, 280, 281, 282, 283 Edward, 281 Rev. Joseph, 282 Robert, 282 William, 220, 282, 283, 697 Carter, Ellen, 498 Francis Boake, 498 Carysfort. ancestor of Earls of, 14, 102 Case, surgical, considered by college, 130 Cashel, Bishop of (Dr. Day), 586 Castleconnell Spa, 51 Castlereagh, Lord, 320, 350 " Castle-steps," the, 102 Cataract, operations of, O'Halloran, 30 Gath Muighe Fuiredh MS., 1 Cathcart, Mary, 616 Robert, 616 Catholic presidents and professors. 187 Cautery, actual, described by Hippo- crates, 52 Cavendish, murder of Lord Frederick, 245 Cecilia-st. School of Medicine, 9, 539 Censors, college, election of, 117 Censure of a member, 139 Centenary of College, 253 Certificates of professors, recognition of, 176 Chamberlain, Tankerville, 586 Champollion'8 work on Egypt, 271 Chaplains of guild, 75 Chaplin, Samuel, 306, 43 8, 697 Chapman, John Henry, 226 Charcot, Professor, 34 Charlemont, Earl of, 427 Charles I., 290, 291 trial of, 69 Charles II., charter of, to College of Physicians, 93 Royal Hospital, 18 Charles Edward, Prince, 388 Charles, John James, 689 Charlemagne, 52 CharleviUe, Earl of, 544 Charters : Dublin bodies— Apothecaries' guild, St, Luke, Geo. II., 88 Barbers' guild, Henry VI. (1446), 60 Barber-Surgeons— Elizabeth (1572), 60 James II. (1687), 69 College of Physicians— Chas. II. (1667), 93 King'g and Queen's Coll. Physicians, Wm. III. and Mary (1692), 93 Geo. I. (1715), 97 Royal College of Surgeons— George III. (1784), 116 George IV., 156, 158 supplemental, 194, 195, 248, 255 English bodies— Barber-surgeons company, Edward IV. (1461-2), 55; Henry VII. (1499), 55; Henry VIII. (1512), 55; Henry VIII. (1541), 56; James I. (1604), 56 ; Charles I. (1629), 57 College of Surgeons (1800), 57 Surgeons' Company (1745), 57 Scottish bodies— Surgeons and barbers (1505), 57 Chirurgeons and chirurgeon apothe- caries, 57 Royal College of Surgeons (1778), 57 Faculty, physicians and surgeons, Glasgow (1599, 1672, and 1850), 57 Chemistry, professorship created, 156 Chetnys, Dr., 685 Chenevix, Richard, 659 Cheney, George, 374 Sophia, 374 Cherry James, 18, 60 Cheselden's lithotome, 43 Cheyne, George, 16, 24, 104 John, 146, 299, 382, 449, 455, 461, 464, 482, 503, 518 Selina, 467 Chichester, Bishop of. 288 Children, Management of, Cadogan, 44 Chirurgeon-General, 102 Chirurgeon, State, 106 Chirui-geon-apothecaries, 57 Chirurgery, etymology of word, 52 professorship in School of Physic created, 97 Chirurgical Dissertations, by J. Koche, 46 Chirurgical Pharmacy, Dossies, 50 Chirurgico Regis, 2«9 Christie, Mary, 576 Churchill, Fleetwood, 525,527, 529, 569, 686 Fleetwood, jun., 561 Civiale, Dr., 52. 358, 359 Clancy, Michael, 32 Clare, Earl of, 353, 502 Thomas, 72 Clarke, Anne, 545 Charlotte Maria, 419 Courtney Kenny, 419 Dr., 279 Edward Stephen, 522 Eliza, 483 Gabriel, 116, 124 Isabel, 581 James, 545 Jane, 581 John, 134 Joseph, on puerperal fever, 46 Mary E., 670 Mr., 244, Peter Roe, 581 Sir Andrew, 34 William, 535 Clayton, John, 72 Cleapem, William, 108, 124 Cleghorn, George, 98, 99, 685 James, 98, 105, 300, 327, 685 Cleland, John, 690 Clement V., Pope, founded Irish Uni- versity, 91 Clements, William, 685 Clergy as physicians and surgeons, 53 forbidden to practice surgery, 53 servants of, practised surgery, 53 Clerk and housekeeper appointed, 147, 151 office of, abolished, 177 Clinch, Mr., 347 Clinical study, first steps in (James Little), 482 Clinton, Patrick, 537, 538, 543 Cloncurry, Lord. 480, 491, 544 Cloquet, Jules, 188, 243, 287 Closs, F., on small-pox, 30 Clossy, Samuel, on diseases, 35 Club, Dining, Hospital Medical Officers', 34 instrumental music, 571 Medical Dining, 33 " Our Club," or the "Rough and Readys," 34 Clutterbuck on syphilis, 368 Clynton, Stephen, 72 Cochrane, Margaret, 679 Coffey, Robert. 693 Cogan, Rt. Hon. W. F., 420 Cohlston, Professor (Copenhagen) 589 Colahan, Nicholas, 690, 691 Colclough, Miss, 401 Colhoun, Charles, 491 Mary, 491 Colic, John Purcell on the, 14 Collectanea Hibernia Medica, Harris, 45 College, Royal, of Surgeons, (see also Charters) attendance at lectures, 1833-3S, 695 created, 89 examinations in classics, 146 first meeting of, 123 position, 1795 and 1885, 266 premises, 21, 131, 142, 144, 145, 147, 154, 275 schools, 164, 447 Collegeof Physicians, 93 (seeaho Charters) Colles, Abraham, 159, 162, 175, 176, 188, 214, 267, 276, 277, 278, 305, 312, 314, 332, 360, 381, 382, 389,. 391, 395, 407, 408, 410, 412, 431. 449, 453, 454, 458, 476, 507, 561, 658, 677 Miss, 345 Richard, 332, 333 R. Purefoy, 345 William, 522, 529, 561 William, Professor, 228,271, 273, 306, 332, 337, 341, 412, 541, 685, 697 Colles's fracture, 341 Colley, Honoria, 331 Richard, on Royal Hospital, 18 Collins, exporter of anatomical subjects, 184 Collins's lives of the Sidneys (MS.), 359 Collis, John Fitzgerald, 394 Maurice, 159, 162, 213, 306, 393, 394, Maurice H., 358, 412, 471, 524, 528, 562 Rev. Robert Fitzgerald, 562 Colman, Benjamin, on inoculation, 16 Colnet, Nicholas, 289 Colvan, John, 481 Comins, William, 300 Concannon, Peter, 108 Concordatum, 92 Conferences between medical bodies 222 Confessio Authoris, Van Helmont's, 4 Congress, International Medical, 242 Social Soience, 244 Conly, Cassin, works of, 8 Connolly, Owen, 517 Connor, Henry, 315 Thomas, 72 Conolly, Emma, 461 Lady Louisa, 353 Rev. Arthur, 461 Consultation of surgeons and physicians, 129, 143 Consumption, Michael Ryan on, 46 Sir Edward Barry on, 19 Contents, Table of, ix Conversazione, British Association, '240 of College, 191, 229, 237 of Zoological Society at College, Con-way's, Mr., hooks, 271 Cooke, Agnes M., 568 Edward, 136 J. W., 568 Cooper, Rev. Joseph, 573 Sir Astley, 148, 151, 172, 315, 334, 391, 415, 418, 475 Cope, Anne, 400 General, 318 Henry, 25, 105, 685 Joseph, 96 Rev. Jonathan, 337, 400 Sarah, 336 Coppinger, Charles Philp, 540, 568 Joseph William, 569 Walter A., 568 Corbet, William, 159, 522, 569 Corbett, Daniel, 673 Daniel, junr., 698 Joseph Henry, 532, 535, 538, 539, 569, 689 Maria, 673 William, 569 Corby, Henry, 689 Cork, barber surgeons in, 90 Corporation of, 92 dissecting-room at, 691 Institution, 460 Queen's College— medical school at, 687, 689 medical students at, 690 "recognised school" at, 692 school of anatomy at, 691 Corley, Anthony Hagarty, 34, 254, 524, 525, 563, 697 Hugh, 563 " Cormack, Mistress," 100 Cornwallis, Lord, 47, 379 Corporations, surgical {see Charters) Corr, Maurice, 188, 237 Corrigan, John, 564 Sir Dominic John, 515, 525, 527, 528, 564, 567, 586, 587 Corry, Charlotte, 679 Isaac, 679 Cosgrave, Ephraim MacDowel, 525, 570 William Alexander, 570 Cost of professional education, 149 Costello, Thomas, 124, 325, 446 Costigan, Anne, 569 Coughs, Thomas Hyde, 46 Coulter, Mary, 481 Council dinner, 216 first, of college, 211 formation of, 194, 196 for year 1885-6, 697 Councillors, payment of, 231 Councils, medical, established, 223 County infirmaries, surgeons of, 107, 108, 109, 136,140, 146, 179, 189 gaols' medical officers, 241 Courtney, John Armstrong, 269 Peter Ruttledge, 151, 177, 268, 269 Court of assistants, 128 examiners, 123, 128 Cowan, John, 300 Cowper, Earl, 107, 434, 436 Cox, Richard, 86 William, 72 Cradock, Stephen, 62 Crampton, John, 338,354,413,565,586,686 Sir John Fiennes Twisleton, 270, 354, 567 Sir Philip, 34, 103, 107, 160, 179, 211, 214, 215, 219, 270, 285, 305, 323, 306, 339, 354, 388, 392, 399, 404, 413, 433, 434, 470, 495, 513, 567, 598, 666, 680 Cranfield, Mr., Grafton-street, 386 Cranny, John Joseph, 698 Crawford, Professor, 426 Rev. Charles, 631 Rev. Mr., 379 Sarah, 631 Sir Thomas, 246, 299 " Crazy Crow," a body-snatcher, 96 Creaghe, Anne, 606 James, 606 Crean, Margaret, 602 Thomas, 602 Creery, Elizabeth, 580 Rev. John, 580 Cregan, Martin, 337, 377 Creighton, John, 305, 360, 454 John Abraham, 160, 361 Richard H., 361 Crichton, Dr., 361 Crofton, Morgan W., 690 Croker, C. P., 34, 108 J. W., 379 L., 379 Sir John, 306 Croker-King, Charles, 308, 690 Samuel, 15, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 305, 306, 315 Croly, Henry, 680, 478, 698 Henry Gray, 285, 697, 698 Cronyn, John, 454, 467 Crosbie, James, 69, 187 Croslee, Dr., 625 Cross, Mary Anne, 653 Maurice, 653 Crowe, Thomas, 488 Cruce, Christopher, 72 Cruikshank, Captain, 660 Cruise, Eleanor, 621 Francis, 570 Francis Richard, 34, 435, 524, 525, 5 70, 573, 721 Crumley, Eliza, 421 Mr., 421 Crumpe, Samuel, opium, 48 Cryan, Robert, 524, 540, 572 Cuffe, Sir Charles Wheeler, 440 Cullen, Edmond, 45, 686 George A., 525, 531 Wm., Materia Medica, 39,46,284 Culley, Jane, 439 J., 439 Cullinan, P. Maxwell, 659 Culpepper's English Physician, 51 Cuming, James, 688 Thomas, 481, 487,523, 525, 572 William P., 526 Cummins, Williams J., 693 Cumyng, Dr. D., on inoculation, 16 Cunningham, Alexander, 359, 369 Daniel J., 286, 453, 456, 46 7, 685 Lieutenant-General, 131 Robert O., 688 Cuppaidge, Frances, 438 George, 438 Cupper, state, 107 Curator, 276, 277, 280, 283, 285, 286, 697 Curran, Henry, 524, 5 73 John Oliver, 539, 573 Right Hon. John Philpot, 502 Waring, 573 Currer, William, 103 Curriculum of college, 171,186, 191, 213, 242 uniform, of college, 191 Curry, John, works of, 28 Cursus Medicus, Dr. Neil O'Glacan, 6 Curtin, Timothy, 693 Curtis, Arthur Hill, 690 Cusack, Athanasius, 385, 574 James W., 34. 153, 155, 160, 162, 172, 177, 188, 211, 215, 226, 229, 268, 277, 305, 306, 307, 328, 373, 385, 391, 399, 414, 520, 521, 674, 622, 659, 685 Samuel, 160, 520, 521, 522, 574, 575 Samuel Athanasius, 541, 575 Sir Ralph S., 229, 386 Cuvier, Baron, 175, 243, 372, 476 Dale, Dr., 366, Daly, exporter of anatomical subjects, 184 Margaret, 546 "Dancing Davis," 575 Dancer, Alia Maria, 648 Daniel, Michael, 516, 549 Surgeon R., 342 William, 160 Darby, Mr., Bray, 231 Lucy, 329 Darcey, Anne, 316 Daiiey, Benjamin Guinness, 530, 532 Mary, 420 Mr., Architect, 227, 238 Darnley, Lord, estates of, 238, 571 Darwin, Erasmus, -works of, 14, 49 Daunt, George, 41, 108, 113, 116, 117, 118. 123, 329, 354 Henry, 160 Daviel, scissors of, 31 Da Vinci, Leonardo, drawings by, 107 Davis, Charles, 160, 525, 531, 532, 533, 575 F. A. G., 698 John, 575 Robert, 575 Davy, Edmund, 468 Edmund W., 456, 46 8, 525, 698 Sir Humphry, 469 Davys, Frank C, 698 Dawson, Catherine, 397 Day, John, 394 Margaret, 394 Maurice, Bishop of Cashel, 586 D'Azyr, anatomical plates of, 267 Deane, Alexander, 405 Alexander S., 405 Sir Thomas, 405 Thos. Newenham, 697 and Son, 245, 264 Dease, M. O'Reilly, 264, 344, 701, 719 Oliver, 401, 519 Richard, 187, 278, 305, 343, 375, 397, 410, 449, 453, 454, 515 William, 40, 44,47, 111, 113, 115, 116,117,118, 123,138,187,264, 267, 275, 305, 313, 333, 339, 343,355, 360,377,381,446,447, 454, 699, 701, 719 Death, uncertainty of signs of, on, 30 Death-rate in Dublin, 241 De Beauvais, Philip, 288 De Bioknor, Alexander, Archbishop, founds a university connected with St. Patrick's Cathedral, 91 De Bois, Simon, 325 Declaration to be made by— examiners, 209 licentiates, 207 members of council, 201 see also Oath De Cussy, Baron. 720 Dedication of Book, v. Deformity, essay on, Wm, Hay, 33 Degree, medical, T.C.D., dissections re- quired for, 94 University, privileges of, 100 De Grey, Earl, 196 De Humani Hypogastri Sarco Matei, Dr. Bernard O'Connor, 7 Delany, Eev. Dr. Patrick, 310 De Morbis Mulieribus, Thadeus Dun, 5 De Morte Dissertatio, <fcc, Stearne, 7 Dempsey, Francis, 72 Denham, John, 34, 306, 421, 511, 522, 525, 526 John Knox, 422 Mary Knox, 511 Rev. Joseph, 421 Denny, Mrs., 236 Dental surgery, professor of, 240 Dentist, state, 106 Dentists' Act, 240 Derante, Surgeon Peter, spontaneous amputation of shoulder-joint, 16 De Rebus Bibern., Moh. Stanihurst, 3 Derrick, Mrs., 459 De Sevigne", Madame, Letters of, 21 Des Fountaines, Daniel de Maziers, 103 De Swartz, Mary, 629 Devereux, Margaret, 282 William, 282 Devonshire, Duke of, 245, 379 De Wy, Richard, 55 Diabetes, the sweet principle of, 23 Diancecht, an ancient T_rish surgeon, 1 Diary of J. A. Garnett, Lord E. Fitz- gerald's medical attendant, 345 Rutty's spiritual, 22 Dickinson, Dean, 610 Dickson, Alexander, 685 Ellen, 287 Stephen, 48, 105, 325, 543, 686 Thomas, 281 Digestions, Sir Edward Barry's treatise on, 20 Dill, Robert F., 688 Dillon, James, 369, 370 Narcissa, 388 Dimsdale, Baron, on small-pox, 39 Dining Club, Examiners', 253 medical, 33 Dinners, College, 127, 253 council, 216, 2o3 Diploma, new, of College, 226 Diplomas, medical Bishops', 53 first conferred, 52 issued by College, 226 issue of, stopped, 237 midwifery, first conferred by College, 125 pharmacy, 189 Surgeon-Generals, 101 Diplomas, surgical Bishops, 101 of French Academy of Medicine, 18 Disease, dynamical origin of, David Macbride, 37 Diseases, human, Samuel Clossey, 35 venereal, William Dease, 41 Dispensatory, Lewis's new, 51 Theobald's 51 Disputatio Inauguralis de Ictero, Martin Tuomy, 49 Dissecting-rooms of College, 133, 143, 144, 480 Dissections, infrequent in England and Ireland, 96 placefor, in Coll. School, 447 snatching bodies for, 95 private, 100 Dissertationes Medico-Physica, Bernard O'Connor, 7 Dixon, Christopher, 147, 148 Dobbs, Charity, 484 Rev. Robert, 484 Dobson, Matthew, fixed air, 45 Doherty, Chief Justice, 624 Richard, 691 Dolaeus on cure of gout by milk diet, 25 D'Olier, Elinor, 616 Isaac Matthew, 616 Domestic surgeons, 290 Donnelly, William, 557 Donour, Alexander, 55 Donovan, Michael, 190, 523, 525, 537, 641 Dopping, Anthony John, 494 Marianne, 494 Dorset, Duke and Duchess of, 147 Dossie's Chirurgical Pharmacy, 50 Douglas on the muscles, 50 Dove, Thomas, ancient physicians' legacy, 24 Dowdall, Eliza, 313 Robert, Lord Chief Justice, 60 Sir Richard, 313 Dowling, Mr., 348 Surgeon, 33 Down and Connor, MS. relating to dioceses of, 100 Doyal, George, 123 Doyle, Catherine Frances, 570 John, 123 Joseph, 160,570 Drew, Mr., 238 Drogheda, Earl (second) of, 362 Marquis of, 439 Dropsy of the brain, works on, Charles W. Quinn on, 46 ; William Patterson, 49 Drought, Eliza, 588 Rev. John, 588 Drowning, dissertation on, 30 DruggistB supervised by College of Physicians, 93 Drummond, James L„ 693 Thomas, 320 Drury, Admiral, 652 Elizabeth, 285 Frederick, 116, 124, 325 expelled, 132 law proceedings re, 138 Juliana, 652 "William Valiancy, 522, 576 Drynan. Patrick, 62 Dubh of Lochiel, Sir Ewen, 443 Dublin, Archbishop of, 435 Archbishop of, Richard (1446), 60 Corporation dissolved, 70 appoint a surgeon, 92 County, natural history of, Thos. Rutty's, 22 plants in, Walter Wade, 49 Evening Post, 649 fraternity of barbers first incor- porated, 60 Journal, 88, 513 Paving Board, 320 society of surgeons, 111, 112 surgery in the 15th century, 59 Duffey, George Frederick, 272, 525, 576 Dufont, Charles, surgery, 51 Duggan, James, 159, 462, 538 Duke, Valentine, 539, 577 Dun, Thadeus, works of, 5 Sir Patrick, 103 bequest of, 97 founded an incomplete school, 96 Duncan, James, 577 James Foulis, 404, 522, 577 Dunroche, Mr., school of, 498 Dupuytren, Baron, 404, 408 Durham, Bishop of, 288 Dwyer. Francis E., 522 Dyer, Harriet, 620 Eades, Richard, 522, 525, 535 578 Eagan v. Hardy, case of, 132 " Eagle" Tavern, Eustace-street, Dublin, 111 Eames, Henry, 535, 579 James A., 689 Rev. William, 579 Earith, Charles, 604 Isabel, 604 Eastwood, Mary, 575 Edgeworth, Lovell, school of, 492, 585 Edinburgh chirurgeons and chirurgeon- apothecaries, 57 College of Surgeons, 57, 59, 191 Medical Faculty of, 174 Medical Journal, 174 Edinburgh, Physicians of, 58 Surgeons and barbers of, 57 University of, 253 University, Irish graduates of, 110 Edmonston, Edward, 464 Education, general, examination of col- lege in, 170 medical, Commons committee on, 59 professional, cost of, 149 surgical, before foundation of college, 91 surgical, uniformity in, 149 Edward I., King, 282, 288, 393 III., King, 288, 289 Edwards, Ellen, 596 Patrick, 596 Thomas, 111, 115, 123 Egan, Charlotte, 647 Robert, 647 Thomas, 300 Egerton, Richard, 62 Electricity, medical, Sieur Palmer, 46 Elephant Tavern, 111 Elgee, Jane Francesca, 679 Elizabeth, Queen, 290 charter to the Dublin Barber-Surgeons, 60 Elliottson, Rev. Dr., 333 Elliott, Alexander, 281, 283 Annie, 282 George B., 698 Margaret, 281 William, 637 William Armstrong, 697 Ellis, Andrew, 160, 172, 187, 211, 306, 400, 517, 519, 529, 530, 531, 533, 539, 540 William, 400 William Edward, Preface Ellison, Anne, 491 Ely, Lord, 295 Emmet, Robert, 105 Thomas Addis, 105 English malady, George Cheyne, 24 Engraving in Dublin, 30 Entropeon, essay on, Sir P. Crampton, 358 Epidemic in 1775, T. C. Fleury on an, 40 diseases, Joseph Rogers on, 24 Epistolae Medicinales, Thadeus Dun, 5 Erasistratus, an Alexandrian 6urgeon, 52 disciples of, averse to blood- letting, 21 Erichsen, Mr., 404, 405 "Erinensis," letters of, 177, 339, 356, 502 Erlangen, University of, 493 Erne, Earl of, 426 Esdell, J., Pharmacopeia, 29 Esmond, John, 124 " Esquire," use of, by medical men, 15 Establishment expenses of college, 153 iEther of Sir Isaac Newton, Bryan Robinson, 17 Evangclium Medici, Bernard O'Connor, 7 Evanson, Henry B., 691 Richard Townson, 188, 455, 470, 488, 490, 522 Everard, A., 300 Evers, Mr., 270 Evory, Dr., 609 Examinations, 129, 151, 152 admission to guild, 86 conjoint, 234,239,245,265, of apprentices, 87, 120 preliminary, 225, 239 quarterly, 230 surgical, before founda- tion of college, 91 surgical, first established, 107 classical, 147 of different colleges con- trasted, 148 in writing introduced, 225 Examiners, 120,128, 193, 194, 200, 213 Examining Board, new, 265 Experimental chemistry J. Emerson Reynolds, 497 Experimental essays, David Macbride, 36 Expulsion of members, 132, 139 Extinction of barbers' and apothecaries' guilds, 89 Eye, infirmary for diseases of the, 147, 477 surgery of the, Silv. O'Halloran, 31 Fabian and Cooper, 2 Falconer, William, fixed air, 45 Fancourt, Penelope, 633 Fanning, Ellen, 422 Farnham, Nicholas de, 288 Farnham House Asylum, Finglas, 578 Farrell, James, 124 Michael, 89 Thomas, 264, 485, 496, 721 Faulkner's Dublin journal, 95 Fay, Mr., School of, 384, Fawcett, Charlotte, 549 George, 549 Fees of college, 150, 171, 230, 249 councillors, 226 examiners, 237 Fellows, admission of, 213 medical, T.C.D., 92 {see also Honorary Fellows.) Fellowship examination, 212, 214, 237, 304 candidates for, 217 nominal examination for, 225 Fellowships instituted, 194, 195 admission to, 201, 212 Ferguson, Henry S., 34 Hugh, 518, 587 John, extirpation of spleen, 24 John Creery, 538, 539, 550, 580, 686, 688 Joseph, 160 Thomas, 580 Fermentation, David Macbride, 36 Ferns, Captain, 682 Jane, 682 Sir John, 682 Ferrall, Joseph M., 159 Ferrar, Thomas, 693 Ferrar's History of Limerick, 51 Ferrier, Janet Rebecca, 561 Fetherston, James, 96 Miss, 403 Fetherston-Haugh, Anne, 316 Fetherston-H. Montgomery, Jemima Mary, 599 William, 599 Foetuses, case of two, Sir Thomas Bell, 48 Fever, essay on, George Fletcher, 33 epidemic, Thomas Henly, 46 malignant, at Philadelphia, 49 puerperal, Joseph Clarke, 46 scorbutic, John Curry, 28 typhus, James Wood. 48 Walcheren, Thomas Wright, 47 Fevers, cause and cure of, Garrett Hussey, 45 ordinary, John Curry, 28 Filgate, Miss. 395 Finances of College, 239 Findlay, John, 584 Mary, 584 Finlayson, Rev. John, 497 Finn, Eugene, 693 and MacShehan, 476 Finny, John Magee, 686 Finucane, Dr., 370 Fishes, teeth of, Robert Blake, 50 Fitzgerald, Caroline, 613 Charles Edward, 34,107,525, 581 Francis Alexander (Baron), 581 James, 613 Lord, 220 Lord Edward, 318, 327, 345, 458, 682; diary of his medical attendant, 345 Lord Henry, 350, 353 Robert, 350 Fitzgeralds, of Kerry, 282 Fitzgibbon, Henry, 697 Fitzinaurices of Kerry, 394 Fitzpatrick, Mr., 34 Patrick, 72 Fitzsimon, Christopher, 124 Fleming, Alexander, 689 Christopher, 159,187,306,410, 522, 524, 526 Ignatius, 603 Lieut.-Colonel, 411 Maria, 603 Mary C, 411 Miss, 569 Fletcher, Charles, health of seamen, 46 George, essay on fever, 33 Fleury, Elizabeth M., 436 T. C, 27, 40, 143 Rev. Mr., a Huguenot, 40 Rev. Dr., school of, 675 Ven. George, 436 Flood, Henry, 583 Valentine, 160, 172, 523, 524, 583 Florists' club, 142 Flinn, D. Edgar, 698 Flynn, Rev. Daniel, school of, 439, 443, 469, 675 Foley, John Henry, 508 Fontaine, Physician-General, 102, 143 Fontana, 280 Food and discharges of human body, Bryan Robinson, 17 Foot, Arthur Wynne, 445, 471, 535, 698 Jeffrey, 471 Lundy Edward, 471 Forbes, Surgeon, 560 Forde, Bridget, 369 Henry, 522, 581 John, 124 " Foreigners" admission to guild, 81, 84, 87 Foreside, Francis, 108, 111, 113, 116, 685 Thomas, 98 ForBter, Honoria, 282 Mary, 575 Forsyth, Marian S., 547 Fortescue, Admiral, 471 William Henry, 599 Foster, Edward, works by, 38 Foulis, Sir James, 577 Founders of college, residences of, 115 Foundlings' Hospital, 319 Fowell, Ulianna, 422 Very Rev. Dr., 422 Fox, James, 582 Matthew, 541, 582 Richard, gravedigger, St. Andrew's church, 95 Foy, George Mahood, 524, 582 John, 582 France, ancient, surgery in, 54 Franklin, Henry, 219 Franks, Ellen, 433 Matthew, 433 Fraser, Alexander, 286, 456, 472, 698 James, 472 Fraternity of Barbers, Dublin, 60 Barber-surgeons, London, 58, 94 Physicians, 7, 8 Dublin, 92 (see also Guild.) Frazer, Elizabeth, 497 Janet, 582 John, 497 Kenneth, 585 Robert Watson, 585 William, sen., 584 William, 522, 525, 584, 585, 688 Freedom of the guild, 75 Freemasons, grand lodge of, 87 Freke, Henry, 541 French, Jane, 485 Patrick, 485 Thomas, assistant librarian, T.C.D., viii., 98 " Frenchman's-walk," 142 Friend, John, 103 Friends, Society of, 142, 238 Froude, James Anthony, 482 Fry, Alexander, 340, 522, 585 Fuacht and sloadhan—epidemic influ- enza, 3 Fulda, medical seminary established at, 52 Fuller, Abraham, 636 Sidney May, 636 Fulton, Henry, 270 Gaddesden, John of, 289 Gale, Thomas, 289, 29Q Galezowski, Xavier, 581 Gal Miche, Francoise, 562 Galway, Queen's College— medical school at, 690 medical students at, 691 Gangeland, Coursus de, 288 Gangrene, work on, Silv. O'Halloran, 30 Gannon, E., 522 Gardiner, Henry, 585 Garner, Mary, 493 Garnett, John, 344 John Armstrong, 267, 305, 344, 381, 388, 455 Garvan, Killian, 72 Gason, John, 528 Gelston, Miss, 652 Geoghegan, Edward, 49, 146, 159, 424 Jacob, 636 Maria, 636 Rev. E., 472 Thomas, 5U2 Thomas Grace, 456, 458, 469, 472 George IV., King, fond of anatomy, 107 bust of and address to, 152 Gernon, George, 72 Gerrard, Catherine Sophia, 647 Mr., 284 Thomas, 647 Gervais, F. K, 108 Gibbon, Eichard Rice, 108, 123 Gibbons, Mr., 127 Milian, 648 Gibson, Hamilton J., 526 James B., 224 Mrs. Margaret, 330 Gilbert's History of Dublin, 96 Gilbert, J. T., 100 William, nosology and thera- peutics, 49 Gilborne, John, poeticaljwritings of, 27, 37, 40, 99, 307,311, 312, 324, 329, 473, 475 " Glacanus Nellanus," 6 Glands, diseases of, Richard Russell, 33 Glanville, Edward, 535 Glasgow, Jean, 318 Glasgow, faculty of physicians and surgeons, 57 University of, 57 Glaucoma, treatise on, Silvester O'Halloran, 30 Glin, family of Knight of, 581 Glover, Eliza, 425 John, 425 Sergeant, 425 Gogarty, Andrew, 535 Golden-lane, a residence for physicians, 28 Goldsmith, Oliver, 292 Goodall, Ebenezer, 522 Gordon, Alexander, 688, 694 Samuel, 34, 367, 525, 539, 541, 585 Samuel Thomas, 587 Gore, Surgeon-Major, 271, 300 Gorman, Bridget Emily, 650, 651 Patrick, 650, 651 Goulard's, Surgeon-Major, work on effects of lead, 44 Gout, dissertation on, "William Cadogan's, 39, 44 Dolseus on cure of, by milk diet, William Stephens, 25 George Cheyne's essay on, 16, 26 problem concerning, George Philips, 13 Warner on, 51 Government grant to College, the first, 136 Gown of President, 221 Professors, 452 Graefe, Berlin, 434 Graham, Colonel Richard, 656 Sir James, 193, 213, 216 Grange, Diana, 636 Edmund, 636 Grange, John, 597 Mary, 597 Grant, Emma Fielding, 626 Rev. John, 626 Grattan, James, 310, 464, 502, 573, 686 Gravel, work on, Nathaniel Hulme, 45 Graves, Colonel, 588 Charles, Bishop of Limerick, 467 Dean Richard, 588 Lieut.-Col., 591 Rev. Richard Drought, 591 Robert James, 389, 520, 521, 522, 588, 686 Robert, 664 Sophia, 664 Gray, Edmund D , 717 John C, 302 Graydon, Alexander, 124, 300, 325 Greatrakes, Valentine, 12 Green, Surgeon, 685 Greene, George Anderson, 160, 176, 521, 522, 525, 594, 686 Henry, 124 Herris, 339 Joseph Reay, 689 Sir Jonah, 594, 674 Greer, Maria, 403 William J., 160 Gregg, Mr., 347, 351 Thomas, G., 693 Gregory, Richard R., 159 James, 595 William, 522, 595 Griffin, Eliza, 459 Elizabeth Mary, 639 John, 639 Michael, 459 Griffith, Anne, 557 Dr., 685 Robert, 686 W., 557 Griffiths, John, 272 William Handsel, 239, 272,536 Grimshaw, Alicia, 595 Thomas Wrigley, 284, 541, 595 Wrigley, 34, 595 Grogan, Anna, 591 Cornelius, 354 Rev. William, 591 Sir Edward, 494 Groome, Elizabeth, 323 Rev. Edward, 323 Groves, Rebecca Eliza, 495 Thomas, 495 Gryffen, Michael, Chief Baron, 60 Guild, apothecaries, extinction of, 89 barbers', extinction of, 89 incorporated, 60 barber-chirurgeons, 86, 95, 111, 114 meetings at Tailors' Hall, 87 Provincial barbers, 90 Guinness, Sir Benjamin Lee, 393, 652 Gulliford, Bithia, 612 John Benjamin, 612 Gulliver, George, 221 Gumbleton, Hon. Mrs., 637 Kate, 637 Kev. Mr., 637 Gunn, Christopher, 524, 596 Michael, 596, 597 Gunning, Margaret, 411 Guthrie, George S., 173 Gwydyr, Lord, 550 Gwyn, Dr., lecturer to London fraternity, Barber-Surgeons, 94 Gwynn, Bev. Stephen, 635 Hackett, John Joseph, 638 Mary, 638 Sophia, 659 Hadden, Miss, 425 Hagan, Anna Maria, 464 Sir Robert, 464 Hagarty, Frances, 563 Matthew, 563 Hagerty, Maria Henrietta Stuart, 645 William Stuart, 645 Haig, John, 300 Haines, Charles Yelverton, 691, 693 Halahan, John, 99, 123, 275, 333, 339, 446, 447, 448, 453, 454, 473, 475, 543 Bev. Hickman, 475 Richard, 475 Hallaran, Jane, 443 William Saunders, 443 Halford, Sir Henry, 59 Halahan, Samuel H., 160 Hall, anatomical, first established in T.C.D., 98 HalL The Albert, 227 Hall and Sons, 238 Hall, John, 432 Lodge, 160 Haller, Albert, 11, 23, 97 Halley, the astronomer, 4 Halliday Collection, Royal Irish Academy Library, 40 Halsted, Louisa Caroline, 607 Sir Laurence William, 607 Hamblin and Porter's School (Cork), 415, 443 Hamilton, Alexander, 252 Alicia, 610 Edward, 237, 238, 252, 254, 306, 424, 454, 528, 529, 541, 697, 698 Elizabeth, 409 James, 409 John, 522, 524, 598 Johnston, 342 Long and Co., 546 Hamilton, Rev. Hugh, 557 Rev. Richard, 610 Robert, 159, 300, 305, 342, 517 Robert, senior, 342 William Cope, 424 Hammer's Chronicles, 2 Hanbury, Surgeon-General Sir J. A., 246 Handy, Maria, 475 Samuel, 475 Hanlon, Captain William, 597 IVtcssrs 519 Michael William, 531, 532, 597 Rev. William, 598 Hanna, Samuel, 542, 599 Harden, John, 111 Hardinge, Lord, 303 Hardwicke, Lord, 320 Hardy, Charles, 599 Gathorne, 237 Lucina, 409 Samuel Little, 437, 541, 599 Hare, the body-snatcher, 182, 183 Matthias, 634 Hargrave, Abraham, 404 William, 159, 172, 176, 211, 221,225,232,236.306,404, 454, 456, 458, 527, 528 Harkan, James, 514 Patrick, 514 Peter, 389 Harold, Mr., 489 Harper, Anne, 561 Harris, Richard, Collectanea Hibernia Medica, 45 Harris's Ware, 5 Harrison, Mr., 6 Captain, 430 Mary, 308 Rev. Theophilus, 308 Robert. 160, 162, 172, 177, 306 338, 399,404,451,454, 596, 685 " Harry Lorrequer," 370 Hart, Elizabeth, 576 John, 159, 172, 199, 221, 279, 280, 456, 463, 475, 519, 521 Thomas, 475 Hartigan, Edward, 326, 328 William, 98, 115, 123, 305, 326, 333,326, 328,336,371, 372, 373, 395, 447, 453, 454, 543, 685 William Henry, 328 Hartland, Lord, 398 Hartog, Marcus M., 689 Hartwell, Maria, 625 Harvey, Beauohamp Bagenal, 354 William, 104, 300 Joshua, 600, 689 Joshua R., 693 3 B Harvey, Reuben Joshua, 524, 600 "William Henry, 685 Harvey memorial prize, 601 Hassall, Arthur Hill, 534 Hatch, Eliza Anne, 495 Hatchell, George W., 106 Haughton, Edward, 541 Rev. Samuel, 236, 415, 434, 686, 687 Hawkes, Alicia, 375 John, 375 Mr.. 48 Hawkesworth, Catherine Eleanor, 613 Hawkins, Caesar, 422 Hay, William, on deformity, 33 Hayden, Archdeacon, 601 George T., 172, 178, 216, 517, 525, 530, 533, 534, 535, 601, 602 Thomas, 34, 540, 571, 601, 602 Haye3, Eleanor, 622 Eliza, 603 Emily, 578 Henry, 603 J., 622 Judge, 578 Marcella, 637 Marion, 581 Patrick Joseph, 540, 603 Richard Atkinson, 34, 541, 603, 697 Thomas, 603 Thomas P., 603 William, 578, 637 Hazleton, Robert, 698 Head, H., 34 Headen, Francis, 621 Thomas, 621 Headfort, Marquis of, 495 Headlam, J. C, M.P., 223 Heald, John, Pharmacopoeia, 29 Health, Dr. Cbeyne's essay on, 18 history of, James Mackenzie, 35 Tissot's essay on, 39 Heathcote, Sir W., 223 Helmholz, Professor, 242, 243 Helsham, Richard, 685 Hemlock, Dr. Storck's work on, 35 Haemorrhage, uterine, Joseph Moore, 84 Henderson, George H., 245, 453 Henderson's School, Newry, 656 Hendrick, George, a body-snatcher, 96 Heney, Thomas, fever epidemic, 46 Henn, Jonathan, 215 Henry III., King, 288 V. , King, 289, 325 VI. , King, charter of, 60 VIII., King, 289, 290 Henry, John, 130 Henthorn, James, 111, 113,116,117, 118, 123, 127, 130, 131, 132, 138, 139, 144, 151, 155, 159,177, 305, 375, 377, 447 Herbalist, General Irish, John K'Eogh, 24 Herbert, Archdeacon, 395 Elizabeth, 414 Frances Diana, 395 Richard TowDsend, 414 Hermippus Redivivus, 49 Heron, Augustus, 159 Francis, 698 Miss, 327 Herophilus. an Alexandrian surgeon, 52 Heuston, Francis Thomas, 524, 604 Robort, 604 Hewetson, Anne, 322 Ven. Nicholas, 322 Hewitt, Hester, 498 Hewson, Captain Maurice, 470 Maria Margaret, 470 Thomas, 160, 162, 281, 305, 374, 394, 433, 455, 472, 478, 594 Ven. Francis, 374 Hey, William, xii, 342 Heydon, William, 72 Heyland, Rev. R, 554 Hibernian Magazine, 32, 475 Hill, Edward, 503, 685 John, 522 Hillis, Malcolm H., 172, 410, 524, 526 Hincks, Rev. W., 689 Hinds, Edward Lake, 630 Mary Eliza, 630 Hippax, E. Berkeley, 300 Hippocrates, surgeon and physician, 52 describes actual cautery, 52 demonstratio medico-practica prognosticvrum, Henry Cope, 25 His, Professor, 472 History of Ireland, O'Halloran's, 31 Hitchcock, Marianne, 594 Hobart, Robert, 136 Hodges and M'Arthur. 269, 384 and Smith, 337 Benjamin, 626 Jane, 626 John F., 688 Hoffman, Professor, 670 Hogg, Mary, 600 William, 600 Holmes, Georgina, 575 John Gordon, 2S4, 411 Lucy, 411 Oliver Wendell, 451 Rev. James T, 575 Rev. John, 604 Home, Dr., 404 Sir E., 680 Homoeopathy, 225 Honorary fellows, 32, 229, 234, 236, 242, 246, 460, 699 list of, xxii Honorary members. 136, 151, 175, 188, 192, 219, 221, 704, 720 Hopkins, Francis, 27, 159, 221, 300 Sir Francis, 282 Horan, James, 116, 124 Horner, Margaret, 623 Rev. J., 578, 623 Hornidge, Cuthbert, 394 Jane, 394 Hospital, Adelaide, establishment of, 419 Anglesey, 382 Cancer, 144 Children's (Pitt-street), 479 City of Dublin, founded, 175 College of Surgeons, proposed, 155, 175 Coombe, site of, 36, 652 Cork-street, 320 Foundlings, 319 Incurables, Lazar's-hill, 312 Inns'-quay, now Jervis-street, 45, 513, 514 King's, Oxmantown, Blue Coat School, 79 Lock, founded, 136 Meatb, 393, 505 old site of, 36 Mercer's, 108, 133 Rotunda, 39, 47, 123 Royal, of Charles II., account of, Richard Colley, 18 Royal Military, 14, 293 Steevens', 15, 108 St. Mark's, 368, 512 St. Mary's, 519 St. Patrick's, or Swift's, 15, 309 St. Peter's and St. Bridget's, 146, 382, 516 St. Stephen's, 133 Venereal, King-street, 307, 311 Wellesley Fever, 572 Whitworth, 637 Hospitals, Dublin, parliamentary grants to, 219 Essay on, Edward Foster, 38 House of Industry, 320 Provincial, 217 small, not recognised by col- lege, 146 United, of St. Nicholas and St. Catherine, 41 Houghton, Miss, 462 Richard, 126, 270 Houlaghan, Dr., dissection of a mons- trous child, 10 Houston, James, 373 John, 160, 172, 211, 236, 277, 280, 521 Margaret, 373 Paul, 123, 139 Howard, Ralph, 685 Hoyle, Robert, 98, 685 Huddert, Rev. T. P., school of, 598, 652 Hudson, Alfred, 471, 685 George, 496 Marian Campbell, 496 Hufeland, Professor, Berlin, 588 Hughes, Caleb, 115 Honoria, 647 James, 476 James Freeman, 647 James Stannus, 106, 223, 254, 454, 476, 535 Judge, 477 Huguenots, the, 142 Hulrne, Nathaniel, work on stone and gravel, 42 Hume, Gustavus, 106, 108,113,115,116, 117, 118, 123, 127, 138, 305, 323. 330 John, 300 Robert, 323 Sir Gustavus, 324 Thomas, 324 Hume-Dick, W. Wentworth FitzwiUiam, 324 Humfry, William Charles, 224 Humphreys, Joseph, 150 Humphries, John, 147 Hunt, Edward, 471 Henry, 107 John, 605 Percival, 515, 527, 528, 539, 605 Hunter, John, 107,136, 224, 267, 297, 367 Hussey, Garrett, cause and cure of fevers, 45 Hutcheson, Francis, 99, 461, 685 Hutchinson, Letitia Anne, 655 Right Hon. John Hely, 131 William, 655 Hutton, Edward, 34, 159, 228, 306, 403, 518, 524 Huxley, Professor, 699, 703 Hy-BrassiL Celtic medical MS., 3 Hyde, John, 15 Thomas, book on coughs, 46 Hydrocele, radical cure of, William Dease, 41 Hydropathy, Dr. Smith's work on, 18 Hygiene, professorship in College founded, 193, 451 Hykie, Nicholas, Dublin city surgeon, 92 Hyland, Emily, 603 Hysteria, John Purcell, 14 Illustations, list of, xi Inchiquin, Lord, 483 Infirmaries, county, 146, 179, 189, 217 Infirmary for eye diseases, 147 Inflammation, doctrine of, Daniel Magenine, 38 Innes' human muscles, 50 Inoculation, works on, 16, 19 Inspectors, anatomical, 186 Ireland, Richard Stanley, 536, 606 William, 441 Williamza Florence, 441 Irish, the ancient, 1 Irishmen and Edinburgh degrees, 110 Irvine, Christopher, physician to Charles II., 409 Colonel, 409 Hans, 34, 172, 245, 306, 409, 526 Henry, 300 W. H., 245 Irving, Mr. Henry, 500 Isdell, James, 522, 526, 541, 606 Ivie, George, 421 Susan, 421 Jaccoud, Dr., 593 Jackson, Alexander, 105 Gordon, 542 Eev. William, 324 Sir Robert, 254 Jacob, Archibald Hamilton, 106, 172, 254, 391, 457, 477, 697, 698 Arthur, 159, 162, 193, 211, 228, 272, 282, 306, 390, 436, 451, 454, 458, 477, 491, 493, 494, 495, 520, 521 Ebenezer, 108, 478 John, 390 Michael, 390 William, 279, 295 Jamaica, Natural History of, Sir Hans Sloane, 13 James II., King, charter of, to Dublin guild, 70, 291, 485, 489 James, Prosser, 671 Jameson, Sarah Marcella Lyster, 563 William, 213, 306, 411, 529, 531, 563 senior, 411 Janitor of the college, 147 Jardine, Dr., 8 Jebb, Frederick, 39, 98, 330, 331 Ross Henry, 331 Sir Henry, 111, 123,127, 139, 267, 305, 330, 331, 361, 384, 397, 448, 454 Sir Richard, 330 Jeeb, Elizabeth, 330 Richard, 330 Jenner, Sir William, 361 Jennings, Edward, 368 Rev. William, 607 Wensley Bond, 524, 525, 607 Jessop, Mr., School of, 379 Jesus Hali Arculanus, Arab physician, 31 John XXII, Pope, 91 Johnson, Anne, 313 Charles, 159, 162, 454, 478, 487,490 Dr. Samuel, 379 Sir William, 314 Johnson, Surgeon, 33 Johnston, Andrew, 151, 156, 160, 162, 305, 344, 373,375, 454,455, 478, 479 Francis, 374, 480 George, 374 James, 480 Letitia Lucretia, 480 Mrs., 471, Rhoda Elizabeth, 548 Robert James, 548 Robert, 285, 541 William, 373 Johnstone, Jane Eliza, 655 William, 655 Jones, Henry MacNaughton, 689 Sarah, 663 Edward, 663 Rev. William, 492 Jones, John, Speciatim vero de Dysen- teria Hibernica, 13 Rev. Mr., School of, 397 Journal, Dublin, of Medical Science, 40 Joy, Bruce, 590 Dr. William Hunt, 590 Jurisprudence,Medical, William Dease, 41 Kane, Sir Robert John, 536, 539,546,607 John, 607 Kean, Frances Elizabeth, 676 Major Henry, 676 Keane, Mr., 532 Keily, Jane, 585 Kellett, Captain, 283 Susan, 632 Robert, 632 Kelly, Master of Lying-in Hospital, 381 David, 330 James E., 535 John Bellew, 533 Mary, 330 Patrick, 368 Richard, 533 William, 62 Kemmis, Thomas, 488 Kennedy, Edward Thomas, 241, 697 Evory, 34, 325, 433, 525, 555, 609 H., 34 George Alexander. 325, 530, 542, 564, 587, 610 James Thomas, 610 Henry MacNeale, Sulphurous Waters at Aughnacloy, 44 Horace, 609 James, Use of Goats' Whey, 35 Morgan, 72 Rev. John Pitt, 609 Kenny, Hannah, 344 Kent, Edward, 123 Maria, 390 Keogh, John, works of, 24 Keogh, Michael, 34,111,116,118,123,480 Kerin, James, 160, 187, 211, 305, 389 Eev. John, 389 Kerkenhout, John, Dr. Cadogan's work on gout, 44 Kidd, Archibald, 425 Benjamin, 425 George Hugh, 34, 239, 285, 306, 425, 453, 522, 528, 697 Hugh, 425 James, 425 William Lodge, 425 Kidnapping Surgeons, 291 Kiernan, George, 587 Kildare, Marquis of, 85, 439 Kildare-street Club, premises of, 328 Kilmainham, Prior of, 60 Kilsyth, Battle of, 482 Kinahan, Daniel, 492, 611 John Robert, 525, 611 Prudentia, 492 King, Annelette, 626 Archbishop, 11 Jane, 307, 544 see Croker-King. Stewart, 544, 626 "William, 690 " King's Arms," Smock-alley, 111 Fownes'-street, 111 King's Professorship of Physic, 97 Professorships School of Physic, 686 Kinssborough, Lord, 271 Kinkead, Richard J., 691 Kinsley, Mr., 349 Kirby, John Timothy, 146,155,160, 172, 176, 186, 188, 277, 279, 297, 298, 305, 340, 378, 384, 386, 396, 401, 412, 485, 498, 513, 515, 516, 517, 520, 526, 529, 530, 531, 533, 549, 680 Major.General, 384 William, 379 Kirby's Mill, 298 Kirk,Mr.,Sculptor,188, 228, 337, 386, 463 Kirkpatrick, Frederick, 306, 420 James Rutherford, 686 Kirwan, Richard, chemical nomenclature, 48 Kitchin, Charlotte, 683 Isaac, 683 Knight, Charles Frederick, 535, 612 William J., 612 Knott, John F., 436, 693 Knowledge, Irish medical (up to 1700), 1 Knox, Dr., 33 Eon. George, 537 John, 182, 422 Major, 421 St. Clair, 421 Kolliker, Professor, 472 Kyd, Walter, 425 Labatt, Hamilton, 34, 220, 479 Laboratory, chemical, of College, first built, 450 enlarged, 452 first established in T.C.D., 98 histological, built, 453 Labour, process of Frederick J ebb, 39 tedious, use of warm bath in, 5 Laennec, 506 Lady-doctor, ancient Irish, 2 Laffan, Sir Joseph de Courcy, 107 Thomas, 366 Laity, surgery abandoned to the, 53 Lambert, Frederick, body of, 132 Lane, James, 96 Langenbeck, 434 Langley, C, case of, 192 Miss, 601 Lapper, Edwin, 536, 612 Richard, 612 Larmor, Joseph, 690 La Touche, John, Parliamentary contest by, 85 Laurel water, Rutty and Madden on effects of, 23 Law, Robert, 686 Lawless, William, 139, 333, 447, 453,480 Lawlor, Neile, 140 Lawrence, Mr., 391; 680 Lawrence's Prelectiones Medicse, 50 Lawson. Right Hon. J. A., 229 Lead, effects of, Surgeon-Major Goulard, 44 Leahy, James John, 381,382, 516,543,684 Leake, William, 92, 124, 349, 351 Learning, academic and scholastic, John Webster, 58 Leary, Thomas J., 645 Lebas, Miss, 396 Lecken, Margaret, 582 Lectures at Ledwich School refused recog- nition by T.C.D., 535 attendance at, in Dublin Schools, 695, 696 delivered before the barber surgeons, 94 non recognition of, given by apothecaries, 189, and by pro- fessors of Apothecaries' Hall, 583 recognition of T.C.D., 219, 242 Ledwich, Edward, 535, 614 Edward L'Estrange, 535, 615 John, 613 Rev. Edward, 613, 615 school, 533 the brothers, 613 Thomas Hawkes worth, 534,535, 613 Thomas H., 217, 220 William, 615 Ledwich's anatomy, 614 Lee, Anne, 389 Archdeacon, 586 Charlotte, 612 William, 124 " Leech," the 52 Leech, Archbishop, 91 Leeper, Richard B., 698 Richard John, 217 Lees, Cathcart, 535, 616 John Cathcart, 616 John, 616 Leeson, John, 350, 532 Leet, Ambrose, 617 Charles Henry, 539, 617 Emma Fielding, 639 Edward "Wilberforce, 617 Joseph, 617 Rev. Ambrose Wellesley, 617 Rev. Edward, 617 Le Fanu, J. Sheridan, 408 Legacy, the ancient physician's, Thomas Dover Leglen, Philip, 60 Le Grand, Letitia, 598 Major, 598 Leicester, Duke of, 282 Leinster, Duke of, 321, 350 Lendrick, Charles R.A., 686 Lennon, Henry, 124 Lentaigne, J. Nugent, 263 Sir John, 271 Leper House, the, 133 Leprosy, work on, Joseph Pratt, 13 Leslie, Charles, 579 Charlotte, 579 L'Estrange, Elizabeth, 615 Francis, 34, 115, 123, 159, 217, 305, 326, 359, 615 Lieut.-Colonel, 326 Robert, 529 Letters Testimonial, conferring of, 245 first granted, 124 new form of, 255 Letts, Edmund Albert, 688 Lettson, John Coakley, on tea, 39 Lever, Charles, 370, 409, 410, 490, 659 Levey, Mr., school of, 588 Lewery, John F., 160 Lewis's History of Materia Medica, 50 New Dispensatory, 51 Leyden Medical School, 94 Librarian appointed, 267 Library of college, 134, 145, 147, 267 additions to, 271, 273 classification of books in, 274 dimensions of, 274 extended, 269 made circulating, 269 Marsh's, 672 National, of Ireland, 82 Ratford, St. Mary's Hospital, 8 Library, Royal, Windsor Castle, 107 Royal Irish Academy,2, 31,33, 40 Trinity College, Dublin, 2, 89 Worth, Steeven's Hospital, 7, 12, 19 Licenses to practice by bishops, 100, 101 surgeon-general, 101 Licentiate, the senior surviving, 573 Life, laws of organic, Erasmus Darwin, 14 Lilly, Rev. James, 676 Sarah Anne, 676 Limerick, barber-surgeons in, 90 Ferrar's History of, 51 William, Earl of, 72 Lincoln-place, builder of, 641 Linde, Adelaide, 652 John Hill, 331, 652 Lindesay, Alexander, 115, 123, 349, 351, 353 Lindsay, William, 325, 333 Lister, Sir Joseph, 699, 702 Liston, Mr., 680 Literature, Irish medical (up to 1700), 1 Lithotome and conductor, Daunt's, 41. 329 ; Dease's, 49 ; Peile's, 329 Lithotrity, Civiales, invention of, 52 practised on Lord Depnty Sidney, 359 Little, Archibald, 481 James, 34, 417, 455, 471, 481, 535 Mary, 599 Robert, 526, 693 Samuel, 599 Thomas Evelyn, 34, 685 Litton, Catherine, 679 Samuel, 492, 512, 539. 618 Thomas, 229, 238, 239 Lloyd, Daniel Knight, 692 Miss, 343 Vernon, 111, 118, 123 Lochiel, John of, 443 Loftie, Elizabeth, 666 Lucy Hester, 667 Rev. Robert Charles, 667 Logan, Sir Galbraith, 234, 441 Lomergan, Maurice, 72 London colleges, 57, 147, 148, 149, 154, 191, 218 medical corporations, 57, 58, 94 Long. Miss Charlotte, 3S4 Lord Lieutenant's state medical officers, 106, 107 Loughlin, C, 543 Louis, Antoine, 243 Lover, William, anatomical plates, 584 Low, Edward, 360 Lowe, Mr., Churchwarden St. James, 96 Lucas, Charles, 22, 25, 26, 34, 337 Luccock, Anne, 403 Luke, St., guild of apothecaries, 88 Lunatic asylums, Bonrd of, 319, first inspector, 390 Lundy, Miss, 471 Luscombe, Samuel, 422 Luttrell, Richard, 62 Lyddon, J. H., 284 Lynch, James P., 159 Lynham, John Isaac, 690 Lyon, Rev. Dr., 310 Lyons, medical seminary at, 52 Lyons, Dr., school of, 425 Henry J., 628 John, 373 Lucie, 628 Mary, 373, 435 Robert Spencer Dyer, 540, 619 Sir William, 619 Lyster, Henry, 111,113,116,117,118,124 Jane, 411 John, 412 Sarah Marcella, 563 William, 411, 412, 563 Macallan, John, 698 Macan, Arthur V., 525 MacAuley, William, 617 Macbride, David, 36, 461 Macalister, Alexander, 281, 358, 371, 468, 624, 685, 686 Macartney, James, 172, 185, 371, 372, 388, 685 Rev. George, 466 Sarah, 466 M'Cabe, Bryan, 86 M'Causland, Sir Richard B., 432 Susan I. E., 432 M'Clean, Florence Elizabeth, 478 Erancis, 478 M'Clintock, Alfred H., 37, 39, 242, 284, 306, 436, 522, 558, 599 Henry, 436 Sir Leopold, 284, 436 M'Cormac, Henry, 694 Sir W., 34 M'Cormack, M. J., 529 M'Coy, Simon, 213, 341, 531, 532, 533, 691 M'Creight, Mr., 517 MDermott, Ada, 621 Ralph Nash, 535, 621 Ralph Jean, 621 Robert, 540, 621 William, 621 W. R., 621 MacDonald, Charles M., 653 John, 273 Margaret, 273 M'Donnell, James, 483 John, 160, 320, 365, 366,429, 456, 482, 523, 524 Randall, 484 Robert, 34, 172, 213, 284, 306, 341, 429, 484, 522, 524, 541,550, 697, 708, 720 M'Donnell, Sir Alaster Maccolla, 482, 485 Sir Alexander, 485 M'Dowall, John, 522, 622 John, senior, 622 M'Dowel, Anna Maria, 570 Benjamin George, 524, 532, 6 23, 685 E. C, Sligo, 625 Ephraim, 160, 162, 175. 366, 421, 518, 520, 523, 524, 532, 570, 599, 622 Lieut., 625 Rev. Dr., 622 M'Dowell, Benjamin Francis, 536, 626 Robert, 626 M'Evers, John Francis, 693 M'Evoy, Anne, 641 Edward, 316, 317 Francis, 111, 115,123, 138, 187, 300, 305. 316, 372 James, 160, 641 M'Gee, William, 492 M'Grigor, Sir James, 217, 224, 302 M'Hugb, Arthur, 627 Michael, 541, 627 M'Kee, Alexander B., 697 M'Keever, Thomas, 686 M'Kenny, Sir William, 89 MacKenzie, A., 443 James, History of Health, 35 M'Kenzie, Richard, 423 Mackesy, George, 412 624 William Lewis, 412 Thomas Lewis, 231,306, 412, Mackey, General, 293 M'Kinstry, Eliza, 425 Thomas, 425 Mackintosh, Henry W., 686 Macklin, Gerard, 89, 106, 143, 159, 305, 342, 387 Maclean, John, 271 MacLaig, secretary and physician to King Brian Boru, 288 M'Lorey, Elizabeth, 376 M'Mahon, Anthony, 140 Miss, 470 M'Mullen, George Read, 692 M'Munn, John, 658 Louisa, 658 M'Nab, William R., 525, 536 M'Nally, Barbara, 668 Macnamara, Francis, 419 John, 445 Lucie, 445 M'Namara, Rawdon, primus, 159, 162, 234, 279, 305, 388, 418, 451, 455 Macnamara, Rawdon, secundus, 234, 236, 273, 306, 418, 455, 525, 528, 536, 697, 698, 720 Macnamara, Thady, 388 Maconchy, John King, 524, 626 Rev. William, 626 MacSwiney, Myles D., 628 Stephen Myles, 540, 628 M'Vittie, Robert Blake, 628 Robert B., 628 Mace of the College, 221 Madden, Christopher John, 528, 529,530, 531 Dr., "Lives of United Irish- men," 480 Francis, 98 Miss, 412 Thomas, 23, 516, 685 William, 514 Magee, Archbishop, 618 Robert, 300, 532 Magenine, Daniel, doctrine of inflamma- tion, 38 Maginn, Mr., 409 Maguire, Miss, 396 Mahon, Arabella, 498 Thomas, 498 Mahony, Mr., 532 Mahonys of Oriel, their hereditary phy- sicians, 4 Maison de Sante" founded, 578 Makom, Rhoda, 618 Malcomson, Mr., a "grinder," 494 Malefactors, bodies of, as anatomical subjects, 93, 94, 178 Mallay, Charlotte, 370 Malpraxis, charge of, 151 Maltbus's Theory, 504 Manchester, Duke of, 471 Manders' Brewery, 293 Man-midwife, 40 Man-midwife, Fielding Ould, 26 Manners, essay on, David Macbride, 36 Manzolina, Madonna, Professor of Ana- tomy and Surgery, Bologna, 53 Mapother, Edward D., 34, 229, 237, 306, 366, 435, 454, 456, 494, 643, 697, 698 Margetson, John, 685 Markwell, Humphrey, works of, 20 Marlborough, Duke and Duchess of, 240, 434 Mairyatt, Thomas, works of, 35 Marsh, Archbishop, 485 Francis, 485 Narcissus, 485 Rev. Francis, 485 Sir Henry, 34, 156, 176, 373, 389, 455,479,485,520,521,522,567, 600 Marshall, James Drummond, 693 Robert, 699, 703 Marten, Mary, 657 Samuel, 657 Martin, Colonel, 358, 359 John, on Castleconnell Spa, 61 Martin, Mr., 34, 231 Martin, Sir Richard, 566 William, 693 Murtley, J. W., 520 Mary Magdalene, St., guild of, 60, 61, 62 Mason, Peter, 629 Samuel Roberts, 536, 629, 698 Thomas Peter, 534,535,614,629 Mateer, William, 694 Materia Medica, Cullen's, 39, 46 Irish MS. works on, 3 Lewis's History of, 50 Rutty's, 22 Maty, Dr., works of, 35 Maunsell, Alice, 630 Anthony, 490 Daniel Toler, 536, 630 Edward, 489 Henry W., 192, 211, 223, 391, 435, 454,456, 470,489, 522 Jenny,489 Judith, 490 Rev. Thomas, 630 Thomas, 489, 490 William, 489, 490 Maurice, Sarah, 495 Maxwell, Henry, 98 Major Robert Perceval, 104 Mayne, Captain, 402 Charles, 632 Judge, 402 Margaret, 402 Maria Cath. Colburn, 402 Pelham, 239, 264, 632 Rev. Charles, Robert, 631 Robert Crawford, 524, 525, 631 Robert St. John, 632 Mayo, Viscountess, 411 Maziere, Andrew P., 160 Mead, Richard, medical precepts and cautions, 32 Meade, Patrick, 92 Meath, Bishop of, 417 Me'de'cine, ecole de, Paris, 55 Medical dining clubs, 33, 25 3 diplomas of College, 226, 237 essays, Thomas Southwell, 28 Medico-Philosophical Society, 33 Society, 33 Society, T.C.D., 147 staff of Ireland, 300 women, 2 Medicina denudata, Humphrey Markwell, 21 vindicata, Humphrey Markwell, 20 Medicine, an hereditary profession in ancient times, 4 domestic, Buchan's, 39 practise of, Brooke's, 51 professor of, School of Physic, 48, 97 Medicine, professor of, College of Surgeons, 146 rational, W. Sampson, 38 works on, 17, 44 Medicines, Mr. Ward's receipts for, 36 surgical, natural history of, Clement Archer, 48 Meldon, Austin, 34, 697 Mellon, Mr. R., builder, 264 Melville, Alex. G, 690 Members, first elected to College, 124 honorary, 126 Mendicity Institution, 47 Mensa, Philosophia, Theobald Anguilbert, 5 Mercer, Mrs., 133 Thomas, 352, 368 Mercer-street, premises of College, 142 Merchants' Hall, Merchants'-quay, 87 Mercury, Bellost on, 50 Meredith, Alice Maud, 673 Captain Thomas James, 673 James Creed, 405 William Lambert, 693 Merry, Rowland, 62 Metropolis, poems in the, 343, 354, 369, 378 Metz, medical seminary at, 52 Meyer, John, 432 Microscope, College, 227 Midwifery, diploma in, of College, 25,146, 174, 228 Rotunda, diploma in, 188 licenses in College of Physi- cians, 100 practice of, regarded as a degradation, 27, 59 and medicine, 27 works on, 8, 26, 28, 37, 38, 39, 41 Midwives, surpervised by College of Physicians, 93 Military surgery, professorship of, estab- lished and abolished, 452 Militia, surgeons in, examination for, 295 Milk analysis, Thomas Rutty, 22 Milk diet, Dolaeus on cure of gout by, William Stephens, 25 Millar, Dr., 396 John Robert, 611 Louisa Anne Stuart, 611 Mills, Frances Margaret, 510 Francis, 510 James, 111, 118, 133 Minchin, Humphrey, 271, 455, 491, 529, 536, 698 Rev. Charles Henry, 491 Richard George, 492 Mitchell, Arthur, 455, 492, 525,536,539, 543, 683 Elizabeth, 318 Lieut.-Col. Arthur, 493, 683 Mitchell, May, 635 Rev. B., 633, 635 Rev. St. John F., 633 Thomas R., 526, 529, 536, 633 Modwen, Irish lady-doctor, 2 Moira, Lord, 388 Moline, Allan, 10 Molloy, Anna Maria, 555 Daniel, 432 Major Brian, 555 Mary, M'Auley, 432 Molony, James, 252 Michael, 159, Mr., Cork, 422 Molyneux asylum, foundation of, 104 Molyneux, Rev. Sir G. C, 567 Sir Thomas, 11, 14, 103, 105, 486, 567, 685 William, works of, 9, 11, 19 Monasteries, surgery in ancient, 53 Monroe's, Alexander, work on bones, nerves, &c, 40 ' Montsarrat, Catherine Mary, 634 Montagu, Lord William, 471 Montgomery, Captain Thomas, 587 Dr., Governor of, Apothe- caries' Hall, 721 Miss Mary, 638 Miss, 396 Sophia Louisa, 587 William F., 686 Montpelier medical school, 94 Montrose, Marquis of, 482 Mooney, Rev. Daniel, 404 Moore, Alexander, 635 C, 221 Elizabeth, 510 Hon. Letitia, 362 Howard, 298 Jane, 558 John, 605 John William, 507, 525, 596, 633 Joseph, uterine hemorrhage, 48 Rev. John Lewis, 510 Roger, 635 Sarah, 472 Sir John, 355 Thomas, 288, 326 William, 529, 535, 635, 686 William Daniel, 89, 633 Moran, Ann, 547 Morand, M., Royal Academy, Paris, 42 Morborum Acutorum et Chronicorum, Maurice O'Connell, 29 Morestede, Thomas, 289 Morgan, Dr., Strictures on Robinson's Animal ^Economy, 17 John, 435, 452, 456, 493 Lady, 400 Rev. Thomas, 493 Robert, 636 William Isaac, 520, 636 Morgan's Practice of Physic, 50 Moriarty, Rev. Thomas, 438 Morley, Right Hon. John, 699 Morpie, P. T., ruptures, 45 Morris, Anna, 648 H. F., Ill, 113 John P., 648 Morrison, Richard, 160, 170. Morrissy, Jerome, 558 Maria, 558 Morte d'Arthur, Southey, 2 Morton, John, 124, 159 Margaret, 476 Robert, 698 Trevor, 476 Moss, Richard Jackson, 543 William, 543 Mosse, Bartholemew, 102, 123 Moulin, or Mullin, Dr. Allen, 9, 10 " Mr.," as applied to surgeons and apo- thecaries, 15 MSS., Celtic, Ashburnham Collection, 3 Irish medical, 2 medical, Royal Irish Acadamy, 3 Mulgrave, Lord, 107, 390. 575, 659 Mullin, or Moulin, Dr. Allen, 9, 10, 94 Mulvey, Farrell, 159 Municipal Reform Act, effect on guilds, 87, 89 Munro's, Alexander, Innes on Muscles, 50 Murdock, Robert, 482 Murney, Robert, 522 Murphy, Edward, 526 George, vault of, robbed by body snatchers, 96 Jane, 582 Michael, 582 Murray, Adolphus, 371 Anne, 489 and Dwyer, 154 Archbishop, 462 Arthur, 154 Edward, 154 Isabella, 615 John,456 Professor, 458 Robert, 615 Sir James, 107, 186 Susan Porteous, 467 William, 154 Murta, Edward, 530 Muscles, Human, History of, Thomas Wright, 47 Douglas on, 50 Innes on, 50 Reid, Alexander, on, 58 Museum of college, ankylosed skeleton in, 280 Barker's bequest to, 285 Committee of, 277 Egyptian mummy in, 282 Museum of college, first conservator of, 276 growth of. 238, 277 skeletons in, 189 Museum of Irish Industry, 608 Musgrave, Sir R., 379 Music Hall, Fishamble-street, 111 Myles, Mr., 532 Naghtyne, Walter, 62 Napier, Right Hon. Sir Joseph, 223 Nash, Elizabeth, 621 Francis J., 169 Ralnh, 621 William Cnthbert, 693 Natural History of Ireland, Gerard Boate, 7 Navy Surgeons passed up to 1818, 301 retired, privileges of, 292 examination for, 295 Navy medical department, connection of College with, 288 Neale, Daniel, on inoculation, 16 John,111 Nedley, Thomas, 106 Neil, or Neill, John, 106, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 324 Neligan, John Moore, 528, 593, 637, 692 Nettleton, John, on inoculation, 16 Neville, William C, 525 Newbury, Battle of, 69 Newcomen, Sir William, 325 Newman, Thomas, 62 Newton's Mther, Bryan Robinson's Dis- sertation on, 17 Nicholls, John, Surgeon-General 102. 108, 307, 310 Nicholson, Dr., 685 Nihell, James, on the pulse, 26 Nixon, Adam, 638 Alexander, 638 Captain George Eccles, 639 Christopher J., 540, 638 Christopher William, 638 Elizabeth, 638 Frederick Alcock, 535, 638 Frederick Trimmel, 638 Montgomery, 638, 674 Mr., 213 Robert Law Drelincourt, 529,639 Sophia, 674 Noble, Brabazon, 160 Elizabeth, 654 Nock-na-Noss (Co. Cork), Battle of, 4S3 Nolan, A. O'K., 253, Dr., 530 Nomenclature, chemical, Stephen Dick- son, 48 Nominations for army and navy sur- geoncies, 303 Norbury, Judge, 356 Norcott, William, 329 Norman, Conolly, 443 Frances, 443 Francis, 459 Normanby, Lord, 360, 659 Northlands, Lord, 459 Northumberland, Duke of, 279 Nosology, work on, William Gilbert, 49 Nowlan, Eliza A., 547 Nugent, John, 34 Eichard, 72 Nunn, Eichard Lorenzo, 525, 640 Joshua, 640 Oath of Licentiate of College, 166 Master of guild, 74 Porter and messenger of College, 140 President and censors, before an examination, 167 President, on entering his office, 119, 163, 204 See also Declaration. O'Beirne. Andrew, 559 James, 107,160,162, 187, 199, 215, 270, 306, 397, 399, 414 John, 401 O'Berne, John, 116, 124, 138 O'Brassils, Country of the, Hy-Brassil, 3 O'Bre, Edward, 315 Francis, 315 Miss, 308 Ealph Smyth, 111, 115, 118 123, 134,138,139,151, 300, 305, 315 O'Brien, Dr., 470 Edward, 300 George, 124, 370, 372, 470 John, 519, 640 Mr., Academy of, Limerick. 281 O'Briens of Thomond, their hereditary physicians, 4 Obstetricians, College of Physicians de- cline to admit, 59 O'Byrne, Dr., school of, Enniskillen, 622 O'Callenans, an ancient medical family, 4 O'Connell, Maurice, works of, 28 O'Connor, Bernard, 7, 185 Celia, 564 Denis O., 689, 692 Ochiltree, Lord, 317 Oculist, Chevalier Taylor, 87 state, 106 to the Queen in Ireland, 107 O'Doherty, Kevin Izod, 535, 641 William Izod, 641 O'Donnell, Anthony, 313 John, 300 O'Dwyer, John, 8 William, 300 O'Ferrall, Joseph Michael, 518, 642 Miss, 643 M. J., 628 Simon Ansley, 643 William, 398 Officers of College, session 1885-6, 697 O'Flaherties of Galway, their hereditary physicians, 4 O'Glacan, Dr. Neil, 6 Ogle, Dr., 536 O'Gorman, Major, 646 O'Grady, Edward Stamer, 34, 524, 644, 697, 698 O'Grady's school, D'Olier-street, 557 O'Hagan, Lord, 220 O'Halghaiths, an ancient medical family, 4 O'Halloran, Silvester, 4, 30, 31, 32 Sir Joseph, 32 O'Hickeys, an ancient medical family, 4 Ohren, Aubrey, 556 Marion, 556 O'Keeffe, Cornelius, 177, 187, 219, 187, 269, 270 Matthias, 689 O'Kelly, Dr., 564 Oldfield, Archdeacon, 379 O'Leary, J., 522 . Purcell G., 689 William Hagerty, 535, 645 O'Lees, an ancient medical family, 3, 4 O'Loghlen, Sir Colman, 389 O'Longan, Joseph, 3 Olympias, Dr., 359 Omagh, medical lectures at, 99 O'Meara, Dermod, 6, 8 Edmund, 6 family of, 6 Ophthalmic surgery, examination in, 244 Opium, work on, Samuel Crumpe, 48 O'Quin, Neal, 3 Orde, Eight Hon. Thomas, 131 O'Eeardon, Norah, 628 Thomas Joen, 628 O'Eeilly, Anna Maria, 344 Charles, 525, 527, 529, 532 Matthew, 344 Eichard P., 160 William P., 159 O'Eeilly-Dease, Matthew, 264, 344, 416 701, 719 "Original School, the," 533 Ormsby, Charles, 663 Frances, 663 L. H., 697 Orpen, Charles E. H., 160, 176, 675 Mary, 499 Sir Eichard, 499 Osborne, Jonathan, 522, 535, 646, 6S6 William, 646 O'Sheils, an ancient medical family, 4 O'Sullivan, Rev. Samuel, G17 Stephen, 689 William H., M.P., 646 Ould, Sir Fielding-, man-midwife, 26, 28, 98 "Our Club," 34 Ovariotomy, first proposed, 623 Owen, Dr., 548 Elizabeth, 672 Lieut.-General, 672 Margaret, 548 Sir Richard, vii., 476 Thomas, sexton, St. James's, 96 Pace, Anne, 577 Page, Hannah, 560 Paget, Sir James, 510, 699, 704, 720 George, 704, 790 Palmer, Abraham, 159 Sieur, medical electricity, 46 Paris, medical schools, 94 Royal Academy of, 42 Parke, Edward, architect, 145 Parker, Mary, 671 Parkes, Edmund A., 234 Sir Harry, 648 Prof., 303, 379 Parkinson, Garret Wellesley, 664 Susan, 664 Parliamentary grant to College, 136,141, 143,145,146,448, 449 representation of College, 225 Pasteur, Professor, 699, 702 Pathologia Hereditaria Qeneralis, Dermod O'Meara, 6 Patriot, The, newspaper, 569 "Patriotic Fund," vote of College to, 221 Patten, Mary, 544 Patterson, John, 160 Margaret, 669 Mr., on human subject and on stone, 10 Thomas, 669 William, internal dropsy of the brain, 49 Paul's, St., pole-gate, leased to barber- chirurgetfns, 69 Peacock, Upton, 104 Peacocke, George, 159 Pearson, Charles Yelverton, 689 John, 151 Peebles, John, 160, 211 Peel, Sir Robert, 148, 154, 319 Peile, Robert Moore, 124, 159, 300, 305, 328, 362, 403, 430, 575, 662 Pemphigus, observations on, Stephen Dickson, 48 Pendergast, Ken., 72 Pentland, Henry, 541 Margaret, 276 Robert, 160, 220, 631 Percival, Edward, 518 Robert, 104, 325, 333, 344, 461, 543, 685 Perriwig-makers, Dublin, 70 Perry, Angel, 556 Captain Edward, 556 F., 598 Rebecca, 598 Petit not the first to extraot opaque crystalline, 31 Petition of College against bill regulating the profession, 149 for state aid, 127, 130, 131, 137 as to apothecaries, 190 for the incorporation of the surgeons, 112 Petrie, George, 508 Petty, Sir William, works of, 9 " Pharmacomastix," Charles Lucas, 25 Pharmacopoeia, by John Healde, 29 College refused to join in preparing, 139, 155 of the College of Phy- sicians, 29 of the London College of Physicians, 29 the first in Ireland, 29 Pharmacy and Materia Medica, professor of in Dublin School of Phy- sic, 97 bill for regulating practice of, 16 chirurgical, Dossie's, 50 court of, appointed, 189 proposed college of, 190 surgical, professor of, in college, 48 surgical, work on, Anonymous, 35 Phayre, Fanny. 606 Lady, 606 Philadelphia, malignant fever at, 49 " Philantropos," abuses in physic, &c, 49 Phillips, Diana, 668 Dr., 489 George, on the gout, 13 Reginald, 668 " Philo-oesophageals," the, 33 "Philosophia Naturales," Gerard and Arnold Boate, 7 Philosophy, medical, Stephen Dickson, 48, Phoenix park, tragedy in, '245 Phlebotomy condemned, 21, 29 Physician, Culpepper's English, 51 extraordinary to Viceroy, 107 general, 19, 46, 96, 103, 104 in ordinary to the Lord Lieutenant, 106, 107 state, 105, 106 Physicians of ancient Ireland, 1 Dublin fraternity of, 7, 92 collegeof.7,19,27,29, 59, 82, 86, 93, 97 Edinburgh college of, 58 London college of, 29, 57 precedence of, 15 public, 92 and Surgeons, faculty of, 57 Physic— London practise of, 45 practise of, bill for regulating, 16 in Ireland, 93 Morgan's, 50 new, Thomas Marryatt, 35 primitive, John Wesley, 36 Eichard Brooke, 51 professor of, T.C.D., 91 theory and practise of, David Macbride, 37 Physico-chirurgical society, 134 Physico-historical society, 28 Picknoll, John, 504 Mary Anne, 504 Piel, Paul Albert, 698 Pierce, George, 160 Pigot, Chief Baron, 404,621 Maria, 621 Pilson, Anne Adair, 573 Pirn, Frederick, 429 Jonathan, 429 Pitcairn, Sir James, xii., 303 Plague at Marseilles, 16 essay on the, Richard Boulton, 16 Plants, work on, Caleb Threlkeld, 18 of Co. Dublin, Walter Wade, 49 Plunket, Hon. Nina, 435 John, Lord, 435 Eight Hon. D. R., 435 Eight Hon. W. C. (first lord), 152 Plunkett, Anne, 672 Dr., 464 John, 672 Pole, barbers', 56 Pollock, Anne Elizabeth, 328 James Ferrier, 541, 647 John, 328, 647 Poole, Caroline, 491 M., 300 Eev. Hewitt E., 586 Pope, George, 108 Popham, John, 692, 693 Popleton, Major, 374 Porter and messenger of College, 140 Porter, Dr., of Carlow, 438 John, 438 Sir George Hornidge, 34, 229, 306, 416, 697, 721 William Henry, 159, 162, 172, 211, 225, 229, 306, 392, 416, 417, 434, 454, 495, 521 Porterfield, the anatomist, 358 Portrait of, Mr. Benson, 236, 407 Mr. Butcher, 701 Mr. Colles, 188, 337 Mr. Cusack, 229, 386 Mr. Hargrave, 236 Mr. Henthorn, 151, 377 Mr. Houston, 236 Mr. Jacob, 228 Mr. Macnamara, 234 Mr. Porter, 229, 394 Mr. Eenny, 320 Mr. Smith, 236, 662 Mr. Smyly Mr. Tufnell, 240 Mr. Wilmot, 237 Potterton, F. A., school of, 548 Hester, 633 Pott, Surgeon, truss of, 45 Potts, Percival, surgical writing, 44 Poulter, Miss, 412 Pourton. Samuel, 422 Power, John Hatch, 228, 454, 456, 494, 524 John, 495 Joseph, 300 Eev. Francis A., 495 Eobert F., 531 Thomas, 693 Tyrone, 397 Practitioners, general, objected to, 149 Pratt, Joseph, on leprosy, 13 Joseph Dallas, 698 Precedence of medical men, 15 Preface, vii. Prelectiones medicce, Lawrence's, 50 President, election of, 117, 161,197, 203, 248 gown of, 221 the first, 118 Presidents under first charter, 305 under second charter, 387 under supplemental charters, 399 Preston, Eev. D. W., 627 Prim, Deborah, 545 Prior, Thomas, on tar-water, 29 Privileges of College, 148 exclusive, surgeons, 56 licentiates or members, 168 Prizes in anatomy, 243 Proby, Thomas, chirurgeon-general, 14, 84, 102 Profession, the medical, Edward Geoghegan, 49 first statute relating to, 55 Professors, dates of appointments of, 453 election of, 200 in Queen's College medical schools, 688 in Sohool of Physic, T.C.D., 686 Professorship of botany, 193, 448, 455 chemistry, 156, 455 hygiene, 193, 456 medicine, 146, 156 Professorships in College school, 453 Provost of T.C.D., Rev. Johu Hewitt Jellett, D.D., 720 Public Health Act, 1874, 237 Pue's Occurrences, a newspaper, 87 Pulsation, work on, Charles Allen, 12 Pulse, work on, James Nihell, 26 Purcell, Herbert, 648 John, 14, 213 John P., 107 Richard, 72 Surgeon-Major Geoffrey, 648 Theobald A., Q.C., 233, 539, 648 Theobald, junior, 648 Thomas, 648 Purdon, Edward, 300, 564 Eleanor, 564 Purefoy, D. J., 648 Robert Dancer, 536, 648 Purser, Doctor, 284 Frances Anne, 473 John Mallet, 524, 686 William M., 541 Pye, Joseph P., 690, 691 Pythagoras, disciples of, averse to blood- letting, 21 Quacks, suppression of, 143 Quain, Jones, 404 Quakers' cemetery, site of College, 21, 142 Qualifications for poor-law appointments, 226 Qualifying certificates, disuse of, 299 Quarry, Rev. John, 680 " Quarter-brothers," 81 Queen's Colleges' medical schools, 217, 687 Queen's University, 219 Querela Medica se Planctus Mcdicinoe Modernce Status A thore, Ioanne O'D wyer, 8. Quin, Henry, 686 John, 558 Kate, 558 Quinlan, Francis John Boxwell, 540,649 John, 649 Matthew. 160 Quinn, Charles William, 46, 104, 137, 300 Dr., school of, 603 Radcliffe, Dr., 422 Frances, 386 Rev. Stephen, 386, 411 Rainsford, Richard, 536 Ramsay, Mary, 549 Rank, social, of medical men, Brehon laws, 4 Rapparee-alley, 144 Rawdon, Colonel, 388 Rawson, Maria, 577 Robert, 577 Read, Alexander, 58, 94, 160, 162, 211, 305, 331, 384, 463, 515, 522, 523, 524, 680 Israel, 111, 123, 277, 343, 397 Matthew, 647 Readers of anatomy, 86 Recamier, Prof., 405 Redfern, Peter, 688 Redmond, Denis Daniel, 540, 650 Denis, 650, 651 Joseph Michael, 535, 651 Luke, 183 Reed, Henry, 300 Thomas C, 160 Re-examination of candidates, 140, 146, 151 Regan, Mr., 381 Registrar of College, 119, 175, 177, 219, 222 Registrar's fee from licentiates, 227 Reid, Franceska Gabriella, 409 John Seaton, 688 Lucina, 409 Thomas, 49, 409 Reilly, Peter, 111, 124 James, 124 Religious toleration of College, 187 Remonstrance of College against inter- ference with their privileges, 148 Remuneration of medical men in ancient times—Brehon laws, 4 Penny, George, 124, 136, 138, 141, 159, 300, 305, 318, 321, 377, 447 Isabella, 318 Residences of College founders, 115 Respiration, Thesis on, Whitley Stokes, 48 " Resurrection " riots. 183 Resurrectionists, encounters with the, 181, 514 Reynolds, James, 496 James Emerson, 456, 496,685 Ribton, Herbert Panmure, 652 George, 526, 651 Sir John, 651 Richard II., King, 482 Richards, Colonel, 322 Goddard, 322 John, 322 Solomon, 128, 138, 305, 322, 355, 357, 375, 388, 495, 543 Richardson, Archibald, 103, 106. 118, 123, 313 Benjamin, 11 Richmond, Duke of, 356 Ricord, Dr., 368 " Riding the Franchise," 85 Ridley, Ellie, 635 John, 635 Rigby, Frances Emily, 427 William, 427 Riggs, J. L., 522 Ringland, Arthur Bill, 652 Dr. Arthur HilL 653 John, 479, 499, 529, 536, 652 Rivers, James, 124, 187, 305, 331, 642 Rivington, Dr., 366 " Roache"(see "Roche) Robbery of bodies for dissection, 95 Roberts, Eliza, 630 William, 65 Robertson, Charles, 474 Robinson, Alexander. 481 Archibald, 264. 697 Bryan, 17, 98. 685 Charles H., 536, 653 Emily, 424 John, 424 Robert, 98, 105, 685 William, 653 Roche, Benjamin, 528, 654 Jordan, 46, 129, 139 Stephen, 60 " Roderick Random," 291 Roe, George, 160 Georgina, 598 Henry, 598 Rev. P., 338 William, 454, 498, 698 William, sen., 498 William Hamilton, 499 Rogan, Francis, 159 Rogers, Catherine, 390 Joseph, 24 Richard, 362 Rosina. 646 Sarah, 362 Rome, surgery in Ancient, 52 Ronalds, Edward, 694 Roney, Cusack, 160, 162,187, 305, 368, 387 Cusack Patrick, 370 Cusick, 368, 369 Patrick Cusack, 116, 123, 369 Thomas, 369, 395, 400 Rorke, R. W., 139 Rose, Mary Anne, 516 Miss, 380 Richard A., 644 Wilhelmina, 644 Rotheram, Edward, 385 Miss, 385 Roth well, Richard, 386 " Rough and Ready Club." 34 Rountree, George Atkins, 692, 693 Rowney, Thomas H., 690, 691 " Royal Chop House," 102 Royal Institution, Sackville-street, 619 Royal University, Charter of, 241 Rudkin, Dr., school of, 666 Rumley, Thomas, 159, 162, 211, 306, 396, 411 Rupture, watery, radical cure of, William Dease, 41 Ruptures, Treatise on, P. T. Morpie, 45 Russell, Captain, 33, 60, 352 Richard, 33 Rutland, Duke of, 123 Rutty, Dr., 5, 21, 22, 23, 33, Ruxton, William, 102, 111, 113, 116 Ruysch, Frederick, 473 Ryal, Isaac, 106 Ryan, Dominick, 72 Marianne, 603 Michael, works of, 46 Patrick, 603 Rynd, Francis, 357, 430 Saddler, Jane, 419 Salerno University, first to confer medical diplomas, 52 Salt, Jane, 548 Samson, W., rational medicine, 38 Sandes, Launcelot,' 375 Margaret, 375 Sargent, Henry, 654 Richard Strong, 535, 654 Saunders's News Letter, 21 Sawyer, James H., 454, 498, 522, 528 Saxe Weimar, Prince Edward of, 699, 715 Saye and Sele, Lord, 354 Scallan, J. J., 529 Scarpa, Antonio, 151, 243, 376, 382 Schools, Medical— Apothecaries' Hall, 536 attendance at lectures in, 457,687, 695 Belfast, 693 Bishop-street, 525 Carmichael, 523 Catholic University, 539 College of Surgeons, 47,134, 136, 137, 144,146,184, 244, 446 debate concerning, 244 number of pupils in, 339 pupils attending lectures in, 1799-1884, 457 Continental, 52, 53, 94 Cork, 691 Crampton's, 513 Digges'-street, 527 Dublin, 327 Eccles-street, 520, 532 Edinburgh, 57, 110, 334 House of Industry Hospitals, 518 incomplete, 541 Jervis-street Hospital, 514 Schools, Kirov's, 318, 515, 529 Ledwich, 533 Mark-street, 533 Marlborough.-street, Dublin, 526, 695 Moore-street, 519 Ormond-quay, 519 Park-street, Dublin, 172, 520 Peter-street, 172, 383, 529 proposed amalgamation of, 254 Provincial, 684 Queen's Colleges, Belfast, 688 College, Cork, 689 College, G-alway, 690 Richmond Hospital, 366 School of Physic, 97, 224, 684 Steeven's Hospital, 540 Sir Patrick Dun's foundations, 96 (see also University of Dublin). Trinity College, Dublin, 97, 100, 684 unchartered or private, 513 Science, College of, 608 Scotland, medical corporations, &c, in, 57, 58 Scott, Donald, 294 James, 123 John Alfred, 524, 655 John H., 698 E. H., 497 Robert, 685 Samuel Joseph, 655 Sir Robert, 27 Scurvy, workon, David Macbride, 36, 37 Seal of guild of barber-surgeons, 61, 63 Seamen, health of, Charles Fletcher, 46 Seamor, John, 72 Sea water, use of, Richard Russell, 33 Secretary, assistant, 141, 155, 177, 193 to College, 119, 123, 164, 177, 203, 228, 697 to Council, 211, 223, 254, 265, 697 Segrave, John, 548 Matilda, 547 Selby, Rev. Robert, 488 Sergeant-Surgeons, first of the, 55 Servants of the clergy, surgical, 53 Sexton, Andrew, 546 Georgina, 546 Shakleton, Abraham, 332 Shanahan, Bryan, 532, 533 Shannon, Miss Agnes, 453 Shaw, Emily Charlotte, 682 Frances Victoria, 442 Henry, 442 Lieut.-Colonel Ponsonby, 682 Mary, 616 Right Hon. Sir Frederick, 442 Sir Robert, 442, 616 Sheehan, Thomas, 491 Shekleton, John, 2 76, 277 Josephj 276 Robert, 160 Vesey, 684, 685 Sherlock, Henry G., 698 Shewbridge, Mr., 108 Shine, J., 629 Mary Elizabeth, 629 Shinkwin, Thomas Crofts, 693 Short, Augustus Quest, 159 Shoulder-joint, spontaneous amputation of, Peter Derante, 16 Sick Poor Institution, 335, 541 Sidney, Sir Henry, 359 Siebert's translation of Reynold's Che- mistry, 497 Sigerson, George, 540 Silvius, Dr., de acido et urinoso, 10 Simon, Caroline, 286 Isaac, 286 P., 107 Sergeant, 286 Simpson, Charles. 125, 606 Maxwell, 522, 536, 656, 689 Sims, James, editor of Foster's Midwifery, 38 Sinclair, Rev. Richard Hartley, 657 Sir E. Burrowes, 539, 657, 686 Sins, by " G. L. B. O. C." (Bishop Berkeley), 26 Sirr, Major, 458 Slevin, Mr., 532 Sloane, Sir Hans, 13 Small, Surgeon, 193 Smallpox, work on, by Baron Dimsdale, 39 ; B. Colman, 76 ; Bryan Robinson, 17 ; D. Cumyng, 16 ; Dr. Gattis, 35 ; D. Neale, 16 ; Dr. Maty, 35 ; F. Closs, 30; J. Nettleton, 16; J. Smyth, 19; Tissot, 39; W. Bromfeild, 35; W. Watson, 30 Smellie, Mrs., 334 William, on midwifery, 37, 437 Smith, Aquilla, 686 Belinda, 444 Dr., 33, 685 Edward, sculptor, 86, 152, 315 Frances, 315 James, 160 John, 444 John, sculptor, 155 Joshua, 658 Margaret, 396 Rev. Sidney, 660 Robert W, 236, 242, 329, 443, 524, 525, 554, 660, 685 Sir Francis William, 107, 530, 658 Stephen Catterion, 228, 407, 701 Thomas, apothecary, 92, 464 Walter G., 552, 686 William, 689 Smollett, Tobias, 291 Smyly, John, 433 Josiah, 160,357,417,433, 509 Hon. Mrs., 241 Philip Crampton, 34,241,306,357, 433, 645, 697 William Josiah, 435 Smyth, John, inoculation, 19 Miss Charlotte, 478 Sobieski's, King John, Irish physician, 7 Sooiety, Dublin Philosophical, 9 Medical, 33, 155 Medical, T.C.D., 147 Medico-Philosophical, 33, 40 of Surgeons, Dublin, 84 Pathological, 242, 662 Physico-ChirurgicaL 50, 134, 145, 424, 267, 268 Physico-Historical, 28 Royal, 10 Royal Dublin, 398, 511, 619 Statistical, 244 Surgical, 176 Zoological, conversazione of, 264 subscription of Col- lege to, 189 Somerton, Edward, sergeant-at-law, 60 Somerville, Dr. James, 173 Elizabeth, 331 Sdmmering, S. T., Munich, 151, 243 Sonbremont, Susanna Louise, 516 Southey, Dr.. 34 Southwell, Thomas, on Ould's mid- wifery, 28 Spa, Castleconnell, John Martin, 51 Spain, medical schools in, 53 Span, James, 685 Sparrow, Richard, 115, 124 Spearing, Dr., 272 Helena Leycester, 272 Speciatim Vero de Dysenteria ffibernirr, John Jones, 13 Speculum Matricis, James Wolveridge, 8 Speedy, Alfred Ormsby, 663 Captain, 662 Robert Duffield, 539, 662 Spencer, Alexander, 273 Earl, 107, 253, 426, 434, 436, 442 Elizabeth, 273 John Alexander, 273 " Speranza" (Lady Wilde), 679 Sphacelus, Silv. O'Halloran on, 30 Spiels, Miss, 326 Spina bifida, case of, Thomas Rutty, 22 Spleen, human, partial extirpation of, John Ferguson, 24 Sproull, Dr., 27 Stack, George Hall, 490. Richard Theodore, 240, 457, 499, 698 William, 686 Stackpoole, Dr., school of. 619 St. Andrew's churchyard, body snatching from, 96 Stanhoise, William, 315. Stanihurst, Nicholas, works of, 3, 5 Stanley, Elizabeth, 377 Susannah, 606 State aid, memorial of College, for, 127, 130, 131, 137 anatomist, 107 apothecary, 107 cupper, 107 dentist, 106 oculist, 106 physician, 106 surgeon, 106 Statistics, medical, 192 attendance at College school and private schools, 448, 457, 695, 696 medical students at Queen's Colleges, 688, 690, 691 medical students at T.C.D., 687 Statue, Corrigm's, 565 ; Crampton's, 360 ; Dease's, 264, 699 ; Graves', 590 j Hunter's, 224 ; Marsh's, 488 ; M'Donnell's, 4S5 ; William Stokes', 509 ; R. B. Todd's, Statutes relating to—anatomy, 10 Geo. TV., c. 24 ; 2 & 3 Wm. TV., c. 75, 178, 179, 186; apothecaries'hall, incorpora- tion of, 31 Geo. III., c. 34, 88 ; county infirmaries, 5 & 6 Geo. III., c. 20 (1765), 107, 109; 36 Geo. III., c. 9 (1796), 109, 110 ; 54 Geo. c. 20 (1814), 109 ; 3 & 4 Wm. TV. (1833), 109 ; 6 & 7 Wm. IV., c. 114 (1836), 109, 110; medical profession, 3 Hen. VII.. c. 11, 55; 21 & 22 Vict. c. 90 (1858), 223 ; officers of navy and army being free of guilds, 22 Geo. III., e. 8, 292 ; pro- fessorships of midwifery and surgery, and pharmacy and materia medica, 16 & 17 Geo. II. (1743), 93; public health (1874), 237 ; registration of births, deaths, and marriages, 37 & 38 Vict. e. 68 (1874). 227 ; school of physic. 25 Geo. III., c. 42, 97 ; 40 Geo. III., c. 84, 97 ; surgeons and barbers, incorporation of, 32 Hen. VIII., c. 42, 55 ; surgeons and bar- bers, separation of, 18 Geo. III., c. 15 (1745), 57 ; surgeons being exempted from serving on juries, 32 Hen. VIII., c. 42, 56 ; university of Dublin, 91; vaccination, 242. Staunton, Miss Catherine, 389 St. Clair, Margaret, 361 Stearne, Dr. John, works of, 7 John, 685 Steele, Maria, 658 3 c Steele, Sir Parker, 658 Sir Thomas, 663 Sir Thomas M., 249 William, 663 William Edward, 522, 525, 529, 663 William Henry, 663 SteevenB, Dr., 35, 461 William, 685 Steevens' Hospital (see Hospital) Stephens, Mrs., medicines for the stone, 25 Eichard, 685 Stevenson, Caroline, 491 Lieutenant. 491 Stewart, Alexander, 317 Frances ADne, 318 George, 103, 106, 111, 115, 118, 300, 305,317, 335, 361, 395 H. H., 428, 429 Horatio, 688 James, 387 Margaret, 387 Matthew, 160 Primate, 381 William, 160, 318 Stewart Institution, 427 St. James' Churchyard, body snatching from, 96 Stocks, Thomas, works of, 32 Stoker, Abraham, 500, 670 Bram, 500 Edward Alexander, 528, 532, 665, 697 George, 501 Margaret Dalrymple, 670 Eichard, 500 Thomas, 501 William, jun., 524, 665 William, sen., 532, 535. 664, 697 William Thornley, 456, 500, 698 Stokes, Gabriel, surgeon, 522, 666 Gabriel, Surveyor-General, 501 Gabriel, Eev., 501 Whitley, 48, 156, 382, 449, 455, 501, 505, 666, 685, 686 William, jun., 34, 252, 421, 454, 508, 607, 697, 698, 705, 717 William, sen., 34, 337, 386, 440, 449, 501, 505, 522, 587, 685 Stone, Captain, 345 Eev. William, 438 Stone and gravel, work on, Nathaniel Hulme, 45 cutting for the, work on, William Dease, 41 in bladder, Grfeco-Egyptian, in- strument for, 62 Mrs. Stephens' medicines for the, 25 Stoney, Dr., 604 H. Loftie, 441, George Johnston, 574, 690 John Henry Loftie, 524, 661 Johnston, 574 Sarah, 574 Storcks, Dr., Vienna, work on Hemlock 35 Stork, Jannetta G., 621 Frederick, 621 Storks, Sir Henry, 432 Story, John Benjamin, 536, 667, 697 Rev. William, 667 St. Patrick's Cathedral, University founded at, 91 Strass, William, 300 Strathmore, Lord, 312 Stratten, Edward, 538, 543 Stratten's class rooms, 543 Stringer, Joseph, 159, 300 Stromeyer, Prof. (Gottingen), 588 Strong, Beresford, 655 Richard, 655 Subjects, anatomical, 148, 180 Anatomy Act, 178 at College of Physicians, 93 Conveyance of, to Mercer-street, premises of College, 136 Cost of, 140. 181, 183, 184, 449 Executed malefactors' bodies as, provided by, 178 Exported from Ireland, 183 in France and Holland, 179 Refusal to receive from the sheriff, 132 Sugden, Sir Edward, 215, 390, Sugden's prize, 215 Sullivan, James, 111, 115, 123 Sir Edward, 249 William, 529 William K, 540, 558 Sulphur in water, '1 homas Eutty, 22 Sunderland, Lord, 316 Surgeon-apothecaries, 59, 149 Dublin city, 92 Extraordinary to the King, 107 general, 101, 102 in Ordinary to the King, 107 State, 106, 107 to the Lord Lieutenant's house- hold, 106 Surgeons, allowed to dispense, 190 ancient Irish, 1 army, 81, 102, 141 288 cannot dispense, 178 College of, memorial seeking incorporation, 112 Dublin Company of, 65 Dublin Society of, 110 Edinburgh. College of, 67 English, 56 exempted from juries, 56 Surgeons, extensive privileges of, in Lon- don, 56 general, 102 Glasgow, Faculty of, 57 Incorporation of, Ireland, 111 in Dublin, 18th century, 81 in France, 54 London College of, 57 London Corporation of, 46, 57 navy, 141, 221, 301 of county infirmaries, 109 precedence of, 15 prohibited from practising as apothecaries, 130 separated from barbers, 115 Society of, 84 union of, with barbers con- demned, 82, 111 Surgery, Academy of, Paris, 54 anonymous work on state of, 32 bill for resTilating the practice of, 16, 154 essentially a handicraft, 52 etymology of word, 52 in ancient Home, 52 in Dublin, fifteenth century, 59 master of, a diploma, 54 lectures on, to barber-surgeons, 94 practised by the clergy, 53 right of London College of Physicians to practice, 58 wholly abandoned to the laity, 53 Swan, John Wright, 668 Eev. Bellingham, 668 Robert Lafayette, 541, 668, 697 "William, 124 Swanwick, Mary, 403 Swanzy, Henry Rosborough, 34, 422, 457, 510, 541, 698 John, 510 Sweeny, Daniel, 692, 693 Swettenham, Colonel, 653 Sydney Maria, 653 Swift, Dean, 14, 23, 308, 465, 668, 678 Deane, 308 Swifte, Jacob Meade, 536 Sydney, Sir Henry, 62, 91, 92 Syme, James, 22.) Symes and Miller, Messrs., 238 Bessie, 669 Glascott, 668 Glascott Richard, 531, 668 Symmers, George, 388 Mary, 388 Mr., 388 Taaffe, Dr., Spa of Ballyspillan, 16 John, 368 Tagert. William, 160,162, 211,306, 397, 414, 535 Tailors' Hall, Back-lane, 87 Talbot, Brother Thomas, 60 Talrich, 279 Tanner, William Kearns, 689, 693 Tarleton, Drought B., 654 Tate, Miss, 581 Taylor, B., 410 Catherine, 410 Chevalier, 87 Mary, 485 Rev. Jeremy, 485 Robert, 485 Thomas, 691, 692 Taylor's History of Dublin University, 98 T.C.D., anatomical class in, 100, 695 Bishop Bedell's statutes of, 91 Board of, veto a Roman Catholic appointment of President of College of Physicians, 187 certificates of, recognised by Col- lege, 224 College of Physicians a depen- dency of, 93 dispute of College with, 220 dissections necessary for degree, 94 early medical graduate, 91 fees for B.Ch. degree, 237 first anatomy theatre in, 98 foundation of, 90 instruction formerly confined to professional demonstration in, 94 library, Celtic works in, 2 medical buildings of, 98, 686 medical degrees of, 100, 110 medical Fellows of, 91 medical students on roll of 1800- 1883, 687 medical teaching in, 5 Provost of, 127, 720 Regius Professorship of Physic in, 91, 92 school of, incorporated with College of Physicians' school, 97, 98 statute of Charles I. applied to, 92 Tchemaya, battle of, 620 Tea, works on, John Coakley Lettson, 39 Teeth and gums, diseases of, Thomas Berdmore, 38 Allen's treatise on, 12 Nasmyth's work on, 50 Robert Blake's thesis on, 49 Temperature, effect of, on disease, 23 Temple, John, 684 Sir John, cure of gout by moxa, 9 Theed's, Mr., bust of Prince Albert, 227 Theobald's dispensatory, 61 Theophanes, 359 Therapeutics, compendium of, William Gilbert, 49 work on, Thomas Marry - att, 35 Thesiger, Sir Frederick, 220 Thomas, Francis, 677 Lizzie, 677 Master, 288 Eev. T. F., 596 Sarah Elizabeth. 696 Thompson, Charles, 72. 102 Charlotte Anne, 500 Henry, 500 Miss, 582 Thomson, Allen, 472 Sir Wyville, 688, 689 William, 34, 246, 253, 411, 624, 669, 697 Thorn don, Giles, 60 Thornley, Captain, 500 Charlotte M. B., 500 Thornton, James, 461, 685 Thorpe pamphlets, 82 Threlkeld, Caleb, work on plants, 18 Thwaites, 5. S., 300 Tichborne, Charles E. C, 525, 6 70 Sir Robert, 670 William Lloyd, 670 Tiedmann, Frederick, 188, 243, 287 Tiernach, annals of, 1 Tisdall, Eev. Charles, 402 Tissot's works, 39 Tobin, Ellen, 436 John,436 Todd, Charles Hawkes, 48, 141, 147, 155, 172, 267, 268, 277, 305, 344, 373, 375, 377, 382, 385, 401, 406, 409, 451, 518, 526, 622, 640, 674 Elizabeth, 600 James Henthorn, 376 Jane Martin, 666 Eev. Dr., 228 Eobert Bentley, 376 Eobert Eoss, 666 Todderick, G. F., 465 Toler, Frances, 664 Eev. John, 664 Tomlinson, John, 129, 159 William Henry, 529 Tone, Wolfe, 355, 602 Toomey, Anthony, 576 Isabella, 676 Towell, James, 514 John,517 Townsend, Edward Richard, 691 William Christopher, 693 Tractatus de peste, Dr. Neil O'Glacan, 6 Tracts, chirurgical, Becket's, 50 Trant, Leonard, 187, 306, 403, 542 Travers, Eobert, 108, 536, 671, 686 William T. E., 671 Treasurer of College, 123, 139, 151, 156 Trephine, operation of the, O'Halloran's work on, 31 Trials, criminal, remuneration of medical witnesses at, 192 Trimleston, Lord, 382 Tristram, Sir, Morte d'Arthur, 2 Troy, Ellen, 607 Archbishop, 607 Truss, Morpie and Pott, 45 Tufnell, Colonel J. C, 45 Edward Jolliffe, 456 Jolliffe, 34, 240, 254, 306, 422, 452, 456 Tuke, James H., 610 Dr., 278 Tuomy, Martin, 49, 686 Tuscany, Duke of, Leopold 280 Tuson, Mr., 612 Tweedy, Henry, 385, 672 Henry John Colpoys, 541, 6 72, 698 Thomas (Sheriff), 132, 673 Twigg, Eiehard, 160 Twisleton, Hon. Fiennes, 354 Tydd, Elizabeth, 605 Ezekiel, 605 Tyler, Alexander, 536 Tyrconnell, Eiehard Earl of, 71 Tyrrell, Henry John, 34, 540, 673 Eedmond, 72 Thomas, 673 Union medical officers, 244 medical, proposed. 192 surgeons, England, 193 United Irishmen, 87, 314 University of Dublin, see T.C.D. Edinburgh, 57, 110, 253 bull of Pope Clement to found, in Ireland, 91 founded in St. Patrick's Cathedral, 91 Glasgow, 57 Royal, Charter of, 241 Urinary ways, treatise on, Thomas Rutty, 23 Ussher, Jane, 617 John, 617 Vaccination Act, 242 first introduced into Ireland, 361 opinion of College on, 145) Vaccine Department, Local Government Board, 658 Vale, John, 60 Vance, William, 115, 123 Van Helmont, Professor, 4 Van Swietman, 97 Venesection, indiscriminate, condemned, 20 Verner, Anne, 355 James, 355 Vice-President, election of, 117, 157, 161, 164, 197, 248 Vigors, Mr., 360 Vincent, Lydia, 633 Miss, 412 Vispre, Mr., Goulard's lotion, 45 Vohr, Ian, 482 Von Graefe, Professor, 511 "Wade, Mary, 512 Walter, 49, 267, 388, 448, 455, 458, 511, 619 Waddy, Pamella Hatchell, 413 Cadwallader, 413 Wakley, Dr., 218, 339 Waldron, Laurence, 390 Wales, Prince and Princess of, 227, 255, 264 Walker, Catherine May, 607 Henry, 72 John, 487, 505 Joseph, 607 Rev. John Cotton, 549 " Walkerites, The," a sect, 486 Wall, Christopher, 159 Dr., School of, 419, 641, 644, 648 Eev. Dr., 460 Rev. J. A., 471 Wallace, Benjamin, 317 Jane, 317 William, 159, 270, 368, 519, 673 Waller, Dr., 402 William, 631 Wallis, Eliza, 462 Rev. Edward, 462 Walls, Edward, 369 Walsh, Albert Jasper, 34, 306, 384, 419 Frederick W., 231, 236 John, 419 Sarah, 681 Walsh's School. Bolton-street, 557 Warburton, Committee, 389 Henry, M.P., 190 Ward, Espine, 675 Montgomery Albert, 535, 675 Mr., medical receipts of, 36 Warner on the gout, 51 Warren, Frederick William, 540, 541, 676 Samuel, 676 Water, common, curiosities of John, Smith, 18 sulphurous, at Auchnacloy, Henry, M. Kennedy, 44 tar, works on, 26 Waters, mineral, works on, by— Charles Lucas, 26 E. Barry, P. Bellon, 12 Physico-historical society, 28 Thomas Rutty, 22 Waters, Swanlinbar, anonymous work on, 46 Watson, George B., 527, 528 John,673 Mara, 673 Mary Anne, 585 Richard, 585 W., inoculation, 30 Waveney, Lord, 573 Wax casts acquired, 279 Weather and seasons, Thomas Rutty, 22 Weavers' Hall, Coombe, 87 Webb, Samuel Henry, 698 Sir John, 215 William, 210 Webster, Charles S., 398 John, academic and scholastical learning, 58 Weiss, Mr., 359 Wellesley, Colonel, 602 Marquis, 107, 154, 159, 186, 238 Sir Arthur, 361 Wellington, Duke of, 307, 331 Wells, Sir Thomas Spencer, 699, 703 Wesley, John, primitive pbysick, 36 West, Alderman, 154 & Son, Messrs., 221 Surgeon, 517 William, 108 Westmoreland, Earl of, 136, 137 Wetherall, Robert, 72 Wetherell, Surgeon, 33 Wetherel's laboratory in Crow's Nest, 9 Wharton, Earl of, castigated by Swift, 14 George, 419 James Henry, 244, 306, 419, 427, 535, 636, 697 Wheeler, George N., 440 . Jonah.440 Joseph, 440 Wheeler, William Ireland, 244, 253, 306, 416, 440, 697, 719 Wherland, James Richard, 692 Whey, goat's, use of, James Kennedy, 35 Whimsical Miscellany, 465 Whistler, Thomas L., 160, 244, 252 White, Anne, 390, 460 Dr., 331 Elizabeth, 575 White, Francis, 159, 162, 175, 187, 305, 389, 401, 519 Francis, senr., 389 George, 610 George B., 698 Joseph, school of, 498, 546 Mr., 401, 407 Piers, F., Q.C., 390 Rev. W., school of, 407, 640 Richard, 460 Robert, 72, 102 Robert Persse, 529 White's Medical School, 519 Whitestone, Luke W., 160 Whiteway, Edward, 124 FfoUiott, 309 John, 108, 113,115, 116, 117, 118, 123. 305, 308, 325 William, 124 Whittingham, Mr., 108, 685 Whitla, Eleanor, 572 John, 622 Whitty, Eleanor, 572 Whyte, Samuel, school of, 642 Widows, fund for, 188 Wilde, Mrs. Martha, 308 Oscar, 679 Rev. Ralph, school of, 588 Sir William, 34, 40, 402, 508, 512, 522, 677 William, 679 Wilkins, Thomas H., 521, 522 Wilkinson, James, 671 John Tandy, 159 Sarah E., 671 Willes, Edward C, 541 Judge, 220 Willett, James. 160, 499, 542 William III., King, 306, 471, 489 William, Brother, Prior of St. Johns, 60 Williams, George Robert, 407 Mary Eliza, 576 Mrs., 408 Richard Carlisle, 409 Robert Carlisle, 192, 211, 221, 223, 226,270,306, 407. 455, 522 Thomas, 576 " Willisius Male," &c, Cassin Conly, 8 Willoughby, Dr., hermaphrodism, 10 Wills, W. G., 445 Willson, Mrs. Mary, 330 Willson, Rev. Dr., 310 Wilmot, John, 370 Samuel, 160, 162, 172, 176, 211, 237, 305, 306, 370, 399, 413, 420, 454, 515, 520, 521 Samuel George, 306, 413, 524, 535, 541 Wilson, Alice, 594 Andrew, 124 Benjamin, 124, 159 Bingham, 375 Henry, 457, 511, 512 on Ornithology, 269 P., pharmacopoeia, 29 Thomas, 594 William, 159 Wines, Barry's work on, 20 Winter, Arthur, 111. 1)8, 123, 322 Wisdom, Captain John, 665 Henrietta, 665 Wolseley, Lord, 426 Sophia, 486 Rev. William, 486 Wolveridge, James, Speculum Matricis, 8 Women admissible to Dublin barbers' guild, 60, 61 admitted as medical students, 53 admitted to College, 254, 453 London School of Medicine for, recognised, 255 medical, 2 medical teachers, 53 Wood, James, typhus fever, 48 Woodhouse, Stewart, 525, 679 Woodlock, Joanna Mary, 566 John, 566 Woodroffe, Charles H., Q.C., 681 John, 151, 415, 528, 569, 6 79. 691 Philip, 89, 108,111,113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 151, 305, 3 1 2, 335 Woodwright, Alice, 550 Captain, 550 Work, first medical, by Irish author, 5 Works, ancient Irish medical, 2 published in Ireland up to 1800, 5 Wounds of the head, William Dease, 40, 41 Wright, Charlotte, 681 Edward, 681 Edward Perceval, 541, 681, 685, 686 Joseph, 681 Perceval, 541 Rev. George Newenham, 47 Rev. Mr., 472, 665 Thomas, 47, 153, 160, 269, 339, 447 Writers of Ireland, the," Harris's "Ware, 5 Wy, Richard de, 239 Yeo, Gerald Francis, 524, 682 Henry, 682 Youghal, Corporation of, 92 Young, Edward, 576 Young, Elizabeth, 555 Evelyn, 576 Jane, 492 Young, Owen, 492 Sir George, 610 Thomas Bunburyj|517 Zoohgica Medicinalis Hibernica, John K'Eogh, 24 Zoological Society, Conversazione of, at College, 264 subscription. 189 Zoonomia, Erasmus Darwin's, 49 Zumbo, Julio, 280 Printed by John Falconer, 53 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin. ERR ATA. Page 25, line 15, for 1823, read 1723. „ 27, for Field, read Ould. ■ „ 29, last line, for 179], read 1799. „ 34, for F. C. Crui3e, read F. R. Cruise. „ 34, B. F. MacDowel should be B. G. MacDowel. Pages 50 and 424, Physico-Medical should be Physico-Chirurgical. Page 87, for Hue's Occurrences, read Pue's Occur- rences. „ 104, for George Cheyne, read John Cheyne. „ 229, for Lord Justice, read Justice of Queen's Bench. „ 231, second last line, omit the words Attor- ney General. ,, 241, Thomas Kennedy should be Edward Thomas Kennedy. ■ Page 322, omit the words Archdeacon of Leighlin. ,, 322, last line, for Winton, read Winter. ,, 396, for A. Stokes, read William Stokes. „ 464, line 9, for six, read sixteen. ,, 493, for Bambrick, read Mulloy. „ 623, for William Cuming, read Thomas Cuming, „ 525, John Edward Kinahan should be John Robert Kinahan. „ 639, for Henry Oliver Curran, read John Oliver Curran. „ 544, for William B. Adams, read Benjamin William Adams. ,, 681, for Glynn, read Glin. „ 637, last line, after Rev., read Mr. onun dt ^ rALCONKR. I ItrilU Slrrtl.